huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the inverse of every element called?
Question: What is derived from (Q \ [0],-)?
Question: What needs to be defined in Groupoids for a and b?
Question: What does generalizing an n-ary group give rise to?
Question: What country borders CAR in the North?
Answer: Chad
Question: What Country borders CAR in the South?
Answer: the Republic of the Congo
Question: What Country borders CAR in the West?
Answer: Cameroon
Question: What is the population of CAR approximately?
Answer: 4.7 million
Question: In what part of Africa is Chad landlocked?
Question: What is the land area of Chad?
Question: What is the population of Sudan?
Question: What country is bordered by Cameroon to the north?
Question: What is the population of Cameroon as of 2014?
Question: What country ruled CAR as a colony?
Answer: France
Question: When did CAR become independent?
Answer: in 1960
Question: Who was the first democratically elected President?
Answer: Ange-Félix Patassé
Question: What religion is a minority in CAR?
Answer: Muslim minority
Question: When was General Francois Bozize removed in a coup?
Question: In what year did the Ange-Felix Patasse war begin?
Question: What did the muslim minority establish in the Central Africal Republic?
Question: At what time did various factions begin to rule the ACR as a colony?
Question: In what year did the ACR gain independence from General Francois Bozize?
Question: How long ago did people start living in the area?
Answer: Approximately 10,000 years ago
Question: What agricultural job did people settling in the area perform?
Answer: farming
Question: What vegetation helped populations expand?
Answer: African oil palm
Question: What was an imported food that provided most of the carbohydrates?
Answer: Bananas
Question: What important protein helped with expansion of the inhabitants?
Answer: Fish
Question: How long ago did farming force hunter-gatherer societies south?
Question: What did dedertification allow for the expansion of?
Question: What is production of alcoholic beverages an example of?
Question: What did a Fish-stew revolution do to the group's eating habits?
Question: What did farming of white yam allow for the transportation of?
Question: When did the slave trade hit the CAR region?
Answer: 16th and 17th centuries
Question: What is one area where captive slaves were sent?
Answer: Europe
Question: Which people were major slave traders in the 19th century?
Answer: Bobangi people
Question: Who did the Bobangi sell slave to?
Answer: the Americas
Question: What river saw the establishment of a new Kingdom?
Answer: Ubangi River
Question: During the 16th and 17th centures what group began to raid the region?
Question: What did the Bobangi people establish in the 18th century along the Ubangi River?
Question: Why did the Bandia-Nzakara raid the region in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Question: What are some areas where the Bobangi were shipped along the slave routes?
Question: Where were the Bandia-Nzakara slave ports and factories located?
Question: Where was Equatorial African ran from?
Answer: Brazzaville
Question: What plant was mandated to be grown by the French?
Answer: cotton
Question: What important infrastructure was built in the 1920s.
Answer: a network of roads
Question: What religion was spread through CAR?
Answer: Christianity
Question: What country was established during the 1920's and 1930's?
Question: Where was the Congo-Ocean Railway run from?
Question: What were Christians forced to work on?
Question: How many workers established Protestant missions?
Question: What conditions did the Ubangi-Shari suffer from?
Question: Who was elected in 1946 as the first representative?
Answer: Barthélémy Boganda
Question: How many votes did Boganda get?
Answer: 9,000 votes
Question: What was Bogandas platform that he ran for?
Answer: political stance against racism
Question: What caused Boganda to leave his elected post?
Answer: disheartened with the French political system
Question: Where did the Ubangi-Shari establish their headquarters?
Question: Who was elected in 1950 to become the first CAR representative in the French government?
Question: How many votes did General Leclerc get in the election?
Question: What was the political position of General Leclerc?
Question: What did Barthelemy Boganda establish in September 1940?
Question: What was the overwhelming amount of votes MESAN captured?
Answer: 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes
Question: How many seats did MESAN win?
Answer: every legislative seat
Question: Who was elected president of the Grand Council?
Answer: Boganda
Question: How did Boganda die?
Answer: a plane crash
Question: Who took over after Boganda died?
Answer: his cousin, David Dacko
Question: When did David Dacko die in a plane crash?
