II 116th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 1704 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES June 4, 2019 Mr. Whitehouse introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions A BILL To provide grants to States to ensure that all students in the middle grades are taught an academically rigorous curriculum with effective supports so that students complete the middle grades prepared for success in secondary school and postsecondary endeavors, to improve State and local educational agency policies and programs relating to the academic achievement of students in the middle grades, to develop and implement effective middle grades models for struggling students, and for other purposes.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Success in the Middle Act of 2019 . 2. Findings Congress finds the following: (1) Research shows that Federal funding for students in middle school and high school, particularly grades 6 through 12, is significantly lower than funding for elementary and postsecondary students. (2) International comparisons indicate that students in the United States do not start out behind students of other nations in mathematics and science, but that they fall behind by the end of the middle grades. (3) Approximately 65 percent of students in grade 8 read below the proficient level on the 2017 National Assessment of Educational Progress. A little over one-third of students in grade 8 in the United States, and approximately 5 percent of such students who are English learners, can read with proficiency, according to the 2017 National Assessment of Educational Progress. (4) In mathematics, 37 percent of students in grade 8 show skills at or above the proficient level on the 2017 National Assessment of Educational Progress. However, the percentage of students in grade 4 at or above the proficient level on such Assessment was 40 percent. In grade 8, the gaps between the average mathematics scores of White and Black students and between White and Hispanic students were approximately as wide in 2017 as in 2015. (5) By grade 6, a student who attends school less than 80 percent of the time, receives unsatisfactory marks for mild but sustained misbehavior, or who fails English or mathematics, has only a 10 to 20 percent chance of graduating on time. Without effective interventions and proper supports, these students are at risk of subsequent failure in secondary school, or of dropping out. (6) Approximately 55 percent of students in grades 5 through 12 are engaged in the learning process, while 28 percent are unengaged or mentally checked out and 17 percent are actively disengaged and feel negatively about school, according to a 2013 Gallup Student Poll. Additionally, 54 percent of students are hopeful, while 32 percent feel stuck and 14 percent feel discouraged, about their future success at school and beyond. (7) Student transitions from elementary school to the middle grades and to secondary school are often complicated by poor curriculum alignment, inadequate counseling services, and unsatisfactory sharing of student performance and academic achievement data between grades. (8) Middle grades improvement strategies should be tailored based on a variety of performance indicators and data, so that— (A) educators can create and implement successful school improvement strategies to address the needs of the middle grades; and (B) teachers can provide effective instruction and adequate assistance to meet the needs of at-risk students. (9) Middle grade teachers face unique challenges due to the increased individual subject matter focus of the curriculum combined with the physical, intellectual, and emotional changes faced by early adolescents transitioning from elementary school to high school. (10) Combining measures of academic achievement and motivation, social engagement, and self-regulation—the behavioral domains essential for success across the school and work continuum—provides a more holistic picture of students, including their likelihood of enrolling in an institution of higher education following high school graduation. This information, available in middle school, allows for early identification of and intervention with students who may be less likely to complete secondary school and attend an institution of higher education. (11) Appropriate academic accommodations, age-appropriate discipline, access to assistive technology, and evidence-based interventions must be used with students with disabilities, particularly in the middle grades, as— (A) the dropout rate for learning disabled students is nearly 3 times the dropout rate of all students; (B) more than half of young adults with learning disabilities have been involved in the justice system; and (C) students with disabilities have a graduation rate nearly 20 percentage points lower than the graduation rate for general education students. (12) Local educational agencies and State educational agencies often do not have the capacity to provide support for school improvement strategies. Successful models do exist for turning around low-performing middle grades, and Federal support should be provided to increase the capacity to apply promising practices based on evidence from successful schools. 3. Definitions In this Act: (1) ESEA definitions The terms educational service agency , elementary school , English learner , evidence-based , local educational agency , outlying area , high school , secondary school , and State educational agency have the meanings given the terms in section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 7801 ). (2) Chronic absenteeism The term chronic absenteeism means the percentage of individual students missing 10 percent, or more, of the days of school in a school year. (3) Eligible entity The term eligible entity means a partnership that includes— (A) not less than 1 eligible local educational agency; and (B) (i) an institution of higher education; (ii) an educational service agency; or (iii) a nonprofit organization with demonstrated expertise in high-quality middle grades intervention. (4) Eligible local educational agency The term eligible local educational agency means a local educational agency that