huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
Answer: 900
Question: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?
Answer: northern Kyūshū
Question: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?
Answer: 10,000
Question: When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?
Answer: 1276
Question: When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?
Answer: 1277
Question: How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?
Answer: 20 kilometers
Question: What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?
Answer: executed
Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?
Answer: 1592
Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?
Answer: 1597
Question: How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?
Answer: 160,000
Question: When was the Battle of Sacheon?
Answer: 1598
Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?
Answer: 1598
Question: Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?
Answer: Tokugawa Ieyasu
Question: What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?
Answer: Eastern Army
Question: Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?
Answer: Katō Kiyomasa
Question: Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?
Answer: Battle of Sekigahara
Question: Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?
Answer: Eastern Forces
Question: What did Oda Nobunaga value?
Answer: innovation
Question: Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?
Answer: Oda Nobunaga
Question: When did Oda Nobunaga die?
Answer: 1582
Question: Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death?
Answer: Akechi Mitsuhide
Question: When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?
Answer: During the Tokugawa shogunate
Question: When had samurai last been used in battle?
Answer: the early 17th century
Question: What was another name for the Tokugawa era?
Answer: the Edo period
Question: What was the samurai's long sword called?
Answer: katana
Question: What was the samurai's short sword called?
Answer: wakizashi
Question: Whose teachings did all samurai read?
Answer: Confucius and Mencius
Question: What did Bushido transcend?
Answer: social class, time and geographic location
Question: When was Bushido formalized?
Answer: before the Edo Period
Question: Who formalized Bushido?
Answer: several influential leaders and families
Question: Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?
Answer: Commodore Matthew Perry
Question: What was Perry's goal in Japan?
Answer: force Japan to open its borders to trade
Question: What technology helped the downfall of samurai?
Answer: arquebus
Question: Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?
Answer: Nagasaki
Question: What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?
Answer: Naval
Question: What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?
Answer: tradition
Question: How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?
Answer: eight
Question: When was a western-style army established in Japan?
Answer: 1873
Question: What did samurai become in 1873?
Answer: Shizoku
Question: Who had samurai been allowed to kill?
Answer: commoners who paid them disrespect
Question: In what century were the Meiji reforms?
Answer: 19th
Question: Who started Mitsubishi?
Answer: Iwasaki Yatarō
Question: What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?
Answer: great-grandson of a samurai
Question: What kind of schools did samurai start?
Answer: private schools for higher educations
Question: Who did samurai write for?
Answer: newspaper companies
Question: What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?
Answer: Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto
Question: What type of meditation did samurai do?
Answer: Zen
Question: What caused some samurai to stop fighting?
Answer: The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth
Question: What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?
Answer: to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship
Question: When did Hojo Shigetoki die?
Answer: 1261
Question: What were gunki?
Answer: 13th and 14th century warrior writings
Question: When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?
Answer: 1350
Question: When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?
Answer: 1410
Question: What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?
Answer: battle
Question: What debt should samurai not forget?
Answer: the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors
Question: What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?
Answer: loyalty and filial piety
Question: When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?
Answer: the Sengoku Era
Question: When did Japan begin invading Korea?
Answer: 1592
Question: When did Japan finish invading Korea?
Answer: 1598
Question: What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?
Answer: to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die"
Question: What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?
Answer: Bushido
Question: Who did Torii Mototada serve?
Answer: Tokugawa Ieyasu
Question: When was Torii Mototada born?
Answer: 1539
Question: When did Torii Mototada die?
Answer: 1600
Question: How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?
Answer: 40,000
Question: How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?
Answer: 2,000
Question: Who was Takeda's rival?
Answer: Uesugi Kenshin
Question: What did Uesugi encourage?
Answer: the "way of the warrior as death"
Question: What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?
Answer: Japanese historian
Question: When was Takeda born?
Answer: 1521
Question: When was Uesugi born?
Answer: 1530
Question: When was St. Francis Xavier born?
Answer: 1506
Question: When did St. Francis Xavier die?
