huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?
Answer: would be self-regulating
Question: What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?
Answer: good men
Question: How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?
Answer: there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust
Question: What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?
Answer: the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable
Question: According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?
Answer: the opposite of a free society
Question: What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?
Answer: non-interventionist policy
Question: What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?
Answer: prima facie
Question: What are ecosystems views to be?
Answer: spontaneous orders
Question: One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?
Answer: analysis of markets
Question: What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?
Answer: our ability to manipulate nature
Question: According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?
Answer: Hayek
Question: Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?
Answer: the state
Question: In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?
Answer: The economic calculation problem
Question: Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?
Answer: Bernard Harcourt
Question: Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?
Answer: Arthur M. Diamond
Question: Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic?
Answer: economic science
Question: What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek?
Answer: intellectual skeptic
Question: Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?
Answer: confused and contradictory
Question: At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?
Answer: a transitional period
Question: What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals?
Answer: a liberal dictatorship
Question: What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future?
Answer: a liberal government
Question: As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler?
Answer: Pinochet
Question: Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what?
Answer: totalitarianism
Question: What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?
Answer: Venezuela
Question: What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America?
Answer: totalitarian governments
Question: What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?
Answer: the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal”
Question: What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?
Answer: private investment in the public markets
Question: What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?
Answer: Lionel Robbins
Question: Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?
Answer: Churchill
Question: With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?
Answer: John Maynard Keynes
Question: Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field?
Answer: Kenneth Arrow
Question: What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man?
Answer: Paul Samuelson
Question: On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong?
Answer: Joseph Schumpeter
Question: On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical?
Answer: Hayek's
Question: Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics?
Answer: Prices and Production
Question: Whose 1980 book mentions "informal" economics?
Answer: Milton Friedman's
Question: What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?
Answer: Free to Choose
Question: How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?
Answer: Hayekian
Question: Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?
Answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society
Question: Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?
Answer: Alfred Tarski
Question: Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?
Answer: Conjectures and Refutations
Question: Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?
Answer: Logik der Forschung
Question: Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?
Answer: the inaugural meeting
Question: Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism?
Answer: The Road to Serfdom
Question: To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success?
Answer: Carl Menger
Question: Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period??
Answer: Scottish Enlightenment
Question: Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?
Answer: Keith Joseph
Question: During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?
Answer: conservative governments
Question: What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?
Answer: director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies
Question: One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?
Answer: Ronald Reagan's
Question: What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?
Answer: conservatism
Question: What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?
Answer: "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves."
Question: What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?
Answer: belief in the free market
Question: What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?
Answer: libertarian
Question: Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?
Answer: internationalism
Question: What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian?
Answer: Old Whig
Question: In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced?
Answer: liberal-minded economists
Question: Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"?
Answer: James M. Buchanan
Question: From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian?
Answer: Edmund Burke
Question: In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself?
Answer: a Burkean Whig
Question: What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?
Answer: neoliberalism
Question: Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?
Answer: Samuel Brittan
Question: Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?
Answer: Raymond Plant
Question: Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?
Answer: Madsen Pirie
Question: According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?
Answer: people in authority who think they know how to run things better
Question: Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?
Answer: mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook
Question: What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?
Answer: to function smoothly
Question: What is diarrhea?
Answer: the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day
Question: What is one of the effects of diarrhea?
Answer: can result in dehydration due to fluid loss
Question: What are the warning signs of dehydration?
Answer: loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour
Question: What are other signs of dehydration?
Answer: decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness
Question: What condition is characterized by loose and watery stools in babies?
Question: What sign begins with a loss of skin color and a fast heart rate?
Question: What are the warning signs of diarrhea?
Question: How long does dehydration last?
Question: What are other signs of diarrhea?
Question: What is the most common cause of diarrhea?
Answer: an infection of the intestines
Question: What can cause an infection in the intestines?
Answer: a virus, bacteria, or parasite
Question: What are the three types of diarrhea?
Answer: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea
Question: What is it known as if blood is present?
Answer: dysentery
Question: What is the most common cause of cholera?
Question: What causes and infection by dysentery?
