huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?
Answer: YouTube Red
Question: On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?
Answer: both Android and iOS
Question: What happened in March 2015?
Question: What happened on August 25, 2015?
Question: What is YouTube Blue?
Question: What OS is YouTube kids unavailable?
Question: What's the name of the program that gives ads?
Question: What did YouTube launch in August 2015 for children?
Question: What was launched on February 26, 2015?
Question: What was launched to compete with Twitch.VT?
Question: What premium service was launched in February 2015?
Question: In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?
Answer: HTML5
Question: What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?
Answer: allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player
Question: How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site?
Answer: a page
Question: What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?
Answer: WebM
Question: When did HTML4 become standard?
Question: What happened in January 2009?
Question:  What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML4?
Question:  What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML4?
Question: When did YouTube launch a version of its site that supported the HMLT5 standard?
Question: What was no longer required with the support of HMLT5?
Question: What were browsers supporting in order to use the H.642 or WemB formats?
Question: When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?
Answer: 15 minutes
Question: When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube?
Answer: March 2006
Question: in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what?
Answer: unauthorized uploads
Question: What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?
Answer: 20 GB
Question:  What is the minimum length of a video on youtube?
Question: When did they do away with the limit for the maximum length allowed?
Question: What happened in August 2010?
Question:  What is the upload file size limit on up to date browsers?
Question: Who can upload videos of 12 minutes in duration?
Question: Who can upload videos of 15 hours in duration?
Question: What time limit was introduced in March 2005?
Question: What was increased from 10 to 15 in July 2001?
Question: When was 720p HD support added to youtube?
Answer: In November 2008
Question: What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3?
Answer: widescreen 16:9
Question: What video format support was added in 2009?
Answer: 1080p HD
Question: What is the highest resolution of video supported by youtube?
Answer: 8K resolution
Question: What is the name of the format that has dimensions of 4096×3072 pixels?
Answer: 4K
Question: What ratio was YouTube played changed to in July 2008?
Question: When did YouTube begin a switchover to H.246/MPEG-4?
Question: What was added in July 2009?
Question: What was added in November 2015?
Question: What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?
Answer: 3D
Question: What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses?
Answer: anaglyph
Question: When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?
Answer: In May 2011
Question: What was announced by Peter Bradshaw on May 21, 2009?
Question: What did YouTube begin supporting in July 2011?
Question: What ways can all YouTube videos be viewed?
Question: What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage?
Answer: HTML
Question: What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos?
Answer: social networking pages and blogs
Question: What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video?
Answer: "video response"
Question: When did youtube officially remove the response feature?
Answer: On August 27, 2013
Question: What does the HMTL piece that accompanies each video do?
Question: What is the HMTL functionality often used for?
Question: What did YouTube announce on August 13, 2017?
Question: What are the features video users can disable?
Question: Youtube intends for users to watch videos where?
Answer: through its website
Question: What was added to the upload options in July of 2012?
Answer: a Creative Commons license
Question: Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012?
Answer: Zamzar
Question: Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube?
Answer: the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama
Question: What did YouTube announce in February 2012?
Question: What did Google send in June 2009?
Question: Whose weekly addresses could be downloaded as videos?
Question: What has been the status regarding Creative Commons since June 2012?
Question: When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone?
Answer: September 2012
Question: What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app?
Answer: 35%
Question: What is Apple's prefered video standard?
Answer: H.264
Question: How long did it take to transfer Youtube's content to Apple's standard?
Answer: several months
Question: What company's products has YouTube's videos been available on since July 2007?
Question: What is H.642 to Apple?
Question: What was relaunched in June 2010?
Question: What did YouTube launch in July 2012?
Question: How many smartphone users used YouTube between April and June 2012?
Question: What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?
Answer: TiVo
Question: What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?
Answer: YouTube for TV
Question: later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV
Answer: YouTube XL
Question: Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?
