huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Where where the oranisms laffected byrisingcarbon dioxide levels?
Question: When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?
Answer: 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.
Question: Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?
Answer: less extensive
Question: What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to?
Answer: a rise in sea levels
Question: Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian?
Answer: Euramerica
Question: Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period?
Answer: Panthalassa
Question: What continent continued to drift northward during the Silurian?
Question: What was more extensive compared to the Ordovician glaciations?
Question: What lead to a rise in sea levels during the Ordovician?
Question: what was formed from Euramerica breaking up?
Question: What large ocean covered most of the Southern hemisphere?
Question: During what time period was the Devonian era?
Answer: 419 to 359 Ma.
Question: Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?
Answer: Euramerica (or Laurussia)
Question: Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?
Answer: Old Red Sandstone
Question: Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on  Pangaea during the Devonian?
Answer: the northern Appalachian Mountains
Question: What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?
Answer: Panthalassa
Question: What kind of activity decreased during the Devonian?
Question: What two continents where moving away from each other during Devonian?
Question: What continent was formed when Laurasia and Gondwanna colided?
Question: What type od seimentary beds formed in the desert along the Tropic of Capricorn?
Question: What was shallow arounfd the world?
Question: What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?
Answer: A global drop
Question: During which period were epicontinental seas created?
Answer: Carboniferous
Question: What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?
Answer: lush coal swamps
Question: What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?
Answer: a major marine extinction
Question: The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?
Answer: Mississippian Period
Question: What dropped world wide at the begining of the Devonian?
Question: How widespread was the drop in sea llevel in the Carboniferous?
Question: What temperatures dropped during the Devonian?
Question: What region was deeply impacted by the conditions of the Carboniferous?
Question: What could be found just north of the glacerers
Question: What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?
Answer: mountain building
Question: What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?
Answer: Laurussia
Question: What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America?
Answer: the Alleghenian orogeny
Question: The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what?
Answer: the Ouachita Mountains
Question: Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period?
Answer: the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys
Question: What was formed as the southern coninents came together?
Question: What did Pangea collide with?
Question: What did the collision of Pangea cause to mountains in North America?
Question: What did the collision with Pangea create in Europe?
Question: What major oceans were shrinking in the Carboniferous?
Question: What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?
Answer: Pangaea
Question: What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?
Answer: Panthalassa
Question: There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?
Answer: Paleo-Tethys Ocean
Question: The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?
Answer: Cimmeria
Question: During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?
Answer: the Mesozoic Era
Question: What supercontinent did Asia join in the Permian?
Question: Wat continent stradled the south pole and extended towards the equator?
Question: What coninent drifted away from Laurasia and towards Gondwana?
Question: What continents movement decreased the size of the Paleo-Tethys
Question: Which ocean name is translated to mean "all the sea?"
Answer: Panthalassa
Question: What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?
Answer: subduction of oceanic plates
Question: What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?
Answer: Pangaea was rifting
Question: Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?
Answer: Newark Supergroup
Question: What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?
Answer: terrestrial vertebrates
Question: What can still be found in the deep-sea from the Trissic?
Question: What continent ripped apart during the Triassic?
Question: What indicates when New Jersy seperated from Rhode Island?
Question: What stratigraphy is mostly based on non-saline organisms?
Question: During what years was the Jurassic period?
Answer: 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.
Question: Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?
Answer: Pangaea
Question: The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?
Answer: Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula
Question: At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?
Answer: Cretaceous Period
Question: Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?
Answer: lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen
Question: What did Laurasia and Gondwana  form during the Jurassic Period?
Question: What North Ocean was broad in the Jurassic Period?
Question: What ocean closed during the Cretaceous?
Question: What left marine deposits in the plains of south America?
Question: What geological record is poot in Europe?
Question: Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?
Answer: Sevier and Laramide
Question: South America was formerly which continent?
Answer: Gondwana
Question: The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans?
Answer: raising eustatic sea levels
Question: Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent?
Answer: Gondwana
Question: During what periods did Pangaea come together?
Question: Which oregenies followed the Nevaden in the early Mesozoic?
Question: What supercontinent stayed intact during the Cretaceous?
Question: What lowered eustatic sea levels?
Question: During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water?
