huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of?
Answer: metal strings
Question: What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?
Answer: hardwood fingerboard
Question: How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks? 
Answer: 13-inch scale
Question: What kind of style does the Ice Cream mandolin have?
Question: How many strings does the Peapolitan mandolin have?
Question:  What are the Neapolitan mandolin not made of?
Question:  What sits on bottom or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?
Question:  How wide is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks?
Question: Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?
Answer: Milan and Lombardy
Question: What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?
Answer: mandolino or mandore
Question: What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?
Answer: They are shorter and wider
Question: How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?
Answer: 6 strings
Question: Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?
Answer: Antonio Monzino
Question: Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins leave from?
Question: What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than ancient mandolins?
Question: What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the ancient mandolin?
Question:  How many bows do the Lombardic mandolins have?
Question:  Who was the developer of the Chinese mandolin?
Question: Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?
Answer: Samuel Adelstein
Question: How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?
Answer: 4
Question: What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to?
Answer: C, D, A, E, B, G.
Question: How many frets did the Lombardi have?
Answer: 20 frets
Question: How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?
Answer: three octaves
Question: Who described the Lombardi mandolin as longer and narrower than the Neoapolitan mandolin?
Question:  How many strings do the non regular mandolin's have?
Question: What was the Lombardi Mandolin untuned to?
Question: How many frets did the Lombardi lack?
Question:  How many octaves did the Lombardi not cover?
Question: Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?
Answer: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi
Question: What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?
Answer: Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi
Question: How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?
Answer: four single-strings
Question: Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins? 
Answer: uncomfortable to play
Question: What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? 
Answer: less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone
Question: Who didn't popularize the Cremonese Mandolin?
Question:  What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's unpopular mandolin method?
Question:  How many double strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?
Question:  What did Bortolazzi say about the tempo?
Question: When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?
Answer: end of the 19th century
Question: What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?
Answer: violin family instruments
Question: What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?
Answer: European-style bowl-back
Question: Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited? 
Answer: Orville Gibson
Question: When was a old style of carved top and back construction mandolins created?
Question:  What was the old style of mandolins inspired from?
Question:  What style did the old style of mandolins supplant?
Question:  Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Unlimited?
Question: What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have? 
Answer: two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)
Question: Where are the soundholes located?
Answer: directly under the strings
Question: What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?
Answer: Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins
Question: What style is associate with other types of music?
Answer: A-style
Question: Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?
Answer: complicated woodwork
Question:  What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins not have?
Question:  Where are the feelingholes located?
Question: What mandolin is not associated with Bluegrass music?
Question:  Why is the F-5 mandolin less expensive?
Question: What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?
Answer: Gibson F-5
Question: When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?
Answer: early 1920s
Question: Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication? 
Answer: Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar
Question: Who are the other makers from the Loar period? 
Answer: Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers
Question: Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers? 
Answer: Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings.
Question: What style of Gisbon Mandolin was never replicated?
Question: When was the Gibson F-5 never replicated?
Question:  Who rejected the Gibson F-5's replication?
Question:  Who are the other businessmen from the Loar period?
Question:  Who were notable modern African mandolin manufacturers?
Question: Where was the mandolin primarily used? 
Answer: classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras
Question: When was the mandolin considered a fad?
Answer: early 20th century
Question: Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad? 
Answer: Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri
Question: When did the mandolin craze end?
Answer: 1930s
Question: What instrument does the mandolin not have the same tuning of?
Question:  Where wasn't the mandolin primarily used?
Question:  When was the mandolin considered more than a fad?
Question:  Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was not just a fad?
Question:  When did the mandolin craze begin?
Question: When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?
Answer: 20th century
Question: When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE? 
Answer: 1979
Question: What was Phil Skinner's birth name? 
Answer: Harry Skinner
Question: At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music? 
Answer: 10
Question:  Who played a key role African mandolin movement?
Question:  When did the African mandolin movement begin?
Question:  When did Phil Skinner lose an MBE?
