huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?
Answer: reserve powers
Question: Whose advice does a sovereign follow?
Answer: his or her ministers
Question: Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?
Answer: ministers
Question: Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?
Answer: improbable
Question: Ancient sovereigns acted on the advice of whom?
Question: Who stops the passage of bills?
Question: Royal assent is never granted in what practice?
Question: Whose active powers are required when a royal assent is refused?
Question: What is another name for "Curia Regis"?
Answer: Royal Council
Question: Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?
Answer: Earl of Leicester
Question: As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?
Answer: House of Lords
Question: Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?
Answer: House of Commons
Question: From what did parliament evolve?
Answer: Curia Regis, or Royal Council
Question: What positions were contained within the House of Lords?
Answer: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons
Question: Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?
Answer: House of Commons
Question: A bill could not become a law without whose assent?
Answer: the sovereign
Question: Who is considered the enactor of laws?
Answer: the sovereign
Question: The Modern Parliament included whom?
Question: In 1665, the Earl of Leicester called a full parliament without what?
Question: The Queen would seek the advice of whom before making laws?
Question: The two houses in England are the House of Luck and?
Question: During Henry VIII's reign, it became common for the two houses to do what?
Question: What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?
Answer: raising taxes
Question: After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?
Answer: English Civil War
Question: Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?
Answer: Anne
Question: Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?
Answer: Charles I
Question: What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?
Answer: restrict his arbitrary exercise of power
Question: When was the last time royal assent was enacted?
Answer: 11 March 1708
Question: Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?
Answer: Anne
Question: Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?
Answer: her ministers
Question: The power of parliament to pass bills was often supported by whom?
Question: Charles I performed legally legitimate what?
Question: Who raised taxes with parliament's approval?
Question: Who began parliament in 1629?
Question: The first Stuart monarch, Anne, did not withhold on what date?
Question: Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?
Answer: George I
Question: In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?
Answer: Catholic Emancipation
Question: Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?
Answer: George I
Question: What did George III and George IV both oppose?
Answer: Catholic Emancipation
Question: What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?
Answer: Coronation Oath
Question: Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?
Answer: George IV
Question: George I was the first Hungarian what?
Question: Who openly supported Catholic Emancipation?
Question: George IV happily granted his assent on whose advice?
Question: The power to withhold royal assent has become common where?
Question: In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?
Answer: Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
Question: Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?
Answer: London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes
Question: Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?
Answer: 28, 32, and 33
Question: How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?
Answer: four-week period
Question: Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?
Answer: Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State
Question: For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?
Answer: review of its legality
Question: Royal assent is the first stage in what?
Question: What process is governed by sections 18, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998?
Question: Before a bill is passed, the Presiding Officer of the Sottish Parliament does what?
Question: Royal dissent is signified by what?
Question: What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?
Answer: Measures
Question: After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?
Answer: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Question: What were "measures" in Wales?
Answer: the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011
Question: During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?
Answer: 2006 and 2011
Question: In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?
Answer: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Question: Section 202 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required what?
Question: What was the name by which the National Assembly of America passed legislation?
Question: After a three-week period, who could submit a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?
Question: What were "measures" in Washington?
Question: Who advises the sovereign in this decision?
Answer: Lord Chancellor
Question: Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?
Answer: Chief Pleas of Sark
Question: Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?
Answer: Lord Chancellor
Question: When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?
Answer: 13 July 2011
Question: In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law  concerning constituational reform for assent?
Answer: 2007
Question: What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?
Answer: reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark
Question: The monarch indirectly grants royal assent how?
Question: An Order in Council of 13 July 2001 established what?
Question: In 2001, campaigners petitioned whom?
Question: The Queen was advised to grant royal assent by campaigners in what year?
Question: Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?
Answer: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Question: Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?
Answer: Manx
Question: Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?
Answer: summary of the long title
Question: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?
Answer: only the short title and a summary of the long title
Question: On what day does St John's Day occur?
Answer: (24 June)
Question: Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?
Answer: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Question: Royal assent gives legal effect to an Act of what?
Question: What was reduced in 1995?
Question: Since what year has only the short title been read?
Question: The adoption of the Greek calendar was made in what year?
