huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?
Answer: handheld plungers in water.
Question: Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate  what?
Answer: place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body
Question: who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?
Answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Question: what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space
Answer: air's volume
Question: What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?
Answer: suction pump
Question: What was Aristotle able to demonstrate about place?
Question: In what century did Aristotle develop the suction pump?
Question: What did Aristotle investigate to test the existence of a vacuum?
Question: What did Aristotle suggest about the concept of a perfect vacuum after his experiment?
Question: What did Aristotle state there was no evidence to rule out?
Question: Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?
Answer: Bishop Etienne Tempier
Question: When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?
Answer: 14th century
Question: the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?
Answer: God could create a vacuum if he so wished.
Question: What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?
Answer: nature abhorred a vacuum
Question: what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?
Answer: horror vacui
Question: What did Bishop Etienne Tempier believe prevented a vacuum from forming?
Question: What was the commonly held view in the medieval period that God could not create a vacuum called?
Question: What point of view regarding God became popular in the 14th century?
Question: According to Walter Burley in the 14th century, what could teams of ten horses not pull open?
Question: What did Walter Burley require there be no restrictions on in the 14th century?
Question: What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?
Answer: partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr).
Question: What year was the Toepler Pump invented?
Answer: 1850
Question: What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?
Answer: vacuum pump
Question: Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?
Answer: Otto von Guericke
Question: What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?
Answer: A number of electrical properties
Question: What was invented by Robert Boyle in 1654?
Question: What was the famous experiment called that Robert Boyle conducted?
Question: What type of vacuum did Robert Boyle achieve in 1855?
Question: What did Heinrich Geissler help Otto von Guericke further develop?
Question: In what year did Otto von Guericke invent the mercury displacement pump?
Question: Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?
Answer: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris
Question: Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?
Answer: Henry Pickering
Question: Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?
Answer: outer space
Question: What was ether originally thought to be made of?
Answer: rigid indestructible material
Question: What did Issac Newton believe existed in space in 1912?
Question: What were molecules originally thought to be made of?
Question: What is another name for mythology?
Question: Where did the ideas about the properties of molecules come from?
Question: What did experiments with molecules attempt to detect on the Earths orbit?
Question: How is vacuum generally measured?
Answer: its absolute pressure
Question: What does the MFP of residual gases show?
Answer: average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other.
Question: What is particle gas dynamics?
Answer: study of fluid flows
Question: What indicates the quality of residual gases?
Question: How much matter is left in residual gases?
Question: How are residual gases measured?
Question: What other factors are necessary to measure residual gases?
Question: What is the study of residual gases in a spacecraft called?
Question: Absolute pressure  being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what?
Answer: "Below atmospheric"
Question: What is a torr equal to?
Answer: displacement of a millimeter of mercury
Question: What is another often used options to measure vacuum?
Answer: barometric scale
Question: During what years was mercury commonly in use?
Question: What is the barometric scale equal to?
Question: What element did Torricelli discover in 1608?
Question: How many pascals does the barometric scale equal?
Question: What is another way to measure the state of being below atmospheric?
Question: Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?
Answer: its high density and low vapour pressure
Question: What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?
Answer: Hydrostatic gauges
Question: What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?
Answer: measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric
Question: Why is the McLeod gauge special?
Answer: can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr
Question: An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?
Answer: McLeod gauge
Question: What is the level of mercury in the air calibrated by?
Question: What is the density level of mercury in the air?
Question: What is used to measure mercury in the air?
Question: What is the lowest amount of mercury that can be measured in the air?
Question: What measurements are used to measure mercury in the air?
Question: The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?
Answer: Thermal conductivity gauges
Question: How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?
Answer: by running current through it
Question: What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to?
Answer: chemical composition of the gases being measured
Question: What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge?
Answer: to measure the temperature of the filament
Question: A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges?
Answer: 10 torr to 10−3 torr
Question: How does plantinums ability to conduct heat decrease?
Question: What kind of filament does the RTD use?
Question: How do thermal conductivity gauges use a single platinum filament as?