Answer: one-third
Question: What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of?
Answer: Phanerozoic
Question: The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era?
Answer: Phanerozoic
Question: Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member?
Answer: North America
Question: Where are the Deccan Traps?
Answer: India
Question: What sea north of Africa coninued to broaden?
Question: Early in what period did the sea recede across central North America?
Question: The Phanerozoic is part of what geological era?
Question: What famouse lava beds are found in Europe?
Question: How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?
Answer: 66 million years
Question: Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?
Answer: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Question: What geologic period are we in currently?
Answer: Cenozoic Era
Question: At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape?
Answer: Mesozoic
Question: The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range?
Answer: the Himalayas
Question: What Era precedes the Cretaceous-paleogene extinction event?
Question: What extinction event ended the Cenozoic Era?
Question: What were still grouped together by the end of the Mesozoic?
Question: What sea opened near Africa?
Question: In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?
Answer: North America
Question: What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny?
Answer: the Rocky Mountains
Question: In which period did North and South america join?
Answer: Neogene
Question: Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene?
Answer: Tethys
Question: When did the Cretaceous processes begin?
Question: What stopped drifting during the Paleocene?
Question: What Supercontinent seperated into three during the Paleocene?
Question: What connected Europe and Greenland?
Question: What did Asia migrate towards?
Question: During what years did the Eocene period take place?
Answer: 56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago
Question: Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?
Answer: Antarctica
Question: How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?
Answer: around 45 Ma
Question: Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?
Answer: 40 million years
Question: The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?
Answer: keeping global temperatures high
Question: What reached their final positions during the Eocene?
Question: What was Australia seperated from at the begining of the Eocene?
Question: What pattern ended 45 million years ago
Question: What steared warm waters towards the Artic?
Question: during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?
Answer: Eocene
Question: What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?
Answer: huge lakes
Question: In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?
Answer: Tethys Sea
Question: The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?
Answer: Tethys Sea
Question: Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?
Answer: the Himalayan orogeny
Question: What three continent drifted together forming Laurasia during then Eocene?
Question: What formed in the low basins of Europe?
Question: What sea opened up?
Question: What sea was created by the Alps?
Question: What two coninents developed vastly differen fauna?
Question: The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?
Answer: the Alps
Question: During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?
Answer: Oligocene
Question: In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?
Answer: Antarctica
Question: Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?
Answer: the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Question: What semi-perminant feature developed in Antarctica?
Question: Where did mountain building stop?
Question: What plate was pushing south creating the Alps?
Question: What incursion marked the end of Oligocene?
Question: What slowed down the Antarctic Circumpolar Current?
Question: The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?
Answer: the Andes
Question: Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?
Answer: Asia
Question: When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?
Answer: The Tethys Seaway
Question: Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?
Answer: 19 and 12 Ma
Question: Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?
Answer: Messinian salinity crisis
Question: What bridge was present during the Miocene?
Question: What seaway opened as Africa collided with Eurasia?
Question: When did the Tethys Seaway open?
Question: What caused rain to increase in the Mediterranean
Question: What is the link between North and South America called?
Answer: the Isthmus of Panama
Question: In which period did North and South America become linked?
Answer: Pliocene
Question: The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?
Answer: marsupial faunas
Question: The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?
Answer: Africa
Question: What period came after the Pliocene?
Answer: the Quaternary Period
Question: What completely ended South America's marsupial faunas?
Question: What formed to linked North and South America in the Quaternary Period?
Question: What began at the with the Pilocene?
Question: How often does the cycle of rising sea levels repeat?
Question: How long ago did the last glacial period end?
Answer: about 10,000 years ago
Question: By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?
Answer: 35 metres (115 ft)
Question: During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?
Answer: Holocene
Question: Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?
Answer: Pleistocene
Question: What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?
Answer: Tyrrell Sea
Question: When did the last glacial period begin?
Question: What caused sea levelsw to rise 115 meters?
Question: During what period did the height of the northern lands rise 591 feet?
Question: What sea is the Hudson Bay part of?
Question: What does the state want a police force to do?
Answer: enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder
Question: What are gendarmerie?
Answer: military units charged with civil policing
Question: What are police usually separate from?
