huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What kind of crops was the eastern wolf responsible for destroying?
Question: Where is the elk found?
Question: What has the only population of snowshoe hares south of the St. Lawrence River?
Question: What is the name of the most commonly seen salamander?
Question: What are the frogs and toads the largest class of?
Question: What tends to detract from the nutrient cycle of the forest?
Question: What consumes the salamanders and amphibians?
Question: What are species of salamanders called as a group?
Question: What are found more often than amphibians?
Question: What is the largest venomous snake in the Appalachians?
Question: How large can the black rat snake grow?
Question: Which kind of turtle is only found in the eastern Appalachians?
Question: What kind of snake is a good climber?
Question: What prevented the Appalachian expansion?
Question: What prevented the settlers from going to the coastal plains?
Question: What were the names of the valleys that were impossible to pass?
Question: Who had the Spanish colonies allied with?
Question: What were the name of the French tribes?
Question: When did French colonists breach Allegheny?
Question: Who did the French take the transmontane region from?
Question: Who did the English ally with in the war?
Question: What were the American armies supported by?
Question: Who was America in league with in the Great Valley?
Question: In what year did the company that was to become IBM form?
Answer: 1911
Question: What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM?
Answer: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)
Question: In what year did IBM get its name?
Answer: 1924
Question: What nickname was given to IBM?
Answer: Big Blue
Question: What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company?
Answer: Computing Scale Company
Question: What was the original name of the Bundy Manufacturing Company?
Question: In what year was the Bundy Manufacturing Company created?
Question: What was the nickname that was used for the Bundy Manufacturing Company?
Question: Who first used the name Bundy Manufacturing Company?
Question: Why did  Thomas J. Watson first use the name Bundy Maufacturing Company?
Question: How many employees did IBM have in 2012?
Answer: 435,000 worldwide
Question: What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?
Answer: fourth largest
Question: In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at what rank globally?
Answer: 31st largest
Question: At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand?
Answer: №2
Question: In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?
Answer: second largest
Question: How many employees did Forbes have in 2012?
Question: How was Forbes ranked as far as number of employees in 2012?
Question: How profitable was Forbes considered in 2012?
Question: What rank did Forbes have in terms of revenue in 2012?
Question: How was Forbes ranked globally for revenue in 2011?
Question: How many research labs does IBM have world wide?
Answer: 12 research laboratories worldwide
Question: In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?
Answer: 22 consecutive years
Question: How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees?
Answer: five Nobel Prizes
Question: This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC, what is the full name?
Answer: Universal Product Code
Question: How many labs work for the Watson company?
Question: How long has Watson held the record for holding the most patents by a business?
Question: How many Nobel Prizes has Watson been awarded?
Question: What is one invention made by the Watson company that is used by people everyday?
Question: What code was developed by Watson that's used in grocery stores?
Question: What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?
Answer: 16.8%
Question: What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?
Answer: 9.0%
Question: IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?
Answer: 2013
Question: IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?
Answer: 24.3%
Question: IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?
Answer: exiting commoditizing markets
Question: What has happened to DRAM's since they were created?
Question: How did IBM's profitability get better when it got out of the data analytics market?
Question: What was the average operating margin for hard disk drive producers in 2004?
Question: What did the operating margin for hard disk drive producers expand to in 2013?
Question: How much net profit did the average hard disk drive producer make in 2004?
Question: IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it.
Answer: SPSS
Question: IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?
Answer: Lexmark
Question: IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo, name them.
Answer: personal computer and x86 server
Question: What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?
Answer: GlobalFoundries
Question: In what year did Lexmark acquire Kenexa?
Question: What company was created by Kenexa in 2012 to manufacture printers?
Question: What product lines were produced by Kenexa in 2012?
Question: What company did Kenexa sell Lexmark to?
Question: What manufacturing area was PwC a leader in?
Question: On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated?
Answer: June 16, 1911
Question: Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.
Answer: Charles Ranlett Flint
Question: In what year did the companies owned by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company finally integrate?
Answer: 1933
Question: Where was the CTR Business office?
Answer: Endicott
Question: In 1933 the four companies owned by CTR had how many employees?
