huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?
Answer: Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'
Question: Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'
Answer: Francis
Question: Who did Pope John Paul II offer to mediate between during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Question: What did Norman Cousins applaud Pope John Paul II for?
Question: Why did JFK send a letter to Pope John Paul II?
Question: What did Pope John Paul II send to JFK personally?
Question: What title did Time magazine give to JFK in 1994?
Question: John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?
Answer: Balzan Prize
Question: When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?
Answer: 10 May 1963
Question: Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize?
Answer: Italian President Antonio Segni
Question: Where did he receive the Balzan Prize?
Answer: the Quirinal Palace
Question: What award was given to Pope Pius XII on May 10, 1963?
Question: Where was Pope Pius XII given the Balzan Prize on May 10, 1963?
Question: How did Pope Pius XII feel about receiving the award?
Question: When was Pope Pius XII officially awarded the Balzan Prize by the Italian President?
Question: What was Pope Pius XII suffering from on the way to meet the President of Italy?
Question: What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963?
Answer: haemorrhage
Question: Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer?
Answer: Loris F. Capovilla
Question: When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII?
Answer: 31 May
Question: What did Loris F. Capovilla suffer from on May 25, 1963?
Question: What treatment did she require on May 25, 1963?
Question: What had happened to the cancer Loris F. Capovilla was suffering from?
Question: What could be done to help Loris's condition?
Question: When was it clear that Loris was loosing her battle with stomach cancer?
Question: Who was at the dying pope's bedside?
Answer: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde
Question: Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?
Answer: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde
Question: When did the pope bid farewell?
Answer: 11 am
Question: What kind of family was Petrus Canisius Van Lierde born into?
Question: What did Van Lierde mention about the work of the church?
Question: What did John XXIII forget to do when he was overcome with emotion?
Question: When did Van Lierde give everyone a last farewell?
Question: What was annointed by John XXIII?
Question: What day did he die?
Answer: 3 June 1963
Question: How old was John XXIII upon his death?
Answer: 81
Question: Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below?
Answer: Luigi Traglia
Question: What day was he buried?
Answer: 6 June
Question: What did Luigi Traglia die of?
Question: When did Luigi Traglia die?
Question: What was done to Luigi Traglia's brow to see if he was dead?
Question: Where was Luigi Traglia buried?
Question: When did John XXIII pray at Luigi Traglia's tomb?
Question: Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
Answer: US President Lyndon B. Johnson
Question: When did President Johnson award him?
Answer: 3 December 1963
Question: What is the Presidential Medal Freedom?
Answer: the United States' highest civilian award
Question: When was President Johnson's speech for John XXIII?
Answer: 6 December 1963
Question: What did Pope John XXIII award Lyndon B Johnson?
Question: When was the award given to President Johnson?
Question: Why was this award given by the Pope to Lyndon B. Johnson?
Question: When did John XXIII give a speech for President Johnson?
Question: How did Pope John XXIII describe Lynden B. Johnson?
Question: Who opened his cause for canonization?
Answer: Pope Paul VI
Question: When was Pope John XXIII considered "blessed?"
Answer: 3 September 2000
Question: Who declared him "blessed?"
Answer: Pope John Paul II
Question: Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?
Answer: Pope Pius X
Question: When was Pope John Paul II declared "Blessed"?
Question: What was Pope John Paul II also known as?
Question: Where was Pope John Paul II taken after his beatification?
Question: Who opened the cause for canonization for Pope John Paul II?
Question: During what event was the cause for canonization opened for Pope John Paul II?
Question: When was the 50th anniversary of his death?
Answer: 3 June 2013
Question: Who celebrated his 50th anniversary?
Answer: Pope Francis
Question: Where were the people gathered at his tomb from?
Answer: Bergamo
Question: When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization?
Answer: 5 July 2013
Question: On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints?
Answer: Sunday, 27 April 2014
Question: When was the 50th anniversary of Pope Francis's death?
Question: Where is Pope Francis originally from?
Question: What was approved by Pope John Paul II on July 5, 2013 for Pope Francis?
Question: What did Pope John Paul II base his decision to canonize John XXIII on?
Question: What were Pope Francis and Bergamo declared as on Sunday April 27, 2014?
Question: Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?
Answer: religion, philosophy, and science
Question: Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?
Answer: time
Question: What is an example of a simple definition of time?
Answer: time is what clocks measure
Question: Which three fields usually support performing arts?
