On device's side, should I connect USB cable shielding to the black wire? - Page 1
Forum section: electronics / beginners

author: dusan
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 09:14:43 am
content: I'm using CH340N and stm32f103 blue pill. I used USB cable and connected red to vcc, green to d+, white to d- and black to gnd. Everything works fine. But the cable also have shielding. Should I connect the breadded shielding to black wire?

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 10:03:37 am
content: Do you have a metal or shielded enclosure? Are there any other connections to your board?Tim

author: dusan
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 10:22:04 am
content: No metal enclosure. STM32 has it's own power. Grounds are connected between STM32 and CH340N.

author: Solder_Junkie
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 10:22:14 am
content: In general, power and shielding should be kept separate. It amazes me how often the metal shell of connectors is not connected to the screen of cables, not helped by the lack of solder tag on many plugs/sockets.SJ

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 10:23:22 am
content: In most of micro USB cables shield is connected to GND wire internally. The only case when you should even consider not connecting shield to GND plane is when connector shell is connected to metal enclosure that by itself has connection to GND. USB type C specification explicitly demands connector shell to be connected to GND plane.

author: tooki
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 05:06:09 pm
content: We had this question recently, but specifically for USB-C:https://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/why-usb-c-gnd-is-being-connected-to-the-shield-of-the-cable-after-connecting/The answer there is unequivocal: the USB-C standard statesQuoteI haven't checked the USB 2.0 spec, but I bet it says something similar.

author: radiolistener
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 05:30:50 pm
content: In order to avoid EMI and common mode currents it's better to connect cable shield to GND from one side only. On second side of cable the shield should not be connected anywhere. This is because when the shield on both side of cable is connected to GND it can lead to ground loops which can receive RFI and can leads to common mode currents.In your case, most of all, the cable shield is already connected to GND on USB connector side, so there is no need to connect cable shield anywhere on MCU side.

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 05:50:14 pm
content: Quote from: radiolistener on May 21, 2024, 05:30:50 pmIf your goal is to fail EMI/EMC tests as well as ESD immunity, not to say ensure unstable communication in presence of transients, then sure.QuoteOne of the dumbest arguments I often see about this topic. There is GND wire anyway, so you screw up shielding for nothing in this regard.

author: radiolistener
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 06:42:43 pm
content: Quote from: wraper on May 21, 2024, 05:50:14 pmIt don't means that there is no ground loop effects. Yes, there is GND wire everywhere and it leads to issues.Regarding to the single point grounding scheme, I'm agree that it may not work for all cases, it depends on specific case and environment.But it don't means that this is dumbest argument. For topic starter case I prefer to not connect the shield to GND on MCU side.For example, here is Analog Devices Application Note, about it:https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/41727248AN_347.pdf

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 07:41:33 pm
content: Quote from: radiolistener on May 21, 2024, 06:42:43 pmDon't you think it's a bit too outdated and does not apply for high speed digital interfaces?

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 07:41:45 pm
content: Quote from: radiolistener on May 21, 2024, 05:30:50 pmI wonder, do any of the radios you listen to, also cut grounds in the coax cables carrying RF power between sections? How about the antenna, do you ever cut the ground there?If not, could you explain how a coax cable differs from a USB 2.0 cable?Tim

author: radiolistener
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 08:13:06 pm
content: Quote from: wraper on May 21, 2024, 07:41:33 pmNo, I don't think its outdated. And it is still applied for high speed interfaces, but high speed interface needs twisted pair instead of single wire in order to keep fixed impedance along transmission line. This is the OP case where cable has twisted pair and shield.Quote from: T3sl4co1l on May 21, 2024, 07:41:45 pmNote that topic starter talking not about coax line. He is talking about twisted pair which has shield around. This is completely different thing.In coax cable signal is carried in the insulator between center conductor and the braid. If you don't connect braid on one side it will not work and will have impedance issues.In case of topic starter case, his cable already has a ground wire in twisted pair and it is already connected on both sides. He is asking about shield connection. Not signal ground wire.

