huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What posses some challenges for the Chamorros who find it hard to keep their culture?
Answer: cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam
Question: What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children?
Answer: relocating to the U.S. Mainland
Question: What has recently led to a resurgence in the Chamorros culture and preservation of their old ways?
Answer: young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.
Question: What are some of the easy ways that the Chamorros keep their culture?
Question: What has made it easier to preserve the Chamorro identity over the years?
Question: What has benefitted modern-day Chamorro?
Question: Who have primarily relocated from the U.S. Mainland to Guam?
Question: Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam?
Answer: Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo
Question: How many electoral votes does Guam currently have?
Answer: Guam has no votes
Question: Who elects one non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives?
Question: Who is the current governor of Guam?
Question: Who is one of the current legislators in Guam?
Question: Who did Guam last send as a delegate to the Republican national convention?
Question: What party is the current governor of Guam a member of?
Question: What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80's and 90's?
Answer: becoming a commonwealth
Question: Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important?
Answer: would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico
Question: What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam?
Answer: Hawaii
Question: In what decade was union between Hawaii and Guam first brought up?
Question: In what decade did union between Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands first start to get talked about?
Question: In what decade was the U.S. Constitution last modified?
Question: When did people in Guam start advocating for U.S. statehood?
Question: What has the U.S military proposed?
Answer: building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam
Question: How many Marines would the United States move to Guam?
Answer: 8,600 Marines
Question: Because of the EPA, how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live?
Answer: 4,800 Marines
Question: How many marines are stationed in Okinawa, Japan?
Question: How many dependents of Marines are there in Okinawa, Japan?
Question: How many dependents of Marines are now allowed in Guam?
Question: What type of military base does the U.S. military have in Okinawa, Japan?
Question: How many construction workers had the U.S. military been planning to have in Guam to build a new aircraft carrier berth?
Question: Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?
Answer: 20 large hotels
Question: How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?
Answer: seven
Question: About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?
Answer: a million
Question: Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?
Answer: Kmart
Question: HOw many stores are there in the Duty Free Shoppers Galleria?
Question: After Japan where do most tourists to Guam come from?
Question: How many retail stores are there in Agana Shopping Center?
Question: Where do most tourists to the Philippines come from?
Question: From where do most tourists come from in Taiwan?
Question: What is the name of the pact held between the United States, Micronesia, Marshal Islands, and Palau?
Answer: The Compacts of Free Association
Question: What is the benefit of the  Compacts of Free Association?
Answer: no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories)
Question: What has Guam claimed about Compacts of Free Association?
Answer: the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement
Question: Which Pacific Island is closest to the Republic of the Marshall Islands?
Question: From which Pacific Island nation does Gaum gain the most population?
Question: From which Pacific Island country does Guam gain the least population?
Question: The Federated States of Micronesia has more citizens from which Pacific Island nation over any other?
Question: Which Pacific Islands culture is most culturally similar to Guam?
Question: In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?
Answer: 1899
Question: What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?
Answer: U.S. postage
Question: What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?
Answer: 96910–96932
Question: Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?
Answer: FedEx, UPS, and DHL
Question: In what year did Guam get regular U.S. postage stamps?
Question: What private shipping company considers Guam as an international nation?
Question: Which private shipping company charges more to ship packages to Guam?
Question: Which private shipping company gets packages back and forth to Guam fastest?
Question: In what year did UPS first start shipping packages to Guam?
Question: What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?
Answer: on size and time of year
Question: Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?
Answer: first-class
Question: What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?
Answer: post office boxes or private mail boxes
Question: Which is more important when it comes to shipping speed to Guam, size or time of year?
Question: How long does fourth-class mail take to get to Guam?
Question: How long does it take for a ship to sail from Hawaii to Guam?
Question: How long does it take a boat to go from the U.S. Mainland to Guam?
Question: What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam?
Answer: The Commercial Port
Question: What is the name of the shipping company in Hawaii that connects Guam?
Answer: Matson, Inc
Question: Why is the port so important?
Answer: most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers
Question: How many tons can a Matson, Inc., container ship carry to Guam?
Question: What is the population of Seattle?
Question: What is the population of Honolulu?
Question: On what island is the Anderson Air Force Base?
Question: On what island is the Naval Forces Marianas?
Question: What is the name of the international airport in Guam?
Answer: Antonio B. Won Pat
Question: What major airline resides at the airport?
