huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is always present at the nest?
Answer: chick guard stage
Question: Alloparenting is particulary common with what species?
Answer: Corvida
Question: True crows belong to what group?
Answer: Corvida
Question: What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class?
Answer: male parental care
Question: Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch?
Answer: chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets
Question: Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age.
Answer: ducks
Question: When do most species of chicks leave the nest?
Answer: just before, or soon after, they are able to fly
Question: What is it called when an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood?
Answer: Brood parasitism
Question: How many bird species are obligate parasites?
Answer: One hundred
Question: What type of birds lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output?
Answer: non-obligate brood parasites
Question: What is intersexual selection also known as?
Answer: female choice
Question: What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate?
Answer: intrasexual competition
Question: What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs?
Answer: inbreeding depression
Question: What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding?
Answer: Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings
Question: What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young?
Answer: 43%
Question: What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny?
Answer: Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals
Question: Why is inbreeding avoided?
Answer: because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness
Question: What type of birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating or piracy?
Answer: Aquatic birds
Question: What type of birds may be either insectivores, frugivores and nectarivores?
Answer: Forest birds
Question: What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds?
Answer: Birds of prey
Question: What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?
Answer: Nesting seabirds
Question: In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?
Answer: moas
Question: Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man?
Answer: Since birds are highly visible and common animals
Question: What is it called when the house sparrow has benefited from human activity?
Answer: commensal
Question: What have threatened numerous bird species with extinction?
Answer: Human activities
Question: What is the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans?
Answer: poultry
Question: In 2003, how many tons of poultry were produced worldwide?
Answer: 76 million tons
Question: What is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely underdeveloped areas?
Answer: Bird hunting
Question: Why have birds been domesticated by humans?
Answer: both as pets and for practical purposes
Question: What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets?
Answer: Colourful birds
Question: How long have messenger pigeons been used?
Answer: since at least 1 AD
Question: The word auspicious is derived from which word?
Answer: auspex
Question: What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama?
Answer: mythical chullumpi bird
Question: What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans?
Answer: Pouākai
Question: John James Audubon later lent his name to which group?
Answer: National Audubon Society
Question: What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey?
Answer: nightingales
Question: The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book?
Answer: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Question: How many species are listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN?
Answer: 1,227
Question: When did the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions occur?
Answer: during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands
Question: What was the last Chinese dynasty?
Answer: Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty
Question: When did the Manchu dynasty rule?
Answer: 1644 to 1912
Question: What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu?
Answer: Ming
Question: What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?
Answer: Republic of China
Question: What is another name for the Manchu dynasty?
Answer: Qing
Question: Who started the Manchun dynasty?
Answer: Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan
Question: Where did this dynasty form?
Answer: Manchuria
Question: Name a peasant rebel leader?
Answer: Li Zicheng
Question: Where was the ming capital?
Answer: Beijing
Question: What pass was opened to the Banner Armies?
Answer: Shanhai Pass
Question: What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule?
Answer: (1735–1796)
Question: When was the Taiping rebellion?
Answer: (1850–64)
Question: When was the Dungan Revolt?
Answer: (1862–77)
Question: How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt?
Answer: 20 million people
Question: When was the first Sino-Japanese War?
Answer: 1895
Question: Who was the last Qing emperor?
Answer: Puyi
Question: When did he step down?
Answer: February 12, 1912
Question: Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363?
Answer: Hong Taiji
Question: What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name?
Answer: water imagery
Question: What language did the dynasties name come from originall?
Answer: Mongolian
Question: What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it's name from?
Answer: Mongolian word that means "warrior"
Question: After taking the bulk of China what did the Manchuse call their state?
Answer: China
Question: What does China mean?
Answer: Middle Kingdom
Question: What ethnice groups did the Qing thin made up China?
Answer: Han and non-Han peoples
Question: Who founded the Qing dynasty?
Answer: Jurchen
Question: What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live?
