huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What did CD-DA stand for?
Question: Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?
Answer: David Bowie
Question: What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?
Answer: 1985
Question: How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?
Answer: 400 million
Question: How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
Answer: 15
Question: What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?
Answer: 1990
Question: What year was the 73rd AES Convention?
Answer: 1983
Question: What was the CDs predecessor?
Answer: gramophone record
Question: When was the gramophone released?
Question: What was the problem with recordable CDs?
Question: When was the DVD first released?
Question: Who created the DVD and Blu-ray discs?
Question: Who created the gramophone?
Question: What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?
Answer: 34 percent
Question: Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?
Answer: Japan
Question: How are MP3s compressed?
Answer: lossily-compressed
Question: When did CD sales experience their original decline?
Answer: 2000s
Question: What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
Answer: Internet-based distribution of files
Question: In what year did CDs have an unusual spike in sales?
Question: What percentage of music sales do MP3s make up?
Question: How are CDs compressed?
Question: By what percentage have DIY and independent CDs increased?
Question: When did MP3 sales take off in Japan?
Question: What type of material is used to make CDs?
Answer: raw polycarbonate plastic
Question: What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?
Answer: 15 mm
Question: How long does it take to stamp out one CD?
Answer: two to three seconds
Question: What is the term for the center hole in a CD?
Answer: stacking ring
Question: How large is the screw that forces the plastic into the cavity?
Question: How long does it take the plastic to cool?
Question: What is the robotic arm called?
Question: What is a hydraulic press made out of?
Question: What closes the mold?
Question: What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?
Answer: usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal
Question: What type of light is used to cure CDs?
Answer: UV
Question: What is a glass master?
Answer: positive image of the desired CD surface
Question: How are glass masters created?
Answer: high-powered laser
Question: What is the clear blank side made out of?
Question: What is used to apply the reflecting layer to the clear layer?
Question: How is a CD writer made?
Question: How is a positive image made of the CD made?
Question: How are the pits and lands made?
Question: How is the positive image on a CD protected? 
Answer: lacquer
Question: How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?
Answer: rapid spinning
Question: What is the name of the positive image?
Question: What is liquid is applied to the blank CD?
Question: How much edge protection lacquer is needed for the finished disc?
Question: How is the physical image placed on the blank CD?
Question: Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased?
Answer: value increased
Question: What did CDs retail for in 1995?
Answer: $16.98
Question: Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs?
Answer: the store
Question: How much did a jewel case cost in 1995?
Answer: 30 cents
Question: Why were successive formats less expensive than their predecessors?
Question: When did Apple place MP3s on the market?
Question: What was the wholesale cost of a cassette tape?
Question: What was the most expensive part of an MP3?
Question: What percentage of an MP3 does Apple receive?
Question: How long are CDs expected to last?
Answer: 20 to 100 years
Question: What can cause sudden disc degradation?
Answer: disc rot
Question: Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use?
Answer: permanent
Question: What can the aluminium on a disc cause reading errors?
Question: Why does disc rot allow CD-Rs to last for years?
Question: Why are CD-Rs considered temporary?
Question: What company discovered disc rot?
Question: What type of environment is best for a CD-R?
Question: What does DRM stand for?
Answer: digital rights management
Question: What does AHRA stand for?
Answer: Audio Home Recording Act
Question: What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder?
Answer: ReWritable Audio CD
Question: Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW?
Answer: CD-RW
Question: What plays standard CD-RW discs without changes?
Question: What royalties does a CD-RW have?
Question: What year was the digital rights management published?
Question: What is the international standard for home recordings?
Question: Why is the CD-RW more expensive than the ReWritable CD?
Question: How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written?
Answer: 4x speed
Question: Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x?
Answer: High Speed ReWritable CD
Question: How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write?
Answer: 32x
Question: How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?
Answer: 16x to 24x
Question: What has only a 1x write speed?