Answer: United Airlines
Question: What is Guam responsible for when goods both come in and leave?
Answer: operating its own customs and quarantine agency
Question: Where was Antonio B. Won Pat from originally?
Question: Where do American passengers arriving indirectly from the United States first go?
Question: Which country most often has flights to Guam?
Question: Which company's planes land most often at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport?
Question: What was accidentally introduced into Guam?
Answer: brown tree snake
Question: With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?
Answer: nearly eliminated the native bird population
Question: What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes?
Answer: has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow
Question: How many native species of birds did Guam have prior to World War II?
Question: How many native species of birds did the Solomon Islands have prior to World War II?
Question: What do Australian authorities do to not send brown tree snakes to Guam accidentally?
Question: What is one of the snakes that is very poisonous to humans?
Question: Where was the U.S. military transport ultimately headed when it accidentally introduced the brown tree snake to Guam?
Question: What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?
Answer: Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher
Question: How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?
Answer: twelve bird species
Question: What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?
Answer: ko'ko' birds
Question: What is thought to have been the first bird species on Guam?
Question: What was the most populous Guam bird prior to World War II?
Question: What was the least populous bird on Guam before World War II?
Question: Which bird species was first driven to extinction by brown tree snakes?
Question: What insect was detected in 2007?
Answer: coconut rhinoceros beetle
Question: What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam?
Answer: American Samoa
Question: Where is the Coconut Beetle native to?
Answer: Southern Asia
Question: How big is Reunion Island?
Question: Where did the coconut rhinoceros beetle originate?
Question: When was the coconut rhinoceros beetle discovered in American Samoa?
Question: How long is Reunion Island?
Question: How big is Fiji?
Question: What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area?
Answer: man
Question: What causes water quality problems in Guam?
Answer: sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River
Question: What are 20% of fires resulting from?
Question: What has had success in Guam when it comes to soil stabilization?
Question: What carries sediment into the Fena Lake Reservoir during the dry season?
Question: What animal isn't native to Guam?
Question: What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam?
Answer: pollution, eroded silt and overfishing
Question: What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?
Answer: Mariana fruit bats
Question: Who made Tumon Bay into a preserve?
Question: What is the #1 cause of decreased fish populations?
Question: The Guam National Wildlife Refuge is near which tourist area?
Question: What most endangered the Mariana fruit bats?
Question: What most endangered the sea turtle population?
Question: What are the names of the two colleges in Guam?
Answer: The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College
Question: Who are these two schools accredited by?
Answer: Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Question: What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam?
Answer: Pacific Islands University
Question: What type of education does the University of Guam offer?
Question: What type of education is offered at Guam Community College?
Question: What type of institution is the Guam Community College?
Question: Besides Pacific Islands University where else can one earn a graduate degree in Guam?
Question: How many schools are in the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools?
Question: How many students as of 2000 were attending public schools in Guam?
Answer: 32,000
Question: What has plagued Guam public schools?
Answer: high dropout rates and poor test scores
Question: What is the name of the governing body of the school in all of Guam?
Answer: The Guam Department of Education
Question: How many students currently attend public school in Guam?
Question: How many people live in Guam?
Question: What challenges affect U.S. mainland schools?
Question: How many people work for the Guam Department of Education?
Question: How many students in Guam come from backgrounds without traditional American education?
Question: Who runs Guam's main health care facility?
Answer: The Government of Guam
Question: What is the name of the main health care facility in Guam?
Answer: Guam Memorial Hospital
Question: Which privately owned medical facility opened in 2016?
Answer: Guam Regional Medical City
Question: When did Guam Memorial Hospital open its doors?
Question: In what city is Guam Regional Medical City?
Question: When did CareJet go into business in Guam?
Question: In what city is CareJet headquartered?
Question: What type of doctors work at the Guam Regional Medical City?
Question: Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?
Answer: reason independently of the senses
Question: What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?
Answer: knowledge of God's existence
Question: What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?
Answer: intuition and reasoning alone
Question: Where were the main European rationalists?
Answer: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
Question: Who were the main philosophical empiricists?
Question: What did John Locke say required information from one's experience?
Question: Where was philosophical empiricism popular?
Question: Why are empiricists and rationalists similar?
Question: How did empiricists discover innate ideas?
Question: What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on?
Answer: his theory of potentiality and actuality
Question: How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind?