Answer: the Roku player
Question: When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?
Answer: October 2014
Question: What did YouTube launch in January 2008?
Question: What was introduced in June 2008?
Question: What was launched on November 12, 2015?
Question: What was made available on December 13, 2017?
Question: What was YouTube made available on during October 2013?
Question: When was youtube red originally announced?
Answer: November 12, 2014
Question: What was the original title of youtube red?
Answer: Music Key
Question: When was youtube red re-launched with its added features?
Answer: October 28, 2015
Question: What service was "music key" intended to replace?
Answer: Google Play Music "All Access"
Question: What is YouTube Premium?
Question: What does YouTube Premium offer?
Question: What was originally announced on November 14, 2012?
Question: What was YouTube Premium originally called in 2014?
Question: What was relaunched on October 12, 2015?
Question: Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience?
Answer: large production companies
Question: What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program?
Answer: Partner Program
Question: What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer?
Answer: $12 million
Question: Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?
Answer: 90.3%
Question: Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?
Answer: Billboard
Question: How did a 2012 MCU business editor characterize YouTube?
Question: What did Katheryn Thayer say in 2012 about YouTube videos?
Question: What were 2.5% of artists categorized as in 2012?
Question: How many views did the 2.5% of artists receive in 2012?
Question: What did Billboard do in early 2012?
Question: What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize? 
Answer: face-to-face communication
Question: Who is the founder of the Khan Academy?
Answer: Salman Khan
Question: What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on?
Answer: education
Question: What famous historic figure did DET curator Chris Anderson reference?
Question: What did Salman Noer found?
Question: What did Michael Khan call the Kahn Academy?
Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what?
Answer: schedule the protests
Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what?
Answer: coordinate
Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what?
Answer: tell the world
Question: Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video?
Answer: Senator Lindsey Graham
Question: What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee?
Answer: 2007
Question: Who did YouTube partner with to engage people in the 2010 presidential debates?
Question: What did Philip N. Howard say about 2012's Arab Spring?
Question: What happened 12 days after the "Kony 2016" video was posted on YouTube?
Question: Who spoke about Kony's demise after the "Kony 2016" video?
Question: the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?
Answer: seventh
Question: What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?
Answer: creators' new media savvy
Question: In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?
Answer: Iman Crosson
Question: What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?
Answer: encourage young Americans to enroll
Question: Where did the White House's official channel rank in 2013?
Question: Whose 2012 video encouraged young Americans to enroll in the ACA?
Question: Who held a meeting to promote awareness of Obamacare in February 2013?
Question: Who was the target audience of President Obama's February 2013 YouTube meeting?
Question: What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?
Answer: It Gets Better Project
Question: How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response?
Answer: within two months
Question: How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?
Answer: fifteen
Question: What was done after Amanda Todd's death?
Answer: legislative action was undertaken
Question: What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?
Answer: form a national anti-bullying strategy
Question: What project was aimed toward LTBG teens?
Question: Who did the It Gets Better video draw responses from within 15 months?
Question: Whose video prompted legislative action within two months?
Question: How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day?
Answer: 15 minutes
Question: What is the average time an American watches TV in day?
Answer: four or five hours
Question: What was youtube's estimated ads revenue in 2013?
Answer: 3.7 billion
Question: What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008?
Answer: $200 million
Question: Youtube's financial records are not reported by who?
Answer: Google
Question: What did Forbes project as YouTube's revenue in January 2008?
Question: How much time did visitors spend on YouTube per day in January 2013?
Question: What year did YouTube's revenue from its ads program hit 3.6 billion?
Question: What year did YouTube double its ad revenue to 5.7 billion dollars?
Question: What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes?
Answer: Shows
Question: What was the intended purpose of youtube's "shows" section?
Answer: to create competition
Question: When did youtube launch the version of "shows" for the UK?
Answer: In November 2009
Question: In 2010 how many movies did youtube's rental service offer?
