III 115th CONGRESS 2d Session S. RES. 431 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES March 12, 2018 Mr. Grassley (for himself, Mrs. Feinstein , Mr. Cruz , Mr. Menendez , and Mr. McConnell ) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations April 19, 2018 Committee discharged; considered and agreed to RESOLUTION Supporting the goals and ideals of International Parental Child Abduction Month and expressing the sense of the Senate that Congress should raise awareness of the harm caused by international parental child abduction.

Whereas thousands of children in the United States have been abducted from the United States by parents, separating those children from their parents who remain in the United States; Whereas it is illegal under section 1204 of title 18, United States Code, to remove, or attempt to remove, a child from the United States or retain a child (who has been in the United States) outside of the United States with the intent to obstruct the lawful exercise of parental rights; Whereas more than 600 children experienced international parental child abduction during 2015; Whereas, during 2016, one or more cases of international parental child abduction involving children who are citizens of the United States were identified in 106 countries around the world; Whereas the United States is a party to the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, done at the Hague, October 25, 1980 (TIAS 11670) (referred to in this preamble as the Hague Convention on Abduction ), which— (1) supports the prompt return of wrongly removed or retained children; and (2) calls for all participating parties to respect parental custody rights; Whereas a significant number of children who were abducted from the United States have yet to be reunited with their custodial parents; Whereas, during 2016, 13 countries were identified under the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014 ( 22 U.S.C. 9101 et seq.) as engaging in a pattern of noncompliance; Whereas, during the 20-year period ending on the date of enactment of this resolution, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children has provided assistance for more than 6,000 international family abduction cases involving children wrongfully removed from or retained outside of the United States; Whereas the Supreme Court of the United States has recognized that family abduction— (1) is a form of child abuse with potentially devastating consequences for a child , that may include negative impacts on the physical and mental well-being of the child; and (2) can cause a child to experience a loss of community and stability, leading to loneliness, anger, and fear of abandonment ; Whereas, according to the 2010 Report on Compliance with the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction by the Department of State, research shows that an abducted child is at risk of significant short- and long-term problems, including anxiety, eating problems, nightmares, mood swings, sleep disturbances, [and] aggressive behavior ; Whereas international parental child abduction has devastating emotional consequences not only for the child but also for the parent from whom the child is separated; Whereas the United States has a history of promoting child welfare through institutions including— (1) in the Department of Health and Human Services— (A) the Administration for Children and Families; and (B) the Children's Bureau; and (2) in the Department of State, the Office of Children’s Issues; Whereas Congress has signaled a commitment to ending international parental child abduction by enacting the International Child Abduction Remedies Act ( 22 U.S.C. 9001 et seq.), the International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act of 1993 ( Public Law 103–173 ; 107 Stat. 1998), and the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014 ( 22 U.S.C. 9101 et seq.); Whereas, in 2012, the Senate adopted Senate Resolution 543, 112th Congress, agreed to December 4, 2012, which— (1) condemned international parental child abduction; (2) urged countries identified by the Department of State as noncompliant with the Hague Convention on Abduction to fulfill the commitment those countries made to implement the Hague Convention on Abduction; and (3) expressed the sense of the Senate that the United States should— (A) pursue the return, by all appropriate means, of each child abducted by a parent to another country; (B) if a child is abducted by a parent and not returned to the United States, facilitate access to the abducted child for the parent remaining in the United States; and (C) where appropriate, seek the extradition of the parent that abducted the child; Whereas all 50 States and the District of Columbia have enacted laws criminalizing parental kidnapping; Whereas, in 2016, the Prevention Branch of the Office of Children’s Issues of the Department of State— (1) fielded 2,537 inquiries from the general public relating to preventing a child from being removed from the United States; and (2) enrolled 4,087 children in the Children’s Passport Issuance Alert Program, which— (A) is one of the most important tools of the Department of State for preventing international parental child abduction; and (B) allows the Office of Children’s Issues to contact the enrolling parent or legal guardian to verify whether the parental consent requirement has been met when a passport application has been submitted for an enrolled child; Whereas, the Department of State cannot track the ultimate destination of a child through the use of the passport of the child issued by the Department of State if the child is transported to a third country after departing from the United States; Whereas a child who is a citizen of the United States may have another nationality and may travel using a passport issued by another country, which— (1) increases the difficulty in determining the whereabouts of the child; and (2) makes efforts to prevent abductions all the more critical; Whereas, in 2016, the Department of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Prevention Branch of the Office of Children’s Issues of the Department of State, enrolled 131 children in a program aimed at preventing international parental child abduction; Whereas, the Department of State, through the International Visitor Leadership Program and related initiatives with global partners of the United States, has reduced the number of children who have been reported abducted from the United States by 25 percent during the past 2 years; and Whereas the United States should continue to play a leadership role in raising awareness about the devastating impacts of international parental child abduction by educating the public about the negative emotional, psychological, and physical consequences to children and parents victimized by international parental child abduction: Now, therefore, be it

That the Senate recognizes and observes International Parental Child Abduction Month during the period beginning on April 1, 2018, and ending on May 1, 2018, to raise awareness of, and opposition to, international parental child abduction.