huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: In what century did the Teutonic Knights originate?
Question: What country did the Teutonic Knights come from?
Question: In what year was the First Peace of Thorn?
Question: What ethnic group dominated the Kingdom of Poland?
Question: What language did the Teutonic Knights speak?
Question: Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?
Answer: Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire
Question: In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?
Answer: 1701
Question: What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?
Answer: Prussia
Question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire founded?
Question: What type of government entity was Prussia prior to 1773?
Question: How could those in eastern Prussia get to the rest of the Prussian State prior to 1772?
Question: How was the Holy Roman Empire connected to Brandenburg?
Question: What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?
Answer: 1871
Question: What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?
Answer: Versailles
Question: What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?
Answer: 1945
Question: How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?
Answer: 300,000
Question: How many people lived in Kaliningrad in 1946?
Question: In what year was the Kingdom of Prussia founded?
Question: In what year did Joseph Stalin come to power?
Question: Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?
Answer: Teutonic Knights
Question: Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?
Answer: Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms
Question: What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?
Answer: several wars
Question: What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?
Answer: 1466
Question: In what year was the Kingdom of Poland founded?
Question: Where did the Teutonic Knights originate?
Question: What was the name of the first war between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland?
Question: In what year was Warmia established?
Question: Who led the Kingdom of Poland?
Question: Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order?
Answer: Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Question: In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia?
Answer: 1525
Question: What did Albert establish himself as?
Answer: first duke of the Duchy of Prussia
Question: Who led the Teutonic Order?
Question: In what year was Albert Frederick born?
Question: In what year was the Teutonic Order established?
Question: Who was the Polish crown?
Question: In what year did the Teutonic Order begin to rule eastern Prussia?
Question: What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?
Answer: Albert's line died out
Question: Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?
Answer: Frederick William
Question: In what year was Maximilian III born?
Question: In what year was the treaty of Wehlau signed?
Question: In what year did Poland attain sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia?
Question: In what year was the treaty of Oliva signed?
Question: Who was the king of Poland?
Question: What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under?
Answer: Teutonic Order
Question: Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?
Answer: Frederick III
Question: What did the former Duchy of Prussia become known as?
Answer: Altpreußen ("Old Prussia")
Question: In what year was Emperor Leopold I crowned?
Question: In what year was the War of the Spanish Succession?
Question: Who had been the last leader of the Duchy of Prussia?
Question: In what year did the Duchy of Prussia become known as East Prussia?
Question: Who was one of the Teutonic Order grandmasters?
Question: What wiped out one third of East Prussia's population during the early 1700's?
Answer: the plague and famine
Question: What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?
Answer: speakers of Old Prussian
Question: What military overran much of East Prussia?
Answer: Russian troops
Question: In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated? 
Answer: 31 January 1773
Question: What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?
Answer: The Polish Partition Sejm
Question: In what year was Marienwerder founded?
Question: What was the capital of Royal Prussia?
Question: What was capital of Poland?
Question: In what year did Ducal Prussia cease to exist?
Question: What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon?
Answer: Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
Question: What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia?
Answer: Königsberg
Question: What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition?
Answer: 1807
Question: In what country is Konigsberg?
Question: Who was the leader of the army Napoleon beat at the Battle of Friedland?
Question: What military leader did Napoleon beat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt?
Question: In what country was Memel?
Question: Who instigated the Prussian reforms?
Answer: Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg
Question: What was included in the reform?
Answer: emancipation of the serfs and Jews
Question: In what year was East and West Prussia first united?
Answer: 1824
Question: When did East and West Prussia split again?
Answer: 1878
Question: Who was the leader of the Province of Prussia?
Question: Who was the first leader of the Regierungsbezrik of Allenstein?
Question: Who led the East Prussian province in 1878?
Question: Who led the West Prussian province in 1878?
Question: What did the northern districts of East Prussia form in 1905?
Question: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?