Answer: an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth
Question: Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato?
Answer: Aristotle
Question: Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato?
Answer: Plato
Question: What does "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" mean?
Answer: Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses"
Question: Which commentator summarized a position in latin?
Question: What did Aristotle write?
Question: Why is Plato considered an empiricist?
Question: What position by Plato was summarized by Middle Ages commentators?
Question: Where did Aristotle say the human mind existed?
Question: What is the Stoic view?
Answer: the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it
Question: What was Aetius's career?
Answer: doxographer
Question: Where was Sextus from?
Answer: Chaeronea
Question: Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?
Answer: Sextus
Question: Whose ideas did Sextus build on?
Answer: Aetius
Question: Where was Aetius from?
Question: What book did Aetius write?
Question: What was Sextus' career?
Question: What innate thoughts is a man born with?
Question: Who invented stoicism?
Question: What religion was Al Farabi?
Answer: Islamic
Question: What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?
Answer: material intellect
Question: What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?
Answer: active intellect
Question: What is crucial for understanding?
Answer: the immaterial "active intellect"
Question: What was Aristotle's religion?
Question: What did Al Farabi say tabula rasa was?
Question: Who developed the syllogistic method?
Question: What did Aristotle call the active intellect?
Question: What does tabula rasa mean?
Question: What was 'Abubacer' normally called?
Answer: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail
Question: What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?
Answer: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail
Question: What was Ibn Tufail's religion?
Answer: Muslim
Question: What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity?
Answer: Andalusian
Question: When did Ibn Tufail live?
Answer: 12th century CE
Question: When was John Locke's essay written?
Question: What was Edward Pococke the Younger's religion?
Question: Where was John Locke from?
Question: What did Ibn Tufail publish in 1671?
Question: What does Hayy ibn Yaqdhan mean?
Question: When did da Vinci die?
Answer: 1519
Question: What did renaissance writers question?
Answer: the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition
Question: Who did Machiavelli disdain?
Answer: writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals
Question: What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?
Answer: abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings
Question: When did Niccolo Machiavelli live?
Question: Who judged everything according to mental ideals?
Question: What was Leonardo da Vinci most famous for?
Question: Who said you must base your reasoning on authority rather than your own findings?
Question: When was Francesco Guicciardini born?
Question: When did Vincenzo Galilei die?
Answer: 1591
Question: Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son?
Answer: Galileo
Question: What does 'esperienza' mean?
Answer: experiment
Question: When was Galileo born?
Question: When did Galileo die?
Question: Who wrote Music and Science in the age of Galileo?
Question: When did Vincenzo discover the meaning of Pythagoras' hammers'?
Question: Where was Galileo born?
Question: What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?
Answer: empiricist
Question: What type of philosopher was Descartes?
Answer: rationalist
Question: What type of philosopher was Hobbes?
Answer: empiricist
Question: What type of philosopher was Spinoza?
Answer: rationalist
Question: What did George Berkeley found?
Question: Who was the exponent of rationalism in the Enlightenment?
Question: What was British empiricism originally called?
Question: What was Baruch Spinoza's nationality?
Question: Who was the founder of rationalism?
Question: When was 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' published?
Answer: 1689
Question: Who wrote 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'?
Answer: John Locke
Question: What does 'tabula rasa' mean?
Answer: blank tablet
Question: What did Locke say 'tabula rasa' meant?
Answer: white paper
Question: What did Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept say happens to the mind?
Answer: on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written
Question: What did Descarte call our knowledge of things?
Question: What did Descarte publish in 1689?
Question: When was Descartes born?
Question: Who founded continental rationalism?
Question: Why are primary qualities non-essential?
Question: Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?
Answer: George Berkeley
Question: When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?
Answer: 1710
Question: What religion was George Berkeley?
Answer: Anglican
Question: What nationality was George Berkeley?
Answer: Irish
Question: Who wrote 'Alciphron'?
Answer: George Berkeley
Question: When was Alciphron published?
Question: What was Locke's religion?
Question: Who responded to George Berkeley?
Question: Whom did Locke claim created order?
Question: What did Hume bring to empiricism?
Answer: a new level of skepticism
Question: What was Hume's nationality?
Answer: Scottish
Question: What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?
Answer: demonstrative and probable
Question: When was Hume born?
Answer: 1711
Question: When did Hume die?
Answer: 1776
Question: Who argued that skepticism was a form of empiricism?