Question:  What was Phil Skinner's married name?
Question:  At what age did Phil Skinner stop playing music?
Question: Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?
Answer: Adrian Hooper
Question: How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?
Answer: over 200 works
Question: On what media was most of these work released?
Answer: Compact Disks
Question: What radio stations can they be heard on? 
Answer: ABC and MBS networks
Question: Who has had many Concertos written for him? 
Answer: mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper
Question: Who isn't the director of the Sydney Mandolins?
Question:  How many commissions of Sicily Mandolins have there been?
Question:  On what media was most of these work never released?
Question:  What radio stations can they never be heard on?
Question:  Who has had zero Concertos written for him?
Question: Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?
Answer: Belgium
Question: What groups remain today? 
Answer: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen).
Question: Where is Gerda Abts well know in? 
Answer: Belgium
Question: Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin?
Answer: Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen
Question: What is an Atsudiantinas?
Question: Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 21st century?
Question:  What groups don't remain today?
Question:  Where is Gerda Abts not well known in?
Question:  Where is Gerda Abst not a professor mandolin?
Question: Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?
Answer: Golden Age of Mandolins
Question: Where in France did the mandolinists play?
Answer: Paris
Question: When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?
Answer: Napoleonic Wars.
Question: Who were the players and composers during this time?
Answer: Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio
Question: What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?
Answer: 1880s-1920s
Question: Prior to what age did Italy have a history with the mandolin?
Question:  Where in Italy did the mandolinists play?
Question:  When did the mandolinists start playing in Paris?
Question:  Who weren't the players and composers during this time?
Question:  What years weren't considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?
Question: What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music? 
Answer: island of Crete
Question: When did the mandolin appears on Crete?
Answer: around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.
Question: What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?
Answer: mantola
Question: Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria? 
Answer: Stelios Foustalierakis
Question: The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? 
Answer: woman
Question: What Island is the mandolin not a main instrument in Cretan Music?
Question:  When did the mandolin leave Crete?
Question:  What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was never used?
Question: Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were not used to accompany the lyria?
Question:  The mandolin was reported to be unpopular among what sex?
Question: Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music? 
Answer: Indian Carnatic
Question: What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?
Answer: E-B-E-B.
Question: There is no concept of what in Indian music? 
Answer: absolute pitch
Question: What is another popular madonlin tuning? 
Answer: C-G-C-G
Question: These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called? 
Answer: Bhangra
Question: Many adaptations of the instruments were done to not cater to what type of music?
Question:  What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Asian music?
Question:  There is no concept of what in Asian music?
Question:  What is not a popular madonlin tuning?
Question: These mandolin are used in unpopular dance music called?
Question: What types of instruments do irish player prefer?
Answer: might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes
Question: Why is it said that the Italian style can't hold their own session? 
Answer: too soft-toned
Question: Which type mandolin had a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?
Answer: the carved-top mandolins with f-holes
Question: Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings? 
Answer: flat-topped "Irish-style" mandolins
Question: What was the Irish style mandolin reminiscent of?
Answer: WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin
Question: What types of instruments do Italian player prefer?
Question:  Why is it said that the Italian style can hold their own session?
Question:  Which type mandolin didn't have a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?
Question: Which mandolin wasn't preferred for formal performances and recordings?
Question: What was the Italian style mandolin reminiscent of?
Question: Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists?
Answer: Andy Irvine
Question: Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?
Answer: John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna
Question: What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's band called?
Answer: The Dubliners,
Question: Who made the instruments used by the Dubliners?
Answer: UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars
Question: What Irish guitarist played the mandolin on stage?
Answer: Rory Gallagher
Question:  Who are some of the famous Italian Mandolinists?
Question: Who are unpopular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?
Question:  What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's job called?
Question:  Who made the instruments used by the Italian group?
Question:  What Irish guitarist played the mandolin off stage?
Question: Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?
Answer: Antonio Vivaldi
Question: Who placed it in his 1787 work? 
Answer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Question: What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?
