huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: The  philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? 
Answer: unidirectional
Question: What philosophy does ontology concern?
Question: What was the study of space and time inspired by?
Question: What does not change over time?
Question: The flow within what is multidirectional?
Question: Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
Answer: Ptahhotep
Question: When do the Vedas date back to?
Answer: late 2nd millennium BC
Question: Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?
Answer: Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy
Question: What do the Vedas describe?
Answer: ancient Hindu cosmology
Question: How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
Answer: 4,320,000 years
Question: What was first recorded in the 26th century BC.
Question: Who warned people not to increase the time o following desire?
Question: What is the name of the earliest Egyptian texts?
Question: What texts date to 2000 BC?
Question: How long did the Greeksd think a cyle of time was?
Question: What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?
Answer: the difficulty
Question: Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? 
Answer: Augustine
Question: What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?
Answer: the knowledge of the movement of things
Question: Where did Augustine say time could not appear?
Answer: where there are no creatures to measure its passing
Question: Who deiscusses the nature of time in his first book?
Question: What does St Augustine think common speech adiquetly describes?
Question: What did Aristotle present the first philisophical argument for?
Question: Who said time exists everywhere?
Question: Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? 
Answer: al-Haytham
Question: Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
Answer: Book of Optics
Question: Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?
Answer: Aristotle's
Question: Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?
Answer: Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things
Question: Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?
Answer: next to nothing
Question: Who discussed space perceptions in the 1100's?
Question: What book was written in the the 11th century about time?
Question: Who disputed al-Haytham's definition of topos?
Question: What did Euclid and Ptolemy tie the visual perception of space to?
Question: Who said vision is autonomious?
Question: When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.
Answer: 1781
Question: What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?
Answer: Critique of Pure Reason
Question: What did Kant describe time as?
Answer: a priori notion
Question: What did Kant say was similar notion to time?
Answer: space
Question: What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
Answer: sense experience
Question: Who published Critique of Pure Reason in the 17th century?
Question: Who said priori notions allow us to comprehend time?
Question: What does Kant claim time and space are?
Question: What does Kant say we use as a framework to stucture time?
Question: According mto can't what is an illusion?
Question: Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?
Answer: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles
Question: Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?
Answer: fact
Question: What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?
Answer: identity of indiscernibles
Question: Who's position does Leibniz support?
Question: What two principles did Leibniz argue against?
Question: What states that two things are not necessarily the same just because no difference can be identified?
Question: Where are Leibniz's universes situated?
Answer: absolute space
Question: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?
Answer: five feet
Question: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?
Answer: absolute space exists
Question: Who's example involves one universe in two places?
Question: What does Leibniz place at two points in deep space?
Question: What proves the existence of absolute space?
Question: What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?
Answer: the bucket argument
Question: According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?
Answer: flat
Question: As the buck spins, what happens to the water?
Answer: the water will become concave
Question: If the buck stops, the water will do what?
Answer: continue to spin
Question: What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?
Answer: the interaction of the bucket and the water
Question: Who makes the bucket argument in response to Clarke and Newton?
Question: What becomes flat as the bucket spins?
Question: What does the bucket interact with to create the water surface?
Question: What becomes flat when the bucket stops spinning?
Question: Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?
Answer: objects
Question: According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?
Answer: space
Question: What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?
Answer: Newtonian space
Question: In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?
Answer: independently
Question: For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?
Answer: many centuries
Question: What does space exist independently from?
Question: What exists as a relationship between space and objects?
Question: What provides the absolute frame of refrence for space?
Question: What is dependent on the frame of refrence in Newtonian space?
Question: What evidence still holds authority?
Question: What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?
Answer: that the bucket was indeed spinning
Question: What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?
Answer: would remain flat.
Question: Who expanded on thought experiments?
Question: What can be confirmed about the bucket independent of other objects in the universe?
Question: What could not remain flat in absolute space?
Question: What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?
