huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which time period was used in the example of shifts in physical dynamics?
Question: What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly excluding women?
Question: What structures were not changed due to the U.S. feminist movement?
Question: What conditions are never a factor?
Question: In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?
Answer: fast food
Question: What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?
Answer: the sharing of ideas
Question: Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?
Answer: Diffusion of innovations
Question: What is internally affected via contact between societies?
Question: In the example given, what seemed common when introduced into China but is exotic in the United States?
Question: What does the term Stimulus infusion mean?
Question: What refers to technological or tangible infusion from one culture to another?
Question: What theory presents a research-based model of why and when groups and cultures adopt old ideas, practices, and products?
Question: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity".
Answer: Immanuel Kant
Question: What does the term Sapere aude mean?
Answer: Dare to be wise
Question: Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?
Answer: Johann Gottfried Herder
Question: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred maturity"
Question: Who argued that immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think dependently?
Question: What term was considered man's emergence into his self-incurred immaturity?
Question: Who argued that human creativity is not as important as human rationality?
Question: Who proposed an individualistic form of bildung?
Question: Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?
Answer: Wilhelm von Humboldt
Question: During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?
Answer: Romantic era
Question: What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?
Answer: Weltanschauung
Question: Which Prussian linguist called for an ontology?
Question: Which era did scholars of Germany develop a less inclusive culture?
Question: What was the Russian name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?
Question: Which scholars were never concerned with nationalist movements?
Question: According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?
Answer: elementary ideas
Question: What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?
Answer: Adolf Bastian
Question: Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?
Answer: Franz Boas
Question: What did Adolf Bastian believe all human societies ignored?
Question: Who argued for "The psychic separation of mankind"?
Question: Who first taught Bastian's ideas on culture?
Question: What Hungarian term means "folk ideas"?
Question: What view did not have a paved way for modern understanding?
Question: What was associated with culture during this German practice?
Answer: art, classical music, and haute cuisine
Question: Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?
Answer: urban life
Question: The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?
Answer: inequalities within European societies.
Question: What did culture never refer to in practice?
Question: What was associated with culture during this American practice?
Question: What movement had little interest in folklore?
Question: When did the idea of "culture" stop in Europe?
Question: Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Question: Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans?
Answer: Native Americans
Question: "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they?
Answer: "civilized" and "uncivilized."
Question: Matthew Arnold blended "culture" with what?
Question: Who combined "culture" with "the state of nature"?
Question: Which race was considered living "outside of nature" by the Europeans?
Question: What concept contains no contrast between it?
Question: What location is never more civilized than others?
Question: Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?
Answer: classical music
Question: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?
Answer: noble savages
Question: What type of music did critics associate with respected high culture?
Question: Which type of music is always superficial and decadent?
Question: When was there no differentiation between higher and lower culture?
Question: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the foreign people?
Question: What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?
Answer: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.
Question: In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?
Answer: 20th century
Question: Who's definition of culture did anthropologists reject?
Question: What four fields make up European anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?
Question: Which century had "culture" as a secondary concept of European anthropology emerge?
Question: What commonly refers to the universal human capacity to hack human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically decoded experiences socially?
Question: What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?
Answer: ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects
Question: What does non-material culture refer to?
Answer: non physical ideas
Question: The term material culture is only relevant to what?
Answer: archeological and anthropological studies
Question: Who referred to culture as a cultivation of groups?
Question: What detracts from the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?
Question: What does non-material culture ignore?
Question: The term material culture is not relevant to what?
Question: Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?
Answer: Alfred Weber
Question: What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?
Answer: scientific methods
Question: Where did sociology culture become rejected?
Question: Who was the last to refer to culture as sociology?
Question: Which sociologists tend to accept scientific methods?
Question: What has never been an important concept across many branches of sociology?
Question: Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?
Answer: Marx, Durkheim, and Weber
Question: What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?
Answer: popular culture, political control, and social class
Question: What is most of the research into sociological culture ?
Answer: qualitative
Question: Which three early theorists helped eliminate the sociology of culture?
Question: What were the main elements for the field of Sociology culture?
Question: What is the least of the research into sociological culture ?
Question: What were never concerns in the field?
Question: Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?
Answer: Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988)
Question: What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams  they identify culture as?
Answer: consumption goods and leisure activities
Question: What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?
Answer: art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing
Question: What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?
Answer: saw patterns of consumption and leisure
Question: Which scientist created Marxism in the United Kingdom?
