huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?
Answer: Richmond
Question: What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?
Answer: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Question: In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?
Answer: 1782
Question: What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?
Answer: James River and Kanawha Canal
Question: To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?
Answer: Kanawha River
Question: To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?
Answer: Philadelphia
Question: What was Henry Brown's nickname?
Answer: Box
Question: What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?
Answer: industrial
Question: On what date was Virginia's secession from the Union?
Answer: 17 April 1861
Question: After leaving the Union, what nation did Virginia join?
Answer: Confederacy
Question: Along with 1864-5, what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond?
Answer: 1862
Question: What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?
Answer: Tredegar Iron Works
Question: What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?
Answer: CSS Virginia
Question: What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?
Answer: White House of the Confederacy
Question: How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?
Answer: two blocks
Question: Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?
Answer: McClellan
Question: 5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee's army?
Answer: tenth
Question: On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line?
Answer: Boydton Plank
Question: What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman?
Answer: John B. Gordon
Question: In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended?
Answer: March
Question: What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?
Answer: tobacco
Question: What general received the surrender of Richmond?
Answer: Godfrey Weitzel
Question: On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?
Answer: April 2, 1865
Question: By what means did Davis leave Richmond?
Answer: train
Question: What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?
Answer: 25
Question: How many soldiers did Lee have remaining when he surrendered?
Answer: 10000
Question: To what state did Davis travel after Lee surrendered?
Answer: North Carolina
Question: In what structure did Lee surrender to Grant?
Answer: Appomattox Court House
Question: How many years did Davis spend in Fort Monroe?
Answer: two
Question: What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond?
Answer: triple
Question: Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine?
Answer: James Albert Bonsack
Question: From what city did James Bonsack originate?
Answer: Roanoke
Question: What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity?
Answer: Richmond Union Passenger Railway
Question: When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?
Answer: 85,050
Question: How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?
Answer: 13
Question: What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?
Answer: 37.9
Question: What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?
Answer: Wall Street of Black America
Question: Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?
Answer: Maggie L. Walker
Question: About how many structures were built in Richmond during the downtown boom?
Answer: 700
Question: What combined with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University?
Answer: Medical College of Virginia
Question: In what direction did Richmond's borders expand in 1970?
Answer: south
Question: People of what county did not want to join Richmond circa 1970?
Answer: Chesterfield
Question: How many square miles of Richmond is water?
Answer: 2.7
Question: What percentage of Richmond is made up of water?
Answer: 4.3
Question: In which of Virginia's regions is Richmond?
Answer: Piedmont
Question: Along with the James and the Chickahominy, what is a notable river in the area near Richmond?
Answer: Appomattox
Question: What neighborhood is located in between Church and Shockoe Hill?
Answer: Shockoe Bottom
Question: What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel?
Answer: Monroe Ward
Question: What neighborhood of Richmond contains St. John's Church?
Answer: Church Hill
Question: What is Fairfield Court?
Answer: public housing projects
Question: In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed?
Answer: 1737
Question: The neighborhood of Newtowne West is north of what street?
Answer: Broad
Question: Along with Newtowne West, to what neighborhood is Carver regarded as having comparable demographics?
Answer: Jackson Ward
Question: What Richmond street contains a notable amount of Victorian buildings?
Answer: Monument Avenue
Question: In what part of Richmond is the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts found?
Answer: Museum District
Question: What is the primary race of the population of the Randolph neighborhood?
Answer: black
Question: What name is given to the part of Richmond located to the south of the James?
Answer: Southside
Question: Along with the affluent, what is the socioeconomic class of the inhabitants of the Southside?
Answer: middle class
Question: What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside?
Answer: Hillside Court
Question: Prior to joining Richmond, what county was a significant portion of Southside part of?
Answer: Chesterfield
Question: What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond?
Answer: impoverished
Question: How could one characterize the winters in Richmond?
Answer: generally cool
Question: What geographic feature keeps some cold inland air from reaching Richmond?
Answer: mountains
Question: In what month of the year does Richmond's chilliest weather typically end?
Answer: February
Question: About how many days a year does the temperature in Richmond go above 32 degrees Celsius?
Answer: 43
Question: What season in Richmond is most likely to see periods of dryness?
