huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Multi-color LEDs offer what else besides the formation of white light?
Answer: to form light of different colors
Question: What problem must be solved before multi-color LEDs can play a role in the market?
Answer: power decays exponentially with rising temperature
Question: What problem results when rising temperatures decays power?
Answer: substantial change in color stability
Question: Multi-color LEDs offer what else besides the formation of red light?
Question:  What problem must be solved before non-multi-color LEDs can play a role in the market?
Question:  What problem results when lowering temperatures decays power?
Question: What method involves coating LEDs of one color with phosphors of different colors?
Answer: phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs)
Question: In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is used?
Answer: blue
Question: What shift does blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method?
Answer: Stokes
Question: The different colors of phosphors that can be used is based on what?
Answer: the color of the original LED
Question: What broadens the emitted spectrum in a pcLEDs method?
Answer: If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied
Question: What method involves coating LEDs of multiple color with phosphors of different colors?
Question:  In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is never used?
Question:  What shift does non-blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method?
Question: he different colors of phosphors that can't be used is based on what?
Question: Why is efficiency sometimes lost in phosphor-based LEDs?
Answer: heat loss from the Stokes shift
Question: What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on?
Answer: the spectral distribution of the resultant light output
Question: What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue?
Answer: 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy
Question: What is the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs?
Answer: phosphor method
Question: What type of emitter is used in phosphor-based white LED methods?
Answer: monochrome
Question:  Why is efficiency never lost in phosphor-based LEDs?
Question:  What don't phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on?
Question: What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based red LED compared to blue?
Question: What type of emitter is used in non-phosphor-based white LED methods?
Question: What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light?
Answer: more efficient phosphors
Question: What is the most efficient yellow phosphor?
Answer: YAG phosphor
Question: What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor?
Answer: less than 10%
Question: What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development?
Answer: higher operation temperatures
Question: What is one method that can raise the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs?
Answer: adapting better package design
Question: What can improve the efficiency of non-LED-based white light?
Question:  What is the least efficient yellow phosphor?
Question:  What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in non-YAG phosphor?
Question: What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor non-LED development?
Question: What is one method that can lower the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs?
Question: White LEDs can be made by coating what?
Answer: near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs
Question: What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?
Answer: copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)
Question: What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs?
Answer: fluorescent lamps
Question: The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs?
Answer: blue
Question: What light can harm human eyes or skin?
Answer: UV light
Question: White LEDs can be made by not coating what?
Question:  What are non-near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?
Question:  What device also works in a similar way as non-NUV LEDs?
Question:  The method of coating NUVs more efficient than what other LEDs?
Question: What is being used to produce white LEDs?
Answer: wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon
Question: What size are the wafers used to create white LEDs?
Answer: 200-mm
Question: By using silicon wafers, what is being avoided?
Answer: costly sapphire substrate
Question: What needs to be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted?
Answer: mirror-like collector
Question: By what year will% of all GaN LEDs be made with gallium-nitride-on-silicon wafers?
Answer: 2020
Question:  What is being used to produce white non-LEDs?
Question:  What size are the wafers used to create red LEDs?
Question:  By using silicon wafers, what is not being avoided?
Question: What needs to not be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted?
Question: Quantum Dot LEDs can do what special skill?
Answer: create almost any color on the CIE diagram
Question: The narrowing of the emission spectrum in Quantum Dot LEDs allows them to do what?
Answer: better color rendering
Question: How many types of schemes are there in Quantum Dot LED excitation?
Answer: two
Question:  What non-nanocrystals possess unique optical properties?
Question:  Quantum Dot LEDs don't do what special skill?
Question: The narrowing of the emission spectrum in Quantum Dot LEDs disallows them to do what?
Question: How many types of schemes are there in non-Quantum Dot LED excitation?
Question: What is one scheme of Quantum Dot excitation?
Answer: electrical-excitation
Question: What is one material used in electrical-excitation?
Answer: hole-transporting materials
Question: During the electrical-excitation scheme, what moves into the quantum dot layer?
Answer: electrons and holes
Question: A Quantum Dot LED has been used in what?