Answer: Don Giovanni and Beethoven
Question: Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?
Answer: Antonio Maria Bononcini
Question: When was Alexander Balus composed? 
Answer: 1748
Question:  Who composed the Concerto in D Major Op 3 6?
Question:  Who placed it in his 1789 work?
Question: What two artists created five variations of the Concerto in D Major Op 3 6?
Question: Who rejected the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?
Question: How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?
Answer: 40 or 50 members
Question: What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?
Answer: include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections.
Question: Japan hold and extensive collection of what? 
Answer: 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age
Question: Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines? 
Answer: Morishige Takei.
Question: What country doesn't maintain strong classic music tradition with mandolin?
Question:  How many people compose the Chinese mandolin orchestras?
Question:  What other instruments do the Chinese mandolin orchestras play?
Question:  Japan doesn't hold an extensive collection of what?
Question:  Who sold one of the collections of mandolin magazines?
Question: When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?
Answer: 19th century
Question: Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal? 
Answer: traditional and folk culture
Question: Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located? 
Answer: Madeira Island
Question: How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have? 
Answer: over 17
Question:  What does bandolin mean?
Question: When was the bandolim not popular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?
Question:  Where can you not see mandolins a part of in Portgal?
Question:  Where is the Japanese mandolin scene located?
Question: How many active mandolin orchestras does the Chinese Island have?
Question: What did Simon mayer produce? 
Answer: six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents.
Question: Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Bells? 
Answer: Mike Oldfield
Question: What was UK's biggest selling album? 
Answer: "Fog on the Tyne
Question: What song by Rod Stewart used the mandolin? 
Answer: Maggie May
Question:  Who is a famous Asian player?
Question:  What did Simon mayer sell?
Question:  Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Chimes?
Question:  What was US's biggest selling album?
Question:  What song by Bob Stewart used the mandolin?
Question: When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?
Answer: January 2, 1880
Question: Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play? 
Answer: Boston and New York
Question: What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro? 
Answer: Original Spanish Students
Question: What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American  public not to know? 
Answer: the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins
Question: What group in the UK was popular?
Question:  When did the Estudiantina Figaro leave the US?
Question:  Where did the Estudiantina Figaro refuse to play?
Question:  What group wasn't inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro?
Question: What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the African public not to know?
Question: When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?
Answer: 1880s
Question: When was the first madolin made in the US?
Answer: 1883 or 1884
Question: Who made the first US mandolin?
Answer: Joseph Bohm
Question: Where was Joseph Bohmann from? 
Answer: Chicago
Question: What type of madolin was Partee using ?
Answer: French-made mandolin
Question: When didn't madolin awareness in the US become fluent?
Question:  When was the first mandolin destroyed in the US?
Question:  Who made the first UK mandolin?
Question:  What type of mandolin was Partee not using?
Question: What did these teacher-dealers often conduct? 
Answer: mandolin orchestras
Question: How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras? 
Answer: 4-50 musicians
Question: Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville? 
Answer: Samuel Siegel
Question: Who was the famous African American musican and director? 
Answer: composer James Reese Europe.
Question: What popular musical casted a student-dealer?
Question:  What did these student-dealers often conduct?
Question:  How many people were usually in these student-dealer orchestras?
Question:  Who refused to play the mandolin in Vaudeville?
Question: Who was the famous North American musican and director?
Question: The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was? 
Answer: ensemble setting
Question: Where did the mandolins find a new home? 
Answer: bluegrass
Question: What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?
Answer: Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson
Question: What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?
Answer: Loar
Question: What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use? 
Answer: F-5 S/N 73987
Question:  The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1940's was?
Question: Where did the mandolins never find a new job?
Question:  What mandolin wasn't designed to boost interest in the mandolin?
Question:  What mandolin didn't become the face of bluegrass music?
Question:  What instrument didn't artist Bill Monroe use?
Question: What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?
Answer: mandolin-based guitar programs
Question: What are two of the popular public school groups? 
Answer: Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra
Question: Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?