Answer: 1,996,626 people
Question: Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?
Answer: Protestants
Question: Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?
Answer: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians
Question: How many people spoke the Low Prussian dialect in East Prussia?
Question: What religion were most Prussian Lithuanians?
Question: How many Kursenieki were there in the areas around the Curonian lagoon?
Question: What language did most of the Jews speak?
Question: What religion were the Kursenieki?
Question: Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?
Answer: German Army had been directed towards the Western Front
Question: In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?
Answer: 1914
Question: In what year did World War I start?
Question: Who was the German Army fighting on the Western Front?
Question: In what year was the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes?
Question: In what year did World War I end?
Question: What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles
Question: What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?
Answer: The Seedienst Ostpreußen
Question: In what year was William II crowned as Emperor?
Question: In what year was the Second Polish Republic established?
Question: In what year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
Question: Who was the first leader of the Second Polish Republic?
Question: What was one of the countries that forced Emperor William II to abdicate?
Question: Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?
Answer: Erich Koch
Question: What large plans did Koch have?
Answer: mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province
Question: What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?
Answer: attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats
Question: Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?
Answer: Gustav Sauf
Question: In what year did Konigsberger Volkszeitung become an executive editor?
Question: In what year did Kurt Kotzan become the Reichsbanner Chairman of Lotzen?
Question: Who was the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Konigsberg?
Question: In what year did Max von Bahrfeldt become a politician for the German People's Party?
Question: In what year did the East Prussian Nazi party form?
Question: How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?
Answer: publicly funded emergency relief programs
Question: What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?
Answer: Erich Koch Plan
Question: What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?
Answer: that unemployment had been banished entirely
Question: On what date did R. Walther Darre become the Reich Peasant Leader?
Question: What religion was Erich Koch?
Question: On what date were Koch's "Land" representative arrested?
Question: What position did Hitler have?
Question: How much unemployment was there throughout the Reich?
Question: In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?
Answer: 1938
Question: Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?
Answer: 1,500
Question: What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?
Answer: sent to concentration camps
Question: In what year was the Protestant Reformation started?
Question: What position did Adolf Hitler have in 1938?
Question: In what year did Adolf Hitler rise to power?
Question: How many Polish places were there ordered to be renamed?
Question: How many Lithuanian places were ordered to be renamed?
Question: How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?
Answer: 2.49 million
Question: Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?
Answer: 85%
Question: How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?
Answer: 3,000
Question: What happened to those Jews who remained?
Answer: deported and killed in the Holocaust.
Question: How many Latvian speaking Kursenieki were there?
Question: How many Lietuvininkai were there?
Question: Where did the Kursenieki live?
Question: What language did ethnic Germans mostly speak?
Question: How many Masurians were there?
Question: In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?
Answer: 1939
Question: What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?
Answer: Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein
Question: Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?
Answer: reunification with Germany
Question: In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau established?
Question: What ethnicity were most people in East Prussia in late 1939?
Question: What did most people in East Prussia want in regards to Germany in 1939?
Question: How many Germans were Nazis in 1939?
Question: What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?
Answer: Poland and the Soviet Union
Question: What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?
Answer: Kaliningrad
Question: What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?
Answer: evacuated during the war
Question: In what year did the Potsdam Conference occur?
Question: In what country was Kaliningrad in 1946?
Question: What was one of the countries that defeated Nazi Germany?
Question: To what country were the German population expelled?
Question: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?
Answer: 800,000
Question: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?
Answer: 45 camps
Question: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?
Answer: 48,000
Question: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?
Answer: Wolf children
Question: How many Germans were prevented from returning to East Prussia?
Question: How many Wolf children were there?
Question: How many forced labourers were there in the smallest camp?
Question: Where was the smallest camp established?
Question: In what year was the first forced labour camp established?
Question: In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?
Answer: 1945
Question: How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?
Answer: Germanized Poles
Question: How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?