Answer: near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)
Question:  What is one scheme of non-Quantum Dot excitation?
Question:  What is one material used in non-electrical-excitation?
Question: During the electrical-excitation scheme, what moves into the non-quantum dot layer?
Question:  A Quantum Dot non-LED has been used in what?
Question: How many lumens can some high-power LEDs emit?
Answer: over a thousand
Question: Up to how many densities have been achieved with LED power?
Answer: 300 W/cm2
Question: Why must High-power LEDs be mounted on a heat sink?
Answer: to allow for heat dissipation
Question: What will happen if the heat from a high-power LED is not removed?
Answer: the device will fail in seconds
Question: What can one high-power LED replace?
Answer: incandescent bulb in a flashlight
Question:  How many lumens can some low-power LEDs emit?
Question:  Up to how many densities have never been achieved with LED power?
Question:  Why must High-power LEDs be mounted on a heat rise?
Question: What will happen if the heat from a low-power LED is not removed?
Question:  What can one low-power LED replace?
Question: What company has developed LEDs that can operate on AC power?
Answer: Seoul Semiconductor
Question: What is the efficacy of an AC powered HP-LED?
Answer: 40 lm/W
Question: When did Seoul Semiconductor release the first high DC voltage LED?
Answer: 2009
Question: What is so good about ac powered HP-LEDs?
Answer: more flexibility
Question: What did Seoul Semiconductor name their ac powered HP-LED?
Answer: Acrich MJT
Question: What company has developed non-LEDs that can operate on AC power?
Question: What is the efficacy of an non-AC powered HP-LED?
Question:  When did non-Seoul Semiconductor release the first high DC voltage LED?
Question:  What is so good about ac powered non-HP-LEDs?
Question: What type of LEDs are available in seven-segment format?
Answer: Alphanumeric
Question: What is another format that Alphanumeric LEDs are available in?
Answer: dot-matrix
Question: Which alphanumeric LED display can display all letters?
Answer: Starburst
Question: What type of pixels does a dot matrix display use?
Answer: 5x7
Question: What has reduced the popularity of numeric LED displays?
Answer: liquid crystal displays
Question:  What type of LEDs are available in eight-segment format?
Question: What is another format that non-Alphanumeric LEDs are available in?
Question:  Which non-alphanumeric LED display can display all letters?
Question:  What type of pixels does a dot matrix display not use?
Question: What has reduced the popularity of numeric non-LED displays?
Question: How are Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected?
Answer: in a daisy chain
Question: What object sources the data in of the first LED of a digital rgb LED?
Answer: microprocessor
Question: The microprocessor does what in a digital RGB LED?
Answer: control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others
Question: What is one example of where Digital RGB LED lights are used?
Answer: Christmas
Question: What makes RGB LEDs the same?
Question:  How are non-Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected?
Question: What object sources the data in of the first non-LED of a digital rgb LED?
Question:  The non-microprocessor does what in a digital RGB LED?
Question:  What is one example of where non-Digital RGB LED lights are used?
Question: How are LED filaments used?
Answer: a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs
Question: What type of voltage is needed for LED filaments?
Answer: high
Question: What helps LED filaments remain low cost?
Answer: a simple rectifier
Question: Single die LEDs require what?
Answer: high current converter
Question:  What does an non-LED filament consist of?
Question:  How are non-LED filaments used?
Question:  What type of voltage is needed for non-LED filaments?
Question:  What helps non-LED filaments remain low cost?
Question: How are LEDs similar to other diodes?
Answer: the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage
Question: What can cause a large change in current in LEDs?
Answer: a small change in voltage
Question: What is a solution to preventing an LED failure?
Answer: use constant-current power supplies
Question: What feature do most LED fixtures need to have?
Answer: a power converter
Question: What is a constant-voltage source?
Answer: batteries
Question: How are non-LEDs similar to other diodes?
Question:  What can cause a large change in current in non-LEDs?
Question:  What is a solution to preventing an non-LED failure?
Question:  What feature do no LED fixtures need to have?
Question: What does being a Class 1 LED product mean?
Answer: safe under all conditions of normal use
Question: What type of LED can possibly cause blindness?
