huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki?
Answer: the muddy ones
Question: Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain?
Answer: Ninhursag
Question: What influenced world religions?
Question: What could Sumerian gods be associated with?
Answer: different cities
Question: What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with?
Answer: those cities' political power
Question: Why did the gods create human beings from clay?
Answer: for the purpose of serving them
Question: How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple?
Answer: a payment of silver
Question: What did each Sumerian city have?
Question: What changed with a particular gods popularity?
Question: Who made humans for their amusement?
Question: who organized large building projects?
Question: What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for?
Answer: purification
Question: Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for?
Answer: the priests
Question: What was the mudbrick table in the temple for?
Answer: animal and vegetable sacrifices
Question: Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses?
Answer: near the temples
Question: What feature of temples provided fresh drinking water?
Question: What was stored away from the temples?
Question: what was a precursor to pyramids?
Question: What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to?
Answer: confined to a gloomy world
Question: What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters?
Answer: Ereshkigal
Question: Where were dead Sumerians buried?
Answer: outside the city walls in graveyards
Question: Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by?
Answer: her servants
Question: What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals?
Answer: oboe-like
Question: When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock?
Answer: Uruk period
Question: What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? 
Answer: beasts of burden
Question: What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation?
Answer: donkeys
Question: What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house?
Answer: enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants
Question: Where were plants also grown besides the garden?
Answer: pots or vases
Question: What animals were domesticated following the Uruk period?
Question: Who used donkeys as beasts of burden?
Question: Who first grew plants in pots?
Question: What writing form was invented by the Sumerian?
Question: What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume?
Answer: beer
Question: What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews?
Answer: Cereals
Question: What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew?
Answer: wheat, barley, and mixed grain
Question: How important was beer brewing to Sumerians?
Answer: very important
Question: What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer?
Answer: expansive and sang with joy
Question: Who invented beer?
Question: What Epic tells how to make beer?
Question: What hero refused to drink beer?
Question: How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? 
Answer: from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac"
Question: When would farmers flood their fields?
Answer: after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu
Question: Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground?
Answer: kill weeds
Question: How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground?
Answer: three times
Question: The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop?
Answer: salt-tolerant barley
Question: What people first wrote an Almanac?
Question: What was the name of the first Almanac?
Question: What did farmers flood just before the new year?
Question: When did farmers switch from barley to wheat?
Question: What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone?
Answer: was scarce
Question: How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut?
Answer: into blocks and seals
Question: What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians?
Answer: Brick
Question: What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have?
Answer: tower-like
Question: What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by?
Answer: objects that were deposited under them
Question: What suggested that stone was common?
Question: Who claims stone was common in Sumeria since it was used for seals?
Question: Where were towers built from stone?
Question: What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings?
Answer: the ziggurats
Question: Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when?
Answer: 400 CE
Question: What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes?
Answer: the arch
Question: How did the Sumerians build their strong domes?
Answer: by constructing and linking several arches
Question: Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer?
Answer: Sumerian temples and palaces
Question: What are the oldest examples of "Sumerian buildings?
Question: What type of seals were made with reeds?
Question: What type of house was built until the 4th century CE?
Question: Who built reed houses until the 4th century CE?
Question: What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC?
Answer: metrology
Question: From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? 
Answer: arithmetic, geometry, and algebra
Question: Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables?
Answer: on clay tablets
Question: When was the abacus first seen between?
Answer: 2700 – 2300 BC
Question: What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics?
Answer: use a place value numeral system
Question: Who developed  a complex system of metrology in the 4th century BC?
Question: What type of math did the Sumerians invent by the 26th century BC?
Question: What tool was invented in the 27th century BC?
Question: Who invented the slide ruler?
Question: What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society?
Answer: Commercial credit and agricultural consumer
Question: What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples?
Answer: silver
Question: How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans?
Answer: one
Question: For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent?
Answer: about two thousand years
Question: What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations?
Answer: Rural loans
Question: Who extended personal credit to citizens?
Question: What was set at 1/60 a month after 2000 BC?