Answer: over 6,000 films
Question: Who entered into a partnership during June 2008 with NBC?
Question: Who did YouTube reach agreements with in November 2006?
Question: What did YouTube launch in June 2009?
Question: What did YouTube introduce in November 2010?
Question: What was youtube's 2007 partner program based on?
Answer: AdSense
Question: What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on "partner program" channels?
Answer: 45 percent
Question: How many people are employed by the partner program?
Answer: over a million
Question: As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views?
Answer: $2.09
Question: How much ad revenue goes to the original uploader of the youtube video if they're in the partner program?
Answer: 55 percent
Question: What did YouTube launch in May 2013?
Question: YouTube typically takes 55% of the revenue from where?
Question: Who does 45% of the advertising revenue go to?
Question: How many members were in the YouTube Partner Program according to TubeMogul in 2007?
Question: In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter's consent?
Answer: nearly a third
Question: Which major gaming company claimed copyright ad revenue rights against uploaders?
Answer: Nintendo
Question: When did Nintendo finally agree to share ad profits with the original uploaders?
Answer: February 2015
Question: What option besides removing the video does youtube grant copyright holders?
Answer: have them continue running for revenue
Question: What did Nintendo start enforcing in 2015?
Question: What did Nintendo agree to share in 2013?
Question: How many videos with advertisements were uploaded without the copyright holder's permission in 2013?
Question: What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?
Answer: violate copyright laws
Question: Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?
Answer: unauthorized
Question: How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?
Answer: Three
Question: Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?
Answer: view
Question: What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content?
Answer: DMCA
Question: What does the Online Copyright Liability Limitation Infringement Act allow copyright holders to do?
Question: What are YouTube users asked to violate when uploading a video?
Question: What Act allows for a DCAM takedown notice?
Question: Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube?
Answer: filed lawsuits
Question: How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube?
Answer: $1 billion
Question: What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?
Answer: goes far beyond its legal obligations
Question: How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights?
Answer: 150,000
Question: What organizations has YouTube filed lawsuits against?
Question: Who demanded $1.5 billion in damages?
Question: Who found that their content had been viewed "an astounding 1 billion times?"
Question: How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?
Answer: 12 terabytes
Question: Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?
Answer: Electronic Frontier Foundation
Question: What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?
Answer: appeal
Question: What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?
Answer: rejected in a summary judgment
Question: Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit?
Answer: Louis L. Stanton
Question: Who won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 10 terabytes of data?
Question: Whose lawsuit was rejected in June 2012?
Question: Whose lawsuit was rejected when Judge Stanton L. Louis cited protection under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act?
Question: What company did the Millennium Copyright Digital Act end up protecting?
Question: In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?
Answer: videos that infringe copyright
Question: Who was Google's CEO in 2007?
Answer: Eric Schmidt
Question: Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary? 
Answer: resolving lawsuits
Question: What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations?
Answer: Content ID
Question: What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?
Answer: flags the video
Question: Who is YouTube's CEO?
Question: What system did Eric Schmidt come up with?
Question: When did Google begin trials of Content ID?
Question: What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test?
Answer: surprisingly resilient
Question: As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?
Answer: unlimited
Question: How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID?
Answer: fill in a form
Question: What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010?
Answer: were modified
Question: What did a 2010 independent test find?
Question: What is one of the reasons YouTube's rules were modified in December 2009?
Question: What company ran the 2009 test of Content ID?
Question: Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content?
Answer: a YouTube employee
Question: The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube's policies with moderating its content?
Answer: unimpressed
Question: When did the UK speak out against youtube's copyright policies?
Answer: In July 2008
Question: Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube's policies?
Answer: the Culture and Media Committee
Question: What do uses rely on YouTube to flag?
Question: Who said they were impressed in 2008?
Question: What did the Media and Culture Committee of the House of Commons of the UK argue?
Question: What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content?