Answer: autumn
Question: How many times does Richmond receive 7.6 centimeters or more of snow in a 24 hour period annually?
Answer: once
Question: About how many centimeters of snow does Richmond experience in the fall?
Answer: 27
Question: During what span of 2010 did snowfall remain for a significant amount of time on the ground in Richmond?
Answer: January 30 to February 14
Question: What types of ice storms sometimes hit Richmond?
Answer: freezing rain or glaze
Question: What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding?
Answer: July
Question: In 1955, Richmond was hit with three hurricanes in how many weeks?
Answer: six
Question: In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?
Answer: Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane
Question: What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004?
Answer: Gaston
Question: In 2000, how many families lived in Richmond?
Answer: 43,627
Question: As of 2000, how many people lived in Richmond per square kilometer?
Answer: 1,271.3
Question: What percentage of the Richmond population of 2000 was Pacific Islander?
Answer: 0.1
Question: What was the largest racial group in Richmond as of 2000?
Answer: African American
Question: In 2000, what percentage of Richmond residents were multiracial?
Answer: 1.5
Question: What crime notably increased in Richmond over the course of the 1980s?
Answer: murder
Question: In 1985, how many people were murdered in Richmond?
Answer: 93
Question: How many people per 100,000 were murdered in Richmond in 1990?
Answer: 56.1
Question: How many murders occurred in Richmond in 1995?
Answer: 120
Question: Who was a notable congregant at Second Presbyterian Church?
Answer: Stonewall Jackson
Question: What architectural style was Second Presbyterian Church built in?
Answer: Gothic
Question: On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond?
Answer: May 25, 1834
Question: In what year was Richmond's First Baptist Church founded?
Answer: 1780
Question: Along with Chabad of Virginia, what is the other Orthodox synagogue in Richmond?
Answer: Keneseth Beth Israel
Question: What grades does the Rudlin Torah academy serve?
Answer: K–12
Question: What sect of Judaism is Rudlin Torah affiliated with?
Answer: Orthodox
Question: What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond?
Answer: Beth El and Or Atid
Question: How many synagogues in the Reform tradition are present in Richmond?
Answer: three
Question: On what street is Masjid Bilal located?
Answer: Chimbarazoo Boulevard
Question: What was Masjid Bilal previously known as?
Answer: Masjid Muhammad #24
Question: What year saw the establishment of the Islamic Center of Virginia?
Answer: 1973
Question: On what street can Shabaaz Restaurant be found?
Answer: Nine Mile Road
Question: How many Indian-descended families lived in or around Richmond in 2011?
Answer: 6,000
Question: What does CCI stand for?
Answer: Cultural Center of India
Question: In what county can CCI be found?
Answer: Chesterfield
Question: What road is CCI near?
Answer: Iron Bridge
Question: Along with CCI, what is the other Hindu gathering place near Richmond?
Answer: Hindu Center of Virginia
Question: What federal court is located in Richmond?
Answer: United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Question: Along with Philip Morris and CapitalOne, what prominent corporation is present in Richmond?
Answer: Genworth Financial
Question: What type of business is LeClairRyan?
Answer: law firms
Question: When did the Troutman Sanders-Mays & Valentine LLP merger occur?
Answer: 2001
Question: How many Federal Reserve Banks exist in the United States?
Answer: 12
Question: How many square meters of space does Virginia BioTechnology Research Park consist of?
Answer: 53,400
Question: What does the United Network for Organ Sharing do?
Answer: maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list
Question: What was the cost of the Philip Morris R&D facility opened at the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?
Answer: $350 million
Question: When did Philip Morris' R&D facility open?
Answer: 2007
Question: What Virginia Commonwealth University campus is near Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?
Answer: Medical College of Virginia
Question: What periodical called Richmond "The Next Great American Food City"?
Answer: Departures magazine
Question: According to Southern Living, what are the three best restaurants in Richmond?
Answer: Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt
Question: How many microbreweries exist in Richmond?
Answer: twelve
Question: What was the first microbrewery to set up shop in Richmond?
Answer: Legend Brewery
Question: When was James River Distillery founded?
Answer: 2014
Question: Who notably appeared in Killing Kennedy?
Answer: Rob Lowe
Question: On what television channel can the show Turn be seen?
Answer: AMC
Question: When will Mercy Street first be shown on television?
