huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the two standard antenna types?
Answer: omnidirectional or weakly directional
Question: What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array?
Answer: relative phase
Question: What type of antenna formation is made up of multiple dipole elements of varying lengths?
Answer: log-periodic dipole array
Question: What is the benefit of this formation type?
Answer: extremely wide bandwidth
Question: What is the main application of these set ups?
Answer: television reception
Question: What is a variation of this antenna type?
Answer: Yagi-Uda Antenna
Question: For radio broadcast that one would hear in their car what type of towers are used?
Answer: vertical
Question: Why is this specific antenna type used?
Answer: achieve directionality
Question: If one wished to take an antenna to different locations, which type would be best?
Answer: short vertical antenna
Question: What is a problem one might encounter when using a portable antenna?
Answer: impedance matching
Question: What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations?
Answer: antenna lead-in
Question: What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna?
Answer: antenna feed
Question: What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called?
Answer: aperture antenna
Question: What can be used in place of  a standard transmission line?
Answer: microwave antenna
Question: What the most common form? 
Answer: quarter-wave monopole
Question: What are small monopoles used as?
Answer: nondirectional antennas
Question: What has vertical polarization?
Answer: Monopoles
Question: Besides low gain antennas, what is also used as driven elements in complicated higher gain types of antennas?
Answer: dipoles
Question: How much gain does a half-wave dipole have?
Answer: 2.15 dBi
Question: What must be true of the antenna and transmission medium for the repiprocity rule to apply ?
Answer: linear and reciprocal
Question: What is called when the direction of the elctrical current does not make a difference to the current?
Answer: Reciprocal
Question: What is one material that does not have this quality?
Answer: ferrite
Question: How can the lack of this quality be used in an everyday way?
Answer: radar
Question: How could one deide what type of antenna is nedded for a project?
Answer: performance measures
Question: What would most likely be the main concern in making this decision?
Answer: directional characteristics
Question: How would you distribute power to allow for a greater gain?
Answer: horizontal directions
Question: What is often the most imprtant crediting factor of antennas?
Answer: efficiency
Question: Which antenna type would be best for a project requiring a specific frequency?
Answer: Resonant antennas
Question: How could an antenna be made to coordinate with the needed frequency?
Answer: built or ordered
Question: What factor would result in a desired feedback independence?
Answer: particular antenna design
Question: If you were unable to choose the antenna you wanted how could you still achieve this result?
Answer: matching network
Question: How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types?
Answer: tilting the axis
Question: When might the size of an antenna cause an issue?
Answer: at lower frequencies
Question: There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type?
Answer: Highly directional
Question: What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional?
Answer: small
Question: What is the basis for the way most antennas are developed?
Answer: resonance principle
Question: What type of surface is formed by the tip of a conductor?
Answer: reflective
Question: How would you place the conductor in relation to the signal you wished to obtain?
Answer: perpendicular
Question: What would the electric current always gravitate to?
Answer: instantaneous field
Question: What is the outcome when a curren is reflected>
Answer: 180 degree change in phase
Question: What amount of phase change would return a signal to its originial state?
Answer: 360 degree
Question: Elements in a half wave dipole and on an identical axis are said to be what?
Answer: collinear
Question: What is the current usually beng put into it or pulled out of?
Answer: transmission line
Question: What antenna type is a portion of the half wave dipole?
Answer: Monopoles
Question: What popular type combines more that one antenna?
Answer: folded dipole
Question: What can be added to f0 to create a standing wave pattern?
Answer: 3f0
Question: What multiple is essential for wavelengths?
Answer: 1⁄4
Question: How are waves which are used in the ways discussed controlled?
Answer: harmonically
Question: How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element?
Answer: imitate
Question: What frequency develops a current peak?
Answer: resonant frequency
Question: How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency?
Answer: minimum reactance
Question: What could be the best possible output versus input ratio?
Answer: lossless
Question: What could be coupled with an antenna to form pure resistance?
Answer: inductance
Question: What element would this pure resistance be coupled with?
Answer: transmission line
Question: What phrase describes the process of purposely using a lower standing antenna at a less than peak frequency?
Answer: electrical lengthening
Question:  If your were unable to match the source frequency with the design frequency of the antenna what could you use?
Answer: resonant multiples
Question: What is the most common application of resonant antennas?
Answer: single target signal
Question: What antenna setup type is generally used for TV viewing?
Answer: resonant
Question: For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?
Answer: bandwidth
Question: What accounts for the geometry involved in the use of an antenna?
Answer: inverse square law
Question:  How is the compactness of the signal measured?
Answer: Watts per square metre
Question: What type of project would call for more than one element used together?
Answer: higher performance
Question: What is a half wave dipole need to be coupled with in most instances?
Answer: feed point
Question: What part of the current is usually strongest?
Answer: center
Question: What does this result in?
