huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect?
Answer: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable
Question: What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?
Answer: modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)
Question: What is called yakanye in Standard and Northern dialects?
Question: What do Standard dialects have a linguistic continuum with?
Question: In a semivowel what is unpalatalized?
Question: What consonants are included in Belarusian?
Question: What do consonants include in Ukranian?
Question: In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?
Answer: 19th
Question: When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?
Answer: 18th century
Question: When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?
Answer: turn of the 20th century
Question: How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?
Answer: four decades
Question: What was created by Lomonosov at the turn of the 20th century?
Question: How many volumes of the first dictionary were published in the 18th century?
Question: How long did it take for the first dictionary to be published?
Question: What kind of vocabulary did Lomonosov create in the 19th century?
Question: When did Lomonosov map Russian dialects?
Question: What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become?
Answer: ⟨е⟩
Question: What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become?
Answer: ⟨и⟩
Question: What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become?
Answer: ⟨ф⟩
Question: What did the old letter ⟨ѫ⟩ become?
Answer: ⟨у⟩
Question: What did the old letter ⟨ѭ⟩ become?
Answer: ⟨ю⟩
Question: What  did the ja or a originally indicate the pronunciation of?
Question: What did the r become?
Question: What did the h become phonetically?
Question: The ja or a indicated the pronunciation of a reduced what?
Question: What was ja merged into?
Question: What is 'moroz' a transliteration of?
Answer: мороз
Question: What is 'mysh' a transliteration of?
Answer: мышь
Question: What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration?
Answer: Unicode character encoding,
Question: What does 'moroz' mean?
Answer: frost
Question: What does 'mysh' mean?
Answer: mouse
Question: What kind of restrictions are there on Russian speaking typists?
Question: What coding was created in Russia?
Question: What alphabet is used to transliterate English?
Question: What language was the QWERTY keyboard first programmed to be used in?
Question: What extension fully incorporates the Latin alphabet?
Question: What system used CP1251 encoding?
Answer: Microsoft Windows
Question: What systems used IBM866 encoding?
Answer: MS-DOS and OS/2
Question: What encoding did early Macs use?
Answer: ISO/IEC 8859-5
Question: In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage?
Answer: 1995–2005
Question: When was KO18-R designed by Microsoft?
Question: During what period was MS-DOS created?
Question: What adverse event did the creation of K018-R create?
Question: How did the chaos created by the K018-R end?
Question: What did K018-R become a defacto standard in?
Question: What can optional acute accents indicate?
Answer: stress
Question: What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?
Answer: castle
Question: What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?
Answer: this is marvelous
Question: What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?
Answer: standing
Question: What organization writes books for Russian learners?
Question: What should be used to teach Russian learners according to the Russian Academy of Sciences?
Question: What do children feel when they are learning Russian?
Question: Where is context mandatory for children and Russian learners?
Question: Where can a Russian learner usually find uncommon words?
Question: Who says Russian has 6 vowels?
Answer: St. Petersburg Phonological School
Question: When are Russian vowels written differently?
Answer: depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized
Question: What dialect is standard Russian based on?
Answer: Moscow dialect
Question: What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?
Answer: Irish
Question: What is done to unstressed vowels?
Answer: reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa
Question: How many classes are there at the St. Petersburg Phonological School?
Question: When are Irish vowels written differently?
Question: What pairs do vowels come in, in Irish?
Question: What kind of stress is there in the Irish language?
Question: What is the variation in pitch in Irish?
Question: What is palatalization?
Answer: the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant
Question: How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?
Answer: with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge
Question: What might r be considered?
Question: G is considered marginal but not considered what?
Question: What is the only minimal pair that shows g is a separate phoneme?
Question: What does allophone mean?
Question: What does the tongue produce with g and x?
Question: When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?
Answer: approximately 1000 AD
Question: When was Kievan Rus' formed?
Answer: about 880
Question: What countries did Kievan Rus' become?
Answer: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus
Question: What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?
Answer: Old East Slavic
Question: When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?
Answer: 988
Question: What group of dialects did Christians speak in 1000 AD?