Answer: 18.5%
Question: How many were expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947?
Question: How many chose to emigrate to West Germany in the 1950s?
Question: In what year was the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names established?
Question: How many Lemkos were expelled in Operation Vistula?
Question: How many Ukrainians were expelled in Operation Vistula?
Question: In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from  Konigsberg? 
Answer: Mikhail Kalinin
Question: Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?
Answer: 42,094
Question: How many unregistered persons were there in the Oblast?
Question: How many people lived in Kaliningrad?
Question: In what year was the Memel Territory established?
Question: What had Konigsberg been named after?
Question: How many people had lived in the Memel Territory?
Question: What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?
Answer: expelled by the Soviet Union
Question: What did the Russians consider Curonians?
Answer: fascists
Question: Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?
Answer: West Germany
Question: In what year did the evacuation of East Prussia occur?
Question: How many Curonians immigrated to West Germany in 1958?
Question: How many Curonians had German names?
Question: How many Curonians fled from the Red Army?
Question: How many Curonians were left behind after many immigrated to West Germany in 1958?
Question: Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?
Answer: ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians
Question: In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?
Answer: eliminating all remnants of German history
Question: What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?
Answer: names were replaced by new Russian names
Question: In what year was the military zone created?
Question: In what year did Leonid Brezhnev come to power?
Question: In what year did Russia star settling ethnic Russians in the northern part?
Question: In what year was the new "House of the Soviets" completed?
Question: What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?
Answer: reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg
Question: What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?
Answer: Kaliningrad
Question: How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?
Answer: violent and aggressive
Question: In what year was Konigsberg renamed as Kaliningrad?
Question: What are examples of how the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast treatment of Germans?
Question: In what year did the city centre of Kaliningrad start to be rebuilt?
Question: In which year did  the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast start to emigrate there?
Question: What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?
Answer: schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails
Question: What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?
Answer: Provinzialverband
Question: What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?
Answer: elected by the citizens of the provinces
Question: How many representatives serve in each provincial diet?
Question: How many Landeshauptmann are there in total?
Question: In what specific year in the 1880s did the Landdirektor position get renamed as Landeshauptmann?
Question: How are the assemblies of the urban and rural district positions filled from 1875 to 1919?
Question: The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?
Answer: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey
Question: When was the Ottoman empire founded?
Answer: 1299
Question: Who founded the Ottoman empire?
Answer: Oghuz Turks
Question: Where was the Ottoman empire founded?
Answer: northwestern Anatolia
Question: Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?
Answer: Murad I
Question: Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?
Answer: Suleiman the Magnificent
Question: During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?
Answer: 16th and 17th centuries
Question: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?
Answer: 32 provinces
Question: Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?
Answer: vassal states
Question: What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: North Africa, and the Horn of Africa
Question: What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?
Answer: lands around the Mediterranean basin
Question: When did the Ottoman empire decline?
Answer: into the late nineteenth century
Question: What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?
Answer: Germany
Question: What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: military setbacks against European powers
Question: An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?
Answer: Ottoman
Question: What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: House of Osman
Question: What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty? 
Answer: House of Osman
Question: What is the origin of Osman's name?
Answer: Arabic
Question: In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?
Answer: The Supreme State of the Ottomans
Question: How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?
Answer: 400 horsemen
Question: When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?
Answer: 14th century
Question: What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?
Answer: Ghazi emirates
Question: To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Question: In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?
Answer: 1324
Question: What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?
Answer: Orhan
Question: What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?
Answer: Thessaloniki
Question: In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?
Answer: 1389
Question: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?
Answer: conquest of Constantinople
Question: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?
Answer: Byzantine
Question: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?
Answer: Timur
Question: Timur was the founder of what?
Answer: Timurid Empire
Question: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?
Answer: Battle of Ankara
Question: Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?
Answer: Murad II
Question: On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II?