serves not less than 1 eligible school. (5) Eligible school The term eligible school means an elementary school or secondary school that contains not less than 2 successive grades of grades 5 through 8 and for which— (A) a high proportion of the middle grades students attending such school will attend a secondary school with a graduation rate of 67 percent or less; (B) more than 25 percent of the students who finish grade 6 at such school, or the earliest middle grade level at the school, exhibit 1 or more of the key risk factors and early risk identification signs, including— (i) student attendance below 90 percent; (ii) a failing grade in a mathematics or reading or language arts course; (iii) 2 failing grades in any courses; and (iv) out-of-school suspension or other evidence of at-risk behavior; or (C) more than 50 percent of the middle grades students attending such school do not perform at a proficient level on State student academic assessments required under section 1111(b)(2) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(b)(2) ) in mathematics or reading or language arts. (6) Institution of higher education The term institution of higher education has the meaning given the term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001 ). (7) Middle grades The term middle grades means any of grades 5 through 8. (8) Secretary The term Secretary means the Secretary of Education. (9) State The term State means each of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. (10) Student with a disability The term student with a disability means a student who is a child with a disability, as defined in section 602 of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( 20 U.S.C. 1401 ). I Middle grades improvement 101. Purposes The purposes of this title are to— (1) develop middle grade students' social, emotional, and academic competencies and deep content knowledge to ensure they are equipped to think critically, solve problems, communicate effectively, collaborate with others, and be self-directed so that they can enter high school on-track and graduate from high school on time and ready for postsecondary and career pathways; (2) provide student and teacher supports for middle grades education, including funding and curricula, that align with the student and teacher supports provided for elementary school and secondary school grades within and across local educational agencies; (3) provide resources to State educational agencies and local educational agencies to collaboratively develop and implement middle grade improvement plans in order to deliver evidence-based support and technical assistance to schools serving middle grade students; (4) provide resources for schools serving middle grade students to develop positive learning communities where educators and students feel engaged, and share high expectations of student success, as exhibited by mutual respect, fair discipline approaches, and rigorous academic curriculum; and (5) increase the capacity of States and local educational agencies to develop effective, sustainable, and replicable school improvement programs and models and evidence-based or, when available, scientifically valid student interventions for implementation by schools serving students in the middle grades. 102. Formula grants to state educational agencies for middle grades improvement (a) In general From amounts appropriated under section 107, the Secretary shall make grants under this title for a fiscal year to each State educational agency for which the Secretary has approved an application in an amount equal to the allotment determined for such agency under subsection (c) for such fiscal year. (b) Reservations From the total amount made available to carry out this title for a fiscal year, the Secretary— (1) shall reserve not more than 1 percent for the Secretary of the Interior (on behalf of the Bureau of Indian Education) and the outlying areas for activities carried out in accordance with this section; (2) shall reserve 1 percent to evaluate the effectiveness of this title in achieving the purposes of this title and ensuring that results are peer-reviewed and widely disseminated, which may include hiring an outside evaluator; and (3) shall reserve 2 percent for technical assistance and dissemination of best practices in middle grades education to States and local educational agencies. (c) Amount of State allotments (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (2), of the total amount made available to carry out this title for a fiscal year and not reserved under subsection (b), the Secretary shall allot such amount among the States in proportion to the number of children, aged 5 to 17, who reside within the State and are from families with incomes below the poverty level for the most recent fiscal year for which satisfactory data are available, compared to the number of such individuals who reside in all such States for that fiscal year, determined in accordance with section 1124(c)(1)(A) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6333(c)(1)(A) ). (2) Minimum allotments No State educational agency shall receive an allotment under this subsection for a fiscal year that is less than 1/2 of 1 percent of the amount made available to carry out this title for such fiscal year. (d) Special rule For any fiscal year for which the funds appropriated to carry out this title are less than $500,000,000, the Secretary is authorized to award grants to State educational agencies, on a competitive basis, rather than as allotments described in this section, to enable such agencies to award subgrants under section 104 on a competitive basis. (e) Reallotment (1) Failure to apply; application not approved If any State educational agency does not apply for an allotment under this title for a fiscal year, or if the application from the State educational agency is not approved, the Secretary shall reallot the amount of the State's allotment to the remaining States in accordance with this section. (2) Unused funds The Secretary may reallot any amount of an allotment to a State if the Secretary determines that the State will be unable to use such amount within 2 years of such allotment. Such reallotments shall be