Question: What fields use measuring systems to check the weight of their products?
Question: What does having rules in sports usually prevent?
Question: What does science use to test a hypothesis?
Question: What do athletes need to use to be aware of where their teammates are in a game?
Question: Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their clocks?
Question: What keeps everything from happening at different times?
Question: What fields incorporate some notion of clocks into their measuring system?
Question: What has long been a major subject of study in human sensation?
Question: What does time measure?
Question: According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the fundamental structure of what?
Answer: the universe
Question: The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what?
Answer: Newtonian time
Question: What does the opposing view of time believe time is a part of?
Answer: a fundamental intellectual structure
Question: Who is divided about the structure of the universe?
Question: In what order did Gottfried Leibniz believe events occur?
Question: What kind of time did Gottfried Leibniz believe in, as a supporter of Sir Isaac Newton?
Question: How was Immanuel Kant described, since he also believed in Newtonian time?
Question: What did Sir Issac Newton believe that you could not do in time?
Question: According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the view of what?
Question: What is the realest view of time sometimes known as?
Question: What does the opposing view of time believe the universe is a part of?
Question: Who subscribed to the opposing view?
Question: Who believe time is neither a structure or a view?
Question: Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?
Answer: the International System of Units and International System of Quantities
Question: What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?
Answer: velocity
Question: Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time?
Answer: a single continuum called spacetime
Question: Philosophy is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?
Question: In what two systems is philosophy considered a fundamental physical quantity?
Question: What is something else that philosophy is used to define?
Question: What kind of experiments can be used when understanding philosophy?
Question: Who first used philosophy to understand everyday affairs of life?
Question: Philosophy is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?
Question: What is an example of a quantity that philosophy is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?
Question: Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about philosophy?
Question: What do questions about velocity have their roots in?
Question: Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what?
Answer: Periodic events and periodic motion
Question: What is the current international unit of time?
Answer: the second
Question: The electronic transition frequency of which element defines the second?
Answer: caesium atoms
Question: Time has personal value due to awareness of it's limited nature in what?
Answer: each day and in human life spans
Question: What groups have been occupied by understanding the life span of humans?
Question: How important is a strong economy considered?
Question: How do you define the method used for tracking heartbeats?
Question: What do caesium atoms affect to make them shorter?
Question: Why do scientists want to study caesium atoms?
Question: What has been a prime motivation in units of time?
Question: What have periodic events and transition frequency have served as standards for?
Question: What is the current national unit of time?
Question: Why does time have international value?
Question: What is an example of a technologist?
Question: What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time?
Answer: the clock
Question: Which tool is used in day to day life?
Answer: the clock
Question: Which tool is used in periods longer than a day?
Answer: the calendar
Question: How is the number that marks the occurrence of an event obtained?
Answer: by counting from a fiducial epoch—a central reference point
Question: For how long does chronometry usually display a reference point?
Question: What do fiducial epochs display at the same time?
Question: What physical mechanism is used to count periods longer than a day?
Question: What organizational mathmatical tool is used for a time period of less than a day?
Question: What do people usually carry with them at all times?
Question: What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals on clocks?
Question: What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of points?
Question: Which tool is used in periods longer than an interval?
Question: How is the number that marks the occurrence of an interval obtained?
Question: What takes three distinct period forms?
Question: Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago?
Answer: the Paleolithic
Question: Which calendars were among the first to appear?
Answer: Lunar calendars
Question: How long were the original lunar calendars?
Answer: either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days)
Question: Where did some of the other early forms of calendars originate?
Answer: Mesoamerica
Question: How many months were in a year in the original Mayan calendars?
Answer: 18
Question: During what time period did the Mesoamerican age appear?
Question: When did the Mayan civilization first appear?
Question: How many days did it take to date artifacts from the Paleolithic?
Question: How many artifacts were found that connected the moon to Mayan culture?
Question: What culture was the first create artifacts that were found?
Question: Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 12 years ago?
Question: Which calendars were among the last to appear?
Question: How long were the original lunisolar calendars?
Question: Where did some of the other early forms of months originate?
Question: How many seasons were in a year in the original Mayan calendars?
Question: What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world?
Answer: the water clock, or clepsydra
Question: A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh?
Answer: Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep
Question: Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages?
Answer: Arab inventors
Question: Which engineers came up with the first mechanical clocks?