Question: Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?
Answer: Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod
Question: This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?
Answer: Church of England in the Island
Question: Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?
Answer: Order in Council
Question: Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?
Answer: lieutenant governor
Question: Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?
Answer: 1994
Question: Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?
Answer: the lieutenant governor
Question: During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?
Answer: Between 1979 and 1993
Question: Since 1983, who has had power to enact measures?
Question: Before 1994, royal dissent was granted by whom?
Question: Currently, royal dissent has been delegated to whom?
Question: What requires promulgation?
Question: In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?
Answer: the Governor General of Canada
Question: Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?
Answer: Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice
Question: Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?
Answer: the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
Question: How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?
Answer: Two
Question: If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?
Answer: both houses must be notified on the same day
Question: How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?
Answer: publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons
Question: In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?
Answer: governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker
Question: It is necessary for the governor general to sign what?
Question: Parliament is never apprised of what?
Question: Both what must be notified on separate days?
Question: The Journals of the House of Lords may publish a special what?
Question: Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?
Answer: 1708
Question: The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?
Answer: George III
Question: What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?
Answer: refused his Assent to Laws
Question: In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?
Answer: 1708
Question: Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?
Answer: the British government
Question: To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?
Answer: colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland
Question: Royal assent has been withheld in the UK since what year?
Question: US colonists complained the George II had refused what?
Question: Which countries were not granted a responsible government?
Question: Assent is never reserved to allow the British government to examine what?
Question: The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?
Answer: Governor-General
Question: Why did this occur?
Answer: two bills of the same title had originated from the house
Question: What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?
Answer: revoked the first assent
Question: This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?
Answer: 2001
Question: What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?
Answer: two bills of the same title had originated from the house
Question: After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?
Answer: 2001
Question: What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?
Answer: it had not been passed by each house
Question: How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?
Answer: The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed
Question: In America, a technical issue arose with what in 1976 and 2001?
Question: A bill from the House of Lords was mistakenly submitted in what year?
Question: Three bills with the same title were submitted in what year?
Question: Who revoked the second assent?
Question: What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?
Answer: Tynwald
Question: In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?
Answer: 1765
Question: What does the term the Revestment refer to?
Answer: lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765
Question: How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?
Answer: Order in Council
Question: Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?
Answer: by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor
Question: What is the legislature of the Isle of Women?
Question: The lordship of the Isle of Man was purchased by America in what year?
Question: After 1665, royal assent was signified how?
Question: Who signified the letter of royal assent in America after 1765?
Question: In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?
Answer: the governor-general
Question: Who grants royal assent in Canada?
Answer: lieutenant governors of the provinces
Question: In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?
Answer: A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.
Question: Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?
Answer: by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign
Question: The representative of the sovereign in America is whom?
Question: The representative of the sovereign in Chile is whom?
Question: The realm's sovereign grants or withholds regal what?
Question: A vice lieutenant governor may defer what?
Question: What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?
Answer: Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931
Question: Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?
Answer: John C. Bowen
Question: What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?
Answer: force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected
Question: Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?
Answer: Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
Question: No Commonwealth realms are sovereign what?
Question: The Barker Declaration came into being in what year?
Question: The Declaration of Westminster came into being in what year?
Question: How many bills sought to put the provinces under the authority of the banks?
Question: Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?
Answer: House of Commons and the House of Lords
Question: Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?
Answer: Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
Question: Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?
Answer: the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners
Question: What is presented for royal assent in the US?
Question: Under the Parliament Acts of 1917 and 1949, the House of Commons may do what?
Question: Unofficially, assent is granted how?
Question: Each house must be notified jointly before what?
Question: In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament's decision?
Answer: Anglo-Norman Law French
Question: What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent?
Answer: "La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult"
Question: What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?
Answer: "La Reyne le veult"
Question: What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent?
Answer: "La Reyne s'avisera"
Question: Who is an official of the House of Commons?
Question: A formula in Anglo-Norman Law Greek indicates what?
Question: The inappropriate formula for withholding assent is what?
Question: The translation for "the Queen will not consider it" is what?
Question: When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?
Answer: The Clerk of the Crown
Question: What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?
Answer: stating the appropriate Norman French formula
Question: Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?
Answer: Henry VIII
Question: Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?
Answer: the annual State Opening of Parliament
Question: On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?
Answer: right
Question: Before the reign of Henry I, the sovereign granted assent how?
Question: Who would wear the Imperial State Tiara?
Question: Who would sit on the throne in the Queens chamber?
Question: Who would stand in front of the sovereign and read the titles of the bills?
Question: What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?
Answer: listening to the entire text
Question: How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?
Answer: five
Question: Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?
Answer: Queen Victoria
Question: King Henry VIII sought to execute his sixth wife in what year?
Question: Catherine Howard was the sixth wife of whom?
Question: A clause was taken out of the Act of what?
Question: Queen Victoria was the last what to grant assent in 1954?
Question: What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?
Answer: scarlet parliamentary robes
Question: Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?
Answer: the senior
Question: Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?
Answer: The Lords Reading Clerk
Question: Who reads the commission silently?
Question: The junior commissioner makes a statement after whom?
Question: The king's representatives are know as whom?
Question: How many commoners are involved in granting assent by commission?
Question: Who wears blue parliamentary robes?
Question: When does assention by commission occur today?
Answer: once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session
Question: In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?
Answer: 1960
Question: What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?
Answer: Royal Assent Act 1967
Question: The ceremony of assenting by commission was continued in what decade?
Question: The German Usher of the Black Rod summoned whom in 1960?
Question: The Royal Assent Act 1968 was passed why?
Question: The granting of what by the monarch in person is no longer possible?
Question: What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?
Answer: does not require both houses to meet jointly
Question: How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?
Answer: by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament
Question: Which document formats the letters patent?
Answer: The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992
Question: In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?
Answer: 2000
Question: In the Royal Assent Act 1968, royal assent can be granted how?
Question: The presiding officer makes an informal statement to whom?
Question: Which method requires both houses to meet jointly?
Question: Which act allows the sovereign to grant assent verbally?
Question: When assent is granted in person, when is it formally considered final?
Answer: when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled
Question: An assent is considered granted when applying the Royal Assent Act 1967 when both presiding officers have done what?
Answer: notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent
Question: When is assent effective if the presiding officers inform their houses at different times?
Answer: when the second announcement is made
Question: Royal Assent is considered not given at what moment?
Question: When the Royal Assent Act 1967 is not followed, assent is considered granted when?
Question: Assent is regarded as ineffective when?
Question: Under American law, an act takes effect when?
Question: Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?
Answer: Clerk of the Parliaments
Question: What is omitted when an act is published?
Answer: signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula
Question: Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?
Answer: Clerk of the Parliaments
Question: It is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Lords to endorse what?
Question: The German French formula is used to endorse what?
Question: The clerk signs two copies of what?
Question: The date is inserted in French on what?
Question: In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament?
Answer: 1875
Question: Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century?
Answer: Australia
Question: Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions?
Answer: President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives
Question: What has not been used regularly since the early 20th century in America?
Question: In New Zealland, the governor-general has personally granted the Royal Assent since what year?
Question: What type of ceremony is commonly used to grant assent in Australia?
Question: The governor-general of Australia sends messages to the Vice President of the Senate and whom to grant assent?
Question: When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?
Answer: the 21st century
Question: Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?
Answer: 85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally
Question: With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?
Answer: Royal Assent Act 2002
Question: In Chile, the ceremony for granting assent was used until what century?
Question: What king assented to nineteen bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour?
Question: Who was King George VI's grandmother?
Question: A grant of royal assent is rendered invalid by what?
Question: Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony?
Answer: The governor general or his or her deputy
Question: Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished?
Answer: Clerk of the Senate
Question: Which position nods their head to signify assention?
Answer: governor general
Question: What ceremony takes place in the House?
Question: On the day of the event, the President of the Senate reads to whom?
Question: On the day of the event, the President of the Senate reads what?
Question: Who follows Black Rod back to the Senate?
Question: Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?
Answer: Council of Ministers
Question: Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?
Answer: King Baudouin
Question: Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990?