Answer: military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors
Question: What does the state want a police force not to do?
Question: What does the president want a police force to do?
Question: What aren't gendarmerie?
Question: What are police usually together with?
Question: What are police never separate from?
Question: What kind of service are police?
Answer: public sector
Question: When were police used to protect the class system?
Answer: late 18th and early 19th centuries
Question: What problem do many police forces have?
Answer: corruption
Question: How are police never paid?
Question: What kind of service aren't police?
Question: When aren't police used to protect the class system?
Question: What asset do many police forces have?
Question: When were police used to protect the civilian system?
Question: What period was the Chu kingdom in?
Answer: Spring
Question: What period was the Jin kingdom in?
Answer: Autumn
Question: Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?
Answer: Korea and Japan
Question: What did ancient China call its police?
Answer: prefects
Question: Which Japanese kingdoms developed law enforcement?
Question: What period was the Chu kingdom not in?
Question: What period was the Chin kingdom in?
Question: Which countries never adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?
Question: What did modern China call its police?
Question: What war ended in 1479?
Answer: War of the Castilian Succession
Question: Who formed Spain's first national police force?
Answer: Ferdinand and Isabella
Question: What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish?
Answer: Santa Hermandad
Question: What does Santa Hermandad mean?
Answer: Holy Brotherhood
Question: When did Spain suppress local police units?
Answer: 1835
Question: What war ended in 1497?
Question: Who formed Spain's last national police force?
Question: What was Spain's second national police force called, in Spanish?
Question: What doesn't Santa Hermandad mean?
Question: When did Spain empower local police units?
Question: Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?
Answer: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France
Question: How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?
Answer: Great Officers of the Crown of France
Question: What was the Marshal's force called?
Answer: the Marshalcy
Question: What was the Constable's force called, in English?
Answer: the Constabulary
Question: What was the Constable's force called, in French?
Answer: Connétablie
Question: Which two entities in Medieval France didn't have police duties?
Question: How were the Marshal and Constable of France informally classified?
Question: What was the Marshal's peace corps called?
Question: What was the Captain's force called, in English?
Question: What was the Constable's force not called, in French?
Question: Who created Paris's police force?
Answer: King Louis XIV
Question: What was the largest European city in 1667?
Answer: Paris
Question: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?
Answer: lieutenant general of police
Question: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?
Answer: lieutenant général de police
Question: In what year did Paris not get a police force?
Question: Who never created Paris's police force?
Question: What was the smallest European city in 1667?
Question: What was the largest European city in 1676?
Question: What was the title of the bottom of Paris's police, in English?
Question: Who was Paris's first head of police?
Answer: Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie
Question: How many commissioners worked under Reynie?
Answer: 44
Question: How many policing districts was Paris divided into?
Answer: 16
Question: When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?
Answer: October 1699
Question: When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?
Answer: 1709
Question: Who was Paris's last head of police?
Question: How many commissioners worked above Reynie?
Question: How many policing districts was France divided into?
Question: When was Paris's police system contracted to disclude rest of France?
Question: When were police inspectors subtracted from Paris's police?
Question: When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?
Answer: in the 18th century
Question: What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?
Answer: English
Question: Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?
Answer: Britannica 1911
Question: When were the Marine Police created in the UK?
Answer: 1798
Question: What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?
Answer: the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714
Question: When did the English language adopt the word 'police'?
Question: What language did French not borrow the word 'police' from?
Question: Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of local oppression'?
Question: When were the Marine Police created in France?
Question: What was the last use of 'police' in the UK?
Question: Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?
Answer: Patrick Colquhoun
Question: When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
Answer: 1797
Question: Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
Answer: docks
Question: How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?
Answer: £500,000
Question: How did Colquhoun praise the French police?
Answer: "the greatest degree of perfection"
Question: Who convinced the East Indies merchants in London to establish police?
Question: When did the West Indies merchants in London destroy a police force?
Question: Where did the East Indies merchants in London create a police force?
Question: How much cargo had been given from West Indies merchants in London each year?
Question: How did Colquhoun reject the French police?
Question: How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?
Answer: 33,000
Question: How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?
Answer: 11,000
Question: How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?
Answer: £122,000
Question: When was the Thames River Police made a public service?