Question: Who was forced into exile in MESAN?
Question: When all opposition was suppressed by 1957 what did Dacko do?
Question: In what year was the French Assembly election?
Question: How many votes did Abel Goumba have in the election?
Question: What caused a violent uprising?
Answer: young students protested against Bokassa's decree
Question: How many were killed in the April 1979 protests?
Answer: 100 children and teenagers
Question: Who overthrew Bokassa after this incident?
Answer: France
Question: Who did France restore into power?
Answer: Dacko
Question: Who eventually overthrew Dacko?
Answer: General André Kolingba
Question: Who did General Andre protest against in April 1979?
Question: What were French students supposed to buy on Dacko's decree?
Question: How many childred and teens died due to France overthrowing Bokassa?
Question: In what year was Dacko overthrown by Bokassa?
Question: Who was restored to power by Bokassa in September 1979?
Question: What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall?
Answer: a pro-democracy movement
Question: What large country pressured CAR to hold elections?
Answer: the United States
Question: When were free elections held?
Answer: October 1992
Question: Who helped with the Free Elections?
Answer: UN Office of Electoral Affairs
Question: What excuse did Kolingba use to deny the election results?
Answer: alleged irregularities
Question: What group led Germany to have free elections in October 1992?
Question: What was inspired by the USA?
Question: What group helped GIBAFOR to pressure Germany to have free elections?
Question: What did Germany do to hold on to power?
Question: What did GIBAFOR pressure Germany to establish?
Question: Who became the first democratically elected president?
Answer: Ange-Félix Patassé
Question: What percentage did Patasse win with?
Answer: 53% of the vote
Question: What was the winning party?
Answer: Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain
Question: Did Patasse get a majority of the votes?
Answer: gained a simple but not an absolute majority
Question: When was a meeting by GIBAFOR held?
Question: What did Goumba help to coordinate in 1993?
Question: When did Goumba win the election?
Question: How much of the vote did Goumba get to win the election?
Question: What kind of majority did Goumba's party the MLPC have in parliament?
Question: When was the new constitution for CAR approved?
Answer: 28 December 1994
Question: When did a mutiny form against Patasse?
Answer: In 1996–1997
Question: The mutinies caused what effects on the country?
Answer: widespread destruction of property
Question: Where did the peace corps evacuate to?
Answer: Cameroon
Question: What agreement gave the authority for deployment of military intervention?
Answer: The Bangui Agreements
Question: What did Yakoma accuse the Kolingba government of doing?
Question: What group evacuated its volunteers to Cameroon in January 1997?
Question: As of today what group has not returned to Yakoma?
Question: What did three mutinies signed in January 1997 provide for?
Question: What was the Yakoma later replaced with?
Question: Which General was involved in another coup?
Answer: General François Bozizé
Question: Where did General Bozize flee to escape?
Answer: Chad
Question: When did Bozize finally attempt his coup?
Answer: March 2003
Question: Who succeeded in finally overthrowing Patasse?
Answer: Bozizé's forces
Question: After the surprise attack what did Libyan troops do in Bangui neighborhoods?
Question: Where did Patasse flee with his troops to?
Question: What action did Libyan troops take against Patasse when he was out of the country?
Question: Who was finally overthrown by troops from Chad?
Question: Who were murdered as a result of Bemba fleeing to Chad?
Question: In what way did Bozize made his rule legitimate?
Answer: Bozizé won a presidential election
Question: When did CAR ask for assistance from the French against rebels?
Answer: November 2006
Question: How did the French assist against the rebels?
Answer: strikes by Mirage jets
Question: What did the rebels take over?
Answer: towns in the country's northern regions
Question: What began in 2004 as Mirage jets struck rebel positions?
Question: In what year did Patasse win a presidential election?
Question: In what year did Patasse request logistics and intellingence to repel rebels?
Question: How did Patasse help Bozize against the rebels?
Question: What did the French take over in 2006?
Question: What agreement called for the stop of Hostilities?
Answer: Syrte Agreement
Question: What did the Birao Peace Agreement call for?