Answer: their form
Question: Time in 2006 wrote that youtube harnessed the wisdom and what else of humanity?
Answer: stupidity
Question: Which magazine wrote about youtube in a 2009 article on user comments?
Answer: The Guardian
Question: Some of the positive aspects of youtube might be that it provides what on a scale we've never seen before?
Answer: community and collaboration
Question: What did Time say about YouTube in 2009?
Question: What did the Guardian say about the comments on YouTube in 2006?
Question: What did Time praise in 2009?
Question: What can users leave on all videos?
Question: When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment?
Answer: November 6, 2013
Question: The changes to the google+ additions allowed uploaders to better moderate and what to comments?
Answer: block
Question: There were better sorting functions put in place in 2013 to make sure what kind of comments appeared on top?
Answer: more relevant discussions
Question: What is youtube co-founder Karim's first name?
Answer: Jawed
Question: How many thumbs down votes did youtube's official statement about the new commenting system get within two days?
Answer: 20,097
Question: What did Google implement on November 13, 2006?
Question: What did Karim Jawed post on his YouTube Channel in response to the policy change?
Question: What did Melvin Chase note about Google+?
Question: What did Melvin Chase say about the discussion forums?
Question: Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country?
Answer: long term standing ban
Question: What might happen in a restrictive state even if you do have access to the youtube site itself?
Answer: specific videos is blocked
Question: Why was YouTube completely blocked in all countries?
Question: What does YouTube do when a video is banned in all countries?
Question: What does YouTube do when the entire is site is blocked in all countries because of one video?
Question: How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?
Answer: 20,000
Question: What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?
Answer: 90%
Question: What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with?
Answer: block all music content
Question: Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played?
Answer: to launch the enhanced music experience
Question: Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube's agreement with the Merlin Network?
Answer: The Financial Times
Question: What service launched in May 2014 was a subscription based service?
Question: What did Robert Kyncl confirm in May 2014?
Question: What reason did Robert Kyncl give in May 2014 for YouTube blocking content labels?
Question: What did Kyncl say 100% of the labels had reached?
Question: What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?
Answer: metaphor
Question: When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?
Answer: 1879
Question: What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment?
Answer: authoritative declaration
Question: What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?
Answer: a wall of separation between church and state
Question: Who refused a metaphor about a wall of separation?
Question:  What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly denied?
Question:  When was the case of Reynolds v. UN?
Question:  What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the Third Amendment?
Question: What was the clause against establishment of non-religion by law intended to erect?
Question: What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America?
Answer: to worship freely
Question: What were Protestant Christians fleeing from?
Answer: religious persecution
Question: Who was persecuting the Puritans?
Answer: King of England
Question: What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony?
Answer: religious minorities
Question: What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish?
Answer: churches
Question: What was one of the reason late immigrant groups came to America?
Question:  What were Protestant Christians not fleeing from?
Question:  Who wasn't persecuting the Puritans?
Question:  What did William Penn deny the protection of in his colony?
Question: What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both reject?
Question: What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?
Answer: worshipping God
Question: When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?
Answer: 1789
Question: What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?
Answer: attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment
Question: What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia?
Answer: No one religious society
Question: What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?
Answer: any civil right
Question: What may every person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?
Question:  When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article VI, Section 10?
Question:  What can't a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?
Question: What is constitutionally allowed to be established in the state of Georgia?
Question: What will every person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?
Question: When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?
Answer: 1776
Question: What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?
Answer: Protestants
Question: What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876?
Answer: Christians
Question: What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office?
Answer: Article VI, Section 8
Question: When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable? 
Answer: 1961
Question: When did the North Carolina Constitution establish the Anglican church?
Question: What religious denomination wasn't the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?
Question:  What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1935 to 1976?
Question:  What part of the NC Constitution allows atheists to hold public office?
Question: When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses allow people to hold public office based on their religion was unenforceable?
