huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production?
Answer: has been a net oil importer since 2008
Question: What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability?
Answer: cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis
Question: What area of business have boomed lately in Egypt?
Answer: stock market
Question: What was change made to corporate taxes in 2005?
Answer: decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%
Question: What ws the overall impact to tax revenue from change of corporate tax rate?
Answer: 100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006
Question: How much had FDI increased to in 2006?
Answer: $6 billion
Question: Since 2011 direction has Forign direct investment gone?
Answer: drastic fall
Question: What has been the change in foreign exhange reserves since 2011?
Answer: 60% drop
Question: What has been the overall growth of economy since 2011?
Answer: 3% drop
Question: To what extent does wealth reach from affluent down to average population?
Answer: limited trickle down
Question: Who do Egyptians blame for higher prices, while purchasing power and standard of living are stagnate?
Answer: government
Question: Where did Egyptian plan to get funds to use for reconstruction of infrastructure?
Answer: newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat
Question: Where did Egypt rank in Corruption perceptions Index in 2013?
Answer: 114 out of 177
Question: What are Egypt's 2 most prominent multinational compnaies?
Answer: Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center
Question: What sector has expanded radiply by selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe?
Answer: information technology (IT)
Question: What has stimulated IT sector?
Answer: new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement
Question: How far do Egyptian beaches extend?
Answer: 3,000 km
Question: What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?
Answer: Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga
Question: What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?
Answer: Red Sea
Question: How much oil is Egypt producing in a day?
Answer: 691,000 bbl/d
Question: How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day?
Answer: 2,141.05 Tcf
Question: Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumers in Africa?
Answer: largest consumer
Question: Where is Egypt planning to build is first nuclear power plant?
Answer: El Dabaa city
Question: What is consideredt the most important part of maritime transport in middle east?
Answer: The Suez Canal
Question: Is the Suez Canal natural?
Answer: artificial sea-level waterway
Question: What 2 bodies of water does Suez connect?
Answer: Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea
Question: When was Suez canal completed?
Answer: November 1869
Question: How long is Suez canal?
Answer: 193.30 km (120.11 mi)
Question: How deep is Suez canal?
Answer: 24 m (79 ft)
Question: How wide is Suez canal?
Answer: 205 metres (673 ft)
Question: How many locks are contained in Suez Canal?
Answer: no locks
Question: What direction does the canal north of Bitter lakes flow?
Answer: north in winter and south in summer
Question: What basic part of civilization has been characterized by achievement and challenges?
Answer: Drinking water supply and sanitation
Question: From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to urban areas?
Answer: 89% to 100%
Question: From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas?
Answer: 39% to 93%
Question: Currently how much of Egypt's population is connected to sanitary sewers?
Answer: 99%
Question: Because of low sanitation coverage 17,000 Egyptian children to die each year from what condition?
Answer: diarrhoea
Question: Relative to other countries of world how do Egypts's water tariffs compare?
Answer: among the lowest in the world
Question: Due to low waer tariffs, what is required to maintain water treatment operation?
Answer: government subsidies
Question: What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt?
Answer: Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes
Question: Where are Dom clans mostly gathered?
Answer: Nile Delta and Faiyum
Question: Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt?
Answer: between 500,000 and 3 million
Question: How may Palestinian refugees are in Egypt?
Answer: 70,000
Question: How many recent Iraqi refugees are in Egypt?
Answer: 150,000
Question: What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites?
Answer: Cairo, Alexandria and other cities
Question: What are main laguages of immigrants?
Answer: Greek, Armenian and Italian
Question: In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians?
Answer: Alexandria
Question: What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt?
Answer: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)
Question: What became the main source of law with increasing Islamic influence in Egypt?
Answer: Sharia
Question: Under what leader did Islam become official religion of Egypt?
Answer: Anwar Sadat
Question: What church do 90% of Christian minority in Egypt belong?
Answer: Coptic Orthodox Church
Question: Where are other Non-native Christian communities found?