Answer: the liberation of political prisoners
Question: What major group did not sign the peace agreement immediately?
Answer: CPJP
Question: When did the CPJP finally sign the peace agreement?
Answer: 25 August 2012
Question: When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed?
Answer: April 2007
Question: When did the FDPC continue its activities but also sign a peace agreement?
Question: What is one thing the UFDR agreement in February called for?
Question: What is the name of the agreement that came before the FACA agreement in April 2007?
Question: When the CPJP continued to fight, what did other groups do?
Question: What is one thing the FACA peace agreement called for when signed in April 2007?
Question: What was Bozize indicted for?
Answer: crimes against humanity
Question: What mass murder did Bozize commit?
Answer: genocide
Question: How many people were displaced in the unrests?
Answer: 200,000
Question: What faction was fighting against the remaining Bozize loyalists?
Answer: Séléka
Question: How many peackeeping forces were displaced in 2013?
Question: In 2013 what groups committed crimes against humanity?
Question: When did President Bozize request a UN peacekeeping force?
Question: What were the indictments against Michel Djotokia?
Question: During what time did human rights abuses not improve?
Question: What national part is located in the South West?
Answer: Dzanga-Sangha National Park
Question: What large animals reside in the national park?
Answer: forest elephants
Question: Which Primate can be found in the national park?
Answer: lowland gorillas
Question: What National Park can be found in the North?
Answer: Manovo-Gounda St Floris
Question: What has threatened the wildlife in this park?
Answer: the activities of poachers
Question: Where in the southwest is the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park located?
Question: What have animals in the CAR been threatened by ?
Question: In the north, what animals is the Dzanga-Sangha National Park populated with in the CAR?
Question: Where are poachers located in the rain forest area originally from?
Question: What park is located to the northeast of Sudan?
Question: Where do most of the missionaries come from?
Answer: United States
Question: What caused most of the missionaries to leave the country?
Answer: when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces
Question: What African country bordering CAR are some of these missionaries from?
Answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Question: When did fighting break out in CAR?
Answer: 2002–3
Question: During what time did government forces leave the country when there was fighting between rebels and the government?
Question: Where are many rebel groups in operation?
Question: What type of missionary groups are mostly from Nigeria?
Question: What happened while Nigerians continued to work in the country?
Question: What have rebel forces done after the fighting in 2002-3?
Question: Due to fighting, what threatened people in the NorthWest?
Answer: risk of starvation
Question: Who assisted in saving the people from starvation?
Answer: United Nations
Question: Who headed the UN effort to rebuild CAR?
Answer: Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon
Question: When did CAR request assistance directly to prevent war?
Answer: 12 June 2008
Question: Who assisted CAR in avoiding war?
Answer: UN Peacebuilding Commission
Question: In what year did Ban Ki-Moon request assistance from the UN?
Question: In what year was the Central African Republic created?
Question: For what purpose was the UN created in 2005?
Question: What did the UN Peacebuliding Commission decide on Jan 8, 2008?
Question: How many people were saved from conflict?
Question: When was the new Government seated in CAR?
Answer: 31 March 2013
Question: What did the former opposition parties declare?
Answer: boycott the government
Question: Who was refused as new president?
Answer: Djotodia
Question: Who would rule the country temporarily?
Answer: a transitional parliament
Question: How long did the parliament have until the next election?
Answer: 18 months
Question: What was apponted on April 1?
Question: What groups does the transient parliament consist of?
Question: What did Djotodia say he would boycott on March 31 2013?
Question: Who did members of Seleka refuse to recognize?
Question: What was signed by African leaders in Chad on April 6th?
Question: How is the per capita income compared to the world?
Answer: one of the lowest
Question: What gemstone comes from the CAR?
Answer: diamonds
Question: Which item that poachers kill elephants for can be obtained in CAR?
Answer: ivory
Question: What hinders export?
Answer: country's landlocked position
Question: What is the amount of unregestered sale of foods per year listed as?
Question: What does the poor economic development figure ignore?
Question: For most people in the CAR what is per capita income more important than?
Question: What is the unregistered sale of foods hindered by?