Answer: 28 July 180
Question: What was the final size of the Thames River Police force?
Question: How many deck workers were the Thames River Police policing?
Question: How many dock workers did Colquhoun say weren't criminals?
Question: How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police allow in its first year?
Question: When was the Thames River Police made a private service?
Question: Who started the Bow Street detectives?
Answer: Henry and John Fielding
Question: How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?
Answer: full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees
Question: Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?
Answer: Robert Peel
Question: What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?
Answer: full-time
Question: Who fired the Bow Street detectives?
Question: How did the Bow Street group get paid by their employees?
Question: How did the James River Police pay their employees?
Question: Who rejected the concept of the 'new' police?
Question: What schedule did the Thames River Police employees not work?
Question: When was Glasgow's police force established?
Answer: 1800
Question: Which law established Ireland's police?
Answer: Irish Constabulary Act
Question: When was Ireland's police force established?
Answer: 1822
Question: What was Ireland's police force called?
Answer: Royal Irish Constabulary
Question: Which law abolished Glasgow's police?
Question: When was Glasgow's police force abolished?
Question: Which law fired Ireland's police?
Question: When was Ireland's police force abolished?
Question: What was Ireland's police force not called?
Question: Whose philosophy influenced Peel?
Answer: Jeremy Bentham
Question: What political position did Bentham think police should have?
Answer: neutral
Question: How did Peel standardize police?
Answer: as an official paid profession
Question: How did Peel organize police?
Answer: in a civilian fashion
Question: Who was the 'mother of modern policing'?
Question: Whose philosophy repelled Peel?
Question: What political position did Bentham think police shouldn't have?
Question: How did Peel specialize police?
Question: How did Peel disorganize police?
Question: What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?
Answer: the judicial system
Question: Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?
Answer: France
Question: What part of the government did French police work under?
Answer: the authority of the monarch
Question: When was the Metropolitan Police Act rejected?
Question: What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police weren't a subset of?
Question: Where was the 'Intercontinental model' of police from?
Question: Where wasn't the 'Continental model' of police from?
Question: What part of the government did English police work under?
Question: How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?
Answer: most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions
Question: When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?
Answer: July 9, 1775
Question: Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808?
Answer: Brazil
Question: Who invaded Portugal in 1808?
Answer: French
Question: When did Rio get its first police inspector?
Question: How had the Rio police grown by the 16th century?
Question: When didn't Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?
Question: Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1880?
Question: Who supported Portugal in 1808?
Question: What was Canada's first police force?
Answer: Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
Question: When was the Toronto police created?
Answer: 1834
Question: When was the Montreal police created?
Answer: 1838
Question: When were the first Mounties created?
Answer: 1873
Question: When did Canada get its last police?
Question: What wasn't Canada's first police force?
Question: When was the Toronto police destroyed?
Question: When was the Montreal police not created?
Question: When were the first Mounties destroyed?
Question: What were the Old West's local police options?
Answer: poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses
Question: Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?
Answer: The Army
Question: Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?
Answer: Pinkerton National Detective Agency
Question: Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height?
Answer: Army
Question: What were the New West's local police options?
Question: What were the Old West's national police options?
Question: Which military branch fought the Old West's inadequate local police?
Question: Which public contractor acted as police for businesses?
Question: Which military branch did the Pinkertons never exceed at their height?
Question: Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'?
Answer: Nicolas Delamare
Question: What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French?
Answer: Traité de la Police
Question: When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published?
Answer: 1705
Question: What was von Hornigk's career?
Answer: Political economist and civil servant
Question: Which countries' scholars rejected the contemporary police concept?
Question: Who co-wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'?
Question: What wasn't the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French?
Question: When was the 'Treatise on the Police' abolished?
Question: What wasn't von Hornigk's career?
Question: Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft?
Answer: Foucault
Question: How did Foucault describe the social duty of police?
Answer: procuring abundance
Question: Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police?
Answer: mercantilist theory
Question: Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning?
Answer: because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.
Question: Who never wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft?
Question: How did Foucault describe the social duty of army?
Question: Which economic theory did Foucault say rejected the police?
Question: Which biology theory did Foucault say supported the police?
Question: Why didn't the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning?