made on the same basis as allotments are made under subsection (c). (f) Application In order to receive an allotment under this title, a State educational agency shall submit an application to the Secretary at such time, in such manner, and accompanied by such information as the Secretary may reasonably require, including a State middle grades improvement plan described in section 103(a)(4). (g) Peer review and selection The Secretary— (1) shall establish a peer-review process to assist in the review and approval of proposed State applications; (2) shall appoint individuals to participate in the peer-review process who are educators and experts in identifying, evaluating, and implementing effective education programs and practices (including in the areas of teaching and learning, educational standards and assessments, school improvement, school climate, rates of suspension and expulsion, and academic and behavioral supports for middle grades students, and in addressing the needs of students with disabilities and English learners in the middle grades), which individuals may include recognized exemplary middle grades teachers and middle grades principals who have been recognized at the State or national level for exemplary work or contributions to the field; (3) shall ensure that State educational agencies are given the opportunity to receive timely feedback, and to interact with peer-review panels, in person or via electronic communication, on issues that need clarification during the peer-review process; (4) shall approve an application submitted under this title not later than 120 days after the date of submission of the application unless the Secretary determines that the application does not meet the requirements of this title; (5) may not decline to approve an application from a State educational agency before— (A) offering the State educational agency an opportunity to revise the application; (B) providing the State educational agency with technical assistance in order to submit a successful application; and (C) providing an opportunity for a hearing to the State educational agency; and (6) shall direct the Inspector General of the Department of Education to— (A) review final determinations reached by the Secretary to approve or deny State applications; (B) analyze the consistency of the process used by peer-review panels in reviewing and recommending to the Secretary approval or denial of such State applications; and (C) report the findings of this review and analysis to Congress. 103. State Plan; Authorized Activities (a) Mandatory Activities (1) In general A State educational agency that receives a grant under this title shall use the grant funds— (A) to prepare and implement the needs analysis and middle grades improvement plan, as described in paragraphs (3) and (4), of such agency; (B) to make subgrants to eligible local educational agencies or eligible entities under section 104; and (C) to assist eligible local educational agencies and eligible entities, when determined necessary by the State educational agency or at the request of an eligible local educational agency or eligible entity, in designing a comprehensive schoolwide improvement plan and carrying out the activities under section 104. (2) Funds for subgrants A State educational agency that receives a grant under this title shall use not less than 90 percent of the grant funds to make subgrants to eligible local educational agencies or eligible entities under section 104. (3) Middle grades need assessment (A) Comprehensive assessment (i) In general A State educational agency that receives a grant under this title shall conduct a comprehensive needs assessment that analyzes how to strengthen the programs, practices, and policies of the State to target support for students in the middle grades to improve positive student outcomes that prepare students for high school, postsecondary, and career success. (ii) Contracting ability A State educational agency receiving a grant under this title may enter into a contract, or similar formal agreement, to work with entities such as national and regional comprehensive centers (as described in section 203 of the Educational Technical Assistance Act of 2002 ( 20 U.S.C. 9602 )), institutions of higher education, or nonprofit organizations with demonstrated expertise in high-quality middle grades reform to conduct a comprehensive needs assessment. (B) Preparation of assessment In preparing the assessment under subparagraph (A), the State educational agency shall examine policies and practices of the State, and of local educational agencies within the State, affecting, with respect to middle grades— (i) curriculum alignment, assessment, and instruction; (ii) the State system of annual meaningful differentiation, as described under section 1111(c)(4)(C) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(c)(4)(C) ); (iii) teacher and school leader preparation, quality, experience, and equitable distribution; (iv) interventions both in-school and out-of-school that support student learning; (v) student engagement activities; (vi) disproportionate use of exclusionary disciplinary practices, including in-school and out-of-school suspensions; (vii) family and community engagement in education; (viii) equitable distribution of resources; and (ix) student and academic support services, such as effective school library programs and school counseling on the transition to secondary school and planning for entry into postsecondary education and the workforce. (4) Middle grades improvement plan (A) In general A State educational agency that receives a grant under this title shall develop a middle grades improvement plan that— (i) shall be a statewide plan to improve student academic achievement in the middle grades, based on the needs assessment described in paragraph (3); and (ii) describes what students are required to know and do to successfully— (I) complete the middle grades; (II) develop the competencies of— (aa) the ability to acquire and use deep content knowledge to solve problems; (bb) critical thinking; (cc) effective communication; (dd) self-direction; and (ee) the ability to collaborate; and (III) make a successful transition to academically