Answer: urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria
Question: What do Syro-Lebanese belong to?
Answer: Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations
Question: What 3 religions does Egypt recognise?
Answer: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism
Question: What recognition do Baha'i and Hmadi community get from Egyptian government?
Answer: are not recognised by the state
Question: Until what year did some minorities need to lie about religion or not get mandatory state issued ID?
Answer: 2008
Question: What art required adherence to rigid code?
Answer: wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs
Question: What is the main performing arts venue in Egyptian capital?
Answer: The Cairo Opera House
Question: Who designed the Pyramid of Djoser?
Answer: Imhotep
Question: What syles did writers in Arabic literature experiment with first?
Answer: modern styles
Question: What was the first modern Egyptian novel?
Answer: Zaynab
Question: When was Munammad Huayn Haykal's first modern novel published?
Answer: 1913
Question: In what year was Studio Misr founded?
Answer: 1936
Question: In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt?
Answer: 4000 films
Question: What share of Arab productions have come from Egypt?
Answer: three quarters
Question: Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?
Answer: Hathor
Question: What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music?
Answer: Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez
Question: What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?
Answer: Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir
Question: What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?
Answer: Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic
Question: How many museums are found in Egypt?
Answer: at least 60
Question: What is koshari?
Answer: mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni
Question: What can be added to koshari?
Answer: Fried onions
Question: What beans are used to make falafel?
Answer: Fava bean
Question: What is a polular green soup of Egypt?
Answer: mulukhiyya
Question: What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?
Answer: The Cairo Derby
Question: In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club?
Answer: Al Ahly
Question: What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?
Answer: 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Question: Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?
Answer: Ahmed Gabr
Question: How deep did Gabr dive?
Answer: 1,066 feet down
Question: In what body of water did Gabr dive?
Answer: Red Sea
Question: What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns?
Answer: Pebble mosaics
Question: Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by?
Answer: Byzantine
Question: The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state?
Answer: Sicily
Question: When did mosaic fall out of fashion?
Answer: the Renaissance
Question: The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age?
Answer: Bronze age
Question: The Beauty of Durres is in what country?
Answer: Albania
Question: The famous artists Sosus was from what area?
Answer: Pergamon
Question: When was the Greek figure style mostly formed?
Answer: the 3rd century BC
Question: When was the famous mosaic "The Beauty of Durres" created?
Answer: the 4th-century BC
Question: Which culture adapted the use of mosaics for large ground coverings in their villas?
Answer: the Romans
Question: Most names of Roman mosaic workers are what nationality?
Answer: Greek
Question: Often regular everyday craftsman were most likely what?
Answer: slaves
Question: Carthage and Tunisia are in what general area?
Answer: North Africa
Question: What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?
Answer: very fine detail
Question: What were small panel mosaics known as?
Answer: emblemata
Question: What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?
Answer: opus tessellatum
Question: Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?
Answer: cheaper than fully coloured work
Question: Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea?
Answer: Nero
Question: When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression?
Answer: the Christian era
Question: The church of Santa Costanza is in what country?
Answer: Rome
Question: When was the Domus Aurea constructed?
Answer: 64 AD
Question: The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what?
Answer: a mausoleum
Question: In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?
Answer: Sicily
Question: Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?
Answer: Emperor Maximian
Question: What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? 
Answer: a landslide
Question: How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica?
Answer: 64m
Question: Where in Sicily were the "Orpheus," and the "Four Seasons" discovered?
Answer: Piazza Vittoria in Palermo
Question: What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?
Answer: gladiatorial contests
Question: When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?
Answer: 1913
Question: The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?
Answer: 1st or 2nd century AD
Question: How long was the mural discovered in Libya?
Answer: 30 ft
Question: The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?
Answer: Pompeii
Question: Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?
Answer: the late 4th century
Question: What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?
Answer: Santa Pudenziana
Question: What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?
Answer: a mausoleum
Question: In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?
Answer: St Peter's Basilica
Question: Under what period were the 4th century churches built?
Answer: Constantinian
Question: Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Milan
Question: What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio?
