huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: When was Bisbee-Douglas International Airport founded by Wilbur Wright?
Question: Who declared College Park Airport the first international airport of the Americas?
Question: In what year was College Park Airport declared the first international airport of the Americas?
Question: During what period did Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver serve as an American military field?
Question: How many passengers does the College Park Airport serve each year?
Question: Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?
Answer: for handling passenger traffic
Question: Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?
Answer: Le Bourget Airport
Question: What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?
Answer: Hounslow Heath Aerodrome
Question: When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?
Answer: August 1919
Question: What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?
Answer: a paved "apron"
Question: When was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport first opened?
Question: What was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport replaced by?
Question: When did Houndlow Heath Aerodrome replace Croydon Airport?
Question: When was Croydon Airport opened in Flughafen Devau?
Question: What was used at military airfields in 1919?
Question: When was the first lighting used on an airport?
Answer: latter part of the 1920s
Question: When did approach lighting come into use?
Answer: 1930s
Question: What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?
Answer: approach lighting
Question: When was the slope-line approach system introduced?
Answer: 1940s
Question: What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?
Answer: slope-line approach system
Question: When was the first  lighting with flash intervals used on an airplane?
Question: What was standardized by airports in the 1920's?
Question: What did the flash interval system consist of?
Question: What do light colors indicate on an aircraft?
Question: What group standardized additional indication lights?
Question: Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?
Answer: increase in jet aircraft traffic
Question: How far were runways extended out?
Answer: 9,800 ft
Question: What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?
Answer: The fields
Question: When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?
Answer: early 1960s
Question: In what year was there a boom in jet bridge systems?
Question: How far were jet bridge systems extended to?
Question: When was using reinforced concrete a common practice in the US?
Question: What did airport construction eliminate in the 1970's?
Question: What were jet bridge systems made of?
Question: ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?
Answer: two
Question: What describes most clearance delivery systems?
Question: What does a clearance delivery system do at an airport?
Question: What does apron control offer in busy airports?
Question: How are clearance delivery responsibilities divided?
Question: How does apron control direct aircraft?
Question: Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?
Answer: Ground Control
Question: When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?
Answer: Tower Control
Question: When is control turned back over to ground control?
Answer: After a plane has landed
Question: What are stair trucks responsible for?
Question: What are two things Ground Control instructs Tower Control to do?
Question: When a plane is ready to take off what does it do before being turned over to Ground Control?
Question: When a plane lands what does it do before returning to Tower Control?
Question: What are some examples of ground traffic Tower Control directs in designated areas?
Question: Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?
Answer: Tower Control
Question: Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?
Answer: radar
Question: Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?
Answer: in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic
Question: What is controlled by the pilot?
Question: What does the airport use to locate an aircraft?
Question: What does the pilot coordinate in the traffic pattern?
Question: Who must contact the other pilot when passing through airspace?
Question: What does a pilot do when there is more than one plane in the air?
Question: What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?
Answer: traffic pattern
Question: What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
Answer: traffic pattern
Question: Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.
Answer: so-called SLOT-times
Question: What is a traffic pattern called at smaller airfields?
Question: What does a traffic circuit do at smaller airfields?
Question: What is there no need for when following the glidepath?
Question: Due to what does traffic planning assure that following the glidepath is avoided?
Question: What is it like for aircraft landing at small airfields as fast as possible while following the glidepath?
Question: Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
Answer: 800 or 1,000 ft
Question: What does AGL stand for?
Answer: above ground level
Question: Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?
Answer: left-handed
Question: What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?
Answer: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed
Question: At what altitude are ATC patterns flown to avoid mountains?
Question: Why are runway designs left-handed?
Question: What does the runway consist of?
Question: What does improving visibilitiy by using a right handed pattern do for the ATC?
Question: What does usually using a right-handed pattern as standard help pilots do?
Question: At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?
Answer: a circuit
Question: What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?
Answer: Clearance Delivery
Question: Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?
Answer: commercial with long routes
Question: What do aircraft use instead of requesting approach clearance at very large airports?
Question: When do large aircraft request to use a circuit?
Question: What does a circuit allow an aircraft to do without having to worry about other aircraft?
Question: How has the advanced circuit system helped pilots?
Question: What kind of aircraft request to use a circuit when they are still hours from the airport?
Question: What does VASI stand for?
Answer: visual approach slope indicator
Question: What does VOR stand for?