rigorous secondary school coursework that prepares students to graduate from secondary school ready for higher education and a career. (B) Plan components A middle grades improvement plan described in subparagraph (A) shall also describe how the State educational agency will do each of the following: (i) (I) Align State standards and assessments for middle grades education with State standards and assessments for secondary schools and prepare students to take challenging secondary school courses and successfully engage in postsecondary education. (II) Coordinate, where applicable, with the activities carried out through grants under section 6201(c)(1) of the America COMPETES Act ( 20 U.S.C. 9871(c)(1) ) for alignment of P–16 education, as defined in section 6201(b) of such Act. (III) Support the transition from elementary school to the middle grades through programs that promote successful social, emotional, and cognitive development. (ii) Provide professional development to school leaders, teachers, and other school personnel in— (I) addressing the needs of diverse learners, including students with disabilities and English learners; (II) using challenging and relevant research-based best practices and curricula; (III) using data to inform instruction; and (IV) increasing student engagement and social and emotional learning competencies. (iii) Identify and disseminate information on effective schools and instructional strategies for middle grades students based on high-quality research. (iv) Identify and provide support for students most at risk of not graduating from secondary school, including English learners, students with disabilities, and low-income students. (v) Provide technical assistance to eligible entities to develop and implement their early warning indicator and intervention systems, as described in section 104(d)(2)(D). (vi) Define a set of school performance indicators that shall be used, in addition to the indicators used to identify schools for comprehensive support and improvement under section 1111(c)(4)(D)(i) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(c)(4)(D)(i) ), to evaluate school performance and guide the school improvement process, such as— (I) student attendance and chronic absenteeism; (II) earned on-time promotion rates from grade to grade; (III) percentage of students failing a mathematics, reading or language arts, or science course, or failing 2 or more of any courses; (IV) teacher preparation, experience, effectiveness, and attendance measures; (V) in-school and out-of-school suspension or other measurable evidence of at-risk behavior, including any disparities in rates among subgroups of students, as defined in section 1111(c)(2)) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(c)(2) ); (VI) data collected by the Civil Rights Data Collection survey conducted by the Office of Civil Rights of the Department of Education; and (VII) additional indicators proposed by the State educational agency and approved by the Secretary, based upon any peer-review evaluation of indicators conducted under section 102(b)(2). (vii) Ensure that such plan is coordinated with State activities to turn around schools identified for comprehensive support and improvement under section 1111(c)(4)(D)(i) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(c)(4)(D)(i) ), including State activities to improve secondary schools and elementary schools. (viii) Ensure that such plan includes specific provisions to improve family and community engagement in education in the middle grades. (b) Permissible activities A State educational agency that receives a grant under this title may use the grant funds to— (1) develop and encourage collaborations among researchers at institutions of higher education, State educational agencies, educational service agencies, local educational agencies, and nonprofit organizations with demonstrated expertise in high-quality middle grade interventions, to expand the use of effective practices in the middle grades and to improve middle grade education; (2) develop and facilitate collaboration among institutions of higher education, nonprofit organizations, and other stakeholders involved in teacher and school leader preparation to improve the quality and delivery of preservice and in-service middle grades teacher and school leader preparation to ensure new and existing middle grade educators are prepared for the specific and unique needs of middle grades students; (3) support local educational agencies in implementing effective middle grades practices, models, and programs that— (A) are evidence-based; and (B) lead to improved student academic achievement; (4) support collaborative communities of middle grades teachers, administrators, school librarians, and researchers in creating and sustaining informational databases to disseminate results from rigorous research on effective practices and programs for middle grades education; and (5) increase middle grades student and academic support services, such as— (A) effective school library programs; and (B) school counseling on the transition to secondary school, such as summer bridge programs and student mentors, and planning for entry into postsecondary education and the workforce. 104. Competitive subgrants to improve low-performing middle grades (a) In general A State educational agency that receives a grant under this title shall make competitive subgrants to eligible local educational agencies and eligible entities to enable the eligible local educational agencies and eligible entities to improve low-performing middle grades in schools served by the agencies or entities. (b) Priorities In making subgrants under subsection (a), a State educational agency shall give priority to eligible local educational agencies or eligible entities based on— (1) the respective populations of children described in section 102(c)(1) served by the eligible local educational agencies that are participating in the subgrant application process; and (2) the respective populations of children served by the participating eligible local educational agencies who attend eligible schools. (c) Application An eligible local educational agency or eligible entity that