huzaifas-sidhpurwala/RedHat-security-VeX huggingface dataset:
dm thin: Fix ABBA deadlock between shrink_slab and dm_pool_abort_metadata
CVE: CVE-2022-50549
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-833
Severity: Low
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

An ABBA deadlock flaw was found in the Linux kernel's device-mapper thin provisioning subsystem between the memory reclaim path and metadata abort handling. A local user can trigger this issue by initiating cache drop operations while dm-thin operations are active, causing process P1 to hold shrinker_rwsem and wait for pmd->root_lock while process P2 holds pmd->root_lock and waits for shrinker_rwsem during metadata abort. This results in a deadlock manifesting as hung tasks and system unresponsiveness, leading to denial of service.

Statement: The deadlock occurs through a specific interaction between memory management and device-mapper operations. When cache is dropped (via /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches), the shrink_slab path acquires shrinker_rwsem for reading, then processes filesystem operations that may involve dm-thin devices. Concurrently, when dm-thin metadata operations fail, the dm_pool_abort_metadata function acquires pmd->root_lock, destroys the block manager (which unregisters a shrinker), and attempts to acquire shrinker_rwsem for writing. Meanwhile, thin_map operations acquire pmd->root_lock for reading. This creates an ABBA deadlock: P1 holds shrinker_rwsem→waits for pmd->root_lock, P2 holds pmd->root_lock→waits for shrinker_rwsem.

Remediation:
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
To mitigate this issue, prevent the dm_thin_pool module from being loaded. See https://access.redhat.com/solutions/41278 for instructions on blacklisting kernel modules.
9p: trans_fd/p9_conn_cancel: drop client lock earlier
CVE: CVE-2022-49768
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-413
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

9p: trans_fd/p9_conn_cancel: drop client lock earlier

syzbot reported a double-lock here and we no longer need this
lock after requests have been moved off to local list:
just drop the lock earlier.


Remediation:
nf_tables disallow binding to already bound chain
CVE: CVE-2022-39190
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-392
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-08-21T22:30:00+00:00

A flaw was found in net/netfilter/nf_tables_api.c in the Linux kernel. A denial of service can occur upon binding to an already bound chain.


Remediation:
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options don't meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base, or stability.
rpmsg: Fix possible refcount leak in rpmsg_register_device_override()
CVE: CVE-2022-50119
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-911
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

rpmsg: Fix possible refcount leak in rpmsg_register_device_override()

rpmsg_register_device_override need to call put_device to free vch when
driver_set_override fails.

Fix this by adding a put_device() to the error path.


Remediation:
cpu: information disclosure via Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) Platform
CVE: CVE-2022-0005
Component: hw
CWE: CWE-276
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 4.6/AV:P/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N
Release date: 2022-05-10T00:00:00+00:00

A flaw was found in hw. Sensitive information accessible by physical probing of the JTAG interface for some Intel(R) Processors with SGX may allow an unprivileged user to disclose information via physical access.

Statement: Red Hat has very limited to no visibility and control over binary blobs provided by third-party vendors. Red Hat relies heavily on the vendors to provide timely updates and information about included changes for this content and in most cases merely acts as a release vehicle between the third-party vendor and Red Hat customers with no possibility of influencing or even documenting the changes. Unless explicitly stated, the level of insight, oversight, and control Red Hat has does not meet the criteria required (in terms of Red Hat ownership of development processes, QA, and documentation) for releasing this content as RHSA. For more information please contact the binary content vendor.

Remediation:
Before applying this update, make sure all previously released errata
relevant to your system have been applied.

For details on how to apply this update, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options don't meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation baser or stability.
Inappropriate implementation in Full Screen Mode
CVE: CVE-2022-0455
Component: chromium-browser
CVSS v3: 8.7/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Release date: 2022-02-01T00:00:00+00:00

Inappropriate implementation in Full Screen Mode in Google Chrome on Android prior to 98.0.4758.80 allowed a remote attacker to spoof the contents of the Omnibox (URL bar) via a crafted HTML page.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
mmc: sdhci-pci: Fix possible memory leak caused by missing pci_dev_put()
CVE: CVE-2022-49787
Component: kernel
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

mmc: sdhci-pci: Fix possible memory leak caused by missing pci_dev_put()

pci_get_device() will increase the reference count for the returned
pci_dev. We need to use pci_dev_put() to decrease the reference count
before amd_probe() returns. There is no problem for the 'smbus_dev ==
NULL' branch because pci_dev_put() can also handle the NULL input
parameter case.