Question: Who lent money to farmers to plant crops?
Question: When did rulers typically proclaim "clean slate" decrees?
Answer: the first full year of their reign
Question: Who made the first known clean slate decrees?
Answer: Enmetena and Urukagina
Question: Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer?
Answer: to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force
Question: What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts?
Answer: lost the subsistence land or became bondservants
Question: Who some times cleared commercial debts?
Question: What was it called when rulers cleared commercial debts?
Question: Who made a clean slate decree in the 24th century BC?
Question: How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war?
Answer: 2000 years
Question: Who was the first war between in 2525 BC?
Answer: Lagash and Umma
Question: What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of?
Answer: infantry
Question: What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash?
Answer: rectangular
Question: When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world?
Answer: mid 4th millennium BC
Question: What form did wheels initially take?
Answer: potter's wheel
Question: The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it?
Answer: been deciphered
Question: What did the Sumerians map stars into?
Answer: sets of constellations
Question: How many planets were the Sumerians aware of?
Answer: five
Question: What type of vehicle was invented in 400 BC?
Question: What  writing system predates heiroglphs?
Question: What science was developed by Greeks?
Question: How many planets did the Sumerians discover?
Question: Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases?
Answer: base 10 and base 6
Question: What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia?
Answer: sexagesimal
Question: What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented?
Answer: military
Question: What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day?
Answer: legal and administrative
Question: In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools?
Answer: a city-state's primary temple
Question: What system did Sumerians borrow from Babylonia?
Question: What was being used for private purposes well before the 26th century BC?
Question: What learning centers were established the temples?
Question: Who made the first laws?
Question: In which ocean is Tuvalu found?
Answer: Pacific Ocean
Question: Between what land areas is Tuvalu located?
Answer: Hawaii and Australia
Question: According the the 2012 census, how many people live on the Tuvalu islands?
Answer: 10,640
Question: What originally formed the Tuvalu islands?
Answer: reef
Question: In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European?
Answer: 1568
Question: Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu?
Answer: Álvaro de Mendaña
Question: What land mass was de Mendana actually seeking?
Answer: Terra Australis
Question: What was Tuvalu named in 1819?
Answer: Ellice Islands
Question: By what means did the British govern Tuvalu?
Answer: British protectorate
Question: How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area?
Answer: 3000 years
Question: By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands?
Answer: canoe
Question: How many islands are in the Tuvalu group?
Answer: nine islands
Question: On how many of Tuvalu's islands did people live?
Answer: Eight
Question: What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu?
Answer: eight standing together
Question: What is the creation myth of Tuvalu?
Answer: te Pusi mo te Ali
Question: What does the flounder of the Tuvalu myth represent?
Answer: flat atolls
Question: What does the eel of the Tuvalu creation myth represent?
Answer: coconut palms
Question: From what land did the people of Niutao believe they came?
Answer: Samoa
Question: From where did the people of the island of Nanumea think they came?
Answer: Tonga
Question: What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?
Answer: Captain John Byron
Question: What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu?
Answer: circumnavigation of the globe
Question: How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands?
Answer: Lagoon Islands
Question: Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781?
Answer: Niutao
Question: When were chronometers available for accurate location charting? 
Answer: late 18th
Question: When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu?
Answer: May 1819
Question: Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see?
Answer: Nukufetau and Funafuti
Question: What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands?
Answer: Ellice's Island
Question: For whom did de Peyster name Ellice's Island?
Answer: Edward Ellice
Question: After Findlay's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice?
Answer: all nine islands
Question: In what years did Peruvian ships seek laborers in the Polynesian islands?
Answer: 1862–63
Question: What was the name applied to the trade of dealing with labor hunters?
Answer: blackbirding
Question: By what means did Blackbirders often get islanders aboard their ships?
Answer: tricks
Question: Who was the earliest missionary to Tuvalu?
Answer: Rev. A. W. Murray
Question: When did Murray report people missing because of Blackbirders?
Answer: 1863
Question: What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae?
Answer: Elekana
Question: What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu?