Answer: apse
Question: The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century?
Answer: the 5th century
Question: Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted?
Answer: Elijah
Question: When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished?
Answer: the 15th century
Question: In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Ravenna
Question: What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?
Answer: 425–430
Question: What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? 
Answer: the church of San Giovanni Evangelista
Question: Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?
Answer: fulfillment of a vow
Question: When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?
Answer: 1747
Question: When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?
Answer: the second half of the 6th century
Question: What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?
Answer: the Byzantine conquest
Question: When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?
Answer: 549
Question: Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?
Answer: Berlin
Question: The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?
Answer: almost a generation
Question: In what country is Butrint?
Answer: Albania
Question: What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint?
Answer: prayer
Question: What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray?
Answer: a terrestrial paradise
Question: The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city?
Answer: Butrint
Question: What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?
Answer: natural life
Question: What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?
Answer: the eucharist
Question: What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism?
Answer: paradise and resurrection
Question: What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism?
Answer: baptism
Question: What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism?
Answer: the faithful aspiring to Christ
Question: When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome?
Answer: the Early Middle Ages
Question: When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?
Answer: 1589
Question: What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?
Answer: iconography
Question: When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco?
Answer: 1559
Question: Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina?
Answer: Taddeo Zuccari
Question: During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art?
Answer: the 7th–9th centuries
Question: The lateran Palace was decorated with what?
Answer: mosaics
Question: What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common?
Answer: They were all destroyed later
Question: When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed?
Answer: 1607
Question: Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th?
Answer: Triclinio Leoniano
Question: When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned?
Answer: during Justinian's reign
Question: What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age?
Answer: The portrait of a moustached man
Question: What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called?
Answer: small sekreton
Question: Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition?
Answer: Classical
Question: When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created?
Answer: 5th–6th centuries
Question: How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?
Answer: Very few
Question: The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?
Answer: Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision)
Question: Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction?
Answer: hidden behind mortar
Question: When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created?
Answer: between 634 and 730
Question: What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries?
Answer: almost all represent Saint Demetrius
Question: Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?
Answer: condemned as idolatry
Question: What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?
Answer: gold mosaics with only one great cross
Question: When did the Iconodules  change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?
Answer: 787–797
Question: When was the Dormition church destroyed? 
Answer: 1922
Question: When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?
Answer: after 740
Question: Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located?
Answer: Chios
Question: Who established the Nea Moni Monastery?
Answer: Constantine Monomachos
Question: When was the Nea Moni Monastery established?
Answer: 1043–1056
Question: When was the mosaic at the Nea Moni Monastery destroyed?
Answer: 1822
Question: The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics?
Answer: Osios Loukas
Question: Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?
Answer: Constantine Monomachos
Question: What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
Answer: Nothing
Question: Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
Answer: the Russian abbot Daniel
Question: Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?
Answer: Jerusalem
Question: When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created?
Answer: The 9th- and 10th-century
Question: The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?
Answer: prophets, saints and patriarchs
Question: When did the Empress Zoe die?
Answer: 1055
Question: What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic?
Answer: a bulging money sack
Question: Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia?
Answer: Constantine Monomachos
Question: Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?
Answer: accidents of survival
Question: Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?
Answer: Hagia Sophia
Question: What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?
Answer: the Theotokos
Question: The empress Eirene had what color hair?
Answer: red
Question: The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?
Answer: the cathedral of Serres
Question: How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?
Answer: 1 mm or less
Question: What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?
Answer: wax or resin
Question: The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?
Answer: in the 12th century
Question: What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?
Answer: private devotion
Question: When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built? 
Answer: 1310–14
Question: Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles?
Answer: some vandal
Question: Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located?
Answer: Arta
Question: Who established the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in 1294-96?
Answer: the Despot of Epirus
Question: The same team of mosaicists worked on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki as which other building?
Answer: Pammakaristos
Question: where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance?
Answer: the Chora Church in Constantinople
Question: How many mosaic panels from naos have survived?