Question: How quickly does a filament lose heat?
Question: Pressure is sensitive to the heated element of what?
Question: What are the two types of Ion gauges?
Answer: hot cathode and cold cathode.
Question: What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr?
Answer: Cold cathode gauges
Question: What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums?
Answer: mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge
Question: Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement?
Answer: composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable
Question: What are the two types of mass spectrometers?
Question: In the hot cathode version what does corrosion produce?
Question: What is ionized when electrodes travel through a mass spectrometer?
Question: What is the accuracy of a mass spectrometer?
Question: What is the nature of electrically heated filaments at high vacuums?
Question: density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what?
Answer: sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric,
Question: What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans?
Answer: of up to 3 km
Question: What do colder air temperatures found at altitudes above 19km compensate for?
Question: What is needed at altitudes of up to 3km to prevent altitiude sickness?
Question: What do cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres usuall cause?
Question: How much pure oxygen is in the atmosphere?
Question: When people are acclimated to the altitude, gas embolisms and what can happen?
Question: When will a person or animal lose consciousness  when exposed to a vacuum?
Answer: after a few seconds
Question: A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?
Answer: the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)
Question: What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?
Answer: ebullism
Question: What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?
Answer: tissues are elastic and porous
Question: At what temperature does frost usually occur in space?
Question: When exposed to frost who will die from ebullism within minutes?
Question: What will frost cause in body fluids at reduced pressures?
Question: What can a person wear to prevent frost on the skin?
Question: What does a CAPS suit prevent frost at pressures as low as?
Question: What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure?
Answer: Some oils and greases
Question: How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces?
Answer: parallel
Question: What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system?
Answer: stainless steel or titanium
Question: What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium?
Answer: water absorption
Question: What will boil off when aluminum absorbs water?
Question: How should palladium be placed when it has oil on it?
Question: What are two metals that can be absorbed in an metallic flange?
Question: In what area will water boil off?
Question: What will grease usually run parallel to?
Question: A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what?
Answer: QED
Question: why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ?
Answer: impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons
Question: What is a QCD?
Answer: vacuum of quantum chromodynamics,
Question: What are blackbody photons in quantum mechanics?
Question: What do blackbody photons with no matter particles or photons form?
Question: Why is a blackbody field impossible to achieve?
Question: What would you need to remove to create a blackbody field?
Question: What is a blackbody photon referred to in quantum mechanics?
Question: When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?
Answer: In QED vacuum
Question: What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?
Answer: spontaneous emission
Question: what is  vacuum fluctuation?
Answer: virtual particles that hop into and out of existence
Question: Finite energy in a QED is called what?
Answer: vacuum energy
Question: What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum?
Answer: vacuum near an electric charge
Question: What part of quantum field theory are electric and magnetic fields?
Question: What kind of properties does Coulomb's law have?
Question: What values does vacuum energy have under Coulomb's law?
Question: What are the variances of vacuum energy according to Coulomb's law?
Question: What do particles defined in Colombo's law do?
Question: `Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly?
Answer: due to space weather
Question: What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space?
Answer: the Kármán line
Question: What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line?
Answer: number density
Question: What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line?
Answer: radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds
Question: What is commonly known as the boundary of the Sun?
Question: What do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation?
Question: In what units do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation?
Question: What does the Sun's atmospheric pressure drop to at 100 km of altitude?
Question: What becomes insidgnificant when it reaches the surface of the moon?
Question: What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?
Answer: incandescent light bulb
Question: What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?
Answer: chemical inertness
Question: Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?
Answer: obstruction of air,
Question: How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?
Answer: Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing
Question: What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?
Answer: electron microscopes and vacuum tubes
Question: What three things are light bulbs useful for?
Question: What are lightbulbs used to study?
Question: What do lightbulbs allow particle beams to do without contamination?
Question: What method of preserving food is dependant on using lightbulbs?
Question: What are lightbulbs able to lower the boiling point of?
Question: What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane?
