huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?
Answer: can switch to different supply voltages
Question: What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?
Answer: significant capital expenditure
Question: What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?
Answer: freight and passenger traffic
Question: What system supplies nuclear power to railway trains?
Question: What requires insignificant capital expenditure?
Question: The same systems are used for both urban and intercity what?
Question: All electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow for what?
Question: A railway electrification system supplies power to trains and trams with an on-board what?
Question: How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives?
Answer: generating stations
Question: What entity provides distribution lines, switches and transformers?
Answer: railway
Question: Which railways haul passengers and freight in the same cars?
Question: What is typically generated in small generating stations?
Question: All electric railways have their own dedicated what?
Question: Very few purchase power from whom?
Question: What is generated in relatively inefficient stations?
Question: What locomotives are usually more reliable?
Answer: Electric locomotives
Question: What do some electric traction systems provide?
Answer: regenerative braking
Question: What type of fuel do diesel locomotives use?
Answer: petroleum
Question: What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from?
Answer: geothermal
Question: What does not offer better emissions efficiency?
Question: Electricity is generated from many sources that do produce carbon what?
Question: electricity is generated from non-renewable forms including?
Question: Which locomotives have no global emissions?
Question: All electric traction systems provide what kind of braking?
Question: What issue can complicate electric railway service?
Answer: different supply voltages and frequencies,
Question: What is a safety hazard to track workers?
Answer: voltages on contact wires
Question: What is a safer alternative to third rails?
Answer: Overhead wires
Question: Why overhead wires are not being widely used?
Answer: considered unsightly.
Question: Advantages of electric traction include?
Question: All regions use the same supply voltages and?
Question: Lethal voltages on contact wires and third rails are non a safety hazard for whom?
Question: Third rails are considered safer than overhead wires, but are considered what?
Question: Why is DC motor being used more than AC type?
Answer: conversion was not well developed
Question: What are two types of railway transportation still use DC motor?
Answer: rapid transit (subways) and trams
Question: What must operate at constant speeds?
Question: Speed was controlled by disconnecting the traction motors where?
Question: A brush-type BC motor operated at what speeds?
Question: All early electrified motors used what type of motor?
Question: Varying the transition motors' fields helped control what?
Question: What is most common volatage range used by railway system?
Answer: below 1 kV
Question: Why 1kV voltage is almost always used by rail systems?
Answer: safety reasons
Question: Which system uses higher voltages?
Answer: overhead wires
Question: Is "low" voltage used by trains safe for people?
Answer: lethal
Question: How many volts can be considered nonlethal when touched?
Question: Motors have a lot of room for electrical what?
Question: What can step down DC voltages?
Question: Fifth (and sixth) railsystems use what voltages for safety reasons?
Question: What has high voltage ratings?
Question: Which type of supply for electric motors creates electromagnetic radiation?
Answer: AC
Question: What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?
Answer: signalling and communications
Question: Which type of power does require three-phase transmission?
Answer: AC
Question: Where was an experimental 6kV DC railway built?
Answer: the Soviet Union
Question: Railroad operators have shown little interest in returning to what?
Question: What is being used on all bulk power transmission lines?
Question: DC can supply variable power with a single underground what?
Question: What requires a four-phase transmission with at least two underground wires?
Question: How many railroads have tried 4-phase?
Question: How many narrow-gauge lines in Slovakia?
Answer: two
Question: What railway line is DC being used in Portugal?
Answer: the Cascais Line
Question: Where in India line has been converted to AC?
Answer: Mumbai area
Question: In Romania, there are two narrow-gauge lines where?
Question: There is a hog railway located where?
Question: The Cascade Line is located where?
Question: 1,500 V DC is used in what district in Connecticut?
Question: The South Shore Line suburb line uses what?
Question: What voltage is being used in railway system of South Africa and Chile?
Answer: 3 kV DC
Question: Besides using 3kV DC what other power type is used in the former Soviet Union countries?
