II 114th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 2252 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES November 5, 2015 Mr. Brown (for himself, Mr. Durbin , Mr. Cardin , Mr. Casey , Mr. Franken , and Mr. Sanders ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance A BILL To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to permit the Secretary of the Treasury to issue prospective guidance clarifying the employment status of individuals for purposes of employment taxes and to prevent retroactive assessments with respect to such clarifications.

1. Short title; findings; purposes (a) Short title This Act may be cited as the Fair Playing Field Act of 2015 . (b) Findings Congress makes the following findings: (1) In 1978, Congress was concerned that lack of clarity as to the proper classification of some workers, increased IRS enforcement activity, and retroactive application by IRS of interpretations that were arguably new had caused hardships for some small businesses and other taxpayers and confusion as to the applicable rules. (2) To allow time to develop a comprehensive approach to the problem, Congress enacted section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978 as an interim measure protecting taxpayers from liability for misclassification if the taxpayer has a reasonable basis for classifying a worker as an independent contractor and meets certain other conditions. In addition, the Act prohibited the Secretary of the Treasury from publishing regulations or revenue rulings on workers’ employment tax status pending the expected near-term enactment of clarifying legislation. (3) During the ensuing 33 years, Congress made section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978 permanent; however, changes in working relationships and the continued prohibition on new guidance have increased the uncertainty as to the proper classification of workers. (4) Many workers are properly classified as independent contractors. In other instances, workers who are employees are being treated as independent contractors. Such misclassification for tax purposes contributes to inequities in the competitive positions of businesses and to the Federal and State tax gap, and may also result in misclassification for other purposes, such as denial of unemployment benefits, workplace health and safety protections, and retirement or other benefits or protections available to employees. (5) Workers, businesses, and other taxpayers will benefit from clear guidance regarding employment tax status. In the interest of fairness and in view of many service recipients’ reliance on current section 530, such guidance should apply only prospectively. (c) Purposes The purposes of this Act are to permit the Secretary of the Treasury to provide guidance allowing workers and businesses to clearly understand the proper Federal tax classification of workers and to provide relief allowing an orderly transition to new rules designed to increase certainty and uniformity of treatment. 2. Authority to issue guidance clarifying employment status for purposes of employment taxes (a) In general Chapter 25 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the following new section: 3512. Authority to issue guidance clarifying employment status (a) In general The Secretary shall issue such regulations or other guidance as the Secretary determines to be necessary or appropriate to clarify the proper employment status of individuals for purposes of any tax imposed by this subtitle. (b) Prohibition on retroactive assessments (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (2), if— (A) for purposes of any tax imposed by this subtitle, the taxpayer did not treat an individual as an employee for any period before the reclassification date with respect to such individual, and (B) in the case of periods after December 31, 1978, and before such reclassification date, all Federal tax returns (including information returns) required to be filed by the taxpayer with respect to such individual for such period are filed on a basis consistent with the taxpayer’s treatment of such individual as not being an employee, then, for purposes of applying such taxes for such period before such reclassification date with respect to the taxpayer, the individual shall be deemed not to be an employee unless the taxpayer had no reasonable basis for not treating such individual as an employee. (2) Professional services (A) In general In the case of an individual who performs professional services, if— (i) for purposes of any tax imposed by this subtitle, the taxpayer did not treat the individual as an employee for any period, and (ii) in the case of periods after December 31, 1978, all Federal tax returns (including information returns) required to be filed by the taxpayer with respect to such individual for such period are filed on a basis consistent with the taxpayer’s treatment of such individual as not being an employee, then, for purposes of applying such taxes for such period with respect to the taxpayer, the individual shall be deemed not be an employee unless the taxpayer had no reasonable basis for not treating such individual as an employee. For purposes of this subparagraph, professional services means services performed in the fields of health, law, engineering, architecture, accounting, actuarial science, consulting, or financial services. (B) Application to full-time life insurance salesmen For purposes of this subtitle (with the exception of chapter 21), an individual shall not excluded from the application of subparagraph (A) due solely to treatment of such individual by the taxpayer as an employee, including for purposes of tax returns, to the extent required under section 3121(d)(3)(B). (3) Statutory standards providing one method of satisfying the requirements of paragraphs (1) and (2) For purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), a taxpayer shall in any case be treated as having a reasonable basis for not treating an individual as an employee for a period if the taxpayer’s treatment of such individual for such period was in reasonable reliance on any of the following: (A) Judicial precedent, published rulings, technical advice with respect to the taxpayer, or a letter ruling to the taxpayer. (B) A past Internal Revenue Service audit of the taxpayer in which there was no assessment attributable to the treatment (for purposes of any tax imposed by this subtitle) of the individuals holding positions substantially similar to the position held by such individual. (C) Long-standing recognized practice of a significant segment of the industry in which such individual was engaged. (4) Consistency required in the case of prior tax