huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Where was an Executive MBA program established by Washington University in 2002?
Answer: Shanghai
Question: When was John M. Olin born?
Question: In what year was Fudan University established?
Question: In what field was John M. Olin an entrepreneur in?
Question: In what year did the Olin Business School start offering its MS in Finance degree?
Question: In what year did John M. Olin die?
Question: How many alumni does Olin Business School have worldwide?
Answer: more than 16,000 alumni
Question: What is the amount of Olin Business School's endowment as of 2004?
Answer: $213 million
Question: When was Simon Hall opened?
Answer: 1986
Question: Who provided the donation that enabled the opening  Simon Hall?
Answer: John E. Simon
Question: When were Knight and Bauer Halls dedicated?
Answer: May 2, 2014
Question: How much money did John E. Simon donate?
Question: In what year was the Bauer Foundation established?
Question: How much did Simon Hall cost to build?
Question: How much did the Knight Hall cost to build?
Question: How much did the Bauer Hall cost to build?
Question: How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University?
Answer: eight
Question: What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University? 
Answer: full-time or part-time
Question: Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?
Answer: Mahendra R. Gupta
Question: What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University?
Answer: 40–60%
Question: What university did Mahendra R. Gupta graduate from?
Question: How many types of MBA's does Washington University offer?
Question: How can undergraduate students attend BSBA?
Question: What percentage of an MBA students courses are at the business school?
Question: With what schools does the Washington University School of Law offer joint-degree programs? 
Answer: Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work
Question: What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law?
Answer: LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers
Question: How many semesters of courses are offered by Washington University School of Law?
Answer: 3 semesters
Question: How many hours of coursework are required to obtain a JD at the Washington University School of Law?
Answer: 85 hours
Question: During what seasons are courses offered at the Washington University School of Law?
Answer: Spring, Summer, and Fall
Question: What school does someone need to attend to get a LLM in Taxation?
Question: How many semesters does it take to complete a LLM in Taxation?
Question: What school does a student need to attend to get a Master of Juridicial Studies?
Question: How many semesters does it take to earn a LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law?
Question: What is one of the schools a Juris Scientiae Doctoris attends?
Question: Where is the Washington University School of Law ranked in the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools?
Answer: 18th
Question: Where do students in the Washington University School of Law place among test takers on average?
Answer: 96th percentile
Question: When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the  Washington University School of Law begin?
Answer: August
Question: What building provides the location of the Washington University School of Law?
Answer: Anheuser-Busch Hall
Question: Where does the Washington University School of Law rank among "25 Most Wired Law Schools"?
Answer: 4th
Question: In 2015 what graduate school was ranked best by US News & World Report?
Question: What university was ranked as the 1st among the "25 Most Wired Law Schools"?
Question: In what year did National Jurist ranked Washington University among the "25 most Wired Law Schools"?
Question: In what year was the Clinical Education Program established?
Question: In what year was the Clinical Education Program ranked 4th in the nation?
Question: Where does the Washington University School of Medicine rank in student selectivity?
Answer: first
Question: Who is the director of the Genome Center at Washington University?
Answer: Richard K. Wilson
Question: How much of a contribution did the Genome Center at Washington University make in sequencing the Human Genome Project?
Answer: 25%
Question: What hospitals partner with the Washington University School of Medicine?
Answer: St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital
Question: Who directs the Washington University School of Medicine?
Question: In what year did the Washington University School of Medicine partner with St. Louis Children's Hospital?
Question: In what year did the Washington University School of Medicine partner with Barnes-Jewish Hospital?
Question: In what year was St. Louis Children's Hospital founded?
Question: In what year was Barnes-Jewish Hospital founded?
Question: By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?
Answer: Brown School or Brown
Question: What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?
Answer: Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences
Question: What roles was George Warren Brown known?
Answer: St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company
Question: What facilities house the  George Warren Brown School of Social Work?
