New 10amp bench power supply output transistors question. pdf of project inc  - Page 1
Forum section: electronics / beginners

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 19, 2021, 03:29:15 pm
content: I am building a new bench power supply, See pdf for full instructions. I originally built this in the 90,s not from the Vellman kit but from scratch and foolishly sold it about 10 years later. I have a question regarding the five output transistors Tip3055, are these still the best option for this build or are there upgraded versions or new types.On the original build i opted for the metal can versions 2n3055 but they take up a lot of space so i would like to use similar size devices to the Tips. I will also be using a DPDT relay to join the two 15vac windings in parallel up to around 13/13.5v when the relay will switch over and and join the windings in series for the up to 30v output. So at the lower voltages around 16amp is available.I didn't use the Vellman case on the first build, i would have liked to but couldn't afford the Maplin kit at the time.

author: pqass
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 19, 2021, 05:12:29 pm
content: Digikey has a version of both TIP3055 and 2N3055 that is current and not marked obsolete.The difference is $1.27 and $9.06, respectively.Of course you can't get any of the former (zero stock) and there's plenty of the latter.I can't find a cheaper non-marketplace NPN power transistor capable of 15A and 90W.So, it doesn't appear to need changing.There's plenty here:https://canada.newark.com/search?st=tip3055

author: David Hess
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 19, 2021, 06:58:40 pm
content: There are all kinds of better replacements for the poorly specified 2N3055. The 2N3771G and 2N3772G are suitable for the oldest designs with an 0.2 MHz Ft. The 2N3055AG and MJ15015 are suitable for 0.8 MHz Ft designs. The MJ15001, MJ15003, MJ802, and maybe MJ15016 and MJ3055 are suitable for 2 MHz designs. These are all simply better specified parts.For a more modern design, I would also consider the TO-247 packaged TIP3055G which is 2.5 MHz.

author: Doctorandus_P
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 19, 2021, 09:21:55 pm
content: 2N3055 was apparently introduced in the early '60-ies.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3055It is a really very old design.Your circuit also has 5 of them in parallel, so they only drive 2A each.It can be replaced with almost any power transistor that can handle the voltages and currents in your application.The most important thing to probably look out for is the speed of more modern transistors. Putting in faster transistors may upset your control loop and lead to instabilities, which usually can be tamed with a well placed capacitor.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 19, 2021, 10:15:06 pm
content: Thanks for the input and suggestions all,It was the obsolete bit that got me thinking there must be an upgraded version hence my question. As i said i would prefer to use the Tip or slightly larger physical size T0247 as the 2n,s take up to much room in the case which i might not have. I came across this Tip35c which looks to be a decent upgrade, what are you views on it.And taking into account what Doctorandus_P contributed to the present set-up using 5 tips so only conducting two amp each (they still got bloody hot though until the fan kicked in) and with the increased current at low voltages to 16 amp the five now passing just over 3 amp each, if the Tip35c look good could i get away with only using two. It would certainly simplify the heatsinking requirements, bearing in mind there will be a fan running as well as the heat sink contribution. As for the well placed capacitor, were would it need to be added.

author: pqass
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 20, 2021, 01:21:34 am
content: The TIP35C is almost 4x expensive.https://canada.newark.com/search/prl/results?st=tip35c&sort=P_PRICE|1If the PS needs to output 1V @ 16A, the transistors will need to dissipate 224W (15Vrms-1V=14V*16A).You're going to need to do at least a ball-park thermal calculation to make sure you have enough transistors to dissipate the max wattage. It's going to be a lot less than the Total Power Dissipation spec'd in the datasheet.Roughly,junction-to-case+case-to-heatsink+heatsink-to-ambient=1°C/W(TIP36C)+1.2°C/W(mica)+1°C/W(large heatsink-guess)=3.2°C/WThat means for every Watt of power needing to be dissipated, 3.2°C rise in temp. will result.So, starting with an ambient of 35°C and junction temp max is 150°C, that gives us 115°C headroom for each device.However, each device-to-ambient has a thermal resistance of 3.2°C/W, which means we can only pump 36W (115/3.2) per device!How many TIP36C devices will we need? 224W/36 = 6Alternatively,junction-to-case+case-to-heatsink+heatsink-to-ambient= 1.39°C/W(TIP3055)+1.2°C/W(mica)+1°C/W(large heatsink-guess)=3.6°C/W...bla.bla..bla...How many TIP3055 devices will we need? 224W/32 = 7I'm sure someone will correct me.