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 08:16:52 pm
content: Quote from: radiolistener on May 21, 2024, 08:13:06 pmOk, cool, good. So, about that twisted pair. Several things:1. What is the ground wire referenced to / paired with?(A: usually VCC; most USB cables I've taken apart, are double twisted pair, with foil on the data pair.)2a. Is USB fully differential? If it depends, then also, when?2a(i). If so/when, what is USB's common-mode range? How does it compare with commercial immunity levels?2b. Is the power fully differential? (An odd way to put it, but more to the point: would there ever be a situation where we would worry about common-mode currents on the power pair? When, generally, are we ever concerned about that on a power line?)(A: you've already implied that GND could be used as a signal reference, so the answer is no!)3. If the answer to at least one of (2) is no, what solution would you suggest for it? (implied: a solid shield most likely, but on what justification; what possible alternatives?)You may have to dig deep for some of these answers; many professionals get it wrong!Tim

author: radiolistener
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 08:47:26 pm
content: Quote from: T3sl4co1l on May 21, 2024, 08:16:52 pmIf we dig deep, both variants - RF and LF shielding (connect shield to ground on two ends and on one end) has its pros and cons.That's why there is twisted pair, it allows to eliminate ground loop issues by using single side shield grounding and keep high speed signal protected from RFI.Instead of twisted pair you can use coax cable inside shield, you can find such approach in sensitive instruments which uses coax cable with double braid (triaxial cable). The outer braid is used as a shield and inner braid is used as signal ground. In this case shield is connected to ground at one side (at instrument side) and is open at other side.The RFI is received/radiated at point where characteristic impedance of transmission line is changed. But twisted pair has constant impedance along its length, so it won't receive/radiate RFI. And single side grounded shield around twisted pair allows to eliminate ground loops.Quote from: T3sl4co1l on May 21, 2024, 08:16:52 pmWell, it is possible that USB cable don't have shield at all or it may use double shield for LF and RF shielding.So it all depends on the exact case. There is no universal solution.

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 21, 2024, 10:38:45 pm
content: Quote from: radiolistener on May 21, 2024, 08:47:26 pmNo no no, not so fast -- I need you to check your assumptions, do actual research. It's not enough to rattle off generics. This is a specific case, in a specific implementation. No wishy-washy needed! I chose the list of questions very particularly, and they are objectively answerable.The USB standard is open and available:https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-20-specificationcrack open that ZIP and grab the "usb_20.pdf" and start perusing.USB 3.0+ of course adds more, but since we're talking the four-wire shielded case, this covers everything.If you would like a more concrete example, let's say we have...- A desktop PC (metal enclosure and all that)- 2m long USB cable to an instrument- Instrument consists of a plastic enclosure, PCB with ground plane design, mains power (a more-or-less normal off-the-shelf isolated SMPS, with adequate filtering to meet EMC otherwise), general construction is "double insulated" (so that grounding through device connections doesn't matter), and, let's say it's a, like, USB-connected SMU or something, so there is a wired connection doing something useful.- And let's say the wired connection is 2m long, and the device under test is grounded.--> So, PC is earthed through its cord, and EUT is grounded through DUT (bonded) and USB (to PC). Only mains ports are (galvanically) isolated.- And, this is all within a semi-anechoic test chamber, so when I say "grounded", I mean the DUT isbondedto that, and the PC and instrument are elevated on an insulated table, as is standard, let's say as in CISPR 22.- And let's say both PC and EUT are plugged into the wall via separate LISNs each.I could go on to describe (or provide crude drawings for) cable placement and construction, relevant line filter sections (if mains circuit impedance should be relevant), USB cable construction (well heck, let's just put that in real quick anyway: say it's outer braid 90% coverage, power pair twisted, foil over data pair twisted; braid serves as drain wire for foil), etc., but at this point, you get the idea, and this should be sufficiently well constrained that anything left undefined, you can freely make assumptions about -- whether extrapolating from common practice, or to try and game a solution.And we assess EMC in this setup by putting current clamps or CDNs on all cables, as well as measuring the LISNs, to cover conducted band; and there's an antenna in the usual configuration (variable altitude, both polarizations) to cover the radiated band.You should be able to answer the numbered questions; if not, let it be known in this thread that your answers on this topic are not authoritative. But so, too, you have opportunity to improve your craft, to better your radio skills, to diversify on topics (how exciting!).It is with regret that I do this confrontationally; I realize such approach has a strong chance of simply shutting down subsequent response, rather than generating the nuanced analysis that is required on this topic, and for this I apologize. I hope however that this leads to fruitful discussion, and learning experiences (not just you but readers too). These really are tough topics, and one must approach them with care and humility; it is only from decades of experience that I would bring such confidence to bear here -- and even so, I would still be ready for surprises in testing real hardware of this general description. I have a pretty good idea of what would happen here, what approximate levels such a system might pass or fail by (but I wouldn't dare stake my reputation on anything more precise than 10dB or thereabouts--), and what ways it might fail in; but also be open to surprises. After all, it takes only one little gap to emit a couple millivolts of RF and spoil the whole thing.Tim