Answer: both houses of parliament
Question: In Bulgaria, what has the same effect as royal assent?
Question: King Bedoin refused to sign a bill in what year?
Question: Both houses declared King Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers in what type of meeting?
Question: King Baudouin signed a bill criminalizing abortion in what year?
Question: How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?
Answer: six months
Question: What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?
Answer: two-thirds
Question: What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?
Answer: , it becomes law without his signature
Question: The constitution of Jordan does not grant the monarch the right to do what?
Question: Article 83 gives the Jordanian sovereign how much time to signor veto legislation?
Question: What kind of vote from either house is required to override the Jordanian sovereign?
Question: If the monarch fails to act within four months what happens?
Question: What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law?
Answer: "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber"
Question: What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected?
Answer: The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law."
Question: If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government?
Answer: "To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here."
Question: What is one thing that could happen after the House of Lords debates the law?
Question: If the lower house approves the law, what happens?
Question: What text is sent to the House of Representatives if a law is approved?
Question: What text is sent to the House of Representatives if a law is not approved?
Question: Where is the original law text stored?
Answer: in the archives of the King's Offices
Question: What happens in the rare case the government doesn't approve of a law that has passed both houses?
Answer: neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement."
Question: The sovereign and two what signs the proposal?
Question: The enabling clause is added to what?
Question: In what case will the monarch but not the minister sign the bill?
Question: A law that has not received royal assent will be published where?
Question: Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?
Answer: Articles 77–79
Question: Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?
Answer: Article 79
Question: How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?
Answer: two
Question: Articles 67-69 of the Norwegian Constitution grant what?
Question: Which article provides a means by which a sovereigns' veto may not be over-ridden?
Question: Which articles of the Norwegian Constitution do not grant the monarch the right to withhold royal assent?
Question: The monarch of New England can withhold royal assent according to which articles?
Question: Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum?
Answer: Article 92
Question: Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?
Answer: Article 91
Question: In the 1978 Spanish constitution, which title describes how bills are passed?
Answer: Title III, The Cortes Generales
Question: What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed?
Answer: Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills
Question: Which title outlines the method by which bills are not passed?
Question: Which title does not invest the royal assent and publication of laws with the monarch of Spain?
Question: Title II, which describes how bills are passed was created in what year?
Question: The sovereign has 25 days to give his or her assent according to what article?
Question: The monarch does not have a right to call for a referendum according to which article?
Question: What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?
Answer: "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica"
Question: What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?
Answer: a law permitting abortion on demand
Question: When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?
Answer: 3 July 2005
Question: If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?
Answer: the next person of age in the line of succession
Question: Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?
Answer: not be possible under the current constitution
Question: If the Spanish sovereign was found capable of discharging royal authority, what happens?
Question: If Juan Carlos had been declared capable, who would have been given power?
Question: Who is the current heir apparent to Juan Carlos?
Question: Who gets power if the sovereign were declared capable?
Question: Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?
Answer: 41 and 68
Question: What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy?
Answer: he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers
Question: In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions (Amemndment) Bill adopted?
Answer: 2011
Question: In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill?
Answer: December
Question: What articles empower the sovereign to grant royal assent?
Question: The kingdom moved away from democracy in what year?
Question: An Art and Ammunitions Bill was adopted in what year?
Question: What bill was adopted by eight votes to ten?
Question: How many member of the assembly were charge with legal possession of firearms?
Question: What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?
Answer: a group
Question: What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associativity, identity and invertibility?
Answer: group axioms
Question: What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?
Answer: abstract formalization of the group axioms
Question: What is a set of elements constructed from?
Question: What are the two elements called?
Question: What is the abstract formalization attached to?
Question: What do entities lose when handled in abstract algebra?
Question: What is an example of a rare group?
Question: What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics?
Answer: Lie groups
Question: What groups are are utilized toward comprehending symmetry wonders in chemistry? 
Answer: Point groups
Question: What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity?
Answer: Poincaré groups
Question: What encodes a symmetry group?
Question: What are groups dissimilar to?
Question: Point groups are used in what form of physics?
Question: Poincare groups are used to understand molecular what?
