huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.
Answer: financially stable eurozone states like Germany
Question: What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?
Answer: discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness
Question: What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?
Answer: giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels
Question: Which countries wanted to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts?
Question: What could keep the crisis states independent?
Question: What do most see lowering the debt celing as doing?
Question: What contracts do not contain a no-bailout clause?
Question: What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?
Answer: If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.
Question: As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?
Answer: never pushed those exits
Question: Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?
Answer: Greece
Question: What term was forbidden when Greece left the eurozone?
Question: What is Spain's position on whether or not Greece should be outside the eurozone?
Question: Which eurozone country has the smallest need for financial reform?
Question: What country is least financially stable?
Question: What would cause the private banking system to weaken?
Answer: if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks
Question: Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?
Answer: wealthy member countries
Question: What happens when the private banking system is weakened?
Answer: pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks
Question: What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?
Answer: tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries
Question: Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?
Answer: is politically controversial
Question: What would cause the private banking system to strengthen?
Question: Who steals the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?
Question: What happens when the private banking system is gone?
Question: What is never to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?
Question: Why is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?
Question: Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?
Answer: ECB
Question: Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?
Answer: refinancing facilities
Question: What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?
Answer: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans
Question: Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?
Answer: the Fed
Question: Who loses ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?
Question: What is the manner in which bonds are lost at refinancing facilities?
Question: Who steals the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?
Question: Who always buys bonds outright?
Question: What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?
Answer: a deteriorating balance sheet
Question: Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?
Answer: intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank
Question: What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?
Answer: Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank
Question: What debt did the ECB forgive?
Question: What risk is mitigated when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?
Question: Why were italian bonds lost by the ECB?
Question: What was something used to maximize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?
Question: How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?
Answer: highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased
Question: What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?
Answer: long-term collateral
Question: How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?
Answer: adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies
Question: How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow uneven?
Question: What can a state do with good assets, rather than cashing them in directly?
Question: How can weaker states destroy the surface value of their assets?
Question: What kinds of techniques can never reduce the impact of purchases on a currency?
Question: By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?
Answer: €212.1bn
Question: How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?
Answer: Outright Monetary Transactions
Question: What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?
Answer: no ex-ante time or size limit
Question: When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced?
Answer: 6 September 2012
Question: How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last?
Answer: temporary
Question: Wow much did the ECB steal in order to cover bad debt?
Question: How does the ECB plan to decrease the available credit for businesses?
Question: What is the rejected duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?
Question: When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds declined?
Question: How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme that never happened?
Question: What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?
Answer: temporarily moving bad or weak assets
Question: Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis?
Answer: the balance sheets of the European Central Bank
Question: What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?
Answer: monetisation
Question: What is monetisation usually viewed as?
Answer: inflationary threat
Question: If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt, what happens to the bad or weak debt?
Answer: move weak assets off their balance sheets
Question: What can never be shuffled around during a sovereign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?
Question: Where do bad and weak assets become restricted in times of sovereign debt crisis?
Question: What is shuffling around good or strong debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?
Question: What is monetisation rarely viewed as?
Question: What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?
Answer: the sickness of the euro
Question: Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?
Answer: the German government
Question: Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?
Answer: The European Central Bank
Question: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?
Answer: a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency
Question: Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?
Answer: the crisis of 2010
Question: What is being avoided by links between sovereign debt and failing national banks?
Question: Which country has supported attempts to make the sovereign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?
Question: Who began to decrease their coverage of weaker debts?
Question: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets less like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?
Question: What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Answer: loaned billions of euros to banks
Question: Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Answer: to stabilise the financial system
Question: Who decided, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?
Answer: Federal Reserve System
Question: Besides cooperating with other financial institutions, how does the ECB help to maintain stability?
Answer: contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector
Question: When did the ECB and Federal Rserve decide to collaborate on Term auction facility?
Answer: December 2007
Question: What did the ECB avoid to help stabilize the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Question: Why did the ECB not intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Question: Who rejected, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?
Question: When did the ECB and Federal Reserve decide to separate on Term auction facility?
Question: How does the ECB help to destroy stability?
