BC547 and BC557 Transistor Replacement in TO-220 package? - Page 1
Forum section: electronics / beginners

author: Adam60
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 08:15:57 pm
content: Does anyone know what transistor in a TO-220 package would substitute for a BC547 and BC557?I have students knocking legs off these like crazy and would like to substitute with something a little beefier. Thoughts?

author: IconicPCB
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 08:20:38 pm
content: Not a TO220... but may be BD139/149? might be convinced to play nice

author: Yansi
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 08:24:28 pm
content: BD139/140 is TO126.Whats the deal with TO92? Have the students pay for the components, ya'll see how quickly they learn to not break your stuff.Those trannies are dirt cheap, but still. Making students pay for them will certainly learn them a lesson

author: bd139
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 08:29:40 pm
content: Just buy a ton of them and throw them away. Or use 2n3904/6 which are fractionally cheaperLegs break off to220 packages easier and they wreck breadboards and the packages are way more expensive

author: soldar
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 08:31:43 pm
content: What use? Breadboarding? Maybe put them in some kind of holder or reinforcement?

author: Benta
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 08:39:43 pm
content: Just buy TO-220 transistors from China, they'll have BC547/557 die inside.

author: Kleinstein
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 09:00:18 pm
content: BC547 and similar are cheap - one may even consider not to reuse them between groups.If they brake so easy one may consider a different manufacturer - it could be just a bad batch with legs already bend a lot.Some other TO92 parts (e.g BC635) may have thicker legs to get rid of heat better.

author: edavid
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 09:01:06 pm
content: I do think BD139/BD140 is a good choice.The package leads are smaller than TO-220, so not as rough on the breadboards.Also, you can get them with reasonably high beta, so you won't have to change the circuits too much.

author: bd139
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 09:07:10 pm
content: They are pretty good if I do say so myself. However to insert into the average breadboard you need to twist the legs at 90 degree angle or it’ll kill it instantly. Breadboards are more expensive than transistors.

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 09:29:15 pm
content: Alternate option: train your students to show some care for the kit they're using. Put damaged components on their grade. Industry certainly won't stand for such behavior!Tim

author: Adam60
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 10:16:26 pm
content: Thanks for all the great responses. My favourite is to either charge the students for the transistors or teach them to respect our equipment.1) We can't charge our students for supplies as they are apparently under a lot of financial stress from going to school in the first place.2) I taught two of my own to respect other peoples property and I think they turned out okay. There is not enough time in the day to teach 30 more the lessons their parents should have taught them, and get their lessons in as well.In all fairness to the students, they are just learning about transistors and breadboarding and probably not their favourite subject so bending transistor legs to fit and breaking the odd one are probably not on their list of priorities for the day. I am just looking for something that will stand up a little better. Perhaps I should pre-populate the boards for them and then they won't have to worry about that either?

author: IanMacdonald
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 10:38:01 pm
content: Training should always be realistic in nature, and should follow industry practices as far as possible.Train people to do things wrong, and it will be much harder to get them to unlearn that later!Look for an Ebay or AliBaba supplier - These transistors are very cheap if bought direct from Chinese manufacturers. The reject rate is not all that much either.On a related issue, a useful instructional aid is a PCB on a box with a pinball machine solenoid (or similar) inside it. The trainee is told to measure the voltages on a few transistors, an IC, resistors, etc. If s/he slips with the probe and causes a short there is a loudCLONKand power to the PCB is reduced. After that the student gets wrong voltages for every test.This brings home the message that once they have caused a short, the equipment is likely damaged and will no longer work.Of course the 'damage' is actually just a latching relay which the instructor can reset.I found that a couple of rounds of this completely cured our students of causing shorts. After that they were careful.

author: Kleinstein
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 02, 2019, 10:48:39 pm
content: It might already help to get the transistors with the leads bend in a suitable way to better fit the breadboard. There are different variants on how the leads are bend.When buying the transistors in something like 100-1000 piece quantities the price should be rather low.I would be more worries about the time needed to pre-populate. For learning it tends to be better to do things by them-self. Some learn better when they actually move there fingers and not just the eyes and ears.

