huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age?
Answer: the Middle Ages
Question: There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?
Answer: 1492
Question: What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?
Answer: 786 to 809
Question: Where was the House of Wisdom held?
Answer: Baghdad
Question: What State was first established in the 6th century?
Question: What golden age occurred at the same time as the Middle Ages?
Question: What did the Mongolians sack in the 12th century?
Question: What did the Christians reconquer in 1492?
Question: What caliph reigned in the 7th and 8th century?
Question: What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam?
Answer: glazed ceramics
Question: Which ceramic glazing was developed by those potters which were Islamic?
Answer: Tin-opacified glazing
Question: Where would one find the earliest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world?
Answer: Basra
Question: Around when were the first opaque glazes developed?
Answer: 8th century
Question: Where were stone-paste ceramics invented?
Answer: 9th century Iraq
Question: What was used in Islamic art from the 800's to the 1800's?
Question: What is often formed into utilitarian pottery?
Question: What ceramic glazing was adopted by islamic potters?
Question: Where can you find the latest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world?
Question: What was a center for innovative ceramic pottery in the 14th and 15th century?
Question: What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?
Answer: One Thousand and One Nights
Question: Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?
Answer: Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables)
Question: In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?
Answer: 14th century
Question: When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?
Answer: 18th century
Question: Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?
Answer: Antoine Galland
Question: What is the earliest Islamic work of fiction?
Question: What reached its final for in the 1400's?
Question: Arabian nights was originally based on what Arabian work?
Question: What language was One Thousand and One Nights translated to in the 1800's?
Question: Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?
Answer: Arabic poetry and Persian poetry
Question: Which era is Layla and Majnun from?
Answer: Umayyad era
Question: In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?
Answer: 7th century
Question: What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?
Answer: a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history
Question: Who wrote Shahnameh?
Answer: Ferdowsi
Question: What ers dates to the 700's?
Question: What Arabic and Persian poetry dates to the 700's?
Question: What was inspired by Romeo and Juliet?
Question: What is the national epic of Persia?
Question: Who wrote the national epic of Persia?
Question: What is another name for Ibn Tufail?
Answer: Abubacer
Question: What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing?
Answer: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)
Question: Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus?
Answer: Ibn al-Nafis
Question: What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers?
Answer: Al-Ghazali
Question: Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus?
Answer: Hayy
Question: Who where pioneers of the fictional novel?
Question: What did Ibn Tufil write in response to the novel by Ibn al-Nafis
Question: What did Al-Ghazali's write in response to Ibn Tufail's novel?
Question: What book by Ibn al-Nafis write about kamil?
Question: What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis?
Answer: 1213–1288
Question: What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of?
Answer: science fiction
Question: What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus?
Answer: scientific knowledge
Question: What did Ibn al-Nafis write in the 12th century?
Question: Who wrote a science fiction novel in the 12th century?
Question: What events did Ibn al-Nafis give supernatural or mythological explanations?
Question: Who used mythology to explain Islamic teachings?
Question: Which year did a translation of Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin come to be?
Answer: 1671
Question: Who first translated Philosophus Autodidactus into latin?
Answer: Edward Pococke the Younger
Question: Simon Ockley translated Philosophus Autodidactus into English, in what year did he do that?
Answer: 1708
Question: Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?
Answer: Daniel Defoe
Question: What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus?
Answer: The Aspiring Naturalist
Question: What work by Tufail was translated in the 16th century?
Question: What did Edward Pococke the Younger translate in the 16th century?
Question: Who translated Tufail's work to English in the 17th century?
Question: What was Robert Boyle inspired to write by Tufail's work?
Question: In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin?
Answer: in 1264 or shortly before
Question: Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors?
Answer: Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello
Question: In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare?
Answer: 17th century
Question: What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature?
Answer: episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology
Question: What was translated to Latin in the 12th century?
Question: Whose works influenced the Moors?
Question: Who visited Elizabethan England in the 1700's?
Question: Whose works featured Arabian Characters?
Question: How many books were said to have been written by Ibn Sina?
Answer: 450
Question: What subjects did Ibn Sina mainly write about?
Answer: philosophy and medicine
Question: What medical book is Ibn Sina most noted for in European universities?