Question: When was Byzantine Greek formed?
Question: When were historic records first kept?
Question: What commercial language was adopted by Christians in 880?
Question: What countries trace their origins to Greece?
Question: What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
Answer: French
Question: What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
Answer: German
Question: Who wrote 'War and Peace'?
Answer: Leo Tolstoy
Question: What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?
Answer: French
Question: In what year did Peter the Great come to power?
Question: What did Peter the Great write in 1800?
Question: What was Peter the Great's goal for writing War and Peace?
Question: How many Germans immigrated to France in 1800?
Question: What did Tolstoy write to reform Germany?
Question: What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?
Answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary
Question: What was 'high style'?
Answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary
Question: What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing?
Answer: became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech
Question: What dates from the time of Lermontov?
Question: How did Lermontov revolutionize Russian literature?
Question: What did Lermontov favor instead of archaic grammar and vocabulary?
Question: What kind of difficulties did Gogol have when reading Lermontov's texts?
Question: How many words used by Lermontov have become archaic?
Question: When did the USSR make Russian the official language?
Answer: 1990
Question: What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?
Answer: the unifying role and superior status
Question: What was declared the official language of constituent republics in 1991?
Question: What policy fluctuated in practice in 1991?
Question: In what year did other ethnic groups discourage native language?
Question: In what year did constituent republics not have an official language?
Question: What was the national discourse about in 1990?
Question: What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?
Answer: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)
Question: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?
Answer: A. L. Arefyev
Question: When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published?
Answer: 2012
Question: What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?
Answer: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.
Question: What study was published in 2006?
Question: In what year did A. L. Arefyev work for Demoskop Weekly?
Question: What are local languages losing in general?
Question: What department is Demoskop Weekly a part of in Russia?
Question: What has A. L. Arefyev's position been at Demoskop Weekly since 2012?
Question: What is the USAF?
Answer: the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces
Question: How many uniformed services are there in the United States?
Answer: seven
Question: When did the USAF split from the US Army?
Answer: 18 September 1947
Question: What act formed the USAF?
Answer: National Security Act of 1947
Question: What is one of the functions of the USAF?
Answer: Nuclear Deterrence Operations
Question: Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense
Question: What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force? 
Answer: Senate
Question: Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?
Answer: Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Question: Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense
Question: How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? 
Answer: twelve
Question: What do these core functions of the Air Force express? 
Answer: contribute to national security
Question: What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? 
Answer: core functions
Question: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? 
Answer: Assure/Dissuade/Deter
Question: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? 
Answer: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD
Question: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? 
Answer: US national security
Question: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? 
Answer: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission
Question: What is the definition of a nuclear strike? 
Answer: the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets
Question: What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security? 
Answer: deployment of nuclear strike capabilities
Question: Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict?
Answer: President
Question: What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? 
Answer: US NDO objectives
Question: What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? 
Answer: Continental United States
Question: What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? 
Answer: unauthorized or accidental use
Question: What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? 
Answer: precise and reliable nuclear operations
Question: What is one of the five functions of NDO support? 
Answer: effective nuclear weapons security
Question: What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? 
Answer: Departments of Defense or Energy
Question: What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? 
Answer: Offensive Counterair
Question: What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?
Answer: offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms
Question: OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? 
Answer: air and missile threats
Question: What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks? 
Answer: suppression/destruction of enemy air defense
Question: What does the abbreviation DCA stand for? 
Answer: Defensive Counterair
Question: What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?
Answer: friendly
Question: What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA? 
Answer: employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks
Question: What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?
Answer: ballistic
Question: What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks? 
Answer: counter-measures
Question: What is the dominance in space of one force over another? 
Answer: Space superiority
Question: What does Space Superiority encompass? 
Answer: localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring
Question: Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for? 
Answer: friendly forces
Question: What areas does Space Superiority operate in? 
Answer: land, sea, air, space
Question: What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? 
Answer: operations to ensure freedom of action in space
Question: What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect? 
Answer: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack
Question: What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on? 
Answer: space situational awareness
Question: What is the definition of CND?
Answer: computer network defense
Question: What does Cyberspace defense include?