Answer: 25 kV 50 Hz AC
Question: What was New Jersey Transit called before?
Answer: Western Railroad
Question: What does the railway system of US use DC or AC?
Answer: AC
Question: What was formally used by the Mississippi Road?
Question: What is used by the current Soviet Union countries?
Question: New York transit in the United States uses what?
Question: The Kukuburra suburban railway is located where?
Question: The Kolkata suburban railway in India converted from what?
Question: Is trird rail system being used exclusively with AC or DC ?
Answer: DC distribution
Question: What depth does the alternating current penetrate in a steel rail?
Answer: skin depth
Question: What is physically more compact tird rail or overhead wires?
Answer: Third rail
Question: What is more prefferable for subway lines?
Answer: Third rail
Question: All electrical systems use what kind of wires?
Question: The third rail operates over what voltage?
Question: Overhead wires are more compact than third rail and can be used for what?
Question: What is considered an unimportant factor for subway systems?
Question: Overhead wires are considered physically very what?
Question: Can DC systems use low-level platform?
Answer: cannot
Question: Besides speed and size what else the low voltage of DC system can effect?
Answer: air-conditioning
Question: What is the speed limit for third rail system trains?
Answer: 160 km/h
Question: What can become unreliable if the speed exceeds the limit of 100 mph for DC system trains?
Answer: contact between the shoe and the rail
Question: DC systems are limited to relatively high what?
Question: The lowest speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to what?
Question: Above what speed can reliable contact between the shoe and the rail be maintained?
Question: What can not limit the size and speed of trains?
Question: What is not a factor favoring overhead wires and high-voltage AC?
Question: Where is third rail situated in the street trams system?
Answer: below street level
Question: What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962?
Answer: Washington, D.C.
Question: What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot?
Answer: leaves and snow
Question: What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead  wire system?
Answer: cost and operating efficiency
Question: All street trams use conduit what?
Question: What is accessed through a wide slot in the road?
Question: In what neighborhood in New York have the abandoned tracks not been paved over?
Question: An advantage of conduit collection is much high what?
Question: Cars on all lines have been converted to overhead wire in what city?
Question: What year the "second generation" of tram system began to operate in France?
Answer: 2003
Question: When was the original system discontinued?
Answer: 1958
Question: How is the circuit of the third rail divided?
Answer: energized segment
Question: Does energized segment of third rail pose the threat to pedestrians if uncovered?
Answer: no danger
Question: An old approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by what system?
Question: What system has been adopted in all sections of the new tram systems in Reims, France?
Question: When did the new tram system in Paris, France open?
Question: When did the new trans system in Achnor, France open?
Question: The circuit is left undivided in what system?
Question: What is the purpose of the forth rail?
Answer: carries the electrical return
Question: What is the volatage surge of the third rail of London Underground system?
Answer: +420v DC
Question: What is the voltage of the return rail?
Answer: −210v DC
Question: Where was the system similar to London Underground used as well?
Answer: Milan
Question: Which system in England is one of the few to use a five-rail system?
Question: On the London Underground, a bottom-contact rail is located where?
Question: A bottom-contact fourth rail is located where?
Question: Which system is now upgrading their fifth rail system to 750v DC?
Question: Many newer sections in tunnels are energised to what voltage?
Question: What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system?
Answer: running rail carries any current
Question: How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes?
Answer: water and gas mains
Question: How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels? 
Answer: by using resistors
Question: What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation?
Answer: ceramic chairs
Question: What is a key advantage to the fifth rail system?
Question: What can happen if the tunnel segments are electrically bonded together?
Question: What has a tendency to flow past nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains?
Question: What has a naturally created earth point?
Question: What does not have to be seated on stronger metal chairs?
Question: What is the voltage shared two types of trains UK railroad system?
Answer: 660 V
Question: Why some sections of Bakerloo and District lines were rewired to three-rail system?