Question: Name some examples of non-infectious causes of hyperthyroidism?
Question: What are three types of inflammatory bowel disease?
Question: What is acquired from food and water contaminated by cholera?
Question: What are some ways to prevent diarrhea?
Answer: improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap
Question: What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby?
Answer: Breastfeeding for at least six months
Question: What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea?
Answer: Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar
Question: What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics?
Answer: cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites
Question: Name two examples when amounts of salts and sugar are recommended although rarely used?
Question: What can a woman do to prevent high fever for her baby?
Question: What are people who have rotovirus recommended to do?
Question: What can be used if commercial antibiotics are not available?
Question: How do you prevent infectious rotovirus?
Question: HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?
Answer: 1.7 to 5 billion cases
Question: How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?
Answer: average three times a year
Question: Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?
Answer: malnutrition
Question: What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?
Answer: stunted growth and poor intellectual development
Question: What do frequent episodes of stunted growth cause?
Question: How many cases of malnutrition happen per year?
Question: What long term issues can happen from frequent malnutrition?
Question: How often do kids have malnutrition in developing countries?
Question: What is the estimate of total deaths from stunted growth in 2013?
Question: What is secretory diarrhea?
Answer: an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption
Question: What are the causes of secretory diarrhea?
Answer: cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions
Question: Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea?
Answer: . There is little to no structural damage.
Question: What means there is an increase in structural damage or absorption inhibition?
Question: What causes inhibition of absorption?
Question: Is there any structural damage associated with oral food intake?
Question: What happens to fluid secretion when there is oral food intake?
Question: What stimulates the secretion of chloride plasma?
Question: What occures with osmotic diarrhea?
Answer: s when too much water is drawn into the bowels
Question: What causes osmotic diarrhea?
Answer: If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel
Question: How do osmotic lazatives work?
Answer: alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels
Question: What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people?
Answer: too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose
Question: What causes osmotic intolerance?
Question: What can cause excess fructose in healthy individuals?
Question: How does fructose malabsorption work?
Question: What does a person with Coeliac disease have difficulty absorbing after eating dairy products?
Question: What foods that have a high dairy content are less likely to cause diarrhea?
Question: When does inflammatory diarrhea occur?
Answer: when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border
Question: What happens with inflammatory diarrhea?
Answer: a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids
Question: What can cause inflammatory diarrhea?
Answer: bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems
Question: What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea?
Answer: tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.
Question: What causes inflammatory tuberculosis?
Question: What does enteritis lead to?
Question: What other causes are there for parasitic infections?
Question: Name other causes of viral infections?
Question: What is damaged when color cancer occurs?
Question: Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person?
Answer: a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development
Question: What can early childhood malnutrition cause?
Answer: reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults
Question: What is the cause of childhood malnutrition?
Answer: diarrhea
Question: Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect?
Answer: significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence
Question: What causes children to have low scores on physical fitness tests?
Question: What reduces mental development and productivity in adults?
Question: What does evidence show that helminth disease impacts?
Question: What disease has a negative impact on intelligence?
Question: What are children who acquire helmenth infection are more likely to have?
Question: What symptoms do you have with IBS?
Answer: abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months
Question: How can symptoms be managed with IBS?
Answer: a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications
Question: What is another possible cause of unusual stool?
Question: How can symptoms of bile acid malabsorption be managed?
Question: What is SeHCAT syndrome?
Question: How many patients with SeHCAT have bile acid malabsorption?
Question: What is the diagnosis for patients with unusual stool?
Question: What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea?
Answer: Poverty
Question: Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea?
Answer: from the conditions under which impoverished people live
Question: What causes this to be exacerbated?
Answer: the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care.
Question: What indicates the rate of medical care?
Question: Why does poverty raise your risk of nutrient losses?
Question: What prevents poor people from defending against human pathogens?
Question: What are some examples that the lack of affordable medical care is associated with?
Question: What restricts the ability to provide sanitation?
Question: Why is proper nutrition important?
Answer: for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea
Question: What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?
Answer: greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever
Question: What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?
