II 114th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 399 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES February 5, 2015 Mrs. Fischer introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Budget A BILL To amend the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 to increase transparency in Federal budgeting, and for other purposes.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2015 . I Fair value estimates 101. Credit reform (a) In general Title V of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 ( 2 U.S.C. 661 et seq. ) is amended to read as follows: V Fair value 500. Short title This title may be cited as the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 or the Fair Value Accounting Act . 501. Purposes The purposes of this title are to— (1) measure more accurately the costs of Federal credit programs by accounting for them on a fair value basis; (2) place the cost of credit programs on a budgetary basis equivalent to other Federal spending; (3) encourage the delivery of benefits in the form most appropriate to the needs of beneficiaries; and (4) improve the allocation of resources among Federal programs. 502. Definitions For purposes of this title: (1) The term direct loan — (A) means a disbursement of funds by the Government to a non-Federal borrower under a contract that requires the repayment of such funds with or without interest; (B) includes the purchase of, or participation in, a loan made by another lender and financing arrangements that defer payment for more than 90 days, including the sale of a Government asset on credit terms; and (C) does not include the acquisition of a federally guaranteed loan in satisfaction of default claims or the price support loans of the Commodity Credit Corporation. (2) The term direct loan obligation means a binding agreement by a Federal agency to make a direct loan when specified conditions are fulfilled by the borrower. (3) The term loan guarantee — (A) means any guarantee, insurance, or other pledge with respect to the payment of all or a part of the principal or interest on any debt obligation of a non-Federal borrower to a non-Federal lender; and (B) does not include the insurance of deposits, shares, or other withdrawable accounts in financial institutions. (4) The term loan guarantee commitment means a binding agreement by a Federal agency to make a loan guarantee when specified conditions are fulfilled by the borrower, the lender, or any other party to the guarantee agreement. (5) (A) The term cost means the sum of the Treasury discounting component and the risk component of a direct loan or loan guarantee, or a modification thereof. (B) (i) The Treasury discounting component shall be the estimated long-term cost to the Government of a direct loan or loan guarantee, or modification thereof, calculated on a net present value basis, excluding administrative costs and any incidental effects on governmental receipts or outlays. (ii) The Treasury discounting component of a direct loan shall be the net present value, at the time when the direct loan is disbursed, of the following estimated cash flows: (I) Loan disbursements. (II) Repayments of principal. (III) Essential preservation expenses, payments of interest and other payments by or to the Government over the life of the loan after adjusting for estimated defaults, prepayments, fees, penalties, and other recoveries, including the effects of changes in loan terms resulting from the exercise by the borrower of an option included in the loan contract. (iii) The Treasury discounting component of a loan guarantee shall be the net present value, at the time when the guaranteed loan is disbursed, of the following estimated cash flows: (I) Payments by the Government to cover defaults and delinquencies, interest subsidies, essential preservation expenses, or other payments. (II) Payments to the Government including origination and other fees, penalties, and recoveries, including the effects of changes in loan terms resulting from the exercise by the guaranteed lender of an option included in the loan guarantee contract, or by the borrower of an option included in the guaranteed loan contract. (C) The risk component shall be an amount equal to the difference between— (i) the estimated long-term cost to the Government of a direct loan or loan guarantee, or modification thereof, estimated on a fair value basis, applying the guidelines set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in Financial Accounting Standards #157, or a successor thereto, excluding administrative costs and any incidental effects on governmental receipts or outlays; and (ii) the Treasury discounting component of such direct loan or loan guarantee, or modification thereof. (D) The cost of a modification is the sum of— (i) the difference between the current estimate of the Treasury discounting component of the remaining cash flows under the terms of a direct loan or loan guarantee and the current estimate of the Treasury discounting component of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the contract, as modified; and (ii) the difference between the current estimate of the risk component of the remaining cash flows under the terms of a direct loan or loan guarantee and the current estimate of the risk component of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the contract as modified. (E) In estimating Treasury discounting components, the discount rate shall be the average interest rate on marketable Treasury securities of similar duration to the cash flows of the direct loan or loan guarantee for which the estimate is being made. (F) When funds are obligated for a direct loan or loan guarantee, the estimated cost shall be based on the current assumptions, adjusted to incorporate the terms of the loan contract, for the fiscal year in which the funds are obligated. (6) The term program account means the budget account into which an appropriation to cover the cost of a direct loan or loan guarantee program is made and from which such cost is disbursed to the financing account. (7) The term financing account — (A) means the nonbudget account or accounts associated with each program account which holds balances, receives the cost payment from the program account; and (B) includes all other cash flows to and from the Government resulting from direct loan obligations or loan guarantee commitments made on or after October 1, 1991. (8) The term liquidating account means the budget account that includes all cash flows to and from the Government resulting from direct loan obligations or loan guarantee commitments made prior to October 1, 1991. These accounts shall be shown in the budget on a cash basis. (9) The term modification means any Government action that alters the estimated cost of an outstanding direct loan (or direct loan obligation) or an outstanding loan guarantee (or loan guarantee commitment) from the current estimate of cash flows. This includes the sale of loan assets, with or without recourse, the purchase of guaranteed loans (or direct loan obligations) or loan guarantees (or loan guarantee commitments), a change in collection procedures. (10) The term current has the same meaning as in section 250(c)(9) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. (11) The term Director means the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. (12) The term administrative costs — (A) means costs related to program management activities; and (B) does not include essential preservation expenses. (13) The term essential preservation expenses means servicing and other costs that are essential to preserve the value of loan assets or collateral. 503. OMB and CBO analysis, coordination, and review (a) In general For the executive branch, the Director shall be responsible for coordinating the estimates required by this title. The Director shall consult with the agencies that administer direct loan or loan guarantee programs. (b) Delegation The Director may delegate to agencies authority to make estimates of costs. The delegation of authority shall be based upon written guidelines, regulations, or criteria consistent with the definitions in this title. (c) Coordination with the Congressional Budget Office In developing estimation guidelines, regulations, or criteria to be used by Federal agencies, the Director shall consult with the Director of the Congressional Budget Office. (d) Improving cost estimates The Director and the Director of the Congressional Budget Office shall coordinate the development of more accurate data on historical performance and prospective risk of direct loan and loan guarantee programs. They shall annually review the performance of outstanding direct loans and loan guarantees to improve estimates of costs. The Office of Management and Budget and the Congressional Budget Office shall have access to all agency data that may facilitate the development and improvement of estimates of costs. (e) Historical credit programs costs The Director shall review, to the extent possible, historical data and develop the best possible estimates of adjustments that would convert aggregate historical budget data to credit reform accounting. 504. Budgetary treatment (a) President’s budget Beginning with fiscal year 2017, the President’s budget shall reflect the costs of direct loan and loan guarantee programs. The budget shall also include the planned level of new direct loan obligations or loan guarantee commitments associated with each appropriations request. For each fiscal year within the five-fiscal year period beginning with fiscal year 2017, such budget shall include, on an agency-by-agency basis, subsidy estimates and costs of direct loan and loan guarantee programs with and without the risk component. (b) Appropriations required Notwithstanding any other provision of law, new direct loan obligations may be incurred and new loan guarantee commitments may be made for fiscal year 2017 and thereafter only to the extent that— (1) new budget authority to cover their costs is provided in advance in an appropriation Act; (2) a limitation on the use of funds otherwise available for the cost of a direct loan or loan guarantee program has been provided in advance in an appropriation Act; or (3) authority is otherwise provided in appropriation Acts. (c) Exemption for direct spending programs Subsections (b) and (e) shall not apply to— (1) any direct loan or loan guarantee program that constitutes an entitlement (such as the guaranteed student loan program or the veteran’s home loan guaranty program); (2) the credit programs of the Commodity Credit Corporation existing on November 5, 1990; or (3) any direct loan (or direct loan obligation) or loan guarantee (or loan guarantee commitment) made by the Federal National Mortgage Association or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. (d) Budget accounting (1) In general The authority to incur new direct loan obligations, make new loan guarantee commitments, or modify outstanding direct loans (or direct loan obligations) or loan guarantees (or loan guarantee commitments) shall constitute new budget authority in an amount equal to the cost of the direct loan or loan guarantee in the fiscal year in which definite authority becomes available or indefinite authority is used. Such budget authority shall constitute an obligation of the program account to pay to the financing account. (2) Outlays The outlays resulting from new budget authority for the cost of direct