Answer: The Canon of Medicine
Question: What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing?
Answer: The Book of Healing
Question: What is defined as a philosopy influenced by Islam?
Question: What philosophy is strictly produced by Muslims?
Question: What scholar lived from the 9th to the 10th century?
Question: What book was used in Universities around the world?
Question: Where was The Book of Healing the standard test?
Question: Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
Answer: Ibn Tufail
Question: In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language?
Answer: 1671
Question: What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
Answer: philosophical novel
Question: What philosophical novel was written in the 16th century?
Question: What was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to in the 16th century?
Question: What European scholars influenced Tufail?
Question: What themes were developed in Tufail's 16th century novel?
Question: Which philosopher of the Muslim world is considered an important author of work on evolution?
Answer: al-Jahiz
Question: Ibn al-Haytham can be known by another name, what is it?
Answer: Alhazen
Question: What type of work is Ibn al-Haytham known to have pioneered?
Answer: phenomenology and the philosophy of science
Question: Who is considered to have been the one that founded Illuminationist philosophy?
Answer: Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
Question: Which philosopher in the Muslim world championed inductive logic in their works?
Answer: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Question: Who is credited with further developing Illuinationist philosophy?
Question: What natural philosophy did Tufail ctiticize?
Question: What logic did AlpBiruni criticize?
Question: Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000?
Answer: optics
Question: Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000, what was it?
Answer: Book of Optics
Question: Regarding the intromission theory of light, who showed the first proof?
Answer: Ibn al-Haytham
Question: Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry?
Answer: al-Khwarzimi
Question: Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry?
Answer: Medieval Muslim artists
Question: Who placed more emphasis on observation than the Greeks did?
Question: What method was developed in the Greek world?
Question: who experimented on optics in the 10th century?
Question: What did Ibn al-Haytham write in the 10th century
Question: What type of geometry was first discovered in the West?
Question: What work is Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas known for writing?
Answer: Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body)
Question: In what century did Tashrih al-badan come into being?
Answer: 15th century
Question: Who theorized about pulmonary circulation?
Answer: Ibn al-Nafis
Question: Who wrote The Canon of Medicine?
Answer: Avicenna
Question: Who wrote Kitab al-Tasrif?
Answer: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Question: Who first established the fields of anatomy and phusiology?
Question: Who wrote Anatomy of the body in the 1500's?
Question: What photos where found in Anatomy of the body?
Question: What book was a standard text in universities until the 1800's?
Question: What Latin encyclopedia was used in medical schools for centuries?
Question: What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to?
Answer: astronomy
Question: What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth?
Answer: improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis
Question: What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?
Answer: the Copernican heliocentric model
Question: Who created the astrolabe?
Answer: the Greeks
Question: Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?
Answer: Islamic astronomers and engineers
Question: What measurment did Copernicas improve?
Question: What model did Copernicas use to measure the earth's axis?
Question: Who perfected the astrolabe originally developed by Islamic astronomers?
Question: What model did Al-Biruni make corrections to?
Question: What was the windmill used for?
Answer: irrigation and farming
Question: which crops were brought to europe from the Muslim World?
Answer: almonds and citrus fruit
Question: Trading in the Indian ocean was mainly controlled by whom?
Answer: Arab merchants
Question: When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?
Answer: 16th century
Question: Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century?
Answer: Hormuz
Question: What technology was developed from advances in irrigation and farming?
Question: What crops were brought from Europe?
Question: What cultivation was gradually adopted by Muslims>
Question: Where did Arab merchants dominate after the 16th century?
Question: Who arrived in the Indian Ocean in the 1600's
Question: How early did people in the Muslim World start using watermills?
Answer: 7th century
Question: At what point was the use of watermills common in the Muslim World?
Answer: 9th century
Question: In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world?
Answer: 11th century
Question: Who invented crankshafts?
Answer: Muslim engineers
Question: Who was the inventor of water turbines?
Answer: Muslim engineers
Question: What did people in the Muslim world start using in the 700's?
Question: Who had watermills by the 1100's?
Question: What revolution impacted the medieval Islamic world?
Question: Who invented dams?
Question: How many Muslims are believed to live on earth?
Answer: 1,5 billion
Question: In how many nations are Muslims in the majority of people?