Question: What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams discount culture as?
Question: What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on individuals and the organization of destruction?
Question: Where did Marxism begin?
Question: In the U.S what does "Cultural Studies" focus largely on in this field?
Answer: popular culture
Question: Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United States?
Answer: Richard Hoggart
Question: What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?
Answer: Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS
Question: The CCCS has since been associated with who?
Answer: Stuart Hall
Question: In the UK what does "Cultural Studies" focus little on in this field?
Question: Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United Kingdom?
Question: What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1954?
Question: The CCCS has since been disassociated with who?
Question: Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?
Answer: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie
Question: What did Stuart and his colleagues create?
Answer: international intellectual movement.
Question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?
Answer: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender
Question: Capitalism can be referred to as what process?
Answer: a process called globalization
Question: Who did Stuart Hall never work with?
Question: What did Stuart and his colleagues eliminate?
Question: Capitalism can never be referred to as what process?
Question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often ignore?
Question: The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?
Answer: films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles
Question: Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?
Answer: high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture
Question: What makes up cooperative cultural studies? 
Answer: based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies
Question: The idea of text in cultural studies can never include what forms other than written language?
Question: Which two practices have become the least focused on in cultural studies?
Question: What disregards cooperative cultural studies?
Question: What has never been studied by researchers?
Question: Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?
Answer: late 1970s
Question: When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?
Answer: 1950s and 1960s
Question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?
Answer: Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall
Question: Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?
Answer: the University of Birmingham
Question: When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies?
Question: When did the British version of cultural studies end?
Question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the United States?
Question: Which University was not allowed to do research of cultural studies?
Question: Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?
Answer: Lindlof and Taylor
Question: From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled  to essentially control a culture?
Answer: the economic base
Question: Which two wrote Cultural studies are grounded in a rationalist, conservative-pluralist tradition?
Question: What did they believe was unnecessary to control a culture from a Marxist view?
Question: Who contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art news and philosophy?
Question: Which writer contributed to cultural studies from the field of science and French modernism?
Question: What never criticized the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product?
Question: How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?
Answer: 29 ways
Question: What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?
Answer: enlightenment
Question: What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?
Answer: secular society
Question: How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believe cultural consistency can be based on?
Question: What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be opposite of?
Question: What type of society was not seen from Raimon's 29 ways?
Question: What kind of society is very religious?
Question: Who pointed out there are 26 ways in which cultural change can be brought about?
Question: What is the third largest desert in the world?
Answer: The Sahara
Question: What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?
Answer: 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)
Question: What is the hottest desert in the world?
Answer: Sahara
Question: What is the largest desert in the world?
Question: What desert is larger than the Antarcti and Arctic desert?
Question: What desert is 9,400,000 sq mi?
Question: What continant does the Sahara cover most of?
Question: What is the next largeast African desert?
Question: What is the surface area of the Arctic?
Question: What does Antarctica mean in Arabic?
Question: What desert is part of the United States?
Question: What does the name Sahel come from?
Question: What valley is located in the Sahara?
Question: What does the Sahara have little to none of?
Answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert
Question: The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?
Answer: grassland and desert shrub
Question: What does the Sahara have little of?
Answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert
Question: How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?
Answer: years
Question: What are the conditions in the central Nubian desert?
Question: What desert has a hyperarid northern and southern region?
Question: where are the grasslands in the Libyan Desert?
Question: What region goes months without rain?
Question: What are the subdivisions of the northern and southern reaches?
Question: What areas are characterized by frequent rains?
Question: Which section of the Sahara is filled with vegetation?
Question: Where are grasslands and shrubs frequently found in abundance?
Question: Where are the highlands located?
Question: What ocean is North of the Sahara?
Question: What forest is to the western Sahara?
Question: What climate has cool and rainy summers?
Question: who claims the northern Sahara corresponds to the southern limit of date palm cultivation
Question: What sea is located in Libya?
Question: Where is Frank White from?
Question: How much rain does northern Africa get?
Question: What grass is typically found in Cyrenaica?
Question: Who discovered esparato?
Question: What kind of climate does the Sahel have?
Answer: dry tropical
Question: What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?
Answer: 150 mm
Question: What type of Savanah is north and south of the Sahara
Question: What drought tolerant plant grows south of the Sahara?
Question: What type of grass grows on the northern Shara?
Question: How much rain does the Sahara get?
Question: What is to the north of the Sahara?