Answer: Winter 2016
Question: What channel is Killing Kennedy on?
Answer: National Geographic Channel
Question: According to MarketWatch, where did Richmond rank among cities for business?
Answer: third
Question: What did MarketWatch think was the fourth best city for business?
Answer: Boston
Question: What type of business is Dominion Resources?
Answer: electric utility
Question: Prior to moving to the Richmond area, where was Altria's headquarters located?
Answer: New York City
Question: What company moved to Richmond from Connecticut?
Answer: MeadWestvaco
Question: What city is the headquarters of McKesson located in?
Answer: San Francisco
Question: Who owns Philip Morris USA?
Answer: Altria
Question: What DuPont factory is located in the Richmond area?
Answer: Spruance Plant
Question: What was the former name of UPS Freight?
Answer: Overnite Transportation
Question: What architectural style was the 1919 Broad Street Union Station constructed in?
Answer: neoclassical
Question: How far away from the Virginia Center for Architecture is the Children's Museum of Richmond?
Answer: two blocks
Question: What district of Richmond is the Virginia Historical Society located in?
Answer: Museum District
Question: What museum is next to the Science Museum of Virginia?
Answer: Children's Museum of Richmond
Question: In what former industrial facility is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center located?
Answer: Tredegar Iron Works
Question: What government building is the Museum of the Confederacy located near?
Answer: Virginia State Capitol
Question: What is another name for the Davis Mansion?
Answer: White House of the Confederacy
Question: On what Richmond street did General Lee live for a while?
Answer: Franklin
Question: Where are the Reconciliation Statues outside Richmond located?
Answer: Liverpool and Benin
Question: What office was held by the inhabitant of the John Marshall House?
Answer: Chief Justice of the United States
Question: How many United States presidents are interred in Hollywood Cemetery?
Answer: two
Question: Who gave a speech that contained the famous saying "Give me liberty or give me death"?
Answer: Patrick Henry
Question: Where did Patrick Henry deliver his memorable speech?
Answer: St. John's Church
Question: Near what park is the monument dedicated to the person traditionally regarded as discovering America?
Answer: Byrd
Question: How many bells are contained in the World War I Memorial Carillon?
Answer: 56
Question: The dead of what war were the first to be commemorated by the Virginia War Memorial?
Answer: World War II
Question: In what neighborhood is the monument to Bill Robinson located?
Answer: Jackson Ward
Question: What notable project was funded by Richmond's "admissions tax"?
Answer: CentreStage
Question: Along with blues and bluegrass, what is a type of folk music traditional to Virginia?
Answer: country
Question: Along with busking and itinerant folk shows, what is an example of venueless art?
Answer: house shows
Question: Along with Hamilton Glass and El Kamino, who is a mural artist local to Richmond?
Answer: Nils Westergard
Question: What periodical has attempted to attract internationally known mural artists to Richmond?
Answer: RVA
Question: What Richmond street art gathering has brought mural artists to the city?
Answer: RVA Street Art Festival
Question: In what city did Lewis Hallam present Shakespeare's plays?
Answer: Williamsburg
Question: What family of actors notably performed in 19th century Richmond?
Answer: Booth
Question: What is Virginia Museum Theater known as today?
Answer: Leslie Cheek
Question: During what decade did the Virginia Museum most significantly work to promote theater in Richmond?
Answer: 1970s
Question: What percentage of Richmond's buildings were burned in a single fire in 1865?
Answer: 25
Question: Prior to what year was the Patterson-Schutte House built?
Answer: 1750
Question: What is the name of the era from which the building housing the Edgar Allan Poe Museum dates?
Answer: colonial
Question: What architectural style was used to design the Virginia State Capitol?
Answer: neo-classical
Question: What notable federal government buildings were designed in the neoclassical style?
Answer: White House and The Capitol
Question: What is the architectural style of the 1845 Egyptian Building?
Answer: Egyptian Revival
Question: Who were the designers of the Virginia State Capitol?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau
Question: Who designed Branch House?
Answer: John Russell Pope
Question: What is another name for Broad Street Station?
Answer: Union Station
Question: What style of architecture was used in the design of Union Station?
Answer: Beaux-Arts
Question: Who designed the Commonwealth Club?
Answer: Carrère and Hastings
Question: In what year did iron production in Richmond peak?