Question: What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century?
Answer: The Flushing Remonstrance
Question: What were the Remonstrance opposed to?
Answer: religious persecution of any sort
Question: When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?
Answer: December 27, 1657
Question: Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?
Answer: Quakers
Question: What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?
Answer: religions
Question: What shows support for the separation of church and state as late as the mid-17th century?
Question:  What were the Remonstrance not opposed to?
Question: When did a group of English citizens reject a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?
Question: Who were the rejecters of the document affronted by the persecution of?
Question:  What had Peter Stuyvesant formally approved all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?
Question: What was Issac Backus' profession?
Answer: Baptist minister
Question: What region did Isaac Backus come from?
Answer: New England
Question: When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?
Answer: 1773
Question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?
Answer: 1786
Question: What didn't an established church, even at the state level, have?
Question:  When was Issac Backus' born?
Question:  What city did Isaac Backus come from?
Question:  When did Isaac Backus write supporting a state sanctioned religion?
Question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom rejected?
Question: What phrase did Roger Williams first use?
Answer: "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world"
Question: What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?
Answer: Rhode Island
Question: When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?
Answer: 1644
Question: Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson
Question: Who was a non-Baptist theologian?
Question:  What phrase did Roger Williams never use?
Question:  What colony did Roger Williams escape from?
Question:  When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution burned?
Question: Who used William's phrase as a description of the Third Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?
Question: Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?
Answer: Jefferson and James Madison's
Question: What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?
Answer: Proclamations of Thanksgiving
Question: How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?
Answer: four
Question: Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?
Answer: at the Capitol
Question: What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?
Answer: practical distinction
Question:  Whose conceptions of separation have long been agreed with?
Question: What did Jefferson approve to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?
Question: How many non-religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?
Question: What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? 
Answer: destruction
Question: What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?
Answer: preachers
Question: How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?
Answer: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Question: What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?
Answer: attend religious worship each morning
Question: What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?
Answer: one Jeffersonian letter
Question: What did Jefferson's opponents not accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity?
Question: What did Jefferson discourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?
Question: How was the state allowed to support a Professorship of Divinity?
Question: What scheme did Jefferson reject when it came to University students?
Question:  What does Mark David Hall think people don't focus on enough?
Question: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?
Answer: Reynolds v. U.S.
Question: What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?
Answer: Mormon polygamy
Question: What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?
Answer: legal definition for the word religion
Question: What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?
Answer: constitutional
Question:  When did Jefferson's letter not enter American jurisprudence?
Question:  What was the case that denied Jefferson's letter?
Question:  What was the court seeking, in not using Jefferson's letter?
Question:  What was the topic of Meynolds v. U.S.?
Question: What did the court rule not outlawing polygamy was?
Question: What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?
Answer: Jefferson and Madison's
Question: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?
Answer: a bill
Question: Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?
Answer: Patrick Henry
Question: What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?
Answer: some denomination
Question: What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?
Answer: worshipping God
Question: What approach was the only one taken in the 18th century?
Question: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in support of?
Question:  Who was the chief opposition of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?
Question: What did Patrick Henry not want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?
Question: What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express everyone would be restrained from doing?
Question: What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?
Answer: some church
Question: Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?
Answer: Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian
Question: What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?
Answer: to choose their own church
Question: Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?
Answer: openly divine-right Catholic,
Question: When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?
Answer: 1698
Question: What did the Duke of York never require every community in his lands to support?
Question: Instead of Anglican, what were the churches never supported in New York and New Jersey?
Question:  What were taxpayers not free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?
Question:  Why was the Duke a friend of Anglicanism?
Question:  When did the first Anglican minister leave New Jersey?
Question: What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?
Answer: Christians
Question: What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?
Answer: fervently Catholic
Question: What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?
Answer: Scottish Catholic
Question: What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?
Answer: religious test
Question: When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?
