huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?
Answer: The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage
Question: As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?
Answer: well over half
Question: The areas surrounding which university has been unhistorically a Democratic stronghold?
Question: The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic weakhold?
Question: Which areas of Alaska have the lowest Republican concentrations?
Question: Which areas of Alaska have the highest Democratic concentrations?
Question: As of 2014, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?
Question: What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?
Answer: a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska
Question: Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?
Answer: acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc.
Question: Into how many recording districts isn't Alaska divided?
Question: What isn't the function of an Alaskan recording district?
Question: What is the function of an Alaskan singing district?
Question: Which documents do recording districts universally never use between areas?
Question: Which songs do recording districts universally use between areas?
Question: How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?
Answer: 355
Question: Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?
Answer: unconnected
Question: In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?
Answer: "The Bush"
Question: What aren't CDPs?
Question: How many corporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?
Question: How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2012 Census?
Question: Are the minority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?
Question: In what area are the minority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?
Question: In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?
Answer: 2.88%
Question: What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?
Answer: Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla
Question: Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?
Answer: Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East
Question: In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CPD?
Question: In 2012, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?
Question: In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population live in a city or CDP?
Question: What five areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?
Question: Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1982 Census?
Question: In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?
Answer: 1941
Question: What is different about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?
Answer: have police training but do not carry firearms
Question: What do wildlife enforcers regulate?
Answer: hunting and fishing regulations
Question: What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?
Answer: a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles
Question: In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an unofficial organization?
Question: In what year didn't Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?
Question: What is the same about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?
Question: What don't wildlife enforcers regulate?
Question: What type of vehicles don't Troopers operate?
Question: Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?
Answer: The Anchorage Opera
Question: What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?
Answer: Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival
Question: What isn't Alaska's most prominent orchestra?
Question: What is Alaska's least prominent orchestra?
Question: Which company isn't Alaska's only professional opera?
Question: Which company is Alaska's only amateur opera?
Question: What are a few of Alaska's un-noteworthy music festivals?
Question: Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?
Answer: Ray Mala
Question: Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?
Answer: "Camp Hollywood"
Question: In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?
Answer: Northwest
Question: Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?
Answer: from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood
Question: Which Alaskan native starred in a film not set in Alaska?
Question: here didn't actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?
Question: In what area of Alaska wasn't Camp Hollywood located?
Question: In what area of Alaska was Camp Alaska located?
Question: Which chef was fired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?
Question: Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?
Answer: inductivist
Question: Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?
Answer: Popper
Question: What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?
Answer: decisive experiments
Question: Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?
Answer: classical justificationist
Question: What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?
Answer: critical rationalism
Question: Who is known for his embrace of the classical inductivist views?
Question: Who disproved empirical falsification as a central principle of the scientific method?
Question: What was the white swan fallacy used to discuss?
Question: What should a scientist do if the outcome of an experiment confirms the theory?
Question: Who was known for his support of the classical justificationist account of knowledge?
Question: What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?
Answer: Lutheranism
Question: Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?
Answer: Burgomaster Herr Grübl
Question: What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?
Answer: 12,000–14,000
Question: What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?
Answer: bibliophile
Question: What year did Karl Popper pass away?
Question: What did the Popper family convert to after Karl was born?
Question: What was Karl Popper's mother's profession?
Question: Who took over the business after Simon's death?
Question: How many books did Karl's mother have in her library?
Question: What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?
Answer: Marxism
Question: Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?
Answer: Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria
Question: What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?
Answer: street battle in the Hörlgasse
Question: To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?
Answer: social liberalism
Question: What age did Popper enter school?
Question: When did Popper become disillusioned by social liberalism?
Question: What subject did Popper never attend a lecture on?
Question: What party rejected Marxist ideology at the time?
Question: How many police were shot in the street battle of Horlgasse?
Question: What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?
Answer: cabinetmaker
Question: What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?
Answer: daycare
Question: In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?
Answer: Alfred Adler
Question: When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?
