huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: How do people most often get to Strasbourg from elsewhere?
Question: Who takes priority between pedestrians and bicyclists?
Question: What is filtered out in the outer sections of Strausberg?
Question: What adds enjoyment to doing a trip in the outer sections of Strausberg?
Question: What system is used as a comprehensive layout beyond central Strasbourg?
Question: What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open?
Answer: 1999
Question: How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35?
Answer: 24 km
Question: The traffic coming west of the city is from where?
Answer: unité urbaine
Question: What does the A35 link Strasbourg with?
Question: Where does the A35 link Strasbourg with?
Question: When was the A35 autoroute built?
Question: How long is the A35?
Question: How long is the Rhine?
Question: What is the Pawnee name for Oklahoma?
Answer: Uukuhuúwa
Question: What is the Cayuga name for Oklahoma?
Answer: Gahnawiyoˀgeh
Question: Where does Oklahoma rank by population?
Answer: 28th
Question: What is Oklahoma's nickname?
Answer: The Sooner State
Question: What does Oklahoma mean?
Answer: red people
Question: When was the name Oklahoma suggested?
Answer: 1866
Question: Who suggested the name Oklahoma?
Answer: Choctaw Chief Allen Wright
Question: When was the name Oklahoma made official?
Answer: 1890
Question: How many square miles is Oklahoma?
Answer: 69,898
Question: How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma?
Answer: 1,281
Question: How many states are on the Frontier Strip?
Answer: six
Question: Which state is north of Oklahoma?
Answer: Kansas
Question: How far out of alignment is Oklahoma's western edge from Texas's border?
Answer: 2.1 to 2.2 miles
Question: When was the border between TX and NM first determined?
Answer: 1819
Question: When was Oklahoma's border determined?
Answer: 1890s
Question: Where is the NM border of both Oklahoma and Texas supposed to line up with?
Answer: the 103rd Meridian
Question: Which one is more accurately placed, the TX/NM border or the OK/NM border?
Answer: Oklahoma/New Mexico border
Question: What watershed is Oklahoma in?
Answer: Gulf of Mexico
Question: What is Oklahoma's tallest mountain?
Answer: Black Mesa
Question: How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's highest point?
Answer: 4,973
Question: How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's lowest point?
Answer: 289
Question: Which of Oklahoma's mountain ranges are in the US Interior Highlands?
Answer: the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains
Question: What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into?
Answer: north-central
Question: What is the world's tallest hill?
Answer: Cavanal Hill
Question: How high is Cavanal Hill?
Answer: 1,999 feet
Question: What part of Oklahoma is the Antelope Hills in?
Answer: southwestern
Question: What part of Oklahoma has oak savannahs?
Answer: central
Question: What mountains are in Oklahoma's eastern third?
Answer: The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains
Question: In which direction do the Ozark mountains get higher?
Answer: eastward
Question: What types of prairie grasslands does Oklahoma have?
Answer: shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie
Question: What part of Oklahoma has low rainfall?
Answer: western
Question: What types of trees grow near rivers in western Oklahoma?
Answer: pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines
Question: What rare types of maples grow in southwest Oklahoma?
Answer: sugar maple, bigtooth maple
Question: What types of birds does Oklahoma have a lot of?
Answer: quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants
Question: What types of deer does Oklahoma have a lot of?
Answer: white-tailed deer, mule deer
Question: What does Oklahoma have the country's largest towns of?
Answer: prairie dog
Question: What part of Oklahoma is Cross Timbers in?
Answer: Central
Question: What part of Oklahoma does the American alligator live in?
Answer: southeastern
Question: How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?
Answer: 39,000 acres
Question: What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in?
Answer: north-central
Question: The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area?
Answer: the world
Question: How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?
Answer: 14
Question: How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma?
Answer: nine
Question: What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have?
Answer: Tornado Alley
Question: How many tornadoes hit Oklahoma each year?
Answer: average 62
Question: What types of severe weather does Oklahoma get?
Answer: severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes
Question: Where does Oklahoma receive hot dry air from?
Answer: Mexico
Question: What is Oklahoma's record high temperature for Nov 11?