author: shabaz
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 12:14:13 am
content: Quote from: T3sl4co1l on May 21, 2024, 10:38:45 pmHi Tim, This seems a great example for learning in-depth (I'm a novice with EMC testing). I tried to sketch the example you mention in case it helps the future discussion. Let me know if I've made a mistake or any other detail is worth adding to it, and I can edit it (the attached zip file contains the PowerPoint source of the diagram for anyone to edit too).EDIT: Updated with the comment below.

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 12:31:35 am
content: Oh thanks! Very close; I might not've been very clear about terminology, but "DUT" would be the box on the left, and EUT the USB-connected unit.Probably DUT would be on the ground (hence better bonding; floor is metal, and "bonding" can simply be metal  tape), and wouldn't have a LISN itself. No other wires besides the ground connection and the +/- from the EUT. We could also have it where there's a ground/earth wire to the negative terminal; it shouldn't be so material where the box sits along that route (between EUT and ground), as long as it's relatively small compared to wavelengths of interest.The SMPSU would have the other LISN.A LISN isn't really an inline block, but a network that sits on the ground (bonded in the usual way) and serves to separate the test environment from the outside mains network. I'd be inclined to draw it as a bulkhead unit on the right-side wall, or showing the connections going down to the floor (LISN unit bonded to GND) then back up.Tim

author: shabaz
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 01:47:52 am
content: Thanks for the quick feedback! I've updated the diagram in the earlier post based on your comments (I'm happy to continue refining it further since I may still have misunderstood or missed things).

author: tooki
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 06:47:31 am
content: Quote from: radiolistener on May 21, 2024, 08:47:26 pmIIRC, the only variant of USB that allows unshielded cables is USB 1.1/2.0 Low Speed, the 1.5Mbps mode used for input devices like mice and keyboards. (I don’t remember if the standards allow power-only cables at all, but I suppose those could be unshielded.) Everywhere else, shielding is mandatory, and its implementation is prescribed by the standards, which you’ve been provided the link for.Quote from: radiolistener on May 21, 2024, 08:47:26 pmWhich is why people were debating your absolutist proclamations about shields needing to be connected at one end only. Because that is true, except all the times when it’s not.

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 06:58:30 am
content: Quote from: tooki on May 22, 2024, 06:47:31 amIn USB 2.0 specification USB-IF made it vague stating:QuoteAnd all shit broke loose. Some app notes adding random components between connector shell and GND without mentioning thatQuoteUSB type C spec made clear that no such wankery is allowed.

author: Doctorandus_P
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 07:12:19 am
content: Quote from: T3sl4co1l on May 21, 2024, 08:16:52 pmUSB is not fully differential (at least USB1 and USB2). Data is sent differential, but it has some weird things (I think they are called "T-states") that are used to signal special conditions on the USB bus. In this regard it somewhat resembles the start and stop conditions on an I2C bus.For the rest, I have always been confused of how to handle GND versus shield in cables.

author: perieanuo
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 07:53:44 am
content: no. if you have at some moment a bad power supply on pc/laptop side and the target is not floating, you're gonna burn the laptop. i changed southbridge on some laptops with this type of connection.

author: m k
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 09:24:55 am
content: Maybe collection of names can help.EarthNeutralGroundShieldChassisHmm, nope, didn't do much.