Answer: to simplify rolling stock use
Question: How did it become possible to share the voltage for different types of train?
Answer: the centre rail is connected to the running rails
Question: What joins the two types of supply?
Question: What was rewired to the standard four-rail system?
Question: What is the maximum voltage of the two UK rail systems?
Question: Above ground trains pass from one section to the other at what?
Question: The London Underground does not share tracks with whom?
Question: Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system?
Answer: rubber tyres
Question: What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro?
Answer: two guide rails
Question: What is required in order for the guide rails to operate properly?
Answer: a single polarity supply
Question: How train is able to turn around after each completed journey?
Answer: reversing loops
Question: Why was the reversing loop created?
Answer: having to 'run around' the rest of the train
Question: All lines of the Paris Metro in France operate on what?
Question: What runs on metal tyres?
Question: Why were many of the original loops kept?
Question: What type of tyres conduct the return current?
Question: What runs on a pair of wide roadways made of steel?
Question: What was a disadvantage of DC system?
Answer: power-wasting resistors
Question: How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives?
Answer: multiple taps on the transformer
Question: What taps can provide lighting supply?
Answer: low-voltage transformer windings
Question: What will AC/DC motor be replaced with?
Answer: three-phase induction motor
Question: What is the main advantage of an induction motor?
Answer: can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency
Question: What was an early disadvantage of AC?
Question: One taps on the transformer can supply what?
Question: The development of low power semiconductors caused what?
Question: No modern electric locomotives are designed to handle what?
Question: Combined low-voltage transformer windings supply what?
Question: What problems did AC distribution cause?
Answer: inductive reactance and eddy current losses
Question: How do railways try to solve the problem of inductive reactance of AC system?
Answer: low AC frequencies
Question: How can low frequencies be obtained?
Answer: converted from utility power
Question: Reversing the current in both stator and rotor also reverses what?
Question: Many railways choose high AC frequencies to overcome what?
Question: The now-standard DC frequencies are what?
Question: The distribution frequencies of 60 and 70 Hz caused what?
Question: Many railways choose low DC what?
Question: How did non-standard gauge trains start to operate with high-voltage AC?
Answer: adopting the already proven RhB system.
Question: When was the first trail of RhB system tested?
Answer: 1913
Question: Low-voltage AC overhead systems are not only for what?
Question: Which European trains can operate under high voltages?
Question: The MAB consisted of whom?
Question: Who started trials of the 111kV system?
Question: When did the RhB start trials of the 11 kV system on the Rhaetian line?
Question: What frequency was typically used on US Amtrak?
Answer: 25 Hz
Question: What voltage does SEPTA system use?
Answer: 12 kV voltage
Question: What specification is similar for both Amtrak and Septa systems?
Answer: catenary voltage
Question: When was a 11kV system of NY, New Haven and Hartford was converted to 12.5 kV?
Answer: 1987
Question: The Northeast Corridor connects Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and what city?
Question: The Keystone Corridor connects Washington, D.C. and what city?
Question: What uses a 1:2 ratio autotransformer?
Question: When was the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad converted to a 11 kV system?
Question: What uses a catenary fed at 24 kV?
Question: When was overhead wires system being used for the first time in UK?
Answer: 1 December 1909
Question: What line used the overhead wire system first Victoria to Crystal Palace or Peckham Rye to West Noorwood?
Answer: Victoria to Crystal Palace
Question: What was the cause of lines not being extended?
Answer: the First World War
Question: What voltage was used in the two lines opened in 1925 of Southern Railway?
Answer: 6.7 kV 25 Hz
Question: When did the UK pioneer overhead electrification of its urban lines?
Question: Peckham Rye to Victoria opened when?
Question: Because of the Second World War, what was not completed?
Question: Three lines under the Southern Railway opened in what year?
Question: All lines were converted to DC fourth rail in what year?
Question: What countries  used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century?