Remediation:
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
memory leak in the function vsock_connect of Virtual Socket Protocol
CVE: CVE-2022-3629
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-401
Severity: Low
CVSS v3: 3.4/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
Release date: 2022-08-08T09:00:00+00:00

A memory leak flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s Virtual Socket Protocol. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system.


Remediation:
heap-buffer-overflow might cause denial of service.
CVE: CVE-2022-1244
Component: radare2
CVSS v3: 7.5/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-04-05T00:00:00+00:00

heap-buffer-overflow in GitHub repository radareorg/radare2 prior to 5.6.8. This vulnerability is capable of inducing denial of service.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
Local denial of service in bond_ipsec_add_sa
CVE: CVE-2022-0286
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-476
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

A NULL pointer dereference flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s bonding driver in the way a user bonds non existing  or fake device. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system, causing a denial of service.


Remediation:
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
To mitigate this issue, prevent the module bonding from being loaded. Please see https://access.redhat.com/solutions/41278 for information on how to blacklist a kernel module to prevent it from loading automatically.
KVM: SVM: fix panic on out-of-bounds guest IRQ
CVE: CVE-2022-49154
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-125
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 7.2/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

KVM: SVM: fix panic on out-of-bounds guest IRQ

As guest_irq is coming from KVM_IRQFD API call, it may trigger
crash in svm_update_pi_irte() due to out-of-bounds:

crash> bt
PID: 22218  TASK: ffff951a6ad74980  CPU: 73  COMMAND: "vcpu8"
 #0 [ffffb1ba6707fa40] machine_kexec at ffffffff8565b397
 #1 [ffffb1ba6707fa90] __crash_kexec at ffffffff85788a6d
 #2 [ffffb1ba6707fb58] crash_kexec at ffffffff8578995d
 #3 [ffffb1ba6707fb70] oops_end at ffffffff85623c0d
 #4 [ffffb1ba6707fb90] no_context at ffffffff856692c9
 #5 [ffffb1ba6707fbf8] exc_page_fault at ffffffff85f95b51
 #6 [ffffb1ba6707fc50] asm_exc_page_fault at ffffffff86000ace
    [exception RIP: svm_update_pi_irte+227]
    RIP: ffffffffc0761b53  RSP: ffffb1ba6707fd08  RFLAGS: 00010086
    RAX: ffffb1ba6707fd78  RBX: ffffb1ba66d91000  RCX: 0000000000000001
    RDX: 00003c803f63f1c0  RSI: 000000000000019a  RDI: ffffb1ba66db2ab8
    RBP: 000000000000019a   R8: 0000000000000040   R9: ffff94ca41b82200
    R10: ffffffffffffffcf  R11: 0000000000000001  R12: 0000000000000001
    R13: 0000000000000001  R14: ffffffffffffffcf  R15: 000000000000005f
    ORIG_RAX: ffffffffffffffff  CS: 0010  SS: 0018
 #7 [ffffb1ba6707fdb8] kvm_irq_routing_update at ffffffffc09f19a1 [kvm]
 #8 [ffffb1ba6707fde0] kvm_set_irq_routing at ffffffffc09f2133 [kvm]
 #9 [ffffb1ba6707fe18] kvm_vm_ioctl at ffffffffc09ef544 [kvm]
    RIP: 00007f143c36488b  RSP: 00007f143a4e04b8  RFLAGS: 00000246
    RAX: ffffffffffffffda  RBX: 00007f05780041d0  RCX: 00007f143c36488b
    RDX: 00007f05780041d0  RSI: 000000004008ae6a  RDI: 0000000000000020
    RBP: 00000000000004e8   R8: 0000000000000008   R9: 00007f05780041e0
    R10: 00007f0578004560  R11: 0000000000000246  R12: 00000000000004e0
    R13: 000000000000001a  R14: 00007f1424001c60  R15: 00007f0578003bc0
    ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000010  CS: 0033  SS: 002b

Vmx have been fix this in commit 3a8b0677fc61 (KVM: VMX: Do not BUG() on
out-of-bounds guest IRQ), so we can just copy source from that to fix
this.