Answer: VHF omnidirectional range
Question: What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?
Answer: VHF omnidirectional range
Question: What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?
Answer: instrument landing system
Question: How does distance measuring equipment (DME) help a pilot land?
Question: What also goes along with the VASI?
Question: What determines the distance to the VASI?
Question: Where are DME's also located to help aircraft naviagte?
Question: What is increasing based on the use of VOR?
Question: On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?
Answer: green lights
Question: On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?
Answer: red lights
Question: What indicates the edge of a runway?
Answer: white lights
Question: What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?
Answer: pilot controlled lighting
Question: What does ALS stand for?
Answer: approach lighting system
Question: What does runway edge lighting indicate for landing?
Question: What marks the end of the ALS at low-traffic airports?
Question: What does using an ALS help save?
Question: What does pilot controlled lighting consist of?
Question: What do red lights down the the center of the runway indicate?
Question: What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?
Answer: airfield rubber removal
Question: In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?
Answer: ice and snow clearing equipment
Question: What is one hazard to nesting birds?
Question: What helps maintain environmental conditions?
Question: Why must the field be kept clear of nesting birds?
Question: What helps improve traction on airfield rubber?
Question: For what kind of aircraft is deicing fluid sprayed on the airfield?
Question: What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?
Answer: tow tractor
Question: What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?
Answer: ground power unit
Question: The passengers disembark using what?
Answer: airbridge
Question: What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?
Answer: Mobile stairs
Question: How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?
Answer: 90 minutes
Question: What do engines generate when planes are standing at the terminal?
Question: Where do the ground crew disembark from?
Question: What does the ground crew use the skybridge to bring in after its pushed on one of the tractor dollies?
Question: What pulls an airbridge to the aircraft?
Question: When should the ground crew be done removing luggage?
Question: What provides basing and support of military aircraft?
Answer: airbase
Question: Where is RAF Brize Norton located?
Answer: the UK
Question: Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?
Answer: Norway
Question: Where is Pune Airport located?
Answer: India
Question: What is a terminal also referred to as?
Question: What does a terminal provide?
Question: What kind of passengers do the Pune Airport in the UK cater to?
Question: What does the RAF Brize Norton in India share with a civilian airport?
Question: Where do Prune Airport's TriStar flights go to?
Question: What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal?
Answer: The Terminal
Question: When was the movie Final Destination released?
Answer: 2000
Question: In what year was the Langoliers made?
Question: What movie is about a man who is trapped in a race to an airport terminal from 1970?
Question: What tv shows have surviving on food and shelter provided by an airport a main theme?
Question: Why did Good Will Hunting use a certain airport as an image of survival in 2000?
Question: In what year was Get Shorty released?
Question: What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed?
Answer: Departure Lounge and some outside areas
Question: What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?
Answer: Filming
Question: How do most passengers feel about filming?
Question: What must you pay to film in Baggage Reclaim?
Question: What visitor locations permit filming with a fee?
Question: What must all visitors do when there is filming in landside areas?
Question: What must you do to film in Security, at Immigration/Customs and Baggage Reclaim?
Question: Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?
Answer: Prince Oleg
Question: Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?
Answer: Kiev. Sviatoslav I
Question: Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?
Answer: Vladimir the Great
Question: What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?
Answer: issued its first written legal code
Question: What years did Prince Oleg reign?
Question: Which way did Prince Oleg extend his rule?
Question: Who achieved the first minor expansion of Kievan?
Question: Which ruler introduced Islam in Kievan Rus?
Question: What did Yaroslav daughters achieve during his time Keivan Rus?
Question: When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?
Answer: 19th century
Question: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?
Answer: 1913
Question: Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?
Answer: Vasily Klyuchevsky
Question: What was invented in the 19th century?
Question: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in Russia?
Question: Who first wrote the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?
Question: What type of cities were also known as Rus?
Question: Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?
Answer: Slavic tribes
Question: Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?
Answer: Novgorod
Question: Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?
Answer: Ladoga and Karelia regions
Question: Which tribe resided in the south?
Answer: Poliane
Question: Which lands were primarily populated by western Slavic tribes?
Question: Where were the Limen Slavs located after Kievan Rus?
Question: Who occupied the headwaters of the East Dvina?
Question: Which tribe resided in the northwest?
Question: Which tribe resided in the southeast?
Question: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?
Answer: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs
Question: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?
Answer: Scandinavians
Question: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?