Answer: engine and an external venturi
Question: Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered?
Answer: protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments,
Question: What does a manifold vacuum do on a car?
Answer: drive accessories
Question: What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum?
Answer: vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps
Question: What do electrical systems use within a vacuum?
Question: What can electrical systems be used to drive on automobiles?
Question: What are electrical systems used to provide power assistance for on a car?
Question: What two instruments do electrical systems usually power on some aircraft?
Question: Why are the AI and the HI usually powered by autovac fuel pumps?
Question: what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?
Answer: outgassing
Question: When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?
Answer: vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure
Question: Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?
Answer: obscure optical instruments
Question: What does liquid have the same effect as in a telescope?
Question: What can solar cells limit the achievement of?
Question: On what kind of surfaces can space missions happen?
Question: What is the cost of a telescope for a space mission?
Question: What is a solid touching a cold surface called?
Question: Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?
Answer: continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth
Question: How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?
Answer: a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity
Question: Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?
Answer: Because of the pressure differential
Question: What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?
Answer: displacement pumps
Question: What does repeatedly putting water into the atmosphere manually allow?
Question: How is a vacuum created in the atmosphere?
Question: What kind of growth happens when fluid enters the atmosphere?
Question: What expands outside the pump?
Question: What size is the vacuum in the pump?
Question: What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?
Answer: Entrapment pumps
Question: Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?
Answer: no vibration.
Question: What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?
Answer: Momentum transfer pumps
Question: What can positive displacement pumps achieve more than entrapment pumps?
Question: What can momentum transfer pumps capture?
Question: Dynamic pumps often work without moving parts, seals and what?
Question: What are entrapment pumps usually considered above all of the others?
Question: What other pump do entrapment pumps have similarities to?
Question: When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?
Answer: stages
Question: The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?
Answer: vacuum technique
Question: What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure?
Answer: oil contamination, vibration
Question: How can chamber geometry be connected?
Question: What can oil contamination be dependent on instead of pump nature?
Question: How do leakage rates usually happen?
Question: What do certain gases usually help a pump achieve?
Question: What are two other characteristics of a seal?
Question: What can be measured in the atmosphere?
Question: What can a container spread and dilute?
Question: What does fluid push into the lungs?
Question: What moves high pressure in the atmosphere?
Question: What can be used in a chest cavity during surgery?
Question: What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?
Answer: Qin
Question: Who founded the Han dynasty?
Answer: Liu Bang
Question: When did the Former Han period begin?
Answer: 206 BC
Question: When did the Later Han period end?
Answer: 220 AD
Question: What innovation was acquired from the Qin?
Answer: commanderies
Question: What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?
Answer: Confucianism
Question: What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty?
Answer: the Rebellion of the Seven States
Question: What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty?
Answer: scholarly gentry
Question: What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns?
Answer: iron
Question: In what period did several government monopolies become repealed?
Answer: Eastern Han
Question: A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty?
Answer: Zhou
Question: A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum?
Answer: inverted
Question: Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?
Answer: The Xiongnu
Question: What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?
Answer: military
Question: In what year was Nanyue annexed?
Answer: 111 BC
Question: Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border?
Answer: Xianbei
Question: In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end?
Answer: 87 BC
Question: Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?
Answer: Daoist
Question: Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?
Answer: military officers
Question: Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?
Answer: Cao Pi
Question: Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?
Answer: Xian
Question: In what year did Emperor Ling die?
Answer: 189 AD
Question: With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States?
Answer: conquest
Question: Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia?
Answer: Xiang Yu
Question: Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty?
Answer: Qin Shi Huangdi
Question: What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved?
Answer: rebellion
Question: Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor?
Answer: his followers
Question: Who could appoint staff to the kings?
Answer: imperial court
Question: When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?
Answer: 154 BC
Question: From what source did kings derive their personal income from?
Answer: tax revenues
Question: The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family?
Answer: Liu
Question: Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu?
Answer: Modu Chanyu
Question: What group had a trade embargo created against them?
Answer: the Xiongnu
Question: In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng?