Answer: Brown and Goldfarb Halls
Question: In what year was the  Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health established?
Question: In what year did Brown start offering a Master of Social Work?
Question: In what year did George Warren Brown die?
Question: In what year was Goldfarb Hall built?
Question: How large is Brown Hall?
Question: Who is the Brown School's current Dean? 
Answer: Edward F. Lawlor
Question: How many research centers are housed by the Brown School? 
Answer: 12 research centers.
Question: What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection?
Answer: children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management.
Question: To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe?
Answer: over 450 academic journals
Question: What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars?
Answer: social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development
Question: How many academic journal subscriptions does the Brown School Library have for mental health issues?
Question: How many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars work for Brown?
Question: How many academic journal subscriptions does the Brown School Library have for gerontology?
Question: How many of the facility have trained in both social work and public health?
Question: How many academic journal subscriptions does the Brown School Library have for family therapy?
Question: When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established?
Answer: 1881
Question: From what centuries does  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections?
Answer: 19th, 20th, and 21st century
Question: When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations? 
Answer: 2006
Question: Who designed the new location of  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum?
Answer: Fumihiko Maki
Question: What facility was Fumihiko Maki's first commission?
Answer: Steinberg Hall
Question: What is the oldest teaching museum in the country?
Question: In what year was George Caleb Bingham born?
Question: In what year was the Newman Money Museum established?
Question: How big is the Kemper Art Museum?
Question: Who designed the Newman Money Museum?
Question: What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?
Answer: 60%
Question: How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University?
Answer: one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation
Question: Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?
Answer: the Danforth Campus
Question: What percentage of faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research?
Question: Where is the Center for Measuring University Performance located?
Question: What is considered the top 10 private research university in the nation?
Question: What university is known for interdisciplinarity and departmental noncooperation?
Question: How much money in financial support did Washington University receive in 2007?
Answer: $537.5 million
Question: How many inventions does Washington University have funded by the National Institute of health?  
Answer: 150
Question: What percentage of NH grants in Missouri went to Washington University? 
Answer: 80%
Question: What percentage of the sequencing did the Washington University Medical School contribute to the Human Genome Project?
Answer: 25%
Question: What  are some organisms for which  the Genome Sequencing Center at  Washington University Medical provided genome decoding?
Answer: platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn
Question: How much money did Washington University receive in fiscal year 2006 for total research support?
Question: How much in federal obligations was spent in total research support in fiscal year 2007?
Question: In what year was the Human Genome Project started?
Question: What percentage of plants have had their genome sequenced?
Question: What percentage of animals have had their genome sequenced?
Question: How are most student organizations at Washington University funded?
Answer: by the Washington University Student Union
Question: What is the amount of the Washington University Student Union annual budget?
Answer: $2 million
Question: How many fraternities are located at Washington University?
Answer: 11
Question: What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University?
Answer: 35%
Question: What percentage of undergraduate student organizations are funded by the Washington University Student Union?
Question: How much does the Washington University radio program take to run per year?
Question: In what year did the radio station KWUR first air?
Question: How much does it cost to run the Congress of the South 40 annually?
Question: How many weekly lecture series are there on the Washington University campus each year?
Question: What is the name of the oldest a cappella group at Washington University?
Answer: The Pikers
Question: What is the oldest female a cappella group at Washington University?
Answer: The Greenleafs
Question: When was the oldest co-ed  a cappella group at Washington University founded?
Answer: 1991
Question: When did the group After Dark perform MSNBC?
Answer: 2008
Question: How many member are there in The Pikers a cappella group?
Question: In what year were the Greenleafs founded?
Question: How many albums have The Pikers produced?
Question: Which university did Nobel Laureate Douglass North graduate from?
Question: How many albums have The Greenleafs produced?
Question: What percent of undergraduate students live on campus at Washington University?
Answer: Over 50%
Question: Where are most residence halls located at Washington University?
Answer: the South 40,
Question: How did the South 40 get its name?