author: David Hess
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 20, 2021, 03:04:42 am
content: Quote from: Doctorandus_P on July 19, 2021, 09:21:55 pmMore than that, the 2N3055 encompassed many different manufacturing technologies as time went on because it was so poorly specified, so Ft can vary over more than a 10:1 range and safe operating area and current gain varies considerably.QuoteThat is a real problem with the 2N3055 because its Ft varied so significantly over time, which is why I recommend the slower parts in my list as replacements in old 2N3055 designs. This would not stop me from using a faster part, but I have a lot of experience tracking and and fixing stability issues. Even so, it is sometimes easier to just use a slower part which is less likely to have problems.Quote from: multime on July 19, 2021, 10:15:06 pmThere is nothing wrong with the TIP series of transistors. They are a little faster than newer 2N3055s and a lot faster than old ones, but that will not prevent them from working. The On Semiconductor TIP3055G is a little slower than the other TIP parts but still faster than a common 2N3055.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 20, 2021, 02:56:47 pm
content: pqass, great video, thermal design shown simply.David Hess, how exactly does the speed of the transistor make a difference. I never gave it a thought, put simply the way i saw it was turn dial select 10volt , i am not seeing where any switching is involved are we talking about keeping the supply stable at 10v, i thought that would be the job of the Lm723. I know the pass transistors need to follow it but i just didnt equate this design with speed more like a lumbering giant.I have decided to go down the tip style route, Tip3055, Tip35c or Tip3055g. Just need to see if i can find a deal on them anywhere that doesn't involve over the top postage

author: bobbydazzler
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 20, 2021, 03:20:18 pm
content: I don't know what type of pcb you plan building this on (if using some type of perfboard at least use fr4) but I'd beef up the traces much more than the description suggests - 20awg solid core wire should do the job and being solid core it will help equalize the temperature across the pcb.

author: David Hess
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 20, 2021, 06:42:08 pm
content: Quote from: multime on July 20, 2021, 02:56:47 pmThere are two different problems associated with changing the transistor's speed.One is that it directly affects the frequency compensation of the feedback loop. The bandwidth mostly depends on the output transistor's speed because it will be the slowest part inside the feedback loop, so depending on exactly how the frequency compensation is configured, changing it may cause oscillation or instability within the feedback loop.The other one is layout related. A circuit layout tested with slower devices may produce local oscillation if a faster transistor is substituted. This is more of a problem when the power transistors are mounted remotely on a heat sink with long leads. Sometimes a ferrite bead, small capacitor, or RC snubber is mounted close to the transistor pins to suppress oscillation.Another factor not directly related to speed is that the SoA (safe operating area) of the transistor varies with process technology. So the oldest (and slowest) 2N3055s which were built on a MESA process are very slow, but have a square SoA making them very rugged. Later parts built on faster processes have a much more limited SoA.