Answer: 200 BC
Question: What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han?
Answer: heqin
Question: What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu?
Answer: silk clothes
Question: The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year?
Answer: 135 BC
Question: In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories?
Answer: 133 BC
Question: What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over?
Answer: agricultural
Question: In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place?
Answer: 119 BC
Question: Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC?
Answer: Wei Qing
Question: Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?
Answer: the court
Question: In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?
Answer: 111 BC
Question: Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?
Answer: the frontier
Question: How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?
Answer: four
Question: What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?
Answer: glasswares
Question: Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?
Answer: Zhang Qian
Question: When did Zhang Qian end his travels?
Answer: 125 BC
Question: Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome?
Answer: Silk Road
Question: What empire had established an embassy in Anxi?
Answer: Han
Question: Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?
Answer: the Xiongnu
Question: When was the first national census taken in China?
Answer: 2 AD
Question: What was the population of China in 2 AD?
Answer: 57,671,400
Question: What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?
Answer: 60 BC
Question: Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?
Answer: Dian
Question: Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?
Answer: former merchants
Question: When was the liquor monopoly abolished?
Answer: 81 BC
Question: Which faction did the Reformists oppose?
Answer: Modernist
Question: Which political faction favored budgetary reform?
Answer: The Reformists
Question: In what year did Huo Guang die?
Answer: 68 BC
Question: What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?
Answer: Gradual silt buildup
Question: Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?
Answer: Han engineers
Question: What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?
Answer: The Yellow River
Question: What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?
Answer: massive floods
Question: Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu?
Answer: Luoyang
Question: What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under?
Answer: Eastern Han dynasty
Question: What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be called?
Answer: Later Han dynasty
Question: Where was the capital located during the Western Han dynasty?
Answer: Chang'an
Question: What can the Western Han dynasty also be called?
Answer: Former Han dynasty
Question: On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?
Answer: 5 August 25
Question: Which state raided Han's Korean commanderies?
Answer: Goguryeo
Question: Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?
Answer: The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam
Question: In what year did Ma Yuan die?
Answer: AD 49
Question: Who was the leader of the Xiongnu?
Answer: Bi
Question: When did Chen Mu die?
Answer: AD 75
Question: Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91?
Answer: Ili River valley
Question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions?
Answer: Chen Mu
Question: Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63?
Answer: the Northern Xiongnu
Question: Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?
Answer: Vima Kadphises
Question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?
Answer: Ban Chao
Question: Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?
Answer: Kushan
Question: Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?
Answer: Kushan
Question: Who was allied with Kashgar?
Answer: Sogdiana
Question: Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?
Answer: Gan Ying
Question: Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?
Answer: A Roman embassy
Question: When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?
Answer: AD 146
Question: Which empire sent the Han gifts?
Answer: Parthian
Question: Who was prevented from leaving their house?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou
Question: When did Emperor He's reign end?
Answer: 105 AD
Question: Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?
Answer: Empress Deng Sui
Question: When did the Qiang rebellion end?
Answer: 118 AD
Question: Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou
Question: Who had forced a large number of Empress Dowager Deng's clan members to kill themselves?
Answer: Emperor An
Question: Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan?
Answer: Sun Cheng
Question: Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji?
Answer: eunuchs
Question: Relatives of what family were exiled after Sun Cheng had overthrown the regime?
Answer: Yan
Question: How did Liang Ji die?
Answer: forced to commit suicide
Question: Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?
Answer: Palace eunuchs
Question: During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?
Answer: economic
Question: Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan's court?
Answer: Imperial
Question: When did Dou Wu die?
Answer: 168 AD
Question: Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?
Answer: General Zhang Huan
Question: How did Dou Wu pass away?
Answer: he was forced to commit suicide
Question: Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan?
Answer: the eunuchs
Question: What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?
Answer: coup d'état
Question: In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end?
Answer: 184 AD
Question: In what year did Zhang Lu's rebellion end?
Answer: 215 AD
Question: How many provinces did Zhang Jue's rebellion take place in?
Answer: eight
Question: What type of healer was Zhang Jue?