Answer: extremely bright LEDs
Question: What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as?
Answer: Class 2
Question: Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs?
Answer: French
Question: How are most non-LEDs classified?
Question:  What does being a Class 2 LED product mean?
Question: What type of LED can't cause blindness?
Question: What class are extremely dark LEDs listed as?
Question:  Which government advocated the suppoert of Class 2 LEDs?
Question: What substance does fluorescent lamps contain?
Answer: mercury
Question: Which LEDs are considered dangerous by a 2011 study?
Answer: low-intensity red
Question: According to a California study, what harmful metal is in most LEDs?
Answer: lead
Question: What LEDs are considered safer than any other?
Answer: low-intensity yellow LEDs
Question: What substance does non-fluorescent lamps contain?
Question:  What dangerous metal can non-LEDs contain?
Question: According to a California study, what harmful metal is in most non-LEDs?
Question:  What LEDs are considered riskier than any other?
Question: In what year were luminescence standards set?
Answer: 1972
Question: What color LEDs are used when night vision is important?
Answer: Red or yellow
Question: What is an example of a night vision needed area?
Answer: astronomy observatories
Question: What is another use for one-color light?
Answer: exit signs
Question:  What type of light is not ideal for traffic signals?
Question:  In what year were non-luminescence standards set?
Question:  What color non-LEDs are used when night vision is important?
Question:  What is an example of a non-night vision needed area?
Question: Why are LED lights sought after for various applications?
Answer: their long life
Question: Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where?
Answer: brake lights for cars
Question: LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones?
Answer: 0.5 second
Question: What color LEDs are now starting to be used more?
Answer: White
Question: What types of light can LEDs form better than incandescent?
Answer: thinner
Question: Why are non-LED lights sought after for various applications?
Question:  Because of their low output, LED lights are very useful where?
Question: ED brake lights are how many times slower than incandescent ones?
Question:  What color LEDs are now not used more?
Question: How are LEDs used in theaters?
Answer: to send sound to listeners' receivers
Question: LEDs can send data over what type of cable?
Answer: fiber optic
Question: What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet?
Answer: very high bandwidth
Question: Where are infrared non-LEDs used in everyday life?
Question: How are non-LEDs used in theaters?
Question:  LEDs can't send data over what type of cable?
Question:  What type of fiber doesn't form the backbone of the internet?
Question: In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 2 emission?
Answer: US
Question: How much CO2 emission would a 40-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours?
Answer: 196 pounds
Question: A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2?
Answer: 30 pounds
Question: How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs?
Answer: 85%
Question: In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 3 emission?
Question:  How much CO2 emission would a 50-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours?
Question:  A 9-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2?
Question: How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to non-LEDs?
Question: Why are LEDs preferred for machine vision systems?
Answer: so features of interest are easier to process
Question: What can help make LEDs more widely used?
Answer: price drops
Question: What is the most common example of a machine vision system?
Answer: Barcode scanners
Question: Where are some LEDs in machine vision systems found?
Answer: Optical computer mice
Question:  non-LEDs are often used for what type of systems?
Question:  Why aren't LEDs preferred for machine vision systems?
Question: What can't help make LEDs more widely used?
Question:  What is the most uncommon example of a machine vision system?
Question: Where are some LEDs in machine vision systems not found?
Question: What is an example of a device that uses free space optic communications?
Answer: remote controls
Question: What does an optoisolator do?
Answer: allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential
Question: Where are opto-isolators found?
Answer: medical equipment
Question: In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs?
Answer: LED Computers
Question: Where are LEDs not often used?
Question: What is an example of a device that uses not free space optic communications?
Question:  What does an optoisolator don't do?
Question: What device uses infrared LEDs to measure oxygen saturation?
Answer: Pulse oximeters
Question: Some flatbed scanners use what type of LED?
Answer: RGB LEDs
Question: By using LEDs, scanners do not have to what?
Answer: warm-up
Question: Grow lights use LEDs for what process?
Answer: increase photosynthesis in plants
Question: What video game console doesn't use infrared LEDs?
Question: non- What device uses infrared LEDs to measure oxygen saturation?