Answer: 1890
Question: How many more iron workers than construction workers were being employed in Richmond in 1890?
Answer: seven times
Question: Along with Jackson and Monroe Wards, what neighborhood notably features cast-iron fences?
Answer: Church Hill
Question: Who was the designer of the Federal Reserve Building?
Answer: Minoru Yamasaki
Question: Who designed the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building?
Answer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Question: What architectural style was the Rice House designed in?
Answer: International
Question: What university was Landis Gores associated with?
Answer: Harvard
Question: Who did Landis Gores design a home for?
Answer: W.G. Harris
Question: What Native American tribe at one time lived on Belle Isle?
Answer: Powhatan
Question: During what conflict was Belle Isle used as a prison?
Answer: Civil War
Question: Between Brown's Island and Belle Isle, which is bigger?
Answer: Belle Isle
Question: On what island does the James River Beer and Seafood Festival take place?
Answer: Brown's Island
Question: How often does Friday Cheers take place on Brown's Island?
Answer: weekly
Question: How many kilometers long is the track in Byrd Park?
Answer: 1.6
Question: How many monuments can be found in Byrd Park?
Answer: two
Question: In what year was the World War I Memorial Carillon constructed?
Answer: 1926
Question: What was previously located at the present location of Forest Hill Park?
Answer: Forest Hill Amusement Park
Question: What sport do the Richmond Kickers compete in?
Answer: soccer
Question: With what Major League Baseball team are the Richmond Flying Squirrels associated?
Answer: San Francisco Giants
Question: What is the home ground of the Richmond Kickers?
Answer: City Stadium
Question: Where did the Richmond Braves move to?
Answer: Georgia
Question: When did the RIR begin to host the Capital City 400?
Answer: 1962
Question: When did the Suntrust Indy Challenge stop being run at RIR?
Answer: 2009
Question: In what direction does one travel from Richmond to reach Southside Speedway?
Answer: southwest
Question: What is the shape of Southside Speedway?
Answer: oval
Question: Along with "The Action Track," what is a nickname of Southside Speedway?
Answer: Toughest Track in the South
Question: What company owns the company that owns the Richmond Times-Dispatch?
Answer: Berkshire Hathaway
Question: How many people buy the Richmond Times-Dispatch on Sunday?
Answer: 120,000
Question: What newspaper is published by Landmark Communications?
Answer: Style Weekly
Question: Before switching to its current publication schedule, how often was RVA Magazine published?
Answer: monthly
Question: Along with the Voice, what is Richmond's black-oriented news publication?
Answer: Richmond Free Press
Question: Per Nielsen, how many homes exist in the Richmond-Petersburg DMA?
Answer: 553,950
Question: Where does the Richmind-Petersburg DMA rank in the United States?
Answer: 58th
Question: With what network is WUPV 65 affiliated?
Answer: CW
Question: What type of channel is WCVW 57?
Answer: Public Broadcasting
Question: What Richmond-area station is affiliated with CBS?
Answer: WTVR-TV 6
Question: What official is in charge of Richmond's executive branch?
Answer: mayor
Question: How many years does the term of a Richmond city council representative last?
Answer: four
Question: On what day of the week does the city council meet?
Answer: Mondays
Question: In what month does the city council not meet?
Answer: August
Question: What is the current mayor of Richmond?
Answer: Dwight C. Jones
Question: In what year was the first black Baptist minister elected to the city council?
Answer: 1990
Question: In what district did A. Carl Prince win election to the city council?
Answer: Eighth
Question: What political organization supported the city council candidacy of A. Carl Prince?
Answer: Richmond Crusade for Voters
Question: How many primary and secondary school students attend school in Richmond?
Answer: 24,000
Question: For whom is the Governor's School in Richmond named?
Answer: Maggie L. Walker
Question: Where was Richmond's Governor's School rated by Newsweek in 2012?
Answer: 16
Question: When did Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts open its doors?
Answer: 2010
Question: What is a for-profit university in Richmond?
Answer: South University - Richmond
Question: What does BTSR stand for?
Answer: Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond
Question: Where is John Tyler Community College located?
Answer: Chesterfield County
Question: What is Richmond's public university?
Answer: Virginia Commonwealth
Question: About how long does it take to drive from Richmond International Airport to Williamsburg?