Answer: Norman Levine
Question: Who are modern mandolinists and composers?
Answer: Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla
Question: What groups have become unpopular among public schools?
Question:  What are two of the unpopular public school groups?
Question:  Who found the non-Classical Mandolin Society of America?
Question:  Who aren't modern mandolinists and composers?
Question: What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926?
Answer: Cowan Powers and his family
Question: Who was the earliest known southern music artist?
Answer: Orpha Powers
Question: What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930's? 
Answer: single mandolins
Question: Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music?
Answer: Bill Monroe
Question: What was Bill Monroe's group called? 
Answer: Blue Grass Boys
Question:  What family recorded an new-time music in 1924-1926?
Question:  Who was the earliest known northern music artist?
Question:  What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1935's?
Question:  Who was considered the mother of Bluegrass music?
Question: What keys was Monroe popular for? 
Answer: B and E
Question: Who was Monroe's most influential follower?
Answer: Frank Wakefield
Question: Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?
Answer: Moore of the Texas Playboys
Question: What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?
Answer: Western Swing music
Question: What chording feeling was Monroe popular for?
Question:  What keys was Monroe unpopular for?
Question:  Who was Monroe's least influential follower?
Question:  Who developed a electric six-string mandolin?
Question:  What type of music did the electric six-string mandolin help popularize?
Question: Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?
Answer: Jesse McReynolds
Question: What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?
Answer: Jim and Jesse
Question: What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?
Answer: crosspicking
Question: What is crosspicking?
Answer: syncopated banjo-roll-like style
Question: Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music? 
Answer: Ronnie McCoury
Question: Who was the minor bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?
Question:  What job was Jesse McReynolds a part of?
Question:  What technique did Jesse McReynolds destroy?
Question:  What isn't crosspicking?
Question:  Who won no awards for his Monroe influenced music?
Question: What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?
Answer: half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro
Question: What type of music did Jethro Burns play? 
Answer: jazz mandolinist
Question: Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?
Answer: Tiny Moore
Question: Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?
Answer: Chris Thile of California is
Question: Who are othe rwell know players? 
Answer: Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs
Question: What is Jethro Burns uncommonly known for?
Question:  What type of music did Jethro Burns not play?
Question:  Who popularized the mandolin in Eastern Swing Music?
Question:  Who wasn't well known for important works of traditional bluegrass?
Question:  Who are other unknow players?
Question: Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?
Answer: Ry Cooder
Question: What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use? 
Answer: ukulele in there and a bass fiddle
Question: Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band? 
Answer: Willie Black
Question:  Who is the most popular red music mandolinist?
Question:  What other instrument did the Kentucky string bands use?
Question:  Who played in the Singer and His Jug Band?
Question: When did the mandolin first appear in rock music?
Answer: psychedelic era of the late 1960s
Question: Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band?
Answer: Levon Helm
Question: What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?
Answer: Maggie May
Question: What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin?
Answer: David Grisman
Question: Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song?
Answer: Boat on the River
Question: When did the mandolin last appear in rock music?
Question: Who played the drums and the guitar in the group called The Band?
Question:  What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?
Question:  What artist from the Grateful Dead didn't play the mandolin?
Question: What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use? 
Answer: single-stringed electric
Question: Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?
Answer: Dropkick Murphys
Question: What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?
Answer: Losing My Religion
Question: What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins? 
Answer: System of A Down
Question: What film's theme song uses a mandolin?
Answer: Days of Thunder
Question: What type of mandolin do rock musicians never today use?
Question: Which Italian-American punk band uses Mandolins?
Question:  What REM song uses complex mandolin licks?
Question: What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country? 
Answer: regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes
Question: Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist? 
Answer: Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.
Question:  What place in Brazil do mandolins play an unimportant role?
Question: What is the sound of mandolin not associated with in the west country?
Question:  Who are the not famous Venezuelen mandolinist?
Question: What type of music has mandolins played? 
Answer: mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles
Question: Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular? 
