Disapating 750W of MOSFET heat for under $100 - Page 1
Forum section: electronics / projects

author: nAyPDJ
author_rank: Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 03:19:44 am
content: Well, I've been stuck on this issue for quite a while. I'm trying to dissipate 750W (I'm running the FETs in linear mode).Here are my current thoughts:- 8x parallel MOSFETs (13N50H, TO-263(1.14°C/W ea)- 2xChinese CPU fan(supposedly 0.18°C/W)My idea was to place 4 MOSFETs per heatsink by bolting one of these to each heatsink:which would have worked out (marginally) fine with +110°C @ 750W, but apparently I did my math wrong and it's actually +174°C @ 750W.as an aside, here's the math:Code:((1 ∕ ((0.18°C/W)^−1 × 2)) + (1 ∕ ((1.14°C/W)^−1 × 8))) × 750WNow, I can place two more MOSFETs on each heatsink, but even then I'm still at +138.75°C @ 750W.So I clearly need a new package. The heatsinks have a reasonable thermal resistivity, but 1.14°C/W on the MOSFET is just crazy.The TO-3P package is much more reasonable, with theKIA Semicon 8150Ahaving a thermal resistivity of 0.38°C/W, which works out to +103°C @ 750W with 8 of them, and a nice, cool, +91°C @ 750W with 12 of them.However I don't see a good way to mount them. I can't screw them into the base of the heatsink because of the heat pipes. Thoughts on how to solve this problem? I was thinking of baking the heatsink in the oven @ 450°F & soldering the MOSFETs on it then… but that sounds like a bad idea.

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 03:31:41 am
content: 100W per mosfet in linear mode, good luck with that. Hot spots on the die guaranteed. Even if used as switchers, it would be highly questionable. Not to say that max power rating is given at25oC case temperature. Look at figure 10 to cool down your enthusiasm. Also:QuoteAt your intended case temperature basically near zero power dissipation is allowed.

author: coromonadalix
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 03:38:04 am
content: why not use the to-3p package instead

author: duak
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 03:56:40 am
content: I wouldn't try to solder to the cooler or try to heat it in an oven.The previous posts are giving good advice. There are recent postings on this board (as well as many manufacturers websites) discussing the use of MOSFETs in linear mode. Also, look up "Electro-Thermal Instability". Also, you really have to discount the specs that manufacturers give until you can test your parts under your conditions. There's usually some gotcha somewhere.Anyway, you should be able to press the TO-3P transistors to the cooler with some sort of plate - something that uses the original CPU and cooler mounting hardware. Each device may require an individual spring, washer and locating pin to balance the pressures. Many power semiconductors are mounted on heat sinks with flat springs and if done properly, works well.If the pad on the cooler is too small you might be able to use a heat spreader that accepts the TO-3P transistors that are held to it with screws. The spreader is then held to the cooler as above. Copper is expensive and hard to work. Aluminum is cheaper but not as good.

author: nAyPDJ
author_rank: Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 03:58:25 am
content: Quote from: coromonadalix on April 11, 2019, 03:38:04 amI want to, but I don't see a good way to mount it onto the heatsink. usually, a screw would be used, but putting a screw into a heat pipe will let the magic vapor out.Quote from: wraper on April 11, 2019, 03:31:41 amSounds like the kind of knowledge only gained through experience.Quote from: wraper on April 11, 2019, 03:31:41 amI was under the impression that power derating was only necessary when ambient is above 25°C, but I guess ambient as far as the chip is concerned is the package temperature.Quote from: wraper on April 11, 2019, 03:31:41 amFig 10 in the 8150A DS is Rdson vs Junction Temp, which indicates an overall resistance of 250-300mΩ with 8 MOSFETS @ 125°C. Still sounds fairly reasonable.Fig 10 in the 13N50H DS is max current vs case temp, which is also fine since I will only be putting 3.125A through each MOSFET in an 8x. I should have mentioned that I've decided to design for 25A--I don't want to be dealing with wires as thick as my fingers.Quote from: wraper on April 11, 2019, 03:31:41 amOh, I see, that makes sense. However the TO-3P package would be fine in a 12-mosfet configuration:Code:750W/12 − (333W−91°C×2.63(W/°C))=−31.17 W, or 31W of headroom each.Thank you both for all the great advice