Question: What do Lie groups express in terms of special relativity?
Question: Where did the idea of a group come from?
Answer: the study of polynomial equations,
Question: When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?
Answer: 1870
Question: What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?
Answer: subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.
Question: When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?
Answer: 1983
Question: Who generalized group notion in 1870?
Question: What year did mathematicians begin studying groups in their own right?
Question: What are the two subgroups?
Question: When did theorists begin exploring the theoretical and computational point of view?
Question: When did the geometric group theory become less active?
Question: What is often utilized as a short name for the group?
Answer: the group's underlying set
Question: What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression?
Answer: shorthand expressions
Question: What cannot be used as the short name for the group?
Question: What is the overlaying set of the group?
Question: What can be unclear for the G symbol?
Question: A subset of the underlying set G of the group (G) cannot be written using what kind of expression?
Question: What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? 
Answer: functions
Question:  What gives another symmetry function?
Answer: Composing two of these symmetry functions
Question: What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?
Answer: the dihedral group
Question: What are represented by symmetries?
Question: r1 is part of what group?
Question: Both symmetries are applied to what?
Question: What is written from left to right?
Question: How many degrees is fh rotated?
Question: What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?
Answer: abstract group
Question: The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?
Answer: group theory
Question:  Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?
Answer: Évariste Galois
Question:  Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?
Answer: Arthur Cayley
Question: People were looking for polynomial equations under what number?
Question: Whose work did Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange base their work on?
Question: What was Augustin Louis Cauchy's nationality?
Question: When did Arthur Cayley publish On the theory of groups?
Question: What equation did Galois create that created an abstract definition?
Question: When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources? 
Answer: 1870
Question: Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?
Answer: Walther von Dyck
Question: What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?
Answer: The theory of Lie groups
Question: Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?
Answer: Claude Chevalley
Question: What did Walter von Dyck publish in 1870?
Question: Who wrote the theory of Lie groups?
Question: What did Jacques Tits shape first?
Question: What was Issai Schur's theory on?
Question: Who worked on representation theory of lie groups?
Question: What university class year belonged to the group of theorists?
Answer: 1960–61
Question: What did the group of theorists classify in 1982?
Answer: all finite simple groups
Question: What two factors describe the large size of the project?
Answer: length of proof and number of researchers.
Question: What was classified in 1960?
Question: Who founded the University of Chicago's Group Theory Year?
Question: What no longer has much impact on other fields?
Question: What was shorter about this project as compared to other endeavors?
Question: When did the University of Chicago begin?
Question: What has to be compatible with the group operation?
Answer: constructions related to groups
Question: What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions?
Answer: group homomorphisms
Question: What is needed to understand structural concepts?
Question: Both groups and sets have what?
Question: What function is used to break groups into pieces?
Question: Groups do not need to respect structures in what sense?
Question: What is an example of a subgroup?
Question: What similar element do isomorphic groups carry?
Answer: isomorphic groups
Question: How can showing the second equality yields the first prove the concept of isomorphic groups?
Answer: applying a to the first equality yields the second
Question: What are two groups called if no group homomorphisms are found?
Question: Isomorphic groups carry different what?
Question: What gives the identity of a?
Question: From what point of view do isomorphic groups have different information?
Question: How does the second equality disprove the concept of isomorphic groups?
Question: What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?
Answer: inverse
Question: What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup?
Answer: The subgroup test
Question: What is defined when moving in the opposite direction?
Question: 270 for 180 is an example of what kind of rotation?
Question: subgroup R is made up of the inverse and what?
Question: What is unimportant for understanding the group as a whole?
Question: Knowing the group as a whole is important for understanding what?
Question: When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same?
Answer: irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed
Question: What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed?
Answer: rotation operations
Question: What number sets are used to show how subgroups can be seen as translations of the larger group?
Answer: Cosets
Question: When are two group elements considered different?
Question: In D4 the square can return to the r2 configuration by applying only what?
Question: What question are cosets irrelevant to?
Question: What does group element g define?
Question: When are rotation operations considered?
Question: What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?
Answer: coset multiplication
Question: What group does the inverse of gN include?