Answer: Japan and Germany
Question: What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?
Answer: first and second mandolins,
Question: What are smalled ensambles composed of? 
Answer: two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,
Question: What are the mandocellos usually tuned like? 
Answer: cello
Question: What type of music has mandolins never played?
Question:  Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain unpopular?
Question: What do the structure of a contemporary untraditional orchestra consist of?
Question: What are large ensambles composed of?
Question: How many parts comprise the body of an insect?
Answer: three-part
Question: In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?
Answer: thorax
Question: What type of exoskeleton do insects have?
Answer: chitinous
Question: How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?
Answer: three
Question: What does insect mean in latin?
Answer: cut into sections
Question: What is the Latin word for insect?
Answer: insectum
Question: Insects are a class of what?
Answer: invertebrates
Question: Insects have what kind of skeleton?
Answer: chitinous exoskeleton
Question: An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?
Answer: head
Question: What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?
Answer: inelastic exoskeleton
Question: What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?
Answer: pupal stage
Question: What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?
Answer: nymphal
Question: What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans? 
Answer: Paleozoic
Question: Insects hatch from what?
Answer: eggs
Question: Insects growth is constrained by what?
Answer: the inelastic exoskeleton
Question: An insects developement involves a series of what?
Answer: molts
Question: How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?
Answer: 4-stage
Question: The most diverse insects coevolved with what?
Answer: flowering plants
Question: What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?
Answer: tripedal
Question: What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?
Answer: gills
Question: What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?
Answer: water striders
Question: What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?
Answer: stridulate
Question: What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?
Answer: Lampyridae
Question: Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?
Answer: swimming
Question: Which insects walk, fly, and swim?
Answer: Adult
Question: Insects walk the ground in alternating what?
Answer: triangles
Question: Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?
Answer: tripedal gait
Question: What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?
Answer: communicate
Question: By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?
Answer: insecticides
Question: What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?
Answer: terrestrial
Question: What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?
Answer: Silkworms
Question: What insect is known to consume carrion?
Answer: blow-flies
Question: Humans consider most insects as what?
Answer: pests
Question: Humans can control insects using what?
Answer: insecticides
Question: Insects have the potential to damage what?
Answer: crops
Question: Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?
Answer: leaves
Question: Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?
Answer: silk
Question: Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?
Answer: Pliny the Elder
Question: How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?
Answer: three
Question: Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?
Answer: Aristotle
Question: In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?
Answer: 1601
Question: Insect means to have a notched or divided what?
Answer: body
Question: Insects are cut into how many sections?
Answer: three sections
Question: Who gave this class of life the name "insect"?
Answer: Aristotle
Question: In what year did the word "insect" appear in a document?
Answer: 1601
Question: Who introduced the Latin version of the word "insect"?
Answer: Pliny the Elder
Question: From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?
Answer: Carboniferous
Question: What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?
Answer: Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti
Question: In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?
Answer: 2008
Question: What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?
Answer: dicondylic
Question: With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?
Answer: winged
Question: What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?
Answer: phylogeny
Question: The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?
Answer: arthropods
Question: What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?
Answer: full-body
Question: A University discovered a primitive flying what?
Answer: insect
Question: How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?
Answer: 300 million-year-old
Question: In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?
Answer: Early Permian
Question: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?
Answer: 55 to 70
Question: Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? 
Answer: oxygen
Question: How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? 
Answer: 270
Question: The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?
Answer: Permian-Triassic
Question: Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?
Answer: insect orders
Question: The insect orders include both of what?
Answer: extant groups
Question: The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?
Answer: Paleozoic groups
Question: What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?
Answer: dragonfly-like forms
Question: How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?
Answer: 55 to 70 cm
Question: What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?
Answer: chemical
Question: What is the term for a plant-eating insect?
Answer: herbivores
Question: What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?
Answer: plant toxins
Question: How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?
Answer: colors
Question: What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?
Answer: pollination
Question: Insects are considered terrestrial what?
Answer: herbivores
Question: What were insects the major selection agents of?