Answer: 83 °F
Question: What is Oklahoma's record low temperature for Nov 11?
Answer: 17 °F
Question: What caused Oklahoma's temperature to plummet 66 degrees on Nov 11, 1911?
Answer: an Arctic cold front
Question: How fast did the 1912 tornado outbreak make tornadoes?
Answer: one tornado per hour
Question: How long did the 1912 tornado outbreak last?
Answer: a day
Question: What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?
Answer: central, southern and eastern
Question: Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?
Answer: Gulf of Mexico
Question: What is Oklahoma's western climate type?
Answer: semi-arid
Question: Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?
Answer: Lawton
Question: What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?
Answer: 62 °F
Question: When does Oklahoma get the most rain?
Answer: May
Question: When is the second-driest season in Oklahoma?
Answer: Mid-summer
Question: What years were Oklahoma's hottest summers?
Answer: 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011
Question: How hot were Oklahoma's hottest summers?
Answer: well over 100 °F
Question: What parts of Oklahoma rarely see below-zero temperatures?
Answer: south-central and southeastern
Question: What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma?
Answer: less than 4 inches
Question: What is the average snowfall in Oklahoma near the Colorado border?
Answer: over 20 inches
Question: Where is the Storm Prediction Center located?
Answer: Norman
Question: What was Oklahoma's record high temperature?
Answer: 120 °F
Question: Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma?
Answer: Wichita and Caddo
Question: What was Spiro, Oklahoma named for?
Answer: Spiro Mounds
Question: When did Spiro Mounds flourish?
Answer: between AD 850 and 1450
Question: What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541?
Answer: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Question: When did France sell Oklahoma's land to the US?
Answer: 1803
Question: What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma?
Answer: oil
Question: Who was the "Father of Route 66"?
Answer: Cyrus Avery
Question: When did Route 66 begin?
Answer: 1927
Question: Where was the Highway 66 Association based?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: What mistake led to the Dust Bowl?
Answer: poor farming practices
Question: What states were affected by the Dust Bowl?
Answer: Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma
Question: How many farmers had to relocate because of the Dust Bowl?
Answer: thousands
Question: How much did Oklahoma's population decline from 1930 to 1950?
Answer: 6.9 percent
Question: Who committed the Oklahoma City Bombing?
Answer: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols
Question: How many people died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?
Answer: 168
Question: How many children died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?
Answer: 19
Question: When was McVeigh executed?
Answer: June 11, 2001
Question: How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?
Answer: 2,977,187
Question: What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?
Answer: 92.6%
Question: What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?
Answer: Spanish
Question: What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?
Answer: Cherokee
Question: How many Oklahomans speak German?
Answer: 13,444
Question: What is Oklahoma's fifth most popular language?
Answer: Vietnamese
Question: How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese?
Answer: 11,330
Question: How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma?
Answer: more than 25
Question: What parts of the US are covered by the 'Bible Belt'?
Answer: southern and eastern
Question: What political party has the most members in Oklahoma?
Answer: Democratic
Question: What is Oklahoma's 2nd-largest city?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: How much of Oklahoma's population is Christian?
Answer: 80 percent
Question: How does Oklahoma rank among US states for agriculture?
Answer: 27th
Question: How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing wheat?
Answer: 5th
Question: How many Fortune 500 companies are based in Oklahoma?
Answer: Four
Question: How many Fortune 1000 companies are based in Oklahoma?
Answer: six
Question: What is Oklahoma's rank among states by active drilling rigs?
Answer: second
Question: How does Oklahoma's crude oil reserves rank among states?
Answer: fifth
Question: How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from non-renewable sources?
Answer: 94 percent
Question: How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from coal?
Answer: 25 percent
Question: Which largest private oil companies are based in Oklahoma City?
Answer: Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation
Question: What industry are all of the Oklahoma-based Fortune 500 companies in?
Answer: energy
Question: What is the largest company in Oklahoma?
Answer: ONEOK
Question: What is the 2nd-largest company in Oklahoma?
Answer: Williams Companies
Question: Where is ONEOK based?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: What are Oklahoma's Native American ballerinas called?
Answer: the Five Moons
Question: What ballerina started the Oklahoma City Ballet?
