II 113th CONGRESS 1st Session S. 904 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES May 8, 2013 Mrs. Gillibrand (for herself and Mr. Wicker ) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation A BILL To minimize the economic and social costs resulting from losses of life, property, well-being, business activity, and economic growth associated with extreme weather events by ensuring that the United States is more resilient to the impacts of extreme weather events in the short- and long-term, and for other purposes.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Strengthening The Resiliency of Our Nation on the Ground Act or the STRONG Act . 2. Findings and purpose (a) Findings Congress makes the following findings: (1) Extreme weather has serious economic costs for Americans, American businesses, and State and local governments. Hurricanes, droughts, floods, tornadoes, extreme heat, and extreme cold cause death, result in loss of property and well-being, especially among the most vulnerable populations, and negatively impact business activity and economic growth. (2) Superstorm Sandy, which devastated the Eastern United States in late October 2012, resulted in more than 100 deaths, the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people from their homes, power outages affecting more than 8,500,000 homes, massive flooding, gasoline shortages, and a crippled regional energy and transportation infrastructure. As a result of this storm, Congress passed the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013, which appropriated $50,500,000,000 for post-Sandy recovery efforts. (3) In the past 30 years, there have been more than 130 weather-related disasters in the United States that each generated at least $1,000,000,000 in damages or more than $880,000,000,000 in total standardized loss. In addition, there have been many other extreme weather events that generated less than $1,000,000,000 in damages, but still caused immeasurable harm to the Nation’s citizens, infrastructure, and economy. (4) Hurricane Katrina led to more than 1,800 deaths, property damage exceeding $80,000,000,000, more than $120,000,000,000 in Federal spending, and long-term impacts on the economy and livelihoods of those living in the Gulf Coast region. (5) In 2011, one of the most severe and costly years for weather and climate on record, extreme weather hit every region in the United States, resulting in— (A) prolonged droughts in the South and the West; (B) deadly floods in the Southeast and Midwest; (C) hundreds of devastating tornadoes across the United States; (D) Hurricane Irene in the Northeast; (E) more than $50,000,000,000 in weather-related damages; (F) 14 extreme weather events, which resulted in more than $1,000,000,000 in damages each and caused a combined death toll of hundreds of people; and (G) many other extreme weather events with lesser, but still significant, impacts. (6) In 2012, in addition to Superstorm Sandy, the United States experienced— (A) drought conditions in more than 60 percent of the contiguous United States at the peak of the drought, including more than 2,200 counties that have received disaster designations from the Secretary of Agriculture due to the drought; (B) deadly floods in Minnesota, Tropical Storm Debby in Florida, and Hurricane Isaac in Louisiana; (C) destructive wildfires on more than 9,000,000 acres across 37 States; (D) power outages affecting more than 3,400,000 homes due to severe storms during the summer; and (E) deadly heat waves, highlighted by July as the warmest month on record for the contiguous United States and more than 9,600 daily high temperature records broken during June, July, and August. (7) These events and natural disaster trends, when combined with the volatility of weather, ongoing demographic changes, and development in high risk areas, indicate that the negative impacts of extreme weather events and natural disasters have the potential to increase over time. The fact that a significant number of people and assets continue to be located in areas prone to volatile and extreme weather indicates that these events will continue to be expensive and deadly if the United States fails to enhance its resiliency to such events. Recent studies show that the intensity and frequency of some types of, but not all, extreme weather events will likely increase in the future. (8) Economic savings can be achieved by considering the impacts of extreme weather over the short- and long-term in the planning process. For example, a 2005 review of the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s hazard mitigation programs, conducted by the National Institute of Building Sciences' Multi-Hazard Mitigation Council, found that every dollar spent on hazard mitigation yields a savings of $4 in future losses. (9) There are several efforts currently underway at the Federal, regional, tribal, State, and local levels that have helped lay the foundation for a federally coordinated effort to increase the Nation’s resiliency to extreme weather events, such as the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force, the Presidential Policy Directive on National Preparedness (referred to in this Act as PPD–8 ), the National Preparedness System, the whole community approach led by the Department of Homeland Security, and the Silver Jackets Program by the Army Corps of Engineers. Other recent reports on this subject include the National Academies of Sciences’ reports Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative and Building Community Disaster Resilience