Answer: 10 November 1444
Question: Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what?
Answer: Hungary
Question: What battle took place on 10 November 1444?
Answer: Battle of Varna
Question: In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?
Answer: Second Battle of Kosovo
Question: Who was the son of Murad II?
Answer: Mehmed the Conqueror
Question: What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?
Answer: Constantinople
Question: What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: its autonomy and land
Question: The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?
Answer: Venetian rule
Question: What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??
Answer: Albanian resistance
Question: During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?
Answer: 1520–1566
Question: In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?
Answer: 1521
Question: Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?
Answer: Battle of Mohács
Question: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?
Answer: Hungary
Question: In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?
Answer: the Siege of Güns
Question: Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?
Answer: Corsica
Question: The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king?
Answer: Francis I
Question: What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice?
Answer: Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis
Question: What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547?
Answer: Ferdinand
Question: Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman?
Answer: Stephen Lee
Question: In what year did Suleiman die?
Answer: 1566
Question: By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely "a shadow" of what it was in 1566?
Answer: 1699
Question: Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent?
Answer: 1566 to 1703
Question: What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: war
Question: Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology? 
Answer: military technology
Question: What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire?
Answer: religious and intellectual
Question: What battle took place in 1683?
Answer: Battle of Vienna
Question: The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683?
Answer: Europe
Question: Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?
Answer: new maritime trade routes
Question: What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?
Answer: the Cape of Good Hope
Question: Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century?
Answer: the Indian Ocean
Question: Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean?
Answer: The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire
Question: New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?
Answer: the Portuguese
Question: What battle did the Spanish win in 1571?
Answer: Battle of Lepanto
Question: What siege occurred in 1565?
Answer: Siege of Malta
Question: In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans?
Answer: 1573
Question: After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand?
Answer: North Africa
Question: What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?
Answer: The Long War
Question: During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?
Answer: 1593–1606
Question: What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?
Answer: Sekban
Question: What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?
Answer: 30 million people
Question: A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?
Answer: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
Question: Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639?
Answer: the Safavids
Question: When was Kösem murdered?
Answer: 1651
Question: What years define the Köprülü Era?
Answer: 1656–1703
Question: What territory was conquered by the Köprülü Vizierate in 1669?
Answer: Crete
Question: Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683?
Answer: Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha
Question: What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as?
Answer: the Great Turkish War
Question: Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna?
Answer: Jan III Sobieski
Question: What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as?
Answer: the Holy League
Question: What treaty was signed 26 January 1699?
Answer: Treaty of Karlowitz
Question: The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?
Answer: 1716–1718
Question: The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?
Answer: Treaty of Passarowitz
Question: The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what?
Answer: Austro-Russian–Turkish War
Question: What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade?
Answer: port of Azov
Question: What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire?
Answer: Istanbul Technical University
Question: What type of school was established in the empire in 1734?
Answer: an artillery school
Question: In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press?
Answer: Ibrahim Muteferrika
Question: Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726?
Answer: Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha
Question: In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book?
Answer: 1729
Question: Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?
Answer: Ukrainian Haidamaks
Question: Near what region was Balta bording?
Answer: Bessarabia
Question: During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?
Answer: 1768–1774
Question: The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?
Answer: Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
Question: The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?
Answer: freedom to worship
Question: What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?
Answer: Suzerainty of Serbia
Question: There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it?
Answer: the Greeks
Question: Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year?
Answer: 1829
Question: What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century?
Answer: the "sick man"
Question: How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?
Answer: 571
Question: How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?
Answer: 140,000
Question: Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?
Answer: 528
Question: Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?
Answer: consuls and citizenship
Question: There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?
Answer: 654
Question: During what years did the Crimean War take place?
Answer: 1853–1856
Question: On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?
Answer: 4 August 1854
Question: Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?
Answer: Crimean Tatars
Question: Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars?
Answer: Circassians
Question: Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?
Answer: Turkey
Question: What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? 
