huzaifas-sidhpurwala/RedHat-security-VeX huggingface dataset:
Stack buffer over flow in did_set_langmap function in map.c
CVE: CVE-2024-22667
Component: vim
CWE: CWE-121
Severity: Low
CVSS v3: 8.4/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Release date: 2024-02-05T00:00:00+00:00

A stack-based buffer overflow flaw was found in Vim. The did_set_langmap function in map.c calls sprintf to write to the error buffer that is passed down to the option callback functions. That buffer can be overflown, possibly leading to memory corruption and escalation of privileges.

Statement: Escalation of privilege may only be attained if the Vim binary can be run with non-default higher privileges, which is a rare scenario, for example, setuid which makes this vulnerability only to be exploited via high privileges making the severity as low.

Remediation:
use-after-free in alist_add() in src/arglist.c
CVE: CVE-2024-43374
Component: vim
CWE: CWE-416
Severity: Low
CVSS v3: 3.2/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
Release date: 2024-08-16T00:00:00+00:00

A heap use-after-free vulnerability was found in Vim's alist_add() function. Adding a new file to the argument list triggers Buf* autocommands. In an autocommand, if the buffer that was just opened is closed, including the window where it is shown, it causes the window structure to be freed, containing a reference to the argument list that is being modified. Once the autocommands are completed, references to the window and argument list are no longer valid, causing a use-after-free issue. To trigger this issue, a local attacker or user must add unusual autocommands that wipe a buffer during creation, either manually or by sourcing a malicious plugin, which will cause Vim to crash.


Remediation:
drm/amd/display: Disable PSR-SU on Parade 08-01 TCON too
CVE: CVE-2024-50108
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-662
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-11-05T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

drm/amd/display: Disable PSR-SU on Parade 08-01 TCON too

Stuart Hayhurst has found that both at bootup and fullscreen VA-API video
is leading to black screens for around 1 second and kernel WARNING [1] traces
when calling dmub_psr_enable() with Parade 08-01 TCON.

These symptoms all go away with PSR-SU disabled for this TCON, so disable
it for now while DMUB traces [2] from the failure can be analyzed and the failure
state properly root caused.

(cherry picked from commit afb634a6823d8d9db23c5fb04f79c5549349628b)


Remediation:
f2fs: compress: fix to guarantee persisting compressed blocks by CP
CVE: CVE-2024-27035
Component: kernel
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-05-01T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

f2fs: compress: fix to guarantee persisting compressed blocks by CP

If data block in compressed cluster is not persisted with metadata
during checkpoint, after SPOR, the data may be corrupted, let's
guarantee to write compressed page by checkpoint.


Remediation:
Drupal core - Moderately critical - Denial of Service - SA-CORE-2024-001
CVE: CVE-2024-11941
Component: drupal
CVSS v3: 7.5/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-12-05T14:39:37.975000+00:00

A vulnerability in Drupal Core allows Excessive Allocation.This issue affects Drupal Core: from 10.2.0 before 10.2.2, from 10.1.0 before 10.1.8.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
Memory corruption in NSS
CVE: CVE-2024-6602
Component: Mozilla
CWE: CWE-119
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 6.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
Release date: 2024-07-09T00:00:00+00:00

The Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory describes this flaw as:

A mismatch between allocator and deallocator could have lead to memory corruption.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security rates the severity of this flaw as determined by the Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory.

Firefox and Thunderbird in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 and later are not affected by this vulnerability, as they use the system NSS library. Firefox and Thunderbird in earlier Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 extended life streams were affected, and should be updated to fixed versions as they become available.

Remediation:
Currently, no mitigation is available for this vulnerability.
potential leak of secret key of ElGamal encryption via fault injection
CVE: CVE-2024-28285
Component: cryptopp
Release date: 2024-05-14T00:00:00+00:00

A Fault Injection vulnerability in the SymmetricDecrypt function in cryptopp/elgamal.h of Cryptopp Crypto++ 8.9, allows an attacker to co-reside in the same system with a victim process to disclose information and escalate privileges.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
ima: Fix use-after-free on a dentry's dname.name
CVE: CVE-2024-39494
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-416
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-07-12T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ima: Fix use-after-free on a dentry's dname.name

->d_name.name can change on rename and the earlier value can be freed;
there are conditions sufficient to stabilize it (->d_lock on dentry,
->d_lock on its parent, ->i_rwsem exclusive on the parent's inode,
rename_lock), but none of those are met at any of the sites. Take a stable
snapshot of the name instead.