through Public-Private Collaboration . (b) Purpose The purpose of this Act is to minimize the economic and social costs and future losses of life, property, well-being, business activity, and economic growth by making the United States more resilient to the impacts of extreme weather events over the short- and long-term, thereby creating business and job growth opportunities by— (1) ensuring that the Federal Government is optimizing its use of existing resources and funding to support State and local officials, businesses, tribal nations, and the public to become more resilient, including— (A) encouraging the consideration of, and ways to incorporate, extreme weather resilience across Federal operations, programs, policies, and initiatives; (B) promoting improved coordination of existing and planned Federal extreme weather resilience and adaptation efforts that impact extreme weather resilience and ensuring their coordination with, and support of, State, local, regional, and tribal efforts; (C) minimizing Federal policies that may unintentionally hinder or reduce resilience, such as damaging wetlands or other critical green infrastructure, or lead Federal agencies to operate at cross purposes in achieving extreme weather resilience; and (D) building upon existing related efforts, such as the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force, the PPD–8, the National Preparedness System, and the whole community approach; (2) communicating the latest understanding and likely short- and long-term human and economic impacts and risks of extreme weather to businesses and the public; (3) supporting decisionmaking that improves resilience by providing forecasts and projections, data decision-support tools, and other information and mechanisms; and (4) establishing a consistent vision and strategic plan for extreme weather resilience across the Federal Government. 3. Definitions In this Act: (1) Extreme weather The term extreme weather includes severe and unseasonable weather, heavy precipitation, hurricanes, storm surges, tornadoes, other windstorms (including derechos), extreme heat, extreme cold, and other qualifying weather events as determined by the interagency group established under section 4(a)(1). (2) Resilience The term resilience means the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events in a timely manner. 4. Extreme weather resilience gap and overlap analysis (a) Interagency working group (1) In general (A) Establishment The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (referred to in this section as the Director ), with input from the Department of Homeland Security, shall establish and chair an interagency working group with Cabinet-level representation from all relevant Federal agencies. (B) Duties The working group shall— (i) come together to provide a strategic vision of extreme weather resilience; (ii) conduct a gap and overlap analysis of Federal agencies’ current and planned activities related to achieving short- and long-term resilience to extreme weather and its impacts on the Nation, such as storm surge, flooding, drought, and wildfires; and (iii) develop a National Extreme Weather Resilience Plan in accordance with section 5(a). (2) Additional representation from executive office of the president The interagency working group established under paragraph (1) shall include representatives of the relevant offices and councils within the Executive Office of the President, including— (A) the Office of Management and Budget; (B) the National Security Staff; (C) the Council of Economic Advisors; (D) the Council on Environmental Quality; and (E) the Domestic Policy Council. (3) Consultation with tribal, state, and local representatives (A) In general The Federal interagency working group established under paragraph (1) shall work closely with an advisory group to take into account the needs of State and local entities across all regions of the United States. The advisory group shall consist of— (i) 1 representative from the National Emergency Management Association; (ii) 7 representatives from States and State associations; and (iii) 8 representatives from local entities and associations, including representation from a tribal nation and at least 1 major metropolitan area. (B) Key sectors The representatives described in subparagraph (A) shall, in the aggregate, represent all of the key sectors set forth in subsection (b)(1). (C) Meetings The Director shall meet with the representatives described in subparagraph (A) not fewer than 9 times during the development of— (i) the gap and overlap analysis under this section; and (ii) the National Extreme Weather Resilience Action Plan under section 5. (4) Cooperation by federal agencies In carrying out the activities described in subsection (b), Federal agency representatives participating in the working group shall be forthright and shall fully cooperate with the Office of Science and Technology Policy. (5) Detailees Upon the request of the Director, each agency or entity referred to in paragraph (1) shall provide the working group with a detailee, without reimbursement from the working group, to support the activities described in subsection (b), section 5, and section 7(a). Such detailee shall retain the rights, status, and privileges of his or her regular employment without interruption. (6) Volunteer services Notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31, United States Code, the working group may investigate and use such voluntary services as the working group determines to be necessary. (b) Gap and overlap