Question: When did David Hume respond to Berkeley?
Question: How many arguments did Berkeley say there were?
Question: What was Locke's nationality?
Question: Who was Locke's contemporary?
Question: What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?
Answer: relations of ideas and matters of fact
Question: What type of human knowledge is math?
Answer: relations of ideas
Question: What type of human knowledge is observing the world?
Answer: matters of fact
Question: What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"?
Answer: matters of fact
Question: Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?
Answer: their "impressions"
Question: How many categories did Kant divide the world into?
Question: What would the incorrect phrase "the sun rises in the west" be?
Question: Why are sensations considered copies of ideas?
Question: What was the analytic-synthetic distinction?
Question: What did Hume think our beliefs are?
Answer: a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences
Question: What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?
Answer: reason
Question: What did Hume think is a circular argument?
Answer: the justification for inductive reasoning
Question: What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?
Answer: that the sun will continue to rise in the East
Question: Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?
Answer: because it has repeatedly done so in the past
Question: Who invented the circular argument?
Question: Why does Hume say we can know the sun will rise in the east?
Question: What did problem of the scientific method did Hume solve?
Question: Where does Hume say the sun sets?
Question: Humes argues there is no way to know the past will be like what?
Question: What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?
Answer: that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable
Question: What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?
Answer: belief in an external world
Question: What is phenomenalism?
Answer: physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events
Question: What is subjective idealism closely related to?
Answer: Phenomenalism
Question: What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?
Answer: the "permanent possibility of sensation"
Question: Who founded the phenomenalism philosophy?
Question: When did DW Hamlin publish his essays?
Question: Why did John Stuart Mill disagree with Hume?
Question: When did Phenomenalism begin?
Question: Who argued for subjective idealism?
Question: What sensations did Mill differentiate?
Answer: actual and possible sensations
Question: When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?
Answer: God
Question: What did Mill say might not actually exist?
Answer: gap-filling entities
Question: What did Mill misrepresent about math?
Answer: the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures
Question: What did Mill put in the gap?
Question: What do indirect experiences produce?
Question: Who disagreed that "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all"?
Question: what did Mill realize about mathematics?
Question: What does subjective idealism lead to?
Question: How can't a finite set of statements be described?
Answer: in purely sensory terms
Question: What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?
Answer: a second doctor
Question: When did the phenomenalist phase begin?
Question: When was the problem of the third man published?
Question: How must a finite set of statements be described?
Question: How many doctors do you need to satisfy the hypothetical problem?
Question: How did it become possible for physical object statements to translate into sense-data statements?
Question: What are other terms for logical empiricism?
Answer: logical positivism or neopositivism
Question: When was logical empricism formulated?
Answer: early 20th-century
Question: What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?
Answer: British empiricism
Question: What was Otto Neurath an important member of?
Answer: Logical empiricism
Question: What was AJ Ayer an important member of?
Answer: Logical empiricism
Question: When were Gottlob Frege's mathematical insights published?
Question: Who named neopositivism?
Question: What was Ludwig Wittgenstein part of?
Question: What was Ludwig Wittgenstein's nationality?
Question: Who founded the Vienna Circle?
Question: When did Bertrand Russell die?
Answer: 1970
Question: What did Frege say about math?
Answer: all mathematical truths are logical
Question: What did Wittgenstein say about logic?
Answer: all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies
Question: What are pseudoproblems?
Answer: most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems
Question: When was Frege's thesis published?
Question: When was Wittgenstein born?
Question: When did Wittgenstein die?
Question: Who was a neopositivist?
Question: What gave a sentence meaning?
Question: Who attacked logical positivism?
Answer: Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty
Question: What position does Dummett take?
Answer: anti-realists
Question: Who abandoned phenomenalism?
Answer: Carnap and Neurath
Question: When did Carnap and Neurath leave phenomenalism?
Question: When did Michael Dummett begin championing neopositivism?
Question: When was logical positivism at its most popular?
Question: What war led to the abandonment of phenomenalism?
Question: What position did Hilary Putnam favour?
Question: When did pragmatism arise?
Answer: In the late 19th and early 20th century
Question: Who developed pragmatism?
Answer: Charles Sanders Peirce and William James
Question: Where did Peirce and James meet?
Answer: Harvard
Question: When did Peirce and James meet?
Answer: in the 1870s
Question: What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?