Answer: Eugene Rogan
Question: In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?
Answer: 1875
Question: What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?
Answer: Ottoman Public Debt Administration
Question: Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.
Question: European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?
Answer: the detriment of local Ottoman interests
Question: Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?
Answer: Ottoman bashi-bazouks
Question: What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?
Answer: Russo-Turkish War
Question: Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?
Answer: The Russo-Turkish War
Question: What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?
Answer: Romania
Question: Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?
Answer: Anatolia and Eastern Thrace
Question: When did the Balkan Wars take place?
Answer: 1912–13
Question: What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?
Answer: East Thrace (European Turkey)
Question: How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?
Answer: 400,000
Question: Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?
Answer: Justin McCarthy
Question: What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: the Young Turk Revolution
Question: The restoration of what happened in 1876?
Answer: the Ottoman constitution
Question: What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?
Answer: Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”
Question: What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?
Answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Question: Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?
Answer: Middle Eastern theatre
Question: The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?
Answer: Ottoman victories
Question: The Arab Revolt began in what year?
Answer: 1916
Question: What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?
Answer: 30 October 1918
Question: When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?
Answer: 1919–22
Question: When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?
Answer: In 1915
Question: What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?
Answer: ethnic Armenian
Question: How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: 1.5 million
Question: Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert?
Answer: the Syrian desert
Question: Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they?
Answer: Greek and Assyrian minorities
Question: What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?
Answer: Sultan was the highest position
Question: On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? 
Answer: local administrative units based on the region's characteristics
Question: Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: the state
Question: What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?
Answer: to defend and extend the land of the Muslims
Question: What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?
Answer: orthodox Islamic practice
Question: What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?
Answer: House of Habsburg
Question: From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?
Answer: Turkish
Question: How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?
Answer: eleven occasions
Question: When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?
Answer: 1918–1922
Question: The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?
Answer: The highest position
Question: The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?
Answer: pâdişâh or "lord of kings"
Question: What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?
Answer: one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court
Question: What was the purpose of the palace educational system?
Answer: eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor
Question: What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?
Answer: Enderûn
Question: What was the council that handled state politics named?
Answer: Divan
Question: What type of people were initially in the Divan?
Answer: elders of the tribe
Question: At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups?
Answer: military officers and local elites
Question: A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year?
Answer: 1320
Question: What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?
Answer: Qanun (or Kanun)
Question: What was religious law known as?
Answer: Sharia
Question: What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?
Answer: central and local authority
Question: How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?
Answer: three court systems
Question: What were the laws of the court system based upon?
Answer: Turkic Yassa and Töre
Question: From what works was Sharia developed?
Answer: the Qur'an; the Hadīth
Question: Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?
Answer: the prophet Muhammad
Question: Where were the empire's law schools?
Answer: in Istanbul and Bursa.
Question: What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?
Answer: Jews and Christians
Question: Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?
Answer: Qadi
Question: At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?
Answer: closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation
Question: What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?
Answer: an appellate structure
Question: What did Qadis focus on in some areas?
Answer: local customs and traditions
Question: What is another word for Qadi?
Answer: judge
Question: How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?
Answer: three
Question: What was the new Ottoman court system known as?
Answer: Nizamiye
Question: What code regulated marriage?
Answer: the Mecelle
Question: In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?
Answer: 13th century
Question: From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?
Answer: the hills of western Anatolia
Question: There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?
Answer: Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân
Question: The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?
Answer: muskets and cannons
Question: In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?
Answer: Siege of Constantinople
Question: What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?
Answer: North Africa
Question: Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?
Answer: 1517
Question: In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?
Answer: 1821
Question: The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?
Answer: Algeria
Question: Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
Answer: Sultan Abdülhamid II
Question: Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
Answer: Midhat Pasha
Question: Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay?
Answer: the Golden Horn
Question: When was the Young Turk Revolution?
Answer: 1908
Question: What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century?