Answer: Rev. A. W. Murray
Question: Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?
Answer: Samoans
Question: In what century did trading companies arrive in Tuvalu?
Answer: mid-19th
Question: What type of traders did the trading companies employ on Tuvalu?
Answer: palagi traders
Question: Who was the first European to permanently settle on Tuvalu?
Answer: John (also known as Jack) O'Brien
Question: Which native did O'Brien marry?
Answer: Salai
Question: What trader turned author established a post on Tuvalu?
Answer: Louis Becke
Question: What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?
Answer: Captain Davis
Question: What was the name of Davis's ship?
Answer: HMS Royalist
Question: What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?
Answer: agents
Question: How many traders did some islands have?
Answer: competing
Question: What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders? 
Answer: dryer
Question: What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu?
Answer: structural changes
Question: What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use?
Answer: resident
Question: How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders?
Answer: deal directly
Question: By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu?
Answer: 1909
Question: What is the term for a ship's cargo manager?
Answer: supercargo
Question: What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?
Answer: Robert Louis Stevenson
Question: When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?
Answer: 1890
Question: What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?
Answer: trading steamer
Question: Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?
Answer: Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson
Question: What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?
Answer: The Cruise of the Janet Nichol
Question: What are the boreholes on Funafuti called?
Answer: Darwin's Drill
Question: What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti?
Answer: Royal Society of London
Question: What formations was the Royal Society studying?
Answer: coral reefs
Question: Who's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society's investigations follow?
Answer: Charles Darwin
Question: What was Darwin's work on coral reefs titled?
Answer: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
Question: What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti?
Answer: Charles Hedley
Question: What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti
Answer: invertebrate and ethnological
Question: For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War? 
Answer: a base
Question: What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?
Answer: Japanese forces
Question: What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?
Answer: Battle of the Coral Sea
Question: From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?
Answer: 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944
Question: On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?
Answer: Fongafale
Question: In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands?
Answer: 1974
Question: What document was changed to cause a change in government?
Answer: Constitution
Question: When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice?
Answer: December 1974
Question: What was the determination of the referendum?
Answer: separation
Question: What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be?
Answer: British dependency
Question: What was formed in 1974?
Answer: British colony of Tuvalu
Question: After independence, what was the Assembly on Tuvalu  named? 
Answer: Parliament of Tuvalu
Question: What type of parliament does Tuvalu have?
Answer: unicameral
Question: In Tuvalu government, what group elect the Prime Minster?
Answer: members of parliament
Question: What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?
Answer: High Court of Tuvalu
Question: What is the High Court's right to determine?
Answer: Law of Tuvalu
Question: What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?
Answer: Sir Gordon Ward
Question: To where can judgments be appealed?
Answer: Court of Appeal of Tuvalu
Question: In what group is Tuvalu involved?
Answer: Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Question: In which forum group is Tuvalu a member?
Answer: Pacific Islands Forum
Question: In which British group is Tuvalu a member?
Answer: Commonwealth of Nations
Question: To what world organization does Tuvalu belong?
Answer: United Nations
Question: On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum?
Answer: 18 February 2016
Question: What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?
Answer: global warming
Question: In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority? 
Answer: sea level rising
Question: What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?
Answer: Kyoto Protocol
Question: What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?
Answer: binding deals
Question: What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?
Answer: vulnerable
Question: Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member?
Answer: Alliance of Small Island States
Question: What is the AOSIS'S main concern?
Answer: climate change
Question: To what agreement has Tuvalu committed?
Answer: Majuro Declaration
Question: What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate?
Answer: 100% renewable
Question: By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95% of its energy?
Answer: Solar PV
Question: In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate? 
Answer: Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency
Question: Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory?
Answer: South Pacific Tuna Treaty
Question: What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement?
Answer: tuna purse seine fishing
Question: Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?
Answer: Multilateral Fisheries Treaty
Question: What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015?
Answer: fishing days
Question: What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013?
Answer: Memorandum of Understanding
Question: What does the Memorandum concern?
Answer: Pacific Regional Trade
Question: What does the trade agreement encompass?