Answer: 49
Question: How many languages are spoken by Muslims?
Answer: hundreds
Question: What percentage of the world is made up of Muslim nations?
Question: How many countries are Muslims the minority in?
Question: What languages are spoken by all Muslims?
Question: Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant?
Answer: Sunni and Shia
Question: What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia?
Answer: how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam
Question: Who is believed, among Sunnis,  to be the political successor of the Prophet?
Answer: Abu Bakr
Question: Who was Abu Bakr?
Answer: father of the Prophet's favourite wife
Question: Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib?
Answer: husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah
Question: What are two fringe denominations of Islam?
Question: What denominations agree on how the faithful should be governed?
Question: What do the Sunni consider Ibn Abi Talib to the successor of?
Question: What type of sucessor do the Shia believe Abu Bakr was?
Question: In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?
Answer: 37%
Question: What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?
Answer: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Question: Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?
Answer: Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa
Question: What is over 97% across the Muslim world?
Question: Who reported that 97% of the Muslim world was iliterate?
Question: What did the Organization of Islamic Cooperation report in 2015?
Question: Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?
Answer: Higher Education Commission
Question: How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?
Answer: 5-fold increase
Question: How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?
Answer: 115
Question: What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?
Answer: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Question: Where is Zayed University?
Answer: United Arab Emirates
Question: When did Turkey establish the Higher Education Commission?
Question: What type of publication does Pakistan have a signifigant amount of?
Question: By how much has Iran increased its PhDs?
Question: By how much has Iran increased its number of research papers?
Question: What university has the United Arab Emirates established?
Question: What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?
Answer: decorative calligraphy
Question: What is the definition of haram?
Answer: forbidden
Question: Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?
Answer: mosque architecture
Question: Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?
Answer: secular architecture
Question: What either has a secular or religious style?
Question: What is the tomp an important expression of?
Question: Where is decrative calligraphy haram?
Question: Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?
Answer: such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry
Question: What do Muslims believe of the form of God?
Answer: God is incorporeal
Question: How many sura's in the Quran begin with "In the name of God?"
Answer: All but one
Question: What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?
Answer: prohibited
Question: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?
Answer: Jewish and some Christian theology
Question: Why are depictions of God discouraged in Islam?
Question: What does one of the Sura in the Quran begin with?
Question: What other religions do not have restrictions on depicting God?
Question: What prophet is often depicted in the Muslim World?
Question: What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?
Answer: arabesque
Question: Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?
Answer: pre-Islamic pagan religions
Question: Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?
Answer: people and animals
Question: In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?
Answer: kufic and naskh scripts
Question: What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?
Answer: to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God
Question: What type of depictions have been forbiden through out the iIslamic World?
Question: Who embraces the art of pre-Islamic cultures?
Question: What does depictional art represent about God?
Question: Who is known for minature depictions of God?
Question: What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?
Answer: ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns
Question: What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?
Answer: columns, piers and arches
Question: When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?
Answer: 691
Question: Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?
Answer: Dome of the Rock mosque
Question: When was the Taj Mahal constructed?
Answer: 17th century
Question: What first appeared in Muslim architecture in the 6th century?
Question: What mosque was built with a dome in the 6th century?
Question: What structure was built using domes in the 1700's?
Question: Where were Islamic domes used iin the 1900's?
Question: What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?
Answer: The Solar Hijri calendar
Question: What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?
Answer: SH
Question: What is the customary calendar of Iran?
Answer: the Shamsi Hijri calendar
Question: How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?
Answer: twelve months
Question: What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?
Answer: Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina
Question: What is the modern name for the Solar Hijri calander?
Question: What is the official calander of the Islamic world?
Question: What calander ends on the vernal equinox?
Question: What equinox does the calander end on?
Question: What prophets year of birth marks the first year of the calander?
Question: How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?
Answer: a small minority
Question: What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?
Answer: sexist and oppressive
Question: Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?
Answer: women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive
Question: In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?
Answer: the face
Question: Who are required to cover their bodies throughout the Muslim world?
Question: In what part of the world do Muslims find these restrictions oppressive and sexist?
Question: What do westerners believe the media pressures women to do?
Question: What type of covering is required of women when living in the West?
Question: What is Iran's land mass in square miles?