Answer: sedentary farming
Question: What parts of China did they come from?
Answer: Jilin and Heilongjiang
Question: Were the Manchu's nomadic?
Answer: farming people
Question: Where did Nurhachi move his court from?
Answer: Jianzhou
Question: Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders?
Answer: Mongol nation
Question: What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers?
Answer: Mongols
Question: What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus?
Answer: artillery
Question: When did the Manchus create their own artillery?
Answer: 1641
Question: When did the Han Banners grow to eight?
Answer: 1642
Question: Which leader defeated the Ming armies?
Answer: Hong Taiji
Question: Who killed Yuan Chonghuan?
Answer: Chongzhen Emperor
Question: Where did the Ming armies retreat to?
Answer: north of the Great Wall
Question: Where did a Han revolt occur?
Answer: Liaodong
Question: When did a Han revolt occur?
Answer: 1623
Question: What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648?
Answer: one-sixth
Question: Who was his heir?
Answer: without a designated heir
Question: Who were the likely heirs?
Answer: Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon
Question: Who became the emperor?
Answer: Fulin
Question: Who was Li Zicheng?
Answer: former minor Ming official
Question: What dynasty did Zicheng form?
Answer: Shun
Question: Who was the last Ming leader?
Answer: Chongzhen Emperor
Question: How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?
Answer: suicide
Question: Who did Li Zicheng's army fight?
Answer: Wu Sangui
Question: What was the name of the general at the Ming fort?
Answer: Wu Sangui
Question: Who beat Li Zicheng's army?
Answer: Wu and Dorgon
Question: When did the battle take place?
Answer: May 27, 1644
Question: When did Beijing fall?
Answer: June 6
Question: What was the Shunzi Emperor called?
Answer: "Son of Heaven"
Question: When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven?
Answer: October 30
Question: How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China?
Answer: seventeen years
Question: Who did the Manchus struggle against?
Answer: Ming loyalists
Question: Who made up the Han Chinese Banners?
Answer: Han Chinese
Question: Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners?
Answer: Mongol
Question: Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China?
Answer: Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde
Question: What part of China did Kexi, Zhongming, and Youde rule?
Answer: southern China
Question: What was the three Han Bannermen position called?
Answer: viceroys
Question: Whose capital was Beijing before the Manchu's?
Answer: Ming
Question: Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital?
Answer: stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country
Question: What did Dorgon declare in July of 1645?
Answer: the "haircutting order")
Question: What was the peoples description of the haircutting order?
Answer: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair."
Question: How did the Ming's typically wear their hair>
Answer: top-knot
Question: What city was massacred for not wearing the proper haircut?
Answer: Jiading
Question: Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne?
Answer: Dorgon
Question: What was Dorgon known as after death?
Answer: Emperor Yi
Question: Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother?
Answer: Hooge
Question: When did Shunzhi's death?
Answer: 1661
Question: How old was Shunzhi at his death?
Answer: twenty-four
Question: Who did the Manchus send to battle Koxinga's troops?
Answer: Han Bannermen
Question: Where did the fight between Ming loyalists and Manchus occur?
Answer: Fujian
Question: What were the Manchus accused of being afraid of?
Answer: water
Question: Who had the longest rule of any emperor?
Answer: Kangxi
Question: What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?
Answer: High Qing
Question: How old was Kangxi when he took over?
Answer: eight
Question: Who ruled while Kangxi was young?
Answer: Oboi
Question: What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect?
Answer: Confucian
Question: What declaration solidified Confucian values?
Answer: Sacred Edict of 1670
Question: Who did the Manchu appeal to?
Answer: Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur
Question: What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court?
Answer: Jesuit missionaries
Question: What provinces did Sangui control?
Answer: Yunnan and Guizhou
Question: Name the other two important Ming generals?
Answer: Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong
Question: Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive?
Answer: Guangdong and Fujian
Question: Who did Kexi thing should take over for him?
Answer: his son
Question: What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired?
Answer: all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown.