Answer: 1922
Question: For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?
Answer: elementary teacher
Question: What was easy for Popper to cope with?
Question: Who owned the clinic for adults that Popper volunteered at?
Question: When did Popper leave the Pädagogisches Institut?
Question: When did Popper join the university as a guest student?
Question: When did Popper complete his examination as a university teacher?
Question: What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?
Answer: The question of method in cognitive psychology
Question: What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?
Answer: mathematics and physics
Question: Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?
Answer: Nazism
Question: In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?
Answer: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Question: When did Karl Buhler earn a doctorate in psychology?
Question: What was the title of Buhler's dissertation?
Question: When was Popper barred from teaching math in secondary school?
Question: What was the title of Popper's last book?
Question: What kind of leave did Popper use to visit Italy?
Question: Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?
Answer: Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand
Question: Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?
Answer: John Carew Eccles
Question: What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?
Answer: logic and scientific method
Question: Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?
Answer: Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft
Question: What year did Popper become a lecturer in biology?
Question: What was the title of John Carew Eccles's influential work?
Question: What month was Popper's wife born in?
Question: What year did John Carew Eccles move to the United Kingdom?
Question: What university was Popper appointed a professor of astronomy at?
Question: Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?
Answer: Lainzer
Question: Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?
Answer: Hoover Institution at Stanford University
Question: Which university has the contents of Popper's library?
Answer: Klagenfurt University
Question: What was Popper's wife's name?
Answer: Josefine Anna Popper
Question: At what age did Josefine Anna Popper die?
Question: What did Popper's wife die from?
Question: Whose manuscripts were sent to the University of London?
Question: What university possesses Melitta Mew's library?
Question: When did Klagenfurt University lose its copyrights from the estate?
Question: Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?
Answer: Lippincott Award
Question: What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?
Answer: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria
Question: Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?
Answer: International Academy of Humanism
Question: Which English monarch knighted Popper?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II
Question: Which central European university made Popper a fellow?
Answer: Charles University, Prague
Question: When was Popper knighted by King George?
Question: What honor did Popper never win?
Question: What award did Russia send to Popper?
Question: When was Popper thrown out of the Royal Society?
Question: What award did Popper lose in 1982?
Question: In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?
Answer: 1978
Question: Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?
Answer: Vienna
Question: What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?
Answer: Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy
Question: Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?
Answer: 1981
Question: What year did Popper win the City of Berlin Prize for the Humanities?
Question: What award did Popper win in 1970?
Question: What award given by an American foundation did Popper win in 1992?
Question: Why was Popper awarded the Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna?
Question: What prize did Karl Renner recieve in 1981?
Question: What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?
Answer: Marxism
Question: For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist?
Answer: 1919
Question: At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking?
Answer: teenage years
Question: How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists?
Answer: disillusioned
Question: How did Popper's rejection of Marxism in his adult years effect him?
Question: In what year did Popper consider himself a fascist for a few months?
Question: What ideology did Popper never become disillusioned with?
Question: Who did Popper align himself closely with?
Question: When did Popper think it was unnecessary to act with prudence?
Question: What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?
Answer: fascism
Question: What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?
Answer: the Anschluss
Question: What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?
Answer: democratic liberalism
Question: What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?
Answer: totalitarianism
Question: What was the Anschluss?
Answer: the annexation of Austria by the German Reich
Question: What prevented fascism from taking over Austrian politics?
Question: In what years was fascism prevented from taking over?
Question: What forced Popper to come out of exile?
Question: What was one of Popper's least important works?
Question: Whose books critiqued democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy?
Question: Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?
Answer: Freud and Adler
Question: Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?
Answer: Einstein
Question: What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?
Answer: risky
Question: What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?
Answer: primitive myths
Question: What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?
Answer: falsify
Question: When did Adler set off a revolution in the field of physics?
Question: What did Freud think Einstein's theory was?
Question: When did Popper's experiments confirm light is deflected towards solid bodies?
Question: Who though psychoanalytic theories had more in common with genuine science than myths?