Answer: would remain flat
Question: What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?
Answer: the bucket could be seen as rotating
Question: What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?
Answer: increases the curvature
Question: The Mach argument is called what?
Answer: Mach's Principle
Question: Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?
Answer: effects of other objects in the universe
Question: Who argued that the water experiment in an empty univers would never be flat?
Question: What would need to be removed from the universe to prove that the bucket was moving?
Question: What decreases as objects are added to the universe?
Question: What principle argues that the momentum of an object is independent of other objects in the universe?
Question: lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?
Answer: relativity
Question: The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?
Answer: all observers
Question: In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?
Answer: the same
Question: Einstein's theory was motivated by who?
Answer: Maxwell
Question: Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?
Answer: the luminiferous ether
Question: Who proposed  that the laws of physics where not dependent on relativity?
Question: What did Einstein agrue was dependent on the observers frame of refrence?
Question: Whatprinciples that light moves at different speeds depending on the refrence point?
Question: What equation was motivated by Einstein's theory?
Question: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?
Answer: does not accelerate
Question: What follows a geodesic of space-time?
Answer: an inertial frame of reference
Question: An object in free fall does not experience what?
Answer: force
Question: What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?
Answer: the surface of the planet
Question: Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?
Answer: it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.
Question: What kind of frame includes objects that do not accelerate when force in applied to them?
Question: What does an external frame of refrence follow?
Question: What is not experienced by objects moving against a geodesic?
Question: What is an object in free fall moving against?
Question: What is experienced by objects in free-fall?
Question: How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?
Answer: contrary
Question: What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?
Answer: objects exist independently of the mind
Question: Who advocates Einstein's theory?
Question: Who's theory compliments Leibniz?
Question: What do idealist believe can not exist independent of the mind?
Question: Space and what have a dependent existence?
Question: The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
Answer: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects
Question: What is the first feature motivated by?
Answer: we can never directly apprehend length
Question: The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
Answer: separated objects
Question: Sameness of length must be set how?
Answer: by definition
Question: What definition states that units of length can not be coodinated with physical objects?
Question: What measurment can be made independently?
Question: What can be determined about two objects regardless of their distance from each other?
Question: What is always equal rerdless of position?
Question: How must diffrence of l;ength be set?
Question: The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what?
Answer: all differentiable transformations
Question: What else besides  invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics?
Answer: the covariance group
Question: Which theory does the relativity depart from?
Answer: classical mechanics
Question: What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?
Answer: single formulation
Question:  The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories?
Answer: every
Question: What groups do do not coincide in the classical case?
Question: What groups coincide in relative physics?
Question: What is absolute according to the theory of relativity?
Question: What theory does relativity coincide with?
Question: How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?
Answer: two
Question: What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?
Answer: fundamental
Question: If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?
Answer: physically possible process
Question: How is our experience of time at the macro level?
Answer: not time-reversal invariant
Question: What do we not have memories of?
Answer: the future
Question: What laws are time-reversal variant?
Question: What do we experience as time-reversal invariant?
Question: What can we influence besides the future?
Question: What are superior to classical thermodynamics?
Answer: statistical mechanics
Question: In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? 
Answer: a statistical postulate
Question: Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?
Answer: symmetric
Question: What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?
Answer: not an absolute law
Question: What type of mechanics help to simplify things?
Question: What is superior to statistical mechanics?
Question: What thermodynamic behavior can not be explained by the fundemental laws of physics?
Question: What is an abso;ute law in statistical mechanics?
Question: What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?
Answer: the laws are not time-reversal symmetric
Question: What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?
Answer: weak nuclear force
Question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
Answer: macroscopic
Question: What does the thirs solution argue is time-reversal symmetric?
Question: What processes in quantum mechanics are reversable?
Question: What asymmetric phenomena are common in quantum mechanics?
Question: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?
Answer: Tim Maudlin
Question: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?