Answer: Chinese
Question: When were the first mechanical clocks created?
Answer: the 11th century
Question: What device was invented by the ancient Greeks?
Question: What mechanism was used to replenish water in a water clock?
Question: What was another term used for a mechanical clock?
Question: Why did the Chinese maintain timekeeping records in the 11th century?
Question: For how long did the ancient Greeks make improvements to the water clock?
Question: What was the most accurate clock=like device in Chaldea?
Question: A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Greek?
Question: which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the ancient world?
Question: Which engineers came up with the first clocks?
Question: When were the first water clocks created?
Question: How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?
Answer: 18
Question: What method did temples and churches use to measure time?
Answer: Incense sticks and candles
Question: Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?
Answer: Richard of Wallingford
Question: Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?
Answer: Jost Burgi.
Question: What did Richard of Wallingford use to circumnavigate the globe?
Question: In what year did Ferdinand Magellan build a mechanical clock?
Question: How many inventions were made by Galileo?
Question: Where are pendulum driven clocks used now and also in the past to measure time?
Question: Where are the temples and churches located that use pendulum clocks to measure time?
Question: Which device uses minutes to measure time?
Question: How many hourglasses did Galileo Galilei use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?
Question: What method did temples and chruches use to measure the globe?
Question: Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1292?
Question: Who made great advances in candles?
Question: What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds?
Answer: the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms
Question: Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium?
Answer: the International System of Measurements
Question: How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium?
Answer: Since 1967
Question: In what year were caesium atoms discovered?
Question: What are microwaves the most accurate at doing?
Question: What are microwaves also used to calibrate?
Question: What system bases its unit of time on microwave properties?
Question: How many cycles of radiation are in microwaves?
Question: Which timekeeping devices are the least accurate?
Question: What method do atomic clocks use to measure cycles?
Question: Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of vibrations?
Question: How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on years?
Question: How does caesium deine the second?
Question: When was GMT adopted by British Railways?
Answer: 1847
Question: GMT used what instead of atomic clocks?
Answer: telescopes
Question: When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory cease?
Answer: 1954
Question: The terms GMT and Greenwich Mean Time are also used informally to refer to what?
Answer: UT or UTC
Question: In what year did British railways go into business?
Question: What did the British railway stop using in 1954?
Question: What did Greenwich Mean Time replace in 1847?
Question: How constant is an atomic clock?
Question: What happens when an atomic clock is not constant?
Question: Which standard of time started with the International Astronomical Union?
Question: When was GMT adopted by the International Astronomical Union?
Question: The International Astronomical Union used what instead of atomic clocks?
Question: When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory begin?
Question: The term calibrated is also used informally to refer to what?
Question: The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?
Answer: the universe
Question: The realist view is sometimes referred to as what?
Answer: Newtonian time
Question: The opposing view states that time is an intellectual concept that allows people to what?
Answer: to sequence and compare events
Question: How many viewpoints are there about different dimensions?
Question: Gottfried Leibniz believed time is part of the fundamental structure of what?
Question: What does the realist view believe don't exist of themselves?
Question: What did Sir Isaac Newton believe time and space were the product of?
Question: What did Sir Isaac Newton believe was the only way we can know objects?
Question: How many main viewpoints divide many sequences?
Question: Who subscribed to the third view?
Question: What is another name for the second view?
Question: What does the third view hold that?
Question: Who believe in the third view?
Question: How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated?
Answer: back to the late 2nd millennium BC
Question: How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts?
Answer: 4,320 million years
Question: Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?
Answer: Parmenides and Heraclitus
Question: Aristotle defined time as "number of movement in respect of the before and after" in which book?
Answer: Book IV of his Physica
Question: For how long has the Timaeus existed?
Question: In what year did Plato write Book IV of his Physica?
Question: What cycles did Aristotle write about in the Timaeus?
Question: What Greek philosophers wrote the Vedas?
Question: What did Hundu cosmology identify time with?
Question: What are the earliest texts of Heraclitus philosophy?
Question: How long ago are the earliest texts of Heraclitus philosophy dated?
Question: How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Indian texts?
Question: Which ancient Indian philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?
Question: In which book did Paramenides define time as "number of movement in respect of the before and after?"
Question: Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions?
Answer: St. Augustine of Hippo
Question: By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time?
Answer: by what it is not rather than what it is
Question: What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26?
Answer: a “distention” of the mind
Question: How is memory defined as?