Question: How is the informal economy compared to the world?
Question: The economy grows at what rate in the last few years?
Answer: 3%
Question: How many tonnes of Cassave is produced per year?
Answer: 200,000 and 300,000
Question: What product is produced that is exported?
Answer: cotton
Question: Which insect hinders livestock development?
Answer: tsetse fly
Question: What is the real exported cash crop rate?
Question: How  much of the cassava as the principle cash crop is produced in the CAR?
Question: What do Central Africans gain more of from selling livestock?
Question: How is cassava production hindered?
Question: What kind of exported cash crops dominate agriculture?
Question: Which body regulated communications?
Answer: Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies
Question: What type of access is available?
Answer: internet service
Question: Who assists CAR with telecommunications?
Answer: ITU Telecommunication Development Sector
Question: What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D?
Answer: improve infrastructure
Question: What government body does Socatel regulate in telecommunications?
Question: What is a major radio station provider in CAR?
Question: What does Socatel get help with from ITU-D?
Question: What group helps Socatel with telecommunications?
Question: What group is a part of Socatel and helps the CAR with telecommunications?
Question: What concerns are there regarding to human rights?
Answer: government abuses
Question: What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept?
Answer: extrajudicial executions
Question: How is the prison quality in the CAR?
Answer: harsh and life-threatening conditions
Question: What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation?
Answer: arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial
Question: What is the status of security forces in the CAR?
Question: What did a Human Rights Report by CAR show concern over?
Question: What actions did CAR mention that happened with impunity?
Question: What are prision conditions like according to CAR?
Question: What is one action taken against the State Department that is considered a human rights violation?
Question: What are two enviromental factors?
Answer: exposure to air pollution and allergens
Question: What medications can also trigger asthma?
Answer: aspirin and beta blockers
Question: What patterns are used to diagnose asthma?
Answer: the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry
Question: How is asthma classified?
Answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate
Question: How does usng aspirin activate allergens in others?
Question: What are some triggers of spirometry?
Question: How do you know if you are affected by spirometry?
Question: How do you classify spirometry in people?
Question: What two categories can spirometry also be classified into?
Question: Is there a cure for asthma?
Answer: There is no cure for asthma
Question: How can symptoms be prevented?
Answer: by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids
Question: What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms?
Answer: an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids
Question: What happens in very severe cases of asthma?
Answer: intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required
Question: Is there a cure for long acting beta agonists?
Question: How can symptoms of long acting beta agonists be prevented?
Question: How do you treat LABA if it gets worse?
Question: What is one thing you need to take if your LABA is severe?
Question: What may you need if your LABA is life threatening?
Question: What are the characteristics of asthma?
Answer: recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing
Question: When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?
Answer: at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air
Question: What is produced in the lungs by coughing?
Answer: Sputum
Question: Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?
Answer: worse at night
Question: Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma?
Answer: Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u
Question: What phisical symptoms does eosinophils cause?
Question: When do symptoms of eosinophils become worse?
Question: What is produced in the lungs by shortness of breath?
Question: When do people usually experience eosinophils symptoms in response to?
Question: What do some people have due to their eosinophils?
Question: Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma?
Answer: more frequently
Question: What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma?
Answer: gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea
Question: What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers?
Answer: Psychological disorders
Question: What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to? 
Answer: radiocontrast reactions
Question: If GERD is poorly controlled, what does it make you at risk for?
Question: What other conditions happen frequently with radiocontrast reactions?
Question: What percentage of people with GERD also have anxiety disorders?
Question: What percentage of people with radiocontrast reactions have mood disorders?
Question: Do we know if GERD causes psychological problems?
Question: What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma?
Answer: allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals
Question: What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms?
Answer: Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery
Question: What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change?
Answer: Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels
Question: Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma?
Answer: indoor volatile organic compounds
Question: What envoronmental factors are associated with early delivery when pregnant?
Question: What two things are associated with a greater risk of symtoms from phtalates?
Question: What can change symptoms of formaldehyde exposure and severity?
Question: Exposure to what compounds can also trigger early delivery when pregnant?