Answer: plants
Question: What did plants eventually form against insects?
Answer: chemical defenses
Question: Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?
Answer: plant toxins
Question: Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?
Answer: warning colors
Question: What is the term for the class of insects with wings?
Answer: Pterygota
Question: What is the term for the class of insects without wings? 
Answer: Apterygota
Question: What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?
Answer: Archaeognatha
Question: What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?
Answer: Dicondylia
Question: Insects are historically divided into how many groups?
Answer: two groups
Question: Insects with wings are known as what?
Answer: Pterygota
Question: Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?
Answer: wingless
Question: What is a Thysanura?
Answer: silverfish
Question: Thysanura and Pterygota are what?
Answer: Dicondylia
Question: Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?
Answer: systematics
Question: What class is the Hexapoda ranked?
Answer: superclass
Question: How many groups are defined in the superclass?
Answer: four groups
Question: Springtails are also known as what?
Answer: Collembola
Question: Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?
Answer: Entognatha
Question: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? 
Answer: winged
Question: An insects hard body parts are called what?
Answer: sclerites
Question: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?
Answer: abdomen
Question: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?
Answer: metamorphosis-based
Question: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?
Answer: related
Question: What are likely to be paraphyletic?
Answer: The Exopterygota
Question: Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?
Answer: Matters
Question: Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?
Answer: Halteria
Question: A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?
Answer: the entomological community
Question: What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?
Answer: The Neuropterida
Question: How many insect species are estimated to exist?
Answer: 2.6–7.8 million species
Question: How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?
Answer: 20,000
Question: Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?
Answer: less than 20%
Question: For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?
Answer: undescribed
Question: Insects bodies are supported by what?
Answer: exoskeletons
Question: Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?
Answer: hard
Question: An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?
Answer: interconnected
Question: What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?
Answer: tagmata
Question: What is another word for head capsule?
Answer: epicranium
Question: What displays the most features on an insect?
Answer: Orthoptera
Question: What is the vertex also known as?
Answer: apex
Question: The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?
Answer: compound
Question: Another term for tagma is?
Answer: thorax
Question: The anterior section is closest to the what?
Answer: head
Question: The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?
Answer: anterior
Question: The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?
Answer: two
Question: How many segments make up an insects abdomen?
Answer: 11–12 segments
Question: The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?
Answer: head
Question: An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?
Answer: sternum
Question: The pleural area holds what?
Answer: Spiracles
Question: The cuticle has how many layers?
Answer: two
Question: Which cuticle later is like wax?
Answer: the epicuticle
Question: The epicuticle does not consist of what?
Answer: chitin
Question: Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?
Answer: thicker
Question: Insects have developed what kind of active capability?
Answer: flight
Question: Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?
Answer: important
Question: How many times are insects muscles able to contract?
Answer: multiple
Question: Insects muscles are attached to their what?
Answer: exoskeletons
Question: How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?
Answer: one
Question: Ganglia are connected into a what?
Answer: a pair
Question: How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?
Answer: one pair
Question: What other location on an insect are ganglia located?
Answer: abdomen
Question: Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?
Answer: nociceptors
Question: When were nociceptors discovered?
Answer: 2003
Question: Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?
Answer: fruitfly Drosophila
Question: Which probe did the larvae react to?
Answer: the heated probe
Question: What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?
Answer: salivary ducts
Question: What is an opening through the head called?
Answer: salivarium
Question: Where is the salivarium located?
Answer: behind the hypopharynx
Question: Where does an insect's digestion happen?
Answer: The gut
Question: Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?
Answer: the crop
Question: The majority of an insects digestion happens where?
Answer: the mesenteron
Question: What kind of projections are in the midgut wall?
Answer: Microscopic
Question: What are microscopic projections called?
Answer: microvilli
Question: What kind of food particles have uric acid?
Answer: undigested
Question: What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?
Answer: uric acid
Question: An insects rectum absorbs how much water?
Answer: 90%
Question: Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?
Answer: the anus
Question: What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?