Question: What is a perk of the central bank?
Answer: it can make as much money as it deems needed
Question: What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?
Answer: bonds issued by the Federal government
Question: What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?
Answer: commercial paper
Question: What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?
Answer: to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning
Question: What is a disadvantage of the central bank?
Question: What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve ban?
Question: What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve sell in small quantities at a time of crisis?
Question: What is the purpose of selling commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?
Question: Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?
Answer: Moody's and S&P
Question: When was Basel II adopted?
Answer: 2005
Question: What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?
Answer: the Basel II recommendations
Question: Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?
Answer: 2008
Question: Which agencies have lost their authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?
Question: When was Basel II rejected?
Question: What said that agencies had no option for using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?
Question: When did the Basel II recommendations lose effect?
Question: What decided where the bank was to be located?
Answer: Amsterdam Treaty
Question: When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?
Answer: 2014
Question: What previously stood where the bank is now?
Answer: the former wholesale market
Question: When did construction of the new bank begin?
Answer: October 2008
Question: Where is the European Central bank unknown?
Question: What decided where the bank was to be bombed?
Question: When did the bank close the new headquarters?
Question: What never stood where the bank is now?
Question: When did construction of the new bank stop before completion?
Question: After the loan program was announced, which countries borrowed the most?
Answer: Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain
Question: What would happen if some of the banks were to begin buying govenrment bonds?
Answer: easing the debt crisis
Question: How much does the ECB have to have to pay off it's own debts?
Answer: €200bn
Question: How do you prevent a credit bottleneck?
Answer: keep operating and loaning to businesses
Question: Which countries borrowed the least after the loan program was announced?
Question: What would happen if some of the banks were to forbid buying government bonds?
Question: How much does the ECB need to lose in order to pay off it's own debts?
Question: How do you cause a credit bottleneck?
Question: How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO?
Answer: six-month
Question: When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?
Answer: March 2008
Question: How long had the time to maturity been previously?
Answer: three months
Question: How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?
Answer: close to 1100 bidders
Question: What is an LTRO formerly known as?
Question: How long was the time to apply for an LTRO?
Question: When were the worst supplemental LTRO's offered?
Question: How long had the time to maturity been banned?
Question: How many bids were ignored at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?
Question: What is the name of the island that St. John's is located?
Answer: Newfoundland
Question: What city is ranked 20th in largest metropolitan area for Canada?
Answer: St. John's
Question: Where on the Avalon Peninsula is St. John's located?
Answer: eastern tip
Question: In what year did St. John's have a population of 214,285?
Answer: 2015
Question: What is the largest city in Canada?
Question: What Canadian city was incorporated in the 18th century?
Question: What is the oldest English city in the America's.
Question: St John's is the largest what in Atlantic Canada?
Question: Where did John Cabot sail to in the 14th century?
Question: Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?
Answer: St. John's
Question: Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John's?
Answer: 1630
Question: When was Cuper's Cove colony founded?
Answer: 1610
Question:  What year was Bristol's Hope colony founded?
Answer: 1618
Question: Who forbade the  english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland?
Answer: British government
Question: What is the oldest settlement in The America's?
Question: What type of settlement began in the 16th century?
Question: What is one of the colonies Besides St John's established in the 16th century?
Question: Where were fishermen encouraged to set up permanet settlements?
Question: What was the occupation of John Cabot?
Answer: explorer
Question: Where did the French, Spanish and Portuguese start to travel to fish yearly in 1540?
Answer: Avalon Peninsula
Question: Where is the Bay of Pasaia located?
Answer: Basque Country
Question: In what language did Sebastian Cabot write his map from 1545?
Answer: Latin
Question: What did Sebastian Cabot write on in the 15th century?
Question: Who claimed St John's was named after his father?
Question: Who did British and French historians claim sailed into St John's harbor in 1494?
Question: Who claimed to have sailed into St John's harbor in 1497 with their father?
Question: Who was crossing the Atlantic annually by the 15th century?
Question: What year did John Rut visit St. John's?
Answer: 1527
Question: Who sent the first known letter from North America?
Answer: John Rut
Question: What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?