Answer: Slavs
Question: Which controversy surrounded the Rus in the past?
Question: What certainty was largely to contemporary sources/
Question: What did the Russian believe the Rus were not?
Question: What account was written in the 1200's?
Question: Who formed a majority of the elite ruling class?
Question: Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?
Answer: Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Question: What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?
Answer: garments that only cover half of his body
Question: Which historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians"?
Answer: Leo the Deacon
Question: Which late traveler provided a description of the Rus?
Question: What covered the majority of the Rus's body?
Question: Which scientist is refered to the Rus as "Scythians'?
Question: What Arab historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians'?
Question: What did the Rus adopt that was Roman?
Question: Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?
Answer: Varangians and the Khazars
Question: In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?
Answer: 859
Question: In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?
Answer: 862
Question: Which two groups were divided between the territories of the West Slavs?
Question: What was written in the 9th century?
Question: What year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes join the Varagians?
Question: Who did the Finnic and Slavic tribes offer tribute to in 862?
Question: What year did the Varangians begin to rule the innic and Slavic tribes?
Question: What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?
Answer: Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor
Question: Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?
Answer: Rurik
Question: What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?
Answer: Kiev
Question: What were the names of the three sisters that ruled Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?
Question: Which of the three sisters became the sole ruler over all three of the territories?
Question: Which two sisters died?
Question: What was the name of the large city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?
Question: What two women asked for permission to go to Tsargrad?
Question: Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev?
Answer: 863–66
Question: What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to?
Answer: Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage
Question: Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north?
Answer: to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.
Question: What was written in 863?
Question: What years did Askold and Dir make peace with Kiev?
Question: What was was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent south?
Question: What did type of devastation did Patriarch Photius write about the suburbs?
Question: Who immediately attacked the city?
Question: When Rurik past away, who took over?
Answer: Prince Oleg
Question: Who declared Kiev "The mother of Rus citis'?
Answer: Prince Oleg
Question: What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?
Answer: 883
Question: Who died in the 800's?
Question: Who killed Rrik and claimed his kingdom?
Question: Who wrote that Kiev was "The mother of Rus cities"?
Question: Who did Oleg conquer in the 800's?
Question: Who peaceably asked the Drevlians for a fur tribute?
Question: Why did the Kievan state prosper?
Answer: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export
Question: How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?
Answer: three
Question: Which route was a central post in Kiev?
Answer: Dnieper route
Question: What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?
Answer: money-lending system
Question: What made the Kievan state deteriorate?
Question: How many minor trade routes did the Kievan state control?
Question: What was moved north on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper?
Question: What was the hub in the north-south overland trade route?
Question: What led to constant problems with the Khazars?
Answer: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south
Question: Which area did the Khazars rule over?
Answer: Black Sea steppe
Question: Who were allies with the Khazars?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Question: Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?
Answer: Persians and Arabs
Question: What led to intermittent problems for the Khazars?
Question: Who had rapid expand to the north?
Question: Which area did the Khazars relinquish?
Question: Who ruled the Black Sea steppe during the 800's?
Question: Who were the common allies to both the Khazarsand the Byzantine Empire?
Question: What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? 
Answer: Khazars
Question: What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?
Answer: build a fortress at Sarkel
Question: What was established in the 800's?
Question: What was written in 830?
Question: What was being protected in the 800's?
Question: What did the Byzantines refuse to help the Khazars with?
Question: What served as a minor diplomatic link with the Khazars and others?
Question: What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?
Answer: expansion of the Rus
Question: Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?
Answer: Oleg
Question: What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?
Answer: 894
Question: What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?
Answer: 913
Question: What led to Khazar having to put less strain on its military?
Question: Who waged a decisive war in 890?
Question: Who had a peaceful alliance with the Byzantines and Bulgarian Empires?
Question: Who arranged for Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory to the south?
Question: Who was forced to migrate further east?
Question: Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?
Answer: 10th century
Question: Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?
Answer: Pechenegs
Question: What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?
Answer: livestock
Question: Who was able to command tribute in the 10th century?
Question: Whose relationship with Khazars improved?
Question: What was written in 915?
Question: What did the Pechenges refuse to trade with the Rus?
Question: Who was making peace with the Rus in 920?
Question: What had Prince Rastislav requested?
Answer: provide teachers
Question: What did Cyril and Mehodius come up with to help with the issue of the Slaves not having a written language?