Answer: intrinsic
Question: What grounds the distinction between sequences?
Answer: asymmetry
Question: Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?
Answer: Maudlin
Question: Who oposses the laws solution?
Question: Who says that the laws of physics are not laws of temporal evolution?
Question: What does Maudlin claim time is not in the structure of the world?
Question: What does the symetry in the temoral structure of the world ground?
Question: Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?
Answer: J. M. E. McTaggart
Question: How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose?
Answer: two
Question: What was McTaggart's first series called?
Answer: the A-series
Question: The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?
Answer: each other
Question: What is McTaggart's second series called?
Answer: The B-series
Question: Who created a problem with the flow of time?
Question: What orders events according to their existance in the past, present or future?
Question: What implements refrences to the past?
Question: According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?
Answer: Presentism
Question: Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?
Answer: exist
Question: Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions
Answer: Eternalist
Question: According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?
Answer: all things—past, present, and future
Question: According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?
Answer: special language
Question: What states time is the existance of various relities?
Question: What states all things have either always existed or not
Question: What do Eterialist say time is independent of?
Question: What is more real according to Eternalists?
Question: Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?
Answer: endurantist
Question: Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?
Answer: perdurantist
Question: Which view is seen as conventional?
Answer: Endurantism
Question: Who is an example of a perdurantist?
Answer: David Lewis
Question: Who says that objects existin incompletely in the past present and future?
Question: Who states that an object must in different realities?
Question: What does endurantism take account of the change in?
Question: What says that when we talk to a person we are talking to part of a cross-temeporal being?
Question: How can asymmetry of causation be observed?
Answer: in a non-arbitrary way
Question: How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?
Answer: two
Question: Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?
Answer: temporal
Question: What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?
Answer: implications of form and functional capacity
Question: What can be observed in an arbitrary way?
Question: How many examples of symetry can be observed in the cup example?
Question: Symmetry is atributable to a ralationship of what kind of direction?
Question: What else besides direction is symmetry attributed to?
Question: What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age?
Answer: the Neolithic
Question: What era preceded the Neolithic?
Answer: Holocene Epipaleolithic period
Question: What event is associated with the start of farming?
Answer: Neolithic Revolution
Question: What era saw an increase in metal tool use?
Answer: Copper Age
Question: What era is commonly called as the final phase of the Copper Age?
Question: What era preceded the Stone Age?
Question: What event is associated with the start of animals?
Question: What era saw an increase in metal animal use?
Question: What is a progression of farming?
Question: What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?
Answer: 10,200 – 8,800 BC
Question: Where did the Neolithic culture begin?
Answer: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)
Question: What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?
Answer: wild cereals
Question: What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?
Answer: The Natufian period
Question: What time period marks the start of farming culture?
Question: Where did the Dryas culture begin?
Question: What food item was the key to the evolution of culture?
Question: What era lasted between 13,000 and 8,800 BC?
Question: What are thought to have forced people to develop culture?
Question: What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop?
Answer: agriculture
Question: What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures?
Answer: independent domestication events
Question: What objects were not used by early farm societies in Africa?
Question: What did the use of pottery help early African societies develop?
Question: What trend led to parts of the world developing their own African cultures?
Question: Who used pottery before developing events?
Question: Where did independent domestication events lead to their own cultures?
Question: When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start?
Answer: roughly 10,000 years ago
Question: Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located?
Answer: Turkey
Question: Who built the Göbekli Tepe temple?
Answer: nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes
Question: What is the name of earliest man made place of worship?
Answer: Göbekli Tepe
Question: When did the Neolithic 1 (PPNA) Period end?
Question: Where is the Gilgal located?
Question: Who built the Gilgal?
Question: What is the name of earliest man made pillar?
Question: When was the earliest man made pillar built?
Question: When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start?
Answer: around 8,800 BCE
Question: What era followed the  The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?