Answer: Norman, Breton and Portuguese
Question: Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?
Answer: King Henry
Question: What did Pedro Reinel call St John's in the 15th century?
Question: What did Pedro Reinal find in the harbor in 1527?
Question: What king did Reinel write to in 1527?
Question: What is the oldest street in the America's?
Question: How was St. John's refereed to on Nicholas Desliens Atlas?
Question: Who referred St. John's as St. "the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country" ? 
Answer: William Payne
Question: When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's?
Answer: 1675
Question: When did Irish men begin to operate inshore fishing boats in St. John's?
Answer: 1680
Question: What grew during the summers in St. John's?
Answer: population
Question: Who controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast by 1620?
Answer: fishermen
Question: Who controlled the east coast of Newfoundland in the 16th century?
Question: What did William Payne call St. Johns in the 16th century?
Question: What grew slowly in the 1700's?
Question: Who started taking censuses in the 16th century?
Question: What caused the population to decrease in the summer?
Question: Who briefly seized St. John's in 1665?
Answer: Michiel de Ruyter
Question: In what year did the dutch attack St. John for a second time?
Answer: 1673
Question: How many men defended the attack from the Dutch in 1673?
Answer: twenty-three
Question: Who destroyed Fort William in 1696?
Answer: Pierre Le Moyne
Question: How many Dutch warships were fended of by Christopher Martin in 1673?
Answer: three
Question: What admiral seized St. Johns in the 16th century?
Question: Who defended St. Johns from a second dutch attack in the 16th century?
Question: How many men were with Martin when he defeated the Dutch merchant ships?
Question: When did the Dutch plan to expand St. Johns fortifications?
Question: Who reduced St. Johns to rubble in the 16th century?
Question: Who flew the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight?
Answer: Alcock and Brown
Question: What aircraft did Alcock and Brown use in 1919 for their flight? 
Answer: Vickers Vimy IV bomber
Question: Where in St. John's did Alcock and Brown depart from in June 1919?
Answer: Lester's Field
Question: Who duplicated Alcock and Brown flight in 2005?
Answer: Steve Fossett
Question: What aircraft did Steve Fossett use for his flight in July 2005?
Answer: replica Vickers Vimy
Question: What was the end point for the first transatlantic aircraft flight?
Question: Who ended their flight at Lester's field in St John's in June of 1919?
Question: What did Alcock and Brown fly across the Atlantic in during their 19th century flight?
Question: Who replicated Alcock and Browns flight in the 20th century?
Question: What led to an economic boom in St. John's?
Answer: Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields
Question: For how long did the Northern cod fishery provide a stable economy for St. John's?
Answer: hundreds of years
Question: How long did unemployment rates and depopulation suffer in St. John's?
Answer: decade
Question: What industry caused St. John's economy to boom in the 1990's?
Question: What industry collapsed affecting the local economy for hundreds of years?
Question: What has caused St. Johns to fall behind the rest of the province in economic output?
Question: How many Square miles is St. John's?
Answer: 172.22
Question: In what providence is Edmonton located?
Answer: Alberta
Question: What is the largest Atlantic Province city?
Answer: Halifax
Question: St. Johns is in the northeast of what province?
Question: What is the most easterly city in the Americas?
Question: What city is London, England closer to than St. Johns?
Question: What french city is 3,636 miles from St. Johns?
Question: In which province is Kelowna located?
Answer: British Columbia
Question: Which Canadian city is the most rainiest?
Answer: British Columbia
Question: What body of water is to the east of St. John?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean
Question: From where do tropical storms travel from to St. John's?
Answer: United States
Question: What is the rainiest city in Canada?
Question: What causes St. Johns to be the rainiest city in Canada?
Question: What travels to St. Johns Atlantic coast from the east?
Question: What is the average wind speed in miles per hour for St. John's?
Answer: 15.1 mph
Question: What Canadian city has the mildest winter temperature?
Answer: British Columbia
Question: What is the driest season on average in St. John's?
Answer: summer
Question: What is another word for freezing rain?
Answer: silver thaws
Question: What city is the cloudiest, foggiest, and windiest in North America?