Remediation:
stack overflow via the component /wgsl/parse/mod.rs
CVE: CVE-2024-36761
Component: naga
Release date: 2024-06-12T00:00:00+00:00

naga v0.14.0 was discovered to contain a stack overflow via the component /wgsl/parse/mod.rs.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
cpufreq: CPPC: Fix possible null-ptr-deref for cpufreq_cpu_get_raw()
CVE: CVE-2024-53231
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-476
Severity: Low
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-12-27T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

cpufreq: CPPC: Fix possible null-ptr-deref for cpufreq_cpu_get_raw()

cpufreq_cpu_get_raw() may return NULL if the cpu is not in
policy->cpus cpu mask and it will cause null pointer dereference.


Remediation:
cxl/pci: Fix disabling memory if DVSEC CXL Range does not match a CFMWS window
CVE: CVE-2024-26761
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-20
Severity: Low
CVSS v3: 5.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-04-03T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

cxl/pci: Fix disabling memory if DVSEC CXL Range does not match a CFMWS window

The Linux kernel CVE team has assigned CVE-2024-26761 to this issue.

Upstream advisory:
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-cve-announce/2024040305-CVE-2024-26761-0646@gregkh/T


Remediation:
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
netfilter: nf_tables: fully validate NFT_DATA_VALUE on store to data registers
CVE: CVE-2024-42070
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-200
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.6/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-07-29T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

netfilter: nf_tables: fully validate NFT_DATA_VALUE on store to data registers

register store validation for NFT_DATA_VALUE is conditional, however,
the datatype is always either NFT_DATA_VALUE or NFT_DATA_VERDICT. This
only requires a new helper function to infer the register type from the
set datatype so this conditional check can be removed. Otherwise,
pointer to chain object can be leaked through the registers.


Remediation:
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
python-sql Unary operators does not escape non-Expression
CVE: CVE-2024-9774
Component: python-sql
CVSS v3: 7.5/CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
Release date: 2024-10-02T00:00:00+00:00

A vulnerability was found in python-sql where unary operators do not escape non-Expression.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
CVE: CVE-2024-12547
Component: Tungsten Automation Power PDF JPF File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Write Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Release date: 2024-12-11T21:59:53.353000+00:00

Tungsten Automation Power PDF JPF File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Write Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Tungsten Automation Power PDF. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.

The specific flaw exists within the parsing of JPF files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a write  past the end of an allocated object. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-25560.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
Denial-of-service due to malformed ACL selectors in Redis
CVE: CVE-2024-31227
Component: redis
CWE: CWE-20
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-10-07T19:51:04.520000+00:00

A flaw was found in Redis. This flaw allows an authenticated attacker with sufficient privileges to create a malformed ACL selector that triggers a server panic and subsequent denial of service when accessed.


Remediation:
Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
Use after free in Passwords
CVE: CVE-2024-0806
Component: chromium-browser
CVSS v3: 8.7/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Release date: 2024-01-23T00:00:00+00:00

Use after free in Passwords in Google Chrome prior to 121.0.6167.85 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via specific UI interaction. (Chromium security severity: Medium)

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
nouveau/uvmm: fix addr/range calcs for remap operations
CVE: CVE-2024-36018
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-119
Severity: Low
CVSS v3: 5.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H
Release date: 2024-05-30T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

nouveau/uvmm: fix addr/range calcs for remap operations

dEQP-VK.sparse_resources.image_rebind.2d_array.r64i.128_128_8
was causing a remap operation like the below.

op_remap: prev: 0000003fffed0000 00000000000f0000 00000000a5abd18a 0000000000000000
op_remap: next:
op_remap: unmap: 0000003fffed0000 0000000000100000 0
op_map: map: 0000003ffffc0000 0000000000010000 000000005b1ba33c 00000000000e0000

This was resulting in an unmap operation from 0x3fffed0000+0xf0000, 0x100000
which was corrupting the pagetables and oopsing the kernel.

Fixes the prev + unmap range calcs to use start/end and map back to addr/range.