Answer: 1,300 employees
Question: Where was Charles Ranlett Flint originally from?
Question: In what year was Endicott created by Charles Ranlett Flint?
Question: In what state was Endicott consolidated into one company?
Question: How many employees worked at the holding company in 1911?
Question: What was the original name of the Endicott company?
Question: In what year did Thomas J. Watson, Sr. join CTR?
Answer: 1914
Question: Thomas J. Watson Sr. was fired from what company?
Answer: National Cash Register Company
Question: What was the favorite slogan of Thomas J. Watson Sr.?
Answer: THINK
Question: The revenues did what under the first 4 years of Watson being president?
Answer: more than doubled to $9 million
Question: The name International Business Machines was first used in what year?
Answer: 1917
Question: In what year did CTR first use THINK as its slogan?
Question: Who did Thomas J. Watson, Sr fire from the CTR company?
Question: When did Patterson join the National Cash Register Company?
Question: What happened to the revenue of the National Cash Register Company when Patterson became president?
Question: What kind of benefits were given to employees of the National Cash Register Company?
Question: What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?
Answer: Dehomag
Question: Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?
Answer: 26 million
Question: What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?
Answer: translation services
Question: What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?
Answer: 1947
Question: What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?
Answer: Saudi Business Machines
Question: What did Bahrain's tabulating equipment help organizations process?
Question: How many people were employed by the Third Reich?
Question: What two types of weapons were used by the Third Reich in 1937?
Question: In what year did the Nuremburg Trials begin?
Question: In what year did the German subsidiary Dehomag open for business?
Question: In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?
Answer: artificial intelligence
Question: What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?
Answer: an IBM 704
Question: In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?
Answer: FORmula TRANslation
Question: In 1961 who became the president of IBM?
Answer: Albert L. Williams
Question: In what year did Albert L. Williams step down from the company?
Question: What did Albert L. Willaims program to learn from its experience when playing checkers?
Question: What machine was created by FORTRAN in 1952?
Question: What system was developed for FORTRAN in 1952 to help it play checkers?
Question: In what year did IBM open its first office in Poughkeepsie?
Question: One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is?
Answer: PwC consulting
Question: In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?
Answer: 50,000 employees
Question: What technology did IBM use for its 2003 internet-based discussion?
Answer: Jam technology
Question: What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion?
Answer: eClassifier
Question: How many employees took part in the subsequent online discussion in 2004?
Answer: 52,000 employees
Question: What company did PwC consulting acquire in 2003?
Question: What did employees introduce to change company values?
Question: How many employees worked at PwC consulting in 2002?
Question: What did employees discuss at the  second Jam event put on by PwC consulting in 2002?
Question: Where did the first discussion take place hosted by PwC consulting in 2002?
Question: In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business?
Answer: 2005
Question: What was the design for low cost data encryption named?
Answer: Secure Blue
Question: SPSS Inc. was acquired in what year?
Answer: 2009
Question: This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
Answer: Blue Gene
Question: Who did Micromuse sell its personal computer business to?
Question: In what year did Micromuse sell its business to Lenovo?
Question: What design did Micromuse launch that is low-cost and can be built into a microprocessor?
Question: What award was given to Micromuse in 2009 for its Blue Gene supercomputing program?
Question: What president awarded Micromuse for the Blue Gene program?
Question: IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28, 2015.
Answer: The Weather Company
Question: What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions?
Answer: Watson
Question: When did the sale of Weather Company assets close?
Answer: January 29, 2016
Question: The Weather Channel entered into what with IBM?
Answer: long-term licensing agreement
Question: Bain Capital is a holding company of which company?
Answer: The Weather Company
Question: What did Bain Capital acquire from The Weather Company in 2015?
Question: What will Bain Capital seek to use Watson for in this acquisition?
Question: Why will The Weather Channel enter into a long-term agreement with NBCUniversal?
Question: When did the sale of The Blackstone Group assets close?
Question: When did Bain Capital become incorporated?
Question: What board member resigned in November 2010?
Answer: Cathie Black's
Question: What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?
Answer: '07
Question: Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company?
Answer: American Express
Question: Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors?
Answer: Andrew N. Liveris
Question: In what year did Alain J. P. Belda resign?