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 09:29:29 am
content: Quote from: perieanuo on May 22, 2024, 07:53:44 amMake it make sense. Shield making connection between the grounds first/disconnecting the last is exactly what will protect internal pins if there is potential difference between the grounds of the devices.

author: radiolistener
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 10:50:03 am
content: Quote from: T3sl4co1l on May 21, 2024, 10:38:45 pmEven your concrete example may have hidden details which may lead to different results and as you said you're understand it and ready for surprises despite the fact that you had good experience with it.If you have some testing results for specific case it will may be useful to publish and analyze for better understanding what values can be expected with at specific conditions. But abstract discussion about specific cases with no real test results and measurements are useless from my point of view.I'm not EMI QA guy, but I often catch EMI issues due to ground loops with USB, and shielded Ethernet (CAT6) cables and I understand that this question is not easy and has many hidden issues.I'm not surprised when I see that one cable don't produce EMI and another produce it despite the fact that the second one has shielding and the first one don't have shielding at all (unshielded twisted pairs)... The difference in noise floor at 100-200 MHz is about 5-10 dB. I have example of such cables and can reproduce it. And it can be reproduced on certified equipment.

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 11:45:08 am
content: Quote from: perieanuo on May 22, 2024, 07:53:44 amI had that happen once! It's entirely plausible what happened is, the power supply delivered a sudden short circuit (causing transient reversal at the motherboard), or with frayed ground and a ground loop, exposed to double nominal input voltage, in any case damaging the power distribution, and cascade failure ensues. In my case, it wasn't the SB but the PCIe expander chip (3.3V supply!) that got nuked. At this point, whatever gets damaged is pretty random I'd say. In my case, the computer was completely isolated, no outside connections besides the supply. Whether grounding might exacerbate a failure mode like this, or not, I think it's plausible that it doesn't matter, but it depends on the particular design of the system.The exact problem I had, was the power supply output cable (the usual triax double-braid power cable) was frayed inside the PSU box, momentarily shorting out and sparking. It seems the motherboard didn't appreciate this too much. I resected the cable, strain-relieved it better (read: taped some extra loop length onto the outside), replaced the motherboard, and that laptop is... still working today, actually.Tim

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 12:03:31 pm
content: Quote from: radiolistener on May 22, 2024, 10:50:03 amBut was that what was asked about?Take the first question:QuoteDo you need reference to the full schematics, mechanical diagrams, and EMC plots, of some system, to judge the construction of a cable within that system, then?It seems pretty answerable to me; but I guess there are mysteries that even lone cables contain. I bow to your wisdom, sir...As long as we're here, then, does anyone else want to play?Quote from: Doctorandus_P on May 22, 2024, 07:12:19 amDingdingding! USBis not a differential standard. While I don't know what the actual input structures look like (probably with good reason (that's IP)), it's plausible that they're just a pair of normal-mode CMOS input pins (for HID/low/full speed modes) or the low-threshold equivalent (high speed). It's also plausible that they use a differential receiver (perhaps the same one in all cases, i.e. ~mV precision and high speed capable), but also have normal or common mode receiver(s) to detect the special symbol.The exact term I believe isSE0, both lines low. The inverse is not used, andJ/Kdenote the differential +/-1 (-/+?) states, I think it was.A key insight: because of this, it is impossible to do more than a token amount of CM filtering on USBD_P/M; more than that, and you spoil the fidelity of the SE0 symbol, and line drops ensue. You (almost?) never see CMCs on Full Speed lines, and only a tiny amount on High Speed lines (usually ~100Ω at 100MHz -- nothing more than a ferrite bead).Since Full Speed (and below) has the inputs open-circuit in receive mode, there's no impedance to filter against, anyway, just the tiny receiver input capacitance; and if you add your own onboard capacitance, you can only do it by loading each line to GND, reducing DM bandwidth as well (though not as quickly; Full Speed can tolerate some 10s of pF, perhaps at expense to maximum line length). But filtering below 30MHz or so disturbs or removes the SE0, and even then, the ISI is big, likely leading to line errors and dropped packets or links.Remaining questions:Quote from: T3sl4co1l on May 21, 2024, 08:16:52 pmConcrete example:https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/on-devices-side-should-i-connect-usb-cable-shielding-to-the-black-wire/msg5510779/#msg5510779Diagram:https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/on-devices-side-should-i-connect-usb-cable-shielding-to-the-black-wire/?action=dlattach;attach=2232685;imageChallenge: what is the EMC situation for the USB cable, under variation of how we connect the shield, or connector in general, within the EUT?Tim