Answer: Yvonne Chouteau
Question: When did the University of Oklahoma's dance program begin?
Answer: 1962
Question: Which sisters were in the Five Moons?
Answer: Marjorie and Maria Tallchief
Question: Who starred in the Broadway production of 'Oklahoma!'?
Answer: Ridge Bond
Question: Where is Ridge Bond from?
Answer: McAlester, Oklahoma
Question: Who did Ridge Bond play?
Answer: Curly McClain
Question: How many performances of Oklahoma! was Ridge Bond in?
Answer: more than 2,600
Question: What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City?
Answer: Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep
Question: What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River?
Answer: Theatre Tulsa
Question: Where is the American Theatre Company based?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma?
Answer: American Theatre Company
Question: Where is Heller Theatre?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: How does Oklahoma's per-capita arts spending rank?
Answer: 17th
Question: Where is the Philbrook Museum?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: What kind of museum is the Philbrook?
Answer: fine art
Question: Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?
Answer: Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa
Question: Where does Oklahoma have a fine Egyptian art collection?
Answer: Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee
Question: Where is the largest collection of Dale Chinuly's work?
Answer: Oklahoma City Museum of Art
Question: What kind of art did Dale Chinuly make?
Answer: glass sculptures
Question: Where is the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum?
Answer: Oklahoma City
Question: Where is the largest Jewish art collection in the southwest?
Answer: Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa
Question: When was the exact hundredth anniversary of Oklahoma's statehood?
Answer: November 16, 2007
Question: What organization said Oklahoma's centennial was the top event in the US that year?
Answer: American Bus Association
Question: What do ethnic festivals depict?
Answer: cultural heritage or traditions
Question: Where is the State Fair of Oklahoma?
Answer: Oklahoma City
Question: How many people attend the State Fair of Oklahoma each year?
Answer: roughly one million
Question: How long is the Tulsa State Fair?
Answer: 10-day
Question: How many people attend the Tulsa State Fair each year?
Answer: over one million
Question: Where was Oklahoma's first medieval fair?
Answer: Norman
Question: Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years?
Answer: the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus
Question: Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002?
Answer: Duck Pond in Norman
Question: Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003?
Answer: Reaves Park
Question: How many students were in Oklahoma's public schools in 2008?
Answer: 638,817
Question: How many school districts are in Oklahoma?
Answer: 533
Question: How many Native American students are in Oklahoma's public schools?
Answer: 126,078
Question: What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008?
Answer: $7,755
Question: How many public schools does Oklahoma have?
Answer: 1,845
Question: Who said Oklahoma's pre-K program is the best in the US?
Answer: National Institute for Early Education Research
Question: When was Oklahoma's pre-K called 'a model for early childhood schooling'?
Answer: 2004
Question: What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2007?
Answer: 3.1
Question: What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2008?
Answer: 2.5 percent
Question: What percent of Oklahomans have graduated high school?
Answer: 85.2 percent
Question: What is the second-oldest university west of the MS River?
Answer: Northeastern State University
Question: Within what university is Oklahoma's only optometry college?
Answer: Northeastern State University
Question: What university has the largest Native American enrollment in the US?
Answer: Northeastern State University
Question: What is Oklahoma's only HBCU?
Answer: Langston University
Question: How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
Answer: 181,973
Question: How many grad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
Answer: 20,014
Question: How many professional degree college students were in Oklahoma in 2007?
Answer: 4,395
Question: How many of Oklahoma's 2007 undergrads completed their degree?
Answer: 18,892
Question: How many of Oklahoma's 2007 grad students completed their degree?
Answer: 5,386
Question: What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee?
Answer: 80% or more
Question: What group runs the Cherokee language preservation project?
Answer: Cherokee Preservation Foundation
Question: How much has the Cherokee Preservation Foundation spent on schools?
Answer: $3 million
Question: Where is there a Cherokee immersion school?
Answer: Tahlequah, Oklahoma
Question: What league is the Thunder in?
Answer: National Basketball Association
Question: What had Oklahoma's WNBA team been?
Answer: Tulsa Shock
Question: Where did Oklahoma's WNBA team move to?