Question: What city has the mildest winter in Canada?
Question: How much rain does St. John's get in December?
Question: What paralyzed the province in April 1984?
Question: In what year was the Great Fire?
Answer: 1892
Question: What was the most affected area of The Great Fire of 1892?
Answer: downtown core
Question: What started as fishing outpost for Settlers?
Question: what destroyed the city in the 18th century?
Question: What type of buildings date to the Industrial revolution?
Question: What does the city council have restrictions on in downtown?
Answer: height of buildings
Question: What have the restrictions on the height of buildings caused over the years?
Answer: controversy
Question: What is the city lacking because of the height restrictions?
Answer: hotel rooms and office space
Question: What does the provincial government put restrictions on?
Question: What regulations are widely embraced in the city?
Question: What kind of development is encouraged by the heritage regulations?
Question: What height was the original restriction in downtown for ?
Answer: 15 metres
Question: How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove?
Answer: 47-metre
Question: What kind of space is abundant downtown?
Question: Who decreased height restrictions from 15 meters to 12 meters?
Question: What was the first 12 meter building to go into the area?
Question: In what year where there 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's?
Answer: 2006
Question: How many communities does the CMA include?
Answer: 12
Question: What was the population of the CMA in 2010?
Answer: 192,326
Question: What is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city?
Answer: St. John's
Question: In what year did the St. Johns CMA have 100,646 inhabitants?
Question: What is Canada's largest city?
Question: What nearby towns are not included in St. Johns CMA?
Question: What has declined in the recent years on St. John's?
Answer: sectarianism
Question: What sects declined from 2001-2011?
Answer: Christian
Question: What two religions divide the city?
Question: In what year did Christian sects increase?
Question: Who is the largest employer in the city?
Answer: The provincial government
Question: Who is the second largest employer in the city?
Answer: Memorial University
Question: What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador?
Answer: 1990s
Question: What year is Hebron projected to start producing oil in St. John's?
Answer: 2017
Question: What ocean industry has been key in stabilizing the economy?
Question: In what years did the fishing industry experience a boom?
Question: When is White Rose expected to be producing oil?
Question: Who is the largest employer in the province?
Question: When did the unemployment rate fall to 5.6 per cent?
Answer: May 2011
Question: What was the city's unemployment rate in May 2011?
Answer: 5.6 per cent
Question: What is the city's per capita GDP?
Answer: $52,000
Question: Who said the metro area has the leading GDP?
Question: When did the unemployment rate rise to 5.6%
Question: What is the provinces GDP?
Question: How many seats does the St. John's Arts and Culture theatre have?
Answer: 1000
Question: Where in the city is the LSPU Hall?
Answer: downtown
Question: Where is Rick Mercer from?
Answer: Newfoundland
Question: What hall is located in the Resource Centre for the Arts?
Question: What artist support the Resource Centre for the Arts?
Question: What other entertainment buildings can be found in the city?
Question: About how many acres is Pippy Park?
Answer: 3,400
Question: How many golf courses does Pippy Park have?
Answer: two
Question: What other trail besides walking trails does Pippy Park have?
Answer: skiing
Question: Where is the Fluvarium located?
Answer: Pippy Park
Question: What park is located in on the west side of the park?
Question: What is Canada's largest park?
Question: What year was Bannerman Park opened?
Answer: 1891
Question: who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891?
Answer: Sir Alexander Bannerman
Question: Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end?
Answer: Bannerman Park
Question: Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891?
Answer: Sir Alexander Bannerman
Question: What modern park is located downtown?
Question: What park was opened in the 18th century?
Question: Who opened Bannerman Park in the 18th century?
Question: Who was governor of the colony i the 18th century?
Question: Where exactly is Cabot Tower located in St. John' ?
Answer: Signal Hill
Question: What year was Cabot Tower built?
Answer: 1897
Question: In what year was Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee?
Answer: 1897
Question:  Who recieved the first transatlantic wireless transmission?
Answer: Guglielmo Marconi
Question: What hill is St. John's located on?
Question: What tower was built in the late 18th century?
Question: What two events were celebrated in the late 18th century?