Answer: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques
Question: What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? 
Answer: fused all-source intelligence
Question: What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense? 
Answer: Air Force
Question: What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability? 
Answer: Cyberspace Support
Question: What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission?
Answer: sustain assigned networks and missions
Question: What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect?
Answer: C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks
Question: What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? 
Answer: CNE and CND
Question: What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations? 
Answer: exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces
Question: Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations? 
Answer: commander in planning
Question: What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses? 
Answer: agile combat support operations
Question: What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative? 
Answer: achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives
Question: What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? 
Answer: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations
Question: What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations? 
Answer: development of appropriate intelligence architecture
Question: Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information? 
Answer: national and military decision makers
Question: What are Special Operations? 
Answer: operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments
Question: What are the goals of Special Operations? 
Answer: achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives
Question: What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ? 
Answer: indigenous or surrogate
Question: What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods?
Answer: dependence on detailed operational intelligence
Question: What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations? 
Answer: operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air
Question: What objectives does Airlift support? 
Answer: strategic, operational, or tactical
Question: How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift? 
Answer: delivering forces to crisis locations
Question: What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis? 
Answer: resolve and compassion
Question: What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?
Answer: Aeromedical Evacuation
Question: Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation? 
Answer: Health Service Support
Question: Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties? 
Answer: to and between medical treatment facilities
Question: Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions? 
Answer: Aeromedical evacuation forces
Question: What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?
Answer: Personnel Recovery
Question: What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission? 
Answer: military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel
Question: What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis? 
Answer: deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda
Question: What are the types of international duties of the PR mission? 
Answer: crisis response and regional stability
Question: What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? 
Answer: Humanitarian Assistance Operations
Question: What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? 
Answer: human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life
Question: What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?
Answer: limited
Question: Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help? 
Answer: host nation civil authorities or agencies
Question: What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force? 
Answer: airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors
Question: What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions?
Answer: develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security
Question: What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage? 
Answer: cross-cultural
Question: What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions?
Answer: building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit
Question: What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions?
Answer: relevant language, region, and culture
Question: Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?
Answer: U.S. War Department
Question: When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? 
Answer: 40 years later
Question: How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII? 
Answer: 68,000
Question: What does the USAAF stand for? 
Answer: U.S. Army Air Forces
Question: Who signed the National Security Act of 1947? 
Answer: President Harry S Truman
Question: What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?
Answer: Department of Defense
Question: How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?
Answer: three
Question: What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?
Answer: sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft
Question: Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations? 
Answer: Marine Corps
Question: What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?
Answer: Captain Chuck Yeager
Question: When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects? 
Answer: early 2000s
Question: Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics?
Answer: Winslow Wheeler
Question: When were the military leaders replaced after a scandal over failure to maintain its nuclear arsenal? 
Answer: 2008
Question: What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005?
Answer: Basic Military Training
Question: What is the deployment phase of BMT called? 
Answer: BEAST
Question: What other training do the US Air force Personnel get during BMT? 
Answer: directing search and recovery
Question: Who acts as a mentor during this deployment phase of the BMT?
Answer: Military Training Instructors
Question: What year did the USAF take a Reduction-in-force?
Answer: 2007
Question: Why did the USAF plan to take a reduction-in-force?
Answer: budget constraints
Question: How many USAF personnel did the reduction end in during 2008?
Answer: 330,000
Question: What has there been a sharp reduction in during the years following 2005 in the USAF?
Answer: flight hours for crew training
Question: What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?
Answer: Michael Wynne
Question: What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008?
Answer: General T. Michael Moseley
Question: Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons? 
Answer: Taiwan
Question: When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed?
Answer: 24 October 2008
Question: Why was the USAF forced to ground some of its squadrons in 2013?
Answer: Budget sequestration
Question: Who was the Commander of Air Combat Command in 2013?
Answer: General Mike Hostage
Question: Why have many US Air Force pilots opted to resign from active service? 
Answer: squadron groundings and flight time reductions
Question: Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? 