Answer: Dallas–Fort Worth
Question: What was Oklahoma's WNBA team renamed to when it moved?
Answer: Dallas Wings
Question: Where did the temporary NBA team play in Oklahoma?
Answer: Oklahoma City's Ford Center
Question: What caused the temporary NBA team to relocate to Oklahoma?
Answer: Hurricane Katrina
Question: What was the Thunder's previous name?
Answer: Seattle SuperSonics
Question: Who owns the Thunder?
Answer: Professional Basketball Club LLC
Question: How many colleges does Oklahoma have in the Big 12?
Answer: two
Question: How many fans attend an average Oklahoma State University football game?
Answer: over 50,000
Question: What is the rivalry between OSU and University of Oklahoma called?
Answer: Bedlam Series
Question: Where is Oral Roberts University?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: Where is Southern Hills Country Club?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: Where is Oak Tree Country Club?
Answer: Oklahoma City
Question: Where is Cedar Ridge Country Club?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: How many PGA championships has Southern Hills held?
Answer: four
Question: What is the largest Oklahoma newspaper?
Answer: The Oklahoman
Question: How many people read the Sunday issue of The Oklahoman?
Answer: 202,690
Question: What is the 2nd-largest Oklahoma newspaper?
Answer: The Tulsa World
Question: How many people read the Sunday issue of The Tulsa World?
Answer: 132,969
Question: Oklahoma has the longest drivable stretch of what famous highway?
Answer: Route 66
Question: What is the busiest highway in Oklahoma?
Answer: Interstate 44
Question: How many bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?
Answer: 5,212
Question: How many national highway bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?
Answer: 235
Question: Where is Oklahoma's largest airport?
Answer: Oklahoma City
Question: How many people boarded in Will Rogers World Airport in 2010?
Answer: 1.7 million
Question: How many different airlines operate in Oklahoma?
Answer: six
Question: How many public airports does Oklahoma have?
Answer: over 150
Question: Which port in Oklahoma handles international cargo?
Answer: Tulsa Port of Catoosa
Question: Where is the furthest-inland oceangoing port in the US?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: How many tons of cargo does the Tulsa Port of Catoosa ship annually?
Answer: over two million
Question: What connects the two Oklahoma ports?
Answer: the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System
Question: How many counties does Oklahoma have?
Answer: 77
Question: What is the civil court of last resort in Oklahoma?
Answer: the state Supreme Court
Question: What is the criminal court of last resort in Oklahoma?
Answer: the state Court of Criminal Appeals
Question: What is the only other state with two courts of last resort?
Answer: Texas
Question: Who is in the executive branch?
Answer: the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials
Question: Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?
Answer: the Governor
Question: Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?
Answer: the Executive branch
Question: Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?
Answer: the Executive branch
Question: What are the major county offices in Oklahoma?
Answer: commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff
Question: How many counties are in Oklahoma?
Answer: 77
Question: Who can collect taxes in Oklahoma?
Answer: Both county and municipal governments
Question: Who can hold elections in Oklahoma?
Answer: Both county and municipal governments
Question: Tribes hold land in Oklahoma, but what isn't it called?
Answer: reservations
Question: What powers do tribal governments have?
Answer: executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions
Question: Who can overrule the tribal governments?
Answer: the United States Congress
Question: Who must approve tribal constitutions?
Answer: the United States Congress
Question: When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma?
Answer: 2015
Question: What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate didn't win in Oklahoma?
Answer: 1964
Question: Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice?
Answer: Barack Obama
Question: Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma?
Answer: Al Gore
Question: How many US House reps did Oklahoma have before the 2000 census?
Answer: six
Question: How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census?
Answer: five
Question: How many of Oklahoma's House reps were Republican in 2012?
Answer: four
Question: Who are Oklahoma's US Senators?
Answer: Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn
Question: What political party are Oklahoma's US Senators?
Answer: Republicans
Question: How many Oklahoma cities have over 100,000 people?
Answer: four
Question: How many of the 50 largest US cities are in Oklahoma?
Answer: Oklahoma
Question: What is the largest metro area in Oklahoma as of 2010?
Answer: Oklahoma City
Question: How many people live in the Tulsa metro area?