Question: How many corporate offices are there at IBM?
Question: What is Alain J. P. Belda's main responsibility as a board member?
Question: What chemical company is Cathie Black affiliated with?
Question: What credit card company is Doris Duke connected with?
Question: How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013?
Answer: 5% drop
Question: What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013?
Answer: January 21, 2014
Question: IBM committed to an expansion totaling this dollar amount in 2014?
Answer: $1.2bn
Question: How many new data centers did IBM commit to building?
Answer: 15
Question: Who is the chief executive of IBM?
Answer: Virginia Rometty
Question: What did CE Virginia Rometty want to do with IBM's cloud storage business in 2014?
Question: How much profit did the cloud storage business net in 2012?
Question: What benefit was Rometty the only one willing to forego in 2012?
Question: What is one type of storage that has been more popular with youger generations?
Question: How many times did IBM have to reinvent itself in the past?
Question: What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM?
Answer: 330 North Wabash building in Chicago
Question: The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?
Answer: center of the company's research division
Question: The 330 North Wabash Building was recognized with what award?
Answer: 1990 Honor Award
Question: IBM has towers in which cities?
Answer: Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta
Question: IBM has worked with architects and designers such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M. Pei, and Van der Rohe, name one  more.
Answer: Eero Saarinen
Question: What building did Eero Saarinen create for IBM?
Question: What was the Somers Office Complex used for after WWII?
Question: What award was given to recognize the Somers Office Complex?
Question: What group gave the award to the Somers Office Complex?
Question: In what three cities does Eero Saarinen also have his works on display?
Question: The Quarter Century Club began in this year.
Answer: 1924
Question: What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?
Answer: Business Machines
Question: In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.
Answer: Hundred Percent Club
Question: What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?
Answer: IBM salesmen who meet their quotas
Question: What employee management practices were first introduced in New Jersey in 1924?
Question: When was the first Atlantic City publication made?
Question: What was the Hundred Percent Club created to boost in 1914?
Question: Starting in 1914, for how many years was the IBM internal publication made?
Question: In what year did the first IBM sports team play in Atlantic City?
Question: IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?
Answer: IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott
Question: IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?
Answer: Think
Question: What program did IBM launch in 1942?
Answer: program to train and employ disabled people
Question: What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?
Answer: 1946
Question: In what year did Endicott provide group life insurance?
Question: What was created by Endicott in 1932 for overseeing employee training?
Question: What was held for female system service professionals in 1937?
Question: Who did Endicott create a program to train and hire in 1942?
Question: What was the name of the employee magazine in 1935 featuring the first black salesman?
Question: Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?
Answer: Thomas J. Watson, Jr
Question: In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?
Answer: 1952
Question: In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?
Answer: sex, national origin, and age
Question: How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?
Answer: 34
Question: Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.
Answer: IBM Fellows
Question: What was published by the Board of Education in 1952?
Question: What did the judgement in Brown vs. Board of Education cause to be added to IBM hiring policy in 1952?
Question: How many people were involved in the Brown vs. Board of Education case?
Question: What act was adopted in 1952?
Question: What was hosted by the Board of Education for the first time in 1962?
Question: What date did Thomas Watson, Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race, gender, or origin?
Answer: September 21, 1953
Question: IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S.?
Answer: the U.S. South
Question: What kind of workplaces did IBM commit to not building?
Answer: separate-but-equal
Question: IBM expanded their nondiscrimination policy in 1984 to include what?
Answer: sexual orientation
Question: In what year did IBM add sexual orientation to their nondiscrimination policy?
Answer: 1984
Question: What was sent out by governors in the south in 1953?
Question: What did the letter sent in 1984 state to employees?
Question: What is one type of workplace that governors of two states would not build?
Question: What would a separate but equal workplace give to IBM so it would get ahead?
Question: Who would negotiating with employees about hiring practices help IBM hire in the future?
Question: 300 Linux kernel developers work here.
Answer: the IBM Linux Technology Center
Question: IBM created the software framework known as?
Answer: Eclipse
Question: What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM?
Answer: SCO v. IBM
Question: What does RDBMS refer to?
Answer: relational database management system
Question: What company was Java supporting in 1998?