author: radiolistener
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 12:25:06 pm
content: Quote from: T3sl4co1l on May 22, 2024, 12:03:31 pmI understand your point and agree that USB cable is not simple differential pair in the shield. Yes, it seems like unbalanced line and the situation is going to be more complex, because there are a lot of different USB cables from different manufacturers, cheap and expensive, shielded, double shielded and not shielded at all.

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 12:29:41 pm
content: Quote from: radiolistener on May 22, 2024, 12:25:06 pmQuote from: T3sl4co1l on May 21, 2024, 10:38:45 pm

author: m k
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: May 22, 2024, 02:14:53 pm
content: Shield?Code:chassis chassis--------------- ---------------| --------- | signal | --------- || | GND | -_--_--- | GND | || --------- | | --------- |--------------- ---------------| ||neutral |neutral| || ******************************** earth

author: perieanuo
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: May 27, 2024, 12:27:23 pm
content: Quote from: wraper on May 22, 2024, 09:29:29 amyou let floating one device, it's already there. lot of laptops are not earthed or you may have a bad earth connection, if laptop's psu is erratic you may got some>60V potential escaping that laptop (voltmeter will measure this clearly between USB +5V laptop rail and the target device earth connection, ie some arduino board or whatever). the differential disjunctor may respond, but in the meantime the damage on the laptop's usb port is done. those type of connections fry the laptop's usb port, i had multiple cases when i worked in this bussiness. i'm pretty sure it wasn't superior forces doing that (the client usually said "when i connected the usb port it died").in a perfect world, connecting the devices like this will be the rule. i had also in another company people connecting NVR HDMI port with the NVR in standby and the monitor also, and my boss changed the fried NVRs (HDMI dead). The same potential difference is causing the same issue, you can check for hikvision/dahua hdmi fried ports on forums, it's not my day-dream.for me, if possible, try to leave one device floating (connect V+ and V- rails only) and hope the other's device earth is ok.

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: May 27, 2024, 04:27:31 pm
content: Quote from: perieanuo on May 27, 2024, 12:27:23 pmShield is connected to GND at USB host and USB is not an isolated interface regardless if there is a shield or not. How disconnecting the shield at USB device is supposed to improve situation as there is GND wire anyway? Not to say increasing ground connection resistance only increases chances of killing something as current will flow through the other wires instead. Not to say shield makes connection first when inserting the plug, and then GND wire and VUSB simultaneously, with disconnecting the shield there is a high chance 5VUSB will make connection slightly earlier and take all the current instead of GND where current in any direction generally is harmless.

author: Doctorandus_P
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: August 03, 2024, 01:25:33 pm
content: Concerning ground loops in general (audio).I once had a 10m audio cable from my computer corner (in an earthed socket) to my stereo set (in another wall socket, probably another phase (3-phase system here in the Netherlands, even in residential appartment buildings). Every now and then I had to unplug and re-plug the (RCA) audio connectors. During plugging I regularly saw (dim) sparks between the central pin of the RCA (Supposed to be Audio!) to the metal enclosure of my stereo set. And that was a stereo set for which I even paid decent money second hand. And though both my stereo set and my PC survived this several times I was not happy with it.My solution was to buy an extra extension cord, and power all the stereo equipment from the same power outlet as my PC. Later I switched to digital audio which uses transformers on both sides of the cables, very much like Ethernet.