Answer: the Mesolithic era
Question: How many settlers were found in Jordan?
Answer: 3,000 inhabitants
Question: What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East?
Answer: Ain Ghazal
Question: When did the Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era end?
Question: What era preceded the Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?
Question: How many settlers were founded in the PPNA?
Question: What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements the PPNA?
Question: When was Amman continuously inhabited?
Question: When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)  phase start?
Answer: Around 10,200 BC
Question: When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel?
Answer: Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC
Question: How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel?
Answer: 2
Question: What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA?
Answer: Jericho
Question: What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho?
Answer: stone and marble
Question: When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) phase end?
Question: When was a settlement developed in PPNA?
Question: What was teh name of the town that first appeared during the Tell Qaramel?
Question: How many temples were built in PPNA?
Question: What materials were used to build the wall around PPNA?
Question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods?
Answer: Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche
Question: What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods?
Answer: social, economic and cultural characteristics
Question: When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5?
Answer: 2002
Question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods?
Answer: Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès
Question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into nine periods?
Question: What traits did researchers use to divide the nine periods?
Question: When was the original division of 9 advanced to a division of 5?
Question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology in to four periods?
Question: Who advanced the idea of a final stage between the PPNA and PPNB?
Question: When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt?
Answer: 6,000 BC
Question: How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock?
Answer: fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants
Question: What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture?
Answer: the Middle East
Question: When did the domestication of sheep first appear in the Middle East?
Question: How did Egyptians gather food before raising crops?
Question: What region do some scholars see as the source for the Near East's start in agriculture?
Question: Who suggests that these subsistence changes were due to farmers migrating?
Question: What do other scholars say that the primary stimulus for states came from?
Question: When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe?
Answer: 7th millennium BC
Question: Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found?
Answer: Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania
Question: What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC?
Answer: Anthropomorphic figurines
Question: What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC? 
Answer: cultural diffusion and migration of peoples
Question: Who possibly created the earliest system of writing?
Answer: The Vinča culture
Question: When did agrarian societies start to arrive in Malta?
Question: Where was one of the earliest farming sites in Malta located?
Question: What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6,500 BC?
Question: What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 6,500 BC?
Question: Who possibly created the earliest system of dolmens?
Question: When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea?
Answer: 2012
Question: What time period was the Korean farm site dated?
Answer: between 3600 and 3000 B.C.
Question: What items were found on the Korean farm site?
Answer: Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses
Question: What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site?
Answer: accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
Question: When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in the AMS?
Question: What time period was the AMS farm site dated?
Question: What items were found on the AMS farm site?
Question: What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate discovery for the farm site?
Question: When did researchers discover prehistoric plants?
Question: What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC?
Answer: crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles
Question: What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education?
Answer: Formative stage
Question: What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education?
Answer: Archaic Era
Question: What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during  500 to 1200 C.E.?
Answer: bow and arrow
Question: What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 11,000 BC?
Question: What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in Asian education?
Question: What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in Asian education?
Question: What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during 1200 to 500 BC?
Question: When was there a dramatic increase in turkeys?
Question: What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia?
Answer: small tribes
Question: What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age?
Answer: social stratification
Question: What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies?
Answer: Paleolithic cultures
Question: What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Norte?
Question: What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Eurasian Age?
Question: What type of cultures preceded Norte societies?
Question: What were more hierarchical than Norte cultures?
Question: When did states evolve in Norte?
Question: What started competition between families for wealth?
Answer: Possession of livestock
Question: Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?
Answer: Neolithic pastoralists
Question: What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?
Answer: Catal Huyuk
Question: What caused a major increase in homes?
Question: What started competition between the Catal Huyuk for wealth?
Question: Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more wealth?
Question: What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of animals?
Question: What resulted in inequalities of homes?
Question: What time period were the huge circular ditches found in?
Answer: 4800 BC and 4600 BC
Question: What did the ditches later evolve into?