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 04:04:12 am
content: Quote from: nAyPDJ on April 11, 2019, 03:58:25 amAs power dissipation is limited due to temperature rise, only small voltage is allowed at that current, not even close to 30V. Safe operation area is also very important but basically not readable in 13N50H datasheet.

author: BravoV
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 04:32:06 am
content: Alternative of TO-3P is much better SOT-227B.Also securing the fet to heatsink base, you will need the one that has base plate instead of exposed pipes, to spread the concentrated heat. Securing can use two pieces of metal clamping both heatsink base to the FET body, and use some creativity of course.Example of a linear fet IXYS IXTN46N50L 500V VDSS 46A on OCing CPU heatsink that has metal plate at the base.As others had pointed out, you need to watch closely on SOA, the devil is in the details, example of above "linear" mosfet SOA, watch for the yellow highlighted area.

author: nAyPDJ
author_rank: Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 05:15:56 am
content: Quote from: BravoV on April 11, 2019, 04:32:06 amThat's a good point, I didn't even notice that the 8150A (for example) doesn't even specify a temperature in the SOAQuote from: BravoV on April 11, 2019, 04:32:06 amThat's a nice setup! The air gaps between the mosfet & cooler at the edges are making me nervous though--you know that air is 0.03W/(m·K), right?Quote from: duak on April 11, 2019, 03:56:40 amAs a @BravoV kindly pointed out, SOAs depend on temperature, and the manufacturer of the 8150A unfortunately chose not specify temperature in their SOA.Quote from: duak on April 11, 2019, 03:56:40 amThere's nothing that quite fits my requirements available off the shelf, but I think I might be able to fabricate my own out of sheet metal. I've attached some initial ideas, I'll try and build both of them and see how it goes. I've never worked with steel before, so this should be funQuote from: duak on April 11, 2019, 03:56:40 amI'd rather not take this approach because additional material means more thermal resistance, and more importantly, I don't own mill. Thanks for the suggestion though, maybe someone who owns a mill will come across this post and make use of it!

author: BravoV
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 05:31:19 am
content: Quote from: nAyPDJ on April 11, 2019, 05:15:56 amThat photos were shots when it was not secured.Of course there will be TIM in between, I used thermal pad instead of grease.

author: Circlotron
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 05:40:39 am
content: Just a quick note about current sharing with paralleled mosfets; if they are all switched fully on with very low voltage drop then the one that takes the highest current will heat up more and so it's RDSon will increase, leading to a reduction in current for that particular mosfet. If they are in linear mode though, with a relatively large voltage drop, a slight increase in RDSon will do practically nothing. What will happen though isthe higher temperature will lead to a lower gate threshold voltage, making the hotter mosfet turn on even more... This can be an issue not just with side by side mosfets but also across the area of an individual mosfet die. A slightly hotter spot asks for more current and this makes it hotter still... This might be an over simplification but I think it is mostly correct.

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 05:49:21 am
content: Quote from: wraper on April 11, 2019, 03:31:41 amCould you at least look at the datasheet before jerking knees?I'm rather more concerned with heat sinking a D2PAK. What's that board made of? Is there solid copper inside it?The better solution is to use resistors, which are smaller and cheaper than heatsinks for the same wattage. There are methods to maintain linear control while switching resistors.Tim

author: magic
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 06:28:56 am
content: Certainly use TO-220, TO-3P, TO-247, TO-264 or similar cases. Do the math for thermal resistance from junction to case, case to sink, sink to air and you will know why.BTW, I have compiled a table of "typical" case to sink resistances quoted by datasheets for "greased flat surface and normal mounting pressure". Start looking for those numbers in datasheets and you will find them. Realize that at hundreds of watts even case to sink resistance can become significant.Code:TO264 .15 °C/WTO247 .21 °C/WTO220 .40 °C/WYou may consider GPU coolers too, some are designed to dissipate 200~300W or more.For mounting, I would try to use the original mounting system of the sink, with a stiff metal plate where PCB normally goes. No idea how heatpipes would handle reflow soldering.