Answer: three
Question: The panels of naos are only capped in importance by which other location?
Answer: the Hagia Sophia
Question: Who commissioned the mosaics at naos?
Answer: Theodore Metochites
Question: The panels from naos show what influence on Byzantine art. 
Answer: Italian trecento
Question: When was the last period of Roman mosaic art?
Answer: the 12th–13th century
Question: Where is the church of Santa maria?
Answer: Trastevere
Question: Who does the facade at the Santa Maria church depict?
Answer: Christ and Mary
Question: When were the mosaics at Torriti and Jacopo fully restored?
Answer: in 1884
Question: What year was the medallion above the gate of the church of San Tommaso?
Answer: 1210
Question: Who created the Navicella mosaic in the Old St. Peter's church?
Answer: Giotto di Bondone
Question: Who commissioned the Navicella mosaic?
Answer: Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi
Question: Who did the navicella mosaic depict walking on water?
Answer: St. Peter
Question: What century was the majority of the Navicella mosaic destroyed?
Answer: the 17th
Question: Navicella means what in Italian?
Answer: "little ship"
Question: when was the height of mosaic art in sicily?
Answer: the 12th century
Question: Who adopted the Byzantine mosaic tradition?
Answer: Norman kings
Question: Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style?
Answer: enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule
Question: Who was influenced by Western European and Islamic tendencies?
Answer: Greek masters working in Sicily
Question: The Martorana church is an example of the best mosaic art in what part italy?
Answer: Sicily
Question: Who is featured in the mosaic at the Martorana church?
Answer: Christ
Question: The Martorana church was likely decorated by the same greek masters who decorated which church?
Answer: the Cappella Palatina
Question: Who was the founder of the Martorana church?
Answer: Georgios of Antiochia
Question: Who is receiving a crown from christ in the mosaic originally in the narthex?
Answer: Roger II
Question: What is the name of the largest mosaics in Italy?
Answer: The Monreale mosaics
Question: At least how many tesserae are used in the the Monreale mosaics?
Answer: 100 million
Question: Who commissioned the Monreale mosaics between 1176 and 1186?
Answer: King William II of Sicily
Question: Who is displayed getting crowned by christ in the Monreale mosaics?
Answer: King William II
Question: What is the king offering Theotokos in the Monreale mosaics? 
Answer: the model of the cathedral
Question: The only surviving mosaic from Norman held souther Italy is what?
Answer: pavement of the Otranto Cathedral
Question: The mosaics in churches of Ravello prove what?
Answer: mosaic art was widespread
Question: What survives from the mosaics of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral?
Answer: Only fragments
Question: What year were the mosaic pavements installed at the Otranto Cathedral?
Answer: 1166
Question: Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?
Answer: Venice
Question: Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?
Answer: St Mark's Basilica
Question: When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark's mosaics completed?
Answer: the late 11th century
Question: The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who?
Answer: local artists
Question: When was the sack of Constantinople?
Answer: 1204
Question: When were the mosaics in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta built?
Answer: the 12th century
Question: Where is the Basilica of Santi Maria e Donato located?
Answer: Murano
Question: Who purchased the 13th century mosaic from the the San Cipriano Church?
Answer: Frederick William IV of Prussia
Question: Where did Frederick William IV relocate the mural he purchased?
Answer: the Friedenskirche of Potsdam
Question: Who hired Byzantine experts to decorate a rebuilt abbey church?
Answer: The Abbot of Monte Cassino
Question: After what time did the Abbot of Monte Cassino send for Byzantine mosaicists?
Answer: 1066
Question: What animal was on the only surviving mosaics created by the greeks at the rebuilt abbey?
Answer: greyhounds
Question: Where are the only remaining greek mosaic panels now kept?
Answer: in the Monte Cassino Museum
Question: What was special about St Mark's Basilica in Venice?
Answer: façades were also decorated
Question: When was the latest addition to the facade at St Mark's Basilica in Venice?
Answer: from 1270–75
Question: the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade, done first in which century?