Answer: accessory glands
Question: What connects the parts inside a female insect's reproductive system?
Answer: ducts
Question: Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect?
Answer: ovaries
Question: What are egg tubes called?
Answer: ovarioles
Question: Where is tracheae located?
Answer: the body cavity
Question: Most make insects contain a pair of what?
Answer: testes
Question: What are inside male testes?
Answer: sperm tubes
Question: Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?
Answer: the vas deferens
Question: Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?
Answer: internal tubes
Question: What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?
Answer: gases
Question: What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?
Answer: oxygen
Question: Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?
Answer: circulatory system
Question: Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?
Answer: diffusive ventilation
Question: Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange?
Answer: continuous gas exchange
Question: What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting?
Answer: discontinuous gas exchange
Question: Diffusive ventilation occurs by what?
Answer: diffusion
Question: Fertilization happens where?
Answer: inside the egg
Question: Fertilization and what else happens inside the egg?
Answer: development
Question: Chorion is another word for what?
Answer: shell
Question: Broods is another term for what word?
Answer: generations
Question: Haplodiploidy is what type of system?
Answer: sex-determination system
Question: The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's what?
Answer: sex
Question: The sex-determination system is found in which insects?
Answer: bees and wasps
Question: Polymophism species have different forms or what else?
Answer: morphs
Question: GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?
Answer: parthenogenesis
Question: What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?
Answer: aphids
Question: Aphis have asexual and sexual what?
Answer: reproduction
Question: Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer?
Answer: parthenogenetic
Question: What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?
Answer: incomplete
Question: Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?
Answer: gradually
Question: Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?
Answer: molts
Question: Insect's molt when they outgrow what?
Answer: exoskeleton
Question: How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?
Answer: four stages
Question: What is another word for egg?
Answer: embryo
Question: What is an imago?
Answer: the adult
Question: Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?
Answer: Butterflies
Question: Insect organs are described as sensitive and what?
Answer: specialized
Question: What kind of insect can detect ultraviolet wavelengths?
Answer: bees
Question: Bees can detect what kind of light?
Answer: polarized light
Question: What is a Polistes versicolor?
Answer: yellow paper wasp
Question: Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers?
Answer: solitary wasps
Question: What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon?
Answer: single
Question: What does the mother wasp provide for her eggs when they hatch?
Answer: caterpillars
Question: Is the male solitary wasp bigger or smaller than the female solitary wasp?
Answer: smaller
Question: What is another name for Colleobola?
Answer: Onychiuridae
Question: Mycetophilldae is another name for what?
Answer: Diptera
Question: Phengodidae is party of what insect family?
Answer: beetle
Question: Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent?
Answer: bioluminescent
Question: What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males?
Answer: fireflies
Question: What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark?
Answer: cave crickets
Question: Most insects have what kind of vision?
Answer: acute
Question: Insects notice what type of movement?
Answer: minute
Question: Many insects are able to see visible light, ultraviolet, and what other kind of light?
Answer: infrared
Question: Insects can sense what?
Answer: sounds
Question: Insect sounds come from what kind of action?
Answer: mechanical
Question: The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?
Answer: appendages
Question: Moths create what kind of click sounds?
Answer: ultrasonic
Question: Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?
Answer: movement
Question: Low insect sounds can be heard through what?
Answer: microscopic stridulatory structures
Question: Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?
Answer: communicate
Question: Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?
Answer: underwater
Question: What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?
Answer: vibrations
Question: Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?
Answer: different species
Question: Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species?
Answer: Nezara viridula
Question: What is a lycaenid caterpillar? 
Answer: gossamer-winged butterfly
Question: Living in association with ants is called what?
Answer: myrmecophilous
Question: What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?
Answer: Chemoreception
Question: Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?
Answer: a cell
Question: What is a message-carrying chemical called?
Answer: semiochemical
Question: Kairomones are a type of what?
Answer: semiochemicals
Question: The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what?
Answer: semiochemicals
Question: Semiochemicals come from where?