author: Siwastaja
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 06:35:05 am
content: I would question dissipating 750W in semiconductors, or dissipating it at all. What are you building? There might be a better way.

author: grifftech
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 03:55:30 pm
content: aluminium pothttps://www.amazon.com/dp/B001PZBEKE/ref=twister_B002KMJ8GI?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1

author: tszaboo
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 04:54:39 pm
content: You can either1.) use a FETs which are qualified for linear operation2.) test a lot of different FETs and have most of them blow up because thermal runaway, hotspotting, FBSOA, and stuff which is not in the datasheet3.) use a lot of FETs at low temperature (separate gate drive and feedback)4.) have someone do the homework for you

author: mikeselectricstuff
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 05:30:33 pm
content: Might be worth looking at PC watercooling hardware

author: nAyPDJ
author_rank: Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 05:49:12 pm
content: Quote from: T3sl4co1l on April 11, 2019, 05:49:21 amNope, the plan was to mount the heatsink on top of the PCB, so that the heat is transferred through the plastic chassis. Unfortunately I did the math wrong before designing that board, and that package has too much thermal resistance.However mounting TO-3Ps directly to the heatsink seems like it may work.Quote from: T3sl4co1l on April 11, 2019, 05:49:21 amYou'd think so, but the exact opposite is true. MOSFETs rated for 200W can be found for about $1, but chassis mount resistors rated to 80W cost around $5.Quote from: grifftech on April 11, 2019, 03:55:30 pmI've definitely considered a bucket full of oilI guess that's my fallback. If I can get continuous power dissipation, that'd be great, but otherwise a big bucket full of oil would be fine for (I did the math!) about 45 minutes.Quote from: magic on April 11, 2019, 06:28:56 amAbsolutely. That design that I have in the OP was made before I realized that case-to-sink resistance existed. It marginally would work with 0°C/W case-to-sink, but fails completely with the actual ~.5°C/W.Quote from: magic on April 11, 2019, 06:28:56 amThis is what really bugs me about cooler manufactures: they do a crap job of actually providing specs for their products. They'll sometimes publish a power rating--meaningless, since they never publish the max temperature. However, they also *never* publish any kind of thermal resistance numbers.Quote from: NANDBlog on April 11, 2019, 04:54:39 pmI'm going to pick this one. Both the mosfets which I listed are qualified for linear operation, my problem is efficiently removing the heat.Quote from: NANDBlog on April 11, 2019, 04:54:39 pmThat gives me an idea... take a look at the attachment. 0.166°C∕W for the whole thing--but unfortunately I'd be a bit over-budget with 375x KIA Semicon KNH9120A costing $232.

author: PartialDischarge
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 06:03:49 pm
content: Quote from: nAyPDJ on April 11, 2019, 05:49:12 pmLike the W from a mosfet are the same as W from a resistor...Some $1 resistors can also withstand hundreds of W, for a few ms.

author: OM222O
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 06:05:06 pm
content: if you don't need requirements for near zero resistance, just add a few power resistors in series to drop the voltage before mosfets, that way they have to do less work. for example 1ohm power resistors drop 1volt per amp. using 5 or 10 of them in series would allow you to easily drop about 100 watts with just a basic fan to keep them cool. their absolute value and temperature stability is also not important as they are kept outside of the current sensing circuit.

author: Mechatrommer
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 06:06:24 pm
content: Quote from: mikeselectricstuff on April 11, 2019, 05:30:33 pmhis problem is to spread the heat on bigger surface. so i suspect he will need few watercool based anyway as cpu copper contact area is that small. few water based can multiply the cost.Quote from: nAyPDJ on April 11, 2019, 03:58:25 amdatasheet can looks charming until we learn about heat transfer rate. 400W of that size, and then there's pcb FR4 in between heatsink is not going to cut it anywhere close. you can burn mosfets (while the heatsink still cool) however many you like until the shop is empty. 100W on small package is tough. i saw youtube a while ago that turns mosfets into a nasty water heater in a jar.