author: spec
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 02:00:40 am
content: You can mount the transistors on a three pin header strip that just plugs straight into the breadboard without any bending- gives a better connection too

author: rsjsouza
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 02:56:34 am
content: I see the annoyance; especially due to the lack of care from students that should know better.However, being pragmatic, for about US$80.00 you can buy2000 BC547s.

author: Whales
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 03:28:55 am
content: I've spent time in classes where burning, breaking or damaging a transistor was frowned upon. Some that would even mark students down.From an intentionalist perspective it makes sense:"treat things well" and "do it right the first time". "It's horrible to see students breaking things all the time, what are we teaching them?". Culture and customs.From a consequentialist perspective it's garbage.Students learnfarmore effectively if they make mistakes and break things with their own hands. If a student is afraid of breaking a part then they won't engage anywhere as well with the problem solving process and will be afraid to try different things. Encouraging them to destroy transistors is averycheap way (compared to their course fees!) of increasing educational value.I've also seen students try and hide their work from from tutor/lab/etc staff during class because of this. Meanwhile I blow all my stuff up at home instead and gain an advantage. You don'teverwant to make a student afraid to ask for help, and you donotwant to de-value the time students have in their labs.Please, please consider the whole picture when looking at policies around damaging electronics in education. Artists are not punished for breaking brushes, lawyers are not punished for breaking pens and you don't punish your students for crossing things out in an exam paper. Transistors are dirt cheap, education is not.

author: David Hess
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 03:59:59 am
content: Do you need performance similar to the BC547 and BC557? If not, I would just look for the least expensive TO-126 or TO-225 parts which are less expensive than the least expensive TO-220 parts. But even these are much more expensive than TO-92 packaged transistors and I doubt they are proportionally more rugged.

author: edavid
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 05:05:41 am
content: Quote from: rsjsouza on February 03, 2019, 02:56:34 amYou can get 2000 for $36 with free shipping:https://www.arrow.com/en/products/bc547cg/on-semiconductorI'm not sure if that's exactly the issue. Maybe OP could clarify.

author: mariush
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 06:06:40 am
content: TME.eu has BC547 at 0.01$ :https://www.tme.eu/en/details/bc547-cdi/npn-tht-transistors/cdil/bc547/100+ $ 0.0147500+ $ 0.01322000+ $ 0.011712000+ $ 0.010523$ for 2000pcs , plus vat and shippingYou could just ask each class to contribute 1$ per student, or 10$ per class, at the start of each year, in the "purchase components" fund.

author: Ian.M
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 06:39:31 am
content: 'Jellybean' To-92 transistors are much cheaper than the labour costs for any of the technical 'solutions' offered above. Even if you coopt 'free' student labour, you still have to supervise, and one hour of teacher's salary, + classroom overhead costs + admin costs to organise it will buy a *LOT* of 'jellybean' transistors.You cant ask for money from the class in a school with a significant proportion of disadvantaged kids. The non-discriminatory way round that is a volunteer fundraising activity. If you end up with surplus fundsconsider getting one semiconductor analyser (digital transistor/diode tester) and make up a board of labelled quick test sockets for it in all the pinouts your class assignments use, so any student having problems can quickly check their parts.For the 'no respect for parts and equipment' issue, you could set an assignment of a short group presentation on what each student has leaned from stuff failing, breaking or otherwise going wrong, either their own or their bench neighbours, with a prize of electronics related maker kits for the group with the best presentation.Part of the problem may be poor tools. If there aren't as many pairs of miniature smooth jawed short flat nose pliers (not needle nose) as breadboards in use, to use for pin and lead straightening and lead bending, and preferably also slotted lead bending jigs to support the leads next to the component body, even careful students will break more components than the unavoidable minimum. When working on a densely packed breadboard I certainly can't live without such a pair of pliers - they pay for themselves solely in time saved inserting and removing discrete components and wires without disturbing adjacent connections.