Answer: causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge
Question: What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?
Answer: required considerable time and labour to construct
Question: What time period were the huge individuals found in?
Question: What did the individuals later involve into?
Question: What features about the individuals suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?
Question: What excavations revealed that families were building circular ditches?
Question: What do families suggest?
Question: Where was evidence of fortified settlements found?
Answer: Linearbandkeramik
Question: What did some villages fortify their settlements with?
Answer: a palisade and an outer ditch
Question: What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements?
Answer: weapon-traumatized bones
Question: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?
Answer: the Talheim Death Pit
Question: Where was evidence of fortified lifestyles found?
Question: What did some villages fortify their lifestyles with?
Question: What tools were seen as evidence of ditches among settlements?
Question: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Paleolithic era?
Question: What did Neollithic people have?
Question: What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
Answer: Control of labour
Question: What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?
Answer: Marxist concept of primitive communism
Question: What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
Answer: inter-group conflict
Question: What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by Neolithic leaders?
Question: What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of labor societies?
Question: What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by Neolithic groups?
Question: What is a theory that has explained the egalitarianism of labor societies?
Question: What is there evidence of?
Question: What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era?
Answer: shelter
Question: What era consisted of people living temporary homes?
Answer: paleolithic
Question: What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era?
Answer: mud brick houses
Question: What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes?
Answer: The growth of agriculture
Question: Where were entrances located in early homes?
Answer: Doorways were made on the roof
Question: What era consisted of people living on roofs?
Question: What type of homes were built in the paleolithic era?
Question: What societal trend was the cause of mats?
Question: Where were entrances located in early ladders?
Question: What made ladders possible?
Question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?
Answer: crop farming and cultivation
Question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?
Answer: nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique
Question: What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?
Answer: the Bronze Age
Question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early towns?
Question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before the Bronze Age?
Question: What era saw an increase in permanent crop fields?
Question: What was brought about by crop rotating?
Question: What had larger populations that were sustained by labor?
Question: What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?
Answer: drought or pests
Question: What type of societies were not affected by famine?
Answer: hunter-gatherer communities
Question: What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?
Answer: agrarian communities
Question: What were the causes of cultivation in early farm towns?
Question: What type of societies were not affected by cultivation?
Question: What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with cultivation?
Question: What continued without shortages?
Question: What could sensitivity to cultivation be?
Question: What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?
Answer: local plant and animal resources
Question: What was included in the Post-agrarian diet?
Answer: cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products.
Question: What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?
Answer: the increase in population
Question: What food related trend was significant in restricted societies?
Question: What forms of availability dictated local diets?
Question: What was included in the local diet?
Question: What forced the need to supplement food supply with nutrition?
Question: What did local diets vary by?
Question: What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?
Answer: farmers
Question: What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?
Answer: tending, harvesting and processing of crops
Question: What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?
Answer: sickle blades and grinding stones
Question: What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?
Answer: pottery, bone implements)
Question: What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?
Answer: stone axe
Question: What type of occupation were manufacturers considered to be proficient at?
Question: What purposes were the production of statuettes used for?
Question: What types of tools did early farmers use for shelter?
Question: What tool allowed early manufacturers to convert forest into arable land?
Question: What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?
Answer: houses and villages
Question: What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?
Answer: humans and animals
Question: What were European homes constructed from?
Answer: wattle and daub
Question: What types of sites were built for the deceased?
Answer: Elaborate tombs
Question: Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?
Answer: Ireland
Question: What did European people use mud-brick to build?
Question: What scenes did the people on homes depict?
Question: What were Syrian homes constructed from?
Question: What types of sites were built for the animals?
Question: Where do thousands of early humans still exist?
Question: What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?
Answer: finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins
Question: What were perforated stones used for?
Answer: spindle whorls or loom weights
Question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?
Answer: Ötzi the Iceman
Question: What did early humans use to make bones?