author: Doctorandus_P
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 20, 2021, 10:05:17 pm
content: I sense a frowned brow about why the speed of the output transistor should be a factor when you "just want a steady 10Vdc output.Loop stability is a serious concern with any control loop.And loop is the magic word here.Loop implies feedback.To stay with your example: A steady 10Vdc output.In your schematic one of the two uA723 voltage regulators measures the output voltage with a voltage divider, and compares it with it's internal voltage reference.If it sees a too low output voltage, then it opens up the output transistors more, if it sees a too high voltage, then it closes the output transistors a bit.There always is noise in the circuit, and the uA723, together with the whole output stage adds a lot of amplification (T2, T3 & T4 through T8).So assume the noise makes a peak, and the uA723 measures 10.005V instead of 10.000V.In that case it tries to lower the output voltage to get back to the set voltage, but it takes a bit of time (micro seconds, or some tens or hundredths of nano secons) to do so.If the control loop is maladjusted, then at the time that the output voltage reaches 10.000V, the uA723 has actually over corrected because of the the time delay of it's output signal through the output transistors, and even though it "stops lowering it's output voltage", the output voltage may shoot through a bit and go as low as 9.992V. So then a bit later, the uA723 notices the output voltage is now too low, (8mV, while it first was 5mV too high), and it will increase the drive level to the output transistors. And in this maladjusted example, it then will drive the output to 10.012V, en then to 9.985V, and this escalates until the whole power supply is a big oscillator.The speed with wich this occurs is partly defined by the semiconductors, (uA723 itself, output transistors) and partly by (Usually) capacitors added to the circuit, which form RC constants.Your power supply has the output capacitors (C4 & C9) as most power supplies do, and this lowers the speed with which the output can change voltage.There also is C1. Which is connected to the raw output of the bridge rectifier on one side, and the parallel combination of R7 and R22 on the other side.C1 = 150pFR7 = 4k7R22 = 22kSo these two resistors are 3k87 in parallel, and with the 150pF capacitor it forms a time constant of3k87 *150pF = 580ns which resembles a frequency of around 270kHz.So that would be the maximum speed at which the the output reacts to the voltage differences dictated by the uA723.I may have some gross mistake here, It's been years since I last did this.The whole thing is much more complex, because it involves the speeds of each and every component used, and even wire length and PCB routing can throw it off.A quick search:https://html.duckduckgo.com/html?q=power+supply+loop+stability... shows up much more in depth information.Here a method to measure the actual delays in a power supply circuit:https://www.omicron-lab.com/fileadmin/assets/Training_and_Events/Webinar/2014-11_Webinar_LoopGain.pdfAnd this search:https://html.duckduckgo.com/html?q=home+built+injection+transformerbrings up:https://adilmalikn.wordpress.com/2019/07/07/homemade-inject-transformer-for-psu-loop-analysis/

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 20, 2021, 10:16:30 pm
content: bobbydazzle, thanks for your input, in answer to your pcb question, i make my own pcb,s, i may still have a photo copy of the last board i made for this design if i come across it i will upload it here. .David Hess, thanks for the explanation i understand a little better now. Reading your text it looks like i may be in for some fun,

author: Kleinstein
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 20, 2021, 10:30:55 pm
content: With the transitor speed it is not so easy to say a slower transitor is less likely to oscillate. There can be problems in both cases. A faster transistor is more likely to show local oscillation from long cables. A slower transistor can make the main regulator loop unstable under some conditions. It is usually still OK with a well behaved load, but can cause trouble with capacitive load.The robust and slow mesa type is quite rare now - mainly as 2N3773 and possibly fake.

author: David Hess
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 02:14:27 am
content: Quote from: multime on July 20, 2021, 10:16:30 pmI rather enjoy the empirical part of feedback loop design because I have regularly gotten results which confirm the theory, with the result that unknowns like the actual performance of the output transistor can be calculated accurately. When I do my own designs, I include space for the compensation networks but almost never need all of the parts included.It is possible to design the feedback loop to handle a wide range of output transistor characteristics but this is rarely needed or done.

author: floobydust
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 03:16:32 am
content: Just to mention, there is a nested feedback loop just for the pass transistors+driver stage, R6 and R17 setting a voltage gain of around 6 there. I find this arrangement needs a compensation capacitor across R6 to behave itself. But Darlington T3 BD646 is a slow part and might look after that. OP if you run into drama, look there.