Answer: pragmaticism
Question: What year did Charles Sanders Peirce graduate from harvard?
Question: What did James rename pragmaticism as?
Question: When did James and Pierce split ways?
Question: When did pragmatic philosophy die out?
Question: What was the tangent of pragmatism that Peirce didn't like?
Question: When did Peirce die?
Answer: 1914
Question: What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?
Answer: the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view
Question: Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?
Answer: Charles Peirce
Question: Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?
Answer: Descartes
Question: When did Pierce begin to take excesses with data-driven empiricism?
Question: Why did Pierce reject rationalism?
Question: Which philosopher did Pierce agree with the most?
Question: When was the strict-empiricist view started?
Question: Why did Pierce prefer the data-driven empiricist view?
Question: How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?
Answer: complementary
Question: How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?
Answer: competitive
Question: What did fallibilism say?
Answer: the conclusions of science are always tentative
Question: What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?
Answer: its self-corrective character
Question: When was abductive reasoning added?
Question: When was the doctrine of fallibilism published?
Question: Who said the doctrines of science are always definitive?
Question: Why does the scientific method rely on its certainty?
Question: Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?
Answer: Peirce
Question: When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?
Answer: 1903
Question: What is 'haecceity'?
Answer: unique individuality or "thisness"
Question: What did Irvin Rock write about?
Answer: indirect perception
Question: Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?
Answer: in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research
Question: In what essay was haecceity defined?
Question: When did Irvin Rock publish his essay?
Question: What school did Irvin Rock attend?
Question: What is the inverse relation between theories and senses?
Question: Who subverted the peripatetic-thomist observation?
Question: Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined?
Answer: in James's published lectures
Question: When was William James born?
Answer: 1842
Question: When did William James die?
Answer: 1910
Question: When did James come up with 'radical empiricism'?
Answer: Around the beginning of the 20th century
Question: Why is James' method considered radical?
Question: What methodology by James is roundly accepted today?
Question: Where did James prove pragmatism and radical empiricism could be dealt with separately?
Question: How did James argue for the importance of the supernatural?
Question: What did Dewey think about reality?
Answer: reality is determined by past experience
Question: When was Dewey born?
Answer: 1859
Question: When did Dewey die?
Answer: 1952
Question: What was instrumentalism a modification of?
Answer: James' pragmatism
Question: How did James define reality?
Question: Why is Dewey's system considered a priori?
Question: Who changed Dewey's solution?
Question: Why is basic thought crucial to Dewey's theory?
Question: Who claimed that humans create experiments based on the perceived future?
Question: What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?
Answer: mind-independent
Question: Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?
Answer: dualist
Question: In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?
Answer: beliefs and values
Question: What processes do idealists say are constructed by reality?
Question: Mind-independent things are taken for granted in what philosophy?
Question: What theories does idealism crossover with?
Question: What is dualism skeptical about?
Question: Which type of human ideas is idealism uninterested in?
Question: What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?
Answer: Neoplatonists
Question: With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated?
Answer: Mahayana
Question: In what century did the Yogācāra school arise?
Answer: 4th
Question: What century did George Berkeley live in?
Answer: 18th
Question: When did Neoplatonists arise?
Question: Who started the Yogacara school?
Question: When did the Yogacara school end?
Question: What type of Buddhism was common in Greece?
Question: What practice where Neoplatonists arguing against?
Question: In what century did Hegel write?
Answer: 19th
Question: Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition?
Answer: phenomenalism
Question: Along with positivism and pragmatism, what philosophy rejected idealism's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it?
Answer: Marxism
Question: Whose philosophy did Immanuel Kant write against?
Question: What schools of thought were contrary to British idealism?
Question: What was the name of the first British idealist?
Question: Hegel wrote about what philosophy that rejected metaphysical assumptions?
Question: When did Marxism dominate philosophy?
Question: What does ἰδεῖν mean in English?
Answer: to see
Question: By what year was "idealism" a word in English?
Answer: 1743
Question: Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?
Answer: pragmatists
Question: What language is ἰδεῖν?
Answer: Greek
Question: When did the Greek word idein mean to see?
Question: Who was president in 1793?
Question: What does the English word idein mean?
Question: Idealists see the world the same way as what other philosophers?
Question: How do pragmatists view the arts?
Question: What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?
Answer: idealist
Question: What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?
Answer: Metaphysical
Question: What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?