Question: Which type of CD-RW cannot be read on a CD drive?
Question: Does a High Speed CD-RW drive write faster on ReWriteable CDs or High Speed ReWritable CDs?
Question: Which ReWriteable CD is most common?
Question: Why was the original ReWriteable CD written only at speeds faster than 4x?
Question: What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD?
Answer: 780 nm
Question: In what pattern is data stored on a CD?
Answer: spiral
Question: What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD?
Answer: photodiode
Question: What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD?
Answer: change in height between pits and lands
Question: How long is the swing arm?
Question: How many layers of polycarbonate are there?
Question: Why is the data arranged in a spiral pattern?
Question: Where is the photodiode?
Question: What does the width of a pit indicate?
Question: What type of encoding do CDs implement?
Answer: non-return-to-zero
Question: Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?
Answer: Red Book
Question: What type of result from a CD will return a one?
Answer: change from pit to land or land to pit
Question: What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?
Answer: eight-to-fourteen
Question: How many ones are there between each zero?
Question: What decodes the eight-to-fourteen modulation?
Question: What is Reed-Solomon coding?
Question: Who designed the CD Digital Audio coding techniques?
Question: What does a land represent?
Question: Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?
Answer: label side of the disc
Question: How are scratches on a CD fixed?
Answer: refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing
Question: What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs?
Answer: fungus Geotrichum candidum
Question: Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from?
Answer: Belize
Question: Where is polycarbonate plastic created?
Question: What are lands closer to?
Question: How are scratches on the labeled side of a disc fixed?
Question: What causes edges of CDs to be incorrectly sealed?
Question: Where is the metal reflective layer located?
Question: What size CD is most frequently used?
Answer: 120 millimetres (4.7 in)
Question: What is the size of a Mini CD?
Answer: Eighty-millimeter
Question: What is the size of a Maxi Single?
Answer: 120 mm
Question: Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?
Answer: Norio Ohga
Question: Who named the Maxi single?
Question: How many minutes does a Super Audio CD hold?
Question: When were Mini-CDs released?
Question: Why are CDs limited to one size?
Question: When was the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of the Ninth Symphony created?
Question: Where does the Red Book get it's name from?
Answer: the colour of its cover
Question: What is the formal name for a CD? 
Answer: Compact Disc Digital Audio
Question: Do CDs have a two or four channel format?
Answer: two-channel
Question: What format has never been implemented on CDs?
Answer: Four-channel sound
Question: What was the sampling rate for the four-channel sound?
Question: When was four-channel sound implemented?
Question: What is the Red Book format for monaural audio?
Question: What is the official name of the Red Book?
Question: What is the PCM for an MP3 mono sound chanel?
Question: What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?
Answer: to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke
Question: How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?
Answer: television set or a computer monitor
Question: Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data?
Answer: channels R through W
Question: Why can a CD+G not play on an audio CD player?
Question: How many bits does a normal CD use?
Question: Why are CD-G players not useful for karaoke?
Question: What channels does a normal CD use?
Question: Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD?
Answer: SVCD
Question: How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs?
Answer: lower the video bit rate
Question: What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold?
Answer: 100 minutes
Question: How much can a VCD hold?
Question: Why is there a video length limit on SVCD?
Question: What is the kilobit rate for a DVD?
Question: How does a VCN compare to a DVD?
Question: Why is it difficult to put more than 60 minutes on a DVD?
Question: Who created Photo CDs?
Answer: Kodak
Question: When were Photo CDs initially released?
Answer: 1992
Question: What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?
Answer: photographic paper
Question: In what book are Photo CD standards defined?
Answer: Beige Book
Question: When was the Beige Book published?
Question: How many photos does the CD-ROM XA hold?
Question: Who invented CD-i Players?
Question: Why can't Photo CDs work on any computer?
Question: When was the Kodak Picture CD released?
Question: When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?
Answer: 2001
Question: Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?
Answer: Philips
Question: Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?