Question: How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last?
Answer: eight years
Question: Who declared himself emperor?
Answer: Wu
Question: When did the Qing regain power over southern China?
Answer: 1681
Question: Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese?
Answer: other Han people
Question: How many Green Standard Army soldiers  were on the Qing side?
Answer: 400,000
Question: When did Wu destroy the Qing armies?
Answer: 1673-1674
Question: How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with?
Answer: 900,000
Question: What happened to Wu's army?
Answer: crushed by the Green Standard Army
Question: Where did Kangxi lead an army?
Answer: Outer Mongolia
Question: When was Galdan killed?
Answer: Dzungar–Qing War
Question: When did Taiwan fall?
Answer: 1683
Question: What European country did Kangxi fight?
Answer: Russia
Question: Who took Kangxi's place?
Answer: Prince Yong
Question: How old was Yongzheng when he took over?
Answer: 45
Question: Who did Yongzheng behead?
Answer: anti-Manchu writer
Question: What religion did Yongzheng ban?
Answer: Christianity
Question: When did Yongzheng ban christianity?
Answer: 1723
Question: What did Yongzheng crack down on?
Answer: collection of the land tax
Question: Who did Yongzheng call Marquis?
Answer: Zhu Zhiliang
Question: When did Yongzheng give this title?
Answer: 1725
Question: What was Zhu's job?
Answer: perform rituals
Question: Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta?
Answer: Russia
Question: What did the treaty give to the Russians?
Answer: territory and trading rights
Question: What did the Qing get from the Treaty of Kyakhta?
Answer: Mongolia
Question: How many books were in the Siku Quanshu?
Answer: 3,400 books
Question: How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu?
Answer: 36,304 volumes
Question: Who created the Siku Quanshu?
Answer: Qianlong
Question: How many literary persecutions were there under Qianlongs reign?
Answer: 53
Question: What led to overpopulation in China?
Answer: prosperity and internal stability
Question: How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century?
Answer: 100 million
Question: How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century?
Answer: 300 million
Question: What was the last part of China with farmland left?
Answer: Manchuria
Question: How much land did the Han cultivate?
Answer: 500,000 hectares
Question: What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han?
Answer: 80%
Question: Where were starving Han sent by the Qing?
Answer: Manchuria and Inner Mongolia
Question: How much land did the Han farm in Inner Mongolia?
Answer: tens of thousands of hectares
Question: What other types of land were the Han allowed to farm?
Answer: "imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands
Question: Who was the emperor in the later half of the 18th century?
Answer: Qianlong
Question: What ethnicity was the majority in urban Manchuria?
Answer: Han Chinese
Question: What were the economies of the European empires built on?
Answer: maritime trade
Question: What country near China did the Europeans first control?
Answer: India
Question: What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade?
Answer: Canton
Question: Which two European companies traded in Canton?
Answer: British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company
Question: What did the Chinese want in return?
Answer: silver
Question: What were the British and French concerned about?
Answer: imbalance of trade and the drain of silver
Question: What else did the Chinese want from the British?
Answer: opium
Question: Where was opium made?
Answer: Bengal
Question: When did the Qing surrender to the British?
Answer: 1842
Question: What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War?
Answer: Treaty of Nanjing,
Question: What 5 ports did the treaty force open?
Answer: Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai
Question: What island was given to the British?
Answer: Hong Kong Island
Question: What marked the first occurence of anti-Manchu feeling?
Answer: The Taiping Rebellion
Question: Who led the Rebellion?
Answer: Hong Xiuquan
Question: When did the Rebellion start?
Answer: 1851
Question: What entity was established in Guizhou province?
Answer: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Question: Who was king of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?
Answer: Hong
Question: Were the European empires satisfied or unsatisfied by the Treaty of Nanjing?
Answer: unsatisfied
Question: Who did the Europeans support during the Rebellions?
Answer: Qing government
Question: When did the British try to redo the Treaty of Nanjing?