author: jonroger
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 06:47:56 pm
content: I expect that you need something about 10x bigger than this 70W load:https://www.tindie.com/products/Kaktus/mightywatt-70w-electronic-load-for-arduino/?utm_source=hackaday&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=fromstore#specsTry to figure out an alternative way to do whatever it is you are trying to do.

author: max_torque
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 07:13:56 pm
content: Commercial high power DC loads share the power disipation across a LOT of pass elements. I have a Chroma 5kW Dc load that has 296 individual mosfets in it, across 8 parallel "cards" each with a massive high power fan blown heat sink.If you want lots of power in a small package, then to get the necessary heat flux you'll need a high deltaT, and of course, to get a higher deltaT than the max junction temp of your power silicon you'll need to use sub zero forced cooling. That might be as extreme as liquid nitrogen chilling if you are really pushing the envelope...The advantage that dropping power across a dumb resistor is of course the fact that the resistor, being a dumb passive element, can run at very elevated temperatures without failure.For example, here is a 50 watt "resistor" that operates at something like 2,500 degrees centigrade

author: magic
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 08:04:27 pm
content: Quote from: nAyPDJ on April 11, 2019, 05:49:12 pmFrankly, your math is still wrong. The numbers you use are junction-to-metal and metal-to-sink. Junction-to-plastic and plastic-to-sink would surely be worse. It's not completely useless - I have improved cooling of my motherboard's VRM by gluing heatsinks to the plastic tops of SMD FETs, but we are talking maybe 10W, not 750W.Quote from: nAyPDJ on April 11, 2019, 05:49:12 pmFETs rated for 200W are rated so if you keep their metal plate at 25°CQuote from: nAyPDJ on April 11, 2019, 05:49:12 pmThe only real source of information on computer coolers are reviews.Also, thermal resistance may depend on operating point so it's hard to define, those things aren't simple slabs of metal as you probably already know. The heatpipes need to reach some temperature for optimum efficiency.Typical operating temperatures of those coolers are tens of °C, at Tj=90~100°C most chips start to throttle clocks or shut down, they can't handle more than that.By the way, Fairchild UniFET line seems to be usable for linear operation too, here's the SOA of their beefiest parts. Disclaimer: I've never used them, only considered building something similar and gave up because I only really needed <100W of power at the time, which makes things a lot easier.

author: EmmanuelFaure
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 08:09:00 pm
content: "Disapating 750W of MOSFET heat for under $100"The Rth of a common CPU cooler, costing about $20, is about 0.5°C/W. Let's say you want a max delta T = 50K (Between junction and air), this leads to 100W dissipated for $20, 750W for $150. That doesn't take into account all the custom hardware to mount your FETs, the assembly work, etc.For this range of dissipated power, there's no any heatsink cheaper per watt dissipated than CPU coolers, they're manufactured by millions. Any solution with industrial parts will cost more than that.

author: Mr.B
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: April 11, 2019, 09:23:42 pm
content: This idea will not meet your $100 budget unfortunately.This is what I did when I built my programmable DC load.The FETs are IXYS IXTH30N50L2 (Single N Channel 600 V 215 mO 240 nC 400 W Power Mosfet - TO-247)These FETs are expensive - ~NZD 17 each.They are mounted with the case against the PCB and their thermal tabs against the CPU water cooler.There are four FETs, two each side of the PCB and two CPU water coolers, one each side clamped together.If the SOA in the datasheet is to be believed, I should be able to max it out at 200w per FET (Tc=75C).However, I have not pushed it beyond 100w per FET, 400w for the whole module.Pics below.

author: thm_w
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 01:05:14 am
content: Quote from: EmmanuelFaure on April 11, 2019, 08:09:00 pmEvo212 slightly better at 0.17°C/W for $30:https://www.anandtech.com/show/10500/stock-cooler-roundup-intel-amd-vs-evo-212/6Wonder how a corsair H60 or similar compares, probably better with a high power fan, but I can't seem to find any specs.