Answer: faith
Question: What religion did Zhang Jue practice?
Answer: Daoist
Question: Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?
Answer: He Jin
Question: Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?
Answer: Empress He
Question: Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?
Answer: He Miao
Question: Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?
Answer: Liu Xie
Question: What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?
Answer: the eunuchs' execution
Question: Who demoted Emperor Shao?
Answer: Dong Zhuo
Question: What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?
Answer: Emperor Xian
Question: Who had taken control of Luoyang?
Answer: General Dong Zhuo
Question: When did Dong Zhuo die?
Answer: 192 AD
Question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?
Answer: Cao
Question: Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?
Answer: Cao Pi
Question: What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?
Answer: Cao Wei
Question: Who was in control of the south of China?
Answer: Sun Quan
Question: In what month did Cao Cao die?
Answer: March
Question: During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?
Answer: mid-to-late Eastern Han
Question: What rank provided its holder territorial rule?
Answer: full marquess
Question: What class did individuals who served as officials in the government belong to?
Answer: commoner social
Question: What was considered to be more important to some than serving the local government?
Answer: cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships
Question: What rank is below that of full marquess?
Answer: ordinary marquess
Question: What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?
Answer: white-colored
Question: Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?
Answer: bandits
Question: Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?
Answer: State-registered merchants
Question: How could a merchant prevent having to register as one?
Answer: working between a network of cities
Question: How many family members would commonly live in a single household during the Han era?
Answer: four to five
Question: Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important?
Answer: the father's
Question: Who were rich enough to afford multiple lovers?
Answer: nobles and high officials
Question: What type of family was your typical Han era family considered to be?
Answer: patrilineal
Question: What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era?
Answer: Arranged marriages
Question: Which family member commonly sent an adult married offspring away with their portion of the families fortune?
Answer: the father
Question: What type of document could be produced to distribute some of an inheritance?
Answer: a will
Question: Was is guaranteed that a first born son would receive all of the family's fortune?
Answer: inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture
Question: What type of title could be passed down?
Answer: noble
Question: What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in?
Answer: openly humiliated
Question: What type of occupation did women commonly take part in?
Answer: income-earning
Question: Who were women obligated to obey in their old age?
Answer: their adult son
Question: Which parental figures often avoided the common familial rules?
Answer: mothers
Question: What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu?
Answer: Confucianism
Question: Who put an end to all erudites?
Answer: Emperor Wu
Question: How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century?
Answer: over 30,000
Question: What type of philosophy was available for individuals at the commanderies?
Answer: Confucian
Question: Where did teachers make their money from at private schools?
Answer: tuition payments
Question: What type of poetry had much influence in the Han dynasty?
Answer: fu
Question: Who had written the dictionary Fangyan?
Answer: Yang Xiong
Question: Which person had authored the Book of Han?
Answer: Ban Biao
Question: What was the name of Ban Biao's female offspring?
Answer: Ban Zhao
Question: What eventually replaced torturous mutilation as a type of punishment?
Answer: progressively less-severe beatings
Question: What type of extreme punishment was likely to be laid upon those who committed the harshest of crimes?
Answer: death by beheading
Question: What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?
Answer: criminals were never imprisoned
Question: What did women commonly have less of?
Answer: rights
Question: What type of crop was rice considered to be during this period?
Answer: staple crops
Question: What were dogs in this era most likely to be considered?
Answer: pets
Question: What type of partridge was commonly consumed?
Answer: Chinese bamboo
Question: Where were turtles acquired from?
Answer: streams and lakes
Question: What was the color of the bayberries?
Answer: red
Question: What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?
Answer: hollow clay tiles
Question: What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?
Answer: hollow clay tiles
Question: What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?
Answer: xian
Question: What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?
Answer: two-part soul
Question: What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?
Answer: allowing it to pivot
Question: What type of geological event was feared could be caused by the morals of the emperor?
Answer: earthquakes
Question: What is another term that could be used to label the main deities?
Answer: the Five Powers
Question: How many realms were commonly thought of as being linked by a natural cycle?