treatment Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to the treatment of any individual (hereafter in this paragraph referred to as the reclassified individual) for purposes of any tax imposed by this subtitle for any period ending after December 31, 1978, if the taxpayer (or a predecessor) has treated any individual holding a substantially similar position as an employee for purposes of any tax imposed by this subtitle for any period beginning after December 31, 1977, and ending before the reclassification date with respect to such reclassified individual. (c) Definitions For purposes of this section— (1) Reclassification date (A) In general The term reclassification date means, with respect to any individual, the earlier of— (i) the first day of the first calendar quarter beginning more than 180 days after the date of an employee classification determination with respect to such individual, or (ii) the effective date of the first applicable final regulation issued by the Secretary under subsection (a) with respect to such individual (or, if later, the first day of the first calendar quarter beginning more than 180 days after such regulation is issued). (B) Employee classification determination The term employee classification determination means, with respect to any individual, a determination by the Secretary, in connection with an audit of the taxpayer which is described in section 7436 and which commences after the date which is 1 year after the date of the enactment of this section, that a class of individuals holding positions with such taxpayer which are substantially similar to the position held by such individual are employees. (C) First applicable final regulation The term first applicable final regulation means, with respect to any individual, the first final regulation (or other guidance of general applicability) which sets forth the factors for determining the employment status of a class of individuals holding positions substantially similar to the position held by such individual. (2) Employment status The term employment status means the status of an individual, under the usual common law rules applicable in determining the employer-employee relationship, as an employee or as an independent contractor (or other individual who is not an employee). (d) Continuation of certain special rules (1) Exception for certain skilled workers Subsection (b) shall not apply in the case of an individual who, pursuant to an arrangement between the taxpayer and another person, provides services for such other person as an engineer, designer, drafter, computer programmer, systems analyst, or other similarly skilled worker engaged in a similar line of work. (2) Notice of availability of section An officer or employee of the Internal Revenue Service shall, before or at the commencement of any audit inquiry relating to the employment status of one or more individuals who perform services for the taxpayer, provide the taxpayer with a written notice of the provisions of this section. (3) Rules relating to statutory standards For purposes of subsection (b)(3)— (A) a taxpayer may not rely on an audit commenced after December 31, 1996, for purposes of subparagraph (B) thereof unless such audit included an examination for purposes of any tax imposed by this subtitle whether the individual involved (or any individual holding a position substantially similar to the position held by the individual involved) should be treated as an employee of the taxpayer, (B) in no event shall the significant segment requirement of subparagraph (C) thereof be construed to require a reasonable showing of the practice of more than 25 percent of the industry (determined by not taking into account the taxpayer), and (C) in applying the long-standing recognized practice requirement of subparagraph (C) thereof— (i) such requirement shall not be construed as requiring the practice to have continued for more than 10 years, and (ii) a practice shall not fail to be treated as long-standing merely because such practice began after 1978. (4) Availability of safe harbors Nothing in this section shall be construed to provide that subsection (b) only applies where the individual involved is otherwise an employee of the taxpayer. (5) Burden of proof (A) In general If— (i) a taxpayer establishes a prima facie case that it was reasonable not to treat an individual as an employee for purposes of subsection (b), and (ii) the taxpayer has fully cooperated with reasonable requests from the Secretary, then the burden of proof with respect to such treatment shall be on the Secretary. (B) Exception for other reasonable basis In the case of any issue involving whether the taxpayer had a reasonable basis not to treat an individual as an employee for purposes of subsection (b), subparagraph (A) shall only apply for purposes of determining whether the taxpayer meets the requirements of subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of subsection (b)(3). (6) Preservation of prior period safe harbor If— (A) an individual would (but for the treatment referred to in subparagraph (B)) be deemed not to be an employee of the taxpayer under subsection (b) for any prior period, and (B) such individual is treated by the taxpayer as an employee for purposes of the taxes imposed by this subtitle for any subsequent period, then, for purposes of applying such taxes for such prior period with respect to the taxpayer, the individual shall be deemed not to be an employee. (7) Substantially similar position For purposes of subsection (b) and this subsection, the determination as to whether an individual holds a position substantially similar to a position held by another individual shall include consideration of the relationship between the taxpayer and such individuals. (8) Treatment of test room supervisors and proctors who assist in the administration of college entrance and placement exams (A) In general In the case of an individual described in subparagraph (B) who is providing services as a test proctor or room supervisor by assisting in the administration of college entrance or placement examinations, subsection (b) shall be applied to such services performed after December 31, 2006 (and remuneration paid for such services), without regard to paragraph (4) thereof. (B) Applicability An individual is described in this subparagraph if the individual— (i) is providing the services described in subsection (b) to an organization described in section 501(c) and exempt from tax under section 501(a), and (ii) is not otherwise treated as an employee of such organization for purposes of this subtitle. (9) Treatment of securities broker dealers In determining for purposes of this title whether a registered representative