author: Mr.B
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 01:24:28 am
content: The Corsair H60 is what I used in my design - see previous post.I could not find any specs on it, so contacted Corsair directly.Their response was that it was confidential information.What I interpreted was "We have no idea"...

author: Mechatrommer
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 01:47:12 am
content: for $40-60 you can already get water based cooling, much powerful heat transfer and movable heat dissipation element. for this kind of power and if compactness/configurable is preferred, thats a wiser solution imho, ymmv.Quote from: Mr.B on April 12, 2019, 01:24:28 ami have $40+ segotep halo blue china brand (cant find in ebay anymore) with 12x12cm coil/fan put on 95W cpu, no need big fan on cooling coil, everything runs cool to the touch with only slight air flow. i believe it can take 200-400W easily with more powerful fan. because it so affordable, i bought a spare. for something like this project. but for configuration in OP i think he will need more than one either way.

author: Nerull
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 01:52:13 am
content: A Corsair H115 can barely keep up with a 210W 9900k.

author: 37electrons
author_rank: Newbie
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 01:55:07 am
content: Paralleling MOSFETs in linear mode is not a good idea. You'd need a separate gate control signal for each of them if you want true & equal load sharing.

author: Mr.B
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 02:29:05 am
content: Quote from: Nerull on April 12, 2019, 01:52:13 amBecause Corsair would not, or could not, supply me with any specs I had to make an educated guess at what the H60 was capable of.Assuming it can be fitted to a reasonably grunty CPU, I figured it should be good for 200W.I am using Noctua PPC NF-F12 PPC-3000 fans.Up to 3000rpm - but bloody noisy at full speed.

author: digsys
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 02:52:00 am
content: Having made and sold many high power linear power supplies, using FETs in linear mode, I can add the following -There is a LOT of goodcautionaryadvice here ! Adding to them -1/ DO NOT believe any of the datasheets. I had to destroy literally many dozens of FETs to make my own SOA curves. As posters note, even the linear specifiedFETs are estimates / or plain bogus.2/ De-rating is VERY important, both Temp and Voltage (current)3/ Use a independent sense / share drive for each FET. There are ICs that do just that. Hot-spotting is bad enough, and you don't wantoneFET taking off.4/ Select a proper thermal paste ! not just the crappy standard one people use. Arctic silver is a good start. If you have to isolate each FET, there are MUCHbetter types available than thestandardSilpad. This is very important.There is at least one thread here going over all of this stuff. There's more to add, but I have to run :-) .. bbl

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 04:23:39 am
content: Quote from: nAyPDJ on April 11, 2019, 05:49:12 pmFortunately I wasn't talking about transistors.How much will the heatsink cost? $20 per 100W? How much time will it take to cut to length (if applicable), drill and tap holes, grease the parts and bolt them in?If you aren't having a Chinese worker do it en masse, the answer may be surprising.Now, the resistors need to be mounted too, but that can be with much simpler means, like clips and self-tapping screws, or entirely with CNC'd custom sheetmetal.If you're starting from an off-the-shelf box and cutting and drilling that, your labor costs will about wash out, and then other considerations may apply, like physical size. (Resistors run hotter, so they can dissipate more heat for the same volume of air moved. The air moves faster when it's hotter, too.)Don't forget the knock-on costs, either. Resistors probably need wiring. You may be able to arrange a PCB to do it -- but mind issues of temperature, thermal expansion and other mechanical tolerances, and the cost tradeoff for a relatively large PCB, or a multi-board design. Transistors need support components (at least a beefy source resistor; preferably an op-amp and support passives), and protection.Tim