Answer: in the subcode
Question: When was the "anti-copy" subcode written in the Red Book?
Question: Who created the anti-protection systems software?
Question: When was the Compact Disc Digital Audio logo copyrighted?
Question: What devices do standard CDs not play on?
Question: Why does Philips want non-standard discs to have the trademarked logo?
Question: What is the use of a transistor?
Answer: to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power
Question: What is a transistor made of?
Answer: semiconductor material
Question: What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?
Answer: three
Question: Why does a transistor increase a signal?
Answer: the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power
Question: Where are most transistors found?
Answer: embedded in integrated circuits
Question: What is an integrated circuit used for?
Question: Where are most semiconductor devices found?
Question: What are integrated circuits made of?
Question: How many transistors are embedded in most integrated circuits?
Question: What controls how strong a signal is?
Question: Who invented the first transistor?
Answer: Julius Lilienfeld
Question: When was the first transistor implemented for practical use?
Answer: 1947
Question: When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor?
Answer: 1956
Question: What list is the transistor on?
Answer: list of IEEE milestones in electronics
Question: When were smaller, cheaper radios introduced?
Question: What besides the transistor is on the IEEE list of milestones in electronics?
Question: What did Julius Lilienfeld receive for inventing the transistor?
Question: Who was the first person to use transistors in calculators?
Question: Why were transistors in 1947 easier to practically implement than transistors in 1926?
Question: What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?
Answer: amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony
Question: Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?
Answer: Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld
Question: Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?
Answer: Canada
Question: What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?
Answer: 1925
Question: Where did Oskar Heil file a patent?
Question: How long would it take for a practical field-effect transistor be built?
Question: Why did Oskar Heil invent a device similar to Lilienfeld's?
Question: Why were field-effect transistors not practical without high quality semiconductor materials?
Question: Where was the thermionic triode invented?
Question: At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output?
Answer: November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947
Question: What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?
Answer: germanium
Question: Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader?
Answer: William Shockley
Question: Who came up with the term transistor?
Answer: John R. Pierce
Question: Why was the term transistor used?
Answer: a contraction of the term transresistance
Question: When did lawyers at Bell Labs find Lilienfeld's patents?
Question: Who thought of the term semiconductor?
Question: How many patents did Lilienfeld file?
Question: When was the term transistor first used?
Question: Where was the biography of John Bardeen written?
Question: Who invented the point-contact transistor?
Answer: Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker
Question: Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?
Answer: Compagnie des Freins et Signaux
Question: What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?
Answer: transistron
Question: What was the transistron used for?
Answer: amplified use in France's telephone network
Question: What were Matare and Welker's transistors made of?
Question: When did Heinrich Welker start researching electronics?
Question: When did Matare and Welker realize that Bell Labs had invented a transistor?
Question: Where were the "transistrons" produced?
Question: Who was in charge of France's telephone network?
Question: How many transistors make up a logic gate?
Answer: up to about twenty transistors
Question: How many transistors make up a microprocessor?
Answer: as many as 3 billion transistors
Question: How many transistors were made in 2002?
Answer: 60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child
Question: How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year?
Answer: over a billion
Question: What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits?
Answer: IC, microchips or simply chips
Question: How many integrated circuits are produced every year?
Question: How many men, women, and children are on Earth?
Question: How many logic gates are in a microchip?
Question: What produces electronic components?
Question: Where are transistors being produced?
Question: What is gain?
Answer: it can act as an amplifier
Question: What is an additional use of the transistor?
Answer: turn current on or off in a circuit
Question: What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch?
Answer: other circuit elements
Question: What controls how strong the output signal is?
Question: Where are transistors located?
Question: How large is a transistor in comparison to a terminal?
Question: What does a signal become when the transistor does not work properly?
Question: Where would an electrically controlled switch be located?
Question: What are the components of a bipolar transistor?
Answer: base, collector, and emitter
Question: What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?