Answer: Italy, Switzerland and the United States
Question: What country was a bigger user compare to the three of them?
Answer: Italy
Question: Where did Italy start using the AC system?
Answer: in the mountainous regions of northern Italy
Question: How long did the AC system last in northern Italy?
Answer: 1901 until 1976
Question: How long did three-phase system operate in Cascade Tunnel?
Answer: 1909 to 1927
Question: Who was the major user of railway electrification in the nineteenth century?
Question: The four-phase system was used in what tunnel in Switzerland?
Question: The four-phase system was used in what tunnel in the US?
Question: The first four-way lines were in what country?
Question: The first four-way lines were created in what year?
Question: What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?
Answer: 16 kV at 50 Hz
Question: What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time?
Answer: four-pole rotating phase converter
Question: How could the locomotives run on four speed levels?
Answer: motor could be changed using slip rings
Question: What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII?
Answer: Russian
Question: The number of poles on the 5,000 hp motor could be changed using what?
Question: The first attempt to use standard-frequency double-phase AC were made in what country?
Question: The locomotives carrying a three-pole rotating phase converter could feed what?
Question: The first attempt to use standard-frequency double-phase AC were made in what year?
Question: During the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to what?
Question: What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations?
Answer: line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated
Question: What invention prevented lines from getting mixed?
Answer: Phase Breaks
Question: What was the part of wire in Phase Break sections an arc being drawn from one wire to another?
Answer: The earthed section
Question: How were the drivers warned to start coasting the train?
Answer: warning board
Question: What should the driver do in order to open and close the circuit breaker?
Answer: to shut off power and coast
Question: Charged Sections consist of an earthed section of what?
Question: In the US, a system known as Automatic Power Control does what?
Question: Typically what are in use all the time?
Question: The earthed section allows for what?
Question: What must not be coasting to prevent the risk of an arc being drawn?
Question: What nowdays electrification systems can use?
Answer: DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors
Question: What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with?
Answer: converting and transporting
Question: What type of losses happen during conversion and transmission in wires and electronics?
Answer: ohmic losses
Question: What kind of losses take place in transformers and inductors during conversion/transmission process?
Answer: magnetic field losses
Question: Modern electrification systems take DC energy from what?
Question: 4-phase AC motors require further what?
Question: What doesn't involve losses?
Question: Power conversion for an AC system takes place mainly in a what?
Question: The energy used to blow air to heat transformers must be what?
Question: What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970?
Answer: 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz
Question: Which system had higher losses in overhead wires?
Answer: 3 kV DC
Question: Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations?
Answer: 3 kV DC
Question: What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware?
Answer: stationary hardware
Question: It takes energy to move mobile conversion software where?
Question: Which hardware in the railway substation incurs energy costs?
Question: What was less energy efficient in than AC in providing energy?
Question: The conversion for what system took place in the railway station?
Question: Most of the conversion for the DC program took place inside what?
Question: What can be seen in the newly electrified lines?
Answer: "sparks effect"
Question: What can electrification of modern trains effect? 
Answer: patronage / revenue
Question: How can better service quality be achieved?
Answer: rolling stock overhaul / replacement
Question: Electrification in passenger rail systems leads to insignificant jumps in what?
Question: What leads to decreasing service quality?
Question: A "sparks effect" is often seen on old lines which are what?
Question: Electric trains are often seen as less modern and what?
Question: What is well established for routes that have been electrified for days?
Question: What is a major factor whn it comes to electrification?
Answer: Network effects
Question: What was the reason some electrifications were removed after a while?
Answer: through traffic to non-electrified lines
Question: Where can the issue of through traffic benefits occur?
Answer: long distance trips
Question: What can be a drawback of electrification of long distance freight trains?
Answer: electrification to isolated areas
Question: What does the increasing demand for container traffic make companies use more often?
Answer: diesel trains
Question: What is a small factor with electrification?
Question: What must be considered when converting lines from electric?