Question: What is the Cenchrus biflorus a member of?
Question: What is the short term southern limit of the Sahara's precipitation?
Question: What extends across Africa from north to south?
Question: What type of grass is atypical to the Sahel?
Question: What ares is the Sahara located in?
Answer: horse latitudes
Question: What makes it difficult for clouds to form?
Answer: sinking air
Question: What is the largest high-latitude desert?
Question: What desert is located on the subtropical ridge?
Question: What does the rising air do?
Question: What aids cloud formation?
Question: What is the largest high latitude desert?
Question: What does the ascending airflow cause?
Question: Where is the belt of permanent subtropical warm-core pressure located?
Question: What causes adiabatic cooling?
Question: Why is cloud formation so common?
Question: What weather is virtually non-existent?
Answer: rainfall
Question: Where is the air the strongest?
Answer: eastern part of the Great Desert
Question: What traps thermal radiation?
Question: What is caused by the atmospheres in-stability?
Question: What combines with converging dry air masses to make conditions for rain unfavorable?
Question: What is strongest over the western desert?
Question: What part of the Sahara is the most rainless part of the planet?
Question: What prevents light and thermal radiation?
Question: Why is there a minimal risk of sunny, dry, or stable weather?
Question: Where was the Koppen climate classification created?
Question: What is strongest over the northern part of the Great Desert?
Question: What desert, located in Chile, is the sunniest, driest, and most rainless place on the planet?
Question: What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most   accentuated?
Answer: eastern
Question: What is the air mass lying above the Sahara?
Answer: hot and dry
Question: What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over?
Answer: North-African desert
Question: over what region is there the most cloud coverage?
Question: What is the prevailing air mass to the North of the Sahara?
Question: whattype of air masses form over Africa?
Question: What kind of low forms high above the desert?
Question: What type of high is strongest in the summer?
Question: What is most accentuated over the western section of the Sahara?
Question: When is the air mass at its weakest?
Question: What is the North Atlantic Ocean an extension of?
Question: When does the Azores High nearly reach the ground?
Question: What does the extreme heating process prevent?
Question: What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?
Answer: Atlas Mountains
Question: Where are the Atlas Mountains located?
Answer: Algeria
Question: what is blocked buy the surface low pressure?
Question: what contributes to the moisture that is present in the desert?
Question: what is explained by the subtropical low-pressure?
Question: What mountains reduce some of the aridity?
Question: What is the sole cause of extreme aridity in the Sahara?
Question: Where is the Sahara located?
Question: What mountain range is located in the Sahara?
Question: What limits the effects of the mountains?
Question: What is to the north of the Atlas Mountains?
Question: What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?
Answer: low-pressure systems
Question: What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture?
Answer: lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism
Question: What does the desert have to overcome?
Answer: barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation
Question: What is the temperature like year around in the desert?
Answer: high temperatures year-round
Question: Where is the low-pressure that stops rainfall in the Shara?
Question: Why does the Sahara lack moisture?
Question: What aids the production of percipitation in the Sahara?
Question: What desert has low but regelar rainfall?
Question: What does the lack of moisture in the Sahara cause?
Question: What do physical and atmospheric barriers cause?
Question: What has the highest recorded humidity year round?
Question: When are high temperatures erratic?
Question: What is furthest from the equator in the Sahara?
Question: What is the value temperature of most of the desert?
Answer: 25 °C
Question: What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the   desert?
Answer: 82% of the time
Question: What is the annual average direct solar irradiation?
Answer: around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)
Question: During daytime how high can the temperatures reach?
Answer: 80 °C (176 °F)
Question: What does the eastern desert get 3600 annual hours of?
Question: How much bright sunlight does lower Egypt recieve?
Question: What type of energy production is difficult due to the heat?
Question: What is the second largest continuious area in the world?
Question: What reaches 80 degrees F during the day?
Question: How much solar energy does the Sahara produce per year?
Question: What is the lowest temperature recorded in the Sahara?
Question: What is the elevation of the Nubian Desert?
Question: What is the average low temperature in Salah?
Question: What is the temperature of the sand during the night?
Question: What is the reason the northern fringe receives more   cloudiness and rainfall?
Answer: low pressure systems
Question: What is the average rainfall of the Sahara?
Answer: less than 1 mm
Question: How much desert land is the Sahara?
Answer: 9,000,000 km2 of desert land
Question: What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and   rainfall?