Question: When was 'Preventive Police' published?
Answer: 1829
Question: Where was 'Preventive Police' published?
Answer: London Review
Question: What did Chadwick say police should be focused on?
Answer: prevention
Question: What was the alternative to prevention?
Answer: a deterrent of punishment
Question: Who co-wrote 'Preventive Police'?
Question: When was 'Preventive Police' not published?
Question: Where was 'Preventive Police' unpublished?
Question: What did Chadwick say police shouldn't be focused on?
Question: What was the same as prevention?
Question: What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically?
Answer: patrol duties
Question: Where do some think the most important police work happens?
Answer: on patrol
Question: How do patrol officers affect crime?
Answer: prevent crime by their presence
Question: What do some police departments make detectives never go back to?
Question: What do all police departments make detectives go back to periodically?
Question: Where do all think the most important police work happens?
Question: Where do some think the most minor police work happens?
Question: How do patrol officers ignore crime?
Question: When did Sheptycki write about global policing?
Answer: 1995
Question: What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country?
Answer: international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing
Question: When didb't Nadelmann write about global policing?
Question: When did Nadelmann write about local policing?
Question: When didn't Sheptycki write about global policing?
Question: When did Sheptycki write about local policing?
Question: What terms haven't been used to describe policing beyond one country?
Question: When did Deflem write about cross-border policing?
Answer: 2002
Question: What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century?
Answer: anarchist agitators and other political radicals
Question: Which police force monitored Karl Marx?
Answer: Prussian
Question: What international police agency was created before WW2?
Answer: Interpol
Question: In what era did cross-border policing increase?
Answer: post–Cold War
Question: When did Deflem write about in-border policing?
Question: What groups did European police work against across borders in the 18th century?
Question: Which police force ignored Karl Marx?
Question: What national police agency was created before WW2?
Question: In what era did cross-border policing decrease?
Question: When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation?
Answer: 2002
Question: When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing?
Answer: 1968
Question: When was the Schengen Treaty signed?
Answer: 1992
Question: What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing?
Answer: formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union
Question: Where did Sheptycki study police interigation?
Question: Where didn't Sheptycki study police cooperation?
Question: When didn't Sheptycki write about police cooperation?
Question: When did the Channel region reject routine cross-border policing?
Question: When was the Schengen Treaty rejected?
Question: Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?
Answer: outside of Europe
Question: Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?
Answer: Alain
Question: What kind of policing has become common practice?
Answer: Intelligence-led
Question: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?
Answer: make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic
Question: What paradox did Sheptycki point out?
Answer: the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity
Question: Where has cross-border policing been least under-studied?
Question: Where has cross-border policing been most over-studied?
Question: What kind of policing has become rare practice?
Question: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' haven't caused for police?
Question: What paradox did Sheptycki ignore?
Question: Where has transnational policing become more important?
Answer: in United Nations peacekeeping
Question: What kind of countries get assistance with policing?
Answer: weak, failed or failing states
Question: Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007?
Answer: Goldsmith and Sheptycki
Question: What concern did Hills raise about police models?
Answer: there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions
Question: What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances?
Answer: With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark
Question: Where has transnational policing become less important?
Question: What kind of countries get no assistance with policing?
Question: Who wrote about police development-aid in 2006?
Question: What concern did Hills ignore about police models?
Question: What concern did Hills ignore about power imbalances?
Question: Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007?
Answer: Lloyd, et al.
Question: What is the least-accountable IGO?
Answer: Interpol
Question: How accountable is Interpol?
Answer: 22%
Question: Why is transnational policing so unaccountable?
Answer: this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement
Question: Who wrote the Local Accountability Report for 2007?
Question: What is the most-accountable IGO?
Question: How unaccountable is Interpol?
Question: Why is transnational policing so accountable?
Question: Why isn't transnational policing so unaccountable?
Question: What should non-lethal weapons properly be called?
Answer: "less than lethal" or "less-lethal"
Question: What are common less-lethal weapons?
Answer: batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons
Question: What is supposed to be the last resort for police?
Answer: The use of firearms or deadly force
Question: What is South Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy?
Answer: allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians
Question: Where can police shoot fleeing convicts?