Answer: quotient group
Question: What is the original group sometimes called?
Question: What are group homomorphisms called?
Question: What does the Coset gN serve as?
Question: What group operation is taken by the original group from the set?
Question: The inverse of gN excludes what group?
Question: What groups can be combined to describe every group?
Answer: is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group
Question: What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group?
Answer: any group
Question: What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses?
Answer: every symmetry of the square
Question: What do quotient groups describe by themselves?
Question: What presentation describes every group?
Question: How many elements does the dihedral group generate?
Question: What of a square is an infinite composition?
Question: Which two elements does D4 generate?
Question: What are the opposites of injective maps?
Answer: surjective maps
Question: What is an example of a surjective map?
Answer: canonical map
Question: What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective?
Answer: the first isomorphism theorem
Question: Subset G of H is seen as what map?
Question: What is the minimum number of elements in a target?
Question: What kind of map is similar to an injective map?
Question: What theory discusses the surjective nature of canonical maps?
Question: What two forms must homomorphisms take?
Question: What are usually analyzed by associating groups to them and studying the elements of the corresponding groups?
Answer: Mathematical objects
Question: Who founded algebraic topology?
Answer: Henri Poincaré
Question: What did Henri Poincaré introduce when he established algebraic topology?
Answer: the fundamental group
Question: What topological properties translate into properties of groups?
Answer: proximity and continuity
Question: What represents elements of the fundamental group?
Answer: loops
Question: Who first applied groups to other mathematical areas?
Question: Which topological properties do not carry over into groups?
Question: Why is the blue loop considered relevant?
Question: What causes the orange loop to shrink to a point?
Question: What results in a finite cycle?
Question: What positive integer is used to divide the sum of two positive integers in modular mathematics?
Answer: the modulus
Question: What results from modular addition?
Answer: the remainder of that division
Question: What type of device can be use to demonstrate modular addition?
Answer: a clock
Question: How many integers are divided in modular arithmetic?
Question: What are the two integers called?
Question: What is the result of the remained of the division?
Question: What is 9 in modular addition?
Question: If the hour hand is on 1 and is advanced by 4 hours, where does it end up?
Question: What term describes the group of integers related to a prime number?
Answer: modulo p
Question: What integers are included in modulo p?
Answer: 1 to p − 1
Question: How many group elements exist if p=5?
Answer: four group elements
Question: What describes a group of integers related to a modulo?
Question: What is the result of modular multiplication divided by?
Question: How many integers does p = 5 have?
Question: What is p divided by?
Question: What is 16 multiplied by 5 If p=5?
Question: What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive?
Answer: cyclic
Question: What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups?
Answer: Any cyclic group with n elements
Question: What example of cyclic group satisfies the express of zn = 1?
Answer: the group of n-th complex roots of unity
Question: A cyclic group without n elements is considered what?
Question: What element is not primitive in groups Z/nZ?
Question: What are groups called when element 1 is not primitive?
Question: What rotation results in multiplying but n?
Question: What are numbers on an irregular n-gon?
Question: What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?
Answer: Symmetry groups
Question: What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?
Answer: geometric nature
Question: What can regarded as the study of symmetry?
Answer: group theory
Question: What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?
Answer: group law
Question: The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?
Answer: group action
Question: What do symmetry groups make?
Question: Which equation is are used for the square?
Question: What is the study of geometrical or analytical objects called?
Question: What makes the study of symmetries easier?
Question: What does group action do to the tiling?
Question: What stage of a physical transformation can group theory be used to make prediction?
Answer: phase transition
Question: What temperature causes the change of ferroelectric materials?
Answer: Curie temperature
Question: What term describes the vibrational lattice mode that turns to 0 frequency at the change?
Answer: soft phonon mode
Question: What predicts the changes in group theory?
Question: Which stage can physical properties be used to make predictions about group theory?
Question: What temperature causes a change from ferroelectric to paraelectric?
Question: What is the frequency of a paraelectric state before transition?
Question: What is the name of the mode that moves material from a low-symmetry state to a high one?
Question: What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory?
Answer: Mathieu groups
Question: What is used for error correction of transferred data?