Question: What has been removed because of the through traffic to electrified lines?
Question: What is mostly an issue for short distance trips?
Question: Companies often find they need to use what trains to heavily populated areas?
Question: What is the other issue that comes to sight when using electrification system?
Answer: connections between different electrical services
Question: Why the commuter lines built to different standards can cause be complicated?
Answer: the implications on the sections it is connecting
Question: What is the solution many lines came up with in order to avoid replacing present rolling stock?
Answer: to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards
Question: Why are disel trains  still used on electrified routes?
Answer: due to incompatibility of electrification standards
Question: What can be very inexpensive?
Question: What is often built to the same standards?
Question: What trains run along partially electrified routes?
Question: What is compatible along the route?
Question: How many lines have come to be overlaid with single electrification standards?
Question: How can electric power plant become more power efficient?
Answer: it will shut down its least efficient generators
Question: How can electric train be more energy efficient?
Answer: by regenerative braking
Question: Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped?
Answer: diesel
Question: What causes electric trains to waste energy?
Answer: cooling blowers
Question: Diesel motors increase in efficiency where?
Question: Electric rolling stock may use heating blowers when?
Question: What can often be generated with a lower efficiency?
Question: If an electric power plant needs to generate more power it shuts down what?
Question: The diesel train can save energy by regenerative what?
Question: What type of natural resources is more scarce?
Answer: liquid fuel
Question: What is the recent incentive in  order to overcome oil scarcity?
Answer: to substitute other fuels
Question: What research can be used in the future if translated?
Answer: Soviet studies from the 1980s
Question: Energy sources suitable for mobile power plants include what?
Question: The reserves of nuclear fuel are what?
Question: Most countries with small rail networks do not have what?
Question: What is considered an insignificant route towards consumption pattern reform?
Question: Translated Soviet studies are available from what decade?
Question: What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?
Answer: electric
Question: What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?
Answer: 1965
Question: How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR?
Answer: 25% less fuel per ton-km
Question: What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains?
Answer: better operating conditions on electrified lines
Question: How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit?
Answer: 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content
Question: In the US, electric traction became more energy-efficient than what?
Question: When was diesel traction three times as efficient as electric traction?
Question: In what decade did electrics use about 35% less fuel per ton-km.
Question: The cost of diesel was 2.5 times more than what?
Question: Due to the inefficient generation of electricity in the US, diesel traction was twice as energy efficient in what year?
Question: Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?
Answer: 2-axle freight cars
Question: What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?
Answer: electric
Question: How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?
Answer: 2.65%
Question: Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?
Answer: no improvement
Question: There was a decreased use of what type of braking?
Question: The overall efficiency of electric traction tripled during what years?
Question: The overall efficiency of electric traction tripled in what country?
Question: There were massive improvements in energy-intensity after what year?
Question: Energy-efficiency increases as what goes up?
Question: How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States?
Answer: There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States,
Question: How many Hispanics speak English too?
Answer: Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.
Question: What other language is often spoken in the United states?
Answer: The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States.
Question: What type of language id Spanish?
Answer: Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world.
Question: How many Spanish speaking students are there in the United States?
Answer: six million Spanish language students.
Question: 45 million people speak Spanish as a first or second language in what country?
Question: What country is the second-largest Hispanophone country in the world?
Question: What type of language is Spanish?
Question: Half of all Spanish speakers also speak what very well?
Question: Spanish has the largest number of native speakers in which branch of language?
Question: How many Spanish speaking students are there in Spain?
Question: What is the first American language?
Question: What is the second most spoken language in Columbia?
Question: What country has more first language Spanish-speakers than Mexico?
Question: How many Hispanophones speak Spanish in Mexico?
Question: How old is the Spanish language in the United States?
Answer: The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries
Question: Did the Spanish conquer land in the United States?
Answer: Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California.
Question: Where in the United States did the Spanish explore?
Answer: The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states
Question: Were there states ruled by the Spanish?