Remediation:
stack consumption because of unlimited recursion in compile() in regexp.c
CVE: CVE-2022-30974
Component: mujs
CVSS v3: 7.5/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-05-15T00:00:00+00:00

compile in regexp.c in Artifex MuJS through 1.2.0 results in stack consumption because of unlimited recursion, a different issue than CVE-2019-11413.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
multiple vulnerabilities
CVE: CVE-2022-25275
Component: drupal
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In some situations, the Image module does not correctly check access to image files not stored in the standard public files directory when generating derivative images using the image styles system. Access to a non-public file is checked only if it is stored in the "private" file system. However, some contributed modules provide additional file systems, or schemes, which may lead to this vulnerability. This vulnerability is mitigated by the fact that it only applies when the site sets (Drupal 9) $config['image.settings']['allow_insecure_derivatives'] or (Drupal 7) $conf['image_allow_insecure_derivatives'] to TRUE. The recommended and default setting is FALSE, and Drupal core does not provide a way to change that in the admin UI. Some sites may require configuration changes following this security release. Review the release notes for your Drupal version if you have issues accessing files or image styles after updating.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
scsi: lpfc: Inhibit aborts if external loopback plug is inserted
CVE: CVE-2022-49504
Component: kernel
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

scsi: lpfc: Inhibit aborts if external loopback plug is inserted

After running a short external loopback test, when the external loopback is
removed and a normal cable inserted that is directly connected to a target
device, the system oops in the llpfc_set_rrq_active() routine.

When the loopback was inserted an FLOGI was transmit. As we're looped back,
we receive the FLOGI request. The FLOGI is ABTS'd as we recognize the same
wppn thus understand it's a loopback. However, as the ABTS sends address
information the port is not set to (fffffe), the ABTS is dropped on the
wire. A short 1 frame loopback test is run and completes before the ABTS
times out. The looback is unplugged and the new cable plugged in, and the
an FLOGI to the new device occurs and completes. Due to a mixup in ref
counting the completion of the new FLOGI releases the fabric ndlp. Then the
original ABTS completes and references the released ndlp generating the
oops.

Correct by no-op'ing the ABTS when in loopback mode (it will be dropped
anyway). Added a flag to track the mode to recognize when it should be
no-op'd.


Remediation:
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
media: vidtv: Fix use-after-free in vidtv_bridge_dvb_init()
CVE: CVE-2022-50725
Component: kernel
Severity: Moderate
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

media: vidtv: Fix use-after-free in vidtv_bridge_dvb_init()

KASAN reports a use-after-free:
BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in dvb_dmxdev_release+0x4d5/0x5d0 [dvb_core]
Call Trace:
 ...
 dvb_dmxdev_release+0x4d5/0x5d0 [dvb_core]
 vidtv_bridge_probe+0x7bf/0xa40 [dvb_vidtv_bridge]
 platform_probe+0xb6/0x170
 ...
Allocated by task 1238:
 ...
 dvb_register_device+0x1a7/0xa70 [dvb_core]
 dvb_dmxdev_init+0x2af/0x4a0 [dvb_core]
 vidtv_bridge_probe+0x766/0xa40 [dvb_vidtv_bridge]
 ...
Freed by task 1238:
 dvb_register_device+0x6d2/0xa70 [dvb_core]
 dvb_dmxdev_init+0x2af/0x4a0 [dvb_core]
 vidtv_bridge_probe+0x766/0xa40 [dvb_vidtv_bridge]
 ...

It is because the error handling in vidtv_bridge_dvb_init() is wrong.

First, vidtv_bridge_dmx(dev)_init() will clean themselves when fail, but
goto fail_dmx(_dev): calls release functions again, which causes
use-after-free.

Also, in fail_fe, fail_tuner_probe and fail_demod_probe, j = i will cause
out-of-bound when i finished its loop (i == NUM_FE). And the loop
releasing is wrong, although now NUM_FE is 1 so it won't cause problem.

Fix this by correctly releasing everything.