Answer: 1552
Question: When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?
Answer: 1549–1551
Question: Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?
Answer: the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines
Question: Where was Goa?
Answer: India
Question: Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?
Answer: Anjiro
Question: In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?
Answer: Portuguese
Question: How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?
Answer: en masse
Question: Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?
Answer: William Scott Wilson
Question: Who were the models for future generations of samurai?
Answer: The warriors in the Heike Monogatari
Question: Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?
Answer: the Heike Monogatari
Question: What kind of painting did samurai do?
Answer: monochrome ink
Question: What was Japanese culture influenced by?
Answer: Chinese arts
Question: Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?
Answer: Zen monks
Question: When was Muso Soseki born?
Answer: 1275
Question: What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?
Answer: Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga
Question: What did Oda mean?
Answer: a clan or family name
Question: What did Kazusanosuke mean?
Answer: a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province
Question: What did Saburo mean?
Answer: a formal nickname (yobina)
Question: What did Nobunaga mean?
Answer: an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony
Question: How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?
Answer: shameful, if not criminal
Question: Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?
Answer: many wealthy merchants
Question: Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?
Answer: her family's money erased the samurai's debts
Question: What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?
Answer: the son could inherit his father's social status
Question: What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?
Answer: adoption of a male heir
Question: Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?
Answer: it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage
Question: What financial concern prevented divorce?
Answer: After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money
Question: What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?
Answer: Maintaining the household
Question: What did okugatasama mean?
Answer: one who remains in the home
Question: What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?
Answer: manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly
Question: What was a naginata?
Answer: a polearm
Question: What was tantojutsu?
Answer: the skill of the knife
Question: What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?
Answer: humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty
Question: Who did samurai wives have to teach?
Answer: the children (and perhaps servants, too)
Question: Who did samurai wives have to take care of?
Answer: elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof
Question: Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?
Answer: her husband
Question: What defined the samurais' code?
Answer: Confucian law
Question: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?
Answer: 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate
Question: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?
Answer: Hino Tomiko
Question: Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?
Answer: lost interest in politics
Question: Who was Nene?
Answer: wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Question: Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?
Answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Question: What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?
Answer: intelligence and education as desirable attributes
Question: What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?
Answer: philosophical and literary classics
Question: When had most samurai wives learned to read?
Answer: the end of the Tokugawa period
Question: Who made William Adams a samurai?
Answer: Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu
Question: What was William Adams's Japanese name?
Answer: Anjin Miura
Question: What did hatamoto mean?
Answer: bannerman
Question: How many servants did William Adams have?
Answer: eighty or ninety
Question: What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
Answer: Dutch
Question: Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
Answer: 1556
Question: What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
Answer: Yayousu
Question: What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
Answer: a Red Seal Ship
Question: How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
Answer: drowned after his ship ran aground
Question: What duties did Edward Schnell have?
Answer: military instructor and procurer of weapons
Question: Who did Edward Schnell work for?
Answer: the Aizu domain
Question: What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?
Answer: Hiramatsu Buhei
Question: Where did Edward Schnell live?
Answer: Wakamatsu
Question: What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?
Answer: a form of lamellar armor
Question: What was the first samurai armor called?
Answer: yoroi
Question: What were the small scales in yoroi called?
Answer: kozane
Question: What were kozane made of?
Answer: iron or leather
Question: What was a full chest armor called?
Answer: dou
Question: Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?
Answer: the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection
Question: What type of armor was replaced?
Answer: kozane dou
Question: What new type of armor replaced the old?
Answer: plate armor
Question: What was the new armor called?
Answer: Tosei-gusoku
Question: When was samurai armor last used?
Answer: 1877
Question: What did 'samurai' mean at first?
Answer: those who serve in close attendance to nobility
Question: What did 'samorapu' mean?
Answer: to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend
Question: What did 'saburahu' mean?
Answer: to serve, to attend
Question: What did 'saburahi' mean?
Answer: servant, attendant
Question: When was the word 'samurahi' used?