Answer: careers in the commercial airlines
Question: What is one of the concerns of the Air Force? 
Answer: replace its aging fleet
Question: How did the USAF try to make these adjustments to help with strength and readiness of its fleet? 
Answer: cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets
Question: How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet? 
Answer: $208 million
Question: Who is the Department of the Air Force managed by?
Answer: Secretary of the Air Force
Question: Who does the Secretary of the Air Force report to?
Answer: Secretary of Defense
Question: Who appoints the top positions in the USAF, including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council?
Answer: President
Question: Upon whom does the President call on for support in his appointments to the USAF?
Answer: Senate
Question: Who does the senior leadership roles in the USAF include? 
Answer: Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Question: Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense
Question: What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for? 
Answer: Change in Operational Control
Question: Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions? 
Answer: Regional Combatant Commander
Question: Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to?
Answer: USTRANSCOM
Question: What are "Chopped" units called in the USAF?
Answer: forces
Question: What is the top level structure of these Chopped forces in the USAF? 
Answer: Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force
Question: What does the C-NAF provide support to?
Answer: planning and execution of aerospace forces
Question: Who does the C-NAFF coordinate with on ACEE missions?
Answer: JFC
Question: What is one of the many types of AFSC employed by the USAF? 
Answer: missile launch officer
Question: What is an example of an occupational field position in the USAF?
Answer: computer specialties
Question: What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel?
Answer: Tactical Air Control Party
Question: What does the abbreviation EOD stand for in the USAF?
Answer: Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Question: What do some of these special missions in the USAF who deploy with the infantry do?
Answer: rescue downed or isolated personnel
Question: What are these enlisted positions in the USAF complimented by?
Answer: commissioned officers
Question: What other career fields have seen an increase in active combat missions? 
Answer: Air Force Office of Special Investigations
Question: What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?
Answer: 3M0X1 (Services)
Question: How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?
Answer: one year of training with a preliminary school
Question: Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF?
Answer: Second Air Force
Question: How long does the flight training for the AETC's Nineteenth Air Force last? 
Answer: excess of one year
Question: What groups is the USAF rank divided amoung? 
Answer: enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers
Question: How are Enlisted promotions in the USAF decided? 
Answer: based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval
Question: How are Officer promotions within the USAF decided?
Answer: based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board
Question: How is a Commissioned Officer's rank shown?
Answer: designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars
Question: What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?
Answer: Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980
Question: Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF? 
Answer: Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act
Question: Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers? 
Answer: DOPMA
Question: How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF? 
Answer: virtually guaranteed after two years
Question: What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process?
Answer: Promotion to major through major general
Question: Where is an officer's record in the USAF reviewed for a promotion?
Answer: Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base
Question: What state is the Randolph Air Force Base located in? 
Answer: Texas
Question: When does promotion from major to lieutenant colonel in the USAF typically occur?
Answer: thirteen year
Question: The promotion process repeats when for officers promoted early in the USAF?
Answer: 16 year mark
Question: What section in the US Code for the Secretary of the Air Force allows for the appointment of warrant officers?
Answer: Title 10
Question: When did the USAF inherit warrant officer ranks from the Army?
Answer: 1947
Question: When did Congress authorize the creation of two new senior officer grades?
Answer: 1958
Question: When did the USAF stop appointing warrant officers?
Answer: 1959
Question: What is the newest top enlisted grade in the USAF?
Answer: Chief Master Sergeant
Question: What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF?
Answer: E-1 (entry level)
Question: What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?
Answer: E-9 (senior enlisted)
Question: What pay grades are included in the USAF for Senior NCOs?
Answer: pay grades E-7 through E-9
Question: What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system?
Answer: staff sergeants and technical sergeants
Question: When does NCO status occur in the USAF?
Answer: when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5
Question: When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?
Answer: pay grade of E-4
Question: What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF?
Answer: completed Airman Leadership School
Question: What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army?
Answer: Corporal
Question: When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?
Answer: 1947
Question: Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?
Answer: former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company
Question: When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? 
Answer: 1995
Question: Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? 
Answer: pinned onto the coat
Question: What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment? 
Answer: various badges
Question: What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF? 