Answer: Brazil
Question: What should lethal weapons properly be called?
Question: What are uncommon less-lethal weapons?
Question: What is supposed to be the first resort for police?
Question: What is North Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy?
Question: Where can't police shoot fleeing convicts?
Question: Where do police have radios?
Answer: carried both on the person and installed in vehicles
Question: Why do police use radios?
Answer: to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly
Question: What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?
Answer: criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds
Question: What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting?
Answer: updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis
Question: How do modern police never communicate?
Question: Where don't police have radios?
Question: Why don't police use radios?
Question: What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?
Question: What have computers in police cars disbled for reporting?
Question: When do police often use unmarked cars?
Answer: primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence
Question: What use of unmarked cars is controversial?
Answer: for traffic law enforcement
Question: When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?
Answer: 1996
Question: Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?
Answer: it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers
Question: When do police often use marked cars?
Question: What use of unmarked cars isn't controversial?
Question: When did New York State ban marked cars for traffic cops?
Question: Why did New York State allow unmarked cars for traffic cops?
Question: Why did New York State ban marked cars for traffic cops?
Question: Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol?
Answer: they allow for more open interaction with the public
Question: How do bicycles help catch some suspects?
Answer: their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot
Question: What do police use to control motorcyclist events?
Answer: Motorcycles
Question: Why do all cops use bicycles to patrol?
Question: Why do some cops use motorcycles to patrol?
Question: How do bicycles help catch some police officers?
Question: How don't bicycles help catch some suspects?
Question: What don't police use to control motorcyclist events?
Question: Who introduced education requirements for US police?
Answer: August Vollmer
Question: Where did Wilson reduce police corruption?
Answer: Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department
Question: Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities?
Answer: to reduce their vulnerability to corruption
Question: How did Wilson recruit more qualified police?
Answer: an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries
Question: Who never introduced education requirements for US police?
Question: Who was W.O. Wilson a student of?
Question: Where did Wilson increase police corruption?
Question: Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities?
Question: How did Wilson recruit more unqualified police?
Question: What does Miranda provide?
Answer: safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest
Question: What does the 5th Amendment protect against?
Answer: self-incrimination
Question: Which amendment prevents self-incrimination?
Answer: Fifth
Question: What does Miranda not provide?
Question: What doesn't Miranda provide?
Question: What does the 5th Amendment not protect against?
Question: What doesn't the 5th Amendment protect against?
Question: Which amendment doesn't prevent self-incrimination?
Question: Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into?
Answer: investigatory stop and arrest
Question: What is an investigatory stop's search limited to?
Answer: what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed
Question: When was the Sherry v. Ohio case?
Question: When was the Terry v. New York case?
Question: Which two parts didn't Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into?
Question: What is an investigatory start's search limited to?
Question: What is an investigatory stop's search unlimited to?
Question: What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do?
Answer: authorize a search of a suspect's house
Question: What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do?
Answer: authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours
Question: What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's?
Answer: arrest
Question: What is the illegal status of UK police officers?
Question: What is the legal status of UN police officers?
Question: What can all UK officers do?
Question: What can't only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do?
Question: What powers of an old UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's?
Question: Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders?
Answer: To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law
Question: What could be impeded without police interference?
Answer: the realization of the private right
Question: How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen?
Answer: establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper
Question: Why do all police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders?
Question: Why do some police acts limit when police can aid without court orders?
Question: What could be unimpeded without police interference?
Question: What couldn't be impeded without police interference?
Question: How couldn't police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen?
Question: The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
Answer: 1944
Question: In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?
Answer: as "a crime without a name"
Question: What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?" 
Answer: Raphael Lemkin
Question: What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"
Answer: Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)
Question: As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?
Answer: to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
Question: When was the word "genocide" last used?
Question: Who never used the term "genocide"?
Question: Who referred to acts of genocide in 1945?
Question: What year was the word "genocide" known until?
Question: What is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to increase them?
Question: When was the phrase "prisoners of war" first used?
Question: What is the definition of "prisoners of war"?
Question: Who coined the phrase "prisoners of war"?
Question: The phrase "prisoners of war" was unknown until what year?