Answer: the Edo period
Question: Where did the bushi live?
Answer: mainly in the north of Japan
Question: Where did the imperial family live?
Answer: Kyoto
Question: What does Bushido mean?
Answer: the "way of the warrior"
Question: What was a bukeyashiki?
Answer: the mansion of a warrior
Question: What was the reason for seppuku?
Answer: allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death
Question: How idealistic were samurai?
Answer: as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior
Question: How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?
Answer: romanticized
Question: Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?
Answer: Akechi Mitsuhide
Question: Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?
Answer: Kusunoki Masashige)
Question: Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?
Answer: Tokugawa
Question: What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?
Answer: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy
Question: Who is Akira Kurosawa? 
Answer: One of Japan’s most renowned directors
Question: Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?
Answer: Akira Kurosawa
Question: What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?
Answer: Seven Samurai
Question: What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?
Answer: The Magnificent Seven
Question: Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?
Answer: one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists
Question: Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?
Answer: for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture
Question: What are Japanese comic books called?
Answer: manga
Question: What are Japanese animation called?
Answer: anime
Question: Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?
Answer: Moscardi, N.D.
Question: What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?
Answer: hack-and-slash
Question: What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?
Answer: gritty urban
Question: Who created Afro Samurai?
Answer: Takashi Okazaki
Question: Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?
Answer: Studio Gonzo
Question: When did Afro Samurai first air?
Answer: 2007
Question: On what channel did Afro Samurai air?
Answer: Spike TV
Question: Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?
Answer: Samuel L. Jackson
Question: What is Silver Samurai's weapon?
Answer: an energy charged katana
Question: How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?
Answer: over 350
Question: Who starred in The Last Samurai?
Answer: Tom Cruise
Question: Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?
Answer: US Army Captain Nathan Algren
Question: Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?
Answer: tests for even simple software components is practically infinite
Question: What can come from one bug being fixed?
Answer: it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,
Question: What is the number of tests for complex software components?
Question: Firmware testing uses strategy to accomplish what?
Question: software testing attempts to eliminate a program for what reason?
Question: The job of testing is called what type of progress?
Question: What are some complications of not fixing bugs?
Question: While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?
Answer: furnishes a criticism or comparison
Question: What does the software compare during testing against?
Answer: oracles—principles or mechanisms
Question: What make up the oracle during testing?
Answer: specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions
Question: Testing can identify all the defects within what?
Question: While looking for bug, what can testing not do?
Question: What are some things oracles include and are limited to?
Question: What does the software contrast during testing against?
Question: What can testing software not fully completely establish?
Answer: cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions
Question: What does the scope of testing the software also look at?
Answer: examination of code as well as execution of that code
Question: Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?
Answer: testing organization may be separate from the development team
Question: What is a secondary purpose of testing software?
Question: What does software testing always include?
Question: In the previous culture of software development, what two things were separate?
Question: Data from software testing may be used to model what?
Question: What is the first step that leads to a software failure?
Answer: programmer makes an error
Question: What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?
Answer: defect (fault, bug)
Question: When can software defects in dead code cause problems?
Answer: run on a new computer hardware platform
Question: Software programs evolve through what process?
Question: All defects result in what?
Question: Defects in dead code always do what?
Question: When the environment is changed, what does a failure always result from?
Question: What can a single defect not result in?
Question: What is the primary issue with running software testing?
Answer: testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible
Question: What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?
Answer: defects that occur infrequently
Question: What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?
Answer: usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability
Question: What is the secondary problem  with running software testing?
Question: Defects that occur frequently are how easy to find?
Question: What are examples of functional dimensions of quality?
Question: What is the issue with the functional dimensions of quality?
Question: Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? 
Answer: use combinatorial test design
Question: What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?
Answer: get greater test coverage with fewer tests
Question: What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?
Answer: speed or test depth
Question: What test do firmware developers use to find out how to keep testing to a minimum?
Question: Combinatorial test design does not allow users to get what?