Question: What other compound is associated with early delivery?
Question: What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?
Answer: The hygiene hypothesis
Question: How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma?
Answer: a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses
Question: What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood?
Answer: increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies
Question: What could prevent asthma?
Answer: Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood
Question: What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis?
Answer: lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.
Question: What hypothesis explains the increased rates of viruses worldwide?
Question: How does the hygene hypothesis explain the cause of bronchoconstriction?
Question: What can cause bacteria in pets?
Question: Why are people less likely to want to live on a farm?
Question: What is some evidence used to support the hypothesis on non-pathogenic bacteria?
Question: If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?
Answer: approximately 25%
Question: How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?
Answer: 25 genes
Question: What else are these genes closely related to?
Answer: the immune system or modulating inflammation
Question: How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006?
Answer: over 100 genes
Question: What is a risk factor for modulating inflammation?
Question: What is thought to be the cause of modulating inflammation?
Question: In 2006 what percentage of genes were found to contribute to inflammation?
Question: How many genes were associated with the immune system in 2006?
Question: How many genes were associated with causing GSTM1 in 2005?
Question: What is asthma the result of?
Answer: chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways
Question: What two airways are most effected by asthma?
Answer: the bronchi and bronchioles
Question: In what ways do airways change?
Answer: an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis
Question: What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?
Answer: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
Question: What other components of the immune systems are included?
Answer: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others
Question: What is neutrophils the result of?
Question: What part of the airway is especially effected by neutrophils?
Question: How do macrophages change?
Question: What chronic changes happen to the macrophages?
Question: What other parts of the immune system are changed due to thickening of the neutrophils?
Question: Is there a universal definition of astham?
Answer: there is not one universal agreed upon definition
Question: What main components play a role in asthma?
Answer: many cells and cellular elements play a role
Question: What is the inflamation a result of?
Answer: airway hyper-responsiveness
Question: What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause?
Answer: episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing
Question: What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack?
Answer: spontaneously or with treatment
Question: How is cellular obstruction defined?
Question: Is there a universally agreed upon definition of cellular obstruction?
Question: What does cellular obstruction cause?
Question: How do you stop the symptoms of cellular obstruction?
Question: What does hyper-responsiveness at the cellular level cause?
Question: Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?
Answer: There is currently no precise test
Question: What is diagnosis based on typically?
Answer: pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time
Question: When should you suspect asthma?
Answer: if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing
Question: What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?
Answer: Spirometry
Question: What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?
Answer: children under the age of six
Question: Is there a test to diagnose Spirometry?
Question: How do you usually diagnose someone with Spirometry?
Question: With what symptoms should you suspect a person has Spirometry?
Question: When do symptoms of Spirometry get worse?
Question: What age makes it harder to be diagnosed as having Spirometry?
Question: What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma?
Answer: Spirometry
Question: Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma?
Answer: It is the single best test for asthma
Question: What helps support the evidence of asthma?
Answer: If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator
Question: What substance can skew the results of an asthma test?
Answer: caffeine
Question: What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD?
Answer: Single-breath diffusing capacity
Question: What is recommended for the diagnosis of COPD?
Question: Why is spirometry used to diagnose COPD?
Question: What is used to support a COPD diagnosis?
Question: What can you take that will change the results of a COPD test?
Question: How often should you use a bronchodialator to track how well COPD is controlled?
Question: What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence?
Answer: ≥20%
Question: What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended?
Answer: . Testing peak expiratory flow
Question: What is not as stable as prednisone for a routine diagnosis?
Question: What is one instance when testing with prednisone is useful?
Question: When may prednisone also be helpful in spirometry?
Question: What percentage of a group think prednisone is helpful for treatment in acute cases?
Question: What percentage of people in acute cases use salbutamol?
Question: How is asthma clinically classified?
Answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate
Question: How else is asthma classified?
Answer: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)
Question: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? 
Answer: atopic
Question: What  is asthma usually classified based on?
Answer: severity
Question: What is a important goal of asthma research?