Answer: Economic Partnership Agreement
Question: With what group does the  agreement form an alliance?
Answer: European Union
Question: To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid?
Answer: Pacific island countries
Question: What is the Tuvalu high chief on each island called?
Answer: ulu-aliki
Question: What is the name of the sub-chiefs in Tuvalu?
Answer: alikis
Question: What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders?
Answer: Falekaupule
Question: What was the caste of priests in the past on Tuvalu?
Answer: tofuga
Question: With what group do the falekaupule share power on Tuvalu?
Answer: pule o kaupule
Question: What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand?
Answer: climate change refugees
Question: By what reason was the Tuvaluan family allowed to immigrate?
Answer: humanitarian nature
Question: What court ruled the claim of climate change refugee to be untenable?
Answer: New Zealand High Court
Question: What feature was missing in the climate change claims?
Answer: persecution or serious harm
Question: What document draws out the requirements of refugee status?
Answer: Refugee Convention
Question: What is New Zealand's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits?
Answer: 75
Question: What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand?
Answer: job offer
Question: How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted?
Answer: 5,000
Question: What is the program that allows season employees work permits?
Answer: Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program
Question: What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand?
Answer: Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy
Question: Besides English, what is the national language of Tuvalu?
Answer: Tuvaluan
Question: What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language?
Answer: Ellicean group
Question: What other languages is the Tuvaluan language related?
Answer: Polynesian
Question: To what area's language is Tuvaluan closely related?
Answer: Micronesia
Question: From what language does Tuvaluan borrow many linguistic traits?
Answer: Samoan
Question: On which island in Tuvalu is the hospital?
Answer: Funafuti
Question: How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff?
Answer: 13
Question: What kind of nursing services do outer islands nurses provide?
Answer: midwifery
Question: How many nurses are provided to the outer islands?
Answer: nine or ten
Question: What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?
Answer: government of Tuvalu
Question: Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?
Answer: outside of Tuvalu
Question: In what educational institution is the program found?
Answer: University of the South Pacific
Question: Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?
Answer: Sixth form
Question: What is the required education for males on Tuvalu?
Answer: 10 years
Question: How long are females required to go to school?
Answer: 11 years
Question: What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?
Answer: 99.0%
Question: How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010?
Answer: 1,918
Question: What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools?
Answer: 1:18
Question: What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll?
Answer: Community Training Centres
Question: What from of education do Community Training Centres provide?
Answer: vocational training
Question: For what have CTC students failed to qualify ?
Answer: secondary education
Question: Besides children, who can Take CTC  classes?
Answer: Adults
Question: What kind of training classes are offered at CTC?
Answer: basic
Question: What type of trees provided lumber for building on Tuvalu?
Answer: broadleaf forest
Question: What building material did coconut provide?
Answer: fibre
Question: What construction feature was lacking in Tuvaluan building?
Answer: nails
Question: From what was rope made for tying buildings together?
Answer: dried coconut fibre
Question: In what item has Tuvalu traditional design been produced?
Answer: clothing
Question: What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs?
Answer: mats and fans
Question: For what  have objects having traditional design been used?
Answer: everyday life
Question: What traditional purpose are Tuvalu designs still used?
Answer: dance songs
Question: What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet?
Answer: coconut
Question: What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?
Answer: animal
Question: What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu?
Answer: seabirds
Question: At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu?
Answer: fateles
Question: Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?
Answer: celebrations
Question: Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have? 
Answer: council of elders
Question: What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?
Answer: decision making body
Question: What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?
Answer: Aganu
Question: To what sport is kilikiti like?
Answer: cricket
Question: What is the Tuvalu version of volley ball?
Answer: Ano
Question: What group disliked the traditional war-like sports of Tuvalu?
Answer: Christian missionaries
Question: With what equipment is ano played?
Answer: two hard balls
Question: What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition? 
Answer: Tuau Lapua Lapua
Question: In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?
Answer: Pacific Mini Games
Question: In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?
Answer: weightlifting
Question: Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?