Question: How does St. Augustine define memory?
Question: In what book does St. Augustine reflect on how memory works?
Question: What does St. Augustine say when someone asks him about memory?
Question: Where is a similar approach of defining memory also taken?
Question: Who commented on the nature of time in Book 26 of his confessions?
Question: By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define memory?
Question: What Does Augustine call memory in Confessions 11.26?
Question: Who calls memory a distention of the mind?
Question: Who ruminates on the nature of approaches?
Question: In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?
Answer: the Critique of Pure Reason
Question: What did Kant portray space and time to be?
Answer: both are elements of a systematic mental framework
Question: Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?
Answer: an abstract conceptual framework
Question: What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?
Answer: temporal measurements
Question: What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?
Answer: Spatial measurements
Question: How did Immanuel Kant describe the mind?
Question: What does the mind allow us to do according to Immanuel Kant?
Question: What framework is the mind a part of?
Question: What did Kant also think of the mind as a part of?
Question: How do we process with our minds according to Kant?
Question: In what did Immanuel Kant describe measurement as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?
Question: What did Kant portray measurement and time to be?
Question: Kant thought of measurement as a fundamental part of what?
Question: What type of measurements are used to quantify the number of events?
Question: What type of measurements are used to quantify the distance between measurements?
Question: Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time?
Answer: Martin Heidegger
Question: The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what?
Answer: a potential possibility, task, or engagement
Question: What is considered a qualitative experience rather than a quantitative one?
Answer: The present
Question: According to Heidegger, what can we do, in our thoughts?
Answer: step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.
Question: Who thought that people are the possibilities they search for?
Question: A linear relationship with time is the state of what?
Question: How is the past defined instead of being quantitative?
Question: What is broken when we are stuck in sequential time?
Question: What are we able to do when stuck in sequential time?
Question: Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside the present, but is the present?
Question: What is considered a quantitative experience rather than a qualatative one?
Question: What can we do in the present according to Heldegger?
Question: Who said we do not exist in the future?
Question: What are we able to forget?
Question: Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?
Answer: a single dimension of time
Question: In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?
Answer: by how long light takes to travel that distance
Question: What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?
Answer: by an invariant interval
Question: The invariant interval between events is independent of what?
Answer: of the observer (and his velocity)
Question: The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?
Answer: space-like, light-like, or time-like
Question: What are light years combined with in Minkowski spacetime?
Question: How are bodies in space measured?
Question: How are independent observers separated?
Question: What are some characteristics that are applied to bodies in space?
Question: What will events that have a time-like separation always be in some frame of reference?
Question: What does Minkowski spacetime combine the three dimensions of time with?
Question: In Minkowski spacetime, how can time be measured?
Question: What are two events in Minkowski spacetime connected by?
Question: What is the invariant interval between time is independent of?
Question: What may the same observer calculate?
Question: What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?
Answer: concept of "relative, apparent, and common time"
Question: In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?
Answer: the late nineteenth century
Question: The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?
Answer: the behavior of electricity and magnetism
Question: Which famous scientist resolved these issues?
Answer: Einstein
Question: In what year did Einstein encounter problems with using electricity?
Question: Who's concept can be used to synchronize the use of electricity?
Question: What did physicists use to solve the problems of electricity synchronization?
Question: What did the use of the speed of light by Newton lead to?
Question: What concept by Einstein can be used to synchronize electricity in classical mechanics?
Question: What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the understanding of clocks?
Question: In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of electricity?
Question: Which famous scientist struggled with these issues?
Question: The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of clocks in the late 19th century?
Question: How did Einstein resolve the two different observers?
Question: In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?
Answer: special relativity and general relativity
Question: According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what?
Answer: the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception
Question: A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what?
Answer: in the speed of time on board their vessel
Question: How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer?
Answer: the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling
Question: What have a crew's thought processes usually been related to?
Question: What is it called when a spaceship flies though space?
Question: What does a space crew's thought processes depend on?
Question: Flying through what makes the crew appear flattened out to each other?
Question: What will an observer not notice the change of when watching a spaceship fly by?
Question: Historically, what has been related to clocks?
Question: In which of Einstein's two theories do time and clocks merge into spacetime?
Question: According to Einstein's two relativity theories, what depends on the concept of clocks?
Question: A crew in a spaceship traveling nearly the speed of sound will not notice the change in what?