author: perieanuo
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 07:22:19 am
content: hi,i used 2sd2688 (2 pcs) in 30v/10 output scenario, with 3v3/10a load test for like 5 minutes (the transistors have active cooler controlled by a microcontroller, i pwm the ventilator after reaching 40deg C and it reaches 100% after 60degC)my old schematic tells me TIPL790A was also tested, but i don't remember, it was years ago)the ps is used on regular base (i did used a 2xtl082 schematic circulating on the net with the mods done by the community and some of them done by myself, like current/voltage/temperature monitor with some arduino-like incorporated on bottom of pcb, used finally with ina219 module for I/V measurement and 100K NTC for fan temp control, oled as display)not sure but i remember i put the schematic on eevblog somewhere...anyway i'll atach the pdf with the last revision, it have to be re-verified cause i redraw some of the schematic that works in my power supply (you know, with parts you actually can buy from farnell so the bom may be up-to-date, not with '80 components...). maybe you can cross it with your study be careful, the 5V for atmega328(which is obsolete, should be replaced by newer micro) is either analog either dcdc (REG_5V_smps is AP1509-50SG-13), i did the layout for AP1509, it works great, but that tiny diode sod993 is killing you when you're doing the soldering...well, it's power efficientotherwise, the L78M05ACDT variant is not power efficient but simplier to solder as hobbyst.

author: perieanuo
author_rank: Frequent Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 07:36:10 am
content: aaa, you choose the 723 approach. i don't recommend that one, i buildt 2 or 3 variants, spikes kill them pretty quick, but i don't want to develop in 20 posts why the 723 is a great circuit, but that schematic dissapointed me, after trying to add all sort of shoke on outputs, quicker/bigger reverse diodes etcaetera...my observation regarding the final stage was the main point

author: CJay
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 09:20:28 am
content: Quote from: perieanuo on July 21, 2021, 07:36:10 amWould quite like to know what spikes you were seeing and what schematic to be able to kill it, also wondering what design you came up with to solve the problem?

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 12:57:40 pm
content: Thanks for all the contributions all, some great info.Quote from: Doctorandus_P on July 20, 2021, 10:05:17 pmHow perceptive of you, great explanation by the way.I think the way to go is to build the thing, check work and switch on and proceed to test and see if any problems arise, I know Vellmans design worked, so any faults are down to my work or the new component types, the former is easy checked your then left with the one problem. I could switch on and have a totally fault free build.Talking of the build, the thing that is holding things up at the moment is sourcing a metal case. Dimensions around L 10" x W 10" x H 6" obviously at a reasonable cost.

author: CJay
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 02:33:37 pm
content: Quote from: multime on July 21, 2021, 12:57:40 pmIf you don't mind eBay, second hand and some work, you can pick up really useful enclosures dirt cheap plus you get the fun/utility of stripping out and maybe recycling bits from weird old industrial, scientific, oddball electronics.F'rinstance the last one I bought for the enclosure was a Checkpoint Meto anti-theft loop controller which had easily double the purchase price worth of reusable components inside it as well as all the mains input/filtering and cooling I need too, just needed a 'nice' front (lasercut and etched acrylic) panel and slightly less metalworking than I'd have had to do if I'd bought something brand new.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 03:13:10 pm
content: No don't mind used, as long as it hasnt been battered to death, the works no problem either and i am used to working with metal. I was looking on ebay earlier to day put something in my watch list but i think its a little on the wide side. What category are you searching under.

author: CJay
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 03:21:38 pm
content: I tend to just browse surplus electronics, industrial electronics and look for 'interesting stuff' but that particular one came from a seller called CDL or Computer DisposalsI also use a handy website to get measurements from imageshttps://eleif.net/photo_measure.htmlIt can be pretty accurate, the Meto box was less than a cm different in any dimension when it arrived.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 03:27:02 pm
content: Cheers, going to have a look now