Question: Unstructured variations can be built into what items?
Question: "Coverage" is referring to combined coverage but not what?
Question: What determines the cost of fixing a bug?
Answer: the earlier a defect is found
Question: Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software's release?
Answer: 10–100 times more
Question: What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software?
Answer: cloud-based services
Question: What is the unpopular belief about the cost of fixing a bug?
Question: The cost of fixing a defect does not depend on what?
Question: How much less would it cost to fix a problem found after the software's release?
Question: What modern items may increase the cost of re-deployment over time?
Question: Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?
Answer: Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections
Question: What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?
Answer: dynamic testing
Question: When can dynamic testing occur?
Answer: before the program is 100% complete
Question: What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?
Answer: stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment
Question: There are few approached in what type of testing?
Question: Examples of static testing include previews, walkthroughs, and what other item?
Question: Dynamic testing refers to executing predetermined code with what?
Question: When does dynamic testing not take place?
Question: Static testing is always what?
Question: What is involved with White-box testing?
Answer: by seeing the source code
Question: Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?
Answer: testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills
Question: White-box data testing is also known by what other names?
Question: An external perspective is used in white-box testing as well as what else is used to develop test cases?
Question: The tester chooses outputs to accomplish what?
Question: What is in-circulus testing also known as?
Question: What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?
Answer: seeing the source code
Question: What are the software testers aware of?
Answer: aware of what the software is supposed to do
Question: What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??
Answer: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis
Question: Black-box testing treats data as what?
Question: Testers are always aware of what?
Question: What are the first three methods of white-box testing?
Question: Black-box testing works with seeing what type of code?
Question: What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements?
Answer: Specification-based testing
Question: What are the test cases built around?
Answer: specifications and requirements
Question: When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other?
Answer: functional
Question: What does specialization-based testing aim to test?
Question: Test cases are built around specializations and what else?
Question: Out of the two methods of building test cases, non-functional and unfunctional, which is more common?
Question: What descriptions of the firmware are used in test cases?
Question: What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?
Answer: no programming knowledge is required
Question: What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code?
Answer: like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.
Question: What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?
Answer: tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality
Question: What knowledge is required for the black box technique?
Question: Black-box coding has been compared to what?
Question: Some parts of the program can remain untested because the what law is not examined?
Question: Testers and developers are kept together for what reason?
Question: What does grey-box testing involve?
Answer: having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms
Question: What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test?
Answer: not required to have full access to the software's source code
Question: What does not qualify as grey-box testing?
Answer: Manipulating input data and formatting output
Question: Grey-box testing involves having knowledge of external data structures and what else?
Question: The tester is required to have full access to what piece of information?
Question: Manipulating data and formatting input do not qualify as what?
Question: When is the distinction between black and grey box not important?
Question: What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?
Answer: an isolated testing environment
Question: What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?
Answer: SQL statements
Question: What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?
Answer: intelligent test scenarios
Question: Knowing the overlying concepts of how software works helps testers how?
Question: A black-box tester will usually be able to set up what type of testing environment?
Question: What does the tester execute while preforming certain queries?
Question: Based on lengthy information, what does grey-box testing implement?
Question: What are the four recognized levels of testing software?
Answer: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing
Question: What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by?
Answer: software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test
Question: What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels?
Answer: unit-, integration-, and system testing
Question: What are the other levels classified by?
Answer: the testing objective
Question: What are the four unrecognized levels of tests?
Question: How are test infrequently grouped?
Question: What defines all the levels of the development process?
Question: The levels covered in the SWEBOK guide are unit-, reintegration, and what other level?
Question: What is classified by the pretesting objective?
Question: What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? 
Answer: reduce software development risks, time, and costs
Question: Who performs the Unit testing phase?
Answer: software developer or engineer
Question: What does Unit testing look to eliminate?
Answer: construction errors
Question: By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?
Answer: increase the quality of the resulting software
Question: Unit testing is a firmware development that involves what?