Answer: Intertropical Convergence Zone
Question: what is nearly non existent across the Sahara?
Question: What contributes to the north's cloudiness and moderate rainfall??
Question: What area is cloudy and dry in the summer?
Question: What has a land area of 9,000,000 sq mi?
Question: What area receives the least amount of winter cloudiness?
Question: What is drastically affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances?
Question: What percentage of Niger receives and annual rainfall above 10mm?
Question: What percentage of Dakhla has an annual rainfall of 5mm or less?
Question: What is rainfall like in the western fringes of the desert?
Question: What months do the summer rains happen?
Answer: July and August
Question: What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?
Answer: 100 to 200 mm
Question: How much land does the ecoregion cover?
Answer: 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)
Question: what ecoregion runs north and south in a norrow band?
Question: Where does it not rain in July and August?
Question: How much land does the Sahara cover?
Question: What sustains the spring pastures and grasslands?
Question: When does less than 100mm of rain fall?
Question: What is the name of the band running from north to south in the Sahara?
Question: How long is the ICZ?
Question: How much rain does Algeria get?
Question: What months are the driest?
Question: What is between the South Saharan steppe and the hyper-arid Sahara?
Question: What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?
Answer: five hundred species
Question: What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?
Answer: growing lower
Question: Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?
Answer: thick stems
Question: What helps plants in order to get as much water as   possible?
Answer: long roots that travel horizontally
Question: what desert area  has 500 species of animals?
Question: What type of plants have partially adapted to the arid conditions?
Question: what do plants release through their stem?
Question: What does the central Sahara have an unusually large number of given its area?
Question: How many acacia trees are there in central Sahara?
Question: Why do many plants grow higher than normal in the Sahara?
Question: What in the Sahara grows its roots vertically?
Question: What aspect of the plants' leaves allows them to lose water?
Question: What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?
Answer: April to October
Question: How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?
Answer: 2,000
Question: How many immature cheetahs are there?
Question: What months are cheetahs most active?
Question: How many mature cheetahs are in Chad?
Question: What is the coloring of the northeast subspecies of cheetah?
Question: What underground items have lead to soil degradation?
Answer: irrigated water pumped
Question: What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?
Answer: natural resources
Question: What is least likely to affect a habitat?
Question: Why did development projects start in Algeria and Tunisia?
Question: Which populations have been growing?
Question: Why are oases being endangered?
Question: What prevents soil degradation?
Question: How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?
Answer: Over 30,000 petroglyphs
Question: What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?
Answer: the Nile Valley
Question: What is believed to have increased temperatures in the   Sahara?
Answer: shifts in the Earth's axis
Question: How many dinosaur fossils have been found?
Question: When was the first dinosaur fossil found?
Question: What has the age of the oldest fossil be dated at?
Question: What type of petroglyhps have been found in the Nile Valley?
Question: Where is the Nile Valley located?
Question: What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?
Answer: cattle and herdsmen
Question: What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?
Answer: Megaliths
Question: When was the onset of desertification?
Question: What was the barren desert Nubia once called?
Question: When was Stonehenge created?
Question: What astronomy devices were built in the Wadi el-Qa'ab?
Question: What kind of lifestyle did the people of the Old Kingdom of Egypt have?
Question: By what time period were the Egyptians constructing  large buildings?
Answer: 6000 BCE
Question: What items replaced previously items made of stone?
Answer: Metal objects
Question: In which direction were the dead facing when they were   buried?
Answer: due west
Question: What replaced metal objects?
Question: Which direction were large buildings built to face?
Question: By what era did occupation of the Al Fayyum end?
Question: What made Egyptian preservation rites difficult?
Question: What diet did Egyptians begin to move away from?
Question: By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?
Answer: 3400 BCE
Question: What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?
Answer: reduced precipitation and higher temperatures
Question: What area is known for having the majority of the trade?
Answer: the Nile Valley
Question: When did the Sahara become accessible to humans?
Question: What features of the Nile made it ideal for trading?
Question: Where did people trade in the Sahara before the aridification?
Question: What caused the shift in the earth's orbit?
Question: How did humans cause the aridification of the Sahara?
Question: Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?
Answer: the Atlantic coast
Question: Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant   fear?
Answer: nomadic Berber
Question: What made the areas south of Morocco ideal for settlement?
Question: What area did the Berber people colonize?
Question: Who was responsible for the raids on the Berber people?
Question: Who established trading colonies along the Atlantic?