Answer: plant metabolites
Question: Insect chemicals are used to attract and what else?
Answer: repel
Question: What insect chemical benefits both the receiver and the producer?
Answer: Synomones
Question: Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?
Answer: ants
Question: What is another term for social insect?
Answer: eusocial animal
Question: Social insects live in well organized what?
Answer: colonies
Question: The method that a bee dances is called what?
Answer: dance language
Question: Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?
Answer: nests
Question: Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?
Answer: homing
Question: Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many?
Answer: thousands
Question: An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what?
Answer: philopatry
Question: An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what?
Answer: hibernate
Question: Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?
Answer: full-time
Question: What do eusocial insects guard?
Answer: eggs
Question: What do eusocial insects build?
Answer: nest
Question: Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?
Answer: short
Question: An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?
Answer: growing offspring
Question: What part of the insect has been up for debate?
Answer: wings
Question: Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory?
Answer: paranotal theory
Question: Wings from modified gills is from what origin?
Answer: pleural origin
Question: The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what?
Answer: epicoxal exites
Question: Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?
Answer: tripedal
Question: The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?
Answer: rapid
Question: Insects can adopt how many gaits?
Answer: a variety
Question: Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?
Answer: limbs
Question: What is another name for walking stick insects?
Answer: Phasmatodea
Question: Some insects can walk on top of what?
Answer: water
Question: What insect can walk on the surface of water?
Answer: water striders
Question: Water striders are part of what insect family?
Answer: Gerridae
Question: Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?
Answer: jet
Question: Dragonflys shoot water from where?
Answer: rectal chamber
Question: Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg?
Answer: recessed
Question: Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?
Answer: pygidial
Question: Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?
Answer: Insect ecology
Question: Another term for surrounding environment is what?
Answer: ecosystem
Question: What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?
Answer: important
Question: What type of burial do insects engage in?
Answer: dung
Question: Beetles are also known as what?
Answer: scavengers
Question: What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?
Answer: Camouflage
Question: What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?
Answer: blend
Question: Protective coloring is common in what insect family?
Answer: beetle
Question: What is Chrysomelidae?
Answer: leaf beetles
Question: A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?
Answer: bird dung
Question: Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?
Answer: deceive
Question: Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?
Answer: wasps
Question: Mimicry complexes are usually found where?
Answer: in Lepidoptera
Question: What is a well known Mullerian complex?
Answer: Taxa
Question: What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?
Answer: bright colors
Question: Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?
Answer: sequestering
Question: Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?
Answer: Lepidoptera
Question: Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?
Answer: chemicals
Question: What is required to transport pollen?
Answer: an animal
Question: Most pollination is completed by what?
Answer: insects
Question: What do insects receive in return for pollination?
Answer: energy rich nectar
Question: Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?
Answer: pollination syndromes
Question: Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect?
Answer: parasitic
Question: Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases?
Answer: mosquitoes
Question: What kind of insect can damage architectural structures?
Answer: termites
Question: Locusts destroy what?
Answer: agricultural goods
Question: Many insects are what to the environment?
Answer: beneficial
Question: What do bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants do to flowers?
Answer: pollinate
Question: What do insects gather from plants?
Answer: nectar
Question: What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination?
Answer: serious
Question: Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?
Answer: beneficial
Question: What insect feeds on aphids?
Answer: ladybugs
Question: What are the most visible predators of insects?
Answer: birds
Question: What is the largest consumer of insects?
Answer: insects themselves
Question: What is a common insect used for research purposes?
Answer: fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
Question: Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage?
Answer: genetic
Question: Genetic systems are conserved among what?
Answer: eukaryotes
Question: What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome
Answer: 70%
Question: What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures?
Answer: cicadas
Question: Insects have what kind of protein content?
Answer: high
Question: What is the term for eating insects?
Answer: entomophagy
Question: Where is eating insects considered taboo?
Answer: first-world countries
Question: Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?
Answer: Chinese
Question: What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines?
Answer: honey ants
Question: The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?
Answer: creation