Question: In 1941, how did Raphael Lemkin refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?
Question: Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?
Answer: as a descriptive term
Question: Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
Answer: Lemming
Question: Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
Answer: international relations and community
Question: What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?
Answer: Australian
Question: What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?
Answer: "ritualcide"
Question: Who ultimately defined genocide as a strategy leading up to the war of an entire group?
Question: What term was coined to describe the increase of culture?
Question: What kind of scienctist was ignored by Peg LeVine?
Question: What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can never be targets of genocide?
Question: How was the word "genocide" forbidden to be used in an indictment scenario?
Question: Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of indictment?
Question: Lemming's concept of genocide triggered cultural identity in what realm?
Question: Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "society" used in an indictment scenario?
Question: What was the nationality of anthropologist Lemming?
Question: What term was coined to describe the destruction of basic existence?
Question: What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?
Answer: legal aspect of the term
Question: In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?
Answer: a crime
Question: In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?
Answer: the deliberate killing of a certain group
Question: In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? 
Answer: officials in power of a state or area
Question: Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?
Answer: the Peace of Westphalia
Question: What has been the lesser focus in the study of genocide?
Question: Why is genocide often punished?
Question: What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed for the second time?
Question: What is genocide not viewed as?
Question: Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to eliminate?
Question: In trials of legal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute?
Question: Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect the military?
Question: In prosecuting the military, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?
Question: What has been the primary focus in the study of the military?
Question: In a general aspect, what is the military viewed as?
Question: In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? 
Answer: Nazi Germany
Question: Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?
Answer: Lemkin
Question: Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?
Answer: United Nations General Assembly
Question: While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?
Answer: provide a legal definition of the crime
Question: In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? 
Answer: the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Question: Whose bid was not successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?
Question: What did the UN General Assembly do in its resolution?
Question: What general assembly resolution never established genocide as a prosecutable act?
Question: Which war-era country was the Holocaust mortalized?
Question: Which group convened officially for the first time in 1948?
Question: Following World War II, whose bid was successful in the crime of genocide?
Question: While recognizing genocide, what did Nazi Germany fail to do in its resolution?
Question: In 1948, what general assembly resolution established universal acceptance as a prosecutable act?
Question: In which war-era country was the CPPCG immortalized?
Question: Which group eonvene officially for the first time in 1948?
Question: Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?
Answer: political killings
Question: What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?
Answer: USSR
Question: What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?
Answer: its own Great Purge
Question: What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?
Answer: international intervention in domestic politics
Question: Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?
Answer: William Schabas
Question: Which provision was not initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?
Question: What is one of the countries that supported the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?
Question: Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries supporting including political genocide in the Convention?
Question: What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to support the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?
Question: Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Jewish Congress and then removed?
Question: What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the World Jewish Congress?
Question: What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of machination drafted into the Convention?
Question: What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of examination?
Question: Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including examination in the Convention?
Question: In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?
Answer: Jorgic v. Germany
Question: Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?
Answer: majority of legal scholars
Question: What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?
Answer: biological-physical
Question: What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?
Answer: national, racial, religious or ethnic
Question: What former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on in 2002 to further refine qualifiers of genocide?
Question: Which group was not accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?
Question: What form of destruction was considered  unlimited by a smaller group of experts?
Question: What groups did the ECHR feel should not be included as potential victims of genocide?
Question: in 2007 what former case did the Euopean Court of Human Rights draw onto further refine qualifiers of CPPCG?
Question: Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining CPPCG?
Question: What form of destruction was considered too limited by the Germany?
Question: What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of CPPCG?
Question: When did the majority of legal scholars take a narrow view on genocide?
Question: In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?
Answer: the judgements of several international and municipal courts
Question: Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?
Answer: that biological-physical destruction was necessary
Question: Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?
Answer: Germany
Question: The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?
Answer: Convention States municipal laws
Question: A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?
Answer: the type of group destruction
Question: In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the International Court of Justice?
Question: On what restricted provision in defining municipal laws did two bodies of the United Nations agree?
Question: Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of municipal laws?
Question: The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of courts, despite what factor?
Question: A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand municipal law?
Question: Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?
Answer: "in whole or in part"
Question: What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?
Answer: Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic
Question: In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?
Answer: entire human groups