Answer: 636,372 sq mi
Question: How many people live in Iran?
Answer: 78.4 million
Question: What is the unofficial name for Iran?
Answer: Persia
Question: What is Iran's official country name?
Answer: the Islamic Republic of Iran
Question: What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC?
Answer: the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms
Question: When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?
Answer: 625 BC
Question: Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC?
Answer: Cyrus the Great
Question: When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse?
Answer: 330 BC
Question: Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?
Answer: Alexander the Great
Question: What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?
Answer: 633 AD
Question: What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?
Answer: 651 AD
Question: What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to? 
Answer: Sunni Islam
Question: Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?
Answer: Imperial Russia
Question: What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?
Answer: 1979 Revolution
Question: What city is Iran's capital?
Answer: Tehran
Question: What resource does Iran have the fourth largest supply of in the world?
Answer: proven oil reserves
Question: How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Iran have?
Answer: 19
Question: How does Iran effect the world economy and international energy markets?
Answer: through its large reserves of fossil fuels
Question: What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?
Answer: 3rd-century
Question: What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?
Answer: Parthian
Question: What Proto-Indo-European term means "skillful assembler?"
Answer: *ar-yo-
Question: What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?
Answer: Ērān
Question: What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?
Answer: the gentilic
Question: What has the West historically referred Iran as?
Answer: Persia
Question: When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?
Answer: the 9th century BC
Question: After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?
Answer: the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,
Question: What is Persis known as today?
Answer: Fars Province
Question: When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?
Answer: 1935
Question: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?
Answer: New York Times
Question: Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?
Answer: Professor Ehsan Yarshater
Question: Which name is officially used politically?
Answer: Iran
Question: How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?
Answer: the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC
Question: What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?
Answer: the Zagros region
Question: When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?
Answer: 10th to 8th millennium BC
Question: What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?
Answer: The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran
Question: What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran?
Answer: Susa
Question: How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?
Answer: the 4th millennium BC
Question: During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations?
Answer: Bronze Age
Question: Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent?
Answer: Elam
Question: Elam's writing system had paralleled Sumer's cuneiform since what era?
Answer: the 3rd millennium BC
Question: Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC?
Answer: the Assyrian Empire
Question: Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes, Babylon, Scythians, and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians?
Answer: king Cyaxares
Question: When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule?
Answer: between 616 BC and 605 BC
Question: How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran?
Answer: three centuries
Question: When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire?
Answer: 728 BC
Question: Who founded the Achaemenid Empire when the city states in Iran came together in unification?
Answer: Cyrus the Great
Question: When did Cyrus the Great found the Achaemenid Empire?
Answer: 550 BC
Question: Who triggered the Persian Revolt? 
Answer: the Median ruler Astyages
Question: What resulted from the Persian Revolt?
Answer: The conquest of Media
Question: What was the first world goverment the world had seen at the time it existed?
Answer: the Achaemenid Empire
Question: What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed?
Answer: the Achaemenid Empire
Question: What sea did the Achaemenid Empire control the majority of the coastal regions of?
Answer: the Black Sea
Question: The Achaemenid Empire expanded into what part of Asia?
Answer: Central Asia
Question: The Achaemenid Empire controlled all of the significant settlements of what ancient country during its greatest extent?
Answer: ancient Egypt
Question: The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation's histories during its existence?
Answer: the Greek city states
Question: How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC?
Answer: 50 million people
Question: The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word's population in 480BC?
Answer: 44% of the world's population
Question: What was the Achaemenid Empire's official language?
Answer: Imperial Aramaic
Question: What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC?
Answer: the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Question: Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC?
Answer: Alexander the Great
Question: Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great?
Answer: Darius III
Question: Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely?
Answer: the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire
Question: When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran?
Answer: In the middle of the 2nd century BC
Question: When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran?
Answer: 224 CE
Question: What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?
Answer: Byzantine-Sassanid Wars
Question: When did the Arabs invade Iran?
Answer: the 7th century
Question: Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?
Answer: Arab Rashidun Caliphate
Question: What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?
Answer: Jizya
Question: What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?
Answer: Academy of Gunde Shapur
Question: What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?
Answer: the Islamic Golden Age
Question: When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?