Remediation:
DoS in ASP.NET Core 8
CVE: CVE-2024-35264
Component: dotnet
Severity: Important
CVSS v3: 8.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Release date: 2024-07-09T00:00:00+00:00

A vulnerability was found in dotNET when parsing ASP.NET Core 8. This issue can lead to a denial of service attack.


Remediation:
Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
Server: Optimizer unspecified vulnerability (CPU Jan 2024)
CVE: CVE-2024-20965
Component: mysql
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 5.9/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-01-16T00:00:00+00:00

Easily exploitable vulnerability allows high privileged attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise MySQL Server. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a hang or frequently repeatable crash (complete DOS) of MySQL Server.


Remediation:
Before applying this update, make sure all previously released errata
relevant to your system have been applied.

For details on how to apply this update, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

After installing this update, the MySQL server daemon (mysqld) will be restarted automatically.
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

After installing this update, the MySQL server daemon (mysqld) will be restarted automatically.
vsock: Fix sk_error_queue memory leak
CVE: CVE-2024-53118
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-401
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 6.2/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:L
Release date: 2024-12-02T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

vsock: Fix sk_error_queue memory leak

Kernel queues MSG_ZEROCOPY completion notifications on the error queue.
Where they remain, until explicitly recv()ed. To prevent memory leaks,
clean up the queue when the socket is destroyed.

unreferenced object 0xffff8881028beb00 (size 224):
  comm "vsock_test", pid 1218, jiffies 4294694897
  hex dump (first 32 bytes):
    90 b0 21 17 81 88 ff ff 90 b0 21 17 81 88 ff ff  ..!.......!.....
    00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 b0 21 17 81 88 ff ff  ..........!.....
  backtrace (crc 6c7031ca):
    [<ffffffff81418ef7>] kmem_cache_alloc_node_noprof+0x2f7/0x370
    [<ffffffff81d35882>] __alloc_skb+0x132/0x180
    [<ffffffff81d2d32b>] sock_omalloc+0x4b/0x80
    [<ffffffff81d3a8ae>] msg_zerocopy_realloc+0x9e/0x240
    [<ffffffff81fe5cb2>] virtio_transport_send_pkt_info+0x412/0x4c0
    [<ffffffff81fe6183>] virtio_transport_stream_enqueue+0x43/0x50
    [<ffffffff81fe0813>] vsock_connectible_sendmsg+0x373/0x450
    [<ffffffff81d233d5>] ____sys_sendmsg+0x365/0x3a0
    [<ffffffff81d246f4>] ___sys_sendmsg+0x84/0xd0
    [<ffffffff81d26f47>] __sys_sendmsg+0x47/0x80
    [<ffffffff820d3df3>] do_syscall_64+0x93/0x180
    [<ffffffff8220012b>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e


Remediation:
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:

https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258

The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
CVE: CVE-2024-5307
Component: Kofax Power PDF AcroForm Annotation Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Release date: 2024-05-31T19:15:45.506000+00:00

Kofax Power PDF AcroForm Annotation Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Kofax Power PDF. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.

The specific flaw exists within the handling of Annotation objects in AcroForms. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-22933.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
thunderbird: Memory corruption in Apple GPU drivers
CVE: CVE-2024-11691
Component: firefox
CWE: CWE-119
Severity: Important
CVSS v3: 8.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-11-26T13:33:55.946000+00:00

A flaw was found in Mozilla. The Mozilla Foundation's Security Advisory describes the following issue: An attacker could have caused memory corruption due to a flaw in Apple's GPU driver; this can be avoided by working around the flaw. *Note: This issue only affected macOS operating systems. Other operating systems are unaffected.*

Statement: Red Hat Product Security rates the severity of this flaw as determined by the Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory.

