II 114th CONGRESS 2d Session S. 2878 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES April 28, 2016 Mr. Rubio (for himself, Mr. Cornyn , and Mr. Blunt ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations A BILL To amend the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to improve the ability of the United States to advance religious freedom globally through enhanced diplomacy, training, counterterrorism, and foreign assistance efforts, and through stronger and more flexible political responses to religious freedom violations and violent extremism worldwide, and for other purposes.

1. Short title and table of contents (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Frank R. Wolf International Religious Freedom Act . (b) Table of contents The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title and table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings; Policy. Sec. 3. Definitions. Title I—Department of State activities Sec. 101. Office on International Religious Freedom; Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom. Sec. 102. Annual Report on International Religious Freedom. Sec. 103. Training for Foreign Service officers; Report. Sec. 104. Prisoner lists and issue briefs on religious freedom concerns. Title II—National Security Council Sec. 201. Special Adviser for International Religious Freedom. Title III—Presidential actions Sec. 301. Non-state actor designations. Sec. 302. Presidential actions in response to particularly severe violations of religious freedom. Sec. 303. Report to Congress. Sec. 304. Presidential waiver. Sec. 305. Publication in the Federal Register. Title IV—Promotion of religious freedom Sec. 401. Assistance for promoting religious freedom. Title V—Designated Persons List for Particularly Severe Violations of Religious Freedom Sec. 501. Designated Persons List for Particularly Severe Violations of Religious Freedom. Title VI—Miscellaneous provisions Sec. 601. Miscellaneous provisions. Sec. 602. Clerical amendments. 2. Findings; Policy (a) Findings Section 2(a) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6401(a) ) is amended— (1) in paragraph (3), by inserting immediately prior to the penultimate sentence the following new sentence: The freedom of thought, conscience, and religion is understood to protect theistic and non-theistic beliefs as well as the right not to profess or practice any religion. ; and (2) in paragraph (6)— (A) by inserting and the specific targeting of non-theists, humanists, and atheists because of their beliefs after religious persecution ; and (B) by inserting and in regions where non-state actors exercise significant political power and influence after religious majorities . (b) Policy Section 2(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6401(b) ) is amended by adding at the end the following: (6) Because the promotion of international religious freedom protects human rights, advances democracy abroad, and advances United States interests in stability, security, and development globally, the promotion of international religious freedom requires new and evolving policies, and diplomatic responses that are drawn from the expertise of the national security agencies, the diplomatic services, and other governmental agencies and nongovernmental organizations, and are coordinated across and carried out by the entire range of Federal agencies. . 3. Definitions Section 3 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6402 ) is amended— (1) by redesignating paragraph (13) as paragraph (16); (2) by redesignating paragraphs (10), (11), and (12) as paragraphs (12), (13), and (14), respectively; (3) by inserting after paragraph (9) the following: (10) Institution of Higher Education The term institution of higher education has the meaning given that term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001 ). (11) Non-state actor The term non-state actor means a nonsovereign entity that exercises significant political power and is able to exert influence at a national or international level but does not belong to or ally itself to any particular country and often employs illegal violence in pursuit of its objectives. ; (4) by inserting after paragraph (14), as redesignated, the following: (15) Special watch list The term Special Watch List means the Special Watch List contained in the Executive Summary to the Annual Report and described in section 102(b)(1)(F)(iii). ; and (5) in paragraph (16), as redesignated— (A) in subparagraph (A)— (i) by redesignating clauses (iv) and (v) as clauses (v) and (vi), respectively; and (ii) by inserting after clause (iii) the following: (iv) not professing a particular religion, or any religion; ; and (B) in subparagraph (B)— (i) by inserting conscience, non-theistic views, or before religious belief or practice ; and (ii) by inserting , forcibly compelling non-believers or non-theists to recant their beliefs or to convert after forced religious conversion . I Department of State activities 101. Office on International Religious Freedom; Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom (a) In general Section 101 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6411 ) is amended— (1) in subsection (b), by inserting , and shall report directly to the Secretary of State before the period at the end; (2) in subsection (c)— (A) in paragraph (1)— (i) by striking responsibility and inserting responsibilities ; (ii) by striking shall be to advance and inserting the following: shall be to— (A) advance ; (iii) in subparagraph (A) (as so added), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and ; and (iv) by adding at the end the following: (B) integrate United States international religious freedom policies and strategies into the foreign policy efforts of the United States. ; (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting the principal adviser to before the Secretary of State ; (C) in paragraph (3)— (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking and at the end; (ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and ; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: (C) contacts with nongovernmental organizations that have an impact on the state of religious freedom in their respective societies or regions, or internationally. ; (D) by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph (5); and (E) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following: (4) Coordination responsibilities In order to promote religious freedom as an interest of United States foreign policy, the Ambassador at Large— (A) shall coordinate international religious freedom policies across all programs, projects, and activities of the United States; and (B) should participate in any interagency processes on issues in which the promotion of international religious freedom policy can advance United States national security interests, including in democracy promotion, stability, security, and development globally. ; and (3) in subsection (d), by striking staff for the Office and all that follows through the period at the end and inserting individuals to fill at least 25 full-time equivalent staff positions, and any other temporary staff positions as needed to compile, edit, and manage the Annual Report under the direct supervision of the Ambassador at Large, and for the conduct of investigations by the Office and for necessary travel to carry out the provisions of this Act. The Secretary of State should also provide to the Ambassador at Large funds that are sufficient to carry out the duties described in this section, including as necessary representation funds, in amounts comparable to those provided to other Ambassadors at Large in the Department of State. . (b) Sense of Congress Because international religious freedom is a vital foreign policy interest and one that needs coordination across many regional bureaus and among Special Envoys and Special Representatives with overlapping mandates, the Secretary of State should consider elevating the office of International Religious Freedom and the position of the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom to the Office of the Secretary, similar to other Ambassador at Large positions that now report directly to the Secretary. Providing the Office of International Religious Freedom with additional resources and status will demonstrate both the strategic importance of international religious freedom policy within the State Department bureaucracy and show persecuted religious groups globally that the U.S. gives priority to the protection and promotion of international religious freedom as mandated by the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. 102. Annual Report on International Religious Freedom (a) In general Section 102(b)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6412(b)(1) ) is amended— (1) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking September 1 and inserting May 1 ; (2) in subparagraph (A)— (A) by redesignating clause (iv) as clause (vii); and (B) by inserting after clause (iii) the following new clauses: (iv) particularly severe violations of religious freedom in that country in the case of a foreign country with respect to which a government does not exist or the government does not control its territory; (v) an identification of prisoners in that country pursuant to section 108; (vi) any action taken by the government of that country to censor religious content, communications, or worship activities online, including descriptions of the targeted religious group, the content, communication, or activities censored, and the means used; and ; (3) in subparagraph (B), in the matter preceding clause (i)— (A) by inserting persecution of lawyers, politicians, or other human rights advocates seeking to defend the rights of members of religious groups or highlight religious freedom violations, prohibitions on ritual animal slaughter or male infant circumcision, after entire religions, ; and (B) by inserting policies that ban or restrict the public manifestation of religious belief and the peaceful involvement of religious groups or their members in the political life of each such foreign country, after such groups, ; (4) in subparagraph (C)— (A) by striking A description and inserting A comprehensive description ; (B) by striking policies in support and inserting diplomatic and political coordination efforts, and other policies in support ; and (C) by adding at the end before the period the following: , and a comprehensive and country-specific analysis of the impact of actions by the United States on the status of religious freedom in each such country ; and (5) in subparagraph (F)— (A) in clause (i)— (i) by striking section 402(b)(1) and inserting section 402(b)(1)(B)(i) ; and (ii) by adding at the end the following: Any country in which a non-state actor designated as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under section 301 of the Frank R. Wolf International Religious Freedom Act is located shall be included in this section of the report. ; and (B) by adding at the end the following: (iii) Special Watch List A list, to be known as the Special Watch List , which shall identify each country that engages in or tolerates severe violations of religious freedom during the previous year but which the President determines does not meet, at the time of the publication of the Annual Report, all of the criteria described in section 3(11) for designation under section 402(b)(1). . (b) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— (1) the original intent of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6401 et seq. ) was to require annual reports from both the Department of State and the Commission on International Religious Freedom to be delivered each year, during the same calendar year, and with at least 5 months separating these reports, in order to provide updated information for policymakers, Members of Congress, and nongovernmental organizations; and (2) given that the annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices no longer contain updated information on religious freedom conditions globally, it is important that the Department of State and the Commission work together to fulfill the original intent of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. 