Question: When did the Greeks abandon the desert?
Question: What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?
Answer: 500 BCE
Question: What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to   their crops?
Answer: digging tunnels
Question: How many towns are believed to be found by   Archaeologists?
Answer: eight major towns
Question: What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes   civilization?
Answer: depleted available water
Question: When did the Garamantes name Wadi al-Ajal?
Question: How many towns did the Greeks and Romans have in the desert?
Question: What caused the Roman civilization to collapse?
Question: What was the name of the people the Garamantes conquered?
Question: How did the Greeks get access to water?
Question: What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Question: What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?
Answer: mid-7th to early 8th centuries
Question: What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?
Answer: 6,000 to 7,000 slaves
Question: During what century did the Muslim conquest of Arabia begin?
Question: How many slaves did the Byzantine Empire transport per year?
Question: How long did the Muslims control Egypt?
Question: When was Egypt liberated from Muslim control?
Question: What caused trade in the desert to decrease?
Question: During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman   Empire?
Answer: Egypt
Question: What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people?
Answer: freedom of movement for citizens and goods
Question: What was the local language during this time in Egypt?
Answer: Arabic
Question: When did the Ottoman Empire disband?
Question: What key feature made Algeria a vital part of the Ottoman empire?
Question: What was the language of Europe?
Question: What culture did Tuareg clans enforce?
Question: What kind of rule did the kingdom of Algeria have?
Question: What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?
Answer: 19th century
Question: What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?
Answer: France
Question: During what time were good moved through more modern   means?
Answer: 20th century
Question: When did the Ottomans conquer France?
Question: What caused trans-Saharan trade to take off in the 20th century?
Question: What area of the regency of Algiers was not under French control?
Question: When did France relinquish control of Morocco?
Question: What year did France conquer Niger?
Question: What language is mainly spoken in West Africa?
Answer: French
Question: What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs?
Answer: Arabic
Question: Who originally spoke the Beja language?
Question: The French language is under what family?
Question: Who does Keenan work for?
Question: What aspects of life is the French language important to?
Question: What role did Tuareg and Berber leaders play in the Third and Fourth republics?
Question: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?
Answer: Samuel Rutherford
Question: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?
Answer: A. V. Dicey
Question: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?
Answer: Law should govern
Question: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?
Answer: against the divine right of kings
Question: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? 
Answer: law
Question: What type of rule says a nation should be governed by the decisions of government officials?
Question: What refers to the influence and authority of society?
Question: What country can a phrase rule of law be traced back to the 1600s?
Question: What British theologian used the rule of law in his argument against the divine rights of kings?
Question: What jurist popularized the phrase rule of law in the 1900s?
Question: In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?
Answer: autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy
Question: According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?
Answer: every citizen
Question: What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?
Answer: nomocracy
Question: What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?
Answer: decay
Question: For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?
Answer: neglect or ignorance of the law
Question: According to rule of law who is not subject to the law?
Question: Who was held above the law in a nomocracy?
Question: What is often found in dictatorships but not democracies
Question: What causes rule of law to decay in a dictatorship?
Question: On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? 
Answer: rule by the best men
Question: According to Plato, who was above the law?
Answer: king
Question: What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?
Answer: benevolent monarchy
Question: Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?
Answer: rule of law
Question: To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?
Answer: slave
Question: What form of government did the Greeks think was second only to democracy?
Question: Who advocated ruled by a philosopher king who was subject to the law?
Question: Who did Plato hope would be subject to the established laws?
Question: Who did Aristotle envision ruling a benevolent monarchy?
Question: In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?
Answer: Deuteronomy
Question: Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?
Answer: Bishop John Ponet
Question: What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?
Answer: divine right of kings
Question: What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?
Answer: Bible
Question: According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?
Answer: horses
Question: Book of the viable gives unlimited power Jewish monarchs?
Question: Who was against the divine right of kings in England during the fifteenth century?
Question: What book of the Bible supported the divine rule of kings
Question: What group of ancient Jews could have as many wives and horses as they wanted?
Question: To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?
Answer: golden met-wand
Question: According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?
Answer: God and the law
Question: When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?
Answer: 1607
Question: How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?
Answer: greatly offended
Question: What was Edward Coke's official title?
Answer: Chief Justice Sir
Question: Who called the law a golden met-wand during the sixteenth century?
Question: According to Coke what should kings be above?
Question: Who spoke about the rule of law in sixteenth century England?