Answer: an hour
Question: How many airlines operate out of Richmond International?
Answer: nine
Question: What percentage increase in passenger traffic did Richmond International experience between 2005 and 2006?
Answer: 13
Question: What direction do you travel to get from Richmond to Sandston?
Answer: southeast
Question: What is the street address if the Greyhound bus terminal in Richmond?
Answer: 2910 N Boulevard
Question: How long does a bus trip from Richmond to New York City take?
Answer: 7.5 hours
Question: What is the lowest fare on Megabus?
Answer: $1
Question: How much did the Department of Transportation give to Richmond for its Rapid Transit System?
Answer: $25 million
Question: What city in Maryland does Megabus travel to?
Answer: Baltimore
Question: What counties does the GRTC link to Richmond?
Answer: Henrico, and Chesterfield
Question: Along with Short Pump, what comprises the far part of the West End?
Answer: Innsbrook
Question: According to a GRTC report, what is an example of what most of its riders lack?
Answer: private vehicle
Question: What is GRTC an initialism of?
Answer: Greater Richmond Transit Company
Question: What station services all southern rail traffic passing through Richmond?
Answer: Staples Mill Road Station
Question: What is the name of the railroad station inside Richmond proper?
Answer: Main Street Station
Question: In what year was Richmond's railroad station renovated?
Answer: 2004
Question: Along with Williamsburg, what city's rail traffic uses the Main Street Station?
Answer: Newport News
Question: Why does the Main Street Station only receive rail traffic from Newport News and Williamsburg?
Answer: track layout
Question: How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in?
Answer: nine
Question: Along with Surry Nuclear Generating Station, what is Richmond's main electricity generator?
Answer: North Anna Nuclear Generating Station
Question: In what town is a coal-fired plant that provides power to Richmond located?
Answer: Chester
Question: What type of power plant is Darbytown?
Answer: natural gas
Question: How much water is contained in Shockoe Retention Basin?
Answer: 44-million-gallon
Question: How many Richmond inhabitants get their water from the wastewater treatment plant?
Answer: 62,000
Question: How much sewage and stormwater can the treatment plant adjacent to the James River treat daily?
Answer: 70 million gallons
Question: Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?
Answer: relatively few
Question: Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?
Answer: Infectious disease
Question: What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?
Answer: ability of that pathogen to damage the host
Question: What can a host's immune system do to a host?
Answer: cause damage
Question: What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of?
Answer: host defenses
Question: How many microorganisms cause repair in otherwise healthy individuals?
Question: What is prevented by interplay between pathogens and attacks of hosts?
Question: What does the level of an achievement resulting from a pathogen depend on?
Question: What can a host's immune system allow from a host?
Question: What do clinicians ignore the status of when they classify infectious microorganisms?
Question: What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious?
Answer: satisfy Koch's postulates
Question: What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?
Answer: patients and not in healthy controls
Question: What is Koch's second postulate?
Answer: patients who contract the agent also develop the disease
Question: Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases?
Answer: because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual
Question: What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? 
Answer: Treponema pallidum
Question: What is one way of proving that a given disease is safe?
Question: What must an infectious agent not be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?
Question: What is Koch's worst postulate?
Question: Why can Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many reptile diseases?
Question: What is no longer the causative spirochete of syphilis?
Question: When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? 
Answer: when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person
Question: What is a contagious disease a subset of?
Answer: infectious disease
Question: What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?
Answer: especially infective or easily transmitted
Question: Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?
Answer: medical
Question: What is not always respected in popular use?
Answer: specialized connotation of the word "contagious"
Question: When are infectious diseases called impossible diseases?
Question: What is a contagious disease more important than?
Question: What sets a contagious disease equal to a standard infectious disease?
Question: What is always respected in popular use?
Question: When does infection begin?
Answer: when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies.
Question: What group is not easily infected?
Answer: humans
Question: What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?
Answer: weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic
Question: What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections?
Answer: Individuals who have a suppressed immune system
Question: What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells?
Answer: intracellular
Question: When does infection become unstoppable?
Question: What group is never infected?
Question: What group of humans have no susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?
Question: What individuals are particularly safe to opportunistic infections?
Question: What is it called when a pathogen explodes within the host cells?