Question: Who received the first transatlantic wireless transmission in the early 19th century?
Question: Who won the the Rugby Canada Super League championship in 2005?
Answer: Newfoundland Rock
Question: In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals?
Answer: France
Question: In what year did Canada beat USA 56–7 in a Rugby World Cup qualifying match?
Answer: 2006
Question: In what year did France host the Rugby World Cup finals?
Answer: 2007
Question: What did the Rock loose in 2005?
Question: Who hosted the qualifying match between Canada and Europe?
Question: What finals were held in St. Johns in 2007?
Question: In what year did Newfoundland become a province?
Answer: 1949
Question: What is the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador?
Answer: St. John's
Question: Where is the House of Assembly?
Answer: The Confederation Building
Question: Who has been the leader of the NDP since 2006?
Answer: Lorraine Michael
Question: What province joined Canada in the mid 19th century?
Question: What city became the capital of Newfoundland when it joined Canada?
Question: Who is represented by 4 MHAs?
Question: Who lead the NDP until 2006?
Question: By how much did crime in St. John's increase in 2009?
Answer: 4%
Question: What city had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index in 2010?
Answer: St. John's
Question: How much did crime in the country drop in 2009?
Answer: 4%
Question: Where has crime been decreasing lately?
Question: What decreased by 4% in St. John's?
Question: What decreased by 1% in the city?
Question: How far is St. John's International Airport from the downtown core?
Answer: 10 minutes
Question: About how many passengers travelled through St. John's International Airport in 2011?
Answer: 1,400,000
Question: What is the airport code for St. John's International Airport?
Answer: YYT
Question: What airport is approximately 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core?
Answer: St. John's International
Question: What airport is located downtown?
Question: What is the 2nd busiest airport in Canada?
Question: Where is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway?
Answer: St. John's
Question: Outer Ring Road is a another name for what?
Answer: The divided highway
Question: What does the divided highway provide?
Answer: relatively easy access to neighbourhoods
Question: What is the longest national highway in the world?
Question: What runs through the main part of the city?
Question: How many buses does the region have for public transit?
Answer: 53
Question: How many hospitals does the city have?
Answer: four
Question: Who is responsible for public transit in the region?
Answer: Metrobus
Question: What transit has 53 routes?
Question: What transit has 19 buses?
Question: Who provides service to the cities only hospital?
Question: How many primary schools are in St. John's?
Answer: 36
Question: How many private schools are in the Francophone public school district?
Answer: two
Question: What school offers the lowest tuition in Canada?
Answer: Memorial University of Newfoundland
Question: What is the tuition per academic year at Memorial University of Newfoundland?
Answer: $2,644
Question: What is the largest school district in Canada?
Question: How many primary schools does the district have?
Question: What private schools are in the Eastern School District?
Question: What is the name of CBC's television station in St. John's?
Answer: CBNT-DT
Question: What channel in St. John's airs Out of the Fog?
Answer: Rogers TV
Question: Where does CBNT-DT broadcast from?
Answer: University Avenue
Question: What public radio station serves the city?
Question: Who airs national shows?
Question: How many French-language stations does the city have?
Answer: two
Question: When did the province join the Canadian Confederation?
Answer: 1949
Question: What city has 15 am stations
Question: What public station went on air in 1949?
Question: What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?
Answer: December 28, 1903
Question: When did John Von Neuman die?
Answer: February 8, 1957
Question: What were the occupations that Von Neuman held?
Answer: pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath
Question: What were Von Neuman's contributions to the field of computing?
Answer: Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing
Question: What is the name of Von Neumann's last work?
Answer: The Computer and the Brain
Question: What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of?
Answer: Manhattan Project
Question: Of his published works, what topics were they covering?
Answer: 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics
Question: Von Neumann's study of what preceded the discovery of DNA?
Answer: mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication
Question: What part of his work did Von Neumann consider to be his most important?
Answer: quantum mechanics
Question: Where was quantum mechanics developed?
Answer: Göttingen
Question: What work did Von Nemann do in Berlin in 1930 and Princeton 1935 - 39?
Answer: operator theory
Question: What was the topic of Von Neumann's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32?