Answer: Platonic
Question: Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?
Answer: subjective
Question: What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?
Answer: Epistemological
Question: Philosophies that regard the spiritual realm highly cannot be called what?
Question: What type of doctrine says reality is corporeal?
Question: What aspects of the mental do idealists agree on?
Question: Platonic idealism's understanding of abstractions is similar to what view?
Question: What view believes ideas are irrelevant to the real world?
Question: What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?
Answer: Immanuel Kant
Question: Who are subjective idealists opposed to?
Answer: realists
Question: Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?
Answer: Gottfried Leibniz
Question: Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?
Answer: Leibniz
Question: What idealist is George Berkeley most similar to?
Question: Berkeley defines idealism by saying we can never be sure of what?
Question: What did Kant say reality needed to admit?
Question: Who are subjective idealists in agreement with?
Question: Who disagreed with Plato's rejection of epistemological idealism?
Question: In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?
Answer: Neoplatonism
Question: What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?
Answer: Aristotelian scholasticism
Question: In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?
Answer: 12th
Question: Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?
Answer: New Thought
Question: What notable idealist was responsible for a "world ground" theory?
Answer: Hermann Lotze
Question: When did Hermann Lotz offer his theories?
Question: Aristotelian scholasticism often formed the basis of what kind of theologian?
Question: Who founded New Thought Movement?
Question: What form of idealism does the Unity church teach about reality?
Question: What theory was rejected by Protestants?
Question: What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms?
Answer: ideas
Question: Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?
Answer: Simone Klein
Question: What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?
Answer: metaphysical and epistemological
Question: What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism?
Answer: quantum
Question: What does Plato say are dependent?
Question: How does Arne Gron's theory of forms say ideal forms exist?
Question: Modern idealism believes in what two kinds of dualism?
Question: What type of physics did Simone Klein study?
Question: Quantum physics disagrees with what philosopher?
Question: According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?
Answer: Plotinus
Question: What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?
Answer: whether we know external objects
Question: What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?
Answer: Time
Question: What type of philosopher was Nathaniel Alfred Boll?
Question: Who was one of the Enneads?
Question: What modern philosopher as Plotinus similar to?
Question: Who said time existed outside of the soul?
Question: Boll taught that the soul made the world by doing what?
Question: Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?
Answer: immaterialism
Question: Of what see was Berkeley bishop?
Answer: Cloyne
Question: What was Berkeley's ethnicity?
Answer: Anglo-Irish
Question: What does esse est percipi mean?
Answer: to be is to be perceived
Question: What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?
Answer: abstractions
Question: Who coined the term subjective idealism?
Question: What philosophies run counter to subjective idealism?
Question: What is another word for sense data?
Question: What is the Latin phrase meaning subjective idealism?
Question: What do not need to be perceived to exist?
Question: Who was known as the "Cambridge Platonist"?
Answer: John Norris
Question: Who was notably influenced by John Norris?
Answer: Arthur Collier
Question: When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written?
Answer: 1701
Question: What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable?
Answer: represented image of an external object
Question: What did Collier write?
Question: When did Collier publish his ideas?
Question: What was Collier's nickname?
Question: Who did Collier influence?
Question: How many contemporary writers did Collier have?
Question: Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"?
Answer: Immanuel Kant
Question: Who invented the idea of a "table-of-commonsense"?
Answer: Sir Arthur Eddington
Question: Who came up with the idea of "things-as-interacted-by-us"?
Answer: Arthur Fine
Question: Who spoke of the "warning signs" of idealism?
Answer: Musgrave
Question: What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?
Answer: Postmodernist
Question: Who did Richard Rorty criticize?
Question: What hyphenated term did Musgrave coin?
Question: What did Immanuel Kant call warning signs?
Question: Who argued against issues of hermeneutics?
Question: What kind of philosopher was Musgrave?
Question: What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce?
Answer: subjectivists
Question: What book was written by A.A. Luce?
Answer: Sense without Matter
Question: What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter?
Answer: 1954
Question: Who wrote A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism?
Answer: Foster
Question: Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating?
Answer: Berkeley
Question: When was The Case for Idealism published?
Question: What did Berkeley write in 1954?
Question: What aspect of Berkeley's writing did Foster modernize?
Question: What did Foster publish after A World For Us?
Question: Whose work does Foster update?
Question: What sort of idealist was Descartes?