Answer: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments
Question: How are allergen subgroups classified?
Question: What are two other ways allergen subgroups may be classified?
Question: What data is allergen subgroup classification based on?
Question: Is there a method for classifying allergen subgroups beyond the existing system?
Question: What is the main goal of allergen subgroup research?
Question: What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Answer: bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
Question: Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma?
Answer: asthma is usually reversible
Question: What part of the airway does emphysema affect?
Answer: alveoli
Question: What part of the airway does asthma affect?
Answer: the bronchi
Question: What type of condition is airway obstruction?
Question: What is airway remodeling considered a part of?
Question: What does brochiectasis affect instead of the alveoli?
Question: What happenes if chronic bronchitis is untreated?
Question: What diseases are examples of airway remodeling?
Question: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?
Answer: professional athletes
Question: What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
Answer: cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers
Question: What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
Answer: when it is dry and cold
Question: What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?
Answer: Inhaled beta2-agonists
Question: What does exercise trigger in people who use inhaled beta2 agonists?
Question: What percentage of people use inhaled beta2 agonists?
Question: What group has the highest rate of inhaled beta2 agonist use?
Question: What percentage of cyclists used inhaled beta 2 agonists?
Question: What profession is asthma most common in?
Question: Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?
Answer: occupational disease
Question: What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?
Answer: It is estimated that 5–25%
Question: What are some of the most common agents?
Answer: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes
Question: What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?
Answer: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers
Question: What is colophony commonly reported as when caused or made worse by workplace exposure?
Question: What happens to many cases of colophony?
Question: How many adult colophony cases are work-related?
Question: Name a few professions that have the highest risk of colophony?
Question: What are two agents that are commonly believed to cause colophony?
Question: What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?
Answer: allergic rhinitis and sinusitis
Question: What are some other causes of airway obstruction?
Answer: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses
Question: What other conditions can cause wheezing?
Answer: Bronchiolitis and other viral infections
Question: In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma?
Answer: COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors
Question: What can cause symptoms of COPD in children?
Question: What are other causes of sinusitis?
Question: What do COPD and congestive heart failure also produce?
Question: How many conditions can cause symptoms of congestive heart failure?
Question: What kind of dysfunction can be seen only in adults with COPD?
Question: What is a complication of chronic asthma?
Answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Question: If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?
Answer: asthma and COPD
Question: How is COPD differentiated?
Answer: by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi
Question: Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?
Answer: due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management
Question: What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?
Answer: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation
Question: What is a complication of family history of chronic atopy?
Question: If you smoke after 65, what two conditions will you also have?
Question: How can you tell who has stopped smoking and who hasn't?
Question: What principles of management are used for increased airway neutrophils and smoking cessation?
Question: What are two things that make a doctor want to investigate family history of atopy?
Question: What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?
Answer: The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent
Question: What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?
Answer: none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication
Question: What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?
Answer: have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended
Question: Why are smoking bans in place?
Answer: effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma
Question: Who recoomends immunizations?
Answer: World Health Organization
Question: What's weak and isn't helping prevent the development of the flu?
Question: What are some methods that seem promising to prevent workplace allergies?
Question: What methods are foolproof to prevent the flu?
Question: What group recommends having a smoking ban?
Question: Do smoking bans prevent workplace allergies?
Question: What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?
Answer: Avoidance of triggers
Question: What are some of the more common triggers?
Answer: allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods
Question: What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?
Answer: Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke
Question: What did law that limit smoking accomplish? 
Answer: decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma
Question: What type of exercise can provide small improvements?
Answer: Yoga
Question: What is a main way people can prevent reactions to dust mites?
Question: The two most common things used with corticosteroids?
Question: What do sulfite-containing foods reduce the effectiveness of?
Question: What decreases the number of people who are hospitalized for passive smoke exposure?
Question: What methods have no effect on smokers quality of life?
Question: What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?
Answer: For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs
Question: What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?
Answer: It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies
Question: What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?
Answer: it appears to decrease the subsequent rate.
Question: What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?