Answer: the 14th
Question: the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca has a large golden mosaic facade depicting which figure?
Answer: Christ
Question: The Cathedral of Spoleto is signed by who?
Answer: Solsternus
Question: What proves mosaics were used in the early middle ages?
Answer: scant remains
Question: Where is the Abbey of Saint-Martial?
Answer: Limoges
Question: When was the crypt of the Abbey of Saint-Martial re-discovered?
Answer: the 1960s
Question: What was found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin?
Answer: 9th century mosaic
Question: What common element do mosaic panels from the 11th century have?
Answer: simple colors
Question: When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?
Answer: the 17th century
Question: Who created the Last judgement mosaic in the St. Vitus Cathedral?
Answer: Venetian craftsmen
Question: What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as?
Answer: Alba Regia
Question: Where is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings?
Answer: Székesfehérvár
Question: What nation influenced the Crusaders mosaic styles?
Answer: Byzantine
Question: What is the name of the lone surviving mosaic of the Crusader period?
Answer: "Ascension of Christ"
Question: Where is the mosaic "Ascension of Christ" located?
Answer: in the Latin Chapel
Question: The Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church came together in what year to redecorate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
Answer: 1169
Question: when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery?
Answer: 2003
Question: Where would the Bizere Monastery be located today?
Answer: Romania
Question: When were the mosaics at Bizere Monastery created?
Answer: between the 10th and 11th century
Question: In what kingdom was the Bizere Monastery located?
Answer: Hungary
Question: How is Raphael portrayed in St. Peter's?
Answer: by a mosaic replica of this last painting
Question: What year did Pietro Paolo Cristofari die?
Answer: 1743
Question: What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for?
Answer: papal gifts
Question: What was the name of the painting used to represent raphael in St. Peter's?
Answer: Transfiguration
Question: The mosaics of St.Peter's are often based on what?
Answer: designs or canvases
Question: What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians?
Answer: the Madaba Map
Question: When was the the Madaba Map made?
Answer: between 542 and 570
Question: Where is the church of Saint George?
Answer: Madaba, Jordan
Question: When was the Madaba Map rediscovered? 
Answer: 1894
Question: The Madaba Map depicts as far South as the Nile delta, and as far North as what country?
Answer: Lebanon
Question: What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?
Answer: Justinian
Question: Where is Saint Catherine's Monastery located?
Answer: Mount Sinai in Egypt
Question: Why have wall mosaics generally not survived in the region?
Answer: the destruction of buildings
Question: Who is depicted in Saint Catherine's Monastery on a mosaic landscape background? 
Answer: Moses
Question: When was the mosaic at Saint Catherine's Monastery created?
Answer: in 565/6
Question: Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?
Answer: near Damascus Gate
Question: When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered?
Answer: 1894
Question: What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for?
Answer: mortuary chapel
Question: What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic?
Answer: a vine with many branches
Question: Where would the Byzantine church of the Lazarium be located today?
Answer: Bethany
Question: When was the Byzantine church of the Lazarium constructed?
Answer: between 333 and 390
Question: The mosaic at the Byzantine church of the Lazarium most closely resembles mosaics from which area?
Answer: Palestine
Question: A church was built on top of the Byzantine church of the Lazarium in waht century?
Answer: the 6th
Question: The churches of which desert decorated their monasteries with mosaics?
Answer: the Judean
Question: When was the Monastery of Martyrius created?
Answer: the end of the 5th century
Question: When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered?
Answer: in 1982–85
Question: Where in the Monastery of Martyrius is the most important mosaic work?
Answer: the refectory
Question: What was the name of the monastery that was discovered in 1930?
Answer: Monastery of Euthymius
Question: When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered?
Answer: in 1990
Question: What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990?
Answer: only the floor panels
Question: What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990?
Answer: the 5th
Question: The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals?
Answer: exotic
Question: Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?
Answer: Umm ar-Rasas
Question: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?
Answer: in 785
Question: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered?
Answer: 1986
Question: The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country?