Answer: 1854
Question: Where did the emperor go?
Answer: Rehe
Question: What happened to the Old Summer Palace?
Answer: burnt it to the ground
Question: What did Prince Gong sign?
Answer: Convention of Beijing
Question: How old was Tongzhi when he came to power?
Answer: five
Question: What year did Tongzhi take power?
Answer: 1861
Question: What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values?
Answer: western military technology
Question: What was the name of a modern Chinese Army?
Answer: Beiyang Army
Question: When was the Tientsin Massacre?
Answer: 1870
Question: What triggered the Tientsin Massacre?
Answer: murder of French nuns
Question: When was the Cochinchina Campaign?
Answer: 1858
Question: Which territory did France control?
Answer: Indochina
Question: What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe?
Answer: naval weakness
Question: Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China?
Answer: Edward L. Dreyer
Question: When was the Arrow War?
Answer: (1856–60)
Question: Where did the French and English land in 1860?
Answer: Gulf of Zhili
Question: Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?
Answer: pro-Japanese Koreans
Question: What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup?
Answer: Tensions
Question: Who signed the Convention of Tientsin?
Answer: Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang
Question: When did the First Sino-Japanese War happen?
Answer: 1895
Question: What was the name of Xianfeng's concubine?
Answer: Cixi
Question: Who was Cixi's son?
Answer: Tongzhi
Question: When did Tongzhi Emperor die?
Answer: 1875
Question: Who took over from Tongzhi?
Answer: Guangxu
Question: Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?
Answer: Summer Palace
Question: When were two missionaries killed?
Answer: November 1, 1897,
Question: Where were the missionaries killed?
Answer: Shandong Province
Question: What was the murders of the missionaries called?
Answer: Juye Incident
Question: Name an advisor to Guangxu?
Answer: Kang Youwei
Question: What did the emperor do in response to so many defeats by the Europeans?
Answer: Hundred Days' Reform of 1898
Question: Who took over the policy of China?
Answer: empress dowager
Question: What was another name for the Boxers?
Answer: Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Question: When did the Boxers begin to kill missionaries and Chinese Christians?
Answer: 1900
Question: Who invaded China?
Answer: A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies
Question: Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies?
Answer: Xi'an
Question: What did Cixi do in 1901?
Answer: issued an imperial edict
Question: What were the governments New Policies also called?
Answer: "Late Qing Reform"
Question: When were imperial examinations halted?
Answer: 1905
Question: What year did Cixi die?
Answer: 1908
Question: Who ruled after Guangxu?
Answer: Prince Chun
Question: How old was Prince Chun?
Answer: two
Question: What year was the Republic of China created?
Answer: 1911
Question: Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war?
Answer: Sun Yat-sen
Question: Who led the Republic of China?
Answer: Sun Yat-sen,
Question: Who became the President?
Answer: Yuan
Question: How long did Imperial China last for?
Answer: 2,000 years
Question: When was Manchukuo created?
Answer: 1932
Question: Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?
Answer: Han Chinese and Manchus
Question: Where did the Qing find their officials?
Answer: imperial examination system
Question: How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty?
Answer: nine
Question: Which ethnicities made up the Qing government?
Answer: Manchu noblemen and Han officials
Question: What happened to the Grand Secretariat?
Answer: evolved into an imperial chancery
Question: Where was the Inner Court?
Answer: Forbidden City
Question: What was the Grand Council?
Answer: core institution of the inner court
Question: What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family?
Answer: circular
Question: Which two ethnicities made up each position in government?
Answer: Manchu and a Han Chinese
Question: Who administered the minority groups?
Answer: Lifan Yuan
Question: How many boards were there in the Qing government?
Answer: six
Question: Who performed the tasks of the Zongli Yamen before it was created?
Answer: Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan
Question: What was the war called fought between the British and French against the Qing?
Answer: Second Opium War
Question: Where were textile factories located?
Answer: Jiangnan region
Question: What did China trade with Tibet and Mongolia?
