II 115th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 2016 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES October 26, 2017 Mr. Markey introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations A BILL To prevent an unconstitutional strike against North Korea.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the No Unconstitutional Strike Against North Korea Act of 2017 . 2. Findings Congress makes the following findings: (1) The President is currently prohibited from initiating a war or launching a first strike without congressional approval under the United States Constitution and United States law. (2) The Constitution, in article I, section 8, grants Congress the sole power to declare war. (3) George Washington, in a letter to William Moultrie dated August 28, 1793, wrote, The constitution vests the power of declaring war in Congress; therefore no offensive expedition of importance can be undertaken until after they shall have deliberated upon the subject and authorized such a measure. . (4) In Examination Number 1 of the Hamilton Papers, dated December 17, 1801, Alexander Hamilton wrote, The Congress shall have the power to declare war ; the plain meaning of which is, that it is the peculiar and exclusive duty of Congress, when the nation is at peace, to change that state into a state of war. . (5) James Madison wrote, in Madison Papers, Helvidius, Number 4, dated September 14, 1793, The power to declare war, including the power of judging the causes of war, is fully and exclusively vested in the legislature … the executive has no right, in any case, to decide the question, whether there is or is not cause for declaring war. . (6) Section 2(c) of the War Powers Resolution ( 50 U.S.C. 1541(c) ) states that the constitutional powers of the President as Commander-in-Chief to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, are exercised only pursuant to (1) a declaration of war, (2) specific statutory authorization, or (3) a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces . (7) The American people, United States allies in Asia, and the entire world have been deeply troubled by escalating tensions on the Korean peninsula. (8) Recent polling demonstrates that more than two-thirds of people in the United States believe that the United States should attack North Korea only if North Korea attacks first. (9) The United States has approximately 28,500 members of the Armed Forces stationed in Korea who would be placed in grave danger if an active military conflict were to erupt. (10) On August 14, 2017, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Marine Corps General Joseph Dunford stated, The United States military’s priority is to support our government’s efforts to achieve the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula through diplomatic and economic pressure. . (11) On August 10, 2017, Defense Secretary James Mattis stated that armed conflict with North Korea would be catastrophic . 3. Prohibition on unconstitutional military strikes against North Korea (a) In general None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available to the Department of Defense or to any other Federal department or agency may be used to launch a military strike against North Korea or introduce the Armed Forces into hostilities in North Korea before the date on which Congress declares war on North Korea or enacts an authorization described in subsection (b). (b) Authorization of military strikes An authorization described in this subsection is an authorization that meets the requirements of the War Powers Resolution ( Public Law 93–148 ; 50 U.S.C. 1541 et seq.) and that is enacted after the date of the enactment of this Act. (c) Exceptions The prohibition under subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to the introduction of the Armed Forces into hostilities to repel a sudden attack on the United States, its territories or possessions, the United States Armed Forces, or United States allies or to the deployment of United States Armed Forces to rescue or remove United States personnel. (d) Rule of construction Nothing in this section may be construed to relieve the executive branch of the restrictions on the use of force or the reporting requirements stated in the War Powers Resolution ( Public Law 93–148 ; 50 U.S.C. 1541 et seq.). 4. Sense of Congress in support of a diplomatic resolution to growing tensions with North Korea It is the sense of Congress that— (1) a conflict on the Korean peninsula would have catastrophic consequences for the American people, for members of the United States Armed Forces stationed in the region, for United States interests, for United States allies the Republic of Korea and Japan, for the long-suffering people of North Korea, and for global peace and security more broadly, and that actions and statements that increase tensions and could lead to miscalculation should be avoided; and (2) the President, in coordination with United States allies, should explore and pursue every feasible opportunity to engage in talks with the Government of North Korea on concrete steps to reduce tensions and improve communication, and to initiate negotiations designed to achieve a diplomatic agreement to halt and eventually reverse North Korea’s nuclear and missile pursuits and to move toward denuclearization and a permanent peace in the Korean peninsula.