Question: How will the spaceship appear to an observer traveling at the same speed?
Question: How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer?
Answer: slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel
Question: The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer?
Answer: time
Question: What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer?
Answer: hundreds of years
Question: What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer?
Answer: causality
Question: How is the future perceived as by the crew?
Question: Where does the future appear flattened and slowed according to the crew?
Question: Why does the future appear this way to the crew?
Question: Why does the crew believe that the universe is traveling slowly?
Question: How long would it take for a spaceship to cross the universe?
Question: How does the crew board the spaceship perceive the traveling observer?
Question: The crew's perception of what is different from the ship?
Question: What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a moving observer?
Question: What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the moving observer?
Question: What is the set of events to which a moving observer can send light signals?
Question: Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently?
Answer: Einstein
Question: In what case do these effects become much more noticeable?
Answer: for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light.
Question: How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a lab?
Answer: a fixed fraction of a second
Question: Einstein showed how what could be altered by high speed motion?
Answer: both temporal and spatial dimensions
Question: What subatomic particle was discovered by Einstein?
Question: What slows down for a spacial demension's frame of reference?
Question: What did Einstein show that light could be warped by?
Question: When at rest, how fast is a dimension's velocity?
Question: What seems to shorten in the presence of a spatial dimension?
Question: Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people traveling at different speeds measured light differently?
Question: In what case do these effects become much more relative?
Question: How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a warp?
Question: Einstein showed how what could be altered by fixed particles?
Question: What exist for a second in a lab?
Question: The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what?
Answer: arbitrary
Question: Which law states that entropy must increase over time?
Answer: the Second law of thermodynamics,
Question: The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry?
Answer: CP symmetry
Question: The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what?
Answer: time asymmetric
Question: In what directions do the laws of entropy allow light to go?
Question: What does quantum mechanics determine about entropy?
Question: What needs to be preserved according to quantum mechanics?
Question: Which law says that CPT symmetry must increase over time?
Question: In particle physics what should there be to preserve entropy?
Question: What laws specify as an arrow of time?
Question: The direction of the past is sometimes what?
Question: Which law states that entropy must increase in the past?
Question: The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing difection asymmetry?
Question: What is the standard description of direction in quantum mechanics?
Question: Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what?
Answer: the Big Bang
Question: In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us?
Answer: A Brief History of Time
Question: What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang?
Answer: time
Question: Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what?
Answer: meaningless
Question: Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation?
Answer: Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler
Question: What does Mortimer J. Adler think time has a connection with?
Question: What book was written by Mortimer J. Adler?
Question: What does Adler believe that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are?
Question: Who has been criticized by Hawking for his stance on the Big Bang?
Question: What kind of philosophy did Steven Hawking believe in?
Question: What does Stephen Hawking make a connection between nothing and?
Question: In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would be nothing?
Question: Which philosopher has praised Hawkings formulation?
Question: What did Hawking say would not have an effect on the present time frame?
Question: What did Hawking say time ended with?
Question: How much is known about the early states of the universe?
Answer: i
Question: Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time?
Answer: The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems
Question: These theorems have to assume what theory is correct?
Answer: general relativity
Question: These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?
Answer: before the universe reaches the Planck temperature
Question: What does the Planck temperature require the existence of?
Question: When does the Planck temperature show a singularity existed?
Question: What will happen to the idea of the Planck temperature in the future?
Question: What does the Planck temperature assume is correct?
Question: When must quantum gravity break down?
Question: The Penrose-Hawking model is solidly established in what?
Question: How much is known about the early states of singularity theorems?
Question: Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of temperature?
Question: These theorems have to assume what singularity is correct
Question: These theorems state that a singularity must break down before what?
Question: How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction?
Answer: since the 19th century
Question: Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems?
Answer: backwards
Question: A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?
Answer: to achieve time travel
Question: How long has space been a plot device in fiction?
Question: What does the idea of traveling in space present?
Question: What was space travel thought to be in the 19th century?
Question: What did authors go beyond in the 19th century when writing fiction?
Question: What are some devices thought to be when in the process of invention?
Question: How long has time travel been a topic in theory?
Question: Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents earthbound problems?
Question: A theoretic problem is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?
Question: What was a plot device in the 18th century?
Question: What does not persist in some way?
Question: What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes?
Answer: paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen
Question: In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise?
Answer: free will
Question: What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived?