Answer: Sceptical
Question: In what section was Descartes criticized?
Answer: Paralogisms of Pure Reason
Question: In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?
Answer: 2nd
Question: When was the second edition published?
Answer: 1787
Question: What does Descartes say is impossible?
Question: What Latin phrase did Kant coin?
Question: When did Locke publish his ideas?
Question: The 2nd edition merged its ideas with which two forms of thought?
Question: What was Descartes' nationality?
Question: Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?
Answer: Schopenhauer
Question: According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?
Answer: our own minds
Question: What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to?
Answer: our own consciousness
Question: What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know?
Answer: representations
Question: What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?
Answer: subjective
Question: What essay is in Schopenhauer's second volume?
Question: What are we unrestricted by?
Question: How are external objects known directly?
Question: What constitutes mental pictures?
Question: Schopenhauer said the ideal was not what type of knowledge?
Question: Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?
Answer: Friedrich Nietzsche
Question: Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?
Answer: Descartes
Question: Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?
Answer: Descartes
Question: What kind of error did Kant say Nietzsche's argument had?
Question: Which two philosophers did Nietzsche agree with?
Question: Who argued that Nietzsche's theory of the world was wrong?
Question: What did Kant ridicule Nietzsche for?
Question: Who did Kant agree with?
Question: According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?
Answer: transcendental
Question: Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?
Answer: Berkeley
Question: What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as?
Answer: Absolute
Question: How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher?
Answer: exercise of reason and intellect
Question: Which two philosophers held to subjective idealism?
Question: Kant and Fichte critiqued what?
Question: How did Berkeley comprehend existence?
Question: What prevents a philosopher from knowing reality?
Question: How did Berkeley label his own idealism?
Question: Who was the author of Science of Logic?
Answer: Hegel
Question: Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?
Answer: less self-determining
Question: Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?
Answer: ethical communities
Question: What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?
Answer: materialism
Question: Why did Hegel argue that finite qualities were real?
Question: When was Hegel born?
Question: When did Hegel die?
Question: Which doctrine did Hegel support?
Question: What are examples of natural things?
Question: In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object?
Answer: Spirit
Question: What is another term for Hegel's "subject"?
Answer: any human observer
Question: What does Hegel mean by "object"?
Answer: any external entity
Question: What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization?
Answer: Absolute Spirit
Question: Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of?
Answer: self
Question: Which of Kant's ideas did Hegel reject?
Question: What did Kant believe was necessary to know an object?
Question: Who believed a metaphysical inner reality was necessary?
Question: An Absolute Spirit graduates to what status?
Question: What did Tucker try to preserve?
Question: For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality cannot be a system?
Answer: human
Question: According to Kierkegaard, why can't reality be a system for human beings?
Answer: humans are incomplete
Question: Even though Kierkegaard does not believe in the possibility of an existential system of reality, what sort of system can exist?
Answer: logical
Question: Whose work did Hegel criticize?
Question: What does Kierkegaard blur the lines between?
Question: Why did Kierkegaard believe humans could have a system for reality?
Question: Kierkegaard said a logical system and what other system was possible?
Question: What did Kierkegaard say could explain all of reality?
Question: When was Phenomenology of Spirit published?
Answer: 1807
Question: What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed?
Answer: individuality
Question: Whose will did Hegel believe should prevail over that of the individual?
Answer: State
Question: What conception of right and wrong did Climacus believe Hegel endorsed?
Answer: bourgeois
Question: When was Philosophy of Right published?
Question: What did Climacus write?
Question: What term did Hegel coin?
Question: Which of Hegel's ideas did Climacus accept?
Question: When was Climacus's criticism of Hegel published?
Question: What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be?
Answer: ultimate
Question: Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness?
Answer: Kierkegaard
Question: According to Hegel, what form does thought necessarily take?
Answer: abstraction
Question: Why does Hegel believe we cannot know God?
Answer: we are finite beings
Question: If something transcends time, what does it, according to Hegel, also transcend?
Answer: human understanding
Question: Hegel believes we cannot know what structure?
Question: Who argued against Hegel's assertion for human incompleteness?
Question: Kierkegaard eliminated the distinction between what two studies?
Question: What is always a form of thought?
Question: What does not transcend human understanding according to Hegel?
Question: In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack?
Answer: Bradley
Question: Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'?
Answer: Berkeley
Question: What did Bradley write?