Answer: cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes
Question: What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?
Answer: 127 million
Question: Why is a fully developed immune system important?
Question: Where is infectious diarrhea found in mild cases?
Question: What do children with lower levels of disease contraction have?
Question: How many preschool children worldwide are zinc deficient?
Question: What do others suggest regarding the increase in nutrition causes?
Question: What did Nesse and Williams learn?
Answer: diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism
Question: If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?
Answer: there might be a delay in recovery.
Question: What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?
Answer: caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.
Question: What is the function of Shigella?
Question: If research is stopped, what could happen?
Question: What happened to people with Lomotil when treated with anti diarrheal medication?
Question: What is contraindicated in support of the argument?
Question: What did the researchers discover about shigellosis?
Question: What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases?
Answer: Basic sanitation techniques
Question: How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease?
Answer: approximately 42–48%
Question: Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries?
Answer: access to soap and water is limited
Question: What is a solution to help this problem?
Answer: implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours
Question: What has a profound effect in developed countries?
Question: By what percentage do educational programs reduce the chance of disease?
Question: What is a solution to poverty?
Question: Where is education integral to prevent disease?
Question: What is a challenge to reduce disease in less developed countries?
Question: What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease?
Answer: water contamination
Question: What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents? 
Answer: clean water supply and improved sanitation
Question: What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation?
Answer: 22–27% reduction in disease incidence
Question: What is major way disease instance is spread?
Question: By what percentage will diarrheal disease be reduced as a result of improved water and hygene?
Question: What has cut the rate of mortality?
Question: What is the reduction in mortality rate associated with disease instance?
Question: What is a cause of child mortality?
Question: What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?
Answer: it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination
Question: What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?
Answer: Rotavirus
Question: What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?
Answer: 20%
Question: What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?
Answer: (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence
Question: What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?
Answer: 1985
Question: What is responsible for 6% of Cholera disease?
Question: What requires targeting disease for vaccination?
Question: What were the results of Cholera vaccine trials in 1985?
Question: What year was the Cholera vaccine used?
Question: What may be the result of developing effective ways to target new pathogens?
Question: What can be done to combate dietary deficiences?
Answer: promoting better eating practices
Question: What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease?
Answer: Zinc
Question: WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective?
Answer: zinc supplementation
Question: How can zinc deficiencies be combated?
Question: What strategy showed a decrease in the incidence of dietary deficiencies?
Question: What dietary deficiency was found to be less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence?
Question: What actions help combat diarrhea?
Question: What control group was found to be more cost effective?
Question: What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need?
Answer: replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed
Question: How is this treatment given?
Answer: This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously
Question: What type of diet is no longer recommended?
Answer: BRAT diet
Question: What does WHO recommend to do?
Answer: children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain
Question: What treatment do people in oral rehydration therapy need?
Question: What type of diet does the BRAT recommend?
Question: What type of oral rehydration therapy is not recommended?
Question: What has no effect on the duration of cholera?
Question: What does continuing to replace lost fluid and salts intravenously speed up?
Question: What can be used to prevent dehydration?
Answer: Oral rehydration solution (ORS)
Question: What are some good standard home solutions?
Answer: salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt
Question: What is a commercial solution that can also be used?
Answer: Pedialyte
Question: What is the WHO's recipe for ORS?
Answer: one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added
Question: What can make reyhdration worse?
Question: What can WHO be used for in children?
Question: Can you name some plain water solutions?
Question: Who widely distributes Pedialyte?
Question: How much chicken soup does the Rehydration Project recommend adding?
Question: What are not recommended for younger kids because it can casue more dehydration?
Answer: Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices
Question: Why are sodas and high sugar fruit juices not recommended?
Answer: A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water
Question: What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink?
Answer: A nasogastric tube
Question: What can be used to give fluids if drinks are too rich in sugar?
Question: Who is plain water not recommended for?
Question: Why are plain water and ORT preparations not recommended?
Question: What can be given with the goal of providing specific ORT preparations?
Question: What does plain water do in the gut?
Question: What does WHO recommend?