Answer: standing wave pattern
Question: Element used to provide support to the original signal are called?
Answer: passive elements
Question: What can take advantage of these elements to add more gain?
Answer: Yagi-Uda array
Question: Does this device improve the operation of the antenna?
Answer: does not contribute
Question: What is the name for passive elements nearer to the source of the signal?
Answer: directors
Question: Adding more elements to a Yagi-Uda would have what effect?
Answer: increasingly directional
Question: What can be paired with transmission lines to create phases that would support output?
Answer: active elements
Question: What is the most common element used to create a single in phase signal?
Answer: half-wave dipoles
Question: What must be precise in order to create this signal at output?
Answer: phase lengths
Question: What is a more complicated occurrence of the single in-phase producing antenna?
Answer: log-periodic
Question: If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use?
Answer: extended conductive surface
Question: What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal?
Answer: increase
Question: What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance?
Answer: less than 1⁄10
Question: What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection?
Answer: parabolic reflector
Question: What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop?
Answer: a capacitor at the frequency of operation
Question: What is used in most AM broadcaster receivers?
Answer: loop
Question: What is resonated by a capacitor along with the receiver tuning that maintains resonance over the AM broadcast band?
Answer: small ferrite loop antenna
Question: When using a small loop antenna at a low frequency, what may occur?
Answer: impedance matching
Question: Where does cancellation of any reactance seen?
Answer: antenna terminals
Question: What can be used to cancel a inductibe reactance or residual capacitative?
Answer: parallel capacitance
Question: What is an antenna designed to have?
Answer: purely resistive feedpoint
Question: What term can be used to refer to the usable spectrum of an antennas frequency?
Answer: bandwidth
Question: What causes the frequencies outside of the bandwidth to be unusable?
Answer: impedance match
Question: What is lessened by the Yagi-Uda design?
Answer: directivity
Question: What characteristic would be better if it were steady?
Answer: reactance
Question: What would be used to create a half wave or quarter wave dipole?
Answer: A long thin wire
Question: What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?
Answer: cages
Question: What effect do cages have on the spectrum of usable frequencies?
Answer: widens
Question: How could one achieve the task of creating an antenna that can be Used over various bands?
Answer: connecting resonant elements
Question: What is an essential for dealing with directing the flow of power?
Answer: trap's
Question: What is an acknowledgement of the range of possible direction for and antenna?
Answer: gain
Question: What is another way to refer to an antennas gain?
Answer: power gain
Question: What is the meaning of intensity?
Answer: power per unit surface area
Question: What type of an antenna would offer the same level of power to each possible destination?
Answer: isotropic
Question: Dish network Tv takes example of what type of antenna?
Answer: parabolic dish
Question: What type of antenna would be best if placement was tricky?
Answer: Low-gain
Question: What is a measure of how much efficient is improved by adding a device designed to make something stronger?
Answer: amplifier gain
Question: What must the relationship of an antenna and the receiving area be due to reciprocity?
Answer: proportional
Question: what could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?
Answer: no loss
Question: hat could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?
Answer: 1
Question: Another term for the effective area is?
Answer: Aeff
Question: A plot of the radiation behaviors of an antenna would show what?
Answer: relative field strength
Question: What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this?
Answer: three-dimensional graph
Question:  A sphere shows what type of antennas radiation?
Answer: isotropic
Question: Dipoles are considered to be what antenna type?
Answer: nondirectional
Question: What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted?
Answer: donut
Question: What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero? 
Answer: nulls
Question: What do radio waves do that account for maxima or nulls in an antenna pattern?
Answer: interfere
Question: If you desired to project radio waves to the south, what part of the antenna would you build larger in that direction?
Answer: lobe
Question: What is the main distinction of side lobes?
Answer: represent unwanted radiation
Question: What is created by a portion of a radio waves energy reversing?
Answer: standing wave
Question: A term that refers to the highs and lows of power in electro magnetic waves is?
Answer: standing wave ratio
Question: Impedance matching makes an important difference in what antenna function?
Answer: power transfer
Question: A measure of the power that is useable and the power absorbed by the terminals?
Answer: Efficiency
Question: What happens to the power that is not absorbed by the antenna?
Answer: heat
Question: What can cause that reaction?
Answer: transmitter
Question: What would need to be placed into the transmitter to create ten W oh warmth? 
Answer: 100 W
Question: What factor may play a hand in lessened power from a transmitter?
Answer: impedance matching
Question: What would need to be investigated to determine how much power was radiated?
Answer: electrical measurements
Question: The addition of Rr and Rloss equals what?
Answer: resistance
Question: What equation an determine an antennas effectiveness?
Answer: Rr / (Rr + Rloss)
Question: What is the single factor that can be precisely measured?
Answer: total resistance
Question: In what type of programs would low efficiency antennas not make a difference in effectiveness?
Answer: receiving
Question: At lesser frequencies what can account for incorrect assumptions about efficiency?