Answer: because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres
Question: Where are all freshman residence buildings at Washington University located?
Answer: the South 40
Question: What is the gender make-up of the residence halls at Washington University?
Answer: co-ed
Question: What percentage of the residence halls are located on the South 40?
Question: How large is the Danforth Campus?
Question: Besides the South 40 where else are upperclassman buildings at?
Question: What type of environment is the Danforth Campus?
Question: How many student owned businesses are there in the South 40?
Question: Where is the Village located at Washington University?
Answer: the northwest corner of Danforth Campus
Question: What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?
Answer: upperclassmen and January Scholars
Question: How many students are composed in Blocs?
Answer: groups of 4 to 24
Question: What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?
Answer: Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments
Question: How are students grouped in BLOCS at  the Village residences?
Answer: students who have similar interests or academic goals
Question: Which North Side structure is closest to the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity house?
Question: What is to the northeast of Washington University?
Question: How many sororities are there at Washington University?
Question: How many fraternities are there at Washington University?
Question: How many January Scholars are there typically at Washington University?
Question: What is the official student radio station at Washington University?
Answer: KWUR (90.3 FM)
Question: What is the name of Washington University's political publication?
Answer: Washington University Political Review
Question: What is Washington University's closed circuit television network? 
Answer: WUTV
Question: What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?
Answer: The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine
Question: How many student-run political publications are there at Washington University?
Question: How often do Washington University undergraduates publish their literary and art journals?
Question: What has the surrounding community called the content of Student Life?
Question: How often are in-house academic journals published typically?
Question: How often are glossy alumni magazines sent out to former students?
Question: At what division level does the Washington University sports teams compete?
Answer: Division III
Question: How many NCAA division championships have the Washington University sports teams won?
Answer: 19
Question: In what years did the Washington University men's basketball teams win division championships?
Answer: 2008, 2009
Question: Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department?
Answer: John Schael
Question: When did Washington University become part of the University Athletic Association?
Question: How many women's tennis NCAA Division III championships have they won?
Question: How many men's cross country NCAA Division III championships have they won?
Question: What sport did John Schael play when he was in college?
Question: how many men's volleyball NCAA Division III championships have they won?
Question: What does FBI stand for?
Answer: Federal Bureau of Investigation
Question: What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?
Answer: CIA
Question: Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?
Answer: The Executive Director
Question: What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?
Answer: The Associate Director of military affairs
Question: What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?
Answer: providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities
Question: Who produces all source intelligence investigations?
Answer: The Directorate of Analysis
Question: How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?
Answer: four
Question: How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?
Answer: six
Question: The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?
Answer: Iraq
Question: How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?
Answer: three
Question: What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?
Answer: The Directorate of Operations
Question: What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?
Answer: to end years of rivalry
Question: What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?
Answer: the Defense Clandestine Service
Question: What does DIA stand for?
Answer: Defense Intelligence Agency
Question: What is DOD short for?
Answer: Department of Defense
Question: What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?
Answer: the Office of Training and Education
Question: What event decreased the CIA's training budget?
Answer: the Cold War
Question: Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?
Answer: George Tenet
Question: How many annual courses does the CIA University have?
Answer: between 200 and 300
Question: Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?
Answer: the Director of Central Intelligence
Question: How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?
Answer: $52.6 billion
Question: What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?
Answer: $2.3 billion
Question: What two major things does the CIA's "Covert action programs" include?
Answer: drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities
Question: Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?
Answer: Mary Margaret Graham
Question: What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?
Answer: Congress
Question: What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?
Answer: the Marshall Plan
Question: What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?
Answer: 5%
Question: What does ASIS stand for?
Answer: Australian Secret Intelligence Service
Question: What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?
Answer: Mossad
Question: What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?
Answer: DGSE
Question: What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?
Answer: RAW
Question: Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?
Answer: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom
Question: What does NOFORN stand for?
Answer: No Foreign Nationals
Question: What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?