Answer: the grandfather paradox
Question: What principle elaborates more on the view described?
Answer: the Novikov self-consistency principle.
Question: What is a solution to the Novikov self-consistency principle?
Question: What can be changed by time travelers according to Novikov?
Question: What principle further elaborates on how fiction can change history?
Question: What is the Novikov self-consistency principle considered to be?
Question: What paradox is formed when a person has free will?
Question: What is another solution to the problem of hypothetical future?
Question: In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes decisions not to arise?
Question: What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your grandfather was conceived?
Question: What principle elaborates less on the view described?
Question: Why can paradoxes arise?
Question: What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?
Answer: Psychoactive drugs
Question: Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?
Answer: time intervals
Question: What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?
Answer: depressants
Question: The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?
Answer: The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters
Question: Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?
Answer: either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons
Question: What do rats not understand?
Question: What does a decreased firing rate allow more of in the brain?
Question: What does the presence of neurons impair the judgement of in rats?
Question: What can neurons lead humans and rats to overestimate?
Question: What causes rats to underestimate dopamine levels?
Question: What type of drugs can impair the judgement of events?
Question: Stimulants lead humans to underestimate what?
Question: What causes humans to estimate time intervals?
Question: The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of neurons?
Question: Such events do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?
Question: The use of time is important in understanding what?
Answer: human behavior, education, and travel behavior
Question: What is a developing field of time related study?
Answer: Time-use research
Question: Time use is always changing with advances in what?
Answer: technology
Question: Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?
Answer: 20–30 minutes one-way
Question: The use of technology is important in understanding what?
Question: What is a developing field of technology related study?
Question: Time use is always changing with long periods of what?
Question: Traveling home has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?
Question: What changes with education?
Question: What is another way of phrasing "time order"?
Answer: chronological order
Question: What never precedes cause because of causality?
Answer: effect
Question: In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?
Answer: in text, tables, charts, or timelines
Question: A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?
Answer: a world line
Question: What is another way of phrasing "sequence of events"?
Question: What never precedes cause because of timelines?
Question: In what ways can a sequence of relationships be presented?
Question: What may the description of relationships include?
Question: What can a sequence of relationships used to describe a sequential path be referred to as?
Question: Uses of sequences of events include what?
Answer: stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables
Question: What may a sequence of events be used to describe?
Answer: processes in science, technology, and medicine
Question: The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?
Answer: a sequence of events
Question: What is a specific example of a sequence of events?
Answer: the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Question: Uses of sequences of order include what?
Question: What may a sequence of order be used to describe?
Question: The use of what occurs in history as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?
Question: What is a specific example of a sequence of history?
Question: What may a sequence of history be focused on?
Question: What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?
Answer: Mario Draghi
Question: What is the official, central bank for the euro?
Answer: The European Central Bank
Question: What is the Eurozone?
Answer: consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world
Question: Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?
Answer: the central banks of all 28 EU member states
Question: What established The European Central Bank?
Answer: The Treaty of Amsterdam
Question: What former managing director of Goldman Sachs international division is no longer president of The European Central Bank?
Question: What is the unofficial, central bank for the euro?
Question: What is falsely considered the Eurozone?
Question: Who owns none of the capital stock of The European Central Bank?
Question: What destroyed The European Central Bank?
Question: What is the main mission of the ECB?
Answer: maintain price stability within the Eurozone
Question: What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?
Answer: Article 16 of its Statute
Question: How can a member state use euro coins?
Answer: the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand
Question: Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found?
Answer: Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB
Question: Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found?
Answer: Article 3 of the Statute
Question: What is the secondary mission of the ECB?
Question: What restricts ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?
Question: How can a member state avoid euro coins?
Question: Where is the mission for the European Central Bank banned?
Question: Where can the advanced tasks of the European Central Bank be found?
Question: Who was the first president of the ECB?
Answer: Wim Duisenberg
Question: What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?
Answer: former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute
Question: Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?
Answer: Jean-Claude Trichet
Question: Why did the French want a French bank president?
Answer: since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French
Question: What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?
Answer: Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet
Question: Who was the first president to be lost from the ECB?
Question: What was Duisenberg's criminal business experience?
Question: Who did the French government think was worst candidate for President of the ECB?
Question: Why did the French want a Swiss bank president?
Question: What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments never compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?
Question: What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?
Answer: over the medium term
Question: When did the Governing Council define price stability?