desires to receive a subgrant under subsection (a) shall submit an application to the State educational agency at such time, in such manner, and accompanied by such information as the State educational agency may reasonably require, including— (1) a middle grade improvement plan described in subsection (d); and (2) a description of how activities described in such plan will be complementary to, and coordinated with, school improvement activities for elementary schools and secondary schools that serve the same students within the participating local educational agency. (d) Middle grades improvement plan An eligible local educational agency or eligible entity that desires to receive a subgrant under subsection (a) shall develop a comprehensive middle grades improvement plan for the middle grades that shall— (1) describe how activities described in such plan will be coordinated with activities specified in schoolwide program plans under section 1114 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6314 ); (2) describe how the eligible local educational agency or eligible entity will— (A) identify eligible schools; (B) ensure that funds go to eligible schools with the highest percent of low-income students first, based on the eligible schools’ populations of children described in section 102(c)(1); (C) use funds to close achievement gaps and improve the academic achievement of all students, including English learners and students with disabilities, in eligible schools; (D) implement an early warning indicator and intervention system to alert schools when students begin to exhibit outcomes or behaviors that indicate the student is at increased risk for low academic achievement or is unlikely to progress to secondary school graduation, and to create a system of evidence-based interventions to be used by schools to effectively intervene, by— (i) identifying and analyzing, such as through the use of longitudinal data of past cohorts of students, the academic and behavioral indicators in the middle grades that most reliably predict dropping out of secondary school, such as attendance, chronic absenteeism, behavior measures (including suspensions, officer referrals, or conduct marks), academic performance in core courses, and earned on-time promotion from grade-to-grade, and other relevant indicator of student academic performance as included in schoolwide program plans under section 1114 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6314 ); (ii) analyzing student progress and performance on the indicators identified under clause (i) to guide decision making; (iii) analyzing academic indicators to determine whether students are on track to graduate on time, and developing appropriate evidence-based intervention; and (iv) identifying or developing a mechanism for regularly collecting and reporting— (I) student-level data on the indicators identified under clause (i); (II) student-level progress and performance, as described in clause (ii); (III) student-level data on the indicators described in clause (iii); and (IV) information about the impact of interventions on student outcomes and progress; (E) increase academic rigor and foster student engagement to ensure students are entering secondary school prepared for success in a rigorous college- and career-ready curriculum, including a description of how such readiness will be measured; (F) implement a systemic transition plan for all students and encourage collaboration among elementary grades, middle grades, and secondary school grades to support the successful transition between grades; (G) increase community and family engagement in education in the middle grades to support student success; and (H) provide evidence that the strategies, programs, supports, and instructional practices proposed under the middle grades improvement plan are new and have not been implemented before by the eligible local educational agency or eligible entity; and (3) provide evidence of an ongoing commitment to sustain the plan for a period of not less than 4 years. (e) Review and selection of subgrants In making subgrants under subsection (a), the State educational agency shall— (1) establish a peer-review process to assist in the review and approval of applications under subsection (c); and (2) appoint individuals to participate in the peer-review process who are educators and experts in identifying, evaluating, and implementing effective education programs and practices, including— (A) experts— (i) in areas of teaching and learning, educational standards and assessments, and school improvement; (ii) in addressing the needs of students with disabilities and English learners in the middle grades; and (iii) in the academic and behavioral supports for middle grades students; and (B) recognized exemplary middle grades teachers and principals who have been recognized at the State or national level for exemplary work or contributions to the field. (f) Revision of subgrants If a State educational agency, using the peer-review process described in subsection (e), determines that an application for a grant under subsection (a) does not meet the requirements of this title, the State educational agency shall notify the eligible local educational agency or eligible entity of such determination and the reasons for such determination, and offer— (1) the eligible local educational agency or eligible entity an opportunity to revise and resubmit the application; and (2) technical assistance to the eligible local educational agency or eligible entity, by the State educational agency or a nonprofit organization with demonstrated expertise in high-quality middle grades interventions, to revise the application. (g) Mandatory uses of funds An eligible local educational agency or eligible entity that receives a subgrant under subsection (a) shall carry out the following: (1) Align the curricula for grades kindergarten through 12 for schools within the local educational agency to improve transitions from elementary grades to middle grades to secondary school grades. (2) In each eligible school served by the eligible local educational agency receiving or participating in the subgrant: (A) Align the curricula for all grade levels within