analysis In conducting the gap and overlap analysis required under subsection (a)(1), Federal agency representatives shall— (1) develop a Federal Government-wide working vision for resilience to the impacts of extreme weather events in the short- and long-term, in accordance with the purpose set forth in section 2(b), through an effort led by the Director and the interagency working group, which includes goals and objectives for key sectors. Key sectors shall include— (A) agriculture; (B) forestry and natural resources management; (C) water management, including supply and treatment; (D) energy supply and transmission; (E) infrastructure, including natural and built forms of water and wastewater, transportation, coastal infrastructure, and other landscapes and ecosystems services; (F) public health and healthcare delivery, including mental health and hazardous materials management; (G) communications, including wireless communications; (H) housing and other buildings; (I) national security; (J) emergency preparedness; (K) insurance; and (L) other sectors that the Director considers appropriate; (2) consider and identify the interdependencies among the key sectors when developing the vision referred to in paragraph (1); (3) create summaries of the existing and planned efforts and programmatic work underway or relevant to supporting State and local stakeholders in achieving greater extreme weather resilience in the short and long term for each sector identified under paragraph (1) and across the sectors, specifically including summaries of— (A) individual Federal agency programs, policies, regulations, and initiatives, and research and data collection and dissemination efforts; (B) areas of collaboration and coordination across Federal agencies; and (C) areas of coordination with State and local agencies, private entities, and regional cooperation; (4) identify specific Federal programs, statutes, regulations, policies, and initiatives which may unintentionally hinder resilience efforts, including an analysis of disincentives, barriers, and incompatible programs, policies, or initiatives across agencies and sectors; (5) examine how the severity and frequency of extreme weather events at the local and regional level may change in the future and communicate these potential risks to stakeholders; (6) work together to identify and evaluate existing Federal tools and data to describe, analyze, forecast, and model the potential impacts identified under paragraph (5) and develop recommendations to strengthen their ability to provide reliable and accurate forecasts at the national, regional, State, and local levels; (7) identify gaps and overlaps in Federal agency work, resources, and authorities that impair the ability of the United States to meet the vision for short- and long-term extreme weather resilience, by comparing the goals and objectives identified for each sector and across sectors with the summaries identified in paragraph (3), specifically identifying gaps relating to— (A) individual Federal agency programs, policies, and initiatives, and research data collection and dissemination efforts; (B) areas of collaboration and coordination across Federal agencies; (C) areas of coordination with State and local agencies and private entities, and regional cooperation; (8) determine potential measures to address the issues referred to in paragraph (4) and to address the gaps and overlaps referred to in paragraph (7) by— (A) designating individual or multiple Federal agencies to address these gaps; (B) building upon existing delivery mechanisms; (C) evaluating options for programs, policies, and initiatives that may particularly benefit extreme weather resilience efforts, including the role of ecosystem-based approaches; (D) recommending modifications to existing Federal agency programs, statutes, regulations, policies, and initiatives to better support extreme weather resiliency; (E) requesting new authorities and resource requirements, if needed; and (F) identifying existing Federal Government processes that can be built upon to address the purpose of this Act; and (9) establish, with the assistance of the General Services Administration or such other Federal agency as the Director may designate, a Federal advisory working group to provide ongoing collective input to the process. (c) Working group The Federal advisory working group established pursuant to subsection (b)(9) shall consist of relevant private sector, academic, State and local government, tribal nation, regional organization, vulnerable population, and nongovernmental representatives, with representation from each sector described in paragraph (1). The Director may designate an existing Federal advisory committee under which the working group would operate independently, with the same rights and privileges held by members of the advisory committee. The members of the working group established pursuant to subsection (b)(9) may not simultaneously serve as members of the advisory committee designated pursuant to this subsection. The activities of the working group should complement and not duplicate the stakeholder process conducted under PPD–8. 