Question:  Some flatbed scanners use what type of what?
Question: What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee?
Answer: Red
Question: What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve?
Answer: Nitride-based LEDs
Question: LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?
Answer: Zener
Question: Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available?
Answer: 3 V
Question: What quality hasn't LEDs been used as?
Question:  What LED has the least flattest I/V curve above the knee?
Question: What LEDs have a not very steep I/V curve?
Question: What LEDs don't have a very steep I/V curve?
Question: What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?
Answer: Treaty of Chaumont
Question: During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?
Answer: Europe
Question: During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?
Answer: World War I and World War II
Question: What is another term for Great Power?
Answer: superpower
Question: Why was the term formalization and division first used?
Question: Which international balance of power formally created the division between small and great powers?
Question: In what year was the definitive list of powers signed?
Question: For which post Napoleonic era has the balance of power shifted dramatically?
Question: What is another term used in place of international balance of power?
Question: What do great powers usually have?
Answer: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence
Question: What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?
Answer: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States
Question: What are the countries in the G7?
Answer: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America
Question: What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?
Answer: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions
Question: What great power has five permanent members?
Question: What international structure exerts its influence on a global scale?
Question: What has the United Nations Security Council characterized as comprising great power status?
Question: What spatial aspects are Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States a part of?
Question: In what conference are great powers opinions formally considered?
Question: Who wrote, "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war."?
Answer: A. J. P. Taylor
Question: Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
Answer: Kenneth Waltz
Question: What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?
Answer: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength
Question: What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?
Answer: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status
Question: What did the historian Kenneth Waltz note about great power?
Question: With what terms did later writers define neorealist theory?
Question: What term was used in early times to judge a state's political capacity?
Question: What three groups can political capacity be divided into?
Question: Who was the founder of the neorealist theory on the test of strength for war?
Question: What do all states have?
Answer: geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power
Question: Who stated that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers"?
Answer: Arnold J. Toynbee
Question: What type of powers should have actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system?
Answer: great power
Question: What type of power is restricted to its region?
Answer: regional power
Question: What three things do all political forces have?
Question: What should a Western society possess?
Question: What is a range of society restricted to?
Question: What were international systems called in 1914?
Question: What political force was world-wide in 1914?
Question: What discussion should great powers be included on?
Answer: political and diplomatic questions of the day
Question: Historically, when would great powers meet?
Answer: when major political questions were addressed
Question: What types of decisions would great powers reach?
Answer: political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts
Question: What criteria should groups like the UN have?
Question: In the past when would officially named participants meet?
Question: What is an example of something United Nations did to settle an issue?
Question: What should geographical and nationalist claims have influence on?
Question: What did criteria throughout history settle?
Question: When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?
Answer: in a letter sent on February 13, 1814
Question: What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?
Answer: British Foreign Secretary
Question: What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power's influence?
Answer: if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace
Question: What member of Congress first used the term Great Powers?
Question: When did Lord Castleereagh first use the term Continental peace?
Question: What did the Great powers of Europe send in 1814?
Question: What general influence was agreed upon in the letter sent in 1814?
Question: What is the Great power turning against in the letter sent in 1814?
Question: What 2 powers named in the 5 orignal great powers of the congress of vienna have maintained that status?
Answer: only France and the United Kingdom
Question: What country lost Franco-Prussian war?
Answer: France
Question: What country emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories?
Answer: British Empire
Question: Balance of power of great powers was a major influence on what continents politics?
Answer: European
Question: Who stated that "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.?"
Answer: Otto von Bismarck
Question: What two powers involved in the Franco-Prussian war have the same status today?
Question: After WWII which country was the pre-eminent power?
Question: What became a main influence for the Congress of Vienna?
Question: By what formula are all great powers reduced?
Question: What pre-eminent power lost the Franco-Prussian war?
Question: Was the power of the 5 countries constant?
Answer: relative power of these five nations fluctuated
Question: What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?
Answer: United Kingdom and Prussia
Question: Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century?
Answer: Russia and Austria-Hungary
Question: What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: Eight-Nation Alliance
Question: What conflict was this agreement in opposition of?