Answer: man-made noise
Question: What is SNR?
Answer: signal to noise ratio
Question: What is used to signal toward a reciever?
Answer: transmitter
Question: Which gain does not iclude the effect of an antenna?
Answer: directive gain
Question: Wats divided by the antennas efficiency?
Answer: published gain
Question: What is added to to increase ability for reception?
Answer: small loop antenna
Question: How would this antenna rate in the greater scheme of things?
Answer: little effect
Question: When talking about much larger network what effect can reduced antenna effectiveness have?
Answer: substantial cost
Question: What is another name for electric-field?
Answer: E-plane
Question: Whats understood in reference of direction of an E-plane?
Answer: polarization
Question: When is a magnetic fields right angles to a electrical field?
Answer: transverse wave
Question: What reflector can change the waves polarization?
Answer: ionosphere
Question: What will you be matching with the  receiving antenna's polarization?
Answer: transmitter
Question: What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location?
Answer: polarized transmissions
Question: What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere?
Answer: a skywave
Question: What is a more complicated type of polarization from an antenna's geometry?
Answer: quad antenna
Question: The polarization of what antenna is essential specification?
Answer: commercial antenna
Question: Most rooftop antenna's are polarized in which direction?
Answer: horizontal
Question: What is the imagenary plane perpindicular to?
Answer: radio wave
Question: What is the name to describe polarization of radio waves varies over times?
Answer: elliptical
Question: How many directions does the E-plane of the radio waves oscillates back and forth?
Answer: one direction
Question: What is the best for an recieving antenna for optimum reception?
Answer: match the polarization
Question: What loses signal strength?
Answer: Intermediate matchings
Question: What is used to match vertical and horizontal linear polarizations?
Answer: circularly polarized
Question: A transmission can cause reduction in what?
Answer: signal-to-noise ratio
Question: What requires matching of the empedance to an antenna system?
Answer: Maximum power transfer
Question: What is the desired design value for transmmiting circuitry?
Answer: 50 ohms
Question: Why would a transmitter have additional adjustments?
Answer: "tweak" the match
Question: What is SWR?
Answer: standing wave ratio
Question: What can be shorter than 1/4 wavelength long?
Answer: whip antenna
Question: What is the opposite of inductive reactance?
Answer: capacitative reactance
Question: What is at the base of the antenna?
Answer: loading coil
Question: Where is the resistance seen on the loading foil?
Answer: feedpoint
Question: A general matching network needs a minimum of how many adjustments to correct all components of impedance?
Answer: two adjustments
Question: How many ohms are in are in a standard coax?
Answer: 50 or 75
Question: What is included between the transmission line and the antenna element?
Answer: balun
Question: A balun should be integrated into what?
Answer: matching network
Question: How long are the wire antenna's that the voltage and current waves travel in the same direction?
Answer: one direction
Question: What antenna does not have linear polarization?
Answer: helical antenna
Question: What are undirectional traveling wave directions terminated by?
Answer: resistor
Question: What is the resistor equal to?
Answer: antenna's characteristic resistance
Question: The ground is important for what antenna?
Answer: terrestrial antenna
Question: Whats another name for the ground?
Answer: artificial ground plane
Question: What does the artificial ground plane do for the antenna current?
Answer: return connection
Question: What is the reason for the receiver seeing both the ral antenna and image of the antenna?
Answer: reflection
Question: What frequencies is associated with shorter wavelengths?
Answer: higher frequencies
Question: When will reflections not be coherent?
Answer: ground has irregularities
Question: What is the refractive index of air?
Answer: n=1
Question: When is polarized radiation reversed?
Answer: reflection
Question: Besides a ground, what has these phases apply well to?
Answer: electrical conductor
Question: what is reflected and transmitted into the ground when a plane surface is struck?
Answer: electromagnetic wave
Question: Is the ground has a great conductor, how much of the wave will be reflected?
Answer: 180° out of phase
Question: What depends on the polarization and waves angle?
Answer: power remaining
Question: What is the portion of something that is reached by the radio transmission called?
Answer: aperture
Question: What is a measure of the power of an antenna?
Answer: microvolts
Question: What effects the function of signals received by an antenna?
Answer: direction
Question: How much power will be delivered to the reciever if the antenna has an effective area of 12 m/2?
Answer: 12 pW of RF power
Question: What is a measure of the comparison between reactance and resistance?
Answer: Q
Question: What is the largest Q that could be achieved with a slimmer band antenna?
Answer: 15
Question: What type of element would be used to encounter less reactance?
Answer: thick
Question: What can be added to allow for an antenna shorter than the needed height to produce desired results?
Answer: loading coil
Question: How would the resistive impedance from this scenario compare to if the antenna was the proper height?
Answer: lower
Question: The coil has lengthed the antenna to reach how much length electrically?