Answer: jade, ginseng, salt, furs
Question: What century did Qing China stretch to its largest?
Answer: 18th century
Question: How many kilometers was Qing China at its height?
Answer: 13 million km2
Question: How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China?
Answer: 22
Question: When did Japan take over Taiwan?
Answer: 1895
Question: How did the Japanese win Taiwan?
Answer: First Sino-Japanese
Question: What two provinces were formed from Huguang?
Answer: Hubei and Hunan
Question: What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province?
Answer: governor
Question: What were provinces broken up into?
Answer: prefectures
Question: What is another name for the main 18 provinces?
Answer: China proper
Question: How many viceroys were there in China Proper?
Answer: eight
Question: When did Tibet become part of Qing China?
Answer: mid-18th century
Question: What was the main government entity that ran the territories like Tibet?
Answer: Lifan Yuan
Question: What is another name for Chinese Turkestan?
Answer: Xinjiang
Question: Which emperor allowed Han migration to Dzungaria?
Answer: Qianlong
Question: Who first ran Manchuria?
Answer: military generals
Question: Who ruled Kashgaria?
Answer: Yaqub Beg
Question: Who supported Beg?
Answer: British
Question: When did the British invade Tibet?
Answer: early 20th century
Question: What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet?
Answer: 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention
Question: How were the 8 banners recognized?
Answer: color
Question: What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?
Answer: Upper Three Banners
Question: What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?
Answer: Manchus
Question: What were the rest of the banners called?
Answer: Lower Five Banners
Question: Which two ethnicities made up the majority of the Banner Armies?
Answer: Manchu and Mongol
Question: Which ethnicity dominated the army in the reigns of Shunzhi and Kangxi?
Answer: Han Bannermen
Question: What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen?
Answer: "Tartarized Chinese" or "Tartarified Chinese"
Question: When did Manchu ethnicity become important again in the Eight Banners?
Answer: Qianlong's reign
Question: What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?
Answer: Taiping Rebellion
Question: What city did the Qing lose in 1853?
Answer: Nanjing
Question: Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?
Answer: Zeng Guofan
Question: What was Zeng Guofan?
Answer: Xiang Army
Question: What was the Xiang Army named after?
Answer: Hunan region where it was raised
Question: Who inspired Zeng Guofan in creating his army?
Answer: Qi Jiguang
Question: What did Qi Jiguang's private army do?
Answer: repel raiding Japanese pirates
Question: What was the original plan for the Xiang Army?
Answer: eradicate the Taiping rebels
Question: Who paid for the Yongying?
Answer: provincial coffers
Question: Who led the Yongying?
Answer: regional commanders
Question: What happened to the Summer Palace?
Answer: sacked
Question: How big was the French-British army?
Answer: 25,000
Question: What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called?
Answer: Self-Strengthening Movement
Question: Which fleet did the Japanese destroy?
Answer: Beiyang Fleet
Question: When did the Qing decide to modernize their military?
Answer: 1894
Question: What was the new modern army called?
Answer: the New Army
Question: Who became the President of the Republic of China?
Answer: General Yuan Shikai
Question: How much did the population grow during the 18th century?
Answer: doubled
Question: What were the 2 types of migration during the 18th century?
Answer: permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn
Question: What 2 groups were normal Chinese broken into?
Answer: the good "commoner" people, the other "mean" people
Question: What was the legal term for commoner?
Answer: liangmin
Question: What did the Chinese get paid for their goods?
Answer: silver
Question: When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings?
Answer: end of the 17th century
Question: What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?
Answer: reduced the tax burden
Question: What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century?
Answer: rise slowly and smoothly
Question: What was the Great Divergence?
Answer: Western world overtook China economically
Question: What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?
Answer: 300 million
Question: What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?
Answer: peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops
Question: What crops were imported?
Answer: peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice
Question: What arts were the Qing emperors good at?
Answer: poetry and often skilled in painting
Question: What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?
Answer: Peiwen Yunfu
Question: When was the Kangxi Dictionary published?
Answer: 1716
Question: When was the Siku Quanshu finished?
Answer: 1782
Question: Name three painters?
Answer: Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707)
Question: What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?
Answer: Shanghai School and the Lingnan School
Question: Name two arts of the Four Arts?
Answer: Calligraphy and painting
Question: Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty?
Answer: women
Question: What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories?
Answer: Strange Stories
Question: What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir?
Answer: Six Chapters of a Floating Life
Question: Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber?
Answer: Cao Xueqin
Question: What was the Suiyaun Shidan about?
Answer: recipes
Question: What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast?
Answer: appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs
Question: Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?
Answer: pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas
Question: What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?
Answer: Pueblos indígenas
Question: What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?
Answer: Aborigen
Question: In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?
Answer: Amerindian
Question: How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?
Answer: Native Americans
Question: Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from?
Answer: Asia
Question: How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia?
Answer: Beringia
Question: What was Beringia?
Answer: a land bridge which connected the two continents
Question: Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when?
Answer: 13,500 years ago
Question: How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas?
Answer: a wide range of creation myths
Question: Where did Columbus believe he had arrived?
Answer: East Indies
Question: Because of Columbus' mistake, the Americas came to be known as what?
Answer: West Indies
Question: What is implied by the global term of "Indian"?
Answer: some kind of racial or cultural unity
Question: Despite fitting under the umbrella label of "Indian", Aleuts, Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas?
Answer: indigenous
Question: What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?
Answer: hunter-gatherers
Question: What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice?
Answer: aquaculture and agriculture
Question: What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?
Answer: agricultural endowment
Question: What did many of the societies practice a mix of?
Answer: farming, hunting, and gathering
Question: Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples?
Answer: indigenous
Question: Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples?
Answer: Many parts of the Americas
Question: Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples?
Answer: indigenous
Question: How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas?
Answer: At least a thousand
Question: What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day?
Answer: religion, social organization, and subsistence practices
Question: What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from?
Answer: Western culture
Question: How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?
Answer: ongoing
Question: When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?
Answer: last
Question: What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America?
Answer: falling sea levels
Question: A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what?
Answer: snowfall
Question: What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years?
Answer: Laurentide Ice Sheet
Question: What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?
Answer: single
Question: Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?
Answer: in isolation
Question: How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?
Answer: 10–20,000 years
Question: When did the glaciers begin to melt?
Answer: 16,500 years ago
Question: What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?
Answer: Pleistocene megafauna
Question: What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from?
Answer: directly ancestral
Question: What populations is the individual closely related to?
Answer: present North American Native American
Question: What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations?
Answer: early
Question: Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what?
Answer: ruled out
Question: The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?
Answer: before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492
Question: When was Columbus' first voyage?
Answer: 1492
Question: In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?
Answer: conquered or significantly influenced
Question: What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas?
Answer: "Pre-Columbian"
Question: What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from?
Answer: Andes
Question: Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations?
Answer: pre-Columbian
Question: What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals?
Answer: Some of these civilizations
Question: How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival?
Answer: oral history and through archaeological investigations
Question: What did European colonists destroy on their pyres?
Answer: written records
Question: What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations?
Answer: a few documents
Question: What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?
Answer: many accomplishments
Question: What had the Aztec civilization constructed?
Answer: one of the largest cities in the world
Question: How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan?
Answer: 200,000
Question: Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations?
Answer: American
Question: How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize?
Answer: thousands
Question: What did the European colonization forever change?
Answer: lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents
Question: How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?
Answer: between 80 and 90%
Question: What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact?
Answer: disease
Question: What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent?
Answer: smallpox, measles, and cholera
Question: Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases?
Answer: lack of prior exposure
Question: Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?
Answer: the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola
Question: What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?
Answer: dominant culture
Question: What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?
Answer: 70%
Question: Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population?