Answer: a child with diarrhea continue to be fed
Question: What does continuing to eat do for your illness?
Answer: Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function
Question: What happens when a childs food is restricted?
Answer: children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly
Question: What happens if a child's breastfeeding is restricted?
Question: What does the CDC state about a child's diet when they have diarrhea?
Question: What speeds up recovery of food withholding?
Question: What organization recommended that a lactose-free diet should always be continued?
Question: Who made the same recommendation regarding intestinal function?
Question: Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances?
Answer: they are usually not used except in specific situations
Question: What are the concerns with anitbiotics?
Answer: may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7
Question: What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well?
Answer: some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance
Question: What are antibiotics doing that makes treatment not work well?
Question: What are concerns with Escherichia coli O157:H7?
Question: Where is treatment for antibiotic resistance beneficial?
Question: Are antibiotics used in certain types of antibiotic resistance?
Question: What resource-poor country is developing antibiotic resistance?
Question: What type of educational institution does the term madrasa refer?
Answer: any type
Question: In Western culture, the term madrasa widely refers to the practices of what religion?
Answer: Islamic
Question: How many students enrolled in madaris are Muslim?
Answer: Not all
Question: What does Madrasa mean in French?
Question:  What type of educational institution does the term madrasa not cover?
Question: In Eastern culture, what religion does the term Madrasa refer to?
Question: What school does Madrasa not refer to?
Question: What is studied in Islamic religions?
Question: What are the root origins of the word madrasah?
Answer: triconsonantal Semitic
Question: What is the literal translation of madrasah?
Answer: a place where learning and studying take place
Question: In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?
Answer: same as school does in the English language
Question: During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?
Answer: lower schools and specialised
Question: What were the students in madaris called?
Answer: danişmends
Question: What are not the root origins of the word madrasah?
Question:  What is the not literal translation of madrasah?
Question: In French, what does madarasah mean?
Question:  During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were uncommon?
Question: What were the teachers in madaris called?
Question: What is the English connotative understanding of the word madrash? 
Answer: Islamic institutions
Question: What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes?
Answer: memorization of the Qur'an
Question: What is shariah?
Answer: Islamic law
Question: What is the discipline taught in mantiq courses?
Answer: logic
Question: What set of courses does someone need to take for preparation to be considered as a scholar?
Answer: ʻālim
Question: What is the Spanish connotative understanding of the word madrash?
Question:  What is never taught through a hifz class or set of classes?
Question:  What is the opposite of shariah?
Question:  What is the discipline not taught in mantiq courses?
Question: What set of beliefs does someone need to have to be considered as a scholar?
Question: How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?
Answer: approximately twelve years
Question: In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?
Answer: people take evening classes and reside in dormitories
Question: Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?
Answer: provide them with education and training
Question: What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?
Answer: they study separately from the men
Question:  What age groups are never enrolled in madaris?
Question:  How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses before they can drop out?
Question:  In what ways are madaris similar to eastern colleges?
Question: Why do madaris extend enrollment to rich children?
Question:  What is the format for co-education for adults in madaris?
Question: What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?
Answer: Quran
Question: What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?
Answer: Muslim education
Question: What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?
Answer: monotheism
Question: What is the meaning of non-Islamic education?
Question:  What book is the basis for religion-free education in Islamic traditions?
Question:  What types of education is exactly the same as Islamic education?
Question: What is Islamic religion in the modern sense considered as far as theology is concerned?
Question: Where was the first madrasa located?
Answer: the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam
Question: Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?
Answer: Hazrat Muhammad
Question: Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?
Answer: Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit
Question: What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?
Answer: calligraphy
Question: What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?
Answer: athletics and martial arts
Question:  Where was the second madrasa located?
Question:  Who was the teacher at the third madrasa?
Question: Who was named as a teacher at the last madrasa?
Question: What martial arts was taught in the early madaris?
Question: What type of ball sports were taught in the early madaris?
Question: How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?
Answer: through a religious endowment
Question: What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?
Answer: former slaves
Question: What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?
Answer: Guaranteed positions within the new madaris
Question: In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?