Answer: A small current at the base terminal
Question: What are the components of a field-effect transistor?
Answer: gate, source, and drain
Question: In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?
Answer: a voltage at the gate
Question: Why would someone use a bipolar transistor instead of a field-effect transistor?
Question: What is the most common kind of transistor?
Question: What controls the voltage at the gate of a field-effect transistor?
Question: Where is the collector terminal located?
Question: Where is the gate terminal located?
Question: Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits?
Answer: reduced resistance from collector to emitter
Question: What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero?
Answer: the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage
Question: What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter?
Answer: saturation
Question: Why is the term saturation named as such?
Answer: current is flowing from collector to emitter freely
Question: What position is the switch in when saturated?
Answer: on
Question: What causes reduced resistance from collector to emitter?
Question: Why does "current" have that name?
Question: What changes the most in a grounded-emitter transistor circuit?
Question: What is the load resistance in a light bulb?
Question: What changes the amount of supply voltage?
Question: What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches?
Answer: Providing sufficient base drive current
Question: What does the transistor provide?
Answer: current gain
Question: What determines the current ratio in transistors?
Answer: the type of transistor
Question: If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio?
Answer: collector current
Question: What controls how much gain a transistor provides?
Question: How much current is needed to saturate a light-switch?
Question: What determines how much collector current there is?
Question: What fluctuates the most in a transistor?
Question: How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit?
Answer: the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry
Question: What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?
Answer: short circuit
Question: What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off?
Answer: open circuit
Question: How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen?
Answer: instantaneous
Question: What might stop a switch from transitioning quickly?
Question: What can help a switch work more efficiently?
Question: What kind of circuit has the least amount of resistance?
Question: What kind of circuit has the most resistance?
Question: When is a circuit most likely to fail?
Question: What gives bipolar transistors their name?
Answer: they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers
Question: What was the first mass-produced transistor?
Answer: bipolar junction transistor
Question: What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of?
Answer: two junction diodes
Question: What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors?
Answer: n–p–n transistor
Question: What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors?
Answer: p–n–p transistor
Question: What kind of transistor is used the most?
Question: Where do junction diodes get their name?
Question: What is the most common type of bipolar transistor?
Question: How are bipolar transistors mass produced?
Question: How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?
Answer: three
Question: What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?
Answer: an emitter, a base, and a collector
Question: How can one find the amount of collector current?
Answer: β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current
Question: What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?
Answer: greater than 100
Question: Why is the base of a BJT narrow?
Question: Where are BJT amplifiers most commonly used?
Question: What controls how many electrons are injected into the base region?
Question: How many electrons are injected into the base region?
Question: What determines the conductivity in a FET?
Answer: electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals
Question: What controls the current between the drain and source?
Answer: the voltage applied between the gate and source
Question: At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased?
Answer: a roughly quadratic rate
Question: Where is a quadratic behavior not observed?
Answer: in modern devices
Question: What controls the voltage applied between the gate and the source terminals?
Question: Why is quadratic behavior not observed in modern devices?
Question: Where does current fluctuate the most?
Question: How quickly does the voltage increase?
Question: What are the names of the groups of FETs
Answer: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)
Question: What is the common term for an IFGET?
Answer: a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET)
Question: How is a JFET different from an IGFET?
Answer: the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel
Question: What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in?
Answer: depletion mode
Question: What is a vacuum tube triode made from?
Question: What controls the amount of input voltage?
Question: How many layers of metal are in the gate of an IGFET?
Question: What kind of FET is mass produced?
Question: How are FET's separated?
Answer: depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types
Question: At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode?
Answer: at zero bias
Question: At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode?
Answer: at zero bias
Question: What channel corresponds with high current?
Answer: n-channel devices
Question: What channel corresponds with low current?
Answer: p-channel devices
Question: What type of FET is more common?
Question: What controls how positive the gate voltage is?