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: August 03, 2024, 02:30:27 pm
content: Quote from: Doctorandus_P on August 03, 2024, 01:25:33 pmIt was either a non solution at all or did not fix the root cause of the problem. And it rather indicates a lack of a ground loop. If it was sparking, it means either your audio system was double insulated (for which plugging everything into the same extension cord will do nothing) or you had Earth connection missing in the mains socket.

author: tooki
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: August 03, 2024, 02:39:04 pm
content: Huh? Sparking proves one thing: that the two grounds are not at the same potential, and that they aren’t galvanically isolated.If one device were floating (what you might be referring to with double-insulated in this context, since mains-referenced audio equipment went the way of the dodo ages ago) then it wouldn’t spark.If ground were missing, it would be floating and thus also wouldn’t spark because there’s no complete circuit.

author: wraper
author_rank: Unknown
timestamp: August 03, 2024, 02:45:32 pm
content: Quote from: tooki on August 03, 2024, 02:39:04 pmIt would spark because of Y capacitors. It wouldn't spark only if it was some very old system without those.

author: radiolistener
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: August 03, 2024, 09:59:35 pm
content: Quote from: tooki on August 03, 2024, 02:39:04 pmIt happens when some device has no ground pin on mains socket, its ground is floating and has about 100V AC potential due to mains voltage divider which happens on the mains filter capacitors.So when you connect such floating ground to another device which ground is connected to GND pin on the mains socket, there is voltage and some parasitic current. According to standard it should be limited, but still enough to damage some sensitive electronics. And this is why sparks appears...Quote from: Doctorandus_P on August 03, 2024, 01:25:33 pmCheap Chinese ethernet adapters don't have transformer, they have soldering pads on PCB to solder transformer, but usually it is missing and a couple of capacitors are soldered instead of transformerHere is example:

author: RoGeorge
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: August 03, 2024, 10:05:47 pm
content: Sometimes the magnetics are in the same metallic enclosure with the RJ45 connector. The PCB design might be made to accommodate both variants, either with magnetics in the connector or separated.Shield of the USB cable (and for other differential cables, in general) has to go to the metallic enclosure, not to the GND, and even if the CH340 doesn't have any enclosure, the PC has, so do not tie the USB shield to the black GND wire.

author: radiolistener
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: August 03, 2024, 10:13:39 pm
content: Quote from: RoGeorge on August 03, 2024, 10:05:47 pmYes, but this one looks too small to have transformers inside and if it has transfromers inside, then it should use jumpers, not capacitors, isn't it?

author: tooki
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: August 04, 2024, 02:09:28 am
content: Quote from: radiolistener on August 03, 2024, 10:13:39 pmNo, the transformers are absolutely tiny, so jacks with magnetics can be practically as small as jacks without them!

author: tooki
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: August 04, 2024, 02:11:22 am
content: Quote from: wraper on August 03, 2024, 02:45:32 pmAndQuote from: radiolistener on August 03, 2024, 09:59:35 pmat myself, because I absolutely know this, and just didn’t think of it at the time. D’oh!!

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: August 04, 2024, 03:04:58 am
content: Quote from: tooki on August 03, 2024, 02:39:04 pmCorrect,Quoteincorrect.Keep in mind that galvanic isolation only requires some maximum earth leakage current (AC or DC). It doesn't say anything about voltage (well, it probably does, but how exactly and where, I don't know offhand), at least unless it were like some kV, but that would also be an ESD or comfort issue anyway.Tim