Answer: devised the Glagolitic alphabet
Question: In what year did the Rus accept a bishop?
Answer: 867
Question: Who sent missionaries south?
Question: Who had a written language?
Question: Who wrote the Glagolitic alphabet in 863?
Question: What year was the Byzantine cultural influence spread?
Question: What year did Rus accept a pope?
Question: When did the relations between the Rus and Byzantines start to become more complicated?
Answer: after Oleg took control over Kiev
Question: What were the primary concerns the Rus and Byzantines had with oleg?
Answer: commercial, cultural, and military concerns
Question: When did the Rus attack the Constantinole once again?
Answer: 907
Question: What was not depended upon for the wealth and income of Rus?
Question: What did Constantine Porphyrogentus write about concerning the princes of Kiev?
Question: What was written about Rus in 907?
Question: What years was the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg glorified?
Question: What was prophesised by a sorcerer involving Oleg's death?
Answer: certain horse
Question: What does Oleg do to his horse?
Answer: has the horse sequestered
Question: WHo succeeded Oleg in 913?
Answer: Prince Igor
Question: What known document tells the birth of Oleg?
Question: What year did Oleg die?
Question: Who conquered and killed Oleg?
Question: Who dies in the 913?
Question: What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople?
Answer: 941
Question: How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies?
Answer: 10,000 vessels
Question: Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start?
Answer: Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs
Question: What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus?
Answer: outfitted with Greek fire throwers
Question: What year did Oleg make peace with Constantinople?
Question: How many sailing ships attacked the Bithyian coast?
Question: Why id the attack by the Rus go so poorly on the coast at the start?
Question: How was the large group of retired ships outfitted?
Question: What year was the Rus fleet defeated?
Question: Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?
Answer: Slavs and Pecheneg allies
Question: When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?
Answer: 944
Question: IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus,  Byzantine and the Bulgarians.
Answer: 945
Question: What was Igor not keen on?
Question: Who dismantled a large force of warriors among the Slav and Pecheneg?
Question: What year did the Rus force retreat again?
Question: What did the Rus reject from the Emperor?
Question: What year did the Rus defeat the Byzantines the the Bulgarians?
Question: Who ruled in Prince Oleg's place following his death?
Answer: his wife Olga
Question: In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader?
Answer: 963
Question: Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to?
Answer: Pereyaslavets
Question: When was Rus marked by rapid expansion?
Question: What year did Sviatoslav's mother convert?
Question: What was consolidated in functioning empire?
Question: What year was Sviatoslav's empire consolidated?
Question: How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?
Answer: two centuries
Question: What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader?
Answer: 980–1015
Question: When was the title of Grand Duke introduced?
Question: What was not recognized after the death of Sviatoslav?
Question: What year was the struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I?
Question: What region was not dominated by the state of Kievan Rus?
Question: Where did the Grand King if Kiev control?
Question: What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?
Answer: Novgorod
Question: In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?
Answer: Scandinavia
Question: When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?
Answer: 988
Question: Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?
Answer: Princess Anna
Question: Where did Vladimir live in the 900s?
Question: What year did Yaropolk take control of Scandinavia?
Question: What year did Vladimir reconquer Novgorod?
Question: Who accepted Islam because it prohibited consumption of alcohol?
Question: What year did Vladimir marry Princess Anna?
Question: What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?
Answer: Dnieper River
Question: What language did the church write  the liturgy in?
Answer: Cyrillic
Question: What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?
Answer: facilitated the conversion to Christianity
Question: Why did Vladimir chose Western Christianity?
Question: What was considered the least important route for trade?
Question: What language were the corpus of translations translated into?
Question: What did the literature that was written in Cyrillic not help with?
Question: What did the West Slavs develop?
Question: Who was Yaroslav's father?
Answer: Vladimir the Great
Question: In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev?
Answer: 1019
Question: What was Yaroslav nor known as?
Question: Who did not struggle for power with his brothers?
Question: Who was the daughter of Vladimir the Great?
Question: What was Yaroslav not eager to improve?
Question: What year did Yaroslav's sons develop the Kiev Pechersk Lavra?
Question: What was the name of the UN-conventional system that was implemented?
Answer: rota system
Question: What was often deployed when trying to gain power?
Answer: Familicide
Question: What was the name of the conventional system that was implemented?
Question: What did the rota system not do?
Question: What was not deployed when trying to gain power?
Question: Who developed familicide?