Answer: merit-based or service-based awards
Question: What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF? 
Answer: Shields of USAF Fire Protection
Question: When is the special "pocket rocket" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation? 
Answer: at least one year
Question: USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school? 
Answer: United States Air Force Academy
Question: What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF?
Answer: Air Force Officer Training School
Question: Where is the OTS in the US currently located?
Answer: Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama
Question: How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF?
Answer: two
Question: What is a line officer in the USAF? 
Answer: concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air"
Question: What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions?
Answer: Commissioned Officer Training
Question: What fields of study in the COT are included in this area of the USAF? 
Answer: medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration
Question: What is an example of the coursework now offered in the COT in the USAF? 
Answer: deployed-environment operations
Question: What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF? 
Answer: US Air Force Fitness Test
Question: What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?
Answer: Fit to Fight program
Question: How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program? 
Answer: 1.5-mile
Question: What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test? 
Answer: 75 points
Question: What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests? 
Answer: 90%
Question: What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for? 
Answer: U.S. ground forces
Question: What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?
Answer: precision strikes
Question: What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed?
Answer: front of the battle
Question: What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops? 
Answer: bomber aircraft
Question: What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do? 
Answer: drop bombs
Question: What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks? 
Answer: bomber
Question: What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF? 
Answer: fighter bombers and attack aircraft
Question: What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?
Answer: aerial refueling
Question: What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions? 
Answer: US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China
Question: When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force? 
Answer: 1990s
Question: When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft? 
Answer: 1980s
Question: What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s?
Answer: B-52H
Question: How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF? 
Answer: 30 years
Question: What aircraft is scheduled to replace the B-52 in the USAF?
Answer: B-21
Question: What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations? 
Answer: Cargo and transport
Question: What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?
Answer: C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy
Question: The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?
Answer: U.S. Special Operations Command
Question: What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?
Answer: LC-130H
Question: What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions? 
Answer: weather reconnaissance aircraft
Question: What is the purpose of electronic warfare?
Answer: deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS
Question: What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?
Answer: The Eye in the Sky
Question: What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?
Answer: to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it
Question: What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force? 
Answer: Electronic Warfare/Jamming
Question: What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?
Answer: Airborne Command Post
Question: What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?
Answer: air-to-air combat
Question: What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?
Answer: F-16 Fighting Falcon
Question: What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds?
Answer: F-16
Question: What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets?
Answer: F-4 Phantom II
Question: What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force? 
Answer: early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration
Question: What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?
Answer: aerial refueling aircraft
Question: How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?
Answer: tail-mounted refueling boom
Question: When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?
Answer: large-scale operations
Question: What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?
Answer: KC-46A Pegasus
Question: What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009?
Answer: Robert Gates
Question: What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?
Answer: Michael Wynne
Question: Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley's resignation?
Answer: General Norton A. Schwartz
Question: What newspaper reported on Schwartz's dismantlement of the US Air Force's class system?
Answer: The Washington Post
Question: What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?
Answer: Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.
Question: How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?
Answer: an organization in which mostly its officers fought
Question: How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?
Answer: primarily a rear echelon support force
Question: What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?
Answer: Cultural and career issues
Question: During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?
Answer: Iraq War
Question: Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?
Answer: large aircraft losses in training
Question: What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?
Answer: US Army
Question: Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? 
Answer: Royal Air Force
Question: What traditions does the US Air Force have? 
Answer: "Friday Name Tags" in flying units
Question: What organization did the US Air Force adopt "Challenge Coins" from?
Answer: U.S. Army
Question: What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?
Answer: welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement
Question: What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan? 
Answer: "No One Comes Close"
Question: What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean? 
Answer: "One From On High"
Question: What is the most recent US Air Force recruitment slogan in October 2010?
Answer: "Aim high" followed with the response, "Fly-Fight-Win"
Question: Where can individual each USAF wing, group or squadrons individual motto be found?
Answer: wing, group, or squadron websites
Question: What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources?
Answer: longer lifetime
Question: What does LED stand for?
Answer: Light-emitting diodes
Question: Why are some people hesitant to use LED lighting?