Answer: 937,478
Question: How much did Oklahoma City's population grow from 2000 to 2010?
Answer: 14.6%
Question: How many people lived in Lawton in 2010?
Answer: 96,867
Question: How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?
Answer: 45,688
Question: What Arkansas city's metro area extends into Oklahoma?
Answer: Fort Smith
Question: What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?
Answer: HCR 1024
Question: What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?
Answer: Labor Omnia Vincit
Question: Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma's motto?
Answer: no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit"
Question: What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?
Answer: Vedic Civilization
Question: Of what is Hinduism a combination?
Answer: Indian cultures and traditions
Question: How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: two millennia
Question: What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?
Answer: independence movement
Question: For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: 75,000 years
Question: How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: 500,000 years ago
Question: When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: c. 3200 to 1300 BCE
Question: What was the first major civilization in South Asia?
Answer: Indus Valley Civilization
Question: What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?
Answer: 2600 to 1900 BCE
Question: What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?
Answer: Maurya Empire
Question: After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?
Answer: Prakrit and Pali
Question: What form of metal was developed and  exported from southern India?
Answer: Wootz steel
Question: What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?
Answer: Golden Age of India
Question: What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period? 
Answer: Gupta
Question: Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?
Answer: 7th and 11th
Question: How long did the Tripartite struggle last?
Answer: two centuries
Question: When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?
Answer: seventh century
Question: What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?
Answer: Chola dynasty
Question: What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?
Answer: Hindu numerals
Question: What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?
Answer: Central Asian Turks
Question: When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?
Answer: late 14th century
Question: What belief system began in the 15th century?
Answer: Sikhism
Question: What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?
Answer: Mughal Empire
Question: During what century did the Mughal empire decline?
Answer: early 18th century
Question: What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Answer: British East India Company
Question: What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?
Answer: Indian Rebellion
Question: After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?
Answer: British Crown
Question: The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?
Answer: infrastructure
Question: What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?
Answer: Indian National Congress
Question: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?
Answer: Romila Thapar
Question: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?
Answer: social-economic
Question: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?
Answer: strong continuity
Question: What type of conquests were gradual in nature?
Answer: Muslim conquests
Question: What part of India was never completely conquered?
Answer: south
Question: By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?
Answer: Middle Pleistocene
Question: What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?
Answer: Homo erectus
Question: From how long ago do tools date in India?
Answer: two million years
Question: Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?
Answer: Soan River valley
Question: What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?
Answer: palaeolithic hominid
Question: What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?
Answer: Neolithic
Question: What happened in India during the Neolithic period?
Answer: extensive settlement
Question: How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?
Answer: 12,000 years
Question: When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?
Answer: 9,000 years ago
Question: During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?
Answer: 7000–9000 BCE
Question: When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? 
Answer: 2600 to 1900 BCE
Question: What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?
Answer: urban
Question: What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?
Answer: municipal
Question: Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?
Answer: brick
Question: How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?
Answer: multistoreyed
Question: For what culture is the Vedic period named?
Answer: Indo-Aryan
Question: Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?
Answer: north-west India
Question: In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?
Answer: Vedic Sanskrit
Question: What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?
Answer: The Vedas
Question: What was the duration of the Vedic culture?
Answer: 1750 to 500 BCE
Question: When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?
Answer: Rigvedic period
Question: Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?
Answer: western Ganges plain
Question: What were the Aryan social classes called?
Answer: varnas
Question: What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?
Answer: occupations
Question: What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?
Answer: small tribal units
Question: What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?
Answer: Kuru kingdom
Question: What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?
Answer: 1200 – 800 BCE
Question: At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?
Answer: Iron Age
Question: What is the first Indian text to mention iron?
Answer: Atharvaveda
Question: When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?
Answer: Panchala
Question: In what language were the Vedas ?
Answer: Sanskrit
Question: What were the core epics of the Vedas?
Answer: Ramayana and Mahabharata
Question: Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?
Answer: Mahabharata
Question: On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?
Answer: small-scale conflict
Question: What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?
Answer: Shramana-movement
Question: What was the origins of the Shramana movement?
Answer: Jainism and Buddhism
Question: During what time were the first Upanishads written?