Answer: Cairo
Question: Which class of people founded the madaris during the ancient period?
Question:  How were the madaris funded during the prehistoric period?
Question:  What class of people rejected status during the Mamluk Period?
Question: What allowed the plebeians to maintain power during the Mamluk period?
Question: What city rejected the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?
Question: What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?
Answer: Caliphate
Question: What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?
Answer: maktab and madrasa institutions
Question: How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?
Answer: several centuries
Question: Who disapproved of scholars to study natural sciences?
Question: What group of people had the lowest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?
Question: What schools had the biggest impact on the declining literacy rates in the Caliphate?
Question: When did madaris spread to larger cities?
Question: What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?
Answer: maktab
Question: Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?
Answer: Ibn Sīnā
Question: What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?
Answer: classes
Question: How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?
Answer: two
Question:  When were the last recorded Islamic elementary schools?
Question:  What term refers to non-Islamic elementary schools?
Question:  Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab students?
Question:  What did Ibn Sina prefer over public schools?
Question: What's the third component of education from Ibn Sina?
Question: What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education?
Answer: manual skills
Question: According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education?
Answer: 14
Question: According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education?
Answer: flexibility
Question: What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school? 
Answer: future career
Question: What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in primary education?
Question: According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children drop out of school?
Question: According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the primary stage of education?
Question: What should secondary training provide a teacher in the secondary stage of school?
Question: What besides emotional development do parents need to take into account?
Question: What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?
Answer: philosophy and the secular sciences
Question: Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah?
Answer: its founder
Question: What is the most widely known madrasah?
Answer: al-Azhar University
Question: How many madaris have been founded in Cairo?
Answer: 75
Question: What discipline was rejected in traditional madrasah?
Question:  What was recently rejected in madrasah?
Question: Who decided the content that would be rejected in a particular madrasah?
Question:  What is the least widely known madrasah?
Question:  How many madaris have been founded outside of Cairo?
Question: When did Islamic law school begin?
Answer: 9th century
Question: How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate?
Answer: ten or more years
Question: What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools?
Answer: European doctorate
Question:  What term refers to non-Islamic law?
Question:  When did Islamic law school end?
Question: How long did a student have to study law in order to drop out?
Question: What modern schooling has been considered modeled after the non-Islamic graduate schools?
Question: What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?
Answer: licence to teach
Question: Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?
Answer: individual scholar-teacher
Question: Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?
Answer: chief official of the university
Question: What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?
Answer: licentia docendi
Question:  What did earning the ijazat al-tadris discipline students?
Question:  Who awarded a teaching license in non-Islamic schools?
Question:  Who rejected a teaching license in European schools?
Question:  What type of license is very different from the ijazat al-tadris?
Question: Who was not the chief official of the university?
Question: What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?
Answer: whether certain opinions of law were orthodox
Question: What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?
Answer: fatwa
Question: What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?
Answer: civil as well as religious
Question: What is ijtihad?
Answer: process of scholarly research
Question: What determination of the study of law was never scrutinized?
Question: What is the non-Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?
Question: What type of matters are covered through non-Islamic law?
Question: What is the opposite of ijtihad?
Question: What isn't the translation of ijtihad?
Question: What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris
Answer: princely patrons
Question: What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris?
Answer: further the rulers' agenda
Question: Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?
Answer: George Makdisi
Question: When did some madaris become considered unlike traditional colleges?
Question: What class of people founded only European universities?
Question: What class of people founded only Islamic madaris?
Question:  What was considered to be the overt purpose of madaris?
Question: Who agreed that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?
Question: Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?
Answer: Fatima al-Fihri
Question: What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?
Answer: all levels
Question: What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?
Answer: mosques
Question: What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?
Answer: individual faculties for different subjects
Question: Where is Al-Azhar University located?
Answer: Cairo, Egypt
Question: What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University?
Answer: an oral examination
Question: Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University?
Answer: Maimonides
Question: What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for?
Answer: largest university of the Medieval world
Question: What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?
Answer: Islamic religious law of sharīʻah
Question: What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?
Answer: supply religious needs
Question: Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?