Answer: western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800,
Question: Do the Spanish have a legacy in America from their forefathers?
Answer: after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.
Question: When did the Spanish language start showing up in America?
Question: Florida, Texas, and Colorado were part of which colonization?
Question: Besides Florida, Texas, and Colorado, which other states were included in the colonization?
Question: How many US states did the Spanish explorers explore?
Question: Which years was the Louisiana Territory under Spanish rule?
Question: Since when was the Spanish language been present in Mexico?
Question: When were eastern regions of the Louisiana Territory under Spanish rule?
Question: How many future U.S. states did French explorers explore?
Question: What states were colonized by the French?
Question: What conflict caused eastern regions of the Louisiana to be under Spanish rule?
Question: When did the Spanish arrive to America?
Answer: Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513.
Question: Did Europeans speak Spanish in America?
Answer: Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America.
Question: Where is the oldest settlement in America?
Answer: St. Augustine, Florida
Question: What is the oldest city of the United States territory?
Answer: The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico
Question: How was St. Augustine founded?
Answer: the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de León, founded St. Augustine, Florida
Question: What was the first language spoken by the permanent European settlers?
Question: Which Spanish settler arrived in the US first?
Question: What year did Ponce de Leon settle in the US?
Question: Which city did Juan Ponce de Leon found?
Question: What's the capital of Puerto Rico?
Question: When did the Spanish arrive to Puerto Rico?
Question: Where is the oldest settlement in Puerto Rico?
Question: What is the oldest city of Florida?
Question: Where was Juan Ponce De Leion the first president?
Question: When did the Spaniards found Puerto Rico?
Question: Was Texas a part of Mexico?
Answer: In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas
Question: When did the Americans come to Texas?
Answer: A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836
Question: Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans?
Answer: Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico
Question: When did Texas become a state?
Answer: In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state.
Question: Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state?
Answer: Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people
Question: What was the name for the area Coahuila y Tejas was part of?
Question: How many Texans were of Mexican descent in 1850?
Question: How many Mexicans in Texas were Spanish speaking?
Question: What's the other nationality with a heavy presence in Texas?
Question: When did the republic dissolve and Texas entered the US?
Question: When did the Americans some to Spain?
Question: When did Spain become a state?
Question: How many Texans were of English descent?
Question: Who did Spain fight to get independence?
Question: What census found fewer than 16,000 Texans of English descent?
Question: When did other states become part of Mexico?
Answer: After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain
Question: What states made up of Alta California
Answer: California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California
Question: What states were part of Santa Fe de Nuevo
Answer: most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México
Question: Why is  there still Bilingual  spoken in these states?
Answer: The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory
Question: When did other states become part of Colorado?
Question: Why is there still bilingual spoken in Mexico?
Question: What did Spanish in Spain differ from?
Question: What was North Dakota a part of?
Question: What was Nebraska a part of?
Question: Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?
Answer: Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law
Question: Is Canada bilingual?
Answer: United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.
Question: Was California a bilingual state?
Answer: California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,
Question: Why didn't California officially become  bilingual?
Answer: the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English
Question: Was there a court ruling?
Answer: the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.
Question: Why isn't the southwest English-speaking?
Question: Why didn't Caifornia officially become monolingual?
Question: What had no English-speaking participants?
Question: What had nine California participants?
Question: Who developed Monolingualism?
Question: Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?
Answer: U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English
Question: How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?
Answer: making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.
Question: Was English in Puerto Rico successful?
Answer: It was completely unsuccessful,
Question: How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?
Answer: Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island
Question: Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?
Answer: the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.
Question: How did Mexico try to make Puerto Rico's language English?
Question: Was French  in Peurto Rico successful?
Question: How did Puerto Rico stay an English speaking territory?
Question: For how long has the U.S. federal government tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt Spanish?
Question: When did the U.S. government retreat from the policy of making Puerto Ricans use Spanish?