Remediation:
Inappropriate implementation in Input
CVE: CVE-2022-1497
Component: chromium-browser
CVSS v3: 6.4/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Release date: 2022-04-26T00:00:00+00:00

Inappropriate implementation in Input in Google Chrome prior to 101.0.4951.41 allowed a remote attacker to spoof the contents of cross-origin websites via a crafted HTML page.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
net/mlx5: Use del_timer_sync in fw reset flow of halting poll
CVE: CVE-2022-48745
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-362
Severity: Low
CVSS v3: 4.4/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

net/mlx5: Use del_timer_sync in fw reset flow of halting poll

Substitute del_timer() with del_timer_sync() in fw reset polling
deactivation flow, in order to prevent a race condition which occurs
when del_timer() is called and timer is deactivated while another
process is handling the timer interrupt. A situation that led to
the following call trace:
	RIP: 0010:run_timer_softirq+0x137/0x420
	<IRQ>
	recalibrate_cpu_khz+0x10/0x10
	ktime_get+0x3e/0xa0
	? sched_clock_cpu+0xb/0xc0
	__do_softirq+0xf5/0x2ea
	irq_exit_rcu+0xc1/0xf0
	sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x9e/0xc0
	asm_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x12/0x20
	</IRQ>


Remediation:
net: marvell: prestera: fix memory leak in prestera_rxtx_switch_init()
CVE: CVE-2022-49857
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-401
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

net: marvell: prestera: fix memory leak in prestera_rxtx_switch_init()

When prestera_sdma_switch_init() failed, the memory pointed to by
sw->rxtx isn't released. Fix it. Only be compiled, not be tested.


Remediation:
ASP.NET Denial of Service via FormPipeReader
CVE: CVE-2022-24464
Component: dotnet
CWE: CWE-1173
Severity: Important
CVSS v3: 7.5/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-03-08T18:00:00+00:00

A flaw was found in .NET Core, related to the FormPipeReader. This issue allows remote unauthenticated attackers to cause a denial of service.


Remediation:
out-of-bounds write vulnerability
CVE: CVE-2022-41837
Component: openimageio
Release date: 2022-12-22T00:00:00+00:00

An out-of-bounds write vulnerability exists in the OpenImageIO::add_exif_item_to_spec functionality of OpenImageIO Project OpenImageIO v2.4.4.2. Specially-crafted exif metadata can lead to stack-based memory corruption. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
exception handling and impedance match in tornado_requests
CVE: CVE-2022-3500
Component: keylime
CWE: CWE-248
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-10-27T00:00:00+00:00

A vulnerability was found in keylime. This issue occurs due to improperly handled exceptions. A rogue agent could potentially create errors on the verifier that stopped attestation attempts for that host, leaving it in an attested state but not verified.


Remediation:
malformed SIP packets may cause out-of-bounds read access
CVE: CVE-2022-21723
Component: pjsip
CVSS v3: 9.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

PJSIP is a free and open source multimedia communication library written in C language implementing standard based protocols such as SIP, SDP, RTP, STUN, TURN, and ICE. In versions 2.11.1 and prior, parsing an incoming SIP message that contains a malformed multipart can potentially cause out-of-bound read access. This issue affects all PJSIP users that accept SIP multipart. The patch is available as commit in the `master` branch. There are no known workarounds.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
btrfs: fix ulist leaks in error paths of qgroup self tests
CVE: CVE-2022-49912
Component: kernel
Severity: None
Release date: 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

btrfs: fix ulist leaks in error paths of qgroup self tests

In the test_no_shared_qgroup() and test_multiple_refs() qgroup self tests,
if we fail to add the tree ref, remove the extent item or remove the
extent ref, we are returning from the test function without freeing the
"old_roots" ulist that was allocated by the previous calls to
btrfs_find_all_roots(). Fix that by calling ulist_free() before returning.


Remediation:
Use after free in SwiftShader
CVE: CVE-2022-1478
Component: chromium-browser
CVSS v3: 8.7/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Release date: 2022-04-26T00:00:00+00:00

Use after free in SwiftShader in Google Chrome prior to 101.0.4951.41 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
possibility to block file upload for other users
CVE: CVE-2022-21689
Component: onionshare
CVSS v3: 7.5/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2022-01-19T00:00:00+00:00

OnionShare is an open source tool that lets you securely and anonymously share files, host websites, and chat with friends using the Tor network. In affected versions the receive mode limits concurrent uploads to 100 per second and blocks other uploads in the same second, which can be triggered by a simple script. An adversary with access to the receive mode can block file upload for others. There is no way to block this attack in public mode due to the anonymity properties of the tor network.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
Use after free in Skia
CVE: CVE-2022-3445
Component: chromium-browser
CVSS v3: 8.7/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Release date: 2022-10-11T00:00:00+00:00

Use after free in Skia in Google Chrome prior to 106.0.5249.119 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation: