huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed?
Answer: far more disruptive
Question: What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have?
Answer: a variety of reasons
Question: How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated?
Answer: approximately 32 cents on the dollar
Question: How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated?
Answer: approximately five cents for every dollar
Question: How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007?
Answer: $450bn
Question: What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?
Answer: AIG
Question: What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?
Answer: credit default swaps
Question: When did the government take over AIG?
Answer: September 2008
Question: How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?
Answer: over $180 billion
Question: What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?
Answer: a premium
Question: Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated?
Answer: George Soros
Question: What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value?
Answer: more complex
Question: Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products?
Answer: the originators of synthetic products
Question: When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information?
Answer: the banks
Question: Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be?
Answer: international bond rating agencies
Question: What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?
Answer: a conflict of interest
Question: Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?
Answer: Professional investment managers
Question: What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?
Answer: to maximize their compensation
Question: What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?
Answer: continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments
Question: What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?
Answer: plausible deniability
Question: Who published "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" in 2007?
Answer: World Scientific
Question: When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?
Answer: 2006
Question: The volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London?
Answer: Merrill Lynch
Question: What did the volume "Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas" propose models to rectify?
Answer: some of the copula limitations
Question: What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?
Answer: 2006
Question: Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?
Answer: Timothy Geithner
Question: What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?
Answer: 2009
Question: In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?
Answer: "parallel" banking system
Question: What is the "parallel" banking system also called?
Answer: shadow banking system
Question: What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?
Answer: maturity mismatch
Question: When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down?
Answer: spring of 2007
Question: When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely?
Answer: fall of 2008
Question: How much of the private credit markets become unavailable as a source of funds?
Answer: More than a third
Question: What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009?
Answer: Brookings Institution
Question: How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?
Answer: a number of years
Question: What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?
Answer: Mark Zandi
Question: In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?
Answer: securitization markets
Question: What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?
Answer: close to $2 trillion
Question: What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?
Answer: less than $150 billion
Question: Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program?
Answer: TALF
Question: Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?
Answer: Rapid increases
Question: How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008?
Answer: nearly tripled from $50 to $147
Question: What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?
Answer: plunging
Question: What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? 
Answer: monetary policy
Question: Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?
Answer: gasoline
Question: Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?
Answer: Michael Greenberger
Question: Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?
Answer: IntercontinentalExchange
Question: Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange?
Answer: Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP
Question: Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001?
Answer: IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)
Question: Where are regulated future exchanges located?
Answer: London and New York
Question: Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?
Answer: Ailsa McKay
Question: Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?
Answer: mainstream economics
Question: According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?
Answer: feminist economics
Question: What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?
Answer: a reshaping
Question: Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005?
Answer: Raghuram Rajan
Question: When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund?
Answer: 2005
Question: In 2005, where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper?
Answer: at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan
Question: What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?
Answer: "Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?"
Question: What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?
Answer: tail risks
Question: Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?
Answer: Raghuram Rajan
Question: What did Raghuram Rajan speak of?
Answer: Great Moderation
Question: Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?
Answer: Dirk Bezemer
Question: How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?
Answer: as a vindication
Question: Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?
Answer: Alan Greenspan
Question: Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?
Answer: BusinessWeek
Question: The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?
Answer: Great Depression
Question: Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?
Answer: The Wharton School
Question: Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?
Answer: Nouriel Roubini
Question: What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?
Answer: "Dr. Doom"
Question: Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan?
Answer: Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Question: What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb?
Answer: David Brooks
Question: What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: the breakdown of the banking system
Question: What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?
Answer: banking stocks
Question: Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?
Answer: Phil Dow
Question: How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?
Answer: 50%
Question: What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?
Answer: 54.7%
Question: Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?
Answer: Floyd Norris
Question: Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?
Answer: Northern Rock
Question: Who did Northern Rock request security from?
Answer: Bank of England
Question: When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?
Answer: September 2007
Question: When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?
Answer: February 2008
Question: Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?
Answer: Northern Rock
Question: Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?
Answer: IndyMac
Question: Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?
Answer: Countrywide Financial
Question: Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?
Answer: IndyMac Bank
Question: On what date did IndyMac fail?
Answer: July 11, 2008
Question: Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?
Answer: IndyMac Bancorp
Question: IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?
Answer: the borrower’s income
Question: What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?
Answer: Appraisals
Question: IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?
Answer: poor
Question: IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?
Answer: risky
Question: IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?
Answer: issuing criteria
Question: When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?
Answer: April 2008
Question: What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?
Answer: $160 million
Question: What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?
Answer: Moody's
Question: If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?
Answer: 9.27%
Question: What is a well capitalized ratio?
Answer: minimum 10% risk-based
Question: Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?
Answer: Charles Schumer (D-NY)
Question: What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?
Answer: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Question: How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?
Answer: a little over $7 billion
Question: Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?
Answer: June 30
Question: How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?
Answer: $500 million
Question: What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?
Answer: $10.7 billion
Question: How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?
Answer: $1.55 billion
Question: What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?
Answer: 7.5%
Question: Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a "run" on IndyMac?
Answer: Charles Schumer
Question: What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?
Answer: unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
Question: On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?
Answer: July 11, 2008
Question: What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?
Answer: IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB
Question: On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?
Answer: July 14, 2008
Question: What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?
Answer: US$100,000
Question: How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?
Answer: roughly 10,000 depositors
Question: How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?
Answer: Over 100
Question: Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?
Answer: Bear Stearns
Question: When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?
Answer: September and October 2008
Question: When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?
Answer: Oct. 6, 2008
Question: What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?
Answer: Lehman Brothers
Question: When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?
Answer: September 2008
Question: The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?
Answer: money market funds
Question: What do money market funds frequently invest in?
Answer: commercial paper issued by corporations
Question: How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?
Answer: $144.5 billion
Question: What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?
Answer: 4.65%
Question: Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?
Answer: shadow banking system
Question: What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?
Answer: shadow banking system
Question: The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?
Answer: investor funds
Question: What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?
Answer: U.S. Treasury Secretary
Question: How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?
Answer: nearly one-third
Question: What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?
Answer: the collapse of the shadow banking system
Question: What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?
Answer: Brookings Institution
Question: What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?
Answer: some forms of securitization
Question: As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?
Answer: capital
Question: How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?
Answer: more than a quarter
Question: In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?
Answer: 45%
Question: In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?
Answer: 20%
Question: How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?
Answer: $13 trillion
Question: How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?
Answer: $8.8 trillion
Question: According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?
Answer: serious
Question: What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008?
Answer: loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth
Question: How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?
Answer: Tens of millions
Question: What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on?
Answer: future profits
Question: How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?
Answer: much worse
Question: What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?
Answer: UBS
Question: On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?
Answer: three quarters
Question: Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?
Answer: Iceland
Question: What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?
Answer: capital injection
Question: According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?
Answer: more than a third
Question: For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?
Answer: 14.4%
Question: For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?
Answer: 21.5%
Question: Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?
Answer: the rest of the world
Question: What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009?
Answer: recession in the U.S.
Question: How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007?
Answer: $251 billion
Question: How many people live below the poverty line in Bangladesh?
Answer: 300,000
Question: What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors?
Answer: sound economic policymaking and good governance
Question: According to Overseas Development Institute, what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries?
Answer: falls in trade
Question: What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?
Answer: Arab World
Question: What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?
Answer: Foreign Direct Investment
Question: Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?
Answer: global downturn
Question: What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?
Answer: lower oil prices
Question: What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?
Answer: oil prices
Question: What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?
Answer: 6%
Question: What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?
Answer: 10.1%
Question: The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?
Answer: 1983
Question: What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?
Answer: 33
Question: The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?
Answer: patent applications
Question: How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis?
Answer: half
Question: In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?
Answer: 63
Question: How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?
Answer: 77
Question: How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?
Answer: 50
Question: Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009?
Answer: poorest families
Question: On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?
Answer: European Commission at Brussels
Question: How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?
Answer: 0.1%
Question: How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?
Answer: −1.0%
Question: On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?
Answer: the IMF
Question: On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?
Answer: 3%
Question: What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?
Answer: expand money supplies
Question: What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?
Answer: enacted large fiscal stimulus packages
Question: What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?
Answer: lender-of-last-resort
Question: What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity?
Answer: expanded liquidity facilities
Question: What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?
Answer: self-reinforcing decline
Question: How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?
Answer: US$2.5 trillion
Question: How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?
Answer: $1.5 trillion
Question: In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?
Answer: Joseph Stiglitz
Question: What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?
Answer: investing internationally in emerging markets
Question: What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?
Answer: a series of regulatory proposals
Question: What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?
Answer: consumer protection
Question: Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?
Answer: proprietary
Question: Who were proposed new regulations called "The Volcker Rule" named after?
Answer: Paul Volcker
Question: Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?
Answer: Paul Volcker
Question: When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?
Answer: May 2010
Question: When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?
Answer: December 2009
Question: What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?
Answer: Volcker Rule
Question: Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?
Answer: Senate
Question: What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?
Answer: Basel III regulations
Question: Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?
Answer: faulty risk-weightings
Question: Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?
Answer: Johan Norberg
Question: What was increased by Basel III regulations?
Answer: capital ratios
Question: What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?
Answer: financial engineering
Question: When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?
Answer: June 2009
Question: When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?
Answer: June 2009
Question: What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?
Answer: More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over."
Question: On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?
Answer: January 27, 2010
Question: When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?
Answer: 2008
Question: Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?
Answer: "emerging" and "developing" economies
Question: How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?
Answer: 69%
Question: How much global GDP did "advanced" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?
Answer: 31%
Question: What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?
Answer: Advanced economies
Question: What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: global economic growth
Question: What ocean does Portugal border?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean
Question: What other country does Portugal border?
Answer: Spain
Question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?
Answer: Portugal–Spain
Question: Where is Portugal located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe
Question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?
Answer: 1,214 km (754 mi)
Question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?
Answer: Azores and Madeira
Question: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?
Answer: Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples
Question: By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?
Answer: 1139
Question: What age did Portugal pioneer?
Answer: Age of Discovery
Question: In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?
Answer: 15th and 16th centuries
Question: In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?
Answer: Lisbon
Question: In which year did Brazel become independent?
Answer: 1822
Question: In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?
Answer: 1910
Question: Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?
Answer: Macau
Question: How many Portugese speakers are there today?
Answer: 250 million
Question: What form of government does Portugal maintain?
Answer: unitary semi-presidential republican
Question: What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?
Answer: 18th highest
Question: Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?
Answer: France, Spain and Italy
Question: What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?
Answer: United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Question: In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?
Answer: decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
Question: By what group was the Portugal region settled?
Answer: Pre-Celts and Celts
Question: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?
Answer: Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes
Question: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?
Answer: 45 BC until 298 AD
Question: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
Answer: Alankerk
Question: In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?
Answer: 27 BC
Question: What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?
Answer: Gallaecia
Question: What are castros?
Answer: hill forts
Question: What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?
Answer: Conímbriga and Mirobriga
Question: How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?
Answer: 16 km
Question: How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?
Answer: a few months
Question: In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?
Answer: 711
Question: In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?
Answer: 750
Question: Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?
Answer: Abd-ar-Rahman
Question: How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?
Answer: almost two centuries
Question: Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?
Answer: the Christian kingdoms of the north
Question: To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?
Answer: Taifa of Badajoz
Question: In which year did the taifa period end?
Answer: 1086
Question: Which battle took place in 1147?
Answer: Battle of Sagrajas
Question: What are converts to Islam called?
Answer: Muwallad or Muladi
Question: Who did the Arabs principally consist of?
Answer: noblemen from Oman
Question: Where were the Berbers originally from?
Answer: Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa
Question: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?
Answer: Algarve region, and south of the Tagus
Question: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?
Answer: 800
Question: What was Pelayos' plan?
Answer: to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
Question: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?
Answer: Moors
Question: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?
Answer: Battle of Covadonga
Question: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?
Answer: 722 AD
Question: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?
Answer: Reconquista Cristã
Question: Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?
Answer: King Alfonso III
Question: In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?
Answer: 868 AD
Question: What was Vimara knighted as?
Answer: First Count of Portus Cale
Question: What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?
Answer: Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália
Question: Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?
Answer: dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
Question: Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
Answer: García, became king of León
Question: Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
Answer: Ordoño, reigned in Galicia
Question: Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?
Answer: Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital
Question: In which year did Alfonso III likely die?
Answer: 910
Question: In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?
Answer: 1230
Question: During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?
Answer: maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture
Question: The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?
Answer: the Kingdom of Portugal
Question: Portugese diverged from which language? 
Answer: Galician
Question: What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?
Answer: Spanish
Question: By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?
Answer: Castilian (Spanish Language)
Question: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?
Answer: 1348 and 1349
Question: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?
Answer: England
Question: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?
Answer: Portugal made an alliance with England
Question: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?
Answer: NATO
Question: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
Answer: Oporto region
Question: Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?
Answer: King João I
Question: Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?
Answer: Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde
Question: By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?
Answer: Cape of Good Hope
Question: What South American country did Portugal discover?
Answer: Brazil
Question: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
Answer: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo
Question: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
Answer: Queen consort of Portugal
Question: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
Answer: Queen consort of Portugal
Question: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
Answer: the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun
Question: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
Answer: King John V of Portugal
Question: What title was given to de Melo in 1755?
Answer: Prime Minister
Question: With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?
Answer: British
Question: Who abolished slavery in Portugal?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo
Question: Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo
Question: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?
Answer: to ensure the wine's quality
Question: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
Answer: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class
Question: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?
Answer: especially among the high nobility
Question: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo
Question: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?
Answer: earthquakes
Question: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?
Answer: marching troops around the models
Question: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?
Answer: The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre
Question: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?
Answer: by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country
Question: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?
Answer: Lisbon suffered no epidemics
Question: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?
Answer: The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro
Question: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?
Answer: The Jesuits
Question: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children
Question: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?
Answer: 1759
Question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?
Answer: knew no opposition
Question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?
Answer: 1770
Question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?
Answer: until Joseph I's death in 1779
Question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?
Answer: autocracy
Question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?
Answer: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation
Question: How long did Portugal's decline last?
Answer: until the 20th century
Question: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
Answer: 1822
Question: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?
Answer: Brazil
Question: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
Answer: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Question: What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?
Answer: the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family
Question: By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?
Answer: 1815
Question: Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?
Answer: until the Liberal Revolution of 1820
Question: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?
Answer: Porto
Question: When was the Conference of Berlin held?
Answer: 1884
Question: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?
Answer: to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa
Question: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?
Answer: Scramble for Africa
Question: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
Answer: Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia
Question: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
Answer: before the turn of the 20th century
Question: On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?
Answer: 1 February 1908
Question: Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?
Answer: on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902
Question: Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?
Answer: Manuel II of Portugal
Question: On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?
Answer: 5 October 1910
Question: During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?
Answer: Political instability and economic weaknesses
Question: In what year was the Estado Novo established?
Answer: 1933
Question: How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?
Answer: five
Question: What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?
Answer: relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa
Question: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?
Answer: April 1974
Question: What was the Carnation Revolution?
Answer: left-wing military coup in Lisbon
Question: By what was the PREC characterized by?
Answer: social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
Question: What entity governed Portugal until 1976?
Answer: Junta de Salvação Nacional
Question: Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?
Answer: Socialist Party
Question: Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?
Answer: Mário Soares
Question: Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?
Answer: 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985
Question: Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?
Answer: socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model
Question: In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?
Answer: 1976
Question: For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?
Answer: to accommodate socialist and communist principles
Question: In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?
Answer: 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)
Question: In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?
Answer: 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)
Question: How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?
Answer: 900 metres (3,000 ft)
Question: What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?
Answer: subtropical
Question: What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?
Answer: rough topography
Question: What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?
Answer: Mediterranean
Question: What two types of forests can be found in Geres?
Answer: deciduous and coniferous
Question: To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?
Answer: the Tertiary period
Question: What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?
Answer: Pyrenean
Question: What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?
Answer: Boars
Question: How many national parks does Portugal have?
Answer: 12
Question: What is Laurisilva?
Answer: a unique type of subtropical rainforest
Question: What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?
Answer: fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear
Question: What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?
Answer: migratory birds
Question: How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?
Answer: more than 100
Question: In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?
Answer: in the Tagus International Natural Park
Question: Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?
Answer: because of habitat loss, pollution and drought
Question: What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?
Answer: plankton
Question: Who is the current president of Portugal?
Answer: Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Question: How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?
Answer: 230
Question: For how long of a term are deputies elected?
Answer: four-year
Question: How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?
Answer: thirteen
Question: What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?
Answer: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party
Question: At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?
Answer: national-, regional- and local-levels
Question: What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?
Answer: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
Question: What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?
Answer: 5 and 15%
Question: For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?
Answer: five
Question: By what means is the President of the Republic elected?
Answer: by direct, universal suffrage
Question: Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?
Answer: President of the Republic
Question: What process is required of each government's policies?
Answer: define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate
Question: What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?
Answer: an absolute majority of deputies
Question: What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?
Answer: a civilian police force who work in urban areas
Question: What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?
Answer: a highly specialized criminal investigation police
Question: Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?
Answer: the Public Ministry.
Question: How much of a drug is legal to possess?
Answer: 10 days worth of personal use
Question: What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?
Answer: go to a rehab facility
Question: By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?
Answer: 50 percent
Question: How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?
Answer: 3,092
Question: How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?
Answer: 18
Question: What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?
Answer: Navy, Army and Air Force
Question: What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?
Answer: primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security
Question: How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?
Answer: 7,500
Question: How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?
Answer: $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP
Question: With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?
Answer: Pandur II APC
Question: What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?
Answer: Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC
Question: What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?
Answer: paratroopers, commandos and rangers
Question: How many personnel does the Navy have?
Answer: 10,700
Question: In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?
Answer: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War
Question: During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?
Answer: 1961–1974
Question: In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?
Answer: East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon
Question: What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?
Answer: Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998
Question: Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?
Answer: Pedro Passos Coelho
Question: What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?
Answer: improve the State's financial situation
Question: How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?
Answer: tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts
Question: Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?
Answer: 20%
Question: Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
Answer: unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms
Question: By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
Answer: Diário de Notícias
Question: Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?
Answer: Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)
Question: What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?
Answer: bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
Question: Why was the case of BPN more serious?
Answer: its size, market share, and the political implications
Question: On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?
Answer: fraud
Question: What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?
Answer: Portuguese Escudo
Question: What is the name of Portugal's central bank?
Answer: Banco de Portugal
Question: In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?
Answer: Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas
Question: According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?
Answer: Golf
Question: What period followed the Carnation Revolution?
Answer: PREC period
Question: Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?
Answer: changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector
Question: What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?
Answer: textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
Question: What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?
Answer: cork
Question: By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?
Answer: European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
Question: In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?
Answer: 2011
Question: How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?
Answer: €78 billion
Question: When did Portugal exit the bailout?
Answer: May 2014
Question: By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?
Answer: 15.3 percent
Question: Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?
Answer: small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units
Question: What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?
Answer: Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro
Question: What types of crops does Portugal produce?
Answer: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms
Question: What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?
Answer: dairy products, poultry and beef
Question: Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?
Answer: Ramirez
Question: What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?
Answer: Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, Líder, Manná, Murtosa, Pescador, Pitéu, Tenório, Torreira and Vasco da Gama
Question: What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?
Answer: fish
Question: What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?
Answer: tin, tungsten and uranium
Question: What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?
Answer: hydrocarbon
Question: In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?
Answer: north
Question: What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?
Answer: 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization
Question: What automotive brands exist in Portugal?
Answer: Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen
Question: What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?
Answer: Embraer and OGMA