Question: What field did Einstein set off a revolution in during the late 20th century?
Question: According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?
Answer: falsification
Question: What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?
Answer: criticism or experiment
Question: How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?
Answer: weaknesses
Question: Who thought the weaknesses of psychoanalytical theories were actually strengths?
Question: What made it possible for psychoanalytical theories to be shown as false?
Question: Who never tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science?
Question: What did Popper think the weakness of a scientific theory lay in?
Question: Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?
Answer: the classical observationalist-inductivist account
Question: What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?
Answer: rejection
Question: According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?
Answer: indirectly
Question: What term did Einstein term to describe his philosophy?
Question: What does critical rationalism embrace?
Question: What did Popper think was concrete in nature?
Question: What did Popper think could be tested only directly?
Question: Who argued in favor of the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science?
Question: Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?
Answer: verification and falsifiability
Question: What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?
Answer: falsifiability
Question: What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?
Answer: Marxism
Question: What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?
Answer: psychoanalysis
Question: Popper pointed out a logical symmetry between what two concepts?
Question: What lies at the heart of Einstein's philosophy about science?
Question: What discouraged Popper from taking falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between things that are scientific and not scientific?
Question: What ideology did Popper raise to scientific status?
Question: What ideology did Popper claim was falsifiable?
Question: Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?
Answer: All Life is Problem Solving
Question: Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?
Answer: evolutionary
Question: What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?
Answer: truth content
Question: In what book did Popper seek to explain the process of literary knowledge?
Question: Who explained why our understanding of the universe seems to worsen over time?
Question: What part of theories can be verified by scientific testing?
Question: What refers to something being "fake"?
Question: What was the advance of scientific knowledge in Einstein's view?
Question: What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?
Answer: error elimination
Question: What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than "more true?"
Answer: more "fit"
Question: What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science? 
Answer: conjectures
Question: Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?
Answer: more and more interesting problems
Question: What is not subject to rigorous attempts at falsification?
Question: What serves a different purpose in biological evolution than error elimination serves in science?
Question: What theories are less applicable to the situation at hand?
Question: What produces adaptive traits to deal only with simple problems of survival?
Question: Who thinks the evolution of theories does not reflect a certain type of progress?
Question: Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?
Answer: induction
Question: What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?
Answer: additional conditions
Question: Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?
Answer: Popper
Question: Who never claimed to have solved the philosophical problem of induction?
Question: What theory is not possible to formulate?
Question: What would confirm the theory the sun will rise?
Question: What is rational according to Popper?
Question: Who said it was rational to assume the sun will rise until a given day?
Question: Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?
Answer: ad-hoc-measures
Question: Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?
Answer: W.W. Bartley III
Question: What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?
Answer: empirical
Question: Who held that rationality is restricted  to the realm of empirical or scientific theories?
Question: What is rational discussion about not possible, according to this view?
Question: Who was W.W. Bartley III's student?
Question: What was W.W. Bartley III's uncontroversial claim?
Question: According to Popper, what is not grounds for doubt?
Answer: lack of justification
Question: What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against?
Answer: principle of sufficient reason
Question: What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification?
Answer: eliminate errors
Question: What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view?
Answer: good positive reasons
Question: Who was a pro-justificationist?
Question: What did Popper think needed to be justified?
Question: What is a justification for doubt?
Question: Who believed that good positive reasons exist?
Question: What did Popper think should never be tested or scrutinized?
Question: Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?
Answer: The Poverty of Historicism
Question: What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?
Answer: historicism
Question: What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?
Answer: authoritarianism and totalitarianism
Question: What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?
Answer: the growth of human knowledge
Question: In what book did Popper defend historicism?
Question: Who criticized the "Open Society"?
Question: What did Einstein consider historicism to be?
Question: What did Popper argue is founded on correct assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction?
Question: What can predict its own future states of knowledge?
Question: Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935?
Answer: Alfred Tarski
Question: What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933?