Answer: three realms
Question: What type of swarm was a concern because of the emperor's ethics?
Answer: locusts
Question: What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist?
Answer: achieve immortality
Question: What type of religion did the society of the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice practice?
Answer: Daoists
Question: What could the prophet Laozi offer in return for the confession of sins?
Answer: salvation and good health
Question: What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant?
Answer: Daodejing
Question: What could be earned if an individual had reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West?
Answer: immortality
Question: When did Emperor Ming of Han's reign end?
Answer: 75 AD
Question: What philosophical practice did Liu Ying believe in?
Answer: Buddhism
Question: What is believed to be the first Buddhist temple in this area?
Answer: the White Horse Temple
Question: During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese?
Answer: 2nd century AD
Question: Was the emperor able to reject an opinion that was made by the court conference?
Answer: sometimes did reject the majority opinion
Question: Who often placed pressure on the emperor in regards to local policies?
Answer: court conference
Question: What did the emperor risk if he did not accept the decisions of the court conference?
Answer: alienating his high ministers
Question: Who was considered to be the supreme judge in Han government?
Answer: the emperor
Question: Which individual had a duty to maintain the imperial stables?
Answer: The Minister Coachman
Question: Which Minister had the responsibility to interpret laws in this period?
Answer: The Minister of Justice
Question: Which Minister could an honored guest of the court be expected to see?
Answer: The Minister Herald
Question: Who provided  the emperor with sustenance and medical aid?
Answer: The Minister Steward
Question: Which individual held the responsibility to oversee the interactions of the empire's nobles with the court?
Answer: The Minister of the Imperial Clan
Question: Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for?
Answer: 10,000
Question: What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county?
Answer: A Magistrate
Question: What Emperor initially created the quota system?
Answer: Emperor Wu
Question: Who was in charge of counties that had fewer than 10,000 people in them?
Answer: Chiefs
Question: At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military?
Answer: twenty-three
Question: How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?
Answer: one year
Question: What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao's tenure?
Answer: twenty
Question: Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service?
Answer: Minister of the Guards
Question: How could conscription into military service be avoided?
Answer: one paid a commutable tax
Question: What army was based near the capital?
Answer: Northern Army
Question: What army was considered to be the volunteer army?
Answer: Southern Army
Question: How many regiments were in the Northern Army?
Answer: five
Question: Around how many soldiers were in each regiment of the Northern Army?
Answer: several thousand soldiers
Question: Who closed the government mint?
Answer: Emperor Gaozu
Question: In what year was the decision reversing the closure of the government mint implemented?
Answer: 186 BC
Question: Who released new lighter coinage that caused significant amounts of inflation because of it's weight?
Answer: Lü Zhi
Question: In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6g in mass?
Answer: 175 BC
Question: Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?
Answer: Emperor Wu
Question: What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?
Answer: wuzhu
Question: During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?
Answer: Tang dynasty
Question: What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?
Answer: 3.2 g
Question: What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?
Answer: several new currencies
Question: Which group made up the bulk of the Han tax base?
Answer: landowner-cultivators
Question: Who made reductions in the taxes that landowner-cultivators were forced to pay?
Answer: The Han government
Question: During what period did a large number of peasants incur debt?
Answer: Eastern Han
Question: What type of housing did the Han government provide to landless indebted peasants?
Answer: temporary
Question: What did the Han government do to help out smaller landowners?
Answer: enacted reforms
Question: Who allowed industrialists to become officials in the newly state sanctioned industries?
Answer: Emperor Wu
Question: During what period did the governmental monopolies become privatized once again?
Answer: Eastern Han
Question: What did Emperor Wu do to negate the influence of private entrepreneurs?
Answer: nationalized the salt and iron industries
Question: During what era could a wealthy iron industrialist be able to rival the treasury in funds?
Answer: Western Han
Question: What industry was monopolized by the government in 98 BC?
Answer: Liquor
Question: In what year did the liquor industry once again become privatized?