103. Training for Foreign Service officers; report (a) Amendment to Foreign Service Act of 1980 Section 708 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 ( 22 U.S.C. 4028 ) is amended— (1) by redesignating subsections (b) and (c) as subsections (d) and (e), respectively; (2) in subsection (d), as redesignated, by striking The Secretary of State and inserting Refugees.— The Secretary of State ; (3) in subsection (e), as redesignated, by striking The Secretary of State and inserting Child Soldiers .—The Secretary of State ; and (4) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following: (a) Development of curriculum (1) In general The Secretary of State shall develop a curriculum for training United States Foreign Service officers in the scope and strategic value of international religious freedom, how violations of international religious freedom harm fundamental United States interests, how the advancement of international religious freedom can advance such interests, how United States international religious freedom policy should be carried out in practice by United States diplomats and other Foreign Service officers, and the relevance and relationship of international religious freedom to United States defense, diplomacy, development, and public affairs efforts. The Secretary of State shall ensure the availability of sufficient resources to develop and implement such curriculum. (2) Role of other officials The Secretary of State shall carry out paragraph (1)— (A) with the assistance of the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom appointed under section 101(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998; (B) in coordination with the Director of the George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center and other Federal officials as appropriate; and (C) in consultation with the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom established in section 201(a) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 and other relevant stakeholders. (b) Training Program Not later than the 1 year after the date of the enactment of the Frank R. Wolf International Religious Freedom Act , the Director of the George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center shall begin mandatory training on religious freedom for all Foreign Service officers, including all entry level officers, all officers prior to departure for posting outside the United States, and all outgoing deputy chiefs of mission and ambassadors. Such training shall, at minimum, be a separate, independent, and required segment of each of the following: (1) The A–100 course attended by all Foreign Service officers. (2) The courses required of every Foreign Service officer prior to a posting outside the United States, with segments tailored to the particular religious demography, religious freedom conditions, and United States strategies for advancing religious freedom, in each receiving country. (3) The courses required of all outgoing deputy chiefs of mission and ambassadors. (c) Information Sharing The curriculum and training materials developed pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) should be made available to all other Federal agencies. . (b) Report Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State, with the assistance of the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, and the Director of the George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report containing a comprehensive plan for undertaking training for Foreign Service officers as required under section 708 of the Foreign Services Act of 1980, as amended by subsection (a). 104. Prisoner lists and issue briefs on religious freedom concerns Section 108 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6417 ) is amended— (1) in subsection (b), by striking faith and inserting activities, religious freedom advocacy, or efforts to protect and advance the universally recognized right to the freedom of religion, ; (2) in subsection (c), by striking , as appropriate, provide and insert make available ; and (3) by adding at the end the following: (d) Victims List Maintained by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (1) In general The Commission shall make publicly available online and in official publications lists of persons it determines are imprisoned, detained, disappeared, placed under house arrest, tortured, or subject to forced renunciations of faith for their religious activity or religious freedom advocacy by the government of a foreign country that the Commission recommends for designation as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under section 402(b)(1) or by a non-state actor that the Commission recommends for designation as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under section 301 of the Frank R. Wolf International Religious Freedom Act and include as much publicly available information as possible on the conditions and circumstances of such persons. (2) Discretion In compiling such lists, the Commission shall exercise all appropriate discretion, including consideration of the safety and security of, and benefit to, the persons who may be included on the lists and the families of such persons. . II National Security Council 201. Special Adviser for International Religious Freedom Section 101(k) of the National Security Act of 1947 ( 50 U.S.C. 3021 ) is amended to read as follows: (k) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that there should be within the staff of the National Security Council a Special Adviser to the President on International Religious Freedom, whose position should be comparable to that of a director within the Executive Office of the President, with the primary responsibility to serve as a resource for executive branch officials on international religious freedom, compiling and maintaining information on the facts and circumstances of violations of religious freedom (as defined in section 3 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998), and