Answer: semantic theory of truth
Question: Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth?
Answer: truth as correspondence
Question: What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported?
Answer: metaphysical
Question: What did Popper write about before 1934?
Question: Whose theory of truth did Alfred Tarski read in 1935?
Question: What seemed to disprove metaphysical realism and the regulative idea of a search for truth to Popper?
Question: What did Tarski write about the search for truth in 1934?
Question: What book by Alfred Tarski was published in 1972?
Question: What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?
Answer: deflationary
Question: With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate "is true?"
Answer: "corresponds to the facts"
Question: What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?
Answer: metalanguage
Question: What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?
Answer: assertions and the facts to which they refer
Question: What is not part of a metalanguage?
Question: When is the sentence "Snow is white" untrue?
Question: What does Popper interpret as a deflationary theory?
Question: What does Tarski base his interpretation of Popper on?
Question: What does Tarski identify Popper's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as?
Question: What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?
Answer: truthlikeness
Question: Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?
Answer: subjective
Question: What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?
Answer: epistemic
Question: What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?
Answer: probability
Question: What term means the opposite of verisimilitude?
Question: What was Popper's unimportant notion?
Question: What can never be evaluated as more or less true than another on an quantitative basis?
Question: What does Popper emphasize has a lot to do with subjective probabilities?
Question: How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?
Answer: three
Question: What constituted World One in Popper's theory?
Answer: the physical world
Question: Who produced the contents of World Three?
Answer: individual human beings
Question: Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?
Answer: World Three
Question: What was not objective for Popper?
Question: In what book did Popper say that knowledge was dependent on the knowing subject?
Question: How many different worlds or realities did Einstein define in Objective Knowledge?
Question: What constituted World Four in Popper's theory?
Question: What items did Popper say were not a product of the second world made manifest in the first world?
Question: Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates?
Answer: criterion of falsifiability
Question: What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism?
Answer: metaphysical
Question: What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories?
Answer: possible framework
Question: Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science?
Answer: creation–evolution
Question: What issues does the creation-evolution controversy in Canada raise?
Question: What have both sides of the debate never invoked?
Question: Where is there no creation-evolution controversy?
Question: How often are passages by Darwin quoted in the creation–evolution controversy?
Question: Who stated that Darwinism is a testable scientific theory?
Question: Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress?
Answer: goal-directed
Question: Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution?
Answer: god
Question: What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be?
Answer: creative
Question: What did Popper not have sophisticated views on?
Question: What did Darwin understand the universe as?
Question: Who thought that the universe necessitated a god?
Question: What didn't go beyond what the frequently-quoted passages said?
Question: Who thought that evolution did not work in a goal-directed way?
Question: What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?
Answer: spearhead
Question: Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?
Answer: genetic pluralism
Question: What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?
Answer: goals
Question: Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?
Answer: Mutations
Question: In which model do living organisms not have goals?
Question: What is the least sophisticated form of organisms with central control?
Question: What is a species of higher complexity than the human brain?
Question: What are mutations in the genes not able to change?
Question: What does Popper think is more likely to be lethal to an organism than changes of phenotype?
Question: Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?
Answer: hopeful monster
Question: Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?
Answer: behaviour
Question: How does Popper describe the "monsters" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?
Answer: hopeful behavioural monster
Question: What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?
Answer: active
Question: What happens after behavior changes only a little?
Question: What do large and slow changes to the phenotype do?
Question: What changed after the giraffe evolved a long neck?
Question: What did Darwin contrast "active Darwinism" with?
Question: Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?"
Answer: C.E. Raven
Question: What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion?
Answer: creation-evolution
Question: In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper?
Answer: 1943
Question: What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory?
Answer: metaphysical
Question: Who wrote that the creation-evolution controversy was "not sensational" ?
Question: Who did Professor Raven say he agreed with?
Question: In what book did Popper called the conflict "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup"?
Question: In what year did Popper publish Science, Religion, and the Future?