Answer: by the 10th and 11th centuries
Question: Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?
Answer: Iran
Question: Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?
Answer: scientific writing
Question: What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?
Answer: Turkic tribes
Question: Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?
Answer: Central Asia
Question: The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?
Answer: mamluks (slave-warriors)
Question: In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?
Answer: 999
Question: How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?
Answer: These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership
Question: Who established an Ilkhanate in Iran after the break up of the Mongol Empire in 1256?
Answer: Hulagu Khan
Question: Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year?
Answer: 1370
Question: How long did the Timurid empire last in Iran?
Answer: 156 years
Question: How many citizens were massacred in Isfahan by Timur in 1387?
Answer: 70,000 citizens
Question: The Ilkhans and Tumrids had what type of culture when ruling Iran?
Answer: a culture that was distinctively Iranian
Question: Who established the Safavid Dynasty?
Answer: Ismail I from Ardabil
Question: What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?
Answer: Tabriz
Question: Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch?
Answer: Shia Islam
Question: What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world?
Answer: Iran
Question: What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Question: Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign?
Answer: Abbas the Great
Question: When did the Safavid Empire peak?
Answer: 1587–1629
Question: Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722?
Answer: Pashtun rebels
Question: Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?
Answer: Soltan Hosein
Question: In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?
Answer: 1729
Question: Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?
Answer: Nader Shah
Question: Where was Nader Shan from?
Answer: Khorasan
Question: Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?
Answer: the Sassanid Empire
Question: Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?
Answer: Caucasian territories
Question: Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?
Answer: Karim Khan
Question: Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?
Answer: Aqa Mohammad Khan
Question: The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?
Answer: Battle of Krtsanisi
Question: The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?
Answer: the entire Caucasus
Question: Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?
Answer: Russo-Persian wars
Question: What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?
Answer: the 19th century Russo-Persian wars
Question: What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?
Answer: the Caucasus
Question: The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?
Answer: Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region
Question: What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?
Answer: the 19th century
Question: When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur?
Answer: Between 1872 and 1905
Question: What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales?
Answer: the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
Question: The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year?
Answer: in 1906
Question: The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?
Answer: in 1906
Question: The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?
Answer: official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities
Question: The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?
Answer: until 1911
Question: Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?
Answer: Mohammad Ali Shah
Question: In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?
Answer: restoring order
Question: The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?
Answer: 1921
Question: Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?
Answer: Ottoman armies
Question: When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran?
Answer: 1941
Question: Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?
Answer: his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Question: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2?
Answer: the Persian Corridor
Question: Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII?
Answer: the Soviet Union
Question: What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII?
Answer: the Iran crisis of 1946
Question: What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation?
Answer: 1973
Question: What caused inflation to Iran's economy during the oil price spike in 1973?
Answer: economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency
Question: Iran's inflation led to what in 1975-1976?
Answer: an economic recession
Question: Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s?
Answer: construction jobs
Question: Due to increased unemployment, who mainly opposed the Shah's regime?
Answer: millions of youth who had migrated to the cities
Question: The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?
Answer: 1979
Question: How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?
Answer: in a violent manner
Question: The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?
Answer: non-Islamist
Question: What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?
Answer: were executed
Question: When was the US Embassy in Iran seized?
Answer: November 4, 1979
Question: Who seized the US Embassy in Iran in 1979?
Answer: a group of students
Question: How many hostages were taken in the US Embassy seizure?
Answer: 52 personnel and citizens
Question: Who won the 1980 US Presidential Elections after President Carter's repeated failed attempts to resolve the US Iranian Embassy situation? 
Answer: Ronald Reagan
Question: ALl of the hostages were completely freed as the result of what treaty?
Answer: Algiers Accords
Question: When did the Iranian army push the Iraqis back into Iraq? 
Answer: mid 1982
Question: When did the Iran-Iraq War finally end?
Answer: 1988
Question: Who mediated the truce which ended the Iran-Iraq War?
Answer: the UN
Question: How many civilians in Iran were killed during the Iran-Iraq War?
Answer: 11,000–16,000
Question: What is the size of Iran?
Answer: 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)
Question: What latitudes does Iran lie between?
Answer: 24° and 40° N
Question: What longitudes does Iran lie between?