Answer: Jordan
Question: How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen?
Answer: Six
Question: Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia?
Answer: Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus'
Question: Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral?
Answer: Kiev
Question: What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned?
Answer: the Hagia Sophia
Question: What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned?
Answer: Saint Sophia Cathedral
Question: Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral?
Answer: Constantine Monomachos
Question: Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?
Answer: king David IV
Question: Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery?
Answer: Demetrius I of Georgia
Question: Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi?
Answer: Christ
Question: The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?
Answer: a 6th-century synagogue
Question: Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?
Answer: Jews
Question: The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs?
Answer: pagan
Question: What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris?
Answer: Helios
Question: What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris?
Answer: a Jewish month
Question: When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed?
Answer: around the 4th century
Question: What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa?
Answer: only floral and geometric
Question: When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered?
Answer: in 1971–72
Question: How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya?
Answer: three
Question: What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views?
Answer: rather conservative
Question: In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban?
Answer: figurative depiction
Question: Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966?
Answer: in the ancient harbour area
Question: The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure?
Answer: King David as Orpheus
Question: What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966?
Answer: playing a lyre
Question: When was the mosaic floor constructed?
Answer: in 508/509
Question: A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what?
Answer: a Samaritan synagogue
Question: What does the mosaic at Huldah contain?
Answer: typical Jewish symbols
Question: What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah?
Answer: Greek
Question: The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?
Answer: cultic
Question: The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?
Answer: the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue
Question: In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?
Answer: Roman
Question: What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?
Answer: tile
Question: The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?
Answer: remained a flourishing art form
Question: Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?
Answer: the Umayyad Mosque
Question: Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?
Answer: Damascus
Question: What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?
Answer: capital of the Arab Caliphate
Question: What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?
Answer: the "Barada Panel"
Question: What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?
Answer: a fire
Question: What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?
Answer: Roman country villas
Question: Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?
Answer: the bath house of Hisham's Palace
Question: In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?
Answer: Jordan
Question: At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?
Answer: Umayyad mosaics
Question: Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?
Answer: Moorish Spain
Question: The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?
Answer: Byzantine
Question: When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?
Answer: between 965 and 970
Question: Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?
Answer: local craftsmen
Question: Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?
Answer: the Byzantine Emperor
Question: The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what?
Answer: mosaic installation
Question: What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics?
Answer: the rest areas
Question: Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?
Answer: the Museum of Natural History station
Question: Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?
Answer: 19th
Question: Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?
Answer: the French Invader
Question: The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?
Answer: Rubikcubism
Question: What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?
Answer: 8 bit video game character
Question: How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics?
Answer: grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes
Question: Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?
Answer: Calçada Portuguesa
Question: What is Portuguese pavement?
Answer: two-tone stone mosaic paving
Question: What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?
Answer: geometric
Question: Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?
Answer: Lisbon
Question: What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?
Answer: streets
Question: How were larger mosaics usually constructed?
Answer: face-down to a backing paper
Question: Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?
Answer: gives the maker time to rework
Question: What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?
Answer: the indirect method
Question: What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?
Answer: murals
Question: The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?
Answer: repetitive
Question: When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?
Answer: when it is important to see the work
Question: What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?
Answer: directly controlling the final result of the work
Question: When was the double indirect method invented?
Answer: 1989
Question: Who invented the double indirect method?
Answer: Maurizio Placuzzi
Question: What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?
Answer: sticky plastic
Question: What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?
Answer: 1 in × 1 in
Question: What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?
Answer: express text
Question: Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?
Answer: on a shower room or bathing pool floor
Question: How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?
Answer: in a non-overlapping fashion
Question: Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?
Answer: CAD
Question: How much faster is automated creation over handmade?
Answer: 10 times faster
Question: How does the robot pick the tiles it places?
Answer: a command file
Question: What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?
Answer: different look
Question: Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?
Answer: urban town life and medieval guilds
Question: What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?
Answer: they were self-regulating
Question: Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?
Answer: princes, prelates
Question: What is the original greek word for university?