Question: What controls the gate potential of a FET?
Question: What type of FET usually has a higher voltage?
Question: What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s?
Answer: bipolar junction transistor
Question: Why were BJTs so popular?
Answer: their greater linearity and ease of manufacture
Question: What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs?
Answer: transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers
Question: What were the most popular digital circuits of the time?
Answer: MOSFETs
Question: When did MOSFETs become widely available?
Question: What are the desirable properties of MOSFETs?
Question: What was the most common application of MOSFETs?
Question: Which type of circuit is older?
Question: What kind of circuit is used more in the present?
Question: What is the Pro Electron standard?
Answer: European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme
Question: How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with?
Answer: two letters
Question: What is the first letter in the part numbering scheme?
Answer: the semiconductor type
Question: What is the second letter in the part numbering scheme?
Answer: the intended use
Question: What follows the 2 letters in the part numbering scheme?
Answer: A 3-digit sequence number
Question: What is the most common semiconductor type?
Question: What is the most common intended use for transistors?
Question: What kinds of transistor are more likely to use a suffix?
Question: What devices are more likely to have a code with a voltage rating?
Question: What is the most common reason to have a suffix on a device's number?
Question: What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?
Answer: 2N
Question: what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?
Answer: a three-terminal device
Question: What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370?
Answer: a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties
Question: What does a letter at the end of a device number mean?
Answer: a newer variant
Question: What does the number 2N1301 indicate?
Answer: a p–n–p germanium switching transistor
Question: What were most early devices made from?
Question: What is the most common amount of extra digits in a device number?
Question: Which devices usually have the shortest transistor device numbers?
Question: What are most modern devices made from?
Question: What is the most common letter suffix?
Question: What makes a manufacturer's prefix less reliable?
Answer: devices are second-sourced
Question: What is the marking for a 2N2222A in a plastic case?
Answer: PN2222A
Question: What is a plastic version of a BC108?
Answer: PN108
Question: What manufacturer creates the most devices?
Question: What is the marking for a 2N108 in a plastic case?
Question: What kind of case is most common?
Question: How many naming schemes use an accurate manufacturer's prefix?
Question: Who decided what letters were in the manufacturer's prefixes?
Question: What is the junction forward voltage?
Answer: the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT
Question: What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage?
Answer: to make the base conduct a specified current
Question: What is the ideal junction forward voltage?
Answer: lower
Question: Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower?
Answer: less power is required to "drive" the transistor
Question: When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised?
Answer: decreases
Question: What applies voltage to the emitter-base junction?
Question: What are most BJTs made of?
Question: What are sensistors made of?
Question: What kind of circuit needs special compensating elements the most?
Question: What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor?
Answer: a given bipolar n–p–n transistor
Question: What is the common application of GaAs?
Answer: high-frequency applications
Question: What does HEMT stand for?
Answer: high-electron-mobility transistor
Question: What are common applications of HEMT?
Answer: satellite receivers
Question: What is the most common kind of semiconductor?
Question: What causes HEMTs to have high speed and low noise?
Question: Which material has the highest electron mobility?
Question: Where are HEMTs most commonly used?
Question: What are the two most common types of transistor?
Answer: through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount
Question: What is another name for the surface-mount transistor?
Answer: surface-mount device (SMD)
Question: What is the newest surface-mount transistor?
Answer: ball grid array (BGA)
Question: What is a ball grid array composed of?
Answer: solder "balls" on the underside in place of leads
Question: What is the most common type of transistor?
Question: How many solder "balls" does a Ball Grid Array have?
Question: What is the most common type of semiconductor package?
Question: What is the most important attribute for a transistor to have?
Question: What is the oldest type of semiconductor package?
Question: What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?
Answer: via a faith in some form of deity
Question: What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?
Answer: spiritual intermediaries
Question: Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?
Answer: Religious officials
Question: What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?
Answer: Tradition
Question: How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?