Answer: more expensive
Question: What is a popular use for LED lighting?
Answer: traffic signals
Question: What type of atmosphere can't LED lighting be used?
Question: What is an advantage to using non-LED lighting over the normal light sources?
Question:  What does LEED stand for?
Question:  Why aren't some people hesitant to use LED lighting?
Question:  What is a popular use for non-LED lighting?
Question: LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?
Answer: Electroluminescence
Question: When was Electroluminescence discovered?
Answer: 1907
Question: What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?
Answer: British
Question: What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?
Answer: cat's-whisker
Question: Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?
Answer: Oleg Losev
Question: LED lighting is the beginning result of what phenomenon?
Question:  When was non-Electroluminescence discovered?
Question: What was the nationality of the woman who discovered Electroluminescence?
Question: What type of light did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?
Question:  Who is the Soviet man that created the second LED?
Question: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?
Answer: 1957
Question: Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?
Answer: Kroemer Braunstein
Question: The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?
Answer: a GaAs diode
Question: What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?
Answer: a PbS diode
Question: What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
Answer: audio amplifier
Question: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for radio communication?
Question: Who discovered radio uses for early LED devices?
Question:  The current in radio communication had to go through what type of component?
Question: What other component was needed to detect the second current of a radio signal?
Question:  What first device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
Question: What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission?
Answer: tunnel
Question: In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode?
Answer: 1962
Question: What was the first practical LED?
Answer: GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode
Question: The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company?
Answer: Texas Instruments (TI)
Question: In what state what not-infrared light emission discovered?
Question:  What type of diode was used to help discover non-infrared light emission?
Question: In what year was the patent filed for the non-Semiconductor Radiant Diode?
Question:  What was the first non-practical LED?
Question: The two inventors of the first practical non-diode were employed by what famous company?
Question: At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed?
Answer: General Electric Company
Question: What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED?
Answer: Nick Holonyak, Jr.
Question: What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED?
Answer: red
Question: What color LED was later created in 1972?
Answer: yellow
Question: What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED?
Answer: M. George Craford
Question: At what global company was the first non-visible-spectrum LED developed?
Question:  What GE employee developed the non-visible-spectrum LED?
Question:  What color is associated with the non-visible-spectrum LED?
Question:  What color non-LED was later created in 1972?
Question:  What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow non-LED?
Question: What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?
Answer: replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps
Question: How much did the early LEDs cost?
Answer: US$200 per unit
Question: What was one use of early LED light in products?
Answer: calculators
Question: What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?
Answer: Hewlett Packard (HP)
Question: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?
Answer: 1970s
Question: What was the first commercial uses of non-LEDs?
Question: How much did the early non-LEDs cost?
Question:  What was one use of early non-LED light in products?
Question:  What modern company introduced non-LEDs in 1968?
Question: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for non-LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?
Question: Who demonstrated the first blue LED?
Answer: Shuji Nakamura
Question: What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?
Answer: 2014 Nobel prize in physics
Question: Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?
Answer: Alberto Barbieri
Question: What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED?
Answer: indium tin oxide
Question:  What color non-LED was demonstrated in 1994?
Question:  Who demonstrated the first red LED?
Question:  What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their study?
Question: Who investigated the efficiency of low-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?
Question: What substance did Barbieri use in his work with low-brightness LED?
Question: What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?
Answer: yellow light
Question: What LED quickly followed the red LEDs?
Question:  What does the YAG phosphor coating not produce?
Question: What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?
Answer: electroluminescence
Question: Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence?
Answer: the conduction band
Question: Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process?
Answer: holes existing in the P-region
Question: Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light?
Answer: to recombine the electrons and the holes
Question: What converts absorbed light energy into an non-electric current?
Question: What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when a non-electrical current is applied to it?
Question:  Where are the free electrons located in the production of non-electroluminescence?
Question: Whose energy levels are lower than the non-electrons in the electroluminescence process?
Question: Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and darkness?
Question: Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED?
Answer: Cree
Question: How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED commercially available in 2003?
Answer: four times
Question: What is the typical operating current for high-power LEDs?