Question: What does wound colonization refer to?
Answer: nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound
Question: What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?
Answer: replicating
Question: What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?
Answer: extrinsic organisms
Question: What species colonizes the mammalian colon?
Answer: anaerobic bacteria
Question: What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?
Answer: only a matter of circumstance
Question: What does wound colonization mean to avoid?
Question: What are few multicellular organisms colonized to some degree by?
Question: What type of organisms tickle and heal tissue in infected wounds?
Question: What's the only similarity between an infection and a colonization?
Question: What rodent colonizes the mammalian colon?
Question: Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected?
Answer: Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization
Question: What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice?
Answer: symptoms and signs
Question: What is increased pain an indicator of?
Answer: infection
Question: What does not rule out infection?
Answer: absence of pain
Question: Why is it easy to know which chronic wounds are infected?
Question: What is there unlimited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice?
Question: What is reduced pain an indicator of?
Question: What will always rule out infection?
Question: What is rarely seen in clinical practice?
Question: What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of?
Answer: toxins
Question: What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?
Answer: paralyzes muscles
Question: What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis?
Answer: staphylococcus
Question: What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease?
Answer: less than 5%
Question: When an organism prevents what from the host a disease can arise?
Question: What can a microorganism repair tissue damage by releasing a variety of?
Question: What does the toxin Clostridium tetani release help avoid?
Question: What releases toxins which produce joy and euphoria?
Question: What disease similarly to Creutzfeldt–Jakob has never resulted in death?
Question: Why do persistent infections occur?
Answer: body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection
Question: What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?
Answer: the infectious organism
Question: How can some viruses main a persistent infection?
Answer: by infecting different cells of the body
Question: What never leave the body when acquired?
Answer: Some viruses
Question: Where does the herpes virus hide?
Answer: in nerves
Question: Why do persistent infections never occur?
Question: What are persistent infections characterized by the continual absence of?
Question: How can some viruses cure a persistent infection?
Question: What always leave the body when acquired?
Question: Where does the herpes virus avoid?
Question: What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying? 
Answer: an infectious agent either directly or indirectly
Question: Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation?
Answer: clinical
Question: How are minor infectious diseases treated?
Answer: without knowledge of the specific causative agent
Question: What can be identified given sufficient effort?
Answer: all known infectious agents
Question: Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent?
Answer: greatly outweighed by the cost
Question: What does diagnosis of an infectious always involve ignoring?
Question: How are many minor infectious diseases diagnosed illegally?
Question: How are all infectious diseases treated?
Question: What can be identified given no effort?
Question: Why is it always worth it to identify an infectious agent?
Question: How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated?
Answer: by medical history and physical examination
Question: What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow?
Answer: detailed identification
Question: What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?
Answer: microscopic features
Question: What can organisms be directly identified by?
Answer: its genotype
Question: What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities?
Answer: X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR
Question: How is diagnosis of infectious disease rarely initiated?
Question: What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient restrict?
Question: What features of an infectious organism does a culture forbid examining?
Question: What can organisms never be directly identified by?
Question: What technique can be used to produce images of external abnormalities?
Question: What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease?
Answer: Microbiological
Question: What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture?
Answer: growth
Question: What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on?
Answer: nutrient agar
Question: What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate?
Answer: a colony
Question: What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called?
Answer: a "plaque"
Question: What type of hammer is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease?
Question: What type of medium is not typically provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture?
Question: What are most pathogenic bacteria unable to grow on?
Question: What is it called when an invisible mound forms on the surface of a plate?
Question: What is a planet of dead cells resulting from viral growth called?
Question: What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in?
Answer: animals
Question: What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in?
Answer: embryonated
Question: What is Xenodiagnosis?
Answer: use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent
Question: What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease?
Answer: the causative agent
Question: What are live animals unnecessary for?
Question: What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum never be grown in?
Question: What type of eggs may no viruses be grown in?
Question: What does Xenodiagnosis avoid doing?
Question: What is simple to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease?
Question: What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?
Answer: microscopic examination
Question: What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under?
Answer: light microscope
Question: When is microscopy exquisitely specific?
Answer: when used in combination with antibody based techniques.
Question: What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? 
Answer: bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen
Question: What is microscopy unnecessary for?