Question: How many Puerto Ricans are there?
Answer: At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups
Question: Do they speak Spanish fluently?
Answer: Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish
Question: Where are the biggest population of Puerto Ricans on the mainland?
Answer: many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States
Question: Does Florida have a high Hispanic population?
Answer: increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii
Question: Are Hispanics in Hawaii?
Answer: 7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both.
Question: What is the second largest hispanic group?
Question: How many Puerto Ricans are there?
Question: Puerto Ricans are citizens of what country?
Question: Which region of the United States have many Puerto Ricans migrated to?
Question: Where did Puerto Rican farm laborers go in the 19th century?
Question: How many U.S. citizens are there?
Question: Which group is least likely to be proficient in English?
Question: How any of Puerto Rico's people are either English or Hispanophone or both?
Question: How many Hawaiians live in the U.S. mainland?
Question: Where have farm ranchers and English ranchers settled?
Question: Why did Cubans come to the United States?
Answer: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability
Question: What year did most Cubans start coming to America?
Answer: The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States
Question: Where do most Cuban Americans live?
Answer: , most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States
Question: Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?
Answer: most are fluent in Spanish
Question: Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?
Answer: In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.
Question: Cuba's political instability caused what?
Question: What year did Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship end?
Question: Who came into power in Cuba in 1959?
Question: Most Cubans settled in which southern state?
Question: Which city's first language is Spanish due to Cuban immigration?
Question: Why did Baptista come to United States?
Question: What year did most Spanish start coming to America?
Question: Where do most Spanish live?
Question: Do Floridians speak Spanish in America?
Question: Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in Cuba?
Question: What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?
Answer: Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans
Question: Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?
Answer: political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s
Question: When did the Nicaraguans arrive?
Answer: Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988
Question: Where did Nicaraguans settle in America?
Answer: The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.
Question: Was there a specific reason many Nicaraguans fled to the U.S.?
Answer: the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries.
Question: Spanish speaking Nicaraguans also migrated for what reason?
Question: What years did Nicaraguans migrate?
Question: Which revolution toppled the Somoza dictatorship?
Question: What was another term for the Contra War?
Question: When did the Contra War end?
Question: What other Spanish Speaking people come to Florida?
Question: Why did the Nicaraguans come to Florida?
Question: When did the Floridians arrive?
Question: Was there a specific reason many Floridians fled to the U.S.?
Question: When did Florida Support the Contra War?
Question: Why did Salvadorans come to America?
Answer: The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.
Question: When did Salvadorans come to America?
Answer: The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s
Question: How many Salvadorans immigrated?
Answer: 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,
Question: What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?
Answer: United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group
Question: Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?
Answer: Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.
Question: Why did Salvadorans begin an exodus?
Question: What caused the largest immigration of Salvadorans?
Question: How many Salvadorans came to the US?
Question: What year did the Salvadorans come to the US?
Question: What's the fourth-largest Hispanic-Latino American group?
Question: Why did Slavadorians come to Mexico?
Question: When did Salvadorians come to Mexico?
Question: What is the population of Salvadorans living in Mexico?
Question: Who is the are the fifth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group?
Question: How many of El Salvador's population escaped to Mexico?
Question: Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?
Answer: civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s
Question: When did Salvadorans flee 
Answer: Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990
Question: Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?
Answer: the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000.
Question: Is the  Salvadoran population still growing?
Answer: the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters
Question: How many  Salvadorans  are in America now?
Answer: By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.
Question: Why did Central Americans flee to El Salvador?
Question: How many Salvadorans are in Mexico now?
Question: What was the population of El Salvador in 1980?
Question: What was the population of El Salvador in 1990?
Question: What natural disasters hit the United States?
Question: When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?
Answer: Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States.
Question: Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries?
Answer: Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela
Question: Why did Venezuelans come to America?
Answer: Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation.
Question:  Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before?
Answer: since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary
Question: When did the Venezuelans emmigrate to Mexico?