Answer: no immunity to European diseases
Question: What led to the last great Taínos rebellion?
Answer: Increasing punishment
Question: What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment?
Answer: suicidal
Question: What did Taínos women start doing to their infants?
Answer: aborting or killing
Question: Why would ingesting untreated cassava be a bad idea?
Answer: violent poison
Question: How many years was a Taínos Cacique able to hold ou in the Baoruco Mountain Range?
Answer: thirteen
Question: Who was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with the rebels?
Answer: Francisco Barrionuevo
Question: Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population?
Answer: 90 to 95%
Question: How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did?
Answer: 150 years
Question: What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518?
Answer: Smallpox
Question: How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War?
Answer: By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac
Question: What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?
Answer: between 50 and 67 per cent
Question: How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?
Answer: 90 per cent
Question: Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?
Answer: Europeans
Question: When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?
Answer: by 1679
Question: What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?
Answer: a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans
Question: How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction?
Answer: 7500 years
Question: What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures?
Answer: profound
Question: What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses?
Answer: great success
Question: What enabled some tribes to expand territory, increase trade and capture more game?
Answer: horses
Question: What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?
Answer: a large array of plant species
Question: What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?
Answer: 50–60%
Question: How were new species and strains of crops developed?
Answer: artificial selection
Question: What was the origin of maize?
Answer: wild teosinte grasses
Question: What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish?
Answer: agricultural
Question: Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?
Answer: single
Question: Where did the potato originate?
Answer: area of southern Peru
Question: How long ago was the decedent of 99% of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as?
Answer: 10,000 years ago
Question: What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization?
Answer: persistent drought
Question: When did the North American natives begin farming?
Answer: approximately 4,000 years ago
Question: What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas?
Answer: common
Question: What did technology make feasible when it came to trees?
Answer: small-scale felling
Question: How did Archaic Indians use fire?
Answer: a controlled manner
Question: What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic?
Answer: effects of natural fires
Question: What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?
Answer: Many crops
Question: What is arguably the most important crop in the world?
Answer: corn
Question: Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?
Answer: significant
Question: What type of bean is used to make chocolate?
Answer: cocoa
Question: Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?
Answer: indigenous Americans
Question: What did people in the same reason adopt?
Answer: similar technologies and social organizations
Question: Where did millennia of coexistence produce a culture with advanced agricultural and social patterns?
Answer: Mesoamerica
Question: How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains?
Answer: until the 19th century
Question: What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt?
Answer: buffalo
Question: What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?
Answer: the Mesoamerican region
Question: When were writing systems being created in the Americas?
Answer: beginning in the 1st millennium BCE
Question: What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?
Answer: extensive text
Question: When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?
Answer: 900 BCE
Question: What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?
Answer: Maya
Question: What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?
Answer: syllabic
Question: What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?
Answer: spoken language of its community
Question: How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?
Answer: more than one thousand
Question: How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?
Answer: some two hundred
Question: Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?
Answer: Spanish
Question: What were a large number of the local documents in regards to?
Answer: lawsuits and other legal matters
Question: What were Spanish translations at the time made for?
Answer: legal cases
Question: What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from?
Answer: indigenous
Question: What did traditional Native American music center around?
Answer: drumming
Question: What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?
Answer: Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps
Question: How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?
Answer: rivercane, cedar, and other woods
Question: How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?
Answer: single
Question: What role did music play in the religious festivities? 
Answer: inseparable from
Question: What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?
Answer: large variety of percussion and wind
Question: Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?
Answer: a jar in Guatemala
Question: What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?
Answer: a jaguar's growl
Question: What comprises a major category in the world art collection?
Answer: Visual arts by indigenous peoples
Question: Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? 
Answer: indigenous
Question: Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?
Answer: too many artists were posing as Native Americans
Question: What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?
Answer: a state or federally recognized tribe
Question: When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?
Answer: 2007
Question: What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?
Answer: about 600,329
Question: How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?
Answer: 113,680
Question: Who are the Quechua and Chorote?