Answer: 44° and 64° E
Question: Where does Iran border the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman?
Answer: to the south
Question: What does Iran border with to its north?
Answer: the Caspian Sea
Question: What is Iran's highest mountain?
Answer: Mount Damavand
Question: How tall is Mount Damavand?
Answer: 5,610 m (18,406 ft)
Question: Mount Damavand is located in what range?
Answer: Alborz Mountains
Question: Iran's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is?
Answer: subtropical
Question: During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?
Answer: Summer
Question: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?
Answer: 680 mm (26.8 in)
Question: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's western plains?
Answer: 1,700 mm (66.9 in)
Question: According to Gary Lewis of the UN, what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran?
Answer: Water scarcity
Question: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, what are the average daily temperatures during winter?
Answer: below zero
Question: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer?  
Answer: 38 °C (100.4 °F)
Question: The eastern and central basins of Iran experience how much annual precipitation?
Answer: less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain
Question: What is the coastal plains of Iran's annual precipitation ranges?
Answer: 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in)
Question: How many species of Iranian wildlife are listed by the IUCN as endangered?
Answer: 74 species
Question: The Iranian Parliament lets who exploit mines without guidance from the Department of the Environment?
Answer: Ministry of Industries and Mines
Question: The Iranian Parliament does not demand environmental impact studies before approving what projects?
Answer: large national development projects
Question: The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife?
Answer: Department of Environment
Question: What is Shiraz' population by the 2011 Census?
Answer: 1.4 million
Question: Shiraz is the capital of what Province?
Answer: Fars Province
Question: What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province?
Answer: Babylonian civilization
Question: Persians have been in the Fars Province since what century?
Answer: 9th century BC
Question: The Iranina Islamic Republic is based on what document?
Answer: the 1979 Constitution
Question: What is the Leader of the Revolution also known as?
Answer: Supreme Leader
Question: Who is the Commander in Chief of the Iranian Army?
Answer: The Supreme Leader
Question: The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council?
Answer: six
Question: Who is responsible for electing and dismissing the Supreme Leader?
Answer: The Assembly of Experts
Question: In Iran, who has the final say in all matters directly related to the Supreme Leader?
Answer: the Supreme Leader
Question: Who exercises exective powers in Iran?
Answer: The President
Question: The Council of Ministers is appointed and supervised by who?
Answer: The President
Question: How many Vice-Presidents serve under the President in Iran?
Answer: Eight
Question: The legislature approves the 8 vice presidents and how many cabinet members?
Answer: twenty-two
Question: Who can veto Parliament?
Answer: The Guardian Council
Question: What Council acts as a mediator when there are disputes between the Parliament and the Guardian Council?
Answer: The Expediency Council
Question: How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages?
Answer: four-year terms
Question: Who is responsible for interpreting the Constitution?
Answer: The Guardian Council
Question: When crimes are committed by clerics, who handles the cases?
Answer: The Special Clerical Court
Question: The Special Clerical Court is accountable to only which body?
Answer: the Supreme Leader
Question: How often does the Assembly of Experts meet?
Answer: one week annually
Question: The Assembly of Experts has how many clerics?
Answer: 86
Question: Which body can remove the Supreme Leader at any time by constitutional right?
Answer: The Assembly of Experts
Question: Iran's nuclear program has caused discord within the international community since when?
Answer: Since 2005
Question: Which country did Iran's leadership was quoted as being a possible target of its atomic weapons?  
Answer: Israel
Question: Who imposed sanctions against Iran as a result of Iran's nuclear program?
Answer: UN Security Council
Question: When was it estimated by the US Director of National Intelligence that Iran would be able to develop a nuclear weapon?
Answer: 2013
Question: How many full-time members does the Basij have?
Answer: 90,000
Question: How many members in total does the Basij have? 
Answer: Up to 11 million men and women
Question: In 2007 what was Iran spending 2.6% of its GDP on?
Answer: military spending
Question: In 2014, Iran spent how much on weapons spending?
Answer: $15 billion
Question: What is Iran's most advanced missile?
Answer: The Fajr-3 (MIRV)
Question: Since when has Iran developed its domestic military infrastructure?
Answer: 1979 Revolution
Question: Why did Iran have to build its own military hardware, vehicles, and weapons after the 1979 Revolution?