Question: Unit testing is preformed by the architect or what kind of developer?
Question: Instead of reducing traditional QA focuses, unit testing does what to it?
Question: Unit testing tries to eliminate collaboration errors before what?
Question: What is it called when data is being passed?
Answer: message packets
Question: What is an option  of component interface testing  used while sending message packets?
Answer: keep a separate log file of data items being passed
Question: What is a variation of black-box testing?
Answer: Component interface testing
Question: What can be used to check the databases passed between units?
Question: What is another name for the data being possessed?
Question: What is one option for interface integration?
Question: Usual data values in an interface can be used to explain what?
Question: What is a variation of black-boxing testing?
Question: What is the term used to test software during a pre-release?
Answer: Operational Acceptance
Question: What does Operational Acceptance focus on?
Answer: operational readiness of the system
Question: What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing?
Answer: limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system
Question: What is Occupational Acceptance used for?
Question: What is an uncommon type of functional software testing?
Question: What is Operational Acceptance limited to while running?
Question: OAT focuses the least on what?
Question: What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?
Answer: lack of backward compatibility
Question: What is the most common cause for software failure?
Answer: lack of its compatibility with other application software
Question: What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?
Answer: a lack of backward compatibility
Question: What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?
Answer: test software only on the latest version of the target environment
Question: Lack of compatibility with other application software is an uncommon cause of what?
Question: Programmers develop software on the earliest version of what environment?
Question: What is the most uncommon reason for software failure?
Question: Target environments rarely differ greatly from the what?
Question: Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called?
Answer: Regression testing
Question: What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression??
Answer: stops working as intended
Question: What is a common method used during regression testing?
Answer: re-running previous sets of test-cases
Question: What determines how deep a tester will go during regression?
Answer: phase in the release process and the risk of the added features
Question: If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing? 
Answer: typically the largest test effort in commercial software development
Question: What type of testing is used to find defects after minor code changes?
Question: How does regression testing classify recovering software regressions?
Question: Usually regressions happen as an intended consequence of what?
Question: What are common methods of regression coding?
Question: What is usually the largest test effort in personal software development?
Question: What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?
Answer: Beta testing
Question: To whom is the beta testing released to?
Answer: limited audience outside of the programming
Question: What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely?
Answer: perpetual beta
Question: What type of testing comes before alpha testing?
Question: Beta versions are released to a broad audience known as what?
Question: Why are alpha version made available to the public?
Question: What is the term for the public test that continues for a definite amount of time?
Question: What does Destructive testing verify?
Answer: software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs
Question: What is one example of failure testing?
Answer: Software fault injection
Question: Destruction testing does what?
Question: What does destruction testing verify?
Question: What is an example of software fault injecture?
Question: There are very few open-source and free tools that do what?
Question: What two methods can be used when using Load Testing?
Answer: data or a large number of users
Question: What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side?
Answer: Volume testing
Question: What is Stable testing also called?
Answer: endurance testing
Question: What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads?
Answer: Stress testing
Question: What method is used to test firmware under a specific load?
Question: What two methods cannot be used when using Load Testing?
Question: Volume Testing is a way to test firmware when?
Question: Testing reliability under expected or rare workload is called what?
Question: When is development testing used?
Answer: construction phase of the software development lifecycle
Question: What does Development testing look to eliminate?
Answer: construction errors
Question: What method is used that involved syncopation of an application?
Question: When is development testing not used?
Question: Development Testing attempts to eliminate instruction errors before code is promoted where?
Question: Development Testing is designed by who?
Question: Which two current movements adhere to the "test-driven software development"?
Answer: extreme programming and the agile software development
Question: Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?
Answer: unit tests are written first
Question: What is the goal of Unit testing?
Answer: achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently
Question: Which two old movements adhere to the "test-driven software development?"
Question: Under the development of fragile software and extreme programming what is written first?
Question: The goal of unit testing is to achieve discontinuous integration where software updates can be what?
Question: Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?
Answer: the testing of higher level components
Question: What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?