Answer: 2.5 meters
Question: What is the major thing that sets the size of antennas at lower frequencies?
Answer: reactance
Question: How big would an antenna be used to with with one m wavelengths?
Answer: 50 cm
Question: How could the rection of output be adressed by?
Answer: changing the matching system
Question:  What unit is used to measure current?
Answer: ampere
Question: What effect occurs when the signal is reflected back into the antenna?
Answer: reducing output
Question:  What must match between the transmission line and elements?
Answer: impedance
Question: What technique is used to prevent unintentional decrease in signal?
Answer: Impedance matching
Question: How is this process usually used for transmission lines and antennas?
Answer: balun
Question: What is used to allow one to control the function of wave fronts moving through an antenna?
Answer: selectively delay
Question: What changes the structuak traits of a wave on either side?
Answer: refractor
Question: What is the main purpose of a refractor?
Answer: spatial characteristics
Question: A refractor can be compared to what type of viewing?
Answer: optical lens
Question: What can receive a stron signal by transmitting an original wave?
Answer: actual antenna
Question: Where will the additional current be induced?
Answer: antenna element
Question: What is altered because of the proximity to the ground?
Answer: antenna's impedance
Question: what happens to the reflected wave which allows the antenna to reach its asympotic feedpoint impedance?
Answer: reduced power
Question: When is the emission at maximized recieved signal?
Answer: polarized vertically
Question: Where is the radiation patterns in the vertical plane shown?
Answer: image at right
Question: What is also increased along with the antenna's height?
Answer: lobes
Question: Buildings can create ghost images because of what?
Answer: multipath propagation
Question: When is ghosting reduced?
Answer: horizontal polarization
Question: What cause less problems in digital terrestrial television?
Answer: Vertically polarized analog television
Question: What induces a feedpoint to antennas nearby?
Answer: Current circulating
Question: What are the mathmatic useful towards?
Answer: electrical behaviour
Question: What cause mutual interactions between the elements electric and magnetic fields?
Answer: proximity
Question: a antenna element not connected to anything is circuited how?
Answer: open circuited
Question: When is the element not allowed voltage?
Answer: short circuited
Question: What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy?
Answer: Parasitic
Question: What antenna can the solid rod be viewed as a dipole antenna?
Answer: Yagi-Uda
Question: Where can this solid rod be viewed?
Answer: feedpoint
Question: If you were to position your receiver closer to the ground what might be a negative of this placement?
Answer: cancellation
Question: What is one use that would require an antenna to receive signals in various ways at once?
Answer: mobile phones
Question: If you were to develop a signal to be used with mobile phones what would be an effective antenna type?
Answer: circular polarization.
Question: What would the antenna you are using take advantage of to allow it to work in multiple locations?
Answer: mixed polarization
Question: What type of antenna can be formed by a circular segment of wire?
Answer: Loop antennas
Question: What is a loop antenna compared with to determine its beahvior?
Answer: circumference of a wavelength
Question: If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference, which type would be best?
Answer: loops small
Question: Why would this type be good for receiving but not transmtting?
Answer: low radiation resistance
Question: What else would be an effective application of this antenna type?
Answer: direction finding
Question: Are essential properties of an antenna changed based on what fungtion they are performing
Answer: the same
Question: What proposition explains the equivalency of the recieving pattern of an antenna?
Answer: reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics
Question: Can the antenna serve more than one fungtion at a time?
Answer: either transmitting or receiving
Question: What is one electrical trait of an antenna?
Answer: radiation pattern
Question: How many species of flowering plants are there about?
Answer: 350,000
Question: What do angiosperms have in common with gymnosperms?
Answer: seed-producing plants
Question: What does an angiosperm produce its seeds within?
Answer: an enclosure
Question: What is the Greek word for "case" or "casing"?
Answer: angeion
Question: Where does the term gymnosperm originate?
Question: What are gymnosperms known as?
Question: What do angeion have in common with angiosperms?
Question: How is production of fruits distinguished from a fruiting plant?
Question: What does gymnosperm mean etymologically?
Question: How long have higher plants lived on land?
Answer: at least 475 million years
Question: How did early plants reproduce sexually?
Answer: with flagellated, swimming sperm
Question: Upright meisporangia allowed what to be dispersed to new habitats?
Answer: spores
Question: What are the nearest algal relatives existing today?
Answer: Charophycean green algae
Question: What is the common name for Selaginella?
Answer: the spike-moss
Question: What do the first green algae not produce?
Question: What does the pollen of spike-moss produce for reproduction?
Question: What does the pollen of spike-moss do to reach the female?
Question: What suggests that confiers have lived on land for 475 million years?
Question: What did Charophycean green algae develop to disperse by spores into new habitats?
Question: What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record?
Answer: abominable mystery
Question: What type of fossil is the recently discovered Archaefructus?
Answer: angiosperm
Question: What fossil evidence is lacking when it comes to flowers?