Answer: Boxer Rebellion in China.
Question: During the Risorgimento, what had changed since the Congress of Vienna?
Question: What were other states doing through the political power process?
Question: What was the US seeking to do after the Meiji Restoration?
Question: What nation alliance was formed to be against the Meiji Restoration?
Question: What did the balance of world power consist of after 1900?
Question: What marked the conclusion of The Great War?
Answer: treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres
Question: Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?
Answer: United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States
Question: Who created the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: Big Three
Question: Who were the big four?
Answer: France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States
Question: What resulted after the end of the new world order?
Question: What empire was defeated after the Big Four?
Question: When did Austria fall to revolution?
Question: During the Great War which four countries had more power and influence?
Question: When did The United States pull out of the conference temporarily?
Question: Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?
Answer: United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan
Question: Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?
Answer: against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League
Question: When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?
Answer: 19 March 1920
Question: What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?
Answer: League of Nations Council
Question: When did the League of Nations council vote against the Treaty of Versailles ratification?
Question: Why was France excluded from the League of Nations Council?
Question: What four countries were permanent members of the Senate?
Question: What council voted against ratification of the Treaty of Versailles?
Question: What did voting against the Assembly of the League prevent?
Question: How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?
Answer: two alliances
Question: Who made up the Axis powers?
Answer: Germany, Italy and Japan
Question: Who were the winners of World War II?
Answer: Allies
Question: The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?
Answer: United Nations Security Council
Question: What trusteeship of the powerful started in 1939?
Question: Who made up the permanent seats alliances since 1937?
Question: What was Germany, Italy and Japan  and France recognized as by the UN in 1942?
Question: What were four alliances in WWII referred to?
Question: Who was part of the inclusion powers?
Question: What is a superpower?
Answer: nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world
Question: Who first used the term superpower?
Answer: William T.R. Fox
Question: Who were the three original superpowers?
Answer: British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union
Question: Who lost their superpower status in 1950s?
Answer: British Empire
Question: What are middle powers?
Answer: those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs
Question: Who first used the term overwhelming influence?
Question: What are the regional powers according to William T. R. Fox?
Question: When did the Soviet Union lose its superpower status?
Question: How many original middle powers are there?
Question: Which nations have a degree of overwhelming power but are not decisive internationally?
Question: During the cold war, what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies?
Answer: United Kingdom, France, and West Germany
Question: By what year was China beginning to lose its hold as sole legitimate government?
Answer: 1949
Question: When did China lose its permanent seat at UN security council?
Answer: 1971
Question: What powers rebuilt their economies during 1949?
Question: What two countries status as military powers was questioned?
Question: When did West Germany lose its permanent UN security council seat?
Question: After the cold war, which country began to lose its status as sole legitimate government?
Question: What did China and Japan maintain to this day?
Question: What country has risen above other superpowers?
Answer: United States
Question: Since what century has there always been parity in powers?
Answer: modern era (the 16th century)
Question: Who's primacy has factored into maintaining peace among powers?
Answer: American
Question: Since what time has there been direct military conflicts among countries?
Question: What has been important factor of the great powers receding into the background?
Question: Since the 1960's what power was briefly equal in parity with the US?
Question: What country has been involved in major confrontations among powers?
Question: What has the Soviet Union mentioned about relations between the great powers?
Question: What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers?
Answer: military force
Question: What great powers have maintained peace?
Answer: France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States
Question: Where have the powers maintained peace in recent years?
Answer: United Nations and other forums
Question: What was the last crisis during cold war to escalate world powers?
Answer: Cuban missile crisis (1962
Question: What countries agree that military force is effective to resolve disputes?
Question: During what event did great powers use military force?
Question: Who mentioned that Western great powers still use military force to resolve disputes?
Question: What formerly effective tool for the Cuban missile crisis is no longer effective?
Question: Where have western nations discussed using military force?
Question: What countries are recognized as Nuclear Weapons States?
Answer: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States
Question: How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council?
Answer: five
Question: What other countries are referred to as middle powers?
Answer: China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom
Question: What treaty addresses nuclear weapons?
Answer: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Question: What treaty addresses global political and economic dominance?