Answer: USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes
Question: Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?
Answer: British
Question: What does OSS stand for?
Answer: Office of Strategic Services
Question: Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?
Answer: Harry S. Truman
Question: In what year was the OSS dissolved?
Answer: 1945
Question: Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?
Answer: National Security Act
Question: What program handled "essential aliens" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?
Answer: PL-110
Question: Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?
Answer: Central Intelligence Agency Act
Question: Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?
Answer: Walter Bedell Smith
Question: Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?
Answer: the Office of Reports and Estimates
Question: What president announced the new CIA director?
Answer: Truman
Question: Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?
Answer: Truman
Question: What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?
Answer: military intelligence and covert action
Question: What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?
Answer: create global political change favorable to the US
Question: What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?
Answer: the Soviet Union
Question: What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget?
Answer: $15 million
Question: Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on?
Answer: the Soviet forces
Question: What does ORE stand for?
Answer: Office of Reports and Estimates
Question: Directive 10/2 called for actions against who?
Answer: the USSR
Question: Who was the head of the OPC?
Answer: Frank Wisner
Question: Most CIA stations had how many chiefs?
Answer: two
Question: How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?
Answer: 300,000
Question: Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?
Answer: Kim Philby
Question: Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?
Answer: Bill Weisband
Question: What type of feeling is pain?
Answer: distressing
Question: Why has defining pain been a challenge?
Answer: complex, subjective phenomenon
Question: What organization's definition is widely used?
Answer: The International Association for the Study of Pain
Question: In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?
Answer: a symptom
Question: What definition does the International Association for the Pain Study use for pain?
Question: What is pain in complex diagnosis?
Question: What is the National Association  for the Study of Pain's definition for pain?
Question: What is an intense phenomenon?
Question: What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?
Answer: Pain
Question: How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?
Answer: interfere
Question: Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?
Answer: Psychological
Question: What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?
Answer: end their lives
Question: What is a developed symptom in most medical conditions?
Question: What are social suggestion, hypnotic excitement and distraction?
Question: What has been used in argument for patient-assisted suicide?
Question: What is the most common reason for physician euthanasia?
Question: What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain?
Answer: 1994
Question: How many classes of pain does the IASP system note?
Answer: 5
Question: Who has criticized the IASP's system?
Answer: Clifford J. Woolf and others
Question: What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for?
Answer: guiding research and treatment
Question: How many classes of research does Woolf encourage?
Answer: three
Question: What did the ISAP do in 1949?
Question: How many classes of pain does J. Woolf Clifford suggest?
Question: What is the definition of pathological dysfunction?
Question: What system did Woolf J. Clifford criticize?
Question: What was needed in 1949?
Question: How long does pain tend to last?
Answer: only until the noxious stimulus is removed
Question: What is pain which resolves quickly called?
Answer: acute
Question: What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?
Answer: interval of time from onset
Question: What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?
Answer: cancer pain
Question: What types of transitory pain persist for years?
Question: What is acute pain lasting a long time called?
Question: How many months does acute pain last?
Question: What is a popular definition that used an arbitrarily fixed duration of time?
Question: Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?
Answer: Nociceptive
Question: How is nociceptive pain classified?
Answer: according to the mode of noxious stimulation
Question: The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges?
Answer: heat or cold
Question: Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?
Answer: mechanical
Question: What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli?
Answer: polymodal
Question: What type of pain is caused by stimulation of fiber?
Question: What are the common categories of modalities pain?
Question: What does mechanical pain refer to along with cold?
Question: What type of of pain is visceral a division of?
Answer: Nociceptive
Question: What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?
Answer: Visceral
Question: What can visceral pain be accompanied by?
Answer: nausea and vomiting
Question: Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?
Answer: Deep somatic
Question: What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?
Answer: Superficial
Question: What categories is visceral pain divided into?
Question: What is deep visceral pain initiated by?
Question: What are some examples of deep visceral pain?