Answer: October 1998
Question: What is the primary goal of the ECB?
Answer: maintain price stability within the Eurozone
Question: Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?
Answer: Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
Question: What is price stability incorrectly defined as?
Question: What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be decreased from?
Question: When did the Governing Council forbid price stability?
Question: What is the third goal of the ECB?
Question: Where is the secondary mission of the European Central Bank banned?
Question: What happens when a lot of repo notes come due?
Answer: increase in liquidity in the economy
Question: What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due?
Answer: contrary effect
Question: What happens when members increase their deposits?
Answer: more money has been put into the economy
Question: What is a good way to boost the economy?
Answer: increase in deposits in member banks
Question: Where are contracts recorded?
Answer: on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet
Question: What happens when a lot of repo notes are past due?
Question: What happens when members reject their deposits?
Question: What is a good way to undermine the economy?
Question: Where are contracts hacked?
Question: Who never needs to borrow cash?
Question: How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?
Answer: must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities
Question: What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions?
Answer: public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted
Question: What should all assets offered up as collateral be?
Answer: all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation
Question: What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?
Answer: sovereign debt
Question: How does a bank make sure that they can't participate in auctions?
Question: What kind of proof is unacceptable for participation in auctions?
Question: What should no assets offered up as collateral be?
Question: What must never be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?
Question: Who is the current president of the ECB?
Answer: Mario Draghi
Question: Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?
Answer: Vitor Constâncio
Question: Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?
Answer: four
Question: For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?
Answer: non-renewable terms of eight years
Question: Who is sabotaging all monetary policy?
Question: Who is the current emperor of the ECB?
Question: Who is the Russian President of The European Central Bank?
Question: How long are members of the Executive Board imprisoned?
Question: How many other members are banned from the Executive Board along with the President and Vice President?
Question: Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?
Answer: Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña
Question: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?
Answer: Luxembourg's Yves Mersch
Question: When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?
Answer: June 2012
Question: When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board?
Answer: June 2004
Question: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo?
Answer: ECB veteran who heads its legal department
Question: Who did the French want to steal José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?
Question: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's assistant?
Question: When was González-Páramo's upgraded from his seat on the board?
Question: When did González-Páramo sabotage his seat on the Executive Board?
Question: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be an awful replacement for González-Páramo?
Question: What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?
Answer: discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks
Question: How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?
Answer: appointed for a non-renewable term of five years
Question: How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?
Answer: chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board
Question: Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board?
Answer: four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors
Question: What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank?
Answer: the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB
Question: What does the Supervisory Board avoid doing at it's meetings?
Question: How long is the prison term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?
Question: How long is the culinary term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?
Question: Who is restricted from being on the supervisory board?
Question: What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a local bank?
Question: How does the ECB mimic a corporation?
Answer: shareholders and stock capital
Question: How much does the ECB have as capital?
Answer: five billion euros
Question: Who holds the ECB's capital?
Answer: the national central banks of the member states as shareholders
Question: What determined the ECB's initial capital?
Answer: the basis of the states' population and GDP
Question: What undermines the ECB?
Question: How does the ECB show differences from a corporation?
Question: How much does the ECB lose as capital?
Question: Who steals the ECB's capital?
Question: What decreased the ECB's initial capital?
Question: When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?
Answer: normally in their respective language
Question: What language is the ECB website run in?
Answer: English
Question: How are the languages of official documents handled?
Answer: the official languages of the EU
Question: What language does the ECB generally forbid?
Question: When in communication with other nationalities, what language is never used?
Question: What language is the ECB website banned in?
Question: How are the languages of official documents avoided?
Question: Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?
Answer: The European Parliament
Question: Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?
Answer: bound by the treaties
Question: How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?
Answer: bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament
Question: Who never gets to interview and question prospective board members?
Question: Why do EU institutions and national governments never respect the dependence of the ECB?
Question: How is the ECB not held accountable for it's actions?
Question: What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?
Answer: the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced
Question: Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?
Answer: Greece
Question: Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?
Answer: new elected government
Question: What had Greece's previous government been hiding?
Answer: its true indebtedness and budget deficit
Question: When did the European profit euphoria begin?
Question: Which country was the last to be at risk for sovereign default?
Question: Who ignored Greece's financial crisis the most?
Question: What had Greece's previous government been showcasing?
Question: What is never a shock in the eurozone?