Question: What five countries are referred to as middle powers?
Question: Why Are China, France, Russia, the UK and the US seen as by middle powers?
Question: What is there not consensus on among nations regarding powers?
Question: What do the five nations have as middle powers on the UN Security Council?
Question: Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what?
Answer: UN Security Council
Question: What is the name for the grouping of countries of China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan?
Answer: middle powers
Question: What two countries are great powers because of their hard power capabilities?
Question: What grouping of world powers has Japan been a member of?
Question: What benefits do middle power countries have as permanent members at the UN?
Question: How large are France and Russia's economies?
Question: What are the five permanent Security Council Members lacking militarily?
Question: Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider what country to be a great power too?
Answer: India
Question: Many academics debate the status of this country as a power?
Answer: India
Question: Is there agreement on the status of all powers?
Answer: no collective agreement
Question: Who have recently recognized contemporary great powers?
Question: What have observers long considered about India's status?
Question: What do academics believe contemporary great powers remain?
Question: What is the consensus about India's status among great powers?
Question: What is one type of power some world powers view as India's status in the world?
Question: Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers?
Answer: Germany, Italy and Japan
Question: What emerging power is considered a great power?
Answer: India
Question: What G7 members are among great powers?
Answer: Germany, Japan and Italy
Question: Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers?
Answer: Italy
Question: What international organization members are considered great powers?
Question: What separate status are Germany, Italy and Japan given by various authors?
Question: What permanent member of the UNSC is considered the least of the great powers?
Question: What former axis powers do various authors include as great powers?
Question: Why does Milena Sterio consider UNSC members great powers?
Question: What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties?
Answer: European Union
Question: What other tools are used as alternative to military force?
Answer: trade and diplomacy
Question: How many great powers are members of Europian Union?
Answer: three
Question: What summits does EU have membership?
Answer: WTO and at G8 and G-20
Question: Where does Europe use its military dominance?
Question: As a supranational union, what are the UK's limits?
Question: How many great powers are members of the WTO?
Question: At what summits does Germany have representation?
Question: In what area is the WTO exclusively competent?
Question: How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953?
Answer: 64
Question: For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year?
Answer: 450
Question: What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century?
Answer: UK
Question: What span was the Pax Britannica?
Answer: between 1815 and 1914
Question: Between 1815 and 1914, how many acts of diplomacy were there and with what countries?
Question: How many wars occurred pre-1960, that averaged about 5 years?
Question: Between 1815-1914 what country had the most defining characteristics of diplomacy?
Question: In the 16th century, how many great powers were fighting each other in every year?
Question: During what time frame was diplomacy frequent among the great powers?
Question: What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws?
Answer: Birds
Question: What is the smallest bird?
Answer: bee hummingbird
Question: What is the largest bird?
Answer: ostrich
Question: What is the size of the smallest bird?
Answer: 5 cm (2 in)
Question: What is the size of the largest bird?
Answer: 2.75 m (9 ft)
Question: When did true birds first appear?
Answer: Cretaceous period
Question: Name an example of an early stem-bird.
Answer: Archaeopteryx
Question: What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
Answer: Darwin's finches
Question: Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs?
Answer: Wings
Question: Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals?
Answer: corvids and parrots
Question: How to birds produce offspring?
Answer: by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction
Question: Where are eggs usually laid?
Answer: nest
Question: What is guano?
Answer: bird excrement
Question: What is the name of bird excrement?
Answer: Guano
Question: What is harvested for use as fertilizer?
Answer: Guano
Question: How many species of birds have become extinct as a result of human activity?
Answer: 120–130
Question: Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria?
Answer: clade Crocodilia
Question: Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds?
Answer: Gauthier
Question: What is a sister group to Aves?
Answer: clade Crocodilia
Question: What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs?
Answer: fossil and biological evidence
Question: What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids?
Answer: Maniraptora
Question: Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs.
Answer: China
Question: What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs?
Answer: flying theropods
Question: What are the closest relatives of flying theropods?
Answer: deinonychosaurs
Question: Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group?
Answer: deinonychosaurs
Question: What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found?