loans or loan guarantees described in paragraph (1) shall be paid from the program account into the financing account and recorded in the fiscal year in which the direct loan or the guaranteed loan is disbursed or its costs altered. (3) Collections and payments All collections and payments of the financing accounts shall be a means of financing. (e) Modifications An outstanding direct loan (or direct loan obligation) or loan guarantee (or loan guarantee commitment) shall not be modified in a manner that increases its costs unless budget authority for the additional cost has been provided in advance in an appropriation Act. (f) Reestimates When the estimated cost for a group of direct loans or loan guarantees for a given program made in a single fiscal year is reestimated in a subsequent year, the difference between the reestimated cost and the previous cost estimate shall be displayed as a distinct and separately identified subaccount in the program account as a change in program costs and a change in net interest. There is hereby provided permanent indefinite authority for these reestimates. (g) Administrative expenses All funding for an agency’s administrative costs associated with a direct loan or loan guarantee program shall be displayed as distinct and separately identified subaccounts within the same budget account as the program’s cost. 505. Authorizations (a) Authorization for financing accounts In order to implement the accounting required by this title, the President is authorized to establish such non-budgetary accounts as may be appropriate. (b) Treasury transactions with the financing accounts (1) In general The Secretary of the Treasury shall borrow from, receive from, lend to, or pay to the financing accounts such amounts as may be appropriate. The Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe forms and denominations, maturities, and terms and conditions for the transactions described in the preceding sentence, except that the rate of interest charged by the Secretary on lending to financing accounts (including amounts treated as lending to financing accounts by the Federal Financing Bank (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the Bank ) pursuant to section 405(b)) and the rate of interest paid to financing accounts on uninvested balances in financing accounts shall be the same as the rate determined pursuant to section 502(5)(E). (2) Loans For guaranteed loans financed by the Bank and treated as direct loans by a Federal agency pursuant to section 405(b), any fee or interest surcharge (the amount by which the interest rate charged exceeds the rate determined pursuant to section 502(5)(E) that the Bank charges to a private borrower pursuant to section 6(c) of the Federal Financing Bank Act of 1973 shall be considered a cash flow to the Government for the purposes of determining the cost of the direct loan pursuant to section 502(5). All such amounts shall be credited to the appropriate financing account. (3) Reimbursement The Bank is authorized to require reimbursement from a Federal agency to cover the administrative expenses of the Bank that are attributable to the direct loans financed for that agency. All such payments by an agency shall be considered administrative expenses subject to section 504(g). This subsection shall apply to transactions related to direct loan obligations or loan guarantee commitments made on or after October 1, 1991. (4) Authority The authorities provided in this subsection shall not be construed to supersede or override the authority of the head of a Federal agency to administer and operate a direct loan or loan guarantee program. (5) Title 31 All of the transactions provided in this subsection shall be subject to the provisions of subchapter II of chapter 15 of title 31, United States Code. (6) Treatment of cash balances Cash balances of the financing accounts in excess of current requirements shall be maintained in a form of uninvested funds and the Secretary of the Treasury shall pay interest on these funds. The Secretary of the Treasury shall charge (or pay if the amount is negative) financing accounts an amount equal to the risk component for a direct loan or loan guarantee, or modification thereof. Such amount received by the Secretary of the Treasury shall be a means of financing and shall not be considered a cash flow of the Government for the purposes of section 502(5). (c) Authorization for liquidating accounts (1) In general Amounts in liquidating accounts shall be available only for payments resulting from direct loan obligations or loan guarantee commitments made prior to October 1, 1991, for— (A) interest payments and principal repayments to the Treasury or the Federal Financing Bank for amounts borrowed; (B) disbursements of loans; (C) default and other guarantee claim payments; (D) interest supplement payments; (E) payments for the costs of foreclosing, managing, and selling collateral that are capitalized or routinely deducted from the proceeds of sales; (F) payments to financing accounts when required for modifications; (G) administrative costs and essential preservation expenses, if— (i) amounts credited to the liquidating account would have been available for administrative costs and essential preservation expenses under a provision of law in effect prior to October 1, 1991; and (ii) no direct loan obligation or loan guarantee commitment has been made, or any modification of a direct loan or loan guarantee has been made, since September 30, 1991; or (H) such other payments as are necessary for the liquidation of such direct loan obligations and loan guarantee commitments. (2) Amounts credited Amounts credited to liquidating accounts in any year shall be available only for payments required