Answer: makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage
Question: When the highest level components are tested first, the testing process is called what?
Question: What three components make up Bottom Down Testing?
Question: This approach only works when half of the modules of the same what are ready?
Question: Bottom Up Testing helps determine levels of software developed and makes it harder to complete what?
Question: If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into?
Answer: Class II
Question: There are three classes, what has been concluded and proven for all classes?
Answer: each class is strictly included into the next
Question: If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace, which group does this fall into?
Answer: Class III
Question: It has been disproved that each class is included into what?
Question: If there are infinite sets of inputs and outputs, the states belong to what class?
Question: The inclusion into Class I requires what?
Question: Matthew Hennessy wrote what?
Question: With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?
Answer: requires the applicant to show their ability to test software
Question: What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?
Answer: testing field is not ready for certification
Question: What four traits can a certification not measure?
Answer: individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge
Question: What programs are available to support non-professional aspirations of software testers?
Question: What certification requires applicants to demonstrate ability?
Question: Some say the testing field is ready for what?
Question: Certification is a measure of what?
Question: What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?
Answer: software development process
Question: What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?
Answer: video game
Question: How many states are in Germany?
Answer: sixteen
Question: What is the German terms for states?
Answer: Bundesland, or Land
Question: Which cities are called Stadtstaaten, other than Bremen?
Answer: Berlin and Hamburg
Question: How many states are called "Flächenländer"?
Answer: 13
Question: The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities?
Answer: Bremen and Bremerhaven
Question: How many federal states are in Stadtstaaten?
Question: What are Bremen and Bremerhaven frequently called?
Question: What does Flachenlander still have?
Question: What city state contains the cities of Berlin and Hamberg?
Question: What were the cities of Berlin and Hamberg formed from?
Question: What kind of republic is Switzerland?
Question: What is one of the sixteen federal states of Germany?
Question: What is one of Germany's constituent states?
Question: What is the name of a state in Germany that is not a city-state?
Question: Flachenlander is one of how many states in Germany?
Question: When was the Federal Republic of Germany created
Answer: 1949
Question: Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under?
Answer: American, British, and French
Question: Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany?
Answer: West Berlin
Question: What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?
Answer: World War II
Question: When was the Federal Republic of France created?
Question: After what event was France created in 1949?
Question: Which area was not officially a part of Bavaria?
Question: Who was in control of West Berlin before WWII?
Question: What state was officially not a part of Britain?
Question: What was created in 1959 in Germany?
Question: What is one of the administrations of the eastern states?
Question: What was founded before World War II?
Question: What area has always been a part of the Federal Republic of Germany?
Question: Which war was the Federal Republic of Germany created before?
Question: Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?
Answer: Baden-Württemberg
Question: In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?
Answer: 1952
Question:  In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?
Answer: Saarland
Question: When did the German reunification take place?
Answer: 1990
Question: Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?
Answer: failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg
Question: In 1957 what merged into Baden-Wurttemberg?
Question: What did a majority of Berliners vote for in 1957?
Question: What happened to the referendum in 1990 to merge East Berlin with Saxony?
Question: In what year did the Brandenberg reunification take place?
Question: What did the Baden Protectorate rejoin in 1990?
Question: Which areas merged together in 1957?
Question: When did Saarland leave the Federal Republic?
Question: What states became Berlin in 1980?
Question: What year did Baden split from Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern
Question: In 1980 which country was reunified?
Question: In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what? 
Answer: the federation
Question: What is an example of what states retain authority over?
Answer: culture
Question: The states defend their interests at the federal level through what?
Answer: the Bundesrat
Question: Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?
Answer: the federal government
Question: What is one of the entrenched legislative authorities of Bundesrat?
Question: What is another word for foreign affairs?
Question: What do the states have exclusive responsibility of?
Question: What does German culture use to defend its interests at the federal level?
Question: What areas do international relations also include?
Question: Which political system is not used in Germany?
Question: What is a topic that is the exclusive responsibility of the state?