author: nAyPDJ
author_rank: Contributor
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 05:08:20 am
content: Quote from: thm_w on April 12, 2019, 01:05:14 amThat's a list of stock coolers, which have a reputation for being crap.AnandTech also reviewed some aftermarket air coolers, with 0.18°C/W being fairly typicalAnd they also reviewed some liquid coolers, and while the Corsair H60 isn't in the list, I'd expect it to be 0.08°C/W or soQuote from: EmmanuelFaure on April 11, 2019, 08:09:00 pmYour numbers are a little off here. The cooler I've ordered (and not yet received) advertises 0.18°C/W & cost me $16 each ("bulk" discount--I bought two). You can't super trust the ratings, but it's about as hefty as my Wraith cooler in my current computer, and that's 0.18°C/W, so it seems about right. This comes out to 0.01125°C/W$, which is more than half of 0.025°C/W$

author: magic
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 05:18:12 am
content: Quote from: Mr.B on April 12, 2019, 01:24:28 amAnd I interpret "it's confidential". These aren't audiophools, they must know how their design performsI suppose it's a matter of- it depends on operating conditions and they don't want to publish a single number or a set of plots that Johny Overclocker wouldn't understand anyway- they don't want to be beaten by other vendors using crooked methodologies when the game gets reduced to Johny Overclocker comparing one number printed on the box (see also: PMPO)As is customary with computer hardware, you look for performance data in 3dr party reviews, which specify testing conditions and methodology. If your application is different than the reviewer's, you have to do the math yourself.

author: Mechatrommer
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 05:53:07 am
content: it should be around 120W ballpark official figure they knew that already. but with slight mod and working at higher than rated temp, i guess it can be made 200 - 400W, at limited time interval if not continuous, water is a great specific energy container.https://www.ebay.com/itm/ID-COOLING-ICEKIMO-7V-120W-Pure-White-AIO-Water-Cooler-CPU-Radiator-Cooling-Fan/113695211003?hash=item1a78c33dfb:g:QvUAAOSwLvxbq0mc

author: nAyPDJ
author_rank: Contributor
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 06:01:19 am
content: Quote from: T3sl4co1l on April 12, 2019, 04:23:39 amPlan is to use commercially available CPU cooling gear for the majority, which can be obtained at about 0.01125°C/W$ from china.If this goes anywhere (big "if" here!), I'd expect this to go a little lower@100s. At that point, I'd expect it to few a couple extra dollars ea. to have achildadult worker fabricate the mounting brackets (Mr.B's clever design means that the heatsinking can be symmetrical & the clamps can be just tapped metal plates).However, your point is taken, thank you.Quote from: digsys on April 12, 2019, 02:52:00 amThanks for the advice! It's great hearing from someone who has done this before.Quote from: digsys on April 12, 2019, 02:52:00 amI think this is it, I'll just link it here for anyone following along:Programmable Electronic Load, 0-5A.The discussion is mostly centered upon making it high precision, but OP is also working on (and having difficulty) paralleling the mosfets. I might steal some parts of his control design so that I can focus on the heat dissipation for nowQuote from: max_torque on April 11, 2019, 07:13:56 pmI really like the idea of dissipating my heat using exposed 500°C wires, but while the electrical design is more straightforward, the mechanical design is quite tricky. Roughly 300cm of 22AWG nichrome wire is needed to get 10ohm.- the wire needs to be mounted on something non-conductive & conveniently shaped. An 80mm ceramic square would be perfect, but it needs to be fabricated & I can't even find prices for ceramic 3-d printing.- the copper wires need to be bonded to the nichrome in a way that doesn't fail at high temperature. A bolt & nut would work, but then where would the bolt and nut be mounted?Light bulbs wouldn't work since their resistance goes from ~16ohms cold, to hundreds of ohms hot. I haven't done the math exactly, but I figure I'd need hundreds of bulbs as an order-of-magnitude approximation.

author: digsys
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: April 12, 2019, 06:13:53 am
content: This post shows a method I use to have several FETs track almost perfectly. 2x is shown, but easy to add more.https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/linear-psu-with-modern-components-will-it-matter/msg2041252/#msg2041252Added: Also discussion here -https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/linear-mode-operation-and-mosfet-fbsoa-question/msg1235696/#msg1235696Maybe not specific to your question, but helpful infoAdded: more discussion of issueshttps://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/question-on-mosfet-in-linear-mode-does-_hot-spotting_-a-serious-problem/msg99612/#msg99612