Question: What is superficial somatic pain initiated by?
Question: What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?
Answer: nearly 82%
Question: What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?
Answer: 54%
Question: After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs?
Answer: 65 percent
Question: What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period?
Answer: become sensitized
Question: What may accompany urination for amputees? 
Answer: phantom limb pain
Question: What do 54% of upper limb amputees experience?
Question: What do 82% of lower limb amputees experience?
Question: What did 72% of patients experience six days after amputation?
Question: What did 65% of patients report eight months after amputation?
Question: What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?
Answer: may relieve pain
Question: How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?
Answer: permanently
Question: What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain?
Answer: hypertonic saline
Question: Vibrating the stump of an amputee's limb can produce what in some patients?
Answer: relief
Question: What happens when an injection is placed into nerves?
Question: Where is anesthetic saline injected?
Question: What does vigorous stimulation provide?
Question: What does electrical vibration provide?
Question: What can cause paraplegia?
Answer: serious spinal cord damage,
Question: What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?
Answer: burning or tingling
Question: The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?
Answer: phantom body
Question: What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?
Answer: Surgical
Question: What is the loss of voluntary sensation?
Question: How is phantom spinal pain initially described?
Question: What treatment provides lasting relief?
Question: When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?
Answer: psychological disturbance
Question: What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as?
Answer: neurotic
Question: Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what?
Answer: chronic pain
Question: If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy, what does a person's neurotic triad score do?
Answer: fall
Question: What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved?
Answer: Self-esteem
Question: What do people with long-term psychological disturbance display?
Question: What are the scales of the Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory?
Question: What is the triad neurotic?
Question: What is acute pain said to cause?
Question: What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management?
Answer: Breakthrough
Question: How do cancer patients usually control their background pain?
Answer: medications
Question: Who is breakthrough pain common among?
Answer: cancer patients
Question: What class of medication is fentanyl an example of?
Answer: opioids
Question: What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods?
Answer: Management
Question: What is acute transitory pain also known as?
Question: What does management of acute transitory pain entail?
Question: How does acute transitory pain come on?
Question: IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?
Answer: unpleasantness
Question: What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness?
Answer: a state described as intense pain
Question: Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?
Answer: morphine
Question: How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?
Answer: little, or not at all
Question: What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with?
Answer: Indifference
Question: What is an essential part of the AISP definition of pain?
Question: What is the result of psychosurgery injection?
Question: What is present from birth?
Question: An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what?
Answer: pain
Question: What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system?
Answer: congenital insensitivity to pain
Question: What happens to children with congenital insensitivity to pain?
Answer: repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles
Question: What is the life expectancy for people who can't feel pain?
Answer: reduced
Question: What gene is responsible for coding for a sodium channel necessary for conducting pain nerve stimuli?
Answer: SCN9A
Question: What is an insensitivity to congenital pain?
Question: What do most people with congenital insensitivity to pain have five of?
Question: What is congenital dysautonomia a type of?
Question: What has been linked to mutations of the SCA9N gene?
Question: What does the SCA9N gene do?
Question: When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?
Answer: 1644
Question: What did Descartes think pain was?
Answer: a disturbance
Question: What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?
Answer: Specificity
Question: What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?
Answer: emotional
Question: Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?
Answer: psychologists
Question: Who theorized about pain in 1464?
Question: What did Descartes Rene theorize about pain?
Question: Who prefigured the 18th-century development of specificity theory?
Question: How was specificity regarded by the mid-1980s?
Question: What did Henry von Frey and Max Head make?
Question: Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?
Answer: John Paul Nafe
Question: What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?
Answer: identical
Question: What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?
Answer: nerve fibers
Question: Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?
Answer: superseded by more modern theories of pain
Question: What did DC Sinclair develop in 1934?
Question: What did DC Weddell and G Sinclair develop?
Question: What is the 1934 peripheral pattern theory based on?
Question: What article was introduced in 1956?