Answer: strictly
Question: Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?
Answer: via a faith in some form of deity
Question: Who were spiritual intermediates? 
Answer: Religious officials
Question: Through who did the masses have access to the divine?
Answer: spiritual intermediaries
Question: What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?
Answer: Tradition
Question: What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?
Answer: ceremony and morals
Question: What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?
Answer: modern
Question: The term "modern" was derived from what Latin adverb?
Answer: modo
Question: What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?
Answer: The European Renaissance
Question: In what country did The European Renaissance start?
Answer: Italy
Question: What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?
Answer: telescope and microscope
Question: What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?
Answer: modern
Question: The phrase modern originated form what?
Answer: Latin adverb modo
Question: What did The European renaissance mark?
Answer: transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times
Question: Through what time period did The European renaissance last?
Answer: 1420–1630)
Question: In what country did The European renaissance begin?
Answer: Italy
Question: What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?
Answer: Early Modern
Question: The 1800"s are referred to as?
Answer: time of the late Enlightenment
Question: What do the terms "Early Modern" and  'Modern Ages" originate from?
Answer: European history
Question: What are the terms "Early Modern" and "Modern Ages" used for i other countries?
Answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.
Question: When was the term "Early Modern" implemented into the English language?
Answer: 1930s
Question: What does the term "Early Modern" mean?
Answer: to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment
Question: What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?
Answer: 1800
Question: Where do the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" originate from?
Answer: European history
Question: What are the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" used for in other countries?
Answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.
Question: The 21st century is refereed to as what?
Answer: the Information age
Question: What device was used most during the The Information age?
Answer: computers
Question: What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?
Answer: terrorist acts
Question: In what time were there many socio-technological trends?
Answer: Contemporary era
Question: What is the 21st century also known as?
Answer: the Information age
Question: What device was used most during 21st century?
Answer: computers
Question: What was considered a threat to Western civilization?
Answer: terrorist acts
Question: Who controlled the Asian Sphere during the period between 1600-1868?
Answer: Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates
Question: What is the period between 1600-1868 referred to as?
Answer: the Edo period
Question: What is the Edo period also known as?
Answer: the early modern period
Question: What is time is considered the "Modern Period" in Korea?
Answer: from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong
Question: Name one of the tribes Native Americans established in the Americas.
Answer: Aztec Empire
Question: What two groups controlled the Asian Sphere?
Answer: Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates
Question: What time is referred to as the Edo period?
Answer: 1600 to 1868
Question: What is the 'Early Modern period" known as in Japan?
Answer: the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong
Question: Name one of the tribes Native Americans formed in the Americas?
Answer: Aztec Empire
Question: What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to?
Answer: growth of private industry
Question: What are Nanjing and Beijing?
Answer: Large urban centers
Question: Under what rule was China not isolated?
Answer: the early Ming dynasty
Question: During The Early MIng Dynasty Chinese merchants explored all of what?
Answer: Indian Ocean
Question: What caused urbanization to increase in China?
Answer: the population grew
Question: Where did Chinese merchants explore? 
Answer: all of the Indian Ocean
Question: The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?
Answer: 1644–1911
Question: What were the Manchus originally known as?
Answer: the Jurchens
Question: Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide?
Answer: Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels
Question: Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?
Answer: former Ming general Wu Sangui
Question: The Qing dynasty formed after what event?
Answer: after the fall of the Ming
Question: During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule?
Answer: 1644–1911
Question: What were the Manchus originally named?
Answer: Jurchens
Question: Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?
Answer: Li Zicheng's peasant rebels
Question: Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing?
Answer: former Ming general Wu Sangui
Question: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
Answer: strict class hierarchy
Question: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
Answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Question: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
Answer: The daimyo, or lords
Question: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
Answer: set at fixed amounts
Question: What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
Answer: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.
Question: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
Answer: Edo society
Question: What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?