author: sleemanj
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 10:58:07 am
content: I don't imagine you need precise specs, probably you are just using them as "generic NPN" and "generic PNP".I'd just splurge and buy a few hundred of each from Aliexpress, you could buy a thousand of each and spend less than $20 I'm sure.Here is a search for 1000 piece of 547https://www.aliexpress.com/wholesale?minPrice=&maxPrice=&isBigSale=n&isFreeShip=n&isNew=n&isFavorite=n&minQuantity=1000&maxQuantity=1000&shipCountry=NZ&shipFromCountry=&shipCompanies=&SearchText=BC547&CatId=0&g=y&initiative_id=SB_20190203025028&needQuery=nand 1000 piece of 557https://www.aliexpress.com/wholesale?minPrice=&maxPrice=&isBigSale=n&isFreeShip=n&isNew=n&isFavorite=n&minQuantity=1000&maxQuantity=1000&shipCountry=NZ&shipFromCountry=&shipCompanies=&SearchText=BC557&CatId=0&g=y&initiative_id=SB_20190203025028&needQuery=nprobably enough to last you for years, perhaps the school can manage to reimburse you that $20, if not maybe just consider it your good deed for the year.

author: johnkenyon
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 12:44:10 pm
content: Quote from: Kleinstein on February 02, 2019, 09:00:18 pmGive each student (say) four transistors each for free at the start of the of the series of labs/classes, and tell them that they will have pay for any replacements (without telling them the cost...)Sit back and watch as the disadvantaged students take care to avoid damaging the components (and you quietly use your discretion to issue free replacements when accidents happen).Meanwhile the students who have enough money not to care, can pony up.

author: Doctorandus_P
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 01:03:46 pm
content: BD139 / BD140 is indeed not TO220 but smaller and fits a Breadboard better.They are almost as cheap as the TO92, and TO-220 is bound to be a lot more expensive still, so in the end you won't save much, and the thicker pins are also harder on the breadboards. Higher power BJT's tend to have a lower Hfe and this is also clearly starting to show with the BD139 (Which is also a 40+ year old design).But instead of trying to save some transistors, I advise to go the other way around.You can get assortment boxes of different transistors for cheap:https://www.aliexpress.com/wholesale?SearchText=transistor+assortmentAnd in bulk probably still cheaper.Devise some tests (to high voltage, current, or power) that will let some smoke out of some of these transistors, but not from others.There is no better way to learn than to see the differences of these transistors, and a bit of smoke makes it fun too.Tests also do not have to be destructive. What happens if you put 2 different transistors in a long tailed pair, and why does that happen?There are also grey area's where e (saturated) BJT refuse to conduct more current without it recassarily getting damaged.Examining such areas are very educational. In education, the why is always more important than the how.For keeping the different transistors apart you can dip them in some paint, instead of reading the small numbers, or just write them off as single use.But it aso depends on the age group and what you want to learn them about transistors.--------- 8< ----------------- 8< ----------------- 8< ----------------- 8< -------- Removed text below the cut line

author: bd139
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 01:36:11 pm
content: Just a point on bd139 specifications. fT is only about 75Mhz on ST branded ones. Not the original 150MHz or the old philips ones.

author: Doctorandus_P
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 01:53:24 pm
content: Quote from: bd139 on February 03, 2019, 01:36:11 pmAnd why would that be important with first year students on a breadboard?My guess is that the intention is to use it from DC to audio here.

author: bd139
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 03, 2019, 02:01:16 pm
content: Depends. Which is the problem. Thr bd139 device spread is immense both on fT which isn’t even listed on the data sheet and the dc beta is very wide. At 100khz I’ve had to hand select specimens before.BC547 is literally 1/10th to 1/20th of the cost and is a much better small signal transistor. I don’t understand why anyone would use bd139 here.Obviously not sure if the application space here but the usual constraints aren’t audio but 2MHz-ish, the limit of most of the commercial function generators out there.Bd139 is my favourite transistor hence the username and I know how to use them up to RF but for small signal they are shit.