in that year. Any unobligated balances in liquidating accounts at the end of a fiscal year shall be transferred to miscellaneous receipts as soon as practicable after the end of the fiscal year. (3) Insufficient funds If funds in liquidating accounts are insufficient to satisfy obligations and commitments of such accounts, there is hereby provided permanent, indefinite authority to make any payments required to be made on such obligations and commitments. (d) Reinsurance Nothing in this title shall be construed as authorizing or requiring the purchase of insurance or reinsurance on a direct loan or loan guarantee from private insurers. If any such reinsurance for a direct loan or loan guarantee is authorized, the cost of such insurance and any recoveries to the Government shall be included in the calculation of the cost. (e) Eligibility and assistance Nothing in this title shall be construed to change the authority or the responsibility of a Federal agency to determine the terms and conditions of eligibility for, or the amount of assistance provided by a direct loan or a loan guarantee. 506. Treatment of deposit insurance and agencies and other insurance programs This title shall not apply to the credit or insurance activities of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, National Credit Union Administration, Resolution Trust Corporation, Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, National Flood Insurance, National Insurance Development Fund, Crop Insurance, or Tennessee Valley Authority. 507. Effect on other laws (a) Effect on other laws This title shall supersede, modify, or repeal any provision of law enacted prior to the date of enactment of this title to the extent such provision is inconsistent with this title. Nothing in this title shall be construed to establish a credit limitation on any Federal loan or loan guarantee program. (b) Crediting of collections Collections resulting from direct loans obligated or loan guarantees committed prior to October 1, 1991, shall be credited to the liquidating accounts of Federal agencies. Amounts so credited shall be available, to the same extent that they were available prior to November 5, 1990, to liquidate obligations arising from such direct loans obligated or loan guarantees committed prior to October 1, 1991, including repayment of any obligations held by the Secretary of the Treasury or the Federal Financing Bank. The unobligated balances of such accounts that are in excess of current needs shall be transferred to the general fund of the Treasury. Such transfers shall be made from time to time but, at least once each year. . (b) Technical and conforming amendments (1) The table of contents set forth in section 1(b) of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 is amended by striking the items relating to title V and inserting the following: Title V—Fair value Sec. 500. Short title. Sec. 501. Purposes. Sec. 502. Definitions. Sec. 503. OMB and CBO analysis, coordination, and review. Sec. 504. Budgetary treatment. Sec. 505. Authorizations. Sec. 506. Treatment of deposit insurance and agencies and other insurance programs. Sec. 507. Effect on other laws. . (2) Section 237(d)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2197(d)(2) ) is amended by striking section 505(b) and inserting section 505(a) . (3) Section 412(a)(3) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 14972(a)(3) ) is amended by striking The term cost of a direct loan has the meaning given the term in section 502(5)(B) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 ( 2 U.S.C. 661a(5)(B) ) and inserting The term cost of a direct loan means the cost of a direct loan (as those terms are defined in section 502 of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 ( 2 U.S.C. 661a )) . (4) Section 638(b)(2)(A) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 16014(b)(2)(A) ) is amended by striking has the meaning given the term cost of a loan guarantee under section 502(5)(C) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 ( 2 U.S.C. 661a(5)(C) ) and inserting means the cost of a loan guarantee (as those terms are defined in section 502 of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 ( 2 U.S.C. 661a )) . (5) Section 1701(2) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 16511(2) ) is amended by striking has the meaning given the term cost of a loan guarantee within the meaning of section 502(5)(C) of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 ( 2 U.S.C. 661a(5)(C) ) and inserting means the cost of a loan guarantee (as those terms are defined in section 502 of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 ( 2 U.S.C. 661a )) . 102. Budgetary adjustment (a) In general Section 251(b)(1) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 ( 2 U.S.C. 901(b)(1) ) is amended by adding at the end the following: A change in discretionary spending solely as a result of the amendment to title V of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 made by the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2015 shall be treated as a change of concept under this paragraph. . (b) Report Before adjusting the discretionary caps pursuant to the authority provided under the amendment made by subsection (a), the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the Committee on the Budget of the Senate and the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives a report on the amount of the adjustment, the methodology used in determining the size of the adjustment, and a program-by-program itemization of the components of the adjustment. (c) Schedule The Office of Management and Budget may not make an adjustment pursuant to the authority provided under the amendment made by subsection (a) before the date that is 60 days after the date on which the Office of Management and Budget submits the report required in subsection (b). 