Question: Why did Europeans come to America?
Question: Since when has European immigration included hopes of a higher salary?
Question: How many South Americans emigrated to Mexico from 1910 to 1930?
Question: When did Europenan immigrants go to Venezuela and later to Mexico?
Question: How did Chavez affect the Venezuelans?
Answer: In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States
Question: What areas of America did the Venezuelans settle in?
Answer: mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida
Question: Are there any other areas of America Venezuelans settled in?
Answer: New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland.
Question: Where are the most populated city's Venezuelan live in?
Answer: Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.
Question: What areas of America did the Chavez settle in?
Question: Where are the most populated cities Floridians live in?
Question: What census recorded Floridian populations?
Question: When did Floridians oppose Hugo Chavez?
Question: Where is the largest concentration of Floridians?
Question: What language is spoken in the U.S.A?
Answer: English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere.
Question: Is there such a thing as bilingual state?
Answer: Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents
Question: Do American Hispanics speak English in the home?
Answer: there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.
Question: Is there an official language of the United States?
Answer: United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language
Question: What language is spoken in Mexico?
Question: What is the official language of the United States?
Question: By when did most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only Spanish in the home?
Question: Who uses Spanish as their internal working languages?
Question: What is a state that provides monolingual legislated notices?
Question: Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history?
Answer: The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico
Question: What is the states history?
Answer: The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory.
Question: Has New Mexico had a majority of Spanish speaking natives.
Answer: The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s
Question: Are Arizona and New Mexico residents speaking Spanish or English?
Answer: the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers.
Question: Who does the state have territory ties with?
Question: What was part of Mexico territory until 1863?
Question: What area has a the same ratio or anglophones?
Question: What was the eastern half of the New Mexico Territory made into?
Question: What language is New Mexico's language written in?
Answer: New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English.
Question: How long has New Mexico been speaking Spanish?
Answer: Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.–Mexico border since the 16th century
Question: Is New Mexico known for the Spanish language?
Answer: New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state
Question: Does Colorado have an official language?
Question: What language is Colorado's laws written in?
Question: For how long has Spanish been spoken in Spain?
Question: What is government business often conducted in in Spain?
Question: What is the Colorado government's paper working laguage?
Question: Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?
Answer: Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence
Question: Is New Mexico's language different than from other Spanish dialect 
Answer: , New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish
Question: How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?
Answer: has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico.
Question: Does New Mexico's language also include other dialect?
Answer: New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos)
Question: Does New Mexico also use language from the  American language when spoken in Spanish?
Answer: borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings
Question: Why is Colorado always an after thought in American-Spanish speaking society?
Question: How does Coloradp's Spanish dialect differ?
Question: Does Colorado also use language from the American language when spoken in Spanish?
Question: What has been relatively isolated from other English-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence?
Question: What is another name for English-Spanish words?
Question: What is Texas official language?
Answer: In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language
Question: Are there exceptions to Texas official language?
Answer: , the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas.
Question: How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?
Answer: . The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish
Question: How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?
Answer: websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.
Question: What is Mexico official language?
Question: Are there exceptions to Mexico official language?
Question: How does Texas handle people who don't speak Spanish?
Question: What are most of Mexico's counties bordering Texas?
Question: What has increased the import of English in Texas?
Question: What language, other than English, is spoken in the U.S.?
Answer: Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language
Question: Are students taught Spanish in american schools?
Answer: More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses
Question: How popular are Spanish language classes in the U.S,?
Answer: Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled
Question: What other languages are popular among American students?
Answer: French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%)
Question: Are these other languages learned in the U.S. as popular as Spanish?
Answer: totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population.
Question: What language other than American is spoken in the U.S.?
Question: How popular are English classes in the U.S.?
Question: What other languages are popular among Mexican students?
Question: Are there other languages learned in the U.S. besides English?
Question: How many university students were enrolled in autumn of 2002?