Question: What is the federal system is defended through?
Question: What sole power do the states hold that require no consent of the federal government?
Question: What do the states hold the exclusive power to negotiate?
Question: What does the term Länder date back to?
Answer: the Weimar Constitution of 1919
Question: Before 1919 what were the German states called?
Answer: Staaten
Question: What does Bavaria refer to itself as?
Answer: Freistaaten
Question: How many free states are there in Germany?
Answer: three
Question: What are the two city-states in Germany?
Answer: Hamburg and Bremen
Question: What term dates back to the Basic Law Constitution of 1990?
Question: What were the states of Saxony called before 1919?
Question: What term is commonly used today for the Weimar Republic?
Question: What two city-states are in Bavaria?
Question: What term is the old-fashioned Hamberg term for constitution?
Question: What year was the German Constitution written?
Question: What were the constituent states of the German Empire called after 1919?
Question: What term was used by the Basic Law of 1949?
Question: What is the only state that is considered a city-state in Germany?
Question: What term is used for the states that are not considered free states?
Question: What does Gunlick remark that the German System of  dual federalism requires strong Länder to have other than the capacity to implement legislation?
Answer: pay for it from own source revenues
Question: How many proposals have failed so far?
Answer: several
Question: What keeps being debated in America?
Question: What happens if there are too many regional governments?
Question: What has failed so far in America?
Question: How is the topic of coordination seen according to the public in America?
Question: What does the system of regional government need in America?
Question: What is a settled question in Germany?
Question: Why are there calls for territorial changes?
Question: What was Arthur B. Gunlicks not in favor of?
Question: What is one argument for increasing the number of Lander?
Question: What changes have been successfully implemented in Germany?
Question: The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states? 
Answer: more than 300
Question: The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?
Answer: the Napoleonic Wars
Question: A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?
Answer: the German Confederation
Question: How much of the population did Prussia control?
Answer: 62%
Question: How much of the land did Prussia control?
Answer: 65%
Question: What has a long tradition in the history of the Holy Roman Empire?
Question: From 1796-1814 how many petty states were part of Germany?
Question: After the Napoleonic Wars how many states formed the North German Federation?
Question: When was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?
Question: What was the Holy Roman Empire replaced with?
Question: What is a recent political tradition in Germany?
Question: How many states did Germany have by 1796?
Question: What year was the Congress of Rome held?
Question: Under who was the German Confederation formed?
Question: What kind of cities did the 25 states of the new German Empire have?
Question: No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II?
Answer: 30%
Question: After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany?
Answer: seven
Question: Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration?
Answer: Polish or Soviet administration
Question: How many made to establish new states in the territories  lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line?
Answer: no attempts
Question: Who was responsible for changing Prussia's internal borders?
Question: What did no single Rhineland make up more of in population or territory?
Question: In the beginning how many states were left in Prussia after WWII?
Question: Under who's administration were the occupation powers east of the Oder-Neisse Line?
Question: What was not abandoned in territory east of Prussia until after WWII?
Question: What was redrawn during the allied occupation after WW I
Question: Who redrew internal borders after WW I?
Question: What place comprised 30% of territory after WW II?
Question: Who did the territory belong to that was west of the Oder-Neisse Line?
Question: When were attempts to abandon sovereignty made?
Question: What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of?
Answer: Western Allies
Question: Which state was West Berlin apart of?
Answer: neither a Western German state nor part of one
Question: When did the Saarland form?
Answer: 1957
Question: How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952
Answer: 1952
Question: When South Baden was formed in 1952, how many states were there?
Question: What were the number of states reduced to in Saar Protectorate in 1949?
Question: What states merged to form Saarland in 1952?
Question: Who was South Baden under the authority of?
Question: What kind of status did Saarland have when integrated with West Germany?
Question: How many states did West Germany add after it's founding in 1952?
Question: When was East Germany founded?
Question: When was the Saar Protectorate given to the French?
Question: What are referred to as the 'new states'?
