huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?
Answer: food
Question: Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake?
Answer: Pregnant
Question: How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?
Answer: 300 mL/day
Question: Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?
Answer: To compensate for additional fluid output
Question: How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman?
Answer: 700 mL/day
Question: What was the term "mineral" originally meant to describe?
Answer: the less common elements in the diet
Question: In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?
Answer: ions
Question: In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?
Answer: ionic forms
Question: What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?
Answer: iodine
Question: What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized?
Answer: UVB radiation
Question: What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient?
Answer: carnitine
Question: What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?
Answer: phytochemicals
Question: What is choline not an example of?
Answer: vitamins
Question: What is another term that can be used to describe "potentially damaging" compounds?
Answer: mutation causing
Question: What are oxidizers?
Answer: acceptors of electrons
Question: In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?
Answer: antioxidant compounds
Question: What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?
Answer: polyphenols
Question: Which area of the body does vitamin A protect?
Answer: fat areas
Question: Where could one find a large population of gut flora?
Answer: Animal intestines
Question: What term collectively describes "Firmicutes" and "Bacteroidetes" among others?
Answer: phyla
Question: What is the importance of having phyla in the body?
Answer: essential to digestion
Question: What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?
Answer: breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food
Question: Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing?
Answer: vitamin B12
Question: Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease?
Answer: "Western" diseases
Question: In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done?
Answer: China
Question: How much of an increase in presence of "Western" diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets?
Answer: 100-fold
Question: Other than meat, what else is lacking from the people in China's diet compared to diets from the Western world?
Answer: dairy
Question: What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products?
Answer: cancers
Question: Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?
Answer: United Healthcare/Pacificare
Question: Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet?
Answer: National Geographic
Question: In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations?
Answer: 2005
Question: How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?
Answer: three
Question: Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet?
Answer: whole grains
Question: Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet?
Answer: carbon
Question: What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi?
Answer: 5% to 10%
Question: What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients?
Answer: bacterial fermentation
Question: Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of?
Answer: starch
Question: Where can fatty acids be found?
Answer: lipids
Question: In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing?
Answer: unborn fetus
Question: What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules?
Answer: Digestive juices
Question: Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process?
Answer: digestive processes
Question: Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted?
Answer: feces
Question: What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body?
Answer: food
Question: It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption?
Answer: urine
Question: Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count?
Answer: expensive
Question: At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve?
Answer: slowly
Question: How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil?
Answer: through their roots
Question: Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium?
Answer: air
Question: What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates?
Answer: photosynthesis
Question: What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots?
Answer: cation exchange
Question: What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen?
Answer: stomata
Question: Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease, what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion?
Answer: contamination
Question: Other than industrial chemicals, what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment?
Answer: agricultural
Question: The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race?
Answer: the ecosystem
Question: If people's nutritional status and health changes, what could this affect in their daily routine?
Answer: diet habits
Question: What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US?
Answer: LD
Question: Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US?
Answer: Commission for Dietetic Registration
Question: Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?
Answer: nutritionist
Question: Which state has started to regulate the word "nutritionist"?
Answer: Florida
Question: What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines?
Answer: disclosure/labeling requirements
Question: Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department?
Answer: US Department of Health and Human Services
Question: Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations?
Answer: USDA
Question: What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid?
Answer: MyPlate
Question: The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee?
Answer: Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee
Question: On which channel are committee meetings often shown?
Answer: C-SPAN
Question: Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government?
Answer: state
Question: The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies?
Answer: Louisiana State Agricultural Center
Question: When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?
Answer: 2005
Question: What does the initiative specifically target?
Answer: childhood obesity
Question: In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education?
Answer: Wales
Question: What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools?
Answer: Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula
Question: What does FCS stand for?
Answer: Family and Consumer Science
Question: Aside from dieting and general nutritional information, what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students?
Answer: how to read nutrition labels on packaging
Question: In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses?
Answer: American
Question: In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?
Answer: U.S.
Question: What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?
Answer: National Assessment of Adult Literacy
Question: How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?
Answer: 44%
Question: What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?
Answer: 14
Question: People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?
Answer: level of poverty
Question: What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region?
