huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country?
Answer: Australia
Question: What species are all humans?
Answer: Homo sapiens
Question: Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?
Answer: humans
Question: What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?
Answer: fuzzy
Question: How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?
Answer: in widely differing ways
Question: What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?
Answer: racial
Question: What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?
Answer: biological traits
Question: Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?
Answer: human
Question: What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? 
Answer: no current consensus
Question: How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?
Answer: define and talk about a particular conception of race
Question: What can be said to be a social construct?
Answer: races
Question: What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?
Answer: legal, economic, and sociopolitical
Question: Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?
Answer: major social situations
Question: What effect does race have in the lives of people?
Answer: real material
Question: Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?
Answer: considerable suffering
Question: What is discrimination often paired with?
Answer: racist mindsets
Question: What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?
Answer: inferior
Question: What do groups with less power often find themselves?
Answer: excluded or oppressed
Question: What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?
Answer: Racism
Question: Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? 
Answer: perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation
Question: What promotes stereotypes?
Answer: use of racial categories
Question: Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality?
Answer: social scientists
Question: What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions? 
Answer: sociological factors
Question: What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being?
Answer: natural, immutable and global
Question: During which process did our current idea of race come about?
Answer: exploration and conquest
Question: Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups?
Answer: different continents
Question: What ideaology is found in the natural sciences?
Answer: classification and typology
Question: When did many of the ideas associated with the term "race" arise?
Answer: time of the scientific revolution
Question: What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?
Answer: colonization
Question: Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?
Answer: Europeans
Question: Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?
Answer: African slaves
Question: What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?
Answer: ethnic
Question: Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?
Answer: François Bernier
Question: In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?
Answer: 18th century
Question: What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?
Answer: White
Question: How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?
Answer: active, acute, and adventurous
Question: What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?
Answer: crafty, lazy, and careless
Question: How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?
Answer: five
Question: What race was later renamed to Negroid?
Answer: Ethiopian
Question: What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?
Answer: graded
Question: What can one not mark between the variety of mankind?
Answer: limits
Question: What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?
Answer: an "ideology of race"
Question: What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?
Answer: primordial, natural, enduring and distinct
Question: How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?
Answer: mixture between formerly distinct populations
Question: What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?
Answer: Negros
Question: Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson
Question: What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?
Answer: polygenism
Question: What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?
Answer: England
Question: What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster?
Answer: ethnographers
Question: In what century was polygenism most widespread?
Answer: 19th century
Question: The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause?
Answer: abolitionist
Question: When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa?
Answer: 2 million years ago
Question: How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia?
Answer: 1.5
Question: Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time?
Answer: Homo habilis
Question: What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of?
Answer: African Homo erectus
Question: Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic?
Answer: many anthropologists
Question: What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups?
Answer: scientific racism
Question: What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? 
Answer: lost widespread popularity
Question: What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise?
Answer: sources of phenotypic variation
Question: What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as?
Answer: invalid
Question: What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race?
Answer: Population
Question: What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population?
Answer: biologists
Question: What do most definitions of population rely on?
Answer: qualitative descriptions
Question: What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of?
Answer: definitions for populations
Question: What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of?
Answer: paradigm
Question: What is "subspecies" used to indicate an objective degree of?
Answer: microevolutionary divergence
Question: What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this?
Answer: degree of differentiation
Question: What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies?
Answer: biologically different
Question: What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?
Answer: level of difference
Question: What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?
Answer: difference
Question: Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?
Answer: Dean Amadon
Question: What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal?
Answer: 1949
Question: The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters?
Answer: 99%
Question: Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule?
Answer: The seventy-five percent rule
Question: When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations?
Answer: 1978
Question: How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered?
Answer: different subspecies
Question: What is required to allocate individuals in subspecies populations correctly?
Answer: inspection
Question: What did Wright feel it wouldn't take an anthropologist to easily distinguish between of in groups?
Answer: individual
Question: What term is it customary to use instead of subspecies?
Answer: race
Question: What is a clade a taxonomic group of?
Answer: organisms
Question: How many common ancestors does a clade have?
Answer: single
Question: What is another term for a phylogenetic tree?
Answer: taxonomy
Question: Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths?
Answer: Y
Question: What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?
Answer: phylogenetic
Question: How are allopatric populations separated? 
Answer: geographically
Question: What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?
Answer: a clade
Question: What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means "cleanly divided"?
Answer: monophyletic
Question: Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?
Answer: Rachel Caspari
Question: What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of?
Answer: race
Question: What would the diverse group of East Indians, North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis?
Answer: Caucasians
Question: Cladistics can limit and skew what?
Answer: interpretations
Question: Lieberman and Jackson suggest authors of some studies use the term race in what ways?
Answer: conceptually imprecise and careless
Question: What is variation found in that can be labeled as races?
Answer: packages
Question: What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations?
Answer: distributed along geographic gradations or clines
Question: Why are variations distributed along clines?
Answer: isolation by distance
Question: What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races?
Answer: they ignore a host of other similarities and differences
Question: What is Frank Livingstone's profession?
Answer: anthropologist
Question: What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries?
Answer: there are no races, only clines
Question: What must one be attentive to when talking about race?