Question: What German state did West Berlin fall under?
Question: What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?
Answer: had successfully achieved the unity of Germany
Question: Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?
Answer: "any other parts of Germany" to join
Question: Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? 
Answer: Saar Protectorate
Question: The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?
Answer: the 16 German states
Question: What was amended to signify that Basic Law no longer applied to the German people?
Question: How was article 23 rephrased to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate?
Question: What was used as a model for German Reunification in 1980?
Question: Which article does the Federal Council define?
Question: How many states are a part of the German Union?
Question: What has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949?
Answer: new delimitation of the federal territory
Question: What have experts advocated in regards to delimitation?
Answer: a reduction of the number of states
Question: What is propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers?
Answer: Territorial reform
Question: Since when has the delimitation of state territories been discussed?
Question: Who advocated an increase in the number of states?
Question: Which public discussions had far-reaching appeal?
Question: Why do poorer states propagate territorial reform?
Question: What advantage is it for richer states if territorial reform is enacted?
Question: Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution?
Answer: Hugo Preuss
Question: How many states was the German Reich to divided into?
Answer: 14
Question: Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred? 
Answer: four
Question: When did Pyrmont join Prussia?
Answer: 1922
Question: When did the debate on the new constitution began?
Question: Who was the father of the German Constitution?
Question: Who drafted a plan to divide the German territory into 14 unequal states?
Question: What made it impossible to enable new delimitation in article 18?
Question: What could be decided with a simple majority of votes?
Question: What happened to the Länder as they lost importance during the Nazi regime?
Answer: They became administrative regions
Question: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with which state?
Answer: Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Question: When did the Greater Hamburg Act occur?
Answer: April 1, 1937
Question: Which Prussian province did Lübeck become a part of?
Answer: Schleswig-Holstein
Question: Who seized power in January of 1934?
Question: Why did the Lander increase in power after 1933?
Question: What act allowed the reduction of the area for the united Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz?
Question: Who gained their independence in 1937?
Question: When did Schleswig-Holstein become a part of the Prussian province?
Question: In the revision of Article 29, what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory?
Answer: the Federal Territory must be revised
Question: How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision?
Answer: one tenth
Question: What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed? 
Answer: a referendum
Question: Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force?
Answer: paragraph 6
Question: Who addressed an issue if the premiers came to an agreement?
Question: Which article was used to avoid a provision for new delimitation of territory?
Question: People were allowed to petition for a revision as long as they had what?
Question: What fraction of people voted in Bundestag elections?
Question: Who could introduce a bill even if the affected territories did not vote for a change?
Question: In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland?
Answer: Paris Agreements
Question: In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland?
Answer: 67.7%
Question: What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout?
Answer: 96.5%
Question: Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum?
Answer: Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
Question: The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?
Answer: join the Federal Republic of Germany.
Question: What did France offer in the French agreements of 1954?
Question: Who was under the auspices of the Eastern European Union?
Question: By what percentage did the Saar Statute referendum pass?
Question: What referendum was passed by the electorate?
Question: Which German Chancellor was against the Saar Statute referendum?
Question: Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years?
Answer: three
Question: What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed?
Answer: filed a constitutional complaint
Question: When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed?
Answer: July 1961
Question: On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed
Answer: exclusively federal matter
Question: Which article claimed if a petition was successful there was no need for a referendum?
Question: Which government filed a request to change their constitution?
Question: By who was the Hesse state government's complaint heard?
Question: Why did the constitutional court decide to hear the Hesse State complaint?
Question: Who did the court tell they had a requirement to bind territorial revisions?
Question: What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his  28 October 1969 address?
Answer: Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order
Question: Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his  28 October 1969 address?
Answer: Bonn
Question: An expert commission was established under which chairman?
Answer: Werner Ernst
Question: When did the expert commission deliver its report?
Answer: the district of Germersheim
Question: Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of?
Answer: Baden-Württemberg
Question: Which chancellor proposed that article 29 should no longer be a binding order?