author: wizard69
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 05:15:28 pm
content: Quote from: multime on July 19, 2021, 03:29:15 pmI'm not sue this is a valid concern. Those alternative TIP cases will not go close together on most heat sinks as you will be dissipating do much heat in a tight area. In fact the spacing required might not be that much different than using the T-03 cased transistors. Lots of variable to consider here but a robust design may not be bigger, but the heat you need to remove from each transistor and the area required on a given heat sink to do that will likely dictate a rather large heat sink no matter what transistor you use. You would need to walk through the equations to find out what sort of transistor heat sinking is required. As a rough guess you would likely need to budget +50 watts per transistor, that is a lot of thermal power per transistor.T-03, at least considering them gives you other design options that may work to your advantage. For example there are some really nice T-03 sockets out there. for example:https://www.te.com/usa-en/product-2-1437504-9.html?mkwid=mobaVbvD%7Cpcrid%7C386964346943%7Cpkw%7C%7Cpmt%7C%7Cpdv%7Cc%7Cslid%7C%7Cproductid%7C8080-1G1%7Cpgrid%7C78782457763%7Cptaid%7Cpla-1016296564002%7C&utm_content=mobaVbvD%7Cpcrid%7C386964346943%7Cpkw%7C%7Cpmt%7C%7Cpdv%7Cc%7Cslid%7C%7Cproductid%7C8080-1G1%7Cpgrid%7C78782457763%7Cptaid%7Cpla-1016296564002&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI9eucpNT08QIVBgmGCh3PzA8CEAQYAyABEgKYkfD_BwE

author: David Hess
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 08:47:31 pm
content: Quote from: wizard69 on July 21, 2021, 05:15:28 pmThat is exactly the case. Once the minimum heat sink area is computed, there will be plenty of area for large transistor cases to be spaced out. Smaller transistor cases actually have to be spaced out further because of their higher thermal resistance. Sometimes it is advantageous to use two smaller transistors in parallel to space the heat out on the heat sink.One nice thing about the TO-3 package is that it is easier to get the mounting pressure right because it uses two flange mounted bolts placed symmetrically. The asymmetrical mounting of the TO-220 package for instance can result in the package area with the die getting bent up and way from the heat sink. Larger tab mounted packages like the TO-247 are probably a little better about this.Update:Mounting Considerations for Power Semiconductors

author: pqass
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 21, 2021, 09:17:25 pm
content: Here's an excellent article on thermal considerations, heatsinks and device placement:https://sound-au.com/heatsinks.htmI like to use a bar centered over the [TO220, TO247] device(s) with bolts on either side (vs. using the mounting hole).

author: Kleinstein
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 22, 2021, 09:42:16 am
content: With the high power one would very likely need a fan to remove the heat.It can still be worth using the transistors only to a lower power (e.g. 50 W for a TO247 case) to allow saving a little on the heat sink and allow a higher temperature.The design with a relay to switch the transformer tap has a risk to wear out the relay contacts and at some point get welded relay contacts, as the switch with quiet a high current flow. One may consider a safety circuit to detect a stuck relay / excessive voltage when it is supposed to be in the low setting. Alternatively it may be a good idea to have enough transistors so that even without the tap switching one would stay in the SOA and still has a good chance that the transistors would not blow.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 22, 2021, 03:15:10 pm
content: Regarding heatsinks and using the 2n3055, i have just bought a used case for the project off ebay its a little larger than i needed but there will be plenty of space. So when it arrives (next week) i can position things inside and work out what heatsinks i can use and comfortably fit in place. So the transistors to be used are not yet fully decided upon, I prefer the tips especially if i can get hold of some spring clips to hold them against the heatsink. Obviously the main decider is what going to work best.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 22, 2021, 10:28:41 pm
content: Kleinstein, there will be a fan sucking air through the case and across the heatsinks. The original design also had one, I added a modification to it in the form of a temp sensor it had if i remember correctly three diodes i matched. There was one on each heatsink and one on the bridge rectifier, if any of them went over a preset temperature the fan would kick in. I also used a third 7107 which via a switch monitored all three diodes so i had a digital display of the temperature.As for the switching of windings yes there is a risk as you say but the original design also featured this but done it differently. That method only used one of of the two 15v windings and when the relay switched it put the two windings in series. This meant you could draw 10amp max or 8amp continuously. The way i will be relay switching puts the two 15v windings in series at one point meaning an output of 20amp max 16amp continuous at up to around 13.5v,ish. I wont be skimping on transistors i did at one point consider using less but someone pointed out that it would be difficult to achieve.