Answer: how the term is being used
Question: On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone?
Answer: if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races
Question: What is merely "a matter of judgement"?
Answer: "the race concept."
Question: While race difference possible to easily see, they need not be given what?
Answer: labels
Question: Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what?
Answer: a meaningful and useful social convention
Question: What did two biologists point out in 1964?
Answer: cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly
Question: What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction?
Answer: melanin
Question: What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa?
Answer: radiate
Question: To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong?
Answer: anthropologists
Question: What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population?
Answer: Discordant
Question: What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?
Answer: the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered.
Question: What mutation did scientists discover?
Answer: skin-lighting
Question: What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans?
Answer: mutation
Question: What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin?
Answer: different mutations
Question: Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location?
Answer: geographical
Question: What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?
Answer: a selected allele
Question: When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?
Answer: 2009
Question: Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?
Answer: absent
Question: How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?
Answer: three
Question: What are sweeps?
Answer: major geographic patterns
Question: What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences?
Answer: genetic differences
Question: Who was William C. Boyd?
Answer: mid-20th-century anthropologist
Question: Boyd felt race was based on a specific differentiation of the frequency of what in a population?
Answer: genes
Question: How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races?
Answer: number of human couples reproducing
Question: What may people who have lived in the same area for generations have in common?
Answer: alleles
Question: What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring?
Answer: genetic differences between populations
Question: What was Wright's method known as?
Answer: the Fixation index
Question: What is the often stated FST for humans?
Answer: 0.15
Question: Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what?
Answer: human populations
Question: Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species?
Answer: mammalian
Question: About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?
Answer: 5%
Question: FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?
Answer: 0.1
Question: What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?
Answer: Graves
Question: FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?
Answer: populations
Question: What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?
Answer: Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles
Question: What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?
Answer: misleading
Question: Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?
Answer: non-representative
Question: What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?
Answer: genetic
Question: How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?
Answer: 100%
Question: What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?
Answer: characteristic genetic patterns
Question: What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?
Answer: phenotypic variations between groups
Question: How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?
Answer: poorly
Question: Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?
Answer: imperfect
Question: Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?
Answer: utility
Question: Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?
Answer: extreme geographic distances
Question: What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups?
Answer: large geographic distances
Question: What human activity has only recently accelerated?
Answer: migration
Question: Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow?
Answer: gene
Question: Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what?
Answer: cluster
Question: How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other?
Answer: thousands
Question: Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what?
Answer: markers
Question: What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes?
Answer: caution
Question: People are more frequently similar to members of what populations?
Answer: other populations
Question: If one samples a continental group, what do the clusters become?
Answer: continental
Question: What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species?
Answer: racial classification
Question: What are objective social constructions?
Answer: racial groupings
Question: What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of?
Answer: methodologies
Question: What had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide in WWII?
Answer: beliefs about race
Question: When did the civil rights movement take place?
Answer: the 1960s
Question: What movement gained momentum worldwide in the 60's?
Answer: anti-colonial
Question: What type of reality do some believe race is a social construct corresponding to?
Answer: objective
Question: What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?
Answer: the National Institute of Health
Question: What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?
Answer: 2000
Question: What doesn't the genetic variation within the human species support?
Answer: notion of genetically defined races
Question: What is a social concept, not a scientific one?
Answer: Race
Question: What happens when scientists try to apply science to sort out social differences?
Answer: it all falls apart
Question: Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?
Answer: Stanford
Question: Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?
Answer: the American Journal of Human Genetics
Question: Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what?
Answer: self
Question: What is a problematic category in addition to race?
Answer: sex
Question: What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?
Answer: biology
Question: What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil?
Answer: rigid descent rule
Question: What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of?
Answer: racial
Question: What may full siblings belong to?
Answer: different racial groups
Question: What determines genotype?
Answer: ancestry
Question: How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features?
Answer: Over a dozen
Question: What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other?
Answer: like the colors of the spectrum
Question: What did race refer to instead of heredity?
Answer: appearance
Question: What is appearance a poor indication of?
Answer: ancestry
Question: Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications?
Answer: Brazil
Question: What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as?
Answer: caboclos
Question: What's a rough translation of "pardos"?
Answer: hillbilly
Question: What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with?
Answer: Afro-Brazilians
Question: What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African?
Answer: 50%
Question: What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered?
Answer: white
Question: What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as?
Answer: mixed
Question: How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010?
Answer: 42.4%
Question: Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry?
Answer: 65 and 80%
Question: Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA?
Answer: 95%
Question: What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil?
Answer: 3.5 million
Question: What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in?
Answer: miserable
Question: Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress?
Answer: relations between white masters and female slaves
Question: Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants?
Answer: 1821 and 1932
Question: Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil?
Answer: 700.000
Question: Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? 
Answer: The European Union
Question: What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?
Answer: its existence
Question: In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?
Answer: European
Question: Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?
Answer: Fascist
Question: In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove "race" from all official texts?
Answer: 1996
Question: What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races?
Answer: The concept of racial origin
Question: What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races?
Answer: scientific
Question: Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races?
Answer: all human beings belong to the same species
Question: What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes?
Answer: excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation
Question: The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what?
Answer: race
Question: France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war?
Answer: Second World War