Question: What initiative was created by IBM in 1998?
Question: How much was Linux worth in 1998?
Question: How does Java usually release code its developed?
Question: Where do 300 Open Source Initiative developers work?
Question: In 2007 what happened to developerWorks?
Answer: was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame
Question: DeveloperWorks has content about open industry standard technologies like Java and SOA, what is one other industry standard technology it has resources for?
Answer: Linux
Question: IBM products such as WebSphere and Rational are covered on DeveloperWorks, what other three IBM products are covered?
Answer: Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management
Question: The Jolt Hall of Fame inducted DeveloperWorks in what year?
Answer: 2007
Question: Where was Java inducted in 2007?
Question: What site is run by Ajax for IT professionals?
Question: What Java products are a part of the Ajax site?
Question: In what year was IBM inducted into the technical professionals hall of fame?
Question: What three open industry-standard technologies are covered on the Ajax site?
Question: What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?
Answer: PowerPC tri-core processor
Question: How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?
Answer: less than 24 months
Question: Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?
Answer: Cell BE microprocessor
Question: Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?
Answer: Toshiba, and Sony
Question: What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?
Answer: 2012
Question: What did Nintendo develop for all console gaming systems of the previous generation?
Question: How long did it take for Nintendo to develop the PowerPC tri-core processor?
Question: What technology did IBM, Toshiba and Sony design jointly for the Xbox 360?
Question: In what year was the Xbox 360 first produced?
Question: What was the codename for the Xbox 360 when it was first being developed?
Question: What will Open Client Offering run on?
Answer: Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X
Question: What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?
Answer: Open Document Format software
Question: What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?
Answer: 5%
Question: Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?
Answer: Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Question: What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?
Answer: Mozilla Firefox
Question: What does using Apple's Mac OS X help to cut according to Microsoft?
Question: What do you need to pay Microsoft if you use Open Client Offering software?
Question: What is an alternative to using Linux document formats?
Question: What percentage of its PC's does IBM want to install Firefox on?
Question: What two platforms is Microsoft offering the Linux client for Smart Work on?
Question: What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency?
Answer: Project Big Green
Question: Secure Blue was launched in what year?
Answer: 2006
Question: What type of hardware is Secure Blue?
Answer: encryption hardware
Question: Who was the IBM ceo in November 2008?
Answer: Sam Palmisano
Question: What framework did IBM announce on March 1, 2011?
Answer: Smarter Computing framework
Question: How much did it cost for IBM to produce Secure Blue?
Question: Where did Sam Palmisano make a speech in 2006?
Question: What agenda was presented by von Neumann in 2006 at the Council on Foreign Relations?
Question: What kind of chips were created by Smarter Computing in 2006?
Question: What kind of framework was announced by von Neumann in 2006?
Question: What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?
Answer: SmartCamp
Question: How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?
Answer: 17
Question: Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?
Answer: Pennies
Question: Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies?
Answer: UK
Question: What company is known for the electronic charity box?
Answer: Pennies
Question: What global program is run by Pennies so that they can find companies to partner with?
Question: What kind of companies does Pennies search for to partner with?
Question: What did Pennies go into business to solve in the UK?
Question: How many companies partner with Pennies in their retail stores in the UK?
Question: In what year did Pennies begin as a start-up?
Question: How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?
Answer: 4,100 gallons
Question: How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?
Answer: more than two decades
Question: Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?
Answer: 78,000 gallons
Question: IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?
Answer: Department of Environmental Conservation
Question: What has drinking water been contaminated with for decades, making it unsafe in Endicott?
Question: When did freon leak from an underground tank in Endicott?
Question: How many gallons of freon leaked into the town's soil in 1979?
Question: How many people were diagnosed with cancer in 1980 near Endicott?
Question: What was a local dry cleaner found to be the main source of in 1979?
Question: What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?
Answer: energy
Question: In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?
Answer: joules
Question: Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?
Answer: the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton
Question: What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms in biology?
Question: In SI units, what is measured in watts?
Question: electronuclear is a definition of what?
Question: How many meters of chemical work is required?
Question: What definitions are there for types of energy, regardless of context?
Question: In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?