Question: Who thought the force of Popper's remarks was impaired to the attention he paid to the conflict?
Question: In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?
Answer: 1969
Question: Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer?
Answer: agnosticism
Question: What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are?
Answer: myths
Question: Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it:
Answer: tolerant
Question: When did Popper give an interview on the condition it be published right away?
Question: Who thought that atheism was superior to agnosticism?
Question: What kind of religion did Popper support?
Question: Why did Popper support organized religion?
Question: Who did Popper believe should not be respected?
Question: Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics?
Answer: Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method
Question: Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?
Answer: Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend
Question: What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science?
Answer: repudiated it entirely
Question: Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946?
Answer: London School of Economics
Question: Who did not play a role in the philosophy of science?
Question: When was the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics disbanded?
Question: What department did Einstein found in 1946 in London?
Question: Who did Imre Lakatos lecture to?
Question: Which philosopher completely agreed with Popper's unmodified position?
Question: Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?
Answer: Friedrich Hayek
Question: What was Hayek's academic field?
Answer: Economics
Question: In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?
Answer: 1944
Question: Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?
Answer: Alfred Tarski
Question: Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?
Answer: Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
Question: Who has a long rivalry with Popper?
Question: Who never communicated with Hayek?
Question: Who did Hayek write a letter to in 1944?
Question: Who did Alfred Tarski say he had learned more from than any other living thinker?
Question: When did Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics come out?
Question: What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions?
Answer: logical positivism
Question: Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom?
Answer: any particular scientist
Question: At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies?
Answer: system or community
Question: What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes?
Answer: slow but steady
Question: What does Popper argue is therefore true?
Question: Whose ideas are a logical account of truth?
Question: What did not appear at the same time as Popper's ideas?
Question: What did the followers of logical positivism mistake as opposite to their own?
Question: What kind of progress does science make if it does not use Popper's methodology?
Question: What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?
Answer: Quine-Duhem
Question: Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?
Answer: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Question: The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?
Answer: Neptune
Question: According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?
Answer: more generally applicable
Question: What thesis says it is possible to test a single hypothesis alone?
Question: What can we conclusively say must be replaced?
Question: When was the theory that there are eight planets in the solar system rejected?
Question: What did Popper discuss in chapters 5 and 6 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery?
Question: Why are Newton's laws not preferred over the other theory?
Question: Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work?
Answer: Logic of Discovery
Question: What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize?
Answer: relativism
Question: What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science?
Answer: the critical discussion of myths
Question: According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?
Answer: a critical attitude
Question: What year did Kuhn stress "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework"?
Question: What book did Kuhn publish in 1934?
Question: What did Kuhn criticize about Popper?
Question: What did Kuhn say must be the beginning phase of science?
Question: According to Kuhn, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?
Question: What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?
Answer: statistical
Question: What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?
Answer: flaws in the evidence
Question: According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?
Answer: the collective judgment of scientists
Question: What is always possible to do?
Question: What is always clear if evidence contradicts a hypothesis?
Question: Who wrote a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science?
Question: What is a matter of the judgement of a single scientist?
Question: What is a sign of flaws in the evidence?
Question: Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?
Answer: Science Versus Crime
Question: Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?
Answer: Carl Gustav Hempel
Question: Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?
Answer: Houck
Question: What did Popper write in Science Versus Crime?
Question: Who argued that falsificationism was defensible on logical grounds alone?
Question: What implies that not all metals melt?
Question: What was tenable on logical grounds alone?
Question: What can always be tested at a lower temperature?
Question: Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas?
Answer: Otto Selz
Question: Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper?
Answer: Michel ter Hark
Question: What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?
Answer: the rise of Nazism
Question: What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz?
Answer: Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology
Question: Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work?
Answer: Plato, Hegel and Marx
Question: What book did Popper publish in 2004?
Question: Who did Hark claim that Selz took his ideas from?
Question: Why did Selz publish his ideas?
Question: When did Selz start his work?
Question: What is Popper praised for in some academic quarters?
Question: Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes?