eligible schools to improve grade to grade transitions. (B) Implement evidence-based instructional strategies, programs, and learning environments that meet the needs of all students and ensure that school leaders and teachers receive professional development on the use of these strategies. (C) Provide professional development for school leaders, teachers, specialized instructional support personnel, school librarians, and other school staff on the developmental stages of adolescents in the middle grades and how to deal with those stages appropriately in an educational setting. (D) Implement organizational practices and school schedules that allow for effective leadership, collaborative staff participation, professional development, effective teacher instructional teaming, and parent and community involvement. (E) Create a more personalized and engaging learning environment for middle grades students by developing a personal academic plan for each student and assigning not less than 1 adult who has received the appropriate training to monitor, evaluate, and support the progress of each individual student attending the eligible school. (F) Provide all students, and the students’ families, with information about, and assistance with, the requirements for secondary school graduation, admission to an institution of higher education, and career success. (G) Utilize data from an early warning indicator and intervention system described in subsection (d)(2)(D) to identify struggling students and assist the students as the students transition from elementary school to middle grades to secondary school. (H) Implement academic supports, such as effective school library programs, and effective and coordinated additional assistance programs to ensure that students have a strong foundation in reading, writing, mathematics, and science skills. (I) Develop and use effective, age- and level-appropriate, formative assessments to inform instruction. (J) Provide integrated student support services, such as access to student health services, mental health and trauma-informed care, and individualized school counseling, to address the comprehensive needs of students attending eligible schools. (h) Permissible uses of funds An eligible local educational agency or eligible entity that receives a subgrant under subsection (a) may use the subgrant funds to carry out the following: (1) Implement extended learning opportunities in core academic areas, including more instructional time in literacy, mathematics, science, history, and civics in addition to opportunities for language instruction and understanding other cultures and the arts. (2) Provide evidence-based professional development activities with specific benchmarks to enable teachers and other school staff to appropriately monitor academic and behavioral progress of, and modify curricula and implement accommodations and assistive technology services for, students with disabilities, consistent with the students’ individualized education programs under section 614(d) of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( 20 U.S.C. 1414(d) ). (3) Employ and use instructional coaches, including literacy, mathematics, and English learner coaches. (4) Provide professional development for content-area teachers and school librarians on working effectively with English learners and students with disabilities, as well as professional development for English as a second language educators, bilingual educators, and special education personnel. (5) Provide professional development in areas that support improving school climate and increasing student engagement such as culturally responsive pedagogy, restorative justice programs, social and emotional learning, response to intervention, and positive behavior intervention support. (6) Encourage and facilitate the sharing of data among elementary grades, middle grades, secondary school grades, institutions of higher education, and other postsecondary educational institutions. (7) Create collaborative study groups composed of principals or middle grades teachers, or both, among eligible schools within the eligible local educational agency receiving or participating in the subgrant, or between such eligible local educational agency and another local educational agency, with a focus on developing and sharing methods to increase student learning and academic achievement. (8) Incorporate as school quality and student success indicators into the State system of annual meaningful differentiation, as described under section 1111(c)(4)(C) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(c)(4)(C) ), for middle grades schools that feed into secondary schools, rates of first-year secondary school attendance, retention, and achievement to the accountability system of each middle grades school that feeds into the secondary school. (i) Non-Recipient planning subgrants (1) In general In addition to the subgrants described in subsection (a), a State educational agency may (without regard to the preceding provisions of this section) make planning subgrants, and provide technical assistance, to eligible local educational agencies and eligible entities that have not received a subgrant under subsection (a) to assist the local educational agencies and eligible entities in meeting the requirements of subsections (c) and (d). (2) Amount and duration Each subgrant under this subsection shall be in an amount of not more than $100,000 and shall be for a period of not more than 1 year in duration. 