Answer: Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx
Question: What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics?
Answer: Archaeopteryx
Question: Fossils with teeth, clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics?
Answer: reptilian
Question: The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?
Answer: late Jurassic period
Question: How long ago was the late Jurassic period?
Answer: about 160 million years ago
Question: Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?
Answer: late Jurassic period
Question: What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?
Answer: hind wings
Question: During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms?
Answer: Cretaceous Period
Question: Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?
Answer: Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis
Question: When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell?
Answer: late Cretaceous
Question: How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?
Answer: around 95 million years ago
Question: What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?
Answer: enantiornithes
Question: Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?
Answer: opposite birds
Question: What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?
Answer: enantiornithes
Question: When did enantiornithes become extinct?
Answer: end of the Mesozoic era
Question: What does Euornithes mean?
Answer: true birds
Question: Why does Euornithes mean "true birds?"
Answer: because they include the ancestors of modern birds
Question: What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers?
Answer: Euornithes
Question: What may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability?
Answer: fully mobile fan of tail feathers
Question: What is another name for Aves?
Answer: Neornithes
Question: The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae?
Answer: Aves
Question: What is the number range of living bird species?
Answer: 9,800 to 10,050
Question: What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?
Answer: Galloanserae
Question: What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?
Answer: Galloanserae
Question: Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?
Answer: Anseriformes
Question: The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?
Answer: Galliformes
Question: Sibley and Ahlquist' Phylogeny and Classification of Birds is a landmark work on the classification of what animals?
Answer: birds
Question: What do scientists disagree about?
Answer: relationships between the orders themselves
Question: What do scientists tend to agree on?
Answer: the assignment of orders is accurate
Question: Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions?
Answer: tropical
Question: Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet?
Answer: 980
Question: Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose?
Answer: to breed
Question: The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird?
Answer: game bird
Question: Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges?
Answer: agricultural practices created suitable new habitat
Question: Where have many birds established breeding populations?
Answer: in areas to which they have been introduced by humans
Question: What does the skeleton consist of?
Answer: very lightweight bones
Question: What are pneumatic cavities?
Answer: large air-filled cavities
Question: What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system?
Answer: pneumatic cavities
Question: What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis?
Answer: synsacrum
Question: What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid?
Answer: uricotelic
Question: Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening?
Answer: ostrich
Question: What is a multi-purpose opening on birds?
Answer: cloaca
Question: How do most birds mate?
Answer: by joining cloaca
Question: What aids birds with flight?
Answer: rapid digestion
Question: Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?
Answer: Birds
Question: Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?
Answer: 75%
Question: Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?
Answer: directly into the lungs
Question: Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?
Answer: syrinx
Question: What is the syrinx?
Answer: a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes
Question: The avian circulatory system is driven by what?
Answer: four-chambered, myogenic heart
Question: Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system?
Answer: fibrous pericardial sac
Question: What lubricates the pericardial sac?
Answer: serous fluid
Question: Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass?
Answer: allows more blood to be pumped
Question: Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?
Answer: to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction
Question: What moves through the arteries?
Answer: Blood
Question: What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?
Answer: Capillaries
Question: What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?
Answer: vasodilation
Question: What is tetrachromatic?
Answer: possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones
Question: Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light?
Answer: courtship
Question: What regulates breeding activities?
Answer: photo-receptive cells in
Question: What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds?
Answer: nictitating membrane
Question: What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina?
Answer: pecten
Question: Which birds have a wide visual field?
Answer: Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads
Question: What kind of vision do owls have?
Answer: binocular vision
Question: Where is a bird's cochlea located?
Answer: inner ear
Question: What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?
Answer: intraspecific conflicts
Question: What is another name for Anhimidae?
Answer: screamers
Question: What is another name for steamer ducks?
Answer: Tachyeres
Question: What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?
Answer: bony knob on the alular metacarpal
Question: What feature of a bird facilitate flight?
Answer: Feathers
Question: What is pterylae?
Answer: specific tracts of skin
Question: What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding?
Answer: "non-breeding" plumage
Question: How often does moulting occur in most species?
Answer: annual
Question: What type of birds may moult only once every few years?