Answer: Telupe Iosefa
Question: In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?
Answer: powerlifting
Question: What is a major annual sports event in Tuvalu?
Answer: Independence Day Sports Festival
Question: What is the most important sports event held on Tuvalu?
Answer: Tuvalu Games
Question: In what year did Tuvalu first appear in the Commonwealth Games?
Answer: 1998
Question: What type of competitor entered the commonwealth Games in 1998?
Answer: weightlifter
Question: What competitions have Tuvalu athletes entered in the World Championships in Athletics?
Answer: 100 metre sprints
Question: What was Tuvalu's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002?
Answer: 5.6%
Question:  What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008?
Answer: 1.5%
Question: What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu's domestic growth?
Answer: fuel and food
Question: What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu?
Answer: zero growth
Question: What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid?
Answer: large revenues
Question: What business provides banking services on Tuvalu?
Answer: National Bank of Tuvalu
Question: What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector?
Answer: 65%
Question: Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning?
Answer: overseas
Question: How do 15% of male Tuvaluans earn their income?
Answer: seamen
Question: What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans?
Answer: agriculture and fishing.
Question: What school provides maritime education on Tuvalu?
Answer: Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute
Question: What is the yearly number of cadets at the Maritime Training Institute?
Answer: 120
Question: What is the only trade union on Tuvalu?
Answer: Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union
Question: On what does the Seaman'd Union represent workers?
Answer: on foreign ships
Question: How many Tuvaluan men are active seafarers?
Answer: 800
Question: How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?
Answer: $2.2 million
Question: What si Tuvalu's tv domain?
Answer: Top Level Domain
Question: What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?
Answer: Verisign
Question: How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?
Answer: ten per cent
Question: What  income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?
Answer: Tuvalu Ship Registry
Question: What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?
Answer: World Trade Organisation
Question: What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?
Answer: deferred its graduation
Question: What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?
Answer: funding assistance
Question: What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?
Answer: environmental
Question: What is the radio station on Tuvalu?
Answer: Radio Tuvalu
Question: From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?
Answer: Funafuti
Question: Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?
Answer: Japanese government
Question: What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service? 
Answer: FM radio
Question: What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?
Answer: mobile
Question: Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?
Answer: Nukufetau
Question: Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?
Answer: two
Question: What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?
Answer: Nivaga III
Question: What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?
Answer: cargo and passengers
Question: What are the number of true atolls are in the Tuvalu islands?
Answer: six
Question: What is the total land area of Tuvalu?
Answer: 26 square kilometres
Question: How does Tuvalu rank in country size as compared to other nations?
Answer: fourth smallest
Question: What is the coverage of Tuvalu's economic zone?
Answer: 900,000 km2
Question: Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?
Answer: Funafuti
Question: What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?
Answer: volcanic island chain
Question: What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?
Answer: 179°7'E and 8°30'S
Question: How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?
Answer: 607
Question: How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?
Answer: 66
Question: What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?
Answer: El Niño and La Niña
Question: Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?
Answer: El Niño
Question: What temperature effect causes drought?
Answer: La Niña
Question: What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?
Answer: 200 to 400 mm
Question: What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?
Answer: rationing of fresh-water
Question: What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought?
Answer: desalination plants
Question: As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu?
Answer: Pacific Environment Community
Question: What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu?
Answer: water tanks
Question: What did Tuvalu's new water tanks make possible to store?
Answer: fresh water
Question: In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu?
Answer: 2006
Question: What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?
Answer: Funafuti International Airport
Question: What was damaged by building of the war time air field?
Answer: Funafuti Lagoon
Question: What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction  impacted?
Answer: fresh-water aquifer
Question: What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu?
Answer: New Zealand Government
Question: How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause?
Answer: eight per cent
Question: What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?
Answer: 80 per cent
Question: What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?
Answer: water temperature
Question: What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?
Answer: reef restoration
Question: What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?
Answer: foraminifera
Question: What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?
Answer: ecosystem rehabilitation
Question: What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon?
Answer: Funafuti Conservation Area
Question: What factor has caused an increased demand for fish?