Answer: foreign embargoes
Question: The Fajr-3 missile uses what type of propulsion system?
Answer: liquid fuel
Question: By 2007, Iran's crude oil exports resulted in how much of its foreign exchange currency?
Answer: $70 billion
Question: What is a main cause of Iran's constant budget deficits?
Answer: large-scale state subsidies
Question: In 2008, how much was Iran's state subsidy in its energy sector?
Answer: more than $84 billion
Question: What year did Iran pass an economic reform plan that would replace subsidies with targeted social assistance programs?
Answer: 2010
Question: How much of Iran's budget came from oil and natural gas reserves in 2006?
Answer: about 45%
Question: What is a main goal of Iran's market reform plans?
Answer: diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy
Question: What Iranian nationalized industry has been noncompetitive and managed badly? 
Answer: the bonyads
Question: What, along with a lack of competition, has held back Iran's nationalized industries?
Answer: lagging corruption in the public sector
Question: The Global COmpetitiveness Report in 2010 ranked Iran where out of 139 countries?
Answer: ranked 69
Question: How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in early 2012?
Answer: 16,000
Question: How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in April 2013?
Answer: 36,000
Question: What year did a nuclear and sanctions relief deal happen for Iran?
Answer: 2015
Question: What economic sanction against Iranian crude oil has adversely affected the Iranian economy?
Answer: embargo
Question: What would possibly prevent the even spread of relief benefits from Iran's nuclear and sanctions deal of 2015?
Answer: the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Question: What does Teheran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz have in common?
Answer: the most popular tourist destinations
Question: How many tourist visas were granted in 2003?
Answer: 300,000
Question: Which group made up the majority of granted tourist visas in 2003?
Answer: Asian Muslims
Question: In 2003, what was Iran's worldwide rank in tourism revenues?
Answer: ranked 68th
Question: What was Iran's rank in the top 10 Middle East destinations according to UNESCO?
Answer: rated 4th
Question: How much natural gas reserves does Iran have?
Answer: 33.6 trillion cubic metres
Question: What is Iran ranked in the world in proved gas reserves?
Answer: second largest
Question: How much oil reserves does Iran have?
Answer: 153,600,000,000 barrels
Question: Where does Iran rank in OPEC's top oil exporting nations?
Answer: 2nd largest
Question: How much did Iran spend in oil imports in 2005?
Answer: US$4 billion
Question: When did Iran open its first geothermal plants?
Answer: 2004
Question: How much did Iran's installed capacity of power increase to after it added new hydroelectric power in 2004?
Answer: 33,000 megawatts
Question: How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on natural gas? 
Answer: 75%
Question: How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on oil? 
Answer: 18%
Question: When did Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist, co-invent the first gas laser?
Answer: 1960
Question: Which Iranian cardiologist developed and invented the first artificial cardiac pump?
Answer: Tofy Mussivand
Question: Which Iranian scientist discovered HbA1c to further treatment and research of diabetes?
Answer: Samuel Rahbar
Question: In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first women ever and first Iranian to win what prestigious mathematics award? 
Answer: the Fields Medal
Question: What is Iran's presumed 2nd largest ethnic group?
Answer: Azerbaijanis
Question: Persians make up what percentage of Iran's population?
Answer: 53%
Question: Ethnic minorities such as Azerbaijanis make up what percentage of Iran's population?
Answer: 22%
Question: What percentage of Iran speaks any type of Iranian language?
Answer: 79%
Question: What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government?
Answer: Sunni branch
Question: Are the religious minorities in Iran - Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Sunnis - a part of the Iranian Parliament?
Answer: have reserved seats
Question: What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government?
Answer: the Bahá'í Faith
Question: How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?
Answer: since the 19th century
Question: Which religious minority since the 1979 Revolution has been persecuted and in some cases executed by the Iranian government?
Answer: the Bahá'í Faith
Question: What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art? 
Answer: the bas-reliefs of Persepolis
Question: How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to? 
Answer: c. 500 BC
Question: What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?
Answer: Persepolis
Question: In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?
Answer: the Sassanid Era
Question: What Iranian film festival in 1954 was the progenitor of future film festivals in 1969 and 1973?