Answer: strict class hierarchy
Question: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
Answer: The daimyo, or lords,
Question: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
Answer: set at fixed amounts
Question: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
Answer: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.
Question: Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?
Answer: Mughal Empire
Question: How did the "Classic Period" end?
Answer: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707
Question: Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?
Answer: Hindu Maratha Empire
Question: Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?
Answer: south west of present-day India
Question: What happened when the  Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?
Answer: the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.
Question: Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?
Answer: Mughal Empire
Question: What event ended the "classic period"?
Answer: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb
Question: What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb? 
Answer: the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,
Question: Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?
Answer: south west of present-day India
Question: What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?
Answer: the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat
Question: What did the development of new imperialism cause?
Answer: the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers.
Question: When did the commercial colonization of India begin?
Answer: 1757
Question: What happened n the battle of Plassey?
Answer: Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company
Question: When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?
Answer: 1765
Question: What is the term used to describe the "Right to collect revenue"?
Answer: diwani
Question: In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?
Answer: 1818
Question: What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?
Answer: the Third Anglo-Maratha War
Question: How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?
Answer: 1858
Question: What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?
Answer: the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858
Question: What did Britain establish in 1824?
Answer: Singapore as a key trading post
Question: What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?
Answer: their respective governments
Question: What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?
Answer: Thailand
Question: Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?
Answer: colonial powers
Question: When is the modern period dated in England?
Answer: Battle of Bosworth in 1485
Question: Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?
Answer: Richard III
Question: The 17th century is also known as?
Answer: age of Cossacks.
Question: Who are Cossacks?
Answer: warriors organized into military communities
Question: Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?
Answer: peasants of Ukraine
Question: Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?
Answer: in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania
Question: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? 
Answer: The Age of Reason
Question: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?
Answer: the Age of Rationalism
Question: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? 
Answer: Renaissance philosophy
Question: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? 
Answer: secularization
Question: What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?
Answer: the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.
Question: Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?
Answer: Europe and America
Question: What is the basic training of a humanist?
Answer: speak well and write
Question: From where does the phrase humanist originate? 
Answer: the 15th century
Question: What were the studia humanitatis competing against?
Answer: quadrivium and scholastic logic.
Question: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?
Answer: scholasticism
Question: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?
Answer: accumulated commentaries
Question: What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?
Answer: literary and artistic
Question: In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?
Answer: early 1690s
Question: Moderns support the merits of whom?
Answer: authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle
Question: What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?
Answer: modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.
Question: What s the Scientific Revolution?
Answer: a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected
Question: What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?
Answer: question all manners of things
Question: What did Scientific Revolution form?
Answer: several modern scientific fields.
Question: Who else was involved in the warfare?
Answer: every other major European power.
Question: name an event that can be contributed to the revolution.
Answer: the Napoleonic Wars
Question: What characterized the Napoleonic Era?
Answer: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte
Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? 
Answer: St. Helena
Question: From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?
Answer: Paris
Question: Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?
Answer: surge of Republicanism
Question: What is Italian Unification?
Answer: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy
Question: When did the Italian Unification occur?
Answer: in the 19th century
Question: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?
Answer: 1815
Question: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?
Answer: 1871
Question: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?
Answer: World War I.
Question: What event did the American revolution cause?
Answer: British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America.
Question: How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America?
Answer: overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy
Question: Why did the United States form independent states?
Answer: the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation
Question: Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against?
Answer: the British
Question: What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?
Answer: American Revolutionary War
Question: What was issued on July 4, 1776?
Answer: Declaration of Independence
Question: What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?
Answer: independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.
Question: What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?
Answer: member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.
Question: What was Ben Franklin disabled by? 
Answer: gout
Question: What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
Answer: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.
Question: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
Answer: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.
Question: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
Answer: 1808 until 1829
Question: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
Answer: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.
Question: How did the Spanish conflict begin?
Answer: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.
Question: What king died in 1833?