Answer: between 800 and 200 BCE
Question: What period started after 500 BCE?
Answer: Second urbanization
Question: Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?
Answer: Central Ganges Plain
Question: By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?
Answer: later Vedic Age
Question: How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?
Answer: sixteen monarchies
Question: What were the sixteen kingdoms called?
Answer: Mahajanapadas
Question: What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?
Answer: urbanism
Question: What was the first major urbanization in India?
Answer: Indus Valley Civilisation
Question: How early did the small republic states exist in India?
Answer: 6th century BCE
Question: Until what century did the republic states endure in India?
Answer: 4th century CE
Question: In what language did the educated Indian speak?
Answer: Sanskrit
Question: What was the general population's common language ?
Answer: Prakrits
Question: When were the earliest Upanishads composed?
Answer: 7th and 6th centuries BC
Question: Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?
Answer: Hinduism
Question: What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?
Answer: Vedanta
Question: What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?
Answer: ritual
Question: What worship system is central to Hinduism?
Answer: Self
Question: Who was the founder of Jainism?
Answer: Mahavira
Question: What prominent icon founded Buddhism? 
Answer: Buddha
Question: What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?
Answer: Middle Way
Question: What belief system taught the idea of samsara?
Answer: Shramana
Question: Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?
Answer: Mahā-Janapadas
Question: How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?
Answer: Great Countries
Question: Where was the center of Magadha?
Answer: Bihar
Question: Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?
Answer: Vedic texts
Question: What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?
Answer: 600 BC.
Question: Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?
Answer: Atharva-Veda
Question: In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?
Answer: Jainism and Buddhism
Question: Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?
Answer: Magadha
Question: Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?
Answer: Golden Age
Question: What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?
Answer: Gramakas
Question: What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?
Answer: Cyrus the Great
Question: By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?
Answer: Persian Achaemenid Empire
Question: What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?
Answer: Darius I of Persia
Question: How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?
Answer: two centuries
Question: What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?
Answer: mercenaries
Question: Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?
Answer: King Porus
Question: At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?
Answer: Battle of the Hydaspes
Question: Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?
Answer: Hyphasis
Question: The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?
Answer: Nanda Empire
Question: What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer: 322–185 BCE
Question: Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?
Answer: Chandragupta Maurya
Question: What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?
Answer: Nanda Dynasty
Question: In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?
Answer: 297 BC
Question: What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?
Answer: Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka
Question: What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer: Northern Black Polished Ware
Question: What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer: Wootz steel
Question: To where was wootz steel exported?
Answer: China and Arabia
Question: What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire? 
Answer: government
Question: How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?
Answer: 3
Question: What was the extent of the Sangam period?
Answer: 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE
Question: In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?
Answer: southern India
Question: How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?
Answer: non-Brahmins
Question: What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?
Answer: Śātavāhana Empire
Question: Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?
Answer: Hinduism and Buddhism
Question: What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?
Answer: coins
Question: When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?
Answer: 3rd century CE
Question: From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?
Answer: foreign invaders
Question: What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?
Answer: 187 to 78 BCE
Question: Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire?
Answer: Pushyamitra Shunga
Question: How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule?
Answer: 36 years
Question: What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language?
Answer: Brahmi
Question: What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin?
Answer: sponsorship of learning and art
Question: What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?
Answer: Khārabēḷa
Question: What power had previously defeated the Kalingans? 
Answer: Ashoka
Question: In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?
Answer: maritime
Question: What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?
Answer: trade routes
Question: What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?
Answer: Khārabēḷa
Question: Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire?
Answer: Kujula Kadphises
Question: In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin?
Answer: 1st century CE
Question: What was the language base of the Kushans?
Answer: Indo-European
Question: What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka
Answer: northern India
Question: What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?
Answer: c. 320–550 CE
Question: What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?
Answer: Golden Age of India
Question: What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?
Answer: Hindu culture
Question: What numeral system originated in India?
Answer: Hindu-Arabic
Question: Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?
Answer: Buddhism
Question: What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?
Answer: first three rulers
Question: What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?
Answer: Strong trade ties
Question: What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?
Answer: nearby kingdoms
Question: During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?