Question: What does the greek work "universitas" mean?
Question: Who issued charters to guilds?
Question: How did universities differ from guilds?
Question: From what language does "emergence" come from?
Question: Around the beginning of what two things did the word emergence start to become prevalent?
Question: What did an emergence have in common with similar guilds?
Question: Which individuals usually approved charters for generals?
Question: What was not guaranteed by charters?
Question: What was the first university?
Answer: University of Bologna
Question: What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?
Answer: the Constitutio Habita
Question: What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?
Answer: unhindered passage in the interests of education
Question: On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?
Answer: 18 September 1988
Question: What kind of freedom was not initially assosiated with universities?
Question: What charter was adopted in the 11th century?
Question: What university restricted the right of of scholars to travel?
Question: What did the Constitution Habita guarantee to all travelers?
Question: In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a rector?
Question: What was the first monestery?
Question: What charter is said to be the first establishing education in a university?
Question: What did the Magna Charta Universitatum say students were allowed?
Question: What marked the 430th anniversary of Bologna's foundation?
Question: What is a scholae monasticae?
Answer: monastic schools
Question: Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?
Answer: monks and nuns
Question: In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?
Answer: immediate forerunners
Question: What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?
Answer: Latin Church
Question: During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?
Answer: early medieval period
Question: Where did education originally take place across the world?
Question: What type of schools forbid women to teach?
Question: What began in the 600's?
Question: What church encouraged but did not get directly involved in forming universities?
Question: What caused most existing schools to decline?
Question: Who presided over universities?
Question: During which era did universities grow out of monasteries?
Question: What were the earliest monasteries developed under?
Question: What are three monasteries started by Kings?
Question: Where were most new universities funded from?
Question: Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities?
Answer: to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge
Question: What outlook developed the creation of the university system?
Answer: humanism
Question: What type of governments were involved in creating universities?
Answer: city governments
Question: Who established universities around the world?
Question: What increased the study of Latin text?
Question: Who established unuiversities for their own benefit?
Question: What outlook slowed the spread of universities?
Question: Why did rulers and governments in Europe form texts?
Question: What outlook developed the creation of the European system?
Question: Which ancient texts began to see more study after governments were formed?
Question: What types of governments were involved in creating rulers?
Question: Who perceived the benefits of rulers?
Question: Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century?
Answer: more than 3000 pages
Question: Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what?
Answer: Western thought
Question: What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle?
Answer: scholasticism
Question: What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?
Answer: reason
Question: What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?
Answer: Latin
Question: What began to emerge in the 1200's?
Question: What is considered one of the most important discoveries in the world?
Question: Who called the discovery of Aristotle's work a turning point in Western Science?
Question: Who used Greek to communicate?
Question: What focused on using Aristotelian logic to disprove the bible?
Question: Roughly how many pages of the works of Richard Dales were translated by the 12th century?
Question: What did Aristotle believe that the work of Richard Dales represent the turning point of?
Question: What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Dales?
Question: What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?
Question: What language did 12th century scholars studying Dale speak in?
Question: For what subjects did professors use the work of Hippocrates?
Answer: medicine
Question: What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on?
Answer: arts and theology
Question: What type of degree was given out at a English university?
Answer: bachelor's degrees
Question: What developed differently in eastern and western Europe?
Question: What language was used for university texts and lectures but not disputations and examinations?
Question: Who lectured onAvicenna for metaphysics?
Question: Why did southern universities mostly award bachelor's degrees?
Question: Who did universities in southern Italy model their self regulating pattern after?
Question: Which language was used in lectures in art universities?
Question: For what subjects did professors use the work of Bolonga?
Question: What types of subjects did the universities of Bolonga focus on?
Question: What type of degree was given out at the University of Bolonga?
Question: What type of degree would one likely get in iberia?
Question: What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to?
Answer: Mediterranean universities
Question: What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university?
Answer: prince or monarch
Question: In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities?
Answer: 10th
Question: From where did a degree come in a madrasa?