Answer: ergodic theorem
Question: With whom did Von Neumann work on the Manhattan Project?
Answer: J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller
Question: Post World War II, in what role did Von Neumann work?
Answer: General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission
Question: For what organizations was Von Neumann a consultant after World War II?
Answer: United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Question: What keys steps did Von Neumann work out that contributed to weapons of war?
Answer: key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb
Question: Did Von Neumann have any siblings?
Answer: two younger brothers
Question: What occupation did Von Neumann father hold?
Answer: banker
Question: When did Von Neuman's father move from Pecs to Budapest?
Answer: end of the 1880s
Question: What was Von Neumann's mother's name?
Answer: Kann Margit
Question: In what year was Von Neumann's father elevated to nobility?
Answer: 1913
Question: What Emperor elevated Von Neumann's father to nobility?
Answer: Emperor Franz Joseph
Question: What town did Von Neumann's family become associated when elevated to nobility?
Answer: Marghita
Question: What was Von Neumann's given name as member of Austro-Hungarian nobility?
Answer: Margittai Neumann János
Question: Who taught children before they began school in Hungary?
Answer: governesses
Question: What languages were Von Neumann and his siblings taught?
Answer: English, French, German and Italian
Question: At what age was Von Neumann familiar with calculus?
Answer: 8
Question: What did Von Neumann enter in 1911?
Answer: Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimnázium
Question: In what room did children get education in Hungary?
Answer: gymnasium
Question: What collective name was given to the generation of scholars produced by the Hungarian school system?
Answer: Martians
Question: In what year did Wigner win Nobel Prize?
Answer: 1963
Question: At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus?
Answer: 15
Question: Who did Von Neumann begin his studies of advanced calculus under?
Answer: Gábor Szegő
Question: By 19 how many papers had Von Neumann published?
Answer: two major mathematical papers
Question: Von Neumann's modern definition of ordinal numbers superseded whose definition?
Answer: Georg Cantor
Question: What prize did Von Neuman win at the conclusion of his gymansium formal education?
Answer: Eötvös Prize, a national prize for mathematics
Question: At what university was it arranged for Von Neumann to enter a chemistry program?
Answer: University of Berlin
Question: Where did Von Neumann study as a PHD candidate?
Answer: Pázmány Péter University in Budapest
Question: What was the topic of Von Neuman's thesis?
Answer: axiomatization of Cantor's set theory
Question: Where did Von Neumann begin to lecture in 1928?
Answer: University of Berlin
Question: By the end of 1927 how many papers had Von Neuman written?
Answer: twelve major papers in mathematics
Question: How many papers had Von Neumann written by 1929?
Answer: thirty-two papers
Question: What better offer came for Von Neumann in 1930?
Answer: Princeton University
Question: When did Von Neumann get married?
Answer: New Year's Day in 1930
Question: What was Von Neumann's wife's name?
Answer: Mariette Kövesi
Question: Before marriage what faith did Von Neumann join?
Answer: he was baptized a Catholic.
Question: What was Von Neumann's child's name?
Answer: Marina
Question: When did Von Neumann get married for a second time?
Answer: October 1938
Question: In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship? 
Answer: 1933
Question: In what year did Von Neumann's mother and siblings join him in U.S?
Answer: 1939
Question: In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US?
Answer: 1937
Question: Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?
Answer: age
Question: What type of "off color" humor did Von Neumann especially enjoy?
Answer: limericks
Question: What complaints did Von Neumann's neighbor's have?
Answer: regularly playing extremely loud German march music
Question: What famous neighbor did Von Neumann have that may have been distracted by the music Von Neumann played?
Answer: Albert Einstein,
Question: What mathematician was Von Nemann's closest friend?
Answer: Stanislaw Ulam
Question: What topics of conversation would Ulam and Von Neumann typically share?
Answer: gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk
Question: What would Ulam use to cheer up Von Neumann in the hospital?
Answer: a new collection of jokes
Question: What caused a setback in naive set theory at the beginning of 20th century?
Answer: Russell's paradox
Question: Who resolved the problem of adequate axiomatization of set theory?