Answer: destroyed
Question: What law states, in part, that energy can change from one form to another?
Answer: Newtonian physics
Question: What does uncommon energy forms include?
Question: gravitational energy is stored by stretching what?
Question: physical energy is released when what burns?
Question: thermal energy gets carried by what?
Question: What does the universal law say in Plutonium physics?
Question: How can the total energy of a system be calculated?
Answer: by adding up all forms of energy in the system
Question: The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?
Answer: available energy
Question: What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?
Answer: heat
Question: What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat?
Answer: second law of thermodynamics
Question: How can the partial energy of a system be calculated?
Question: The limit to the amount of cold energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?
Question: What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal contraction of an ideal gas?
Question: What states that the system doing work always gains some energy as waste heat?
Question: What states for "open systems" with no external source or sink of energy,that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat
Question: Give one example of energy transformation.
Answer: generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine
Question: What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?
Answer: Sun
Question: What is another example of energy transformation?
Answer: lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor
Question: Give one example of linear transformation.
Question: What transforms non-nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?
Question: What is another example of solar transformation?
Question: What does pushing with gravity perform?
Question: what type of energy escapes to its surroundings when mass increases?
Question: What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy?
Answer: thermal energy
Question: What is a function of the position of an object within a field?
Answer: potential energy
Question: what is determined by an object's non-movement through space?
Question: What usually consists completely of potential energy?
Question: What is a function of the position of an object outside of a field?
Question: what part of a system can be multiplied?
Question: what classifications don't overlap?
Question: Where is chemical energy stored and released?
Answer: from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons
Question: Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?
Answer: kinetic
Question: What is dependent upon hydro potential energy?
Question: Where is biological energy stored and released?
Question: All types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?
Question: what do chemical scientists discover about certain phenomenon?
Question: old forms are typically added that account for what?
Question: What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?
Answer: vis viva
Question: Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?
Answer: Gottfried Leibniz
Question: In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?
Answer: late 17th century
Question: Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?
Answer: Isaac Newton
Question: What is a term for dying force?
Question: What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity cubed?
Question: Who proposed the idea of the Italian: vis viva?
Question: In what century did Newton propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?
Question: Who rejected Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?
Question: Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?
Answer: Thomas Young
Question: When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?
Answer: 1807
Question: Who coined the term "potential energy?"
Answer: William Rankine
Question: Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?
Answer: James Prescott Joule
Question: When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?
Answer: 19th century
Question: Who was definitely the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?
Question: When did Newton use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?
Question: Who rejected the term "potential energy?"
Question: Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the reduction of heat?
Question: When was the law of conservation of physics first postulated?
Question: Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?
Answer: William Thomson
Question: What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?
Answer: Thermodynamics
Question: Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy?
Answer: Jožef Stefan
Question: What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time?
Answer: Noether's theorem
Question: Who largely rejected the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?
Question: What hindered the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?
Question: Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of stored energy?
Question: What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics change over time?
Question: since 1819, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is what?
Question: Who is the Lagrangian named after?
Answer: Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Question: What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?
Answer: Lagrangian
Question: Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?
Answer: Lagrange formalism
Question: What is another non-energy-related concept?
Question: Who is the Lestrangian named after?
Question: What is defined as the potential energy minus the kinetic energy?
Question: Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for conservative systems?
Question: This non-formalism is as fundamental as what?
Question: What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?
Answer: Noether's theorem
Question: What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?
Answer: Noether's theorem
Question: When was Noether's theorem destroyed?
Question: What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a non-physical system has a corresponding conservation law?
Question: What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical chemistry and the calculus of variations?
Question: What theorem was derived in 1819?
Question: dissipative systems with non-continuous symmetries need not have what?
Question: In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?
Answer: energy
Question: What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?
Answer: Chemical reactions
Question: What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?
Answer: e−E/kT
Question: Who created the population factor e-E/kT?
Answer: Boltzmann's
Question: What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?
Answer: Arrhenius equation
Question: In the context of biology, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?
Question: What is always possible except when the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?
Question: What is the certainty of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?
Question: Who rejected the population factor e-E/kT?
Question: What is the exponential independence of a reaction rate on temperature?
Question: In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?
Answer: energy
Question: What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?