Answer: individual teachers
Question: What did many towns establish in the Islamic world?
Question: What did madrasa grant to students?
Question: Who said madrasahs developed from universities?
Question: What Islamic schools developed from universities in the 10th century?
Question: What happened to madrasa in the 10000's?
Question: What type of university was an a European university akin to?
Question: What type of individual funded a European university?
Question: In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into Hossein?
Question: From where did a degree come in a university?
Question: What did some monarchs become in the 10th centurty?
Question: Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of medieval universities?
Answer: Al-Andalus
Question: Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity?
Answer: Sicily
Question: Some scholars think that universities come from what, rather than solely local influences?
Answer: a global context
Question: During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from madrasas?
Answer: the Crusades
Question: Who argues that many religious madrashas were influenced by medieval universities?
Question: What does Lowe argue was influenced by religious madrasa?
Question: Who does Yasuhare say was influenced by Western Universities?
Question: During what conflict did western universities influence madrasa?
Question: Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of the islamic world?
Question: Lowe was an Emirate of which entity?
Question: During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from Yasuhara?
Question: Who have drawn on the influences of scholarship from the European world?
Question: Who argued that early madrasahs were influenced by early midieval universities?
Question: What was the time span of the Early Modern period?
Answer: late 15th century to 1800
Question: At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had universities existed?
Answer: about 400 years
Question: How many universities were within Europe at the closure of the middle ages?
Answer: twenty-nine
Question: How many universities were within Europe by the completion of the 18th century?
Answer: 143
Question: The German Empire had how many universities?
Answer: 34
Question: what period occured from egan in 1500 and ended in the 18th century?
Question: What began to happen to universities in the 1500's?
Question: How long did it take for the world to establish 29 schools of higher education?
Question: How many new universities were created in the 1500's?
Question: How many universities exicted across Europe by the end of the 1800's?
Question: What was the time span of the German Empire?
Question: At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had countries existed?
Question: How many universities were within Germany at the closure of the middle-ages?
Question: How many universities were within Northern Europe by the completion of the 18th century?
Question: The Mediterranean Empire had how many universities?
Question: What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 17th century?
Answer: the Thirty Years' War
Question: Which university is said to have started faculty governance?
Answer: University of Paris
Question: Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 17th century?
Answer: the state
Question: The control of universities by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what?
Answer: the nation-state.
Question: How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century?
Answer: student-controlled
Question: What spread across Europe at a steady pace?
Question: What slowed the spread of universities in the 1700's?
Question: What encouraged the establishment of new niversities in the 17th century?
Question: Who favored amtempory advancements over the works of Aristotle?
Question: What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 18th century?
Question: Which university is said to have started the arts?
Question: Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 18th century?
Question: The control of science by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what?
Question: How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 18th century?
Question: The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities?
Answer: a standard
Question: How many styles did the University of Paris model end up taking when applied to other universities?
Answer: at least three
Question: Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?
Answer: University of Oxford
Question: What type of student did schools that focus on very specific topics aim to create?
Answer: specialists
Question: What student run university provided the standard for other universities?
Question: How many different forms did the student run model take?
Question: What centralized model was used by Oxford?
Question: What type of organiization was always used with the collegiate model?
Question: What were the faculty who supervised students in Oxford called?
Question: How many styles did the University of Oxford model end up taking when applied to other universities?
Question: Which university had teaching which was more centralized and not general?
Question: What type of student did schools that focus on very controlled topics aim to create?
Question: What did the University of Paris address?
Question: What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities?
Answer: the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages
Question: What sources did Early Modern age universities rely on for medical curricula?
Answer: Galen and Arabic scholarship
Question: The concentration on students to live honorable lives is an example of what form of thought?
Answer: Humanist
Question: Niccolò Leoniceno was a professor of what subject?
Answer: medicine
Question: Which individual added a humanist view into the Corpus Juris?
Answer: Andreas Alciatus
Question: What curriculum did early modern universities deviate from?
Question: Who's curriculumn was not deeply impacted by humanism?