making relevant policy recommendations to advance United States international religious freedom policy. The Special Advisor should also assist the Ambassador at Large to coordinate international religious freedom policies and strategies throughout the executive branch and within any interagency policy committees where the Ambassador at Large participates. . III Presidential actions 301. Non-state actor designations (a) In general The President shall, concurrent with the annual foreign country review required under section 402(b)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6442(b)(1) )— (1) review and identify any non-state actors operating in any such reviewed country or surrounding region that have engaged in particularly severe violations of religious freedom; and (2) designate, in a manner consistent with such Act, each such non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom. (b) Report Whenever the President designates a non-state actor under subsection (a) as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom, the President shall, as soon as practicable after the designation is made, submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report detailing the reasons for such designation. (c) Actions The President should take specific actions to address severe violations of religious freedom of non-state actors that are designated under subsection (a), including taking actions commensurate to those actions described in section 405 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6445 ). (d) Department of State annual report The Secretary of State should include information detailing the reasons the President designated a non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under subsection (a) in the Annual Report required in section 102(b)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6442(b)(1) ). (e) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State should work with Congress to create new political, financial, and diplomatic tools to address severe violations of religious freedom by non-state actors and to update the actions the President can take in section 405 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. (f) Determinations of responsible parties In order to appropriately target Presidential actions under the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 in response, the President shall with respect to each non-state actor designated as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under subsection (a), seek to determine the specific officials or members thereof that are responsible for the particularly severe violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by that entity. (g) Definitions In this section, the terms appropriate congressional committees , non-state actor , and particularly severe violations of religious freedom have the meanings given such terms in section 3 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6402 ), as amended by section 3 of this Act. 302. Presidential actions in response to particularly severe violations of religious freedom Section 402 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6442 ) is amended— (1) in subsection (b)— (A) in paragraph (1)— (i) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: (A) In general Not later than 90 days after the date on which each Annual Report is submitted under section 102(b), the President shall— (i) review the status of religious freedom in each foreign country to determine whether the government of that country has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom in each such country during the preceding 12 months or longer; (ii) designate each country the government of which has engaged in or tolerated violations described in clause (i) as a country of particular concern for religious freedom. ; and (ii) in subparagraph (C), by striking September 1 of the respective year and inserting the date on which each Annual Report is submitted under section 102(b) ; (B) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows: (3) Congressional notification (A) In general Whenever the President designates a country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A), the President shall, not later than 90 days after the designation is made, transmit to the appropriate congressional committees— (i) the designation of the country, signed by the President; (ii) the identification, if any, of responsible parties determined under paragraph (2); and (iii) a description of the actions taken under subsection (c), the purposes of the actions taken, and the effectiveness of the actions taken. (B) Removal of designation A country that is designated as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A) shall retain such designation until the President determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees that the country should no longer be so designated. ; and (C) by adding at the end the following: (4) Treatment of countries on Special Watch List (A) In general The President shall designate as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A) any country that appears on the Special Watch List in more than 2 consecutive Annual Reports. (B) Exercise of waiver authority The President may waive the application of subparagraph (A) with respect to a country for up to 2 years if the President certifies to the appropriate committees of Congress that— (i) the country has entered into an agreement with the United States to carry out specific and credible actions to improve religious freedom conditions and end religious freedom violations; (ii) the country has entered into an agreement with the United Nations, the European Union, or other ally of the United States, to carry out specific and credible actions to improve religious freedom conditions and end religious freedom violations; or (iii) the waiver is in the national security interests of the United States. (C) Effect on designation as country of particular concern The presence or absence of a country from the Special Watch List in any given year shall not preclude the designation of such country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under paragraph (1)(A) in any such year. ; and (2) in subsection (c)(5), in the second sentence, by inserting and include a description of the impact of the designation of such sanction or sanctions that exist in each country after determines satisfy the requirements of this subsection . 