Answer: the Committee of Union and Progress
Question: What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit?
Answer: June 1909
Question: Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school?
Answer: Yeşilköy
Question: On what date was the Aviation School founded?
Answer: 3 July 1912
Question: What happened at the aviation school in May 1913?
Answer: the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started
Question: What new military academy was formed in June 1914?
Answer: the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)
Question: The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what?
Answer: commercial and industrial centres
Question: Who was Mehmed's successor?
Answer: Bayezid
Question: Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul?
Answer: the Jews from different parts of Europe
Question: What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe?
Answer: their Christian counterparts
Question: Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded?
Answer: the conclusion of Reconquista
Question: The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler?
Answer: consolidation and extension of the ruler's power
Question: In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on?
Answer: the Middle East
Question: What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system?
Answer: making the productive classes prosperous
Question: What was the final goal of the state economic system?
Answer: to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects
Question: What did the state economic system hope to avoid?
Answer: the emergence of social disorder
Question: Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what?
Answer: the treasury and chancery
Question: What were the scribes of the chancery known as?
Answer: men of the pen
Question: Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what?
Answer: ulama
Question: What did the scribal bureaucracy become?
Answer: a professional body
Question: The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?
Answer: the 17th century
Question: What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: its geopolitical structure
Question: The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient?
Answer: Spanish and Portuguese
Question: Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled?
Answer: Marco Polo
Question: When were direct trade links established with India?
Answer: 1498
Question: When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas?
Answer: 1492
Question: What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe
Question: The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire itself
Question: What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman?
Answer: The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty
Question: What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets?
Answer: opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors
Question: In what direction did land routes lose their importance?
Answer: East
Question: The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: commercial centres and routes
Question: What dominated all economic and political interests?
Answer: interests of the state
Question: What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe?
Answer: capitalist and mercantile economies
Question: The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what?
Answer: developing commercial centres and routes
Question: Steamships and railroads rose with what else?
Answer: The rise of port cities
Question: In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?
Answer: 1700
Question: What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?
Answer: Improvements in health and sanitation
Question: What was the population of Salonica in 1800?
Answer: 55,000
Question: The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire?
Answer: the Crimean and Balkan regions
Question: Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja?
Answer: Crimean Tartars
Question: How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913?
Answer: 3.8 million
Question: What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called?
Answer: Muhacir
Question: In what year did the Ottoman Empire end?
Answer: 1922
Question: What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire?
Answer: Persian and Arabic
Question: What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia?
Answer: Turkish
Question: Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq?
Answer: Arabic
Question: What language was used for religious uses in the Empire?
Answer: Arabic
Question: What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire?
Answer: about 2–3%
Question: At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be?
Answer: 15%
Question: What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government?
Answer: people had to hire scribes
Question: What were hired scribes known as?
Answer: "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis)
Question: What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish?
Answer: Turkish
Question: The Empire had a Christian majority until what time?
Answer: the second half of the 15th century
Question: What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?
Answer: a Muslim minority
Question: What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century?
Answer: the non-Muslim population
Question: Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s?
Answer: 60%
Question: In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims?
Answer: 19.1%
Question: What was Sultan Selim I's nickname?
Answer: the Grim
Question: In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics?
Answer: 1514
Question: What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter?
Answer: Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash)
Question: Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt?
Answer: Mamluk Sultanate
Question: What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law?
Answer: the millet system
Question: What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire?
Answer: Justinian's Code
Question: What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State?
Answer: zimmi
Question: Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes?
Answer: higher taxes
Question: What millet was subject to Justinian's Code?
Answer: The Orthodox millet
Question: The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate?
Answer: Sultanate of Rum
Question: What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture?
Answer: Persianate empire
Question: When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire?
Answer: some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures
Question: The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what?
Answer: Persianised
Question: What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry?