Question: Who improved relations between the Olegovichi and Monomakhs?
Question: What immediately occurred after Yarsolav the Wise past away?
Answer: conflict
Question: Who was fighting for Tmutarakan following Yarsolav's death?
Answer: Rostislav Vladimirovich
Question: Where did the first federal council of Rus take place in 1097?
Answer: city of Liubech
Question: What did not cause a conflict of power?
Question: Who did not contest the power of the Grand Prince?
Question: What country did the Grand Prince avoid?
Question: What year did the Grand Prince return to establish order?
Question: What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?
Answer: decline of Constantinople
Question: What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?
Answer: Byzantine
Question: Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?
Answer: Kiev
Question: What played a minor rule in the decline of the Rus?
Question: Who was not a major trading partner of Kievan Rus?
Question: What territory did the trade fro Varagians to the Greeks mainly avoid?
Question: What was not a major cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity?
Question: Who was a minor power and minor initiator?
Question: Who was the last ruller to keep the region united?
Answer: Mstislav the Great
Question: When did Mstislav die?
Answer: 1169
Question: When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities?
Answer: 12th century,
Question: Who was the first ruler to keep the region united?
Question: What year did Mstislav the Great unit the region?
Question: When did the Kievan state unit?
Question: What became less fragmented?
Question: What helped speed up the decline of the Kievan Rus?
Answer: The Crusades
Question: In what year did the Crusade sack Constantinople?
Answer: 1204
Question: What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204?
Answer: Teutonic Knights
Question: What helped restore the Kievam Rus?
Question: What year did the Kievan Rus go into decline?
Question: What group united the Baltic region in 1204?
Question: What helped the keep the local Orthodox Christianity of Kievan Rus?
Question: Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined?
Answer: it controlled trade routes
Question: What happened to Novgorod when Kievan Rus began to decline?
Answer: became more independent
Question: In what year did Novgorod aquire its own archbishop?
Answer: 1169
Question: What prospered in the south?
Question: Why was the Republic of Novogorod doing so poorly?
Question: What year did Novgorod assign its own archbishop?
Question: What was a sign of decreased important and political independence?
Question: When was Novgorad established as a democrat form of government?
Question: The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?
Answer: Grand Duchy of Moscow
Question: What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?
Answer: Rostov
Question: In what year did the mongol invasion begin?
Answer: In 1299
Question: How did the Slavs form the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the southeast?
Question: What is the youngest centre in the southeast?
Question: What city did Prince Andrey Bogolyuskiy sack in the 12th century?
Question: Who did not take the title of Grand Prince?
Question: When did Vladimir-Suzdal assert itself as a minor power?
Question: Which neighbors did Halych develop trade relations with?
Answer: Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian
Question: Who united the two previously separated principalities?
Answer: Prince Roman Mstislavich
Question: In what year did Mstislavich defeat the Kiev?
Answer: 1202
Question: Who became metropolitan in 1370?
Answer: Cyprian
Question: Which neighbors did Halych not develop trade relations with?
Question: Who did not unit the two principalities?
Question: Who did not conquer Kiev in 1202?
Question: When did Prince Daniil rule?
Question: What did the patriarch of the Western Orthodox Church grant?
Question: How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?
Answer: Due to the expansion of trade
Question: From what did this new princedom emerge from?
Answer: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes
Question: What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?
Answer: first notable form of self-government
Question: What caused the decline of Kiev political power?
Question: What emerged from a traditional matriarchal family communes?
Question: Why did the patriarchic family communes not band together?
Question: What became smaller with am emphasis on family holdings?
Question: Which two groups dominated the society of Kievan Rus?
Answer: mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites
Question: What was severely lacking in Kievan in the 12th century?
Answer: class institutions and autonomous towns
Question: What was the group called that owed labour duty to the princes?
Answer: tribute-paying peasants
Question: Which two groups did not dominate societyof Kievan Rus?
Question: Who did not receive income and land from the princes?
Question: What was not lacking in Kievan in the 12th century?
Question: What was the group called that did not owe labour duty to the princes?
Question: What was widespread in Eastern Europe?
Question: What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?
Answer: change in political structure
Question: When did wages on the manors develop?
Answer: 1031
Question: What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?
Answer: given equality
Question: What lead to the eventual destruction of the peasant/smerdy class?
Question: Who were the free landed people that worked by labouring for wages?