Answer: 1799
Question: What didn't the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?
Question:  What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as not being?
Question:  What non-religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?
Question: What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would be for those running for an office, in 1681?
Question: When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope not replaced?
Question: What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?
Answer: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"
Question: What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?
Answer: "establishment clause"
Question: What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?
Answer: "free exercise clause"
Question: What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?
Answer: the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine.
Question: What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?
Answer: a faith
Question:  What does the second amendment to the US Constitution state?
Question:  What is the second part of the First Amendment know as?
Question: What is the first part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?
Question:  What do the four clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?
Question: What are citizens of the United States not free to embrace or reject as they choose?
Question: Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment?
Answer: to appease the Anti-Federalists
Question: Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
Answer: because of the experience under the British crown
Question: Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?
Answer: Elbridge Gerry
Question: What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? 
Answer: Massachusetts
Question: What is John Baker of LLU's profession?
Question: Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the Second Amendment?
Question: Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to neither Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
Question: Who didn't take issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?
Question:  What wasn't Elbridge Gerry's constituency?
Question: Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? 
Answer: Constitution only gave Congress stated powers
Question: What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?
Answer: establishing a national religion
Question: Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?
Answer: South Carolina
Question: What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?
Answer: religious clauses in the state constitutions
Question:  Where was Representative Roger Merman from?
Question: Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was necessary?
Question:  What power was granted to Congress by the Constitution?
Question:  Where was Representative Thomas Pucker from?
Question: What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could not preempt?
Question: When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?
Answer: post-Civil War
Question: What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?
Answer: secure rights for former slaves
Question: What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?
Answer: due process and equal protection clauses
Question: What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?
Answer: incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states
Question: What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?
Answer: application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states
Question: When was the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution created?
Question:  What was the intent of the 13th Amendment?
Question:  What clauses does the 13th Amendment include?
Question:  What does the 13th Amendment also introduce the concept of?
Question: What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to not ensure?
Question: What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?
Answer: Everson v. Board of Education
Question: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?
Answer: state law
Question: What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?
Answer: state governments
Question: What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?
Answer: Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet
Question: When was the case of v. Grumet?
Answer: 1994
Question: What landmark case hasn't impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?
Question: What didn't the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?
Question: What didn't the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?
Question: What was a past case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?
Question:  When was the case of v. Prumet?
Question: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?
Answer: Establishment Clause
Question: What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?
Answer: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145
Question: What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?
Answer: freedom
Question: What word is not defined in the Constitution?
Answer: religion
Question: Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?
Answer: the Danbury Baptists
Question: Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" didn't become part of what jurisprudence?
Question: What case wasn't Jefferson's concept apropos to?
Question:  What doesn't the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?
Question:  What word is defined in the Constitution?
Question: Who hadn't Jefferson's letter been sent to?
Question: When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?
Answer: 1947
Question: What case was the concept relevant?
Answer: Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1
Question: What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?
Answer: government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools
Question: What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?
Answer: court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state
Question: How must the wall separating church and state be kept?
Answer: high and impregnable
Question: When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution not made explicit?
Question:  What case wasn't the concept relevant?
Question:  What wasn't the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?
Question: What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the second instance of?
Question:  How mustn't the wall separating church and state be kept?
Question: What was the state allowed to continue to fund?
Answer: transportation of students to religious schools
Question: What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?
Answer: that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"
Question: What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?
Answer: that wall
Question: What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?
Answer: the present legislation
Question: What did the decision not uphold?
Question:  What was the state not allowed to continue to fund?
Question:  What did neither the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?
Question: What was the agreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?
Question:  What did Justice Jackson agree there were no grounds upon which to support what?
Question: When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?
Answer: 1962
Question: What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer?
Answer: Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421
Question: By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?
Answer: 6-1
Question: Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?
Answer: unconstitutional
Question: When did the Supreme Court address the issue of unofficially sponsored prayer in public schools?