105. Duration of grants; supplement not supplant (a) Duration of grants (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (2), grants under this title and subgrants under section 104(a) may not exceed 3 years in duration. (2) Renewals (A) In general Grants under this title and subgrants under section 104(a) may be renewed in 2-year increments. (B) Conditions In order to be eligible to have a grant or subgrant renewed under this paragraph, the grant or subgrant recipient shall demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the granting entity, that— (i) the recipient has complied with the terms of the grant or subgrant, including by undertaking all required activities; and (ii) during the period of the grant or subgrant, there has been significant progress in— (I) student academic achievement; and (II) positively impacting other key risk factors such as attendance, chronic absenteeism, and on-time promotion. (b) Federal funds To supplement, not supplant, non-Federal funds (1) In general A State educational agency, eligible local educational agency, or eligible entity shall use Federal funds received under this title only to supplement the funds that would, in the absence of such Federal funds, be made available from non-Federal sources for the education of students participating in programs assisted under this title, and not to supplant such funds. (2) Special rule Nothing in this title shall be construed to authorize an officer, employee, or contractor of the Federal Government to mandate, direct, limit, or control a State, local educational agency, or school’s specific instructional content, academic achievement standards and assessments, curriculum, or program of instruction. 106. Evaluation and reporting (a) Evaluation Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter for the period of the grant, each State educational agency receiving a grant under this title shall— (1) conduct an evaluation of the State’s progress regarding the impact of the changes made to the policies and practices of the State in accordance with this title, including— (A) a description of the specific changes made, or in the process of being made, to policies and practices as a result of the grant; (B) a discussion of any barriers hindering the identified changes in policies and practices, and implementation strategies to overcome such barriers; (C) evidence of the impact of changes to policies and practices on behavior and actions at the local educational agency and school level; and (D) evidence of the impact of the changes to State and local policies and practices on improving measurable learning gains by middle grades students; (2) use the results of the evaluation conducted under paragraph (1) to adjust the policies and practices of the State as necessary to achieve the purposes of this title; and (3) submit the results of the evaluation to the Secretary. (b) Availability The Secretary shall make the results of each State educational agency’s evaluation under subsection (a) available to other States and local educational agencies. (c) Local educational agency reporting On an annual basis, each eligible local educational agency and eligible entity receiving a subgrant under section 104(a) shall report to the State educational agency and to the public on— (1) the performance on the school performance indicators (as described in section 103(a)(4)(B)(vi)) for each eligible school served by the eligible local educational agency or eligible entity, in the aggregate and disaggregated by each of the subgroups of students, as defined in section 1111(c)(2) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(c)(2) ); and (2) the use of funds by the eligible local educational agency or eligible entity and each such school. (d) State educational agency reporting On an annual basis, each State educational agency receiving grant funds under this title shall report to the Secretary and to the public on— (1) the performance of eligible schools in the State, based on the school performance indicators described in section 103(a)(4)(B)(vi), in the aggregate and disaggregated by each of the subgroups of students, as defined in section 1111(c)(2) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(c)(2) ); and (2) the use of such funds by each eligible school, eligible entity, and eligible local educational agency in the State receiving such funds. (e) Report to Congress Every 2 years, the Secretary shall report to the public and to Congress— (1) a summary of the State educational agency reports under subsection (d); and (2) the use of funds by each State educational agency under this title. 107. Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this title— (1) $500,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; (2) $525,000,000 for fiscal year 2021; (3) $550,000,000 for fiscal year 2022; (4) $600,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; and (5) $650,000,000 for fiscal year 2024. II Research recommendations 201. Purpose The purpose of this title is to facilitate the generation, dissemination, and application of research needed to identify and implement effective practices that lead to continual student learning and high academic achievement in the middle grades. 202. Study on promising practices (a) Study on promising practices (1) In general Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall study and identify promising practices for the improvement of middle grades education. The Secretary may contract with an independent third party, such as a nonprofit organization, nongovernmental organization, or institution of higher education to satisfy this requirement. (2) Content of study The study described in paragraph (1) shall identify promising practices currently being implemented for the improvement of middle grades education. The study shall be conducted in an open and transparent way that provides interim information to the public about criteria being used to identify— (A) such promising practices; (B) the practices that are being considered; and (C) the kind of evidence needed to document effectiveness. (3) Report The contract entered into pursuant to this subsection shall require that the independent third party submit to the Secretary, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate, and the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives a final report regarding the study conducted under this section not later than 1 year after the date of the commencement of the contract. (4) Publication The Secretary shall make public and post on the website of the Department of Education the findings of the study conducted under this subsection. (b) Synthesis study of effective teaching and learning in middle grades (1) In general Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall enter into a contract with the National Academies to review existing research on middle grades education, and on factors that might lead