Answer: sublingual immunotherapy
Question: What is an option for someone with LABAs not controlled by corticosteroids?
Question: What does inhaling corticosteroids deliver?
Question: What does taking corticosteroids increase in the first few months of use?
Question: What is decreased when you use sublingual immunotherapy for LABAs?
Question: What treatment has evidence that shows an outcome improvement for people with LABAs?
Question: What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?
Answer: due to better recognition and improvement in care
Question: Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?
Answer: 19.4 million people as of 2004
Question: How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?
Answer: half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade
Question: What is the prognosis after treating airway remodeling?
Question: Why has airway remodeling decreased in children over the last few decades?
Question: How many people will no longer be diagnosed with decline in lung function after 2004?
Question: Is treatment with corticosteroids harmful or beneficial?
Question: What is used to treat airway remodeling?
Question: By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?
Answer: 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma
Question: How many people die per year from asthma?
Answer: 250,000–345,000 people
Question: What countries is asthma more commonly seen?
Answer: It is more common in developed than developing countries
Question: Why are different countries effected differently?
Answer: The reason for these differences is not well known
Question: How many people were affected by asthma in Asia as of 2011?
Question: How many people died in 2011 in Europe from asthma?
Question: What percentage of people in developing countries are affluent?
Question: What percentage of people in Eastern Europe are affluent?
Question: Is it known why developing countries are economically disadvantaged?
Question: How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??
Answer: about $3,600
Question: How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?
Answer: from $5,200 to $6,600
Question: Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults?
Answer: Medicaid
Question: Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons?
Answer: the lowest income communities
Question: What was the average cost per hospital stay for high income communites in 2010?
Question: How much did the cost increase for a child to be hospitalized for asthma in 2000?
Question: Who was the primary payer for low income communities from 2000 to 2010?
Question: What group with adults 18-44 had higher stays in the hospital in 2000 instead of higher income communities?
Question: What group was covered by private insurance  in 2000?
Question: What was first used as a cure for asthma?
Answer: by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment
Question: In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?
Answer: pilocarpin
Question: When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used? 
Answer: in the 1960s
Question: What did the paper written in 1886 mention about an asthma cure?
Question: What treatment was used for asthma in 1873?
Question: In 1950 what connection was theorized by F.H. Bosworth?
Question: What two medications were widely used to treat asthma in 1905?
Question: What condition was epinephrine connected to the treatment of in 1873?
Question: Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?
Answer: higher-quality
Question: Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?
Answer: high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming
Question: With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?
Answer: videophiles and film enthusiasts
Question: In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?
Answer: Hong Kong
Question: How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?
Answer: two years
Question: Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?
Answer: MCA DiscoVision
Question: How did the first viewers refer to the media?
Answer: "Video Long Play"
Question: Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?
Answer: Pioneer Electronics
Question: Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as "Laser Videodisc"?
Answer: unofficially
Question: Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?
Answer: discs
Question: Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?
Answer: Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow
Question: What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?
Answer: Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)
Question: What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?
Answer: DVD
Question: Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?
Answer: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Question: What was the BBC Domesday Project?
Answer: a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England
Question: Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?
Answer: Japan
Question: How large was a standard LaserDisc?
Answer: 30 cm (12 in) in diameter
Question: What numbers are used in Binary information coding?
Answer: 1s and 0s
Question: Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?
Answer: analog
Question: What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?
Answer: 55 minutes 5 seconds
Question: Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?
Answer: due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc
Question: What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?
Answer: 60 minutes 5 seconds
Question: How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?
Answer: There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market
Question: What was the difference between LaserDisc and LaserVision in the UK?
Answer: "LaserVision" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while "LaserDisc" is used for those with digital audio
Question: The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format?
Answer: 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround.
Question: What sound formatting do DVDs use?
Answer: Dolby Digital audio in digital form
Question: Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?
Answer: higher-end
Question: What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?
Answer: 6-channel analog audio
Question: Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied?
Answer: varied greatly
Question: Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts?
Answer: digital
Question: What result did adding CX Noise Reduction have on analog discs?
Answer: improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio
Question: Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies?
Answer: Universal
Question: Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio?