Answer: rising population
Question: What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused?
Answer: pollution
Question: What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu?
Answer: European Union
Question: What do imports produce on Tuvalu?
Answer: plastic waste
Question: What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?
Answer: Reverse osmosis
Question: How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?
Answer: 40 m3 per day
Question: At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?
Answer: below 30%
Question: What is the cost of R/O produced water?
Answer: A$3.50 per m3
Question: What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?
Answer: government
Question: When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water?
Answer: July 2012
Question: What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy?
Answer: National Water Resources Policy
Question: What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu?
Answer: 50 and 100L
Question: What organization called for Tuvalu to  improve its water and sanitation systems?
Answer: United Nations
Question: What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy?
Answer: Global Environment Fund
Question: To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?
Answer: sea level rise
Question: What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?
Answer: 4.6 metres
Question: Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?
Answer: Niulakita
Question: Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?
Answer: second-lowest
Question: What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?
Answer: Cyclone Bebe
Question: What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
Answer: Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili
Question: How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season? 
Answer: three
Question: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?
Answer: Cyclone Ofa
Question: What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?
Answer: Cyclone Gavin
Question: What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu?
Answer: 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)
Question: In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu?
Answer: March 2015
Question: During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage?
Answer: Nui
Question: What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during  Cyclone Pam?
Answer: 90%
Question: The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become  a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam?
Answer: coconut palms
Question: What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam?
Answer: damage
Question: What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary?
Answer: Cyclone Pam
Question: What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu?
Answer: recovery
Question: For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone??
Answer: cleaning-up
Question: What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report?
Answer: 5 mm
Question: What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu?
Answer: satellite
Question: Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise?
Answer: pre-1993
Question: What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu?
Answer: degree of uncertainty
Question: What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?
Answer: resilience
Question: What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?
Answer: reefs
Question: What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs? 
Answer: faster rate
Question: What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?
Answer: ocean acidification
Question: Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?
Answer: on the islands
Question: What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?
Answer: relocation
Question: What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population? 
Answer: rising sea levels
Question: When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu? 
Answer: 2006
Question: What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?
Answer: never be an option
Question: What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?
Answer: original sin only
Question: What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?
Answer: Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes
Question: Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?
Answer: privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain
Question: What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?
Answer: Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin."
Question: What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?
Answer: sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.
Question: What is one of the things regarded by the dogma of the immaculate conception?
Question: What did the Catholic Church prevent Mary from having?
Question: What did Mary receive at baptism?
Question: Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?
Answer: makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin
Question: How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ? 
Answer: the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal
Question: What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?
Answer: let him be anathema."
Question: What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?
Answer: The Council of Trent
Question: What this a definition say Mary was free from?
Question: Who says Mary was only free from Original Sin?
Question: Who said that all men were capable of avoiding all sins throughout their life?
Question: Who declared that God did not give Mary a special privilege?
Question: Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?
Answer: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus
Question: What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?
Answer: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother
Question: Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?
Answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne
Question: When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?
Answer: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,
Question: When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?
Answer: since the 4th century
Question: What other event is the immaculate conception similar to?
Question: Who often makes a distinction between the conception of Jesus in the conception of Mary?
Question: Who believes that Mary is a product of a virginal conception?
Question: Who upheld the belief that Mary was virtually conceived in 1677?
Question: On what date is the virginal conception of Mary celebrated?
Question: What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?
Answer: Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour
Question: What was explained by the man  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?
Answer: dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime
Question: What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?
Answer: Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race.
Question: According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?
Answer: Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.
Question: Why did Mary not need a Savior?
Question: Who said that Mary was cleansed after sin?
Question: What is referred to as Mary's redemption by Christ?
Question: Who said that if humans had never sinned they would not need God's grace?
Question: What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?
Answer: Greek theologians of Byzantium
Question: Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
Answer: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary
Question: What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
Answer: the circumcision
Question: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
Answer: Luke
Question: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ? 
Answer: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception
Question: To what theologians was the concept of Mary's complete sinlessness unknown?
Question: What is a sinless nature cleansed in a moment of grace?