Question: Who was not given equality in the Kievian law code?
Question: Who was theoretically not equal to the prince?
Question: Who began to slowly gain their rights and become more equal in the eyes of the law?
Question: Despite being much smaller than wester europe, what they known for being?
Answer: the largest contemporary European state
Question: What could you find in Novgorod that you couldn't in most other cities?
Answer: sewage system and wood paving
Question: What were some of the rights women had during this time period?
Answer: property and inheritance rights
Question: What area was sparsely populated compared to Northern Europe?
Question: Despite being larger than Western Europe, what was Kievan Rus known for being?
Question: What couldn't you find in Novgoroad that was available in most other cities?
Question: Who did not confine punishment to fines and used capital punishment?
Question: What rights were denied to women?
Question: To which dynasty did Yarolav's step mother belong to?
Answer: Macedonian dynasty
Question: Which three countried did Yaroslav's daughters become queens of?
Answer: Hungary, France and Norway
Question: Who did Yaroslav's sons marry?
Answer: daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor
Question: What did not play an important role in European politics?
Question: Whose stepmother did not belong to a Macedonian dynasty?
Question: Who was not the greatest ruler of Byzantium?
Question: Which countries did Yaroslav's sons become kings of?
Question: Who did Yaroslav's sons not marry?
Question: How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?
Answer: 9th century
Question: What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?
Answer: sporadic raids into the lands of Rus
Question: What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?
Answer: 968
Question: Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Question: How late did the relationship between the Pecheneg and the Rus begin?
Question: What did the Pecheneg frequently not do over the span of two centuries?
Question: What did not escalate in full scale wars?
Question: What year did the Pecheneg war begin?
Question: What year did Pechenegs make peace with the city of Kiev?
Question: Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?
Answer: Michael I
Question: Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?
Answer: Leontiy
Question: What year was the creation of the Kiev Metropolis?
Question: Who was the last bishop of the Churchof Tiches?
Question: Who was the leader of the church of the Kiev Metropolis?
Question: Who was confirmed to be the first metropolitan to be confirmed in the 10th century?
Question: How many dioceses were there in the 10th century?
Question: Where was the SNES first released?
Answer: Japan and South Korea
Question: What was the SNES called in Japan?
Answer: Super Famicom
Question: What was the SNES called in South Korea?
Answer: Super Comboy
Question: When was the SNES released in Australia?
Answer: 1992
Question: What did South Korea develop that was released in 1992?
Question: What is the regional lockout form in Austrailasia?
Question: What is another name for the Super Comboy in North America?
Question: What is the definition of the Hepburn released in Brazil in 1990?
Question: What company developed the Super Comboy in Brazil in 1990?
Question: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in Japan?
Answer: PC Engine
Question: What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in Japan?
Answer: Mega Drive
Question: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in the US?
Answer: TurboGrafx-16
Question: What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in the US?
Answer: Genesis
Question: What were the Genesis's advantages over the NES?
Answer: built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound
Question: What did SEGA release in 1987?
Question: What did NEC Home Electronics release in 1988?
Question: What was launched in North America in 1987?
Question: How was the 8-bit NES an improvement?
Question: How long did it take the Family Computer to be successful?
Question: Who designed both the NES and SNES?
Answer: Masayuki Uemura
Question: How much in yen did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?
Answer: ¥25,000
Question: How much in dollars did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?
Answer: US$210
Question: How many Super Famicoms were produced in the first run?
Answer: 300,000
Question: What criminal group plotted to steal Super Famicoms?
Answer: the Yakuza
Question: What did the Japanese government release in Japan on November 21, 1990?
Question: How many units were stolen by the Yakuza?
Question: How much did the original Famicom cost in Japan?
Question: After the original Famicom sold out, what did the Japanese government do?
Question: What event happened after the Yakuza noticed the sale of the original Famicom?
Question: How much did the SNES cost in the UK?
Answer: GB£150
Question: When was the SNES released in the UK?
Answer: April 1992
Question: When was the SNES released in Brazil?
Answer: 1993
Question: Which company distributed the SNES in Brazil?
Answer: Playtronic
Question: What was a redesign of the Super NES?
Question: How much did the Super Famicom cost in Germany?
Question: How much did the Playtronic cost in the UK and Ireland?
Question: What kind of design did the Playtronic Super NES use in Ireland?
Question: What venture released the Super Famicom in Brazil in 1991?
Question: How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?