author: Adam60
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: February 05, 2019, 12:05:41 am
content: Quote from: Doctorandus_P on February 03, 2019, 01:03:46 pmFirst off, I want to thank all of the people who took a moment to offer their thoughts on this subject without any snarky remarks. The fact that so many chimed in tells me that we all have different viewpoints on just about any given subject, and that there are many solutions to my post. I will take them all to heart and after some consideration, I will make a decision that is best for my class.To broaden this out a bit, I am a College Professor and I teach automotive apprentices. Although I may not be as brilliant as some on here, I do know my way around motive power electrical and electronics fairly well and although I am not an electronics engineer, I do alright for my profession. As for my class, they are not here to learn all about the electronics world and we give them some fairly simple projects to build just to see how some of these components work and come together. Oddly enough, I can even explain the operation to them without the help of a textbook. I can read a schematic and build circuits all by myself.Doctorandus, I am not sure what I did to provoke your condescending remarks, but in the future if you have something negative to say, maybe keep it to yourself. I was enjoying reading your post until I came to that and I really see no need for it. It is a beginners forum and if you think you are that smart, go to the advanced forums and post away. Thanks again everyone for your help.

author: IconicPCB
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 05, 2019, 12:58:40 am
content: That is DoctorANDus... not DoctorANus..EDIT:.. now that he has corrected spelling...this comment seems to be without context...bugger

author: Ian.M
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 05, 2019, 02:02:01 am
content: .... except if he's being one.This forum is more civil than most, but sometimes some of us step over the line and need to be called out. I've done it my self, been called out and apologised for it.If that was an intentional misspelling, I must congratulate Adam60 on a delightfully subtle twist to a flaming!@Adam60: Please bookmark the topic so you can update us with your decision and how it works out with your class.

author: Adam60
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: February 05, 2019, 04:40:10 am
content: My apologies for the mis-spelling. I have gone in and corrected it and want to say that I do not need to stoop to that level to get my point across.As I said earlier, the students are automotive technicians and I will probably just buy bags of these transistors for cheap wherever I can find them. I always have a conversation with my classes about working with tiny parts like this and they seem to understand. The problem is that several teachers with less understanding of the subject matter who teach out of books and use schematics they are unsure of, also use these same pieces. The more they get used, the more they are bound to break. Always looking for solutions to make life smoother for everyone. All we can doCheers.

author: Ian.M
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 05, 2019, 04:59:10 am
content: So get bags of a dirt-cheap 'jellybean' near equivalents to the ones in the book. and explain to your class they are an acceptable substitute and why. The teachers who can only teach straight from the book will prefer the parts with the 'right' part number, leaving your class with transistors that are a lot less mangled!It also helps teach an extremely valuable lesson in choosing acceptable substitute parts. You can also take the opportunity to explain that one does *NOT* make unauthorised substitutions in safety critical applications.

author: Doctorandus_P
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 05, 2019, 06:01:22 am
content: Quote from: Adam60 on February 05, 2019, 12:05:41 amFirst: Tnx. for the background information.It was never my intention to be condescending, and at the moment of writing I had no idea that my remark would be explained in a negative way, If I had realised that I would not have said it in the first place. I know it's somehow my fault, and not yours, but If I refrain from saying (typing) anything that *could* be explaind in a negative way it would result in not ever saying anything to anyone anymore.I've got (vague) lists in my head of things not to say. A classical example of this is that I've learned to not call people "stupid" (Just meant as an example, not calling you that). In my dictionary "stupid" simply means "having a (significantly?) below average IQ". And I do not see this as something bad, but just as a simple statiscical fact. By definition 50% of all people have a below average IQ. As far as I know there is no correlation between IQ and happiness. If any, it's probably the other way around. If "stupid" people ask a question on a forum, they get some answers, which gives them some Idea's and they're happy / content with it. If I ask a question on a forum it is seldom that I get a response that I had not thought of already myself, and different responses only add to the confusion to the point that I simply stopped asking questions myself. (Being "smart" and seeing a gazillion things, but not being able to sort through them or assign priorities is not easy. Nobody can help, because everybody is "stupid". Not being able to connect because there is a gap of a few sigma's. (This is not a good recipy for happyness, but I'll stop here out of fear of rambling on in a 100 page essay)).As a passtime I try to help random strangers by answering questions and giving them idea's they probably had not thought of themself. Part of that is trying to make an estimation on what sort of answer would be fitting. Too simple an answer and it's useless, too complex an answer and it does not get understood and also ignored.Just before typing this post I edited my previous post and removed the text under the cut line.I hope you are willing to re-read that post without discarding everything because of the last unfortunate remark, for which I appoligse again.