Answer: Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel
Question: What 2 techniques did Von Neumann use to exclude sets in his doctoral thesis in 1925?
Answer: the axiom of foundation and the notion of class.
Question: What is the method to demonstrate that no contradictions were created by the addition of axiom of foundation?
Answer: method of inner models
Question: Zermelo and Fraenkel's axiom of foundation established that every set be constructed how?
Answer: from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps
Question: What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory?
Answer: if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession
Question: Under what approach does an axiom impede a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves?
Answer: Zermelo–Fraenkel
Question: Under Von Neumann's approach can a class of all sets that do not belong to themselves be constructed?
Answer: class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set.
Question: In 1930 who gave a strongly negative answer to Von Neuman's approach to the axiomatic system of theory of sets?
Answer: Kurt Gödel
Question: What was the central theme of Godel's announcement that the axiomatic system was not complete?
Answer: they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language
Question: Where was Godel's statement about axiomatic system made in 1930?
Answer: Congress of Königsberg
Question: How long did it take von Neumann to figure a response to theory of incompleteness?
Answer: less than a month
Question: What was the consequence of the theory of incompleteness?
Answer: usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency
Question: Upon revising the theory of incompleteness, what was the name of the new Godel theory?
Answer: second incompleteness theorem
Question: What is the distinction of continuous geometry?
Answer: instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval
Question: What was the first example of continuous geometry?
Answer: projections of the hyperfinite type II factor
Question: In what way did von Neumann make spectacular contributions to measure theory?
Answer: In a series of famous papers
Question: What concept was relevant to the solvability of the problem of measure?
Answer: algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant
Question: According to von Neumann what is the most important part of the problem of measure?
Answer: change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space
Question: What is often considered more important than the results of von Neumann's papers?
Answer: methods of argument he employed
Question: In 1938 what was von Neumann awarded?
Answer: Bôcher Memorial Prize
Question: What did von Neumann use the Haar theorem to solve in a 1936 paper?
Answer: Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups
Question: What is von Neumann algebra?
Answer: algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator
Question: What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?
Answer: the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries.
Question: When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?
Answer: 1949
Question: What was introduced in von Neumann algebras?
Answer: study of rings of operators
Question: What did von Neumann work on in 1937 - 39?
Answer: lattice theory
Question: What properties determine dimension in lattice theory?
Answer: conserved by perspective mappings ("perspectivities") and ordered by inclusion
Question: Who wrote that "John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor?"
Answer: Garrett Birkhoff
Question: What type of axioms were used by von Neumann in his lattice work?
Answer: novel axioms
Question: How long was von Neumann's lattice theory paper?
Answer: 140 pages
Question: In what room did von Neumann often write at home?
Answer: living room writing-table
Question: What paper did von Neumann produce in 1932?
Answer: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Question: What von Neumann work preceded the axiomatiztion of quatum mechanics?
Answer: axiomatization of set theory
Question: What are the physics of quantum mechanics?
Answer: mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them
Question: What is the uncertainty principle?
Answer: determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa
Question: The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work?
Answer: formulations of both Heisenberg and Schrödinger
Question: Von Neumann's abstract treatment allowed him to work on what foundational issue?
Answer: determinism versus non-determinism
Question: What was John Bell's argument?
Answer: proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid
Question: What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010?
Answer: Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof
Question: Did von Neumann rule hidden variable theories?
Answer: von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories
Question: What results came from von Neumann's deep analysis of the measurement problem?
Answer: physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function
Question: What "outside of calculation" variable could initiate collapse in von Neumann's conclusion?
Answer: consciousness of the experimenter
Question: Were von Neumann's conclusions of collapse of entire universe cause accepted widely?
Answer: Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists
Question: With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?
Answer: Garrett Birkhoff
Question: What concept was created for quatum logic?
Answer: propositional calculus
Question: What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?
Answer: laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory
Question: What discipline is game theory derived from?
Answer: mathematical discipline.
Question: what are the possible strategies in minimax theory?
Answer: a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses
Question: What must a player consider when determining every possible strategy?
Answer: all the possible responses of his adversary.