Question: What do virtually no culture techniques rely on at some point?
Question: What can samples obtained from patients be viewed by from far away?
Question: When is microscopy exquisitely useless?
Question: What are antibodies with artificial fluorescence unable to do?
Question: What do almost all cells readily stain with?
Answer: a number of basic dyes
Question: Why do cells easily stain with dyes?
Answer: electrostatic attraction
Question: What electronic charge do cellular molecules have?
Answer: negatively charged
Question: What is Geimsa stain?
Answer: a dye
Question: How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?
Answer: Two
Question: What do few cells readily stain with?
Question: Why do cells have difficulty staining with dyes?
Question: What electronic charge do cellular molecules destroy?
Question: How many methods comprise unorthodox approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?
Question: What is the rarest method used to classify bacteria and to diagnose a disease?
Question: What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?
Answer: enzymes
Question: What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?
Answer: RNA replicases
Question: What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?
Answer: red blood cells
Question: Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?
Answer: humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase
Question: What needs to be combined with infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?
Question: What enzyme's absence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?
Question: What does the protein hemagglutinin pull apart?
Question: Why are the presence of certain enzymes a sign of good health?
Question: What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms?
Answer: Serological
Question: What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do?
Answer: bind specifically to an antigen
Question: What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually?
Answer: a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent
Question: What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways?
Answer: a chain of events
Question: What is the causative agent of "strep throat"?
Answer: S. pyogenes
Question: What methods are highly sensitive, general and slow tests used to identify microorganisms?
Question: What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to avoid?
Question: What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually not part of?
Question: What does the binding set off that will result in something invisible in various ways?
Question: What is the special agent of "strep throat"?
Question: What type of signal do immunoassays produce?
Answer: electro - magnetic or particle radiation
Question: What allows quantitation of the target antigen?
Answer: unknowns can be compared to that of standards
Question: Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins?
Answer: generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent
Question: What are immunoassays banned from being?
Question: What type of signal do immunoassays absorb?
Question: What stops quantitation of the target antigen?
Question: What type of proteins are undetectable by Immunoassays?
Question: What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?
Answer: PCR
Question: What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?
Answer: virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified
Question: What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?
Answer: grow within the human body
Question: What are primers derived from the genomes of?
Answer: infectious agents
Question: What does the acronym PCR abbreviate to?
Question: What be the silver standards of diagnostics in the distant future?
Question: What has the catalog of infectious agents decreased to the point of?
Question: What must an infectious agent prevent to cause disease?
Question: What are primers excluded by gnomes?
Question: What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? 
Answer: ability to detect any infectious agent
Question: What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?
Answer: cost and application
Question: What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?
Answer: clostridial diseases
Question: PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?
Answer: significant proliferation of the infectious agent
Question: What supernatural ability with regards to detection is currently available?
Question: What are the remaining blockades to the removal of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?
Question: What are some diseases which help improve PCR methods?
Question: Which blockades to use PCR are currently insurmountable?
Question: What diseases are considered fundamentally biological healing?
Question: How was the course of AIDS followed?
Answer: monitoring the composition of patient blood samples
Question: What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?
Answer: resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk
Question: What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?
Answer: geographical origins of the virus
Question: What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?
Answer: Molecular diagnostics
Question: What is used as a punishment for AIDS?
Question: How was the course of AIDS hidden?
Question: What could be in danger by understanding how the disease was transmitted?
Question: What did the genotypic identification of HIV later prevent?
Question: What is now rarely used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illness?
Question: What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?
Answer: infections from being passed from one person to another
Question: What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?
Answer: Frequent hand washing
Question: Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?
Answer: prevention
Question: Why is it important to cook foods well?
Answer: prevention
Question: What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time?
Answer: avoiding
Question: What can wearing gowns and face masks help facilitate?
Question: What is the least important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?
Question: What are consuming drugs and avoiding condoms considered a form of?
Question: What does a balanced diet and regular exercise make impossible?
Question: What should one do with foods that have not been left outside for a long time?
Question: Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?
Answer: prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases
Question: What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?
Answer: virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness
Question: What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?
Answer: Ebola
Question: Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?
Answer: victims experience only internal hemorrhaging
Question: What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do?
Answer: travel long distances
Question: What does recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases allow someone to increase?