Answer: Darwin and Einstein
Question: Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism?
Answer: Straw Dogs
Question: According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed?
Answer: available evidence
Question: What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress?
Answer: irrationalist
Question: What did John Gray say according to Popper?
Question: Whose theories were compatible with all available evidence when they were introduced?
Question: What is the rationalist thesis?
Question: Where does Popper state this would have "killed the theories of Darwin and Einstein at birth."?
Question: What thesis does Popper seek to establish?
Question: Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?
Answer: inductivist
Question: A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?
Answer: Imre Lakatos
Question: What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?
Answer: explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory
Question: In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?
Answer: Einstein's theory
Question: What does Gray give an indication of?
Question: What did Popper seek to show was logically legitimate?
Question: Whose theory was less well corroborated than Newton's on it's conception?
Question: What was not deemed suitable for tentative acceptance?
Question: Who wrote several decades after Gray's criticism?
Question: What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?
Answer: positivism
Question: For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?
Answer: impossible
Question: What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?
Answer: its falsity
Question: Why would a theory be true with lower probability?
Question: What did Popper hold that one should do with the most likely theory?
Question: Who supported positivism?
Question: Who argues it is possible to ensure that a theory is true?
Question: What is less important than detecting the falsity of a theory?
Question: Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?
Answer: Communists
Question: The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?
Answer: a coup
Question: Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?
Answer: historicism
Question: Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?
Answer: Béla Kun
Question: What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?
Answer: class struggle
Question: What year did the Communists stop a riot from occurring?
Question: What was Popper impressed by in his later years?
Question: How many armed people did the police shoot?
Question: What did Popper associate with noble means?
Question: What did Popper think placed freedom before equality?
Question: What does mandolin translate to? 
Answer: small mandola
Question: What musical family does the mandolin come from?
Answer: lute family
Question: How is the mandolin usually played?
Answer: usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick"
Question: How many courses does a mandolin commonly have? 
Answer: four
Question: What is the Italian word for mandolino?
Question: What family is the lute in?
Question: What else does the family include in addition to the lute and mandolin?
Question: What material is the lute's strings made of?
Question: What city did the mandolin originate from?
Question: What does mandoleen translate to?
Question:  What musical sister does the mandolin have?
Question:  How is the mandolin not usually played?
Question:  How many courses does a mandolin not commonly have?
Question: What are the four common styles of mandolins?
Answer: the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin.
Question: What is the round-back mandolin made of? 
Answer: strips of wood, glued together into a bowl
Question: Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top?
Answer: round-back
Question: Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature? 
Answer: European classical music and traditional music.
Question: Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?
Answer: Carved-top instruments
Question: What type of mandolin has a deep bottom and an arched top?
Question: What type of mandolin has an arched back and is braced on the side?
Question: What type of American music are the Neapolitan mandolins featured in?
Question: What type of European music are the Carved-top instruments featured in?
Question:  What are the four uncommon styles of mandolins?
Question:  What is the round-front mandolin made of?
Question: Which style of mandolin has a deeper, arched back, and arched top?
Question:  Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins not feature?
Question: Which mandolin is uncommon in American Folk music and blue grass music?
Question: What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?
Answer: soundboard (the top)
Question: Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? 
Answer: quiet instruments
Question: What are modern mandolins' strings made of? 
Answer: four courses of metal strings,
Question: What is the most common soundboard shape?
Answer: generally round or teardrop-shaped
Question: What are the sound holes covered with? 
Answer: bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling
Question: What is another term for the bottom of the mandolin?
Question: What was louder than modern instruments?
Question: How are teardrop-shaped holes covered or bordered?
Question: How many courses of metal strings were pre-mandolin instruments strung with?
Question: What did most of the development of the mandolin not revolve around?
Question:  Were postmandolins quiet or loud instruments?
Question:  What are ancient mandolins' strings made of?
Question:  What is the most uncommon soundboard shape?
Question:  What are the sound holes opened with?
Question: What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? 