Answer: 345 – 525 CE
Question: Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate?
Answer: Karnataka, India
Question: What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power?
Answer: King Kakushtavarma
Question: Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty?
Answer: Mayurasharma
Question: What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba?
Answer: Gupta Dynasty
Question: What type of trib were the Hephthalites?
Answer: nomadic confederation
Question: Where did the White Huns roam?
Answer: Central Asia
Question: In what country did the White Huns settle?
Answer: Afghanistan
Question: What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century? 
Answer: Pakistan and North India
Question: In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?
Answer: middle of the 6th century
Question: To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?
Answer: small
Question: After uniting the area, what title was Harsha given?
Answer: Maharaja
Question: When was Harsha crowned by the states he united?
Answer: April 606
Question: To what religion had Harsha been converted?
Answer: Buddhism
Question: What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries
Answer: Śrauta sacrifices
Question: What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?
Answer: Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism
Question: In what century was Harsha's rule? 
Answer: 7th century
Question: What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?
Answer: collapsed
Question: What area did Harsha unite during his reign?
Answer: northern India
Question: What cults weakened Buddhism in India?
Answer: Vishnu and Shiva
Question: What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?
Answer: Hindu gods
Question: What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?
Answer: monumental
Question: What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?
Answer: elaborate
Question: By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?
Answer: eighth
Question: How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?
Answer: three
Question: When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?
Answer: 6th century
Question: What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?
Answer: Prithvi Raj Chauhan
Question: In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?
Answer: 11th century
Question: Who was emperor of the Kashmiri  Karkota dynasty?
Answer: Lalitaditya Muktapida
Question: When did the Chalukya Empire rule?
Answer: 6th and the 12th centuries
Question: What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?
Answer: southern and central
Question: What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns? 
Answer: Chalukyan architecture
Question: When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?
Answer: 550 and 750
Question: When was the second reign of Chalukyans?
Answer: 970 and 1190
Question: In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?
Answer: Manyakheta
Question: What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?
Answer: Hindu
Question: By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?
Answer: Jainism
Question: What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?
Answer: Amoghavarsha
Question: During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?
Answer: 750–1174 CE
Question: What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?
Answer: Buddhist
Question: What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?
Answer: golden era of Bengal
Question: What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?
Answer: Nalanda
Question: What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?
Answer: Gopala I
Question: What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?
Answer: South India
Question: What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?
Answer: military, economic and cultural
Question: In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?
Answer: whole of Southern India
Question: In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? 
Answer: Monumental
Question: From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? 
Answer: sea power
Question: During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule?
Answer: 10th and 12th
Question: What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas?
Answer: transitional
Question: Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments?
Answer: central Karnataka
Question: What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use?
Answer: native language
Question: Besides the language of Kannada, what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty?
Answer: Sanskrit
Question: What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?
Answer: Arab Umayyad Caliphate
Question: Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?
Answer: Raja Dahir
Question: What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?
Answer: Muhammad bin Qasim
Question: How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? 
Answer: difficult
Question: In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?
Answer: 712
Question: Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?
Answer: Hindu kings
Question: In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?
Answer: Sindh in Pakistan
Question: When was the Arab invasion repulsed?
Answer: early 8th century
Question: Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?
Answer: Al-Mansurah
Question: In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?
Answer: Afghanistan and Pakistan
Question: What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? 
Answer: trading communities
Question: Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?
Answer: western coast
Question: From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?
Answer: Arabian peninsula
Question: Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?
Answer: Judaism and Christianity
Question: Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?
Answer: 9th century
Question: The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?
Answer: Kushan
Question: How many eras are the Shahis divided into?
Answer: two
Question: When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?
Answer: 870
Question: What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?
Answer: Kabul Shahan
Question: In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?
Answer: consolidation of the Ghaznavids
Question: What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?
Answer: Ghazni
Question: Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?
Answer: Sebuk Tigin
Question: What part of the area did Jayapala lose?
Answer: Kabul Valley and Indus River
Question: What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?
Answer: defaulted
Question: In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?
Answer: 1001
Question: Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?
Answer: Battle of Peshawar
Question: What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?
Answer: committed suicide
Question: Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?