Answer: 81 BC
Question: What was mostly missing during the Eastern Han?
Answer: price control regulations
Question: What did Emperor Wu sell that offended the merchants?
Answer: grain
Question: What office did Emperor Ming create?
Answer: Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization
Question: What type of furnace was functional in China in 722 BC?
Answer: blast
Question: What element was used in the production of wrought iron?
Answer: oxygen
Question: What type of iron could pig iron be converted into?
Answer: wrought
Question: What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel?
Answer: fining
Question: What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace?
Answer: pig iron
Question: What was an invention that allowed farmers to place their crops into rows?
Answer: The three-legged iron seed drill
Question: How many animals were neccessary to pull an iron plow?
Answer: two oxen
Question: How many acres of land could succesfully be sowed with a seed box in a day?
Answer: 11.3 acres
Question: What methodology allowed the production of new agricultural tools?
Answer: improved iron-smelting techniques
Question: How many persons were necessary to operate an iron plow?
Answer: one man
Question: What helped insure the safety of crops from wind?
Answer: the alternating fields system
Question: What was the name of the system that for growing crops that did not require plows?
Answer: pit field system
Question: What were paddy fields used for primarily to grow in smaller areas?
Answer: rice
Question: What system did the government recommend the usage of?
Answer: alternating fields system
Question: What was the name of the Grain Intendant?
Answer: Zhao Guo
Question: What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to?
Answer: Tang
Question: What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty?
Answer: 907 AD
Question: What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions?
Answer: ceramic roof tiles
Question: What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty?
Answer: Timber
Question: How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era?
Answer: twenty-nine
Question: What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade?
Answer: stone pillar-gates
Question: What building material were tomb chambers constructed with?
Answer: brick
Question: What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of?
Answer: rammed-earth
Question: What type of system used ceramic water pipes?
Answer: drainage systems
Question: What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?
Answer: Confucian
Question: Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?
Answer: Yang Xiong
Question: Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?
Answer: Ding Huan
Question: What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?
Answer: gimbals
Question: What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?
Answer: rotary fan
Question: What item was used to make very small measurements during this era?
Answer: sliding metal calipers
Question: What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era?
Answer: artwork
Question: What was used to separate parts of grain?
Answer: winnowing machines
Question: What use did the odometer cart provide?
Answer: measured journey lengths
Question: What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?
Answer: Waterwheels
Question: What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?
Answer: Nanyang
Question: Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?
Answer: Wang Chong
Question: During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?
Answer: about the 5th century
Question: During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?
Answer: Han
Question: Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?
Answer: Zhang Heng
Question: In what year was the seismometer first invented?
Answer: 132 AD
Question: What invention included an inverted pendulum?
Answer: seismometer
Question: How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?
Answer: eight
Question: What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?
Answer: metal ball
Question: What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?
Answer: mathematical
Question: How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?
Answer: Three
Question: What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?
Answer: Gaussian elimination
Question: During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?
Answer: Han
Question: What can be used to help find the roots of equations?
Answer: continued fractions
Question: In what treatise did negative numbers first appear?
Answer: the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
Question: How were negative numbers first described during the Han period?
Answer: as black counting rods
Question: In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe?
Answer: 16th century AD
Question: What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers?
Answer: Bakhshali
Question: What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art?
Answer: red counting rods
Question: Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?
Answer: Wang Chong
Question: What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse?
Answer: the Earth
Question: What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era?
Answer: spherical
Question: What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe?
Answer: the earth
Question: In what type of building were silken maps found?
Answer: tomb
Question: Which individual created the very first raised relief map?
Answer: Ma Yuan
Question: What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?
Answer: rice
Question: What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era?
Answer: The junk design
Question: In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder?
Answer: high seas
Question: What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull?
Answer: Junks
Question: What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during?
Answer: riverine transport
Question: Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body?
Answer: Han-era medical physicians
Question: What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain?
Answer: anesthesia
Question: What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in?
Answer: physician
Question: How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses?
Answer: prescribed regulated diets
Question: When did Hua Tuo die?