303. Report to Congress Section 404(a)(4)(A) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6444(a)(4)(A) ) is amended— (1) in clause (iii), by striking the period at the end and inserting ; and ; and (2) by adding at the end the following: (iv) the impact on the advancement of United States interests in democracy, human rights, and security, and a description of policy tools being applied in the country, including programs that target democratic stability, economic growth, and counterterrorism. . 304. Presidential waiver Section 407 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6447 ) is amended— (1) in subsection (a)— (A) by striking subsection (b) and inserting subsection (c) ; and (B) by inserting , for a single 180-day period, after may waive ; (2) by striking that— and all that follows and inserting that the exercise of such waiver authority would further the purposes of this Act. ; (3) by redesignating subsection (b) as subsection (c); (4) by inserting after subsection (a) the following: (b) Additional authority Subject to subsection (c), the President may waive, for any additional period of time after the 180-day period described in subsection (a), the application of any of the actions described in paragraphs (9) through (15) of section 405(a) (or a commensurate action in substitution thereto) with respect to a country, if the President determines and so reports to the appropriate congressional committees that— (1) the respective foreign government has ceased the violations giving rise to the Presidential action; or (2) the exercise of such authority is important to the national interests of the United States. ; (5) in subsection (c), by inserting or (b) after subsection (a) ; and (6) by adding at the end the following: (d) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— (1) ongoing and persistent waivers of the application of any of the actions described in paragraphs (9) through (15) of section 405(a) (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) with respect to a country do not fulfill the purposes of this Act; and (2) because the promotion of religious freedom is a compelling interest of United States foreign policy, the President, the Secretary of State, and other executive branch officials, in consultation with Congress, should seek to find ways to address existing violations, on a case-by-case basis, through the actions specified in section 405 or other commensurate action in substitution thereto. . 305. Publication in the Federal Register Section 408(a)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6448(a)(1) ) is amended by adding at the end the following: Any designation of a non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under section 301 of the Frank R. Wolf International Religious Freedom Act, together with, when applicable and to the extent practicable, the identities of individuals determined to be responsible for the violations under subsection (e) of such section. . IV Promotion of religious freedom 401. Assistance for promoting religious freedom (a) Availability of assistance It is the sense of Congress that for each fiscal year that begins on or after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Department of State should make available— (1) an amount equal to not less than 10 percent of the amounts available in that fiscal year for the Human Rights and Democracy Fund for the promotion of international religious freedom and for projects to advance United States interests in the protection and advancement of international religious freedom, in particular, through grants to— (A) groups that are able to develop legal protections or promote cultural and societal understanding of international norms of religious freedom; (B) groups that seek to address and mitigate religiously motivated and sectarian violence and combat violent extremism; and (C) groups that seek to strengthen investigations, reporting, and monitoring of religious freedom violations, including genocide perpetrated against religious minorities; and (2) an amount equal to not less than 2 percent of amounts available in that fiscal year for the Human Rights and Democracy Fund to be made available for the establishment of a Religious Freedom Defense Fund, administered by the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, to provide grants for— (A) victims of religious freedom abuses and their families to cover legal and other expenses that may arise from detention, imprisonment, torture, fines, and other restrictions; and (B) projects to help create and support training of a new generation of defenders of religious freedom, including legal and political advocates, and civil society projects which seek to create advocacy networks, strengthen legal representation, train and educate new religious freedom defenders, and build the capacity of religious communities and rights defenders to protect against religious freedom violations, mitigate societal or sectarian violence, or minimize legal or other restrictions of the right to freedom of religion. (b) Preference It is the sense of Congress that, in providing grants under subsection (a), the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom should, as appropriate, give preference to projects targeting religious freedom violations in countries designated as countries of particular concern for religious freedom under section 402(b)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6442(b)(1) ) and countries included on the Special Watch List described in section 102(b)(1)(F)(iii) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6412(b)(1)(F)(iii) ). (c) Administration and consultations (1) Administration Amounts made available in accordance with subsection (a) shall be administered