Question: Who did not see the human nature of Jesus and Mary as equally holy?
Question: When was Jesus presented in a temple?
Question: The commemoration of what was growing around by Byzantium?
Question: What proof do some believe is offered as to proof of Mary being the ultimate concept of pure?
Answer: include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "
Question: What phrases were used to describe Mary ?
Answer: in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her
Question: Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?
Answer: Eve before the fall
Question: Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?
Answer: St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin.
Question: What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions  ?
Answer: his argument is that all men are sinners;
Question: What was explicitly mooted before the twelfth century?
Question: What can be proved from Scripture?
Question: Whose teachings on the sinlessness of Mary only include Original Sin
Question: What terms were only applied to Mary after the fifth century?
Question: Who is not sure that Mary had sufficient grace to overcome sin?
Question: Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?
Answer: Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians
Question: What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?
Answer: Emperor Justinian I,
Question: In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary  in his writings ?
Answer: to call Mary "prepurified"
Question: What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?
Answer: she was "purified" at the Annunciation
Question: How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible? 
Answer: holier than all 'Men' born of woman
Question: What doctrine appeared first among the Latin theologies?
Question: Whose teachings did Emperor Justinian I augment?
Question: Who says that Mary was not immaculate at the Annunciation?
Question: Who said that Mary had the honor of being the first to purify the waters of baptism by touching them?
Question: What uses Mary's absolute holiness is a key for understanding her pre-purification?
Question: What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?
Answer: the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East
Question: What was the name of this festival ?
Answer: under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne
Question: Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by?
Answer: In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans
Question: Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?
Answer: Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas.
Question: According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?
Answer: out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.
Question: What was widely celebrated in the West by 750?
Question: What group in the West was the conception of St. Anne associated with
Question: What did Thomas Aquinas support attaching to the title conception of Mary?
Question: When did the Eastern church start to celebrate the conception of Mary?
Question: What is St. Albertus Magnus say could be conferred at the moment of conception?
Question: What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?
Answer: authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477
Question: Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?
Answer: Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses
Question: What document made the authorization official ?
Answer: with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477
Question: What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary  ?
Answer: but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception.
Question: What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all . 
Answer: mortally sinful
Question: Which Pope authorized dioceses to introduce the feast in the fourteenth century?
Question: What was introduced to the Roman diocese in 1476?
Question: What Pope in 1477 included the word immaculate in the name of the feast
Question: Who said it was sinful and heretical to say that the glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin?
Question: What term was applied to Mary's conception in 1483?
Question: What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?
Answer: published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria
Question: Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?
Answer: Mariano Spada
Question: What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?
Answer: appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867
Question: Who gave the teacher the new job ?
Answer: Pope Pius IX
Question: What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?
Answer: Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.
Question: What did Mariano Spada publish in 1872?
Question: Who asserted that Aquinas was referring to the question of the immaculate conception?
Question: What work asserted a problem between a doctrine of Pius IX and the teachings of Aquinas?
Question: Who appointed Spada master of the sacred palace in the eighteenth century?
Question: Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?
Answer: St Bernard of Clairvaux
Question: Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?
Answer: St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.
Question: What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting  the a virgin conception of Mary ?
Answer: How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?
Question: What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct  maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?
Answer: conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation
Question: Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?
Answer: instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See
Question: Who raised the question of the Immaculate Conception in the 1200s?
Question: What was already being celebrated in some churches of the East?
Question: Who instituted a feast of the conception of the Blessed Virgin with the permission of the Holy See?
Question: Whose conception does St. Bernard say was sinless?
Question: What Pope's definition of conception agreed with St. Bernard's?
Question: What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?
Answer: that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ
Question: What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?
Answer: to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.
Question: What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the 
Answer: Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ
Question: What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?
Answer: immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;
Question: How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?
Answer: rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.
Question: What did St. Bonaventure argue?
Question: Who did Scotus believe did not have a special role in salvation history?
Question: Who is preserved from all taint of sin to the merits of Mary?
Question: What did Mary's Immaculate Conception remove her from?