Answer: king Ferdinand VII
Question: After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?
Answer: Cuba and Puerto Rico
Question: When did the Spanish-American war occur?
Answer: in 1898
Question: Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized? 
Answer: Salvador
Question: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
Answer: around 1850
Question: What caused technological and economical progress?
Answer: development of steam-powered ships and railways
Question: The 19th century was also known as? 
Answer: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.
Question: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
Answer: separate Technical Revolution
Question: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?
Answer: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.
Question: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?
Answer: technological innovation
Question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?
Answer: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal
Question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner
Question: Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz
Question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?
Answer: Bóbrka
Question: In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?
Answer: electrification to developments in materials science.
Question: What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?
Answer: quality of life
Question: What did Lewis Paul invent?
Answer: roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.
Question: In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning"?
Answer: the first revolution
Question: Who improved the steam engine?
Answer: Matthew Boulton and James Watt
Question: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?
Answer: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network
Question: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?
Answer: 110 volts
Question: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?
Answer: fifty-nine
Question: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?
Answer: lower Manhattan
Question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?
Answer: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution
Question: In what country did the revolutions begin?
Answer: France
Question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? 
Answer: tens of thousands
Question: What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?
Answer: Scientific Revolution and industrial progress
Question: What is Newton Natural philosophy?
Answer: a coherent system of verifiable predictions
Question: What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?
Answer: reliance on revelation and inspired truth.
Question: What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life, 
Answer: yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.
Question: In what year was Russia declared an empire?
Answer: 1721
Question: Through what period did Peter I rule?
Answer: 1682 to 1725
Question: Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?
Answer: Sweden
Question: What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?
Answer: a new capital called Saint Petersburg
Question: What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom? 
Answer: the period of Queen Victoria's reign
Question: Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign? 
Answer: 1837 to January 1901
Question: What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?
Answer: a long period of prosperity for the British people
Question: How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?
Answer: five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.
Question: Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?
Answer: Unchallenged at sea
Question: Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as
Answer: Pax Britannica
Question: What was Britain's foreign policy called?
Answer: splendid isolation
Question: Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?
Answer: effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam
Question: When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?
Answer: the second half of the 19th century
Question: What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?
Answer: a network of telegraph cables
Question: How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?
Answer: 458 million
Question: When did the British establish colonies in Australia?
Answer: 1788
Question: What is the Bourbon Restoration? 
Answer: Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.
Question: What is the July Monarchy? 
Answer: a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe
Question: What is the second empires?
Answer: the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III
Question: Through what period did the second empire last?
Answer: 1852 to 1870
Question: Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?
Answer: North German Confederation
Question: What did the Prussian and German victory mark?
Answer: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
Question: Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?
Answer: Alsace-Lorraine
Question: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?
Answer: World War I.
Question: Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?
Answer: exhibit a sphere of influence over the area
Question: What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?
Answer: These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate.
Question: What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?
Answer: mandate to rule that region as a national colony.
Question: How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?
Answer: colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition.
Question: What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?
Answer: hell on earth.
Question: What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?
Answer: one-fifth
Question: What was Europe's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population?
Answer: they were dividing an unknown continent.
Question: When did European countries establish colonies in Africa?
Answer: the mid-nineteenth century,
Question: Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until?
Answer: 1880s
Question: How did maps show Africa Before 1880?
Answer: generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.
Question: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?
Answer: 1880s to 1914
Question: What was Europe competing for? 
Answer: Africa’s land and resources.
Question: What did Great Britain control?
Answer: various colonial holdings in East Africa
Question: Where in Africa did the French have control? 
Answer: West Africa
Question: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? 
Answer: southern Africa
Question: What was the Meija era marked by?
Answer: the reign of the Meiji Emperor
Question: How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?
Answer: modernization
Question: What does "Meija era"
Answer: Enlightened Rule
Question: When did the Meija restoration begin?
Answer: 1860s