Answer: evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved
Question: From what period does fossilized pollen suggest an older date for angiosperm origin?
Answer: Middle Triassic
Question: What relationship proposed on the basis of morphological evidence has recently been disputed?
Answer: relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes
Question: What was ancestors of angiosperms suddenly appearing called by Charles Darwin?
Question: What have several groups of Archaefructus been proposed to be?
Question: What is missing to show how ancestors of angiosperms diverged from an unknown group?
Question: Why has the relationship between gnetophytes and gymnosperms been disputed?
Question: What type of fossil is the recently discovered Sanmiguelia?
Question: How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants?
Answer: two
Question: When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?
Answer: 319 million years ago
Question: What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants?
Answer: whole genome duplication
Question: How are duplication events studied?
Answer: by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant
Question: Who coined the term "abominable mystery"?
Answer: Darwin
Question: What appears to be the cause of duplicaton of seed plants?
Question: When did Darwin's "abominable mystery first appear?
Question: When was the ancient plant used in the study dated to?
Question: How are modern plants studied?
Question: Who coined the term duplication event?
Question: When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated?
Answer: about 125 million years BP
Question: What is the earliest known angiosperm?
Answer: Archaefructus liaoningensis
Question: What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back?
Answer: pollen
Question: How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms?
Answer: 250 million years ago
Question: What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants?
Answer: Gigantopterids
Question: What is Oleanne, the earliest macrofossil, traditionally considered to be?
Question: What evidence has shown that flowering plants existed 125 million years BP?
Question: What has been found in ginko deposits of that age with gigantopterid fossils?
Question: What do Oleanne share morphological traits with?
Question: What are not known to have Permian deposits themselves?
Question: When does a great diversity of angiosperms appear in the fossil record?
Answer: approximately 100 million years ago
Question: What is the appearance of a large amount of angiosperms in the fossil record known as?
Answer: great angiosperm radiation,
Question: When did the division of the eight main groups of angiosperms occur?
Answer: 40 million years ago
Question: What were the angiosperms up to by the late Cretaceous?
Answer: dominated environments
Question: Beech and maple had already appeared by what period?
Answer: Cretaceous
Question: When does a diversity of magnoliids appear in the fossil record?
Question: What is the appearance of ferns in the fossil record called?
Question: By the end of the Tertiary, what did angiosperms dominate?
Question: When did eudicots replace conifers as dominant trees?
Question: When had eight main groups of Chloranthaceae recognizable as belonging to modern families appear?
Question: What is island genetics thought to be a default source of?
Answer: speciation
Question: What did radical adaptations seem to have required?
Answer: inferior transitional forms
Question: How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve?
Answer: highly specialized relationship with some specific animal
Question: What are bees descended from?
Answer: wasps
Question: What are transitional forms descended from?
Question: What is an explanation for the sudden appearance of fig wasps?
Question: What does a relationship between bees and wasps result in?
Question: What is carrying pollen thought to be a common source of?
Question: How did flowering plants help transitional forms evolve?
Question: What did the enlargement of flower parts evolve to form?
Answer: Fruit
Question: What does a plant get out of forming fruit?
Answer: seed-dispersal
Question: What are many mutualistic relationships, thus failing to survive competition? 
Answer: fragile
Question: What turned out to be unusually effective for plants to reproduce?
Answer: flowering
Question: What did competition prove to be effective at doing?
Question: What did mutualistic relationships spread to eventually become?
Question: How does a plant benefit from competition?
Question: What reproductive method spread widely but made plants fragile?
Question: What did accidentally scattering seeds help flower parts evolve to form?
Question: What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots?
Answer: Flower ontogeny
Question: What were plant parts like in their primitive days?
Answer: separate from (but in contact with) each other
Question: How did flowers become bixsexual?
Answer: grow in a spiral pattern
Question: What did some plant parts do as they evolved?
Answer: fused together
Question: What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower?
Answer: "ovary-inferior"
Question: What was dominated by the male parts?
Question: How did flowers tend to grow when they were male dominant?
Question: What did some plant parts do when the flower had only male parts?
Question: During flower ontogeny, what was a plant of a specific sex called?
Question: What do ovary inferior plants use to form new shoots?
Question: Humans have effected some flowers so much they can no longer do what in nature?
Answer: pollinated
Question: What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have?
Answer: formerly simple weeds
Question: Why did weeds grow with human crops?
Answer: symbiotic companion plant relationships
Question: What feature helped flowers not get plucked?
Answer: prettiest
Question: What has happened to weeds due to human influence?
Question: How long has weed evolution occurred?
Question: What was the origin of many simple weeds?
Question: What have weeds developed a dependence on?
Question: What characteristic caused crops not to be harvested?
Question: What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?
Answer: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales
Question: What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?
Answer: basal
Question: How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?