Question: What did Bradley say Moore did not understand?
Question: What Latin phrase did Moore coin?
Question: What argument did Moore validate?
Question: Who did Bradley target?
Question: Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism?
Answer: Gottfried Leibniz
Question: What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz?
Answer: Panpsychism
Question: What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of?
Answer: monads
Question: Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz?
Answer: James Ward
Question: What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads?
Answer: self- betterment
Question: What form of thought rejected Leibniz's cosmology?
Question: What was Leibniz's nationality?
Question: Who did James Ward inspire?
Question: What form of idealism did Ward create?
Question: Pluralistic idealism assumes the absolute in the same way what other form of idealism does?
Question: Who was an exponent of so-called "Boston Personalism"?
Answer: Bowne
Question: What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?
Answer: California Personalism
Question: Who is a notable realistic personal theist?
Answer: Saint Thomas Aquinas
Question: What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss?
Answer: dependence upon an infinite personal God
Question: What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism?
Answer: moral
Question: California Personalism is the same as what personalism by Bowne?
Question: What two idealists took a realistic perspective?
Question: What theist did Howison agree with?
Question: What did Bowne believe was contrary to moral freedom?
Question: Howison said materialism was compatible with moral what?
Question: With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?
Answer: Cambridge
Question: In what year was The Nature of Existence published?
Answer: 1927
Question: According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?
Answer: minds
Question: How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?
Answer: love
Question: What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?
Answer: unreal
Question: When was The Unreality of Time published?
Question: In what publication did McTaggart argue space, time, and matter were real?
Question: Who said minds can only relate through time?
Question: What did McTaggart say metaphysics was relevant for?
Question: Who did McTaggart say was best prepared to use their philosophy to decide how to vote?
Question: What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson?
Answer: apeirotheism
Question: What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson's philosophy?
Answer: pluralistic
Question: According to Davidson, how many gods are there?
Answer: infinite
Question: By whose philosophy was Davidson influenced?
Answer: Aristotle
Question: What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with?
Answer: rational thought
Question: What was Aristotle's pluralism based on?
Question: How many Souls did Aristotle say there were?
Question: Davidson's argument that God cannot exist apart from the world matched whose argument?
Question: Apeirotheism was pluralistic idealism without what?
Question: What did Davidson say God was antonymous to in Aristotle's works?
Question: Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?
Answer: relativity
Question: In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?
Answer: 1900
Question: What did Pearson claim that science classifies?
Answer: contents of the mind
Question: Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?
Answer: Einstein
Question: When did idealism fall out of practice?
Question: What did the theory of relativity first appear in?
Question: When did Einstein publish The Grammar of Science?
Question: Who was influenced by Einstein?
Question: What did Einstein say science is?
Question: How do receive information from the physical world?
Answer: messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness
Question: What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself?
Answer: subconsciousness
Question: What is the nature of the fundamental character of reality?
Answer: mental
Question: According to the author, who would have particular trouble in accepting that reality is fundamentally mental?
Answer: physicist
Question: What is the main thing that we experience?
Answer: mind
Question: What is more general that mind-stuff of the world?
Question: How is mind-stuff spread?
Question: What is sharply defined?
Question: What does the matter-of-fact physicist easily accept?
Question: What is the cyclic scheme transmitted by?
Question: What was Czech formerly known as?
Answer: Bohemian
Question: What languages strongly influenced Czech?
Answer: Latin and German
Question: Over how many million people speak Czech?
Answer: 10
Question: What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?
Answer: loanwords
Question: What is Polish formerly known as?
Question: How many people speak Polish?
Question: What language is closest to Latin?
Question: What has Latin adopted in recent years?
Question: What are two other languages that are closely related to Latin?
Question: What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism?
Answer: highlighting of minor linguistic differences
Question: What language family is Czech?
Answer: Slavic
Question: Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences?
Answer: resentment against the former Soviet Union
Question: What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?
Answer: Slovak
Question: In what year did Croatia occupy Bosnia?
Question: Why has the Bosnian language wanted to separate itself from Croatia?
Question: What do most Russian dialects have in common?
Question: What has happened to languages in Russia?
Question: What kind of continuum is formed between Russian dialects?
Question: How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?
Answer: by 80 percent
Question: What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?
Answer: differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation
Question: When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?
Answer: when changing from the nominative to the locative case
Question: The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?
Answer: some scientific terminology