II 115th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 550 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES March 7, 2017 Mr. Leahy (for himself, Mr. Franken , Mr. Blumenthal , Mr. Durbin , Mr. Whitehouse , Mr. Markey , Ms. Warren , Mrs. Murray , Ms. Baldwin , Ms. Heitkamp , Ms. Hirono , Mr. Brown , Mr. Booker , and Mrs. Shaheen ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary A BILL To restore statutory rights to the people of the United States from forced arbitration.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Restoring Statutory Rights and Interests of the States Act of 2017 . 2. Findings and intent (a) Findings Congress finds the following: (1) Chapter 1 of title 9, United States Code (commonly known as the Federal Arbitration Act ), represented an exercise of legislative power that required courts to recognize private voluntary agreements to arbitrate commercial disputes at a time when the courts were refusing to do so on grounds that arbitration represented a usurpation of the authority of the courts to resolve legal disputes. (2) The Federal Arbitration Act did not, and should not have been interpreted to, supplant or nullify the legislatively created rights and remedies that Congress, exercising its power under article I of the Constitution of the United States, has granted to the people of the United States for resolving disputes in State and Federal courts. (3) Recent court decisions, including AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333 (2011) and American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant, 133 S. Ct. 2304 (2013), have interpreted the Federal Arbitration Act to broadly preempt rights and remedies established under substantive State and Federal law. As a result, these decisions have enabled business entities to avoid or nullify legal duties created by congressional enactment, resulting in millions of people in the United States being unable to vindicate their rights in State and Federal courts. (4) States have a compelling interest in enacting rights and remedies to protect the welfare of their citizens, and the Federal Arbitration Act should not be, and should not have been, interpreted to preempt State legislation that enacted rights and remedies to protect the welfare of their citizens. (b) Intent of Congress In enacting this Act, it is the intent of Congress— (1) to restate and reinstitute the primacy of congressional and State legislative bodies as the creators of the rights and remedies available to all the people of the United States; (2) to clarify that congressionally established rights and remedies may not be waived prior to the institution of a dispute by the party intended to be protected by such statute; and (3) to reinstate and reaffirm existing rights and remedies of the people of the United States enacted since the enactment of the Federal Arbitration Act regarding access to the courts that have, or may have been, abrogated or diminished. 3. Arbitration of Federal statutory causes of action (a) Adjudication of Federal statutory rights of action Section 2 of title 9, United States Code, is amended— (1) by striking A written and inserting (a) In general .—Except as provided in subsection (b), a written ; and (2) by adding at the end the following: (b) Exception Subsection (a) shall not apply to a written provision that requires arbitration of a claim for damages or injunctive relief brought by an individual or small business concern (as defined in section 3 of the Small Business Act ( 15 U.S.C. 632 )), in either an individual or representative capacity, arising from the alleged violation of a Federal or State statute, the Constitution of the United States, or a constitution of a State, unless the written agreement to arbitrate is entered into by both parties after the claim has arisen and pertains solely to an existing claim. (c) Interaction with State law In subsection (a), the term grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of a contract includes a Federal or State statute, or the finding of a Federal or State court, that prohibits the agreement to arbitrate on grounds that the agreement is unconscionable, invalid because there was no meeting of the minds, or otherwise unenforceable as a matter of contract law or public policy. (d) Validity and enforceability A determination as to whether this chapter applies to an agreement to arbitrate shall be made by a court, rather than an arbitrator, irrespective of whether the party resisting arbitration challenges the agreement to arbitrate specifically or in conjunction with other terms of the contract containing such agreement. . 4. Vacating an award made in violation of section 2 of title 9, United States Code Section 10(a) of title 9, United States Code, is amended— (1) in paragraph (3), by striking or at the end; (2) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; or ; and (3) by adding at the end the following: (5) where the arbitration took place in violation of section 2. . 5. Applicability This Act, and the amendments made by this Act, shall apply with respect to any dispute or claim that arises on or after the date of enactment of this Act.