Answer: 208 AD
Question: Which angel is believed to have communicated the Quran to Muhammad?
Answer: Gabriel
Question: On which date did Muhammad begin receiving the Quran?
Answer: 22 December 609 CE
Question: In which year CE did Muhammad die?
Answer: 632
Question: What is the Arabic variant of Gabriel?
Answer: Jibril
Question: How many times is the word "Quran" used in the Quran?
Answer: 70
Question: Which devil is believed to have communicated the Quran to Muhammad?
Question: On which date did Muhammad stop receiving the Quran?
Question: In which year CE did Muhammad get sick?
Question: What is the Jewish variant of Gabriel?
Question: How many times isn't the word "Quran" used in the Quran?
Question: Who first standardized the earliest versions of the Quran?
Answer: Caliph Uthman
Question: By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran known?
Answer: Uthman's codex
Question: Who last recorded Muhammad revelations?
Question: Who last standardized the earliest versions of the Quran?
Question: Who first standardized the latest versions of the Quran?
Question: By what name is the last standardized version of the Quran known?
Question: By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran unknown?
Question: The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?
Answer: sharia
Question: What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran?
Answer: Biblical scriptures
Question: Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance?
Answer: Quran
Question: In which language is the Quran unspoken during prayer?
Question: The Quran isn't used in the interpretation of which form of law?
Question: The Quran is unused in the interpretation of which form of law?
Question: What accounts are form the basis of none of the accounts in the Quran?
Question: Which scientific text calls itself a book of guidance?
Question: From which Arabic verb might "Quran" be derived?
Answer: qaraʼa
Question: What Syriac word might be related to "Quran"?
Answer: qeryānā
Question: The words from which the name "Quran" might be described are related to which act?
Answer: reciting
Question: Which word do most Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran's name?
Answer: qaraʼa
Question: From which Arabic noun might "Quran" be derived?
Question: From which Arabic verb might not "Quran" be derived?
Question: What Syriac word might be unrelated to "Quran"?
Question: The words from which the name "Quran" might be described are unrelated to which act?
Question: Which word don't any Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran's name?
Question: Which term used in the Quran to indicate itself means "book"?
Answer: kitāb
Question: Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as "scripture"?
Answer: sūrah
Question: What meaning does the Quran take when it calls itself hikmah?
Answer: wisdom
Question: What name does the Quran use for itself that means "revelation"?
Answer: waḥy
Question: Which term isn't used in the Quran to indicate itself means "book"?
Question: Which term doesn't the Quran use to refer to itself as "scripture"?
Question: Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as "puncture"?
Question: What meaning doesn't the Quran take when it calls itself hikmah?
Question: What name doesn't the Quran use for itself that means "revelation"?
Question: Which term meaning "the mother book" does the Quran apply to itself?
Answer: umm al-kitāb
Question: What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations?
Answer: mus'haf
Question: What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels?
Answer: al-kitāb
Question: What is an English translation of huda?
Answer: the guide
Question: Which term meaning "the mother book" doesn't the Quran apply to itself?
Question: What term is unused in the Quran to indicate previous revelations?
Question: What term is used in the Quran to indicate future revelations?
Question: What isn't an English translation of huda?
Question: In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his first revelation?
Answer: Cave of Hira
Question: Where did Mohammad move to found a separate Muslim community?
Answer: Medina
Question: Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to write?
Answer: Badr
Question: Vegetation from which tree served as an early recording medium for the Quran?
Answer: date palm
Question: When Muhammad dies, what had not yet been compiled as a book?
Answer: Quran
Question: In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his last revelation?
Question: Where didn't Mohammad move to find a separate Muslim community?
Question: Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to sing?
Question: Vegetation from which tree served as an later recording medium for the Quran?
Question: When Muhammad dies, what had been compiled as a book?
Question: What is the most common interpretation of the word "ummi" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?
Answer: illiterate
Question: Because Mohammed was "ummi," what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?
Answer: earlier sacred texts
Question: What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?
Answer: ummi