Remediation:
jfs: Fix uaf in dbFreeBits
CVE: CVE-2024-49903
Component: kernel
CWE: CWE-416
Severity: Moderate
CVSS v3: 7.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Release date: 2024-10-21T00:00:00+00:00

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

jfs: Fix uaf in dbFreeBits

[syzbot reported]
==================================================================
BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in __mutex_lock_common kernel/locking/mutex.c:587 [inline]
BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in __mutex_lock+0xfe/0xd70 kernel/locking/mutex.c:752
Read of size 8 at addr ffff8880229254b0 by task syz-executor357/5216

CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 5216 Comm: syz-executor357 Not tainted 6.11.0-rc3-syzkaller-00156-gd7a5aa4b3c00 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 06/27/2024
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:93 [inline]
 dump_stack_lvl+0x241/0x360 lib/dump_stack.c:119
 print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:377 [inline]
 print_report+0x169/0x550 mm/kasan/report.c:488
 kasan_report+0x143/0x180 mm/kasan/report.c:601
 __mutex_lock_common kernel/locking/mutex.c:587 [inline]
 __mutex_lock+0xfe/0xd70 kernel/locking/mutex.c:752
 dbFreeBits+0x7ea/0xd90 fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:2390
 dbFreeDmap fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:2089 [inline]
 dbFree+0x35b/0x680 fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:409
 dbDiscardAG+0x8a9/0xa20 fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:1650
 jfs_ioc_trim+0x433/0x670 fs/jfs/jfs_discard.c:100
 jfs_ioctl+0x2d0/0x3e0 fs/jfs/ioctl.c:131
 vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [inline]
 __do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:907 [inline]
 __se_sys_ioctl+0xfc/0x170 fs/ioctl.c:893
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83

Freed by task 5218:
 kasan_save_stack mm/kasan/common.c:47 [inline]
 kasan_save_track+0x3f/0x80 mm/kasan/common.c:68
 kasan_save_free_info+0x40/0x50 mm/kasan/generic.c:579
 poison_slab_object+0xe0/0x150 mm/kasan/common.c:240
 __kasan_slab_free+0x37/0x60 mm/kasan/common.c:256
 kasan_slab_free include/linux/kasan.h:184 [inline]
 slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:2252 [inline]
 slab_free mm/slub.c:4473 [inline]
 kfree+0x149/0x360 mm/slub.c:4594
 dbUnmount+0x11d/0x190 fs/jfs/jfs_dmap.c:278
 jfs_mount_rw+0x4ac/0x6a0 fs/jfs/jfs_mount.c:247
 jfs_remount+0x3d1/0x6b0 fs/jfs/super.c:454
 reconfigure_super+0x445/0x880 fs/super.c:1083
 vfs_cmd_reconfigure fs/fsopen.c:263 [inline]
 vfs_fsconfig_locked fs/fsopen.c:292 [inline]
 __do_sys_fsconfig fs/fsopen.c:473 [inline]
 __se_sys_fsconfig+0xb6e/0xf80 fs/fsopen.c:345
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f

[Analysis]
There are two paths (dbUnmount and jfs_ioc_trim) that generate race
condition when accessing bmap, which leads to the occurrence of uaf.

Use the lock s_umount to synchronize them, in order to avoid uaf caused
by race condition.


Remediation:
Denial of Service in lightning-ai/pytorch-lightning
CVE: CVE-2024-8020
Component: pytorch-lightning
CWE: CWE-400
Severity: Important
CVSS v3: 7.5/CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Release date: 2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00

A flaw was found in PyTorch Lightning. This vulnerability allows an attacker to cause a denial of service via an unexpected POST request to the /api/v1/state endpoint, leading to improper handling of state values and server shutdown.

Statement: Only Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.16 is impacted by this issue.

Remediation:
Implementing an input validation on the server-side for filter invalid POST requests to the /api/v1/state endpoint avoiding malicious requests.
gofiber: session middleware token injection vulnerability
CVE: CVE-2024-38513
Component: gofiber
CVSS v3: 9.8/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Release date: 2024-07-01T00:00:00+00:00

A vulnerability was found in the Fiber session middleware. A user can supply their own session_id value, leading to the creation of a session with that key. This issue may allow unauthorized access and session fixation attacks.

Statement: Red Hat Product Security has determined that this vulnerability does not affect any currently supported Red Hat product. This assessment may evolve based on further analysis and discovery. For more information about this vulnerability and the products it affects, please see the linked references.

Remediation:
Users are strongly encouraged to upgrade to version 2.52.5 or higher to mitigate this vulnerability. Users who are unable to upgrade immediately can apply the following workarounds to reduce the risk: Either implement additional validation to ensure session IDs are not supplied by the user and are securely generated by the server, or regularly rotate session IDs and enforce strict session expiration policies.