Question: What are some critical disease characteristics that should not be evaluated?
Question: What virus' strains strengthen their victims extremely quickly before killing them?
Question: Why is the initial stage of Ebola so contagious?
Question: What does the extreme virulence of HIV allow victims to do?
Question: Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?
Answer: transmission rate of infectious diseases
Question: What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?
Answer: extensive interactions
Question: What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?
Answer: focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps
Question: What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?
Answer: needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users
Question: When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?
Answer: 2001
Question: What does recognizing the effects of small-world networks allow one to increase?
Question: What type of interactions stop within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?
Question: What is a way of drastically harming infection rates?
Question: What is an example of a successful implementation of increasing transmission jumps?
Question: When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-neck virus?
Question: When may immunity be acquired?
Answer: following a disease
Question: What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?
Answer: primary pathogens
Question: What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?
Answer: a measure of protection
Question: Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired?
Answer: immunity
Question: What is resistance to infection known informally as?
Question: When may immunity be the best?
Question: What is knowledge of protective antigens forbidden for?
Question: What does herd mentality offer to invulnerable people when a tiny proportion of the population has acquired immunity?
Question: What is the only way to lose immunity?
Question: What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?
Answer: genetic variants
Question: What is the brand name Pegasys for?
Answer: Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b
Question: What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?
Answer: sustained virological response
Question: What can the increase of pathogens be stopped by in an individual?
Question: What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene always going to achieve?
Question: What disease has no known treatment?
Question: What can only be induced by treatment and not spontaneously?
Question: What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?
Answer: anti-infective
Question: How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?
Answer: Several
Question: What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?
Answer: severity and the type of infection
Question: How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?
Answer: with intravenous antibiotics
Question: How do antibiotics work?
Answer: slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria
Question: What type of drugs can worsen an infection when it attacks the body?
Question: How many broad types of anti-infective drugs no longer exist?
Question: What has no influence on the method an antibiotic is given?
Question: How are severe infections of the brain usually damaged?
Question: How do antibiotics harm the body?
Question: What are the top three killer diseases?
Answer: HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria
Question: How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased?
Answer: fourfold
Question: What are some popular childhood diseases?
Answer: pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus
Question: Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths?
Answer: Children
Question: What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world?
Answer: lower respiratory infections
Question: What are the top three healing diseases?
Question: How much have births due to HIV/AIDS increased?
Question: What are some recently cured childhood diseases?
Question: Who makes up no percentage of diarrheal deaths?
Question: What is the number 4 leading cause of life in the world?
Question: What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?
Answer: field of Infectious Disease
Question: Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?
Answer: Epidemiology
Question: Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?
Answer: primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists
Question: What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?
Answer: lung physician
Question: Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?
Answer: infectious diseases specialist
Question: What psychological field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?
Question: What field of war can disease propagation can fall under the purview of?
Question: Who tends to initially ignore an infection?
Question: What is the imaginary term for a pulmonologist?
Question: Who fights with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?
Question: What have a number of studies found a correlation between?
Answer: pathogen load in an area and human behavior
Question: What is higher pathogen load associated with?
Answer: decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area
Question: What does avoidance of other groups reduce?
Answer: pathogen transmission
Question: What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?
Answer: Higher pathogen load
Question: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?
Answer: high pathogen load preventing economic development.
Question: What have a number of studies found no correlation between?
Question: What is no pathogen load associated with?
Question: What does avoidance of other groups promote?
Question: What does sexual behavior have no influence on?
Question: What is the only cause of poor socioeconomic factors?
Question: What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?
Answer: paleopathologists
Question: What do paleopathologists study?
Answer: occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms
Question: What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?
Answer: Signs of infection
Question: What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?
Answer: Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Question: How did tyrannosaurs become infected?
Answer: being bitten during a fight
Question: What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be pointless?
Question: What do paleopathologists avoid researching?
Question: What has been discovered in the blood of carnivorous dinosaurs?
Question: What dinosaur's femur had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?
Question: How did tyrannosaurs become invincible?
Question: Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife?
Answer: food
Question: What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and?
Answer: poaching
Question: What is poaching?
Answer: illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species
Question: What is the species which is hunted referred to as?
Answer: prey
Question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called?
Answer: Hunting