Answer: over a year
Question: How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992?
Answer: 60%
Question: What game was key to the SNES's success?
Answer: Donkey Kong Country
Question: How many SNES units were sold in the US overall?
Answer: more than 20 million
Question: How many units did SEGA sell in the US?
Question: According to a 1992 report by SEGA, how did the consoles sell in the US?
Question: How did SEGA position the NES?
Question: What kind of game titles did the SNES have?
Question: What did Donkey Kong Country do for video game history?
Question: What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?
Answer: five
Question: What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?
Answer: Ultra Games
Question: For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games?
Answer: two
Question: Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers?
Answer: Sega
Question: Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991?
Answer: Acclaim
Question: What kind of control did SEGA maintain during the NES era?
Question: How many games were released per year by Square?
Question: What practice did competition from Capcom end?
Question: What did Nintendo do in 1991?
Question: What did SEGA have to approve during the Konami era?
Question: What game first challenged Nintendo's anti-violence policy?
Answer: Mortal Kombat
Question: When was Mortal Kombat released in arcades?
Answer: 1992
Question: Which game console had a full-gore version of Mortal Kombat?
Answer: Genesis
Question: How much did the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat out-sell the SNES version?
Answer: three or four-to-one
Question: How did Genesis rank submitted titles?
Question: What was the policy of Genesis about games?
Question: When was Mortal Kombat submitted to Nintendo?
Question: By how much did the SNES version outsell the Genesis one?
Question: What were the features that included gore in the SNES version?
Question: Which senators held a hearing about video game violence in 1993?
Answer: Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman
Question: What was the focus of the hearing about video game violence in 1993?
Answer: the marketing of violent video games to children
Question: What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?
Answer: the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board
Question: What regulatory change did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?
Answer: the inclusion of ratings on all video games
Question: How did video game ratings affect Nintendo?
Answer: Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed
Question: How did game players affect Nintendo's policy?
Question: What did the Digital Software Association investigate in 1993?
Question: What position did Senator Joe Lieberman take on the issue?
Question: How successful was Senator Herb Kohl during the hearing?
Question: What organizations were created due to Nintendo taking the high ground?
Question: When was Donkey Kong Country released?
Answer: November 1994
Question: What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?
Answer: SGI workstations
Question: How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?
Answer: 6.1 million
Question: How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?
Answer: detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music
Question: What was Nintendo moving on to?
Question: When did Nintendo release Donkey Kong Country?
Question: How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in November 1994?
Question: What was the quality of Donkey Cong Country compared to games on Rare consoles?
Question: What message did SGI workstations send to Rare about games?
Question: How much did the SNS-101 cost in the US?
Answer: US$99
Question: What game was bundled with the SNS-101?
Answer: Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island
Question: What features were removed in the SNS-101?
Answer: S-Video and RGB output
Question: What redesigned console was released in Japan at the time of the SNS-101?
Answer: Super Famicom Jr.
Question: When was the SNS-101 released in the US?
Answer: October 1997
Question: How much did the Super Famicom Jr. cost in North America?
Question: What was missing from the Super Famicom Jr.?
Question: What did the NES-101 model include?
Question: When was the NES-101 released in Japan?
Question: How many new releases were offered for the Super Famicom Jr.?
Question: How were adapters used to get around PAL region restrictions?
Answer: by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot
Question: How was hardware modification used to get around PAL region restrictions?
Answer: disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip
Question: What problem did the hardware modification cause with later games?
Answer: hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed
Question: What does having a cartridge in the console prevent in North American consoles?
Question: What had to be installed when adapters detect the locked console?
Question: How were lockout chips used to get around PAL restrictions?
Question: What did adapters with later consoles detect that caused a problem with modification?
Question: What kind of machines have the same adapters?
Question: What video frequency does PAL use?
Answer: 50 Hz
Question: How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?
Answer: 16.7% slower
Question: What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?
Answer: a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions
Question: What video standard do PPU cartridges use?
Question: What video standard to later games operate at?
Question: How much slower are games on PPU consoles than PAL due to incompatibility?
Question: What do SNES consoles face when facing a 20% speedup?
Question: What does NTSC higher resolution result in?
Question: Who designed the North American SNES?
Answer: Lance Barr
Question: What was Barr's job?
Answer: industrial designer
Question: What color were the North American SNES's buttons?
Answer: purple
Question: What color were the Japanese Super Famicom Jr.'s buttons?