Answer: the teacher
Question: What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?
Answer: Ptolemaic astronomy
Question: What is considered the most famous madrasa?
Answer: al-Azhar
Question:  What field does the ijazah signify having no expertise in?
Question: What was the purpose of not studying natural sciences in madaris?
Question: Who disallowed when a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?
Question:  What scientific discipline is no longer taught in modern madaris?
Question:  What is considered the least famous madrasa?
Question: What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?
Answer: corporate element
Question: What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?
Answer: Islamic college
Question: Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?
Answer: Medievalist specialists
Question: What are two examples of waqfs?
Answer: madrasa and jāmiʻah
Question: What do scholars believe is included from madaris that guarantees them being considered universities?
Question: What do scholars that don't specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?
Question:  What is the third example of waqfs?
Question: Who agrees that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?
Question: When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?
Answer: 11th and 12th centuries
Question: Where are madaris considered less desirable?
Answer: Western Islamic lands
Question: When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?
Answer: 1947
Question: When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?
Answer: the donor
Question: What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?
Answer: economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture
Question: When did more madaris begin to form more slowly?
Question:  Where are madaris considered more desirable?
Question:  When did the al-Qarawiyin officially stop being a university?
Question: When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the students?
Question:  What disciplines were destroyed at al-Azhar in 1961?
Question: What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris?
Answer: European university
Question: What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris?
Answer: degree and doctorate
Question: How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices?
Answer: eighteen
Question: What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions?
Answer: academic
Question: What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris?
Answer: wearing academic robes
Question: What institutions have been considered to get no its ideas from madaris?
Question: What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be not adapted from madaris?
Question: How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between non-Islamic language and non-European educational practices?
Question: What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe non-European schools learned from non-Islamic traditions?
Question: What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools did not learn from madaris?
Question: What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?
Answer: Christian
Question: What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?
Answer: overstating his case
Question: What is the European version of fiqh?
Answer: civil law
Question: What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?
Answer: parallel occurrence
Question: What other religion was considered to be opposite in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?
Question: What was Makdisi not accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?
Question:  What is the non-European version of fiqh?
Question:  What do scholars believe is the reason for differences between Islamic and European schools?
Question: What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s?
Answer: less than one percent
Question: How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s?
Answer: over 8,000
Question: In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students?
Answer: al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ
Question: How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?
Answer: 1,075
Question: What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 2000s?
Question:  How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1600s?
Question: In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic male students?
Question:  How many male students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?
Question: What disciplines were women trained in during the first century?
Answer: music, dancing and poetry
Question: Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools?
Answer: Shuhda
Question: Where did Shuhda attend school?
Answer: Baghdad
Question: When was formal education for Islamic women halted?
Answer: 1258
Question: During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school?
Answer: Abbasid
Question: What disciplines were women trained in during the second century?
Question:  Who was the least well known female scholar in Islamic schools?
Question:  Where did Shuhda work?
Question:  When was formal education for Islamic women encouraged?
Question: During which Caliphate did Islamic women stop going to formal school?
Question: Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools?
Answer: learned and scholarly families
Question: Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina?
Answer: their desire for religious knowledge
Question: Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world?
Answer: Muhammad's wives
Question: Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education?
Answer: Khadijah
Question: What titles could men earn by going to Islamic schools?
Question: Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were not educated in Islamic schools?
Question:  Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem men in Medina?
Question: Which one of Muhammad's sons had a particular impact on his view of women and education?
Question: How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror?
Answer: eight
Question: How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: complete the classes in the lower one
Question: Where were Ottoman madaris built?
Answer: near mosques
Question: When was the first Ottoman madrasa built?
Answer: 1331
Question:  Who didn't traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?
Question:  How many madaris were not started by Mehmed the Conqueror?
Question: How would a teacher matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?
Question:  Where were Ottoman madaris torn down?
Question:  When was the first Ottoman madrasa torn down?
Question: Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?
Answer: confirm the doctrines of Islam
Question: What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?
Answer: pluralistic
Question: What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: Islam
Question: What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?