author: Adam60
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: February 05, 2019, 09:47:07 pm
content: Apology accepted and post remains intact. I do want to say this though. One of the hardest things when you become a teacher is to learn how to dial it down so your audience understands what you are saying. It is not that they are "stupid", it is just that they are not at that same level. There are many levels of learning and just telling someone something only hits on one of them. The fact that they do not get it does not make them stupid, it just means they don't comprehend what you are trying to say. I believe Doctorandus that you are probably at the expert level in your chosen profession and the rest of us are not. Years ago I may have made the same remarks about people in general. Age has taught me to be a better teacher. I thank you for your comments and all others. Good food for thought.

author: 3roomlab
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: February 09, 2019, 12:47:43 am
content: how about this horse ?2SC6144 NPN / 2SA2222 PNP in TO220F

author: jobitjoseph1
author_rank: Contributor
timestamp: February 09, 2024, 09:11:20 am
content: I am also struggling with the same problem, which solution did you find? can you please share?I have a very old PCB in volume that has to-220 slot I need an equivalent of BC557 in TO-220. Or any part number that matches the specifications of bc557 transistor given in this features sectionhttps://components101.com/transistors/bc557-transistor-pinout-datasheetI am also ok with using an adapter board if such thing is easily available. Any thoughts?

author: Vovk_Z
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 09, 2024, 09:36:18 am
content: Quote from: Adam60 on February 02, 2019, 08:15:57 pmTO-92 and TO-220 are too far from each other, so there can't be a real substitution. But there can be something similar in a much closer TO-126 case. For example TO-126 649/669, or TTA004/TTC004.

author: Yansi
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 10, 2024, 12:01:54 pm
content: I don't understand the strange problems of the people here are trying to solve. Why one needs to replace TO92 by TO220.Just stick yo damn TO92 into the holes of the TO220, if you put on the PCB a wrong footprint.If pinout does not match and you need BCE instead of CBE (or EBC, depending which side you read the TO92 from), look into BC639/640, or for example 2SC945/2SA733 or whatever.

author: Jwillis
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 10, 2024, 01:54:16 pm
content: You could make transistor module boards with PCB pin boards and Dupont pin headers. Heck with it, make them create transistor module boards. Teaches soldering, responsibility and respect for their own creations.

author: rsjsouza
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 10, 2024, 02:24:17 pm
content: This thread is indeed quite strange. Although I hate waste, I am also practical.The prior pricing shared in this thread is outdated (inflation and all), but you can still get 1000 transistors for around US$60 or 4000 transistors for US$120. Hardly a problem, especially considering you might get much cheaper at non-official distributors...https://www.mouser.com/c/?q=bc557

author: Zero999
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 10, 2024, 05:30:49 pm
content: As above: they're cheap enough to consider them to be consumable.https://www.digikey.co.uk/en/products/detail/diotec-semiconductor/BC547B/13164496EDIT: I remember using BJTs at school. We used the BC109 or similar in a metal can package. They put them in holders, together with a base resistor to provide some protection. You could put them on a piece of strip board with wires, weave the wires though the holes for strain relief. Again, I don't see the point, since your time costs more.