Answer: unclear
Question: What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?
Answer: magnoliids
Question: What were the first three groups to diverge from magnoliids?
Question: What do Amborellales tend to group with instead of monocots?
Question: What is the status of the relationship between Nymphaeales and monocots?
Question: What attitude is there about the first magnoliids diverging from the ancestral angiosperm?
Question: What do some eudicots indicate diverged first?
Question: What term did Paul Hermann come up with in 1690?
Answer: Angiosperm
Question: What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom?
Answer: primary
Question: Who restricted the application of the angiosperm term?
Answer: Carl Linnaeus
Question: What did Robert Brown establish the existence of in Cycadeae and Coniferae?
Answer: naked ovules
Question: What is the group-name angiosperm has been used for by botanical writers?
Answer: other dicotyledonous plants
Question: Who coined the term dicotyledonous?
Question: In what year was the term dicotyledonous created?
Question: Why did Robert Brown use the term dicotyledonous?
Question: How was the term angeion maintained by Robert Brown?
Question: In 1690 what happened to the term angeion as used by Robert Brown?
Question: What does anthophyta mean?
Answer: flowering plants
Question: What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision?
Answer: Angiospermae
Question: How does the APG system of 1998, with its 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat flowering plants?
Answer: a clade called angiosperms
Question: What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009?
Answer: Magnoliidae
Question: What are coherent groups not linked to?
Question: What do Anthophyta and Magnoliophytina use as the assigned rank of subdivision?
Question: How does the APG system of 1996 treat flowering plants?
Question: What taxonomy was published alongside the 2003 revision?
Question: What does Magnoliophytina mean?
Question: What internal component has undergone considerable revision?
Answer: classification
Question: What system did Arthur Cronquist put forth in 1968, but not publish in full form until 1981?
Answer: The Cronquist system
Question: What consensus is the AGP trying to reach?
Answer: how the flowering plants should be arranged
Question: Who published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998?
Answer: APG
Question: What classification system was published by APG II in 1968?
Question: When was the APG II system published fully?
Question: What is no longer believed about the APG system?
Question: What consensus has emerged through the work of Arthur Cronquist?
Question: What did Arthur Cronquist publish about angiosperms in 1998?
Question: What type of groups do monocots form, based on a recent APG studies?
Answer: monophyletic
Question: Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species?
Answer: dicot
Question: What third major clade can many dicot species be found in?
Answer: magnoliids
Question: How many species dicot species are magnoliids?
Answer: about 9,000
Question: Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species?
Answer: paraphyletic
Question: How many species of Chloranthaceae are eudicots?
Question: What do studies by the monophyletic group show?
Question: What do a majority of monocot Ceratophyllaceae species form?
Question: What do the remaining monocot species belong to?
Question: What is the group known as that remainig monocot species belong to?
Question: What is the estimated range for the number of flowering plants?
Answer: 250,000 to 400,000
Question: How many species of moss is there?
Answer: 12,000
Question: What does the large number of flowering plant species indicate is true of them in general?
Answer: diverse
Question: What are the minimum number of families in the APG system?
Answer: 402
Question: How many families are in AGP III?
Answer: 415
Question: How is moss seen more than families in the system?
Question: What is true about families more than moss or pteridophytes?
Question: How many flowering plants are in APG in 1998?
Question: What are the minimum number of species of moss in the APG system?
Question: In APG III how many species of flowering plants are there?
Question: What shape are the bundles in the young stem of dicotyledons arranged in?
Answer: an open ring
Question: What does the cambium separate?
Answer: xylem and phloem
Question: What is a layer of meristem or formative tissue known as?
Answer: cambium
Question: What results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside?
Answer: increase in thickness
Question: What's another name for the concentric rings in trees?
Answer: annual rings
Question: What is formed  when a layer of dicotyledons is formed between the bundles?
Question: What causes a regular increase in young stems?
Question: What happens when the annual rings are crushed?
Question: How is soft phloem marked for each growth season?
Question: How are bundles in young stems arranged in branches?
Question: What characteristic flowers show variation in?
Answer: form and elaboration
Question: What do flowers provide the best external feature for doing?
Answer: establishing relationships among angiosperm species
Question: What is it the function of the flower to ensure fertilization of?
Answer: the ovule
Question: What is the name of a branch system?
Answer: inflorescence
Question: What is a main feature of vegatative portion of a plant?
Question: What does the foliage-bearing part of the plant form to bear flowers?
Question: What are some things that an elaborate branch system shows?
Question: What does fruit with seeds provide to establish relationships among species?
Question: What is the function of the petiole?
Question: What is a willow's flower comprised of?
Answer: only a few stamens or two carpels
Question: What have some structures evolved to protect?
Answer: the sporophylls
Question: Individual members of enveloping structures are known by what terms?
Answer: sepals and petals
Question: What appearance are calyx of sepals typically?