Question: What evidence suggested that humans used copperl products for clothing?
Question: What were perforated antlers used for?
Question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Copper age?
Question: What might have become available during the Copper age?
Question: Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?
Answer: F. A. Hayek
Question: What award did Hayek receive in 1974?
Answer: Nobel Memorial Prize
Question: With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?
Answer: Gunnar Myrdal
Question: Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?
Answer: philosopher
Question: Hayek became a member of which group in 1984?
Answer: Order of the Companions of Honour
Question: For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order?
Answer: services to the study of economics
Question: What award was Hayek the first to receive?
Answer: Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize
Question: Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom?
Answer: President George H. W. Bush
Question: Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011?
Answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society
Question: What was August von Hayek's occupation?
Answer: medical doctor
Question: What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?
Answer: botany
Question: From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?
Answer: her mother
Question: How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?
Answer: three
Question: Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?
Answer: Franz von Juraschek
Question: What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?
Answer: scholars
Question: Who was August von Hayek's father?
Answer: Gustav Edler von Hayek
Question: What did August von Hayek's father write?
Answer: systematic works in biology
Question: Who was among the first readers of Ludwig  Wittgenstein's book?
Answer: Hayek
Question: How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet?
Answer: on only a few occasions
Question: Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek?
Answer: Ludwig Wittgenstein
Question: What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war?
Answer: both were officers
Question: What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921?
Answer: Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Question: What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?
Answer: they were somehow of a different generation
Question: With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?
Answer: adults
Question: Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?
Answer: read fluently and frequently
Question: Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?
Answer: his father
Question: Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?
Answer: Aristotle
Question: Where did Hayek learn about the brain?
Answer: Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy
Question: What was the name of Hayek's first work?
Answer: The Sensory Order
Question: Where did first show his work?
Answer: the Geistkreis
Question: With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?
Answer: Herbert Furth
Question: Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?
Answer: University of Vienna
Question: For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?
Answer: the Austrian government
Question: What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?
Answer: macroeconomic data
Question: What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?
Answer: Jeremiah Jenks
Question: What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?
Answer: reading von Mises' book Socialism
Question: During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?
Answer: Eric Voegelin
Question: What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?
Answer: classical liberalism
Question: Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?
Answer: Carl Menger
Question: Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?
Answer: Lionel Robbins
Question: What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?
Answer: one of the leading economic theorists in the world
Question: What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?
Answer: modern microeconomics
Question: In what year did Hayek come to London?
Answer: 1931
Question: What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?
Answer: The Road to Serfdom
Question: Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?
Answer: Alexis de Tocqueville
Question: When was the Road to Serfdom published?
Answer: March 1944
Question: Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?
Answer: United States
Question: Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?
Answer: Max Eastman
Question: Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?
Answer: University of Chicago
Question: Who supplied Hayek's salary?
Answer: an outside foundation
Question: What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?
Answer: departmental autonomy and control
Question: Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?
Answer: sick of Hutchins' meddling
Question: What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?
Answer: Committee on Social Thought
Question: Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?
Answer: The Road to Serfdom
Question: Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?
Answer: Aaron Director
Question: What group did Hayek form with three other people?
Answer: Mont Pèlerin Society
Question: What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?
Answer: Intercollegiate Studies Institute
Question: What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?
Answer: the liberal order
Question: Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?
Answer: The Constitution of Liberty
Question: As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?
Answer: sixteen years
Question: What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?
Answer: The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization
Question: How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?
Answer: disappointed
Question: What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?
Answer: Law, Legislation and Liberty
Question: Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?
Answer: University of California, Los Angeles
Question: When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?
Answer: 1979
Question: During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?
Answer: philosophy of social science
Question: What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?
Answer: British Conservative Party
Question: Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?
Answer: Hayek
Question: What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker?
Answer: the "middle way"
Question: Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?
Answer: The Constitution of Liberty
Question: What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?