to increased effectiveness and enhanced innovation in middle grades education. (2) Content of study The study described in paragraph (1) shall review research on education programs, practices, and policies and research on the cognitive, social, and emotional development of children in the middle grades age range, in order to provide an enriched understanding of the factors that might lead to the development of innovative and effective middle grades programs, practices, and policies. The study shall focus on— (A) the areas of curriculum, instruction, and assessment (including additional supports for students who are below grade level in reading, writing, mathematics, and science, and the identification of students with disabilities) to better prepare all students for subsequent success in secondary school, postsecondary education, and cognitively challenging employment; (B) the quality of (including experience, certification, and demonstrated effectiveness), and supports for, the teacher workforce; (C) aspects of student behavioral and social development, and of social interactions within schools that affect the learning of academic content; (D) the ways in which schools and local educational agencies are organized and operated that may be linked to student outcomes; (E) how development and use of early warning indicator and intervention systems can reduce risk factors for dropping out of school and low academic achievement; and (F) identification of areas where further research and evaluation may be needed on these topics to further the development of effective middle grades practices. (3) Report The contract entered into pursuant to this subsection shall require that the National Academies submit to the Secretary, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate, and the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives a final report regarding the study conducted under this subsection not later than 2 years after the date of commencement of the contract. (4) Publication The Secretary shall make public and post on the website of the Department of Education the findings of the study conducted under this subsection. (c) Other activities The Secretary shall carry out each of the following: (1) Create a national clearinghouse, in coordination with entities such as the What Works Clearinghouse of the Institute of Education Sciences, for research in best practices in the middle grades and in the approaches that successfully take those best practices to scale in schools and local educational agencies. (2) Create a national middle grades database accessible to educational researchers, practitioners, and policymakers that identifies factors at the school, classroom, and system level that facilitate or impede student academic achievement in the middle grades. (3) Require the Institute of Education Sciences to develop a strand of field-initiated and scientifically valid research designed to enhance performance of schools serving middle grades students, and of middle grades students who are most at risk of educational failure, which may be coordinated with the regional educational laboratories established under section 174 of the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 ( 20 U.S.C. 9564 ), institutions of higher education, agencies recognized for their research work that has been published in peer-reviewed journals, and organizations that have such regional educational laboratories. Such research shall target specific issues such as— (A) effective practices for instruction and assessment in mathematics, science, technology, and literacy; (B) effective practices for developing in students the competencies of— (i) the ability to acquire and use deep content knowledge to solve problems; (ii) critical thinking; (iii) effective communication; (iv) self-direction; and (v) the ability to collaborate; (C) academic interventions for adolescent English learners; (D) school improvement programs and strategies for closing the academic achievement gap between the different groups described in section 1111(b)(2)(B)(xi) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 6311(b)(2)(B)(xi) ), and for decreasing rates of suspension and expulsion; (E) evidence-based or, when available, scientifically valid professional development planning targeted to improve pedagogy and student academic achievement and student engagement; and (F) the effects of decreased class size or increased instructional and support staff. (4) Strengthen the work of the existing national research and development centers under section 133(c) of the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 ( 20 U.S.C. 9533(c) ), as of the date of enactment of this Act, by adding an educational research and development center dedicated to addressing— (A) curricular, instructional, and assessment issues pertinent to the middle grades (such as mathematics, science, technological fluency, and the needs of English learners and students with disabilities); (B) comprehensive reforms for low-performing middle grades; and (C) other topics pertinent to improving the academic achievement of middle grades students. (5) Provide grants to nonprofit organizations, for-profit organizations, institutions of higher education, and others to partner with State educational agencies and local educational agencies to develop, adapt, or replicate effective models for turning around low-performing schools serving middle grades students. 203. Authorization of appropriations; reservations (a) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this title $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, which amount shall remain available for obligation through fiscal year 2024. (b) Reservations From the total amount made available to carry out this title, the Secretary shall reserve— (1) 2.5 percent for the studies described in subsections (a) and (b) of section 202; (2) 5 percent for the clearinghouse described in section 202(c)(1); (3) 5 percent for the database described in section 202(c)(2); (4) 42.5 percent for the activities described in section 202(c)(3); (5) 15 percent for the activities described in section 202(c)(4); and (6) 30 percent for the activities described in section 202(c)(5).