Answer: 350 mA
Question:  In what year was a new type of red LED produced?
Question:  Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of red LED?
Question: How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the red LED commercially available in 2003?
Question:  What is the typical operating current for low-power LEDs?
Question: What is rare in LED lighting?
Answer: Sudden failures
Question: What was notable in early red LEDs?
Answer: their short service life
Question: What could cause early light-output degradation in LEDs?
Answer: higher junction temperatures
Question: What is a classification used in LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive?
Answer: L70 or L50
Question:  What is a symptom of non-LED failure?
Question:  What is rare in non-LED lighting?
Question:  What was notable in early white LEDs?
Question:  What could cause early light-output degradation in non-LEDs?
Question:  What is a classification used in non-LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive?
Question: Where is LED lighting very well suited?
Answer: supermarket freezer
Question: LEDs produce less waste heat than what other device?
Answer: incandescent lamps
Question: What is LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light?
Answer: frost
Question: LED efficacy is not inversely proportional to what?
Question:  Where is LED lighting not very well suited?
Question:  LEDs produce less waste cold than what other device?
Question:  What is non-LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light?
Question: The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University?
Answer: Stanford
Question: When was the first blue-violet LED developed?
Answer: 1972
Question: What students developed the first blue-violet LED?
Answer: Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines
Question: What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence?
Answer: zinc-doped gallium nitride
Question:  The first red-violet LED was developed at what University?
Question:  When was the first red-violet LED developed?
Question:  What students developed the first red-violet LED?
Question: What substance helped demonstrate the first red electroluminescence?
Question: In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices?
Answer: 1980s
Question: Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?
Answer: Shuji Nakamura
Question: Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?
Answer: Dr. Moustakas
Question: What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources?
Answer: BlueRay
Question: What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting?
Answer: tablets
Question: In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the ancient era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices?
Question: Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness red LEDs?
Question: Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness red LEDs?
Question: What technology was made possible by low-power blue light sources?
Question: What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power red LED lighting?
Question: What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2014?
Answer: Physics
Question: What award did Nakamura receive in 2006 for his invention?
Answer: Millennium Technology Prize
Question: How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas's prior blue light patent in 2015?
Answer: three
Question: What was the fine given to the three companies?
Answer: not less than 13 million USD
Question: What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2013?
Question:  What award did Nakamura receive in 2016 for his invention?
Question: How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas's prior red light patent in 2015?
Question: What was the fine given to the four companies?
Question: What are cladding layers?
Answer: active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN
Question: How can light emission be varied from violet to amber?
Answer: By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells
Question: What does AlGaN stand for?
Answer: Aluminium gallium nitride
Question: What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without?
Answer: Green
Question:  What are non-cladding layers?
Question:  How can light emission be varied from red to amber?
Question:  What does AlGEaN stand for?
Question: What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InEGaN/GaEN systems than without?
Question: What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market?
Answer: Ultraviolet
Question: What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs?
Answer: 375–395 nm
Question: Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?
Answer: 240 nm
Question: What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices?
Answer: 250–270 nm
Question: What substance does nitrides not contain?
Question: What sort of non-LEDs are becoming more available on the market?
Question:  What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEEDs?
Question:  Longer wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?
Question: What UV wavelengths are found in non-sterilization devices?
Question: What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light?
Answer: multi-color white LEDs
Question: What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?
Answer: electronic circuits
Question: What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method?
Answer: RGB LEDs
Question:  What colors are used to form red light?
Question: What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form blue light?
Question:  What does the non-multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?
Question: What is another name to reference the solo-color white LED method?
Question: What is one type of multi-color white LED?
Answer: tetrachromatic
Question: What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs?
Answer: luminous efficacy
Question: Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what?
Answer: lower color rendering
Question: What type has the best luminous efficacy?
Answer: dichromatic white LEDs
Question: What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have?
Answer: >70 lm/W
Question: What is one type of solo-color white LED?
Question: What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color red LEDs?
Question:  Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs don't mean what?
Question:  What type has the worst luminous efficacy?
Question:  What luminous efficacy does non-trichromatic white LEDs have?