Question: What did Ronald Wall and Patrick Melzack introduce?
Question: How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?
Answer: three
Question: The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge?
Answer: urge to escape the unpleasantness
Question: What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain?
Answer: cognitive activities
Question: War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain?
Answer: dimensions
Question: What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards?
Answer: action
Question: Who described pain in 1986?
Question: How many dimensions did Ronald Casey and Kenneth Melzack describe pain in?
Question: How many dimensions of pain are described by Ronald Casey and Kenneth Melzack?
Question: How does Ronald Casey's paper end?
Question: What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?
Answer: pain
Question: What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?
Answer: noxious and non-noxious
Question: What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to?
Answer: noxious, high intensity
Question: What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber?
Answer: currents
Question: How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified?
Answer: Dozens
Question: Who came up with the intensive theory in 1784?
Question: What did Wilhelm Erb come up with in 1784?
Question: What is Erb Wilhelm's intensive theory?
Question: What happened to Erb Wilhelm's theory?
Question: How many different types of nociceptor chemical channels have been identified?
Question: How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?
Answer: along an A-delta or C fiber
Question: Which fiber is thicker?
Answer: A-delta
Question: What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?
Answer: myelin
Question: What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?
Answer: sharp and is felt first
Question: How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?
Answer: via Lissauer's tract
Question: What travels along a C-delta or A fiber?
Question: What is the name for an insulating material?
Question: What is evoked by the faster C deltas?
Question: What do A fibers carry?
Question: Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?
Answer: thalamus
Question: What are dynamic range neurons?
Answer: spinal cord fibers
Question: Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to? 
Answer: the insular cortex
Question: Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices? 
Answer: somatosensory
Question: Where do pain signals travel up to from the thalamus?
Question: What are dynamic wide range neurons?
Question: What signals do the A-delta fibers carry?
Question: What does the cingulate cortex anterior embody?
Question: Whose 1986 picture of pain is influential today?
Question: Who wrote "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution"?
Answer: Richard Dawkins
Question: What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?
Answer: drives
Question: What would be the most fit creature?
Answer: one whose pains are well balanced
Question: What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?
Answer: risk
Question: What type of designer is natural selection?
Answer: poor
Question: What book did Dawkins Richard write?
Question: What profession does Dawkins Richard hold?
Question: What is red flag supernatural stimuli?
Question: Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?
Answer: sex
Question: What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?
Answer: Europeans
Question: What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?
Answer: Italian
Question: What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal?
Answer: pain perception
Question: Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what?
Answer: pain thresholds
Question: What are pain thresholds and tolerance perception associated with?
Question: Who do Native American women tolerate less intense electric shock than?
Question: Who do Italian woman report more painful radiant heat intensities than?
Question: What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate? 
Answer: severity
Question: What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968?
Answer: definition of pain
Question: What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on?
Answer: 0 to 10
Question: What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?
Answer: which words best describe their pain
Question: What is a person's health care report?
Question: Who defined pain in 1986?
Question: What is the definition Margo McCaffery gave for pain in 1986?
Question: What is the number range on the McCaffery Pain scale?
Question: What is MPI an abbreviation for?
Answer: Multidimensional Pain Inventory
Question: How many classes of chronic pain patients are there?
Answer: three
Question: What do dysfunctional people perceive the severity of their pain to be?
Answer: high
Question: What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others aren't supportive of?
Answer: their pain problems
Question: What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions?
Answer: their IASP five-category pain profile
Question: What is the MIP?
Question: What does MIP stand for?
Question: How many classes of chronic pain patient did Turk and Rudy find in 1898?
Question: What is the definition of a dysfunctional pain patient according to the 1898 results of Turk and Rudy?
Question: What is the definition of adaptive copers according to the 1898 results by Turk and Rudy?
Question: What can be monitored as pain indicators?
Answer: specific behaviors
Question: Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what?
Answer: pain
Question: What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit?
Answer: withdrawn
Question: How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists?