Answer: Minor but important peoples
Question: What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?
Answer: The Selknam
Question: Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? 
Answer: a handful of elderly people
Question: What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?
Answer: 62%
Question: What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?
Answer: 3.7%
Question: In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?
Answer: 66.4%
Question: How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?
Answer: 36
Question: How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?
Answer: fifty
Question: Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?
Answer: Bolivian highland peasants
Question: What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?
Answer: dissolution of communal landholdings
Question: What took place frequently until 1953?
Answer: Indigenous revolts
Question: What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?
Answer: ethnic and class militancy
Question: What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?
Answer: March for Territory and Dignity
Question: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
Answer: 2009
Question: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
Answer: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves
Question: What did the President vow he would never betray?
Answer: fight
Question: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
Answer: divided
Question: How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?
Answer: 0.4%
Question: How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?
Answer: millions
Question: Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?
Answer: Indian reservations
Question: How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?
Answer: 67
Question: What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?
Answer: Brazil
Question: What is the term Eskimo said to mean?
Answer: "eater of raw meat."
Question: First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?
Answer: Aboriginal
Question: How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?
Answer: Hundreds
Question: What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?
Answer: The Métis culture
Question: What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?
Answer: Various laws, treaties, and legislation
Question: What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?
Answer: national culture
Question: How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?
Answer: late 18th century
Question: What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?
Answer: cultures and contributions
Question: How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?
Answer: over 600
Question: What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?
Answer: 4.6%
Question: What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?
Answer: the Rapanui
Question: Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?
Answer: the Mapuche
Question: How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?
Answer: 350 years
Question: When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?
Answer: 1880s
Question: Where did the Valdivia culture develop?
Answer: coastal region
Question: What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?
Answer: the Caras and the Quitus
Question: What culture did the Inca fear the most?
Answer: The Cañaris
Question: What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?
Answer: architecture remains
Question: What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?
Answer: 96.4%
Question: Where do the Highland Quichuas live?
Answer: valleys of the Sierra region
Question: Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?
Answer: Inca
Question: What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?
Answer: Kichwa
Question: The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?
Answer: Highland Quichuas
Question: El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?
Answer: the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira
Question: What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?
Answer: Cuzcatlan
Question: What was the language of the Pipil?
Answer: Nawat
Question: What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?
Answer: barbaric invaders
Question: What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?
Answer: Mestizo
Question: How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?
Answer: About five percent
Question: What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?
Answer: about ten percent
Question: Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? 
Answer: rural westernmost areas
Question: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?
Answer: indigenous people
Question: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?
Answer: indigenous civilizations
Question: When did the Olmecs flourish?
Answer: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE
Question: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?
Answer: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs
Question: Who lived in the Yucatan?
Answer: the Maya
Question: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?
Answer: Tenochtitlan
Question: What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? 
Answer: General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples
Question: What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?
Answer: some public services and documents in their native languages
Question: How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"?
Answer: more than 60
Question: What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?
Answer: bilingual primary and secondary education
Question: How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?
Answer: about 67% of them
Question: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?
Answer: Miskito
Question: How did Creole English come about?
Answer: frequent contact with the British
Question: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?
Answer: total power
Question: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?
Answer: some 10,000
Question: What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?
Answer: Native Peruvian traditions
Question: What is not very well developed in Peru?
Answer: Cultural citizenship
Question: What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?
Answer: Amazonian
Question: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?
Answer: the contiguous United States
Question: How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?
Answer: 11
Question: Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?
Answer: Alaska Natives
Question: Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?
Answer: Polynesian
Question: How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
Answer: geographically and culturally
Question: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
Answer: 0.97% to 2%
Question: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
Answer: 5.2 million
Question: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
Answer: 1.8 million
Question: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
Answer: Indian reservations
Question: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
Answer: Haudenosaunee
Question: How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?
Answer: around 29
Question: Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?
Answer: groups are very small
Question: Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?
Answer: Timoto-cuicas