Question: What is the difference of quantum disjunction from classic?
Answer: can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false
Question: What is frequently the case in quantum mechanics when a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate?
Answer: each of its members are necessarily indeterminate
Question: How can quantum disjuction be illustrated?
Answer: illustrated by a simple example
Question: What von Neumann work was published in 1944?
Answer: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
Question: Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?
Answer: Oskar Morgenstern
Question: What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?
Answer: uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem
Question: What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy?
Answer: matrix pencil  A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B
Question: In von Neumann's model what does p represent?
Answer: p represents the prices of the goods
Question: In von Neumann's model what does q represent?
Answer: q represents the "intensity" at which the production process would run
Question: What is the rate of qrowth equal to?
Answer: rate of growth equals the interest rate
Question: Was the economic model successful?
Answer: proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann
Question: What were von Neumann's model an example of?
Answer: viewed as a special case of linear programming
Question: What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?
Answer: unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.
Question: What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?
Answer: fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality
Question: When did von Neumann's interest in economics begin?
Answer: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929
Question: What economist did von Neumann get to know that spurred the interest in economics?
Answer: Nicholas Kaldor
Question: In who's book did von Neuman find errors in the author's equations?
Answer: Léon Walras
Question: What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?
Answer: homogeneous linear system of Gordan
Question: What did von Neuman's method use?
Answer: pivoting algorithm between simplices
Question: What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of?
Answer: algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.
Question: How has mean square ratio been applied?
Answer: Durbin–Watson statistic
Question: what does null hypothesis test against?
Answer: alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression
Question: The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area?
Answer: numerical hydrodynamics
Question: What did the math of artificial viscosity do?
Answer: smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics
Question: What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics?
Answer: they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves)
Question: What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb?
Answer: concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core
Question: Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable?
Answer: he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development
Question: What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb?
Answer: more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly"
Question: what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent?
Answer: implosive lens project was greatly expanded
Question: What was the tolerance limit for implosion "edge effect"?
Answer: not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry
Question: Who constructed Trinity bomb?
Answer: George Kistiakowsky
Question: In what year was Trinity bomb completed?
Answer: 1945
Question: What other people worked with von Neumann on target selection?
Answer: four other scientists and various military personnel
Question: What role did von Neuman play in the selection of targets?
Answer: oversaw computations
Question: What was von Neumann's first choice for target city?
Answer: Kyoto
Question: Who dismissed von Neuamann's primary target city?
Answer: Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.
Question: On what day was the first atomic blast?
Answer: July 16, 1945
Question: Where did the first atomic blast test take place?
Answer: Alamogordo Army Airfield,
Question: What was the power of the first atomic blast?
Answer: between 20 and 22 kilotons
Question: With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb?
Answer: Klaus Fuchs
Question: What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry?
Answer: using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion
Question: What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage?
Answer: Soviet Union
Question: In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?
Answer: Weapons Systems Evaluation Group
Question: What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?
Answer: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
Question: What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?
Answer: General Advisory Committee
Question: In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?
Answer: 1955
Question: What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?
Answer: Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery
Question: What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?
Answer: relative inaccuracy of the missile
Question: Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?
Answer: Oppenheimer
Question: What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?
Answer: decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon
Question: What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs?
Answer: while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time
Question: In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test? 
Answer: 1959
Question: What was the goal of MAD?
Answer: quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR
Question: What were Russians opinions of future weaponry?
Answer: Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons
Question: What was the concern of a missile gap?
Answer: keeping up with the Soviets
Question: Why did von Neumann join government work?
Answer: felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism
Question: How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology?
Answer: violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm
Question: What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government?
Answer: Manhattan Project
Question: With whom did von Neumann work on the philosophy of artificial intelligence?
Answer: Alan Turing
Question: What does a merge sort algorithm do?
Answer: the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged
Question: Where were the computations for hydrogen bomb worked out?
Answer: von Neumann's digital computers
Question: What was the Monte Carlo method?
Answer: allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers
Question: Due to slow use of random numbers what was developed?
Answer: pseudorandom numbers
Question: What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers?
Answer: von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report