103. Effective date The amendments made by section 101 shall take effect beginning with fiscal year 2017. II Budgetary treatment 201. CBO and OMB studies respecting budgeting for costs of Federal insurance programs Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director of the Congressional Budget Office and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall each prepare a study and make recommendations to the Committee on the Budget of the Senate and the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives as to the feasibility of applying fair value concepts to budgeting for the costs of Federal insurance programs. 202. On-budget status of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the receipts and disbursements, including the administrative expenses, of the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation shall be counted as new budget authority, outlays, receipts, or deficit or surplus for purposes of— (1) the budget of the United States Government as submitted by the President; (2) the congressional budget; and (3) the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. 203. Effective date Section 202 shall not apply with respect to an enterprise (as such term is defined in section 1303 of the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 ( 12 U.S.C. 4502 )) after the date that all of the following have occurred: (1) The conservatorship for such enterprise under section 1367 of such Act ( 12 U.S.C. 4617 ) has been terminated. (2) The Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency has certified in writing that such enterprise has repaid to the Federal Government the maximum amount consistent with minimizing total cost to the Federal Government of the financial assistance provided to the enterprise by the Federal Government pursuant to the amendments made by section 1117 of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 ( Public Law 110–289 ; 122 Stat. 2683) or otherwise. (3) The charter for the enterprise has been revoked, annulled, or terminated and the authorizing statute (as such term is defined in such section 1303) with respect to the enterprise has been repealed. III Budget review and analysis 301. CBO and OMB review and recommendations respecting receipts and collections Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall prepare a study of the history of offsetting collections against expenditures and the amount of receipts collected annually, the historical application of the budgetary terms revenue , offsetting collections , and offsetting receipts , and review the application of those terms and make recommendations to the Committee on the Budget of the Senate and the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives of whether such usage should be continued or modified. The Director of the Congressional Budget Office shall review the history and recommendations prepared by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and shall submit comments and recommendations to the Committee on the Budget of the Senate and the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives. 302. Agency budget justifications Section 1108 of title 31, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: (h) (1) On the day on which an agency submits written budget justification materials for any committee of the Senate or the House of Representatives— (A) such agency shall post such budget justification on the same day of such submission on the home page of the public website of the agency; and (B) the Office of Management and Budget shall post such budget justification in a centralized location on its website, in the format developed under paragraph (3). (2) Each agency shall include with its written budget justification the process and methodology the agency is using to comply with the Fair Value Accounting Act . (3) The Office of Management and Budget, in consultation with the Congressional Budget Office and the Government Accountability Office, shall develop and notify each agency of the format in which to post a budget justification under paragraph (1). Such format shall be designed to ensure that posted budget justifications for all agencies— (A) are searchable, sortable, and downloadable by the public; (B) are consistent with generally accepted standards and practices for machine-discoverability; (C) are organized uniformly, in a logical manner that makes clear the contents of a budget justification and relationships between data elements within the budget justification and among similar documents; and (D) use uniform identifiers, including for agencies, bureaus, programs, and projects. (i) (1) Not later than the day that the Office of Management and Budget issues guidelines, regulations, or criteria to agencies on how to calculate the risk component under the Fair Value Accounting Act , it shall submit a written report to the Committee on the Budget of the Senate and the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives containing all such guidelines, regulations, or criteria. (2) For fiscal year 2017 and each of the next 4 fiscal years thereafter, the Comptroller General shall submit an annual report to the Committee on the Budget of the Senate and the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives reviewing and evaluating the progress of agencies in the implementation of the Fair Value Accounting Act . (3) Such guidelines, regulations, or criteria shall be deemed to be a rule for purposes of section 553 of title 5 and shall be issued after notice and opportunity for public comment in accordance with the procedures under such section. .