Answer: Lib-Lab pact
Question: What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?
Answer: discourage socialist legislation
Question: The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?
Answer: British Liberal Party
Question: What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?
Answer: all title to the name 'Liberal'
Question: Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?
Answer: the Conservative Party
Question: With which political group was David Steel affiliated?
Answer: Liberal Party
Question: Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978
Answer: Hayek
Question: Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek?
Answer: limited democracy
Question: Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives?
Answer: unlimited
Question: What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England?
Answer: Order of the Companions of Honour
Question: Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order?
Answer: Margaret Thatcher
Question: In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government?
Answer: Prime Minister
Question: How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award?
Answer: Frederick
Question: At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say?
Answer: "I've just had the happiest day of my life."
Question: What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President?
Answer: a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon"
Question: Which President presented the award to Hayek?
Answer: George H. W. Bush
Question: Where was Hayek when he died?
Answer: Freiburg, Germany
Question: Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna?
Answer: northern outskirts
Question: Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?
Answer: American Economic Review
Question: What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?
Answer: Theory of Money and Credit
Question: Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?
Answer: capital
Question: What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?
Answer: Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle
Question: What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?
Answer: Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle
Question: According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?
Answer: artificially low interest rates
Question: Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?
Answer: London School of Economics
Question: In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?
Answer: narrow approach
Question: Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?
Answer: Alfred Marshall
Question: Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?
Answer: Lionel Robbins
Question: What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?
Answer: less "facile and superficial" understanding
Question: Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title?
Answer: Prices and Production
Question: Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by?
Answer: artificially low interest rates
Question: Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek?
Answer: Piero Sraffa
Question: According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created?
Answer: "a remarkable crop of critics"
Question: What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?
Answer: works were largely ignored
Question: What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?
Answer: Profits, Interest and Investment
Question: Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?
Answer: Nicholas Kaldor
Question: Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?
Answer: the Austrian theory of the business cycle
Question: Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?
Answer: Lionel Robbins
Question: What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would?
Answer: the dynamics of capital
Question: What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital?
Answer: macroeconomics
Question: What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?
Answer: an "ideologue"
Question: Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?
Answer: The Road to Serfdom
Question: Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize?
Answer: Gunnar Myrdal
Question: What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most?
Answer: enough information
Question: Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution?
Answer: Max Weber
Question: What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed?
Answer: through the price mechanism in free markets
Question: Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution?
Answer: Ludwig von Mises
Question: What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument?
Answer: general equilibrium theory
Question: What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated?
Answer: Mises's thesis
Question: According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what?
Answer: who was responsible for solving the equations
Question: What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid?
Answer: free market
Question: Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?
Answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society
Question: Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?
Answer: central planning
Question: The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?
Answer: Oliver Williamson
Question: The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?
Answer: the Nobel prize
Question: How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?
Answer: a central authority
Question: According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?
Answer: central economic planning
Question: Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?
Answer: totalitarianism
Question: What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?
Answer: maintain the rule of law
Question: Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?
Answer: creating a "safety net"
Question: Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?
Answer: all
Question: According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?
Answer: sufficient to preserve health
Question: What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?
Answer: social insurance
Question: In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics?
Answer: microeconomics
Question: What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought?
Answer: "Marshallian"
Question: Whose works inspire the term "Walrasian" in economics?
Answer: Abba Lerner
Question: When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason?
Answer: During World War II
Question: What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason?
Answer: fundamental misconceptions about the social science
Question: Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's?
Answer: Karl Popper
Question: What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?
Answer: scientism
Question: In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what?
Answer: simple two-variable linear relationships
Question: In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?
Answer: 1952
Question: Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?
Answer: Hebbian learning
Question: What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?
Answer: "Hebbian synapse"
Question: What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?
Answer: The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology
Question: When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?
Answer: the latter half of his career
Question: What did Hayek want society to function around?
Answer: a market order
Question: What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?
Answer: to enforce the legal order