5. National Extreme Weather Resilience Action Plan (a) In general Based on the results of the gap and overlap analysis conducted under section 4, the Director, working with the interagency working group established under such section, and considering the efforts described in section 2(a)(9), shall develop a National Extreme Weather Resilience Action Plan (referred to in this section as the Plan )— (1) to build upon existing Federal Government processes referred to in section 4(b)(8)(F)— (A) to address the results of the gap and overlap analysis under section 4; and (B) to incorporate the activities required under subsection (c); (2) to best utilize existing resources and programs through improved interagency coordination and collaboration; (3) to improve Federal coordination with existing regional entities, State and local governments, networks, and private stakeholders; (4) to make data and tools accessible and understandable and to help facilitate information exchange for tribal, State, and local officials, businesses, and other stakeholders in a manner that addresses the needs expressed by these stakeholders; (5) to facilitate public-private partnerships; (6) to improve Federal agencies’ economic analytical capacity to assess— (A) the likelihood and potential costs of extreme weather impacts by region and nationally; and (B) the relative benefits of potential resilience measures to multiple stakeholders; (7) to provide tools to stakeholders— (A) to conduct analyses similar to those described in paragraph (6); and (B) to support decisionmaking; (8) to support resiliency plans developed by State and local governments, regional entities, and tribal nations, to the extent possible; and (9) to request further resources, if necessary, to fill in gaps to enable national resilience to extreme weather, including resilience of tribal nations, and particularly vulnerable populations, and the use of green infrastructure and ecosystem-based solutions. (b) Cooperation Any Federal agency representative contacted by the Director, in the course of developing the Plan, shall be forthright and shall fully cooperate with the Office of Science and Technology Policy, as requested. (c) Required activities (1) Responsibilities The Plan shall include specific Federal agency and interagency responsibilities, identify potential new authorities, if necessary, and employ risk analysis— (A) to address the gaps identified through the gap and overlap analysis; and (B) to improve Federal interagency coordination and Federal coordination with State, regional, local, and tribal partners. (2) Available funding opportunities (A) Identification The Director shall identify— (i) existing Federal grant programs and other funding opportunities available to support State and local government extreme weather resiliency planning efforts; or (ii) projects to advance extreme weather resiliency. (B) Publication The Director shall publish the information described in subparagraph (A) in the information portal identified in paragraph (3). (C) Responsibilities Each participating agency shall— (i) consider incorporating criteria or guidance into existing relevant Federal grant and other funding opportunities to better support State and local efforts to improve extreme weather resiliency; and (ii) evaluate and modify existing Federal funding opportunities, as appropriate, to maximize the return on investment for pre-disaster mitigation activities. (3) Information portal (A) In general The Plan shall— (i) include the establishment of an online, publicly available information portal for use by Federal agencies, their partners, and stakeholders, that directs users to key data and tools to inform resilience-enhancing efforts; and (ii) build off and be complementary to existing Federal efforts, including data.gov. (B) Maintenance The coordinating entity identified under paragraph (3) shall be responsible for establishing and maintaining the information portal. (C) Information supplied Information shall be supplied as requested by Federal agencies, their partners, academia, and private stakeholders, in coordination with regional, State, local, and tribal agencies. (D) Contents The information portal established under this paragraph shall direct users to coordinated and systematic information on— (i) best or model practices; (ii) data; (iii) case studies; (iv) indicators; (v) scientific reports; (vi) resilience and vulnerability assessments; (vii) guidance documents and design standards; (viii) incentives; (ix) education and communication initiatives; (x) decision support tools, including risk management, short- and long-term economic analysis, and predictive models; (xi) planning tools; (xii) public and private sources of assistance; and (xiii) such other information as the coordinating entity considers appropriate. (4) Coordinating entity The Plan shall include the identification of a Federal agency, interagency council, office, or program, which participated in the gap and overlap analysis and Plan development. Such entity shall— (A) coordinate the implementation of the Plan; (B) track the progress of such implementation; and (C) transfer responsibilities to another Federal agency, interagency council, office, or program to serve as the coordinating entity if the entities participating in the working group agree that circumstances necessitate such a change. (5) Resiliency officer Each Federal agency that assists with the gap and overlap analysis required under section 4 shall designate, from among the agency’s senior management, a Senior Resiliency Officer, who shall— (A) facilitate the implementation of the agency’s responsibilities under paragraph (1); (B) monitor the agency’s progress and performance in implementing its responsibilities under paragraph (1); (C) report the agency’s progress and performance to the head of the agency and the coordinating entity identified under paragraph (3); and (D) serve as the agency lead in ongoing coordination efforts