Answer: the Golrizan Festival
Question: How many commercial films were produced yearly on average in the early 1960s in Iran?
Answer: 25 commercial films
Question: How many commercial films were produced yearly on average by the end of the 1960s in Iran?
Answer: 65
Question: What Iranian film festival was created in 1973?
Answer: Tehran World Festival
Question: Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution?
Answer: Khosrow Sinai
Question: What was the name of Sinai's film that ushered in Iran's new era of film after the 1979 Revolution?
Answer: Viva...
Question: Which Iranian director won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997?
Answer: Abbas Kiarostami
Question: What was the name of Kiarostami's film which won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997? 
Answer: Taste of Cherry
Question: What year did 6 different Iranian films of six different styles represent at the Berlin International Film Festival?
Answer: 2006
Question: What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?
Answer: around 40%
Question: What is Iran's most popular online social network?
Answer: Instagram
Question: What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram's users are from Iran? 
Answer: Over 80%
Question: What site is responsible for around 90% of Iran's online e-commerce?
Answer: Digikala
Question: Iranians usually eat what diet staple with lunch and dinner?
Answer: plain yogurt
Question: What delicacy is Iran famous for?
Answer: caviar
Question: Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures?
Answer: its variety of ethnic groups
Question: Iran has the highest population of what group in the world?
Answer: Azerbaijanis
Question: What is the percentage range of Iran's total population is seemingly comprised of Azerbaijanis?
Answer: between 21.6–30%
Question: What is the majority of organizational estimations of Azerbaijanis' percentage of Iran's population?
Answer: 25%
Question: What melon is Iran a Top 5 producer in the world in 2012?
Answer: watermelons
Question: How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12
Answer: apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons.
Question: What type of materials is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
Answer: construction materials
Question: What type of appliances is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
Answer: home appliances
Question: What type of chemicals is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?
Answer: petrochemicals
Question: The Achaemind Empire along with what other group became the foundation for the art in later Iranian history?
Answer: The Median
Question: A blend of Iranian and what other type of artwork were the Parthians' art comprised of?
Answer: Hellenistic
Question: What Iranian art played a major role in the formation of medieval art from Europe and Asia?
Answer: Sassanid art
Question: The Sassanid became a cornerstone of what type of learning?
Answer: Islamic learning
Question: What is two islands that are part of the British Isles?
Answer: Great Britain, Ireland
Question: Where are the British Isles located?
Answer: North Atlantic,
Question: How many people live in the British Isles?
Answer: just under 70 million
Question: What is one of the three Crown Dependencies of the British Isles?
Answer: Isle of Man
Question: Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located?
Answer: in the Channel Islands
Question: What are the only teo islands belonging to the British Isles
Question: What countries border the ATlantic Ocean?
Question: Which Island has just under 70 million people?
Question: What group of Islands has just over 70 million people?
Question: What archipelago are the Bailicick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey part of?
Question: The British Isles are a group of islands located off the southwestern coast of which continent?
Question: The British Isles consist of over 9,000 small islands, Great Britain and which other country?
Question: With a total population of just over 75 million, what is the total area of the islands?
Question: The Channel Islands are a group of islands located off the northwestern coast of which continent?
Question: The Bailiwick of Jersey has a total area of 31,5,159 km squared and a total population of how many?
Question: What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland?
Answer: 2,700 million years old
Question: What is the elevation of Ben Nevis?
Answer: 1,344 metres (4,409 ft
Question: What type of climate does this area have?
Answer: temperate marine
Question: Around 12,000 BC, Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent?
Answer: European continent.
Question: When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited?
Answer: after 8000 BC
Question: what is the age of the oldest rocks in Europe?
Question: How far below sea level is Ben Nevis?
Question: What is the largest lake in Europe?
Question: What continent is Great Britian a peninsula of?
Question: What Island was inhabited in 12,000 B.C.
Question: The oldest rocks are 1,500 years old and located where?
Question: Located in the North Atlantic, how old are the oldest rocks?
Question: By 4600 BC, Great Britain was established as what?
Question: Lough Neagh reaches an elevation of 390 metres and Ben Nevis covers how many square miles?
Question: Ireland became an old reock in 12,000 BC but wasn't inhabited until when?