of a securities broker-dealer is an employee (as defined in section 3121(d)), no weight shall be given to instructions from the service recipient which are imposed only in compliance with investor protection standards imposed by the Federal Government, any State government, or a governing body pursuant to a delegation by a Federal or State agency. (e) Statements to independent contractors (1) In general Each person who contracts for the services of an independent contractor on a regular and ongoing basis, within the scope of such person’s trade or business, shall provide a written statement to such independent contractor notifying such independent contractor of the Federal tax obligations of an independent contractor, the labor and employment law protections that do not apply to independent contractors, and the right of such independent contractor to seek a status determination from the Internal Revenue Service. (2) Independent contractor For purposes of this subsection, the term independent contractor means any individual who is not treated as an employee by the person receiving the services referred to in paragraph (1). (3) Timing of statement Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary, the statement required under paragraph (1) shall be provided within a reasonable period before or after entering into the arrangement for services referred to in paragraph (1). (4) Development of model statement The Secretary shall develop model materials for providing the statement required under paragraph (1). . (b) Reduced penalty not applicable in cases of noncompliance with guidance without reasonable basis Subsection (c) of section 3509 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended— (1) by striking if such liability and inserting if— (1) such liability , and (2) by striking the period at the end and inserting , or (2) such liability relates to an individual who is treated as an employee under regulations or other guidance issued by the Secretary under section 3512(a) and the taxpayer lacks a reasonable basis for treating the individual as other than an employee. In the case of a taxpayer which has received a final written determination from the Internal Revenue Service holding that the individual referred to in paragraph (2) (or another individual who holds a position with the taxpayer substantially similar to the position held by such individual) is an employee, such taxpayer shall be treated for purposes of paragraph (2) as lacking a reasonable basis for treating such individual as other than an employee with respect to periods beginning on and after the first day of the first calendar quarter beginning more than 180 days after the date of such written determination unless the taxpayer establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the taxpayer has a reasonable basis for such treatment. . (c) Conforming amendments (1) Paragraph (2) of section 6724(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking or at the end of subparagraph (GG), by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (HH) and inserting , or , and by inserting after subparagraph (HH) the following new subparagraph: (II) section 3512(e) (relating to statements to independent contractors). . (2) Paragraph (2) of section 7436(a) of such Code is amended by striking subsection (a) of section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978 and inserting section 3512(b) . (3) The table of sections for chapter 25 of such Code is amended by adding at the end the following new item: Sec. 3512. Authority to issue guidance clarifying employment status. . (d) Termination of section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978 The Revenue Act of 1978 is amended by striking section 530. (e) Reports on worker misclassification Beginning with the first fiscal year beginning after the date the first regulation or other guidance is issued for public comment under section 3512(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by this section), the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service shall issue the following reports: (1) A report each fiscal year on worker classification which shall include the total number of examinations of employers initiated because of suspected worker classification issues, the total number of examinations that included determinations on worker classification issues, the amount of additional tax liabilities associated with worker classification enforcement actions, the number of workers reclassified as a result of these actions, the number of requests for Determination of Worker Status (Form SS–8), and technical guidance on how to understand the data provided in the report. (2) A report each fiscal year in which new statistically valid data is compiled and interpreted on worker classification, prepared on the basis of information gathered during an Employment Tax Study conducted by the National Research Program (NRP) of the Internal Revenue Service. Such report shall provide statistical estimates of the number of employers misclassifying workers, the number of workers misclassified, the industries involved, data interpretations and conclusions, and a description of the impact of improper worker classification on the employment tax gap. (f) Termination of section 921 of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 is amended by striking section 921. (g) Effective dates (1) Delayed effective date of regulations and guidance Any regulation or other guidance issued under section 3512(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as added by this section, shall not apply to services rendered before the date which is 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. (2) Authority to issue regulations and guidance immediately So much of the amendment made by subsection (d) as relates to subsection (b) of section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978 shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act. (3) Delayed termination of remainder of section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978 Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendment made by subsection (d) shall apply to services rendered on or after the date which is 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. (4) Statements to independent contractors Subsection (e) of section 3512 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as added by this section, and the amendments made by subsection (c)(1) of this section shall apply to arrangements for services entered into after December 31, 2015. (5) Application of reduced penalty The amendments made by subsection (b) shall apply to any calendar year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act.