Answer: large birds of prey
Question: What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers?
Answer: 9%
Question: What do birds use to brush away foreign particles?
Answer: The bill
Question: What is the process of removing feather parasites?
Answer: anting
Question: What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes?
Answer: Most birds can fly,
Question: What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species?
Answer: Flight
Question: How many large flight muscles do birds have?
Answer: two
Question: Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird?
Answer: 15%
Question: Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless?
Answer: 60
Question: What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food?
Answer: generalists
Question: What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?
Answer: specialists
Question: What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues?
Answer: Nectar feeders
Question: What is the term for stealing food items from other birds?
Answer: kleptoparasitism
Question: What is kleptoparasitism?
Answer: stealing food items from other birds
Question: A vulture is what type of bird?
Answer: scavengers
Question: How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young?
Answer: wetting their belly feathers
Question: What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks?
Answer: The pigeon family
Question: What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks?
Answer: crop milk
Question: What is crop milk?
Answer: a nutritive fluid
Question: Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland?
Answer: preen gland
Question: What do birds bathe in?
Answer: water or dust
Question: What is anting?
Answer: bird encourages ants to run through their plumage
Question: What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage?
Answer: anting
Question: When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs?
Answer: Before migration
Question: What is the flight range of landbirds?
Answer: 2,500 km (1,600 mi)
Question: What is the flight range of shoebirds?
Answer: 4,000 km (2,500 mi)
Question: Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles?
Answer: bar-tailed godwit
Question: Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons?
Answer: Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean
Question: In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory
Answer: 44%
Question: In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory
Answer: 32%
Question: What is most often triggered by temperature changes?
Answer: Altitudinal migration
Question: Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic?
Answer: Parrots
Question: In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night?
Answer: diurnal migrants
Question: Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what?
Answer: the Earth's geomagnetism
Question: What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day?
Answer: internal clock
Question: What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance?
Answer: plumage
Question: What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species?
Answer: Variation in plumage
Question: Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays?
Answer: ritualised displays
Question: What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?
Answer: Calls
Question: Which type of birds use tools to drum?
Answer: palm
Question: Which birds drum territorially?
Answer: woodpeckers
Question: What are the principal benefits of flocking?
Answer: safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency
Question: What is a cost of flocking?
Answer: bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds
Question: What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests?
Answer: Defence against predators
Question: Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what?
Answer: vigilant sleep
Question: What are believed to be able to sleep in flight?
Answer: Swifts
Question: Why is communal roosting common?
Answer: because it lowers the loss of body heat
Question: These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism.
Answer: Perching birds
Question: Where do many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost?
Answer: in trees
Question: A few parrots of what genus roost hanging upside down?
Answer: Loriculus
Question: What type of birds go into a nightly state of torpor?
Answer: Some hummingbirds
Question: Birds do not have what type of glands:?
Answer: sweat
Question: What percent of bird species are socially monogamous?
Answer: Ninety-five percent
Question: What is extra-pair copulation?
Answer: infidelity
Question: What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?
Answer: sperm storage mechanisms
Question: Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates?
Answer: to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise
Question: Most courtship displays involve some type of what?
Answer: song
Question: Which gender generally drive partner selection?:
Answer: Females
Question: Generally, when is courtship feeding and billing performed between partners?
Answer: after the birds have paired and mated
Question: All birds lay eggs with hard shells made mostly out of what?
Answer: calcium carbonate
Question: What kind of eggs do open nesters lay?
Answer: camouflaged eggs
Question: What type of birds lay white or pale eggs?
Answer: Hole and burrow nesting species
Question: What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock?
Answer: cliff-nesting common guillemot
Question: Where do male emporer penguins keep eggs?
Answer: between their body and feet
Question: Which type of bird nests are no more than a scrape on the ground?
Answer: albatross
Question: When does incubation begin?
Answer: after the last egg has been laid
Question: What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds?
Answer: brood patches
Question: How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers?
Answer: 10 days
Question: How many days is the incubation period for kiwis?
Answer: over 80 days
Question: What type of seabird has the longest period of parental care?
Answer: frigatebird