Answer: wide range of studies
Question: What was the essential mission of non-Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?
Question:  Why wasn't philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?
Question:  What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire not have?
Question: What religion was not at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?
Question:  What did Ottoman madaris have that was different to modern American schools?
Question: What kind of social service was provided through the madaris?
Answer: aid to the poor through soup kitchens
Question: What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures?
Answer: religion
Question: Where did students learn about religious and social norms?
Answer: medreses
Question: What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?
Answer: Islamic orthodoxy
Question:  What kind of social service was not provided through the madaris?
Question: What had a hold over social life in only the Ottoman Empire, not other cultures?
Question:  Where did teachers learn about religious and social norms?
Question: What practice was never desired through connecting religion and schools?
Question: What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India?
Answer: Deobandis
Question: What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India?
Answer: Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad
Question: What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris?
Answer: Mathematics, Computers and science
Question: In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools?
Answer: 2015
Question: What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools?
Answer: Hindu-Muslim friction
Question:  What group makes up a smaller percentage of people in India?
Question:  What is the smallest school for Barelvis people outside of India?
Question:  What disciplines does India want to keep away from madaris?
Question: In what year did the Indian government begin recognize madaris as schools?
Question: What problems are not arising due to the social conflicts over schools?
Question: How many Muslim teachers are there in Kerala?
Answer: 6,000
Question: Who determines the content taught in Arabic public schools?
Answer: State-appointed committees
Question: What types of programs provide traditional Islamic teaching?
Answer: after-school
Question: What is the format of school for girls and boys?
Answer: co-educational
Question:  How many non-Muslim students are there in Kerala?
Question:  Who does not determine the content taught in Arabic public schools?
Question:  What types of programs provide non-traditional Islamic teaching?
Question:  What is the format of school for adults?
Question: What are madaris referred to as in Indonesia and Malaysia?
Answer: Sekolah Agama
Question: What region of the Philippines has a large Muslim population?
Answer: Mindanao
Question: What region of Thailand has madaris?
Answer: southern
Question: Who decides if non-Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?
Question:  What are madaris referred to as outside of Indonesia and Malaysia?
Question:  What region of the Philippines has a large non-Muslim population?
Question:  What region of Thailand does not have madaris?
Question: What program is being installed in madrasahs in Singapore?
Answer: International Baccalaureate
Question: What year is it planned for IB programs to be in place at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?
Answer: 2019
Question: What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?
Answer: the songkok for boys and tudong for girls
Question:  How many madrasahs are outside of Sinagapore?
Question:  What program is being installed in madrasahs outside of Singapore?
Question: What year is it planned for IB programs to be in taken out of Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?
Question:  What will not be included in the uniform at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?
Question: What law protects the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?
Answer: Department Order No. 51
Question: What religion do most people practice in Mindanao?
Answer: Muslim
Question: What curriculum is used in non public madaris in Mindanao?
Answer: Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC)
Question: When did madaris become more accepted in Mindanao?
Answer: 2004
Question: How many regions outside of Singapore have widely accepted madaris?
Question: What law does not protect the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?
Question:  What religion does nobody practice in Mindanao?
Question:  What curriculum is used in public madaris in Mindanao?
Question:  When did madaris become less accepted in Mindanao?
Question: What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?
Answer: US
Question: Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?
Answer: Cornwall, Ontario
Question: What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start?
Answer: AlMaghrib Institute
Question:  When was the last madrasa started in North America?
Question: What country has many students that don't attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?
Question:  Where is Al-Rashid Muslim Institute?
Question: What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef tear down?
Question: What is the common western perception of the teaching received at madaris?
Answer: anti-Americanism and radical extremism
Question: What type of content is delivered at madaris?
Answer: varied curricula
Question: What type of teaching is provided at Indian madaris?
Answer: secularised
Question: What are the origins of western schools?
Answer: institutions of the Catholic church
Question: How many science disciplines were taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: seven
Question: What is the common northern perception of the teaching received at madaris?
Question:  What type of content is not delivered at madaris?
Question:  What type of teaching is rejected at Indian madaris?
Question: What are the origins of southern schools?