Answer: Energy
Question: What does H-e stand for?
Answer: Human energy conversion
Question: How many watts is in one official horsepower?
Answer: 746 watts
Question: In chemistry, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?
Question: What is often said to be expelled by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?
Question: What does E-h stand for?
Question: How many watts is in half an official horsepower?
Question: For tasks lasting a few minutes, an unfit human can generate how many watts?
Question: What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?
Answer: Sunlight
Question: What do plants release during photosynthesis?
Answer: oxygen
Question: What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?
Answer: Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis
Question: What are two low-energy compounds?
Answer: carbon dioxide and water
Question: What isn't captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?
Question: What do plants retain? during photosynthesis?
Question: What may be triggered after a long time by a spark?
Question: What are two high-energy compounds?
Question: what is utilized by dead organisms as an electron acceptor?
Question: What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?
Answer: an external source of energy
Question: How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?
Answer: 1500–2000
Question: Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?
Answer: mitochondria
Question: What does any dead organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?
Question: How many weekly calories are recommended for a human adult?
Question: Where are food molecules oxidised to oxygen and water?
Question: what relies on an internal source of energy
Question: radiation from the Sun in the case of red what?
Question: What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?
Answer: The second law of thermodynamics
Question: What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?
Answer: living organisms
Question: Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?
Answer: ecological niches
Question: What states that energy tends to become more grouped together across the universe?
Question: What are remarkably efficient in their use of the energy they receive?
Question: The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to cool at each step in a what?
Question: Where is the hypothetical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed?
Question: Simple organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?
Question: When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?
Answer: after it strikes the Earth
Question: This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.
Answer: Sunlight
Question: What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?
Answer: hurricane
Question: What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?
Answer: hurricane
Question: When may sunlight be stored as gravitational kinetic energy?
Question: This drives no weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.
Question: What is an example of a water-mediated weather event?
Question: after being released at a wind powered dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce what?
Question: What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?
Question: What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?
Answer: heat
Question: What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?
Answer: thermal energy
Question: What is mechanical potential energy?
Answer: elastic strain
Question: What releases stored elastic kinetic energy in rocks?
Question: What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of Mars release?
Question: What hinders plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?
Question: What is non-mechanical potential energy?
Question: energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of recently destroyed supernova stars created what?
Question: What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?
Answer: nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun
Question: What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?
Answer: Big Bang
Question: Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?
Answer: fusion
Question: What is driven by various kinds of energy transfusions?
Question: What retains another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?
Question: What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled very slowly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?
Question: Oxygen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?
Question: What process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of nitrogen clouds?
Question: In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?
Answer: energy
Question: What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?
Answer: The Schrödinger equation
Question: What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?
Answer: The Schrödinger equation
Question: In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the sine function?
Question: What equates the energy operator to the partial energy of a particle or a system?
Question: What describes the space-and-time dependence of a rapidly changing wave function of quantum systems?
Question: what is a set of permitted states, none of which are characterized by an energy level?
Question: In the case of an electromagnetic wave these are called quanta of light or protons
Question: What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?
Answer: electron–positron annihilation
Question: What is the inverse process called?
Answer: pair creation
Question: What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?
Answer: pair creation
Question: What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the three particles remains?
Question: What is the converse process called?
Question: What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is destroyed from energy of two or more annihilating photons?
Question: what is created and changed to non-matter energy?
Question: What is matter energy?
Question: What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?
Answer: Carnot's theorem
Question: What is the direction of transformations in energy?
Answer: what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind
Question: What is often determined by entropy considerations?
Answer: direction of transformations in energy
Question: Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?
Answer: because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces
Question: What states that there are no limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?
Question: What is the direction of translations in energy?
Question: What is never determined by entropy considerations?
Question: Why are certain larger transformations permitted?
Question: what is non-equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom
Question: Name another example of a heavy isotope.
Answer: thorium
Question: What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?
Answer: nucleosynthesis
Question: In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?
Answer: chemical potential energy
Question: Name an example of a heavy transitope?
Question: Name another example of a heavy transitope.
Question: What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the lunar system and the Earth?
Question: In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and wind energy in a short time?
Question: what active types of energy can be transformed?