Answer: coding theory
Question: What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form?
Answer: differential Galois theory
Question: What concept investigates geometric elements that stay stable under group action?
Answer: invariant theory
Question: What theory is error correction applied to?
Question: Which form of finite symmetry groups are useless in coding theory?
Question: Mathieu groups have what kind of prescribed form?
Question: What stable properties does the Galois theory study?
Question: Geometric Invariant theory studies what kind of equations?
Question: What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?
Answer: The general linear group
Question: What term describes subgroups of the general linear group?
Answer: matrix groups
Question: What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?
Answer: the special orthogonal group SO(n)
Question: Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept?
Answer: Euler angles
Question: What are matrices and matrix groups combined called?
Question: The general linear group describes all possible what?
Question: What is an example of a large matrix group?
Question: What are subgroups of the special orthogonal group called?
Question: What type of angles are made of all invertible n-by-b matrices?
Question: What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?
Answer: degree 5 and higher
Question: What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?
Answer: Abstract properties of Galois groups
Question: What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?
Answer: radicals
Question: What degree must it be lower than to have simple formulas?
Question: What give criterion for abstract properties?
Question: Which group cannot be expressed using radicals?
Question: What is an example of a complex operation?
Question: What do cubic and quartic equations not have?
Question: What is the number of elements in a group named?
Answer: the order of the group
Question: What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?
Answer: fundamental
Question: What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle?
Answer: S3
Question: What is called the order of the group?
Question: What does a finite number of elements include?
Question: What can a subgroup of a symmetric group SN can be expressed as?
Question: What are the group of symmetries of a S3?
Question: What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts? 
Answer: complete classification
Question: What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic?
Answer: finite groups
Question: What defines finite groups of order p, a prime number, as being necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp?
Answer: Lagrange's theorem
Question: What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups?
Answer: Computer algebra systems
Question: What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups?
Answer: The Jordan–Hölder theorem
Question: Both p2 and p3 are what?
Question: What is used to classify all finite groups?
Question: When was the Jordan-Holder theorem published?
Question: What did Richard Borcherd make a complete classification of?
Question: What theorem details the link between the largest finite group and modular functions?
Question: What group operations must occur for group law and topology to integrate well?
Answer: continuous functions
Question: What is the most simple example of topological groups?
Answer: reals R under addition, (R ∖ {0}, ·),
Question: What variables do locally compact groups share that can be studied by harmonic analysis?
Answer: Haar measures
Question: What allows group law and group operations to interweave?
Question: What is group law endowed with?
Question: What are harmonic analyses studied using?
Question: What are topological spaces categorized by?
Question: How are groups that are not locally compact studied?
Question: What concepts are fundamental to number theory?
Answer: adele rings and adelic algebraic groups
Question: What group uses infinite field extensions with topology?
Answer: the absolute Galois group
Question: What is used to generalize the connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions?
Answer: Krull topology
Question: What group is an advanced observation of infinite field extensions and groups that is adapted for the needs of algebraic geometry?
Answer: the étale fundamental group
Question: What is basic to adele rings?
Question: Which Galois group does not use topology?
Question: What form of topology do Matrix groups use?
Question: The Galois group is adapted to the needs of what form of geometry?
Question: What is algebraic geometry adapted to the needs of?
Question: What connects continuous symmetries to conserved quantities?
Answer: Noether's theorem
Question: What term describes the basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics?
Answer: Rotation
Question: What concept relates measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other?
Answer: Lorentz transformations
Question: What describe the complete symmetry group of Minkowski space including translations?
Answer: Poincaré group
Question: What is important to Lie groups?
Question: What connects Lie groups with conserved quantities?
Question: What are basic laws of mechanics?
Question: What measures the time and velocity of two observers?
Question: What are the translations in a group of Minkowski space called?
Question: What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated?
Answer: monoid
Question: What type of numbers under addition form a monoid?
Answer: natural numbers N (including 0)
Question: What method formally adds inverses to elements to any monoid?
Answer: the Grothendieck group
Question: What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts?
Answer: the binary operation
Question: Axioms are defined by relaxing what?