by the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom. (2) Consultations In developing priorities and policies for providing grants in accordance with subsection (a), including priorities and policies for identification of potential grantees, the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom shall consult with other Federal agencies, including the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom and, as appropriate, nongovernmental organizations. V Designated Persons List for Particularly Severe Violations of Religious Freedom 501. Designated Persons List for Particularly Severe Violations of Religious Freedom Title VI of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6471 et seq. ) is amended— (1) by redesignating section 605 as section 606; and (2) by inserting after section 604 the following: 605. Designated Persons List for Particularly Severe Violations of Religious Freedom (a) List (1) In general The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Ambassador at Large and in consultation with relevant government and nongovernment experts, shall establish and maintain a list of foreign individuals who are sanctioned, through visa denials, financial sanctions, or other measures, because they are responsible for ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing particularly severe violations of freedom religion. (2) Reference The list required under paragraph (1) shall be known as the Designated Persons List for Particularly Severe Violations of Religious Freedom . (b) Report (1) In general The Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains the list required under subsection (a), including, with respect to each foreign individual on the list— (A) the name of the individual and a description of the particularly severe violation of religious freedom committed by the individual; (B) the name of the country or other location in which such violation took place; and (C) a description of the actions taken pursuant to this Act or any other Act or Executive order in response to such violation. (2) Submission and updates The Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees— (A) the initial report required under paragraph (1) not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this section; and (B) updates to the report every 180 days thereafter and as new information becomes available. (3) Form The report required under paragraph (1) should be submitted in unclassified form but may contain a classified annex. (4) Definition In this subsection, the term appropriate congressional committees means— (A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate. . VI Miscellaneous provisions 601. Miscellaneous provisions Title VII of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6481 et seq. ) is amended by adding at the end the following: 702. Voluntary codes of conduct for United States institutions of higher education outside the United States (a) Finding Congress recognizes the enduring importance of United States institutions of higher education worldwide both for their potential for shaping positive leadership and new educational models in host countries and for their emphasis on teaching universally recognized rights of free inquiry and academic freedom. (b) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that United States institutions of higher education operating campuses outside the United States or establishing any educational entities with foreign governments, particularly with or in countries the governments of which engage in or tolerate severe violations of religious freedom as identified in the Annual Report, should seek to adopt a voluntary code of conduct for operating in such countries that should— (1) uphold the right of freedom of religion of their employees and students, including the right to manifest that religion peacefully as protected in international law; (2) ensure that the religious views and peaceful practice of religion in no way affect, or be allowed to affect, the status of a worker’s or faculty member’s employment or a student’s enrollment; and (3) make every effort in all negotiations, contracts, or memoranda of understanding engaged in or constructed with a foreign government to protect academic freedom and the rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. 703. Sense of Congress regarding national security strategy to promote religious freedom through United States foreign policy It is the sense of Congress that— (1) the annual national security strategy report of the President required by section 108 of the National Security Act of 1947 ( 50 U.S.C. 3043 ) should promote international religious freedom as a foreign policy and national security priority and should articulate that promotion of the right to freedom of religion is a strategy that protects other, related human rights, and advances democracy outside the United States, and make clear its importance to United States foreign policy goals of stability, security, development, and diplomacy; and (2) the national security strategy report should be a guide for the strategies and activities of relevant Federal agencies and inform the Department of Defense quadrennial defense review under section 118 of title 10, United States Code, and the Department of State Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review. . 602. Clerical amendments The table of contents of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ( 22 U.S.C. 6401 note) is amended— (1) by striking the item relating to section 605 and inserting the following: Sec. 606. Studies on the effect of expedited removal provisions on asylum claims. ; (2) by inserting after the item relating to section 604 the following: Sec. 605. Designated Persons List for Particularly Severe Violations of Religious Freedom. ; and (3) by adding at the end the following: Sec. 702. Voluntary codes of conduct for United States institutions of higher education operating outside the United States. Sec. 703. Sense of Congress regarding national security strategy to promote religious freedom through United States foreign policy. .