Answer: gray
Question: What does the Japanese Super Famicom have that is longer than the European and American versions?
Question: What color are all versions of the Super Famicom Jr.?
Question: What was placed on the console because of the curved surface of the NES?
Question: What color were the buttons for the SNS-100 version from Japan?
Question: What does the flat surface of the redesigned SNES invite people to do?
Question: What connection types did MULTI OUT support?
Answer: composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator
Question: How many pins did the SNES expansion port have?
Answer: 28
Question: What output type was the only one directly supported on the SNS-101?
Answer: composite
Question: What other Nintendo systems used MULTI OUT?
Answer: Nintendo 64 and GameCube
Question: What do all versions have for expansion ports?
Question: Why does the MULTI OUT connector differ between regions?
Question: How many pins were on the RF modulator?
Question: What two systems later used a channel selection switch?
Question: What can all models output that requires them to have an external modulator for RF?
Question: What chemical process turned some SNES cases yellow?
Answer: oxidization
Question: What mixture error in the plastic caused some SNES cases to turn yellow?
Answer: an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives
Question: How can SNES yellowing sometimes be reversed?
Answer: with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution
Question: Why would some SNESes be only partly yellow?
Answer: if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic
Question: What color did affected consoles become after exposure to UV light?
Question: What are flame retarding additives susceptible to?
Question: What does hydrogen peroxide inside the cases cause if they came from different batches of plastic?
Question: What does the light color of additives help restore to a console?
Question: What is caused due to an incorrect mixture of a hydrogen peroxide solution during manufacturing?
Question: What are SNES game cartridges officially called in the US?
Answer: Game Pak
Question: What are SNES game cartridges officially called in Japan?
Answer: Cassette
Question: How much data space can an SNES cartridge use?
Answer: 117.75 Mbit
Question: What were the largest SNES games?
Answer: Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean
Question: How much data do the smallest SNES games use?
Answer: 2 Mbit
Question: What is referred to as Cassette in Western regions?
Question: What is referred to as Game Pak in Japan?
Question: How much ROM data do Talesof Phantasia and Star Ocean have as the smallest games released?
Question: What mappings do most Game Pak support in Japan?
Question: How many Mbit of FastROM are contained in games from Latin America?
Question: What face buttons do SNES controllers have that NES controllers didn't?
Answer: X and Y
Question: How many shoulder buttons do SNES controllers have?
Answer: two
Question: Who designed the SNES controllers?
Answer: Lance Barr
Question: What color are the US SNES controllers' X and Y buttons?
Answer: lavender
Question: What color are the US SNES controllers' A and B buttons?
Answer: purple
Question: What face buttons do NES controllers have that aren't on the SNES controllers?
Question: What was also designed by Dreamcast?
Question: What consoles controller designs are inspired by the Japanese system logo?
Question: What color are the shoulder buttons X and Y in Japan?
Question: How many shoulder buttons are incorporated into the Japanese system logo?
Question: What game accessory was similar to the NES Zapper?
Answer: Super Scope
Question: What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage?
Answer: Super Advantage
Question: What game used the SNES Mouse?
Answer: Mario Paint
Question: What type of accessory was the Super Scope?
Answer: light gun
Question: What game came with a baseball bat controller?
Answer: BatterUP
Question: What was released that added to the Hudson Soft functionality?
Question: What adjustable settings did the Super Scope have on its joystick?
Question: What mulit player adapter did Super Scope release under its license from Nintendo?
Question: What was the BatterUP baseball bat similar to?
Question: What game was the NES Zapper released in conjunction with?
Question: How did Nintendo say an NES and SNES could be used on the same TV?
Answer: either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems
Question: Which other game system's cartridges could be adapted to the SNES?
Answer: Game Boy
Question: What improvements did the Super Game Boy have over the Game Boy?
Answer: palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console
Question: Where was the Super Game Boy 2 released?
Answer: Japan
Question: What did the Super Game Boy 2 add?
Answer: a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games
Question: In what country was the SNES released?
Question: What did the Game Boy add for multiplayer games?
Question: What enhancements did the Game Boy have?
Question: What allows Game Boy games to be played in Japan?
Question: What did Super Game Boy never release for playing NES games on the SNES?
Question: What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?
Answer: Satellaview
Question: What service did the Satellaview connect to?
Answer: the St.GIGA satellite radio station