author: wizard69
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 23, 2021, 04:24:14 am
content: It likely worth considered if the heat sink will be grounded or not, as this might impact transistor selection too. In any event my primary concern was going with the smaller form factor transistors to pack them on a small heat sink.I do have to admit that if somebody goes the T-03 route that it will likely require more mechanical precision vs the alternatives.Quote from: David Hess on July 21, 2021, 08:47:31 pm

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 23, 2021, 02:43:23 pm
content: wizard69, Thanks for the link. I will know more about heatsink sizing when the power supply case arrives next week also there positioning for best air flow.

author: xavier60
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 23, 2021, 04:02:01 pm
content: The arrangement I used makes efficient use of the air flow of a 60mm fan which blows air out of the case. All of the air enters through holes in the bottom and all flows through the heat sink fins. The case sits on 12mm feet.The air intake can just as well be at the back or sides of the case.I just monitor the bridge temperature as it will cause the fan to start when the current is high even if the transistors' dissipation is low.The idea is to keep the transformer cool.https://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/linear-lab-power-supply/msg2388873/#msg2388873

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 24, 2021, 09:54:21 pm
content: Thanks for the info. i wonder what model the relay is.

author: xavier60
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 24, 2021, 10:16:42 pm
content: I got the relay and socket base on ebay. This isn't the same seller.https://www.ebay.com.au/itm/290771262365?hash=item43b3515b9d:g:OsQAAOSwyQtVuEA8One sus' thing I noticed is that the relay would want to work its way up out of the base until the base developed some stress cracks. All has been well for 2 years now.Being a large relay, it's noisy. I designed the control to not unnecessarily cycle the relay every time the PSU output is disabled and enabled.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: July 25, 2021, 09:50:08 pm
content: Thanks, i thought by looking at the relay that the contacts would handle more current. I would prefer thisT92P11D22-12 5-1393211-3but at a reasonable price.Do you have a circuit diagram of the power supply you built, as i may see a part of your design that i find useful and could incorporate into mine

author: xavier60
author_rank: Super Contributor
timestamp: July 25, 2021, 10:32:18 pm
content: https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/lm324-power-supply-with-variable-voltage-and-current/msg3089254/#msg3089254If there is any chance of the 8V regulator dropping out, the slightly more complex version with the TL431 should be chosen.https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/lm324-power-supply-with-variable-voltage-and-current/msg3582664/#msg3582664The design has simple fast current limiting done with one diode, D5.It has very little voltage overshoot when recovering from overload.There is a relay control circuit later in the thread.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: August 01, 2021, 11:09:03 pm
content: Thanks for the info and links xavier60. I got the case i purchased and its quite roomy, so I have purchased some heatsinks. One is used and can hold up to 8 To3 packages and is 140mm square see pics. The other for the Tip35C devices looks very good its fan cooled (just need to get the 60mm fan) and has some impressive claims about its heatsinking qualities. It is 62 x 74 x150mm and is made by Fischer and link to page is below which shows a graph for its capabilities.https://www.fischerelektronik.com/web_fischer/en_GB/heatsinks/D04/Cooling%20aggregates%20with%20axial%20fan/$catalogue/fischerData/PG/LA_V6/search.xhtmland here is the Conrad page showing the one I have and some tech details.[url=https://www.conrad.com/p/fischer-elektronik-la-6-150-al-pin-heat-sink-03-kw-l-x-w-x-h-150-x-75-x-62-mm-166111Has anyone had any experience of the Fischer product especially were to mount devices as I cant seem to find this on the web.

author: multime
author_rank: Regular Contributor
timestamp: August 02, 2021, 02:59:48 pm
content: Conrad link now working.