Answer: Persian poetry
Question: What type of framework was Divan poetry based on?
Answer: a strict metrical framework
Question: What was the romance genre of Divan poetry known as?
Answer: mesnevî
Question: What make up the largest portion of Divan poetry?
Answer: gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kasîdes.
Question: Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century?
Answer: the 19th century
Question: What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow?
Answer: the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose
Question: What did the rules of sec require?
Answer: between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme
Question: Who wrote Muhayyelât?
Answer: Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi
Question: When was Muhayyelât written?
Answer: 1796
Question: During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west?
Answer: the latter half of the 19th century
Question: During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen?
Answer: the influence of Romanticism
Question: The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements?
Answer: the Symbolist and Parnassian movements
Question: Romanticism, and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene, what was the third?
Answer: Naturalist
Question: What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?
Answer: İntibâh ("Awakening")
Question: What did İbrahim Şinasi write in 1860?
Answer: the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage").
Question: Who wrote Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr?
Answer: Ahmed Midhat Efendi
Question: What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881?
Answer: Henüz On Yedi Yaşında
Question: What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications?
Answer: contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures
Question: The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?
Answer: fountains and schools
Question: Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?
Answer: the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire
Question: Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?
Answer: Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania
Question: Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman's created illuminated decorations?
Answer: muraqqa
Question: What is another name for an Ottoman miniature?
Answer: taswir
Question: Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what?
Answer: hat
Question: Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: the Sultan or the administrators of the court
Question: What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts?
Answer: Topkapi Palace
Question: Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: carpet weaving
Question: What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: it was customary to remove one's shoes
Question: Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate?
Answer: the nomadic cultures of central Asia
Question: Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire?
Answer: Anatolia
Question: Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where?
Answer: walls and doorways
Question: The elites of the Ottoman empire found what type of music important?
Answer: Ottoman classical music
Question: Many of the Sultans of the Ottoman empire were accomplished at being what?
Answer: musicians and composers
Question: The sultan known by what name has compositions which are still performed today?
Answer: Selim III
Question: What rhythmic units does Ottoman classical music use?
Answer: units called usul
Question: What are the melodic units used by Ottoman classical music?
Answer: makam
Question: What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music?
Answer: the saz, the bağlama, the kemence
Question: Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music?
Answer: the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney
Question: In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they?
Answer: the violin and the piano
Question: There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they?
Answer: classical music, and folk music
Question: What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces?
Answer: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music
Question: The cuisine known as Ottoman cuisine is in reference to the food eaten where?
Answer: the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities
Question: In what kitchen's was Ottoman cuisine perfected?
Answer: the Imperial Palace's kitchens
Question: What is one type of religious event that the general public may come to experience the creations of the Imperial Palace?
Answer: Ramadan
Question: Preparing food at the Yalıs of the Pashas was one way Ottoman Cuisine might spread to whom?
Answer: the population
Question: What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace's kitchens?
Answer: create and experiment
Question: The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine?
Answer: former Ottoman territories
Question: Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine, along with the food of what other regions?
Answer: Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine
Question: Turkish coffee is descended from what?
Answer: Ottoman cuisine
Question: Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine?
Answer: Ottoman cuisine
Question: In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts?
Answer: 15th Century
Question: Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?
Answer: Sultan Mehmet II
Question: Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy?
Answer: Georgios Amiroutzes
Question: How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul?
Answer: two or three years
Question: Where was Ali Qushji from?
Answer: originally from Samarkand
Question: When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: 19th century
Question: Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: Constantinople
Question: What was the leading sport club in 1905?
Answer: Galatasaray Sports Club
Question: In what year did the Altay Sports Club form?
Answer: 1914
Question: What was the football club known as Ülküspor formerly known as?
Answer: Turkish Fatherland Football Club
Question: Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?
Answer: Philosophy of space and time
Question: The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?
Answer: early analytic philosophy
Question: The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?
Answer: the mind