within the Federal agency and between the coordinating entity, other Federal agencies, public and private partners, and stakeholders. (d) Publication (1) Draft plan Not later than 420 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall publish a draft of the Plan developed under this section in the Federal Register. (2) Public comment period During the 60-day period beginning on the date on which the draft Plan is published under paragraph (1), the Director shall— (A) solicit comment from the public; and (B) conduct a briefing for Congress to explain the provisions contained in the draft Plan. (3) Final plan Not later than 120 days after the end of the public comment period described in paragraph (2), the Director shall publish the final Plan in the Federal Register. (e) Implementation Not later than 630 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall begin implementing the final Plan published under subsection (d)(3). (f) Financing To the extent possible— (1) Federal funding should be used to leverage private sector financing for resilience building activities, consistent with the implementation of the Plan, through public-private partnerships; and (2) Federal grant and loan programs of the Federal agencies participating in the interagency working group for this effort shall consider extreme weather resilience as a key factor when awarding funding, including the projected extreme weather risk to a project over the course of its expected life. (g) Tribal, State, and local responsibilities The Plan may not place new unfunded requirements on State or local governments. 6. Authorization of other activities (a) In general Federal agencies are authorized to develop tools and disseminate information to improve extreme weather resilience in the key sectors set forth in section 4(b)(1). (b) Office of Science and Technology Policy In conducting the gap and overlap analysis under section 4 and developing the National Extreme Weather Resilience Action Plan under section 5, the Director may carry out additional activities in support of the purpose of this Act. 7. Reports (a) Government accountability office report Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit a report to Congress that— (1) identifies existing Federal Government programs and policies related to disaster relief, response, and recovery that impede improving short- and long-term extreme weather resilience; and (2) make recommendations for how the programs or policies could be structured differently to better support short- and long-term resilience after an extreme weather event. (b) Initial report Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit a report to Congress that contains— (1) the results of the gap and overlap analysis; (2) the final National Extreme Weather Resilience Action Plan; (3) an update on the implementation of the plan; and (4) available resources for the sustained implementation of the plan. (c) Triennial reports Not later than 2 years after the submission of the report under subsection (a), and every 3 years thereafter, the coordinating entity identified under section 5(c)(3), in cooperation with the interagency working group established under section 4(a), shall submit a report to Congress that— (1) contains an update of the National Extreme Weather Resilience Action Plan; (2) describes the progress of the plan’s implementation; (3) improves upon the original analysis as more information and understanding about extreme weather events becomes available; (4) establishes criteria for prioritization of activities described in the plan; (5) reconsiders and makes changes to the plan based on the availability of new information described in paragraph (3); and (6) identifies cost-effective changes to laws, policies, or regulations that could advance the purpose of this Act. (d) FEMA reports on funding (1) Findings Congress finds the following: (A) The Federal Emergency Management Agency grant programs are a key vehicle that exists to fund activities related to resiliency planning and projects. (B) In order to ensure that the United States becomes more resilient to extreme weather, it is important to ensure that sufficient resources are available to support resiliency activities (2) Reports At the end of each fiscal year, the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) shall submit a report to Congress that— (A) identifies the amounts that were made available to the FEMA during such fiscal year for State and local entities to use for activities that support the purposes of this Act; (B) identifies the amounts disbursed by FEMA to State and local entities during such fiscal year for such activities; (C) describes the resources requested by State and local entities for activities that support the purposes of this Act; and (D) identifies the difference between the amounts disbursed by FEMA and the amounts requested from FEMA by State and local entities. 8. Authorization of appropriations (a) Amounts for analysis, plan development and implementation, and reports There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2014 through 2016— (1) to conduct the gap and overlap analysis required under section 4; (2) to conduct the activities required under section 5, including the creation and maintenance of the information portal; and (3) to prepare the reports to Congress required under subsections (b) and (c) of section 7. (b) Availability of funds Amounts appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) shall remain available for the purposes set forth in such subsection through December 31, 2016.