Answer: green and leaf-like
Question: The features of flowers which attract pollinators also attract what other creature?
Answer: humans
Question: What do sporophylls form that is attractive to pollinators?
Question: In what flower are stamens and sporophylls not able to be distinguished from each other?
Question: What do corolla of petals function to protect?
Question: What color is the more delicate willow?
Question: What characteristics of the flower attract sporophylls?
Question: Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?
Answer: reduce or prevent self-fertilization
Question: Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths?
Answer: so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil
Question: What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains?
Answer: biochemical
Question: How are some male and female parts separated for some species?
Answer: different flowers
Question: What feature do a majority of biochemical mechanisms have?
Question: What do hermaphrodite flowers use to discriminate between self and non-self pollination?
Question: What happens to male and female parts of carpels that are hermaphrodites?
Question: Why did long stamens develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?
Question: What do homomorphic flowers have to make it harder to be pollinated by animals?
Question: What process does double fertilization refer to?
Answer: two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary
Question: What does a pollen grain adhere to, to start the process of double fertilization?
Answer: the stigma of the pistil
Question: What type of cell travels down the pollen tube while it's growing?
Answer: haploid generative
Question: Where does the pollen tube release its sperm cells?
Answer: one of the synergids
Question: What serves as the embryo's food supply?
Answer: endosperm
Question: When a pollen tube fertilizes cells in the ovary, what is it called?
Question: What begins the process of synergid?
Question: What does a sperm cell adhere to to start double fertilization?
Question: What degenerates as a pollen grain adheres to the stigma?
Question: What does the zygote fuse with to produce a triploid?
Question: The appearance of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of what?
Answer: the fruit
Question: What does the seed coat protect?
Answer: embryo
Question: What does the fruit of the flower secure?
Answer: dissemination
Question: How developed is the seed coat when it's used for dissemination?
Answer: slightly
Question: What is the embryo character related to?
Question: What do dehiscent fruits directly promote?
Question: What does the exposed seed protect?
Question: What does the embryo in an indehiscent fruit secure?
Question: What must a indehiscent fruit do that is usually done by the fruit?
Question: What family of plants is most important for human sustenance?
Answer: Poaceae
Question: What is the more common name of the Fabaceae?
Answer: legume
Question: What family do potatoes, tomatoes and peppers belong to?
Answer: Solanaceae
Question: What family would you find cherries in?
Answer: Rosaceae
Question: What does the legume family provide as the most important of all the plant families?
Question: What is the more common name of the Solanaceae family that is second place?
Question: What does the rue family provide that is needed for livestock?
Question: What are some examples of what the nightshade family provides as the most important group?
Question: What does the rue family provide that makes it one group of high importance?
Question: What do monocots usually have two of within each seed?
Question: According to the Cronquist system how is the number of cotyledons viewed?
Question: What other descriptive names are allowed by the English system?
Question: How many groups are flowering plants divided into in the English system?
Question: What is one group that is used under the English system?
Question: Which city is the capital of Telangana?
Answer: Hyderabad (i/ˈhaɪdərəˌbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad; often /ˈhaɪdrəˌbæd/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana
Question: How many square miles does Hyderabad cover?
Answer: 250 sq mi
Question: What river is Hyderabad next to?
Answer: the Musi River
Question: What is the population of Hyderabad?
Answer: about 6.7 million
Question: At what altitude is Hyderabad, in meters?
Answer: an average altitude of 542 metres
Question: In what year was Hyderabad established?
Answer: Established in 1591
Question: Who is the person that established Hyderabad?
Answer: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
Question: What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century?
Answer: the Qutb Shahi dynasty
Question: Which Mughal viceroy created a dynasty in early 18th century Hyderabad?
Answer: Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty
Question: Which dynasty did Asif Jah I create?
Answer: Nizams of Hyderabad
Question: When did Hyderabad become important culturally in India?
Answer: the mid-19th century
Question: Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center?
Answer: The Qutb Shahis and Nizams
Question: What culture is most represented in the food of Hyderabad?
Answer: Mughlai culture
Question: Hyderabad has India's second biggest film production industry, what is it called?
Answer: Telugu film industry
Question: What is a nickname for Hyderabad?
Answer: City of Pearls
Question: What are three historic bazaars in Hyderabad?
Answer: Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar
Question: What is the economic output of Hyderabad?
Answer: US$74 billion
Question: What is the rank of Hyderabad among cities contributing to India's GDP?
Answer: fifth-largest
Question: What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means?
Answer: "Haydar's city" or "lion city"
Question: Hyderabad was named in honor of someone, who was it?
Answer: Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib
Question: What does Andrew Petersen say that Hyderabad was originally known as?
Answer: Baghnagar (city of gardens).
Question: Who founded what came to be known Hyderabad?
Answer: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
Question: What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for?
Answer: "Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl
Question: There may be Iron Age findings near Hyderabad, what age are they thought to be from?