Question: Who said it was treason to affirm the King was not subject to the law?
Question: What is another word for a thick definition?
Answer: substantive
Question: Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?
Answer: politicians, judges and academics
Question: On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?
Answer: specific procedural attributes
Question: What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?
Answer: functional
Question: Who has spoken against the rule of law?
Question: Who uses a substantive or thin definition of rule of law?
Question: Who uses a formalist or thick definition of rule of law?
Question: What definition by formalist makes a judgment about the justness of law?
Question: What conception of the rule of law excludes substantive rights?
Question: According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?
Answer: generality, equality, and certainty
Question: According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?
Answer: individual rights
Question: What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?
Answer: democracy
Question: According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?
Answer: content
Question: What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?
Answer: formal and substantive
Question: Who believes that the rule of law has no formal characteristics?
Question: What characteristics do most legal theorists say the rule of law cannot possess?
Question: What does not protect individual rights?
Question: What two concepts defined rule without law?
Question: According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?
Answer: individual rights
Question: According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?
Answer: well-known
Question: How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?
Answer: no requirements
Question: Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?
Answer: substantive
Question: According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?
Answer: rule of law
Question: What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the "rule of law" have?
Answer: little
Question: What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the "rule of law" have?
Answer: a great deal
Question: What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?
Answer: punishment
Question: What fights against the rule of law?
Answer: flexibility
Question: What does a Society have a high degree of if its government officers have a great deal of discretion?
Question: What does a society have a low degree of if its government officials have little disctetion?
Question: What is necessary for offenses that are justifiable unter statutory law but not natural law?
Question: What is flexibility compatible with?
Question: For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?
Answer: more than 200 countries
Question: What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?
Answer: nomocracy
Question: What is the Greek word for law?
Answer: nomos
Question: What is the Greek word for power?
Answer: kratos
Question: What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?
Answer: rule of law
Question: What is the law of man a key dimension of?
Question: What defines a rule of law is the extent to which people agree with the rules of society?
Question: What is the Greek word for natural law?
Question: What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?
Answer: the Constitution
Question: According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?
Answer: rule of law
Question: What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?
Answer: the Constitution
Question: According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?
Answer: the rule of any human leader
Question: What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?
Answer: executive branch
Question: What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?
Answer: legislative branch
Question: Which branch of government has judicial discretion?
Answer: judicial branch
Question: The president of the United States is the only government officer to make what pledge?
Question: What does a firm that natural law is superior to the rule of law?
Question: What does executive branch of little discretion over?
Question: According to the Constitution what is rule of human leader superior to?
Question: Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?
Answer: Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks
Question: For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?
Answer: U.S. Constitution
Question: According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?
Answer: that which is legally binding
Question: According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?
Answer: the framers of the U.S. Constitution
Question: Who argues over whether the U.S. Constitution adopted the rule of law?
Question: What law professor says the Constitution does it meet either the formal or substantive?
Question: Who believed that an unjust law was still a law?
Question: The framers of the Constitution say did not have discretion to decide which laws submit such vague criteria?
Question: Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?
Answer: administrators
Question: Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?
Answer: individuals
Question: Who was Charles Evans Hughes?
Answer: a Chief Justice of the United States
Question: What cannot survive if administrators can't exercise discretion?
Question: Who said no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer except for breaching natural law?
Question: Who said the individual should not be able to challenge administrative order?
Question: Who did Dicey believe administration should be done by?
Question: Whose rule of law was transformed by compromise in the nineteenth century?
Question: Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?
Answer: James Wilson
Question: What was John Marshall's title?
Answer: Chief Justice
Question: What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?
Answer: declare an unconstitutional law void
Question: Who said that laws may be just, wise or dangerous?
Question: What convention took place in the seventeenth century?
Question: What position to Chief Justice Marshall take in the eighteenth century?
Question: Who did George Mason say could not declare a law unconstitutional
Question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?
Answer: Legalism
Question: How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?
Answer: weak or nonexistent
Question: Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?
Answer: South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong
Question: How many schools of thought influence central Asian cultures?
Question: What did Confucianism advocate strict adherence to?
Question: What kind of leader is advocated for under legalism?
Question: What is weak or nonexistent in South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong?
Question: What is strong in Thailand, Cambodia and most of Asia?
Question: Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?
Answer: China and Vietnam
Question: What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?
Answer: the transition to a market economy
Question: Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?
Answer: legal scholars and politicians
Question: To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?