Answer: right analog audio channel
Question: What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present?
Answer: digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks
Question: What happens to the right channel in a player that doesn't recognize AC-3?
Answer: garbage (static) output
Question: Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find?
Answer: rare
Question: How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?
Answer: Only one
Question: What type of decoder logic is common in 1990s A/V receivers?
Answer: DTS
Question: Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?
Answer: PAL LaserDiscs
Question: How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?
Answer: two
Question: Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?
Answer: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs
Question: What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?
Answer: LD-700
Question: Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?
Answer: first LD player to load from the front and not the top
Question: When did Pioneer release the LD-700?
Answer: March 1984
Question: Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models?
Answer: Philips
Question: Which three names did MCA use for LaserDisc technology during its development?
Answer: Optical Videodisc System, "Reflective Optical Videodisc" or "Laser Optical Videodisc"
Question: To what did MCA change the name to in 1969?
Answer: Disco-Vision
Question: When did MCA remove the hyphen from the name Disco-Vision?
Answer: 1978
Question: Which company owned the rights to the world's largest collection of films during the 1970s?
Answer: MCA
Question: Consumer sales of MCA films began in 1978 with what movie?
Answer: Jaws
Question: What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?
Answer: Video Long-Play
Question: What was the first consumer VLP player?
Answer: Magnavox VH-8000
Question: Which group officially chose the name "Laservision"?
Answer: The LaserVision Association
Question: The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?
Answer: MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox
Question: Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?
Answer: Pioneer Electronics
Question: In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?
Answer: 1980
Question: What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?
Answer: the VP-1000
Question: Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?
Answer: Ray Charles
Question: What other companies did MCA manufacture discs for?
Answer: Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros
Question: What quirk is present in MCA's release of Howard the Duck?
Answer: only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film
Question: What is unique about the LaserDisc release of E.T.?
Answer: only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster
Question: Which film is only available with its original score in LD format , even today?
Answer: The Electric Horseman
Question: How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS's 240?
Answer: 425
Question: Which medium was chapter based like DVD format, Laserdisc or VHS?
Answer: LaserDisc
Question: Which medium allowed for multiple audio tracks, Laserdisc or VHS?
Answer: LaserDisc
Question: Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?
Answer: cheaper
Question: How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?
Answer: at least 14
Question: How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?
Answer: $5.00 per two-sided disc
Question: How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?
Answer: as little as $1.00
Question: Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?
Answer: LaserDiscs
Question: Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?
Answer: progressive wear with each use
Question: Where do VHS tapes store their information?
Answer: magnetic coating
Question: How is data stored on DVDs?
Answer: digital blocks which make up each independent frame
Question: What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?
Answer: the receiver
Question: Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?
Answer: comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail
Question: In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?
Answer: low-contrast details like skin tones
Question: Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?
Answer: entirely
Question: What is contrast banding?
Answer: subtle visible lines in gradient areas
Question: What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?
Answer: MPEG-2 encoding process
Question: How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD?
Answer: the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user
Question: What are "User Protected Options" on DVDs?
Answer: where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part
Question: Where are User Protected Options commonly found on DVDs?
Answer: copyright warnings
Question: Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, gives the user the most control over playback?
Answer: LaserDisc
Question: What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?
Answer: filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound
Question: Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with damage?
Answer: DVD
Question: Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc?
Answer: DVD
Question: Which format is considered to look most realistic, LaserDisc or DVD?
Answer: LaserDisc
Question: Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers?
Answer: DVDs
Question: What features do LaserDiscs lack in, causing DVDs to appear sharper and clearer?
Answer: video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth
Question: What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?
Answer: internal timing
Question: Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy?
Answer: relatively small market share
Question: What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs, making them prone to piracy?
Answer: Macrovision's Copyguard protection
Question: LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?
Answer: "Special Edition"
Question: What was the first "Special Edition" film to be released to home video?
Answer: the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane
Question: What bonus features were available on the first home video "Special Edition"?
Answer: interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs
Question: What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?
Answer: support for multiple audio tracks
Question: What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?
Answer: a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching
Question: Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?
Answer: Pioneer LD-W1