Answer: 500 BCE
Question: What was the Hyderabad region known as under the Chalukya dynasty?
Answer: Golkonda (Golla Konda-"shepherd's hill")
Question: What time period did the Chalukya dynasty rule the Hyderabad region?
Answer: 624 CE to 1075 CE
Question: When did the Calukya empire split into four?
Answer: the 11th century
Question: What was the capital of Golkonda in the mid 12th century?
Answer: Warangal
Question: Who defeated the Kakatiya dynasty in 1310?
Answer: Sultan Alauddin Khilji
Question: Which entity subsumed the Kakatiya dynasty?
Answer: Khilji dynasty
Question: What did the Malik Kafur do to the Kakatiya dynasty in 1321?
Answer: the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed
Question: In what year did Muhammad bin Tughluq succeed the Delhi sultanate?
Answer: 1325
Question: When was the Behmani Sultanate established?
Answer: 1347
Question: Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against?
Answer: the Bahmani Sultanate
Question: In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur?
Answer: 1518
Question: When was Hyderabad founded?
Answer: 1591
Question: In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where?
Answer: Aurangabad
Question: Who was the Viceroy of the Deccan under Farrukhsiyar?
Answer: Asif Jah I
Question: What official title did the Viceroy of Deccan hold?
Answer: Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm)
Question: In what year was Mubariz Khan defeated by Asif Jah I?
Answer: 1724
Question: What did Asif Jah I rename Deccan Suba to?
Answer: Hyderabad Deccan
Question: In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams?
Answer: 1769
Question: Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century?
Answer: East India Company
Question: Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role?
Answer: British Indian Army
Question: What was the title of Baji Rao I?
Answer: Peshwa of the Maratha Empire
Question: What was the title of Hyder Ali?
Answer: Dalwai of Mysore
Question: On what date did the Indian Army take control of Hyderabad?
Answer: 1948. On 17 September
Question: What was the code name for the Indian Army invasion of Hyderabad?
Answer: Operation Polo
Question: Which Nizam defeated by the Indian Army?
Answer: Nizam VII
Question: Which uprising occurred from 1946 to 1951?
Answer: the Telangana uprising
Question: On what date did the constitution of India become active?
Answer: 26 January 1950
Question: On what date was Hyderabad state divided into three?
Answer: 1 November 1956
Question: Which three states was Hyderabad state divided into?
Answer: Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Question: Hyderabad city became the capital of what state in the mid 20th century?
Answer: Andhra Pradesh
Question: When was Telangana state announced?
Answer: 30 July 2013
Question: What date was the official formation of Telangana state?
Answer: June 2014
Question: How far south of Delhi, in miles, is Hyderabad?
Answer: 973 mi
Question: In what region of the Deccan Plateau is Hyderabad?
Answer: northern part
Question: How large in square kilometers is Greater Hyderabad?
Answer: 650 km2
Question: What are the highest hills in Hyderabad?
Answer: Banjara Hills
Question: When was Hussain Sagar lake built?
Answer: 1562
Question: What is the mean yearly temperature in Hyderabad in Celsius?
Answer: 26.6 °C
Question: Köppen Aw refers to what kind of climate?
Answer: tropical wet and dry climate
Question: During what months does summer occur in Hyderabad?
Answer: March–June
Question: What is the typical lowest temperature in Celsius during winter in Hyderabad?
Answer: 10 °C
Question: What is generally the hottest month in Hyderabad?
Answer: May
Question: What is the name of the largest zoo in Hyderabad?
Answer: Nehru Zoological Park
Question: Hyderabad's largest zoo is known as India's first to have what two kinds of animals in a safari park setting?
Answer: lion and tiger
Question: How many national parks does Hyderabad have?
Answer: three
Question: Two of the national parks in Hyderabad are Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park, what is the third?
Answer: Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
Question: Which environmental preserve in Hyderabad is known to be a home for migratory birds?
Answer: Patancheru Lake
Question: What is the entity that controls the infrastructure of Hyderabad?
Answer: The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)
Question: How many municipal wards are within Hyderabad?
Answer: 150
Question: In what year did the GHMC form?
Answer: 2007
Question: How much area, in square miles, does the GHMC oversee?
Answer: 250 sq mi
Question: Which board oversees military areas within Hyderabad?
Answer: The Secunderabad Cantonment Board
Question: Which Hyderabad agency is responsible for the largest area?
Answer: Hyderabad Police
Question: What is the HMDA mainly responsible for?
Answer: urban planning
Question: What does the acronym HMDA stand for?
Answer: Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
Question: What does the acronym HMWSSB represent?
Answer: Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board
Question: Hyderabad city can be referred to as something else as administrative agencies are concerned, what?
Answer: GHMC area
Question: What dam began to provide water to Hyderabad in 2005?
Answer: Nagarjuna Sagar Dam