Answer: signal
Question: When does grimacing become critical?
Question: In what patients does a decrease in confusion signal pain?
Question: What is an increased range of motion a sign of?
Question: What can a change in baseline that deviates from the condition be a sign of?
Question: What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?
Answer: dimensions
Question: What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would?
Answer: pain
Question: Aging adult's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what?
Answer: illness
Question: Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?
Answer: because it hurts too much
Question: An older adult may also not report pain because they're scared they may be put on what?
Answer: a drug
Question: How many dimensions does the cultural experience of pain have?
Question: What are examples of sociocharacteristics?
Question: What condition may cause an older adult to report they are in pain?
Question: What are reasons a younger adult might refrain from reporting pain?
Question: What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they're in pain?
Answer: Cultural
Question: How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain?
Answer: prevent the individual from seeking help
Question: Some people may not report pain because they think it's a sign what is near?
Answer: death
Question: What do many people fear pain treatment will lead to?
Answer: potentially addicting drugs
Question: What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians?
Answer: do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain
Question: What can cultural beliefs keep a person from doing?
Question: What can religious barriers prevent?
Question: What race feels they should report pain right away to not lose respect in society?
Question: What do stoic women do about pain?
Question: What are men expected to show while being emotional?
Question: What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?
Answer: a human right
Question: What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?
Answer: a disease
Question: What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?
Answer: China and Australia
Question: What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?
Answer: subspecialty
Question: As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?
Answer: tens of millions
Question: What does the International Association for Pain Study advocate for?
Question: What does the International Association for Pain Study believe about chronic pain?
Question: What does the International Association for Pain Study believe about pain medicine?
Question: What did Human Rights Watch do in 2101?
Question: What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?
Answer: Sugar
Question: What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?
Answer: heart rate
Question: Sugar also doesn't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure?
Answer: pain-related
Question: A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what?
Answer: crying
Question: What reduces the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing painful procedures?
Question: What reduces the duration of crying in children between one and twelve years of age?
Question: What does sugar moderate the effect of pain on?
Question: Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children?
Answer: controlling
Question: How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain?
Answer: 13
Question: What did the studies regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis lack?
Answer: credible controls for placebo and/or expectation
Question: What is considerable more research needed to determine for different chronic pain conditions?
Answer: effects of hypnosis
Question: What did a 2013 review of 7 studies find?
Question: What did meta-analyses find to be effective in controlling surgical procedures?
Question: What was found about the number of participants in 7 studies?
Question: What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?
Answer: little difference in the effect
Question: Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?
Answer: benefit
Question: What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?
Answer: herbal
Question: Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?
Answer: vitamin D
Question: What did a January 2013 study find?
Question: What was the treatment method of the 9 studies published in 2013?
Question: What is the other interest in the relationship with vitamins?
Question: Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?
Answer: deliberate infliction
Question: What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?
Answer: an offence
Question: How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable?
Answer: deter
Question: What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?
Answer: extreme
Question: What is animal rights in relation to various issues?
Question: What important political issues relate to infliction of pain?
Question: What reasons are given for pain?
Question: What cultural practices are highly regarded as torture?
Question: What is the most reliable method of learning about pain in a human?
Answer: asking a question
Question: What can't animals answer?
Answer: whether they feel pain
Question: What did Descartes argue animals lack?
Answer: consciousness
Question: What university is Bernard Rollin associated with?
Answer: Colorado State University
Question: Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering?
Answer: unclear
Question: What is the word "infants" mean in Latin?
Question: What did Rene Rollin argue about animals and pain?
Question: What was Bernard Descartes' opinion on animals and pain?
Question: What did Rene Carbone write about animals and pain?
Question: How clear is the ability of vertebrae species to feel pain?
Question: What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?
Answer: presence
Question: An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?
Answer: pain
Question: Who do specialists believe can feel pain?
Answer: vertebrates
Question: No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain?
Answer: plants
Question: What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack?