Answer: foreign investors
Question: What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?
Answer: democracy and human rights
Question: What type of economy has rule of law help China and Vietnam move towards?
Question: What is rule of law not important for?
Question: What has already spilled over to other areas in China and Vietnam?
Question: What two Asian countries have refused to adopt the rule of law?
Question: Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? 
Answer: Thailand
Question: According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?
Answer: royalist
Question: In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?
Answer: executive branch
Question: When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?
Answer: 1932
Question: What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?
Answer: Ancient prejudices and political bias
Question: What kingdom has not had a Constitution since 1932?
Question: What has been practiced in Thailand since 1932?
Question: What has been eradicated from the three branches of Thailand's government?
Question: What is no longer advocated in Thailand since the twenty-first century?
Question: Whose decision did the Supreme Court reject in Thailand?
Question: In what year was India's constitution drafted?
Answer: 1950
Question: What country has the longest Constitution?
Answer: India
Question: In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?
Answer: judicial review
Question: What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?
Answer: rule of judges
Question: What country has the longest history of constitutional government?
Question: What country had a Constitution until 1950?
Question: What kind of reviews are discouraged by lengthy constitutions?
Question: What type of discretion was meant to be encouraged by India's Constitution
Question: What is threatening to replace the role of judges?
Question: How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?
Answer: 185
Question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?
Answer: rule of law
Question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?
Answer: social, economic and cultural
Question: Who made a declaration about the principle of rule of law in the nineteenth century?
Question: What declaration stated that the rule of law applies to certain rights and freedoms?
Question: What suggested that the rule of law requires legislative power?
Question: What commission has fifty-three members?
Question: When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?
Answer: 1992
Question: What organization debates the rule of law?
Answer: The Security Council
Question: What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?
Answer: The Peacebuilding Commission
Question: What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?
Answer: human rights education
Question: In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?
Answer: 2006
Question: Who consider rule of law and agenda item since before 1992?
Question: Who took renewed interest in the rule of law in 1992?
Question: Who has opposed the rule of law through several debates?
Question: Was argued for lovelorn protection of soldiers during war?
Question: What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?
Answer: The International Development Law Organization
Question: What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?
Answer: emerging economies and middle-income
Question: With how many countries does the IDLO work?
Answer: more than 170
Question: What organization focuses on studying rule of law?
Question: Who focuses on empowering governments to establish laws?
Question: What are Third World countries encouraged to do?
Question: What is the only terminal organization with a mandate to enforce rule of law?
Question: What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?
Answer: Constitutional economics
Question: In what branch of government is corruption examined?
Answer: executive branch
Question: In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?
Answer: the executive
Question: What is the term for corruption by individuals?
Answer: corruption by private actors
Question: What type of development is not impacted by rule of law?
Question: What doctoring studies rules in your relationships with the government?
Question: What is this study of economics and financial decisions regardless of law?
Question: In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?
Answer: developing and transitional
Question: In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?
Answer: not yet fully clarified
Question: What other countries have successful democracies?
Answer: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan
Question: What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?
Answer: common language
Question: Where is the rule of law least important?
Question: What term is primarily used in non-English speaking countries?
Question: What well-established democracies have a clear understanding of role of law?
Question: What is a common language not important for?
Question: According to Hayek, with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments?
Answer: confidence in a successful return on investment
Question: According to Hayek, limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people?
Answer: frustrate his efforts
Question: According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?
Answer: pursue his personal ends and desires
Question: Who studied how the rule of law might hurt free market?
Question: Under rule along whose efforts can government stifle?
Question: Hooters rule of law key from pursuing personal ends and desires?
Question: Which continent contains Tibet?
Answer: Asia
Question: What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?
Answer: 16,000
Question: How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?
Answer: 29,029
Question: Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?
Answer: Tibet
Question: Where is the Asian Plateau?
Question: What ethnic groups live on Mount Everest?
Question: What has an average elevation of 4,900 feet?
Question: What rises 8,848 ft above sea level?
Question: What is he Xizang term for Tibet?
Question: When did the Tibetan empire emerge?
Answer: 7th century
Question: Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet?
Answer: Sichuan and Qinghai
Question: Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?
Answer: Battle of Chamdo
Question: What empire emerged in the 18th century?
Question: What central regions maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure?
Question: After what battle did Tibet fall under Mongol leadership?
Question: What current feature was established in the 7th century?
Question: In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?
Answer: 1912