Question:  What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of unofficially sponsored school prayer?
Question:  By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an unofficial school prayer?
Question:  Even if a prayer is denominational it's still considered what?
Question: What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?
Answer: governmentally composed prayers for religious services
Question: Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?
Answer: Justice Potter Stewart
Question: What did Stewart object to?
Answer: the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor
Question: Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?
Answer: metaphors
Question: Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was nowhere to be found in what?
Answer: the Constitution
Question: What wasn't one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?
Question:  Who wasn't the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?
Question:  What did Stewart agree with?
Question: Stewart felt the court was responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?
Question: Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was everywhere to be found in what?
Question: When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?
Answer: 1968
Question: What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?
Answer: that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals
Question: Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?
Answer: Justice Abe Fortas
Question: What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?
Answer: an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof
Question: What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?
Answer: views distasteful to them
Question: When did the case of Ipperson v. Kansas take place?
Question:  What did an Arkansas law make it legal to teach the theory of?
Question:  Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Kansas?
Question: What did the Kansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?
Question: What does the State have legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?
Question: When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?
Answer: 1971
Question: What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?
Answer: Pennsylvania
Question: Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?
Answer: teachers of secular subjects
Question: What did the state's policy violate?
Answer: the Establishment Clause
Question: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?
Answer: absolute
Question: When was the case of Lime v. Kurtzman?
Question:  What state's policy was in question in Lime v. Kurtzman?
Question:  Whose salaries were being reimbursed in public religious schools?
Question:  What did the state's policy not violate?
Question: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could always be?
Question: How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?
Answer: three
Question: What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?
Answer: "Lemon Test"
Question: To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?
Answer: non-religious
Question: What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?
Answer: religion
Question: Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?
Answer: government with religion
Question: How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports without the Establishment Clause?
Question: What is the four-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?
Question: To violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?
Question:  What much the primary effect of a law both advance and inhibit?
Question: Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a distant relationship of what?
Question: How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?
Answer: three
Question: When did the three judge panel make their ruling?
Answer: 2002
Question: What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?
Answer: the Pledge of Allegiance
Question: Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?
Answer: procedural grounds
Question: What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?
Answer: standing to sue
Question: How many judges weren't on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?
Question: When did the three judge panel fail to make their ruling?
Question: What did neither house of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?
Question: Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow not overturned?
Question:  What did the six-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?
Question: When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?
Answer: December 20, 2005
Question: What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?
Answer: the Ten Commandments
Question: Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?
Answer: secular in nature
Question: When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?
Answer: May 3, 2006
Question: What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?
Answer: the cross
Question: When did the US Court of Appeals not rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?
Question:  What was not displayed in Kentucky courthouses?
Question:  Why were the displays of the ten Commandments disallowed?
Question: When was a ruling not handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?
Question: What did a federal judge rule must be removed from private property?
Question: What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?
Answer: Town of Greece v. Galloway
Question: When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?
Answer: May 5, 2014
Question: What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?
Answer: 5-4
Question: Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?
Answer: Town of Greece
Question: What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?
Answer: sectarian prayers
Question: What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must not allow various faiths?
Question:  When did the Supreme Court not rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?
Question:  What wasn't the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?
Question: Who did the Supreme Court not rule in favor of?
Question:  What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution disallowed for?
Question: What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?
Answer: separation of church and state
Question: What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?
Answer: constitutional limitation on religious establishment
Question: What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?
Answer: the textual requirements of the Constitution
Question: What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?
Answer: many aspects of church and state
Question: What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?
Answer: prevalent degree of separation of church and state
Question: What do some organizations agree with the notion of?
Question: What do scholars also agree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?
Question:  What don't the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?
Question: What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was not ratified?
Question:  What do these critics argue could have been intended by the framers of the constitution?
Question: Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?
Answer: religion
Question: When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?
Answer: 1868
Question: What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?
Answer: first amendment's application to the state government