Question: When does energy give rise to weight?
Answer: when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum
Question: Mass is also equivalent to what?
Answer: certain amount of energy
Question: Who created the formula E = mc2?
Answer: Albert Einstein
Question: In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?
Answer: 1905
Question: What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?
Answer: E = mc²
Question: When does energy give rise to height?
Question: Mass is not equivalent to what?
Question: Who created the formula E = nc2?
Question: In what year did Weinstein create E = mc2?
Question: What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy outside of the concept of special relativity?
Question: Energy may be converted to what?
Answer: Matter
Question: Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?
Answer: mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule
Question: Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?
Answer: high-energy nuclear physics
Question: Matter can't be converted to what?
Question: Energy can't be converted to what?
Question: Why is a gain of energy difficult to measure by weight?
Question: Where are examples of energy transformation into matter not found?
Question: what equals 12 megatons of TNT
Question: Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?
Answer: reversible processes and irreversible processes
Question: What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?
Answer: Thermodynamics
Question: A reversible process is one in which this does not happen.
Answer: dissipation
Question: Thermodynamics multiplies energy information into what two kinds?
Question: What doesn't divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?
Question: A reversible process is one in which this happens.
Question: What isn't reversible?
Question: What must not stay partly as heat?
Question: As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?
Answer: irreversible states
Question: What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states?
Answer: inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe
Question: In this heat death of energy, what does not change?
Answer: energy of the universe
Question: As the universe evolves in time, less and less of its energy becomes trapped in what?
Question: What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes freed from irreversible states?
Question: In this heat death of energy, what changes?
Question: how much energy is not available to do work through a heat engine?
Question: what is not attached to heat engines?
Question: According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?
Answer: conservation of energy
Question: The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?
Answer: total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system
Question: What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?
Answer: energy
Question: According to what, energy can either be created or destroyed by itself?
Question: The total inflow of energy into a system must not equal what?
Question: What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself and can't be transformed?
Question: whose interactions depend explicitly on time?
Question: total energy of the system never remains what?
Question: What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?
Answer: Noether's theorem
Question: What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?
Answer: energy
Question: This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?
Answer: the uncertainty principle
Question: What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?
Answer: uncertainty principle
Question: What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational asymmetry of time?
Question: What is the quality which is canonical conjugate to time?
Question: This mathematical entanglement of energy and space results in what?
Question: What states it is possible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?
Question: what should be confused with the uncertainty principle?
Question: What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?
Answer: Virtual photons
Question: What results in Coulomb law?
Answer: electrostatic interaction between electric charges
Question: What are simply highest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?
Question: What is responsible for non-electrostatic interaction between electric charges?
Question: What results in Casimir law?
Question: In what type of physics, does this equality permit a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum?
Question: what is not known as fundamental forces?
Question: What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?
Answer: Energy transfer
Question: The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?
Answer: heat
Question: Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems?
Answer: transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons
Question: What can be considered for the typical case of systems which are opened to transfers of matter?
Question: The portion of energy which works during the transfer is called what?
Question: Give one example of how energy cannot be transferred between systems?
Question: the inductive transer of what kind of energy?
Question: what are physical collisions which don't transfer kinetic energy?
Question: What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.
Answer: first law of thermodynamics
Question: The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?
Answer: energy
Question: What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?
Answer: for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes
Question: What asserts that energy is always conserved and that cool flow is a form of energy transfer.
Question: The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is never conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?
Question: What is a never used corollary of the first law?
Question: what is an example of a pyramid-full of gas
Question: What type of system has a poorly defined temperature and pressure
Question: What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?
Answer: entropy
Question: What is entropy?
Answer: measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system
Question: What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?
Answer: second law of thermodynamics
Question: What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity unrelated to energy?
Question: What is dystropy?
Question: What is the non-mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?
Question: When an isolated system is given less degrees of freedom, what happens to total energy?
Question: what is a measure of oddness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system?
Question: Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?
Answer: Teutonic Knights
Question: The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?
Answer: Christianity
Question: Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?
Answer: Germans
Question: What other groups during this period for form minorities?
Answer: Poles and Lithuanians
Question: Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?
Answer: 17th or early 18th century