Answer: Shahi dynasty
Question: Who was the ruler of Ghazni?
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni
Question: After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?
Answer: Muslim intrusions
Question: Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?
Answer: assimilated
Question: What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?
Answer: Islamic identity
Question: What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?
Answer: mixed
Question: What dynasty captured most of central India?
Answer: Khilji dynasty
Question: What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? 
Answer: Urdu
Question: Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?
Answer: Razia Sultana
Question: By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?
Answer: Indo-Muslim
Question: What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?
Answer: Timur
Question: On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?
Answer: 17 December 1398
Question: In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?
Answer: in ruins
Question: How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?
Answer: 100,000
Question: What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?
Answer: sayyids
Question: At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?
Answer: Hampi
Question: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? 
Answer: Madhava of Sangamagrama
Question: When was the Kerala school established?
Answer: 14th century
Question: What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?
Answer: Hinduism
Question: From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?
Answer: Delhi Sultanate
Question: What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?
Answer: Vijayanagar Empire
Question: What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?
Answer: Rajputs
Question: Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?
Answer: six centuries
Question: What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?
Answer: Vijayanagara Empire
Question: What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?
Answer: 1228–1826
Question: What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?
Answer: British rule
Question: With what religion did the Ahom merge?
Answer: Hindu
Question: What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?
Answer: Muslim rulers of Delhi
Question: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?
Answer: Sher Shah Suri
Question: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?
Answer: Afghan
Question: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?
Answer: Second Battle of Panipat
Question: By what route did Babur enter India?
Answer: Khyber Pass
Question: By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?
Answer: 1600
Question: What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?
Answer: Taj Mahal
Question: During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?
Answer: Aurangzeb
Question: What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Answer: Maratha military resurgence
Question: What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?
Answer: Mughal architecture
Question: What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?
Answer: Marathas and Afghans
Question: Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?
Answer: Maratha general Bajirao
Question: Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?
Answer: Nizam-ul-mulk
Question: What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?
Answer: Bhopal
Question: What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?
Answer: 1857 War of Independence
Question: What was the richest of all the dynasties?
Answer: The Mughals
Question: What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? 
Answer: integration with Indian culture
Question: Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?
Answer: emperor Akbar
Question: Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?
Answer: Aurangazeb
Question: With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?
Answer: ancient Indian
Question: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?
Answer: Maratha suzerainty
Question: What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?
Answer: Maratha confederacy
Question: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?
Answer: Chatrapati Shivaji
Question: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?
Answer: great constructive genius
Question: Who made the Marathas a strong power?
Answer: Peshwa Bajirao I
Question: By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?
Answer: early 18th century
Question: Who ruled the Maratha Empire?
Answer: Peshwas
Question: What were Peshwas?
Answer: prime ministers
Question: By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?
Answer: 1760
Question: In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?
Answer: British
Question: Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?
Answer: Sikh religion
Question: What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?
Answer: 1799 to 1849
Question: Who was the leader of the Punjabis? 
Answer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Question: On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? 
Answer: Sikh army
Question: Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?
Answer: British
Question: What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?
Answer: Wodeyar
Question: What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?
Answer: British and Marathas
Question: What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?
Answer: the French
Question: Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?
Answer: Hyder Ali
Question: Where did the British initially establish a trading base?
Answer: port of Surat
Question: What was the third European country to establish trading with India?
Answer: French
Question: What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?
Answer: internal conflicts
Question: To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?
Answer: British
Question: What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?
Answer: Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah
Question: What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?
Answer: East India Company
Question: Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?
Answer: Robert Clive
Question: What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?
Answer: feudal
Question: How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?
Answer: monopolized
Question: What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?
Answer: Carnatic
Question: During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?
Answer: 1766–1799
Question: When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?
Answer: 1772–1818
Question: To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?
Answer: Dogra Dynasty of Jammu
Question: After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?
Answer: princely state
Question: What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
Answer: Company's rule
Question: What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?
Answer: brutally suppressed
Question: What force took control of the company and the situation?
Answer: British government
Question: What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?
Answer: full control
Question: What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?
Answer: grievances
Question: To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?
Answer: British Crown
Question: How did Britain govern the vast area of India?
Answer: provinces