Answer: nociceptors
Question: What can be known for certain in animals?
Question: What do specialists say all invertebrates can feel?
Question: What does a fruit fly not have?
Question: What is the purpose of a DBMS?
Answer: to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases
Question: How are DBMSs classified?
Answer: according to the database model that they support
Question: What is the most popular DBMS?
Answer: SQL language
Question: What does DBMS stand against?
Question: What is a DBMS designed to avoid?
Question: What is generally portable across different DBMSs?
Question: What is the least popular DBMS?
Question: When did popular database systems stop releasing updates?
Question: How is data accessed?
Answer: by a "database management system" (DBMS)
Question: A DBMS consists of what?
Answer: an integrated set of computer software
Question: How much data can a DBMS store?
Answer: large quantities
Question: What does a database refer to informally?
Question: What requires a user to use more than one database?
Question: What allows the entry, storage and retrieval of only small quantities of information?
Question: How much data is typically lost by a DBMS?
Question: What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?
Answer: RAID
Question: How can large quantities of data be accessed?
Answer: Hardware database accelerators
Question: What is required for a modern DBMS to function?
Answer: standard operating system
Question: What is used to destroy data if disks suffer a failure?
Question: How can no quantities of data be accessed?
Question: What do most database applications not integrate?
Question: What is required for a broken DBMS to function?
Question: What are non-dedicated computers that hold databases called?
Question: How long can it take to create a DBMS?
Answer: thousands of human years
Question: Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s.
Answer: Adabas, Oracle and DB2
Question: How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?
Answer: spread over a large number of users
Question: Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS.
Answer: an email system
Question: How long can it take to search for a DBMS?
Question: What are three DBMSs that have been used during the 1960s?
Question: How is the cost to remove a DBMS distributed?
Question: What is always the optimal solution to manage databases?
Question: How do administrators work with the DBMS?
Answer: through dedicated interfaces
Question: What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS?
Answer: wire protocol
Question: How are no databases accessed?
Question: How do administrators no longer work with the DBMS?
Question: What is a way for programmers to avoid DBMS?
Question: Who is not typically allowed to interact with a DBMS?
Question: Who needs less knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate?
Question: Who created the relational model of DBMS?
Answer: Edgar F. Codd
Question: Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?
Answer: by content
Question: In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?
Answer: 1980s
Question: What type of system in still prominent to this day?
Answer: relational systems
Question: What database language is the most prominent?
Answer: SQL
Question: Who was falsely misrepresented as having created the relational model of DBMS?
Question: How was information lost in a relational model?
Question: What decade did computer hardware lose the ability to handle a relational system?
Question: What type of system in rarely seen to this day?
Question: What database language is now outlawed?
Question: When were DBMSs first used commercially?
Answer: mid-1960s
Question: What group discovered COBOL?
Answer: Database Task Group
Question: What was the standard protocol called?
Answer: CODASYL approach
Question: When was the standard protocol completed?
Answer: 1971
Question: When were DBMSs last used commercially?
Question: What group destroyed COBOL?
Question: Why was COBOL removed?
Question: When was the standard taken away?
Question: What was the name of the incomplete standard?
Question: What was the DBMS created by IBM called?
Answer: Information Management System (IMS)
Question: What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?
Answer: the Apollo program
Question: What is the classification of IMS?
Answer: hierarchical database
Question: What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?
Answer: The Programmer as Navigator
Question: What was the DBMS designed for IBM by a third-party called?
Question: What was irrelevant to the IBM DBMS?
Question: What is the classification of IMS not considered?
Question: What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1972?
Question: When did IBM lose their own DBMS?
Question: How is data accessed in a table?
Answer: A linked-list system
Question: What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?
Answer: relational
Question: What system assists a user in seeing a table?
Answer: DBMS
Question: Who proposed using a table to remove data?
Question: How is data lost in a table?
Question: What model couldn't solve the problem of databases where information was missing?