author: Nominal Animal
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 10, 2024, 08:41:30 pm
content: I like using BC847C and BC857C myself (SOT23-3 = TO-236AB), as I can simulate them well using ngspice and they're dirt cheap (3-5€ for 100 at Mouser).If you want a specific adapter board, say a 3-pin or 2×3-pin adapter for breadboard use with the PCBvertical, i.e. pins parallel to the PCB, straddling it, just design them and manufacture them at JLCPCB, PCBWay, et cetera! I like designing them at EasyEDA, because it works in the browser (does require a network connection), and is really easy for a hobbyist type like myself for this kind of stuff; KiCAD is free and local and at least as good, but with slightly steeper learning curve (in my opinion). At JLCPCB, one hundred 1"×1" boards costs you about 10€ + shipping. So, we're talking about 30€-40€ investment for 100 NPN and 100 PNP BJT adapter boards.SOT23-3 have typically limited maximum current and power dissipation, but there are many SMD packages with much better thermal and current characteristics. Soldering those can be annoying, so you can use the assembly services to have the PCB manufacturer also assemble the boards (except for the pin headers, which you likely have to solder yourself by hand). For breadboard use, use the backside as a (flat) heat sink with plenty of vias to the cooling pad of the transistor package, and consider using thermal adhesive to glue a small heatsink (those used for Raspberry Pi's and other small chips, typically 8×8mm to 12×12mm, height varies) on the back side. It will be in electrical contact with the transistor cooling pad, but the thermal properties are pretty darn good.There are a few tricks. One is to do iterative development, and start with sets of five, and see if it can be improved before ordering a larger set.Soldering pin headers parallel to the PCB works better, if you strengthen them with vias, especially vias-in-pad. (The pad will of course be rectangular, about 1mm wide, at 2.54mm spacing.) In my opinion, a zig-zag pattern of vias on each pin (at each edge of the pad) will strenghten the connection, so that one can push and pull the adapter to/from a breadboard from the PCB itself. You might want to have the sides an indentation in the middle, for better finger grip. You might add a polyfuse to limit current, depending on the use cases.IfI can do it, anyone can.

author: DavidAlfa
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 10, 2024, 10:57:32 pm
content: Contrary to what you might thing, the TO220 thicker legs won't tolerate half the abuse of what the TO92 can handle.Those legs like to bend at the base of the package, then it will always bend there, 2-3 times and the leg will fall off.It is what it is, those litle devices will start breaking after recycling them several times when breadbording.But they're for 2 cents at lcsc, so I don't see how the cost factor could be an issue.https://www.lcsc.com/product-detail/Bipolar-Transistors-BJT_LGE-BC547B_C713613.htmlhttps://www.lcsc.com/product-detail/Bipolar-Transistors-BJT_LGE-BC557B_C713617.html

author: David Hess
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 11, 2024, 12:16:09 am
content: When I breadboard TO-220 packages, I solder little solid wire extensions onto the legs because they are just thick enough to "spring" the breadboard.

author: Zero999
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 11, 2024, 10:57:12 am
content: Quote from: David Hess on February 11, 2024, 12:16:09 amFor the benefit of the OP (I know you're aware of this) breadboard isn't rated to carry much current, typically under 1A, so it's not possible to use TO-220 devices at their full current rating.

author: T3sl4co1l
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 11, 2024, 11:26:52 am
content: "Not possible" is a rather extreme statement.I've put 5A, maybe even 10A through breadboards before. They get rather hot when you do that at 500kHz. That one needed extra jumper wires.Have yet to turn a contact into a glow lamp. Have melted far more positions due to overheated transistors than contact resistance.I suppose I can't speak for the latest crud from China or elsewhere, but of what I've used, haven't exactly been top of the line name brands, either.Nothing you'd use 24/7, or expect to work for much time, or frankly at all, unsupervised; but... that 100% describes solderless breadboards, right? You aren't using them as part of installed equipment, right?Tim

author: David Hess
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 11, 2024, 11:27:47 am
content: Quote from: Zero999 on February 11, 2024, 10:57:12 amWithout a heat sink, a TO-220 package can handle about 2 watts maximum which is easily achieved even with only 1 amp. A small heat sink can extend this to perhaps 5 watts.

author: Zero999
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: February 11, 2024, 12:00:26 pm
content: Quote from: David Hess on February 11, 2024, 11:27:47 amYes, breadboard can be safely used at voltages up to around 60VDC, which would be 60W, way above what a TO-220 I was trying to keep it simple, as this is the beginner's section.