Answer: Sicily
Question: Who brought the lute to Sicily?
Answer: Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians
Question: What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?
Answer: Palermo
Question: What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? 
Answer: Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,
Question: Who was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1190-1254?
Question: Who was the Palermo's royal Capella Palatina dedicated by in 1104?
Question: Who did Spain introduce the lute to?
Question: What is another term for Moors?
Question: Who introduced the lute to England?
Question: What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to Asian culture?
Question:  Who brought the lute to France?
Question:  What court held singer-lutenists before the Norman conquest?
Question:  What store has floor painting dedicated to the lutenists?
Question: What is there currently confusion over? 
Answer: eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop
Question: Who is said to have ran the first shop? 
Answer: Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic
Question: Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside?
Answer: University of Edinburgh
Question: Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside?
Answer: University of Edinburgh
Question: Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside?
Answer: Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.
Question: Who was active from 1718-1780?
Question: Who was active from 1743-1769?
Question: Who built an early mandolin in 1795?
Question: Who built a mandolin in 1839?
Question: Who built the earliest mandolin in 1474?
Question: What is there not currently confusion over?
Question:  Who is said to have ran the last shop?
Question:  Where was the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia destroyed?
Question:  Where was the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia detroyed?
Question:  Where was the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia destroyed?
Question: What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?
Answer: 1744
Question: Where did the mandolin grow in popularity? 
Answer: in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall
Question: When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?
Answer: After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall
Question: Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?
Answer: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati
Question: What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?
Answer: 1815
Question: What began around 1474?
Question: What wars took place in 1851?
Question: What dried up in Italy around 1851?
Question: What did Laurentiis de Carmine write?
Question: What did Leonardi Salvador write?
Question: What year was the end of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?
Question:  Where did the mandolin shrink in popularity?
Question:  When did the mandolin's popularity begin to rise?
Question:  Who were two of the prominent players in the 15th century?
Question:  What year did the export market for mandolins from France dry up?
Question: When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?
Answer: Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878
Question: What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition? 
Answer: Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students)
Question: When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked? 
Answer: early years of the 20th century.
Question: What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's? 
Answer: bandurria
Question: What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well?
Answer: Mandolin orchestras
Question: What took place in 1887?
Question: What instrument did the violin become confused with?
Question: What group of people traveled to the United States in 1880?
Question: What group of people traveled to Europe in 1890?
Question:  When did the mandolin's poplarity not rebound?
Question:  What popular group didn't perform at the Paris Exposition?
Question:  When was it said that mandolin's popularity sank?
Question: What instrument was the mandolin never confused with during the 1880's?
Question: What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin family of instruments but no other instruments as well?
Question: When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?
Answer: early 20th century,
Question: Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?
Answer: Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument
Question: Who created the rasonator mandolin?
Answer: Luthiers
Question: What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?
Answer: mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin
Question: What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in?
Answer: Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.
Question: When did the first wave of mandolin popularity decline?
Question: Who created the resonator mandolin in the early 20th century?
Question: What old forms of music was the mandolin used in during the 20th century?
Question: When was the second rise of mandolin popularity?
Question:  Why was the second rise in popularity not a strong as the first?
Question:  Who destroyed the resonator mandolin?
Question:  What is the third type of new mandolins the Luthiers created?
Question:  What types of music did musicians never play the mandolins in?
Question: Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments?
Answer: faster
Question: What is tremolo?
Answer: rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings
Question: What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique?
Answer: paired strings
Question: What is a plectrum?
Answer: pick
Question: What do mandolin notes do rather than decay to silence?
Question: What is another word for tremolo?
Question: What do notes on a violin sound like rather sounding out continuously?
Question: What happens to mandolin notes when not plucked?
Question: Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than smaller string instruments?
Question:  What is trameolo?
Question:  What parts of the mandolin don't facilitate the tremolo technique?
Question:  What is a slectrum?
Question: What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have?
Answer: almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood
Question: How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?
Answer: 8