Answer: 52
Question: What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult?
Answer: methodological differences
Question: Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy?
Answer: Zoellner
Question: For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study?
Answer: two
Question: Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?
Answer: nutrition literacy
Question: What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?
Answer: nutritional information
Question: The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?
Answer: food
Question: What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?
Answer: healthful foods
Question: What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?
Answer: socioeconomic
Question: Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?
Answer: low levels of education
Question: An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term?
Answer: Malnutrition
Question: In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance?
Answer: developed
Question: Aside from inadequate knowledge, what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries?
Answer: poor access to a range of nutritious foods
Question: What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for?
Answer: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Question: What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on?
Answer: di-dèguè
Question: What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health?
Answer: Nutritionism
Question: Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism?
Answer: Gyorgy Scrinis
Question: Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?
Answer: Michael Pollan
Question: Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values?
Answer: policy makers
Question: Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism?
Answer: Western World
Question: What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources?
Answer: school cafeterias
Question: Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools?
Answer: managed foodservice contractors
Question: What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education?
Answer: overall educational success
Question: What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables?
Answer: 10
Question: Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951?
Answer: mice
Question: Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries?
Answer: International Agency for Research on Cancer
Question: What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to?
Answer: consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods
Question: The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product?
Answer: tobacco
Question: Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle?
Answer: Western
Question: Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?
Answer: lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia
Question: Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?
Answer: chronic inflammation
Question: The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?
Answer: insulin resistance
Question: Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?
Answer: prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2
Question: If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?
Answer: type 2
Question: Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?
Answer: marked insulin resistance
Question: Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?
Answer: reverse insulin resistance
Question: In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?
Answer: insulin/leptin resistance
Question: A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?
Answer: insulin/leptin
Question: What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?
Answer: satiety signals to the hypothalamus
Question: What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?
Answer: reduce this signal
Question: The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?
Answer: to what extent
Question: Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?
Answer: high glycemic index
Question: What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?
Answer: metabolic syndrome epidemic
Question: Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?
Answer: Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts
Question: In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?
Answer: water-drinking
Question: In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?
Answer: long-distance endurance
Question: When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?
Answer: swelling of the brain
Question: Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?
Answer: osmosis
Question: The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?
Answer: sugar
Question: What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?
Answer: more than doubled
Question: What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?
Answer: 35
Question: Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?
Answer: quadrupled
Question: What does the term LDL stand for?
Answer: Low-density lipoprotein
Question: Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?
Answer: keep foods fresh longer
Question: Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?
Answer: Cooling
Question: Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?
Answer: last longer without becoming spoiled
Question: Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?
Answer: heating
Question: Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?
Answer: Modern separation techniques
Question: An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?
Answer: nutritional content
Question: What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?
Answer: reduced
Question: What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?
Answer: enriched
Question: Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?
Answer: trans fatty acids
Question: What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?
Answer: polished rice
Question: What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?
Answer: thiamine
Question: Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?
Answer: scurvy
Question: What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?
Answer: Pasteurisation
Question: What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?
Answer: vitamin C
Question: What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent?
Answer: widespread application of some modern food processing technologies
Question: Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions?
Answer: nutritional recommendations
Question: What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy?
Answer: effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life
Question: The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food?
Answer: superior
Question: Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?
Answer: more convenient
Question: What year did the Crimean War end?
Answer: 1856
Question: Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Question: Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?
Answer: The French
Question: Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?
Answer: Russia
Question: Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?
Answer: Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III
Question: Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?
Answer: Nicholas
Question: Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?
Answer: Britain
Question: Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?
Answer: Ottomans
Question: What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?
Answer: October
Question: Russian troops took over which provinces first?
Answer: modern Romania
Question: Who were the Ottomans led by?
Answer: Omar Pasha
Question: When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?
Answer: Sinop
Question: Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?
Answer: France and the UK
Question: In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula?
Answer: 1854
Question: The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month?
Answer: October
Question: Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava?
Answer: Omar Pasha
Question: The Crimean peninsula is located in what city?
Answer: Sevastopol
Question: How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?
Answer: eleven months
Question: Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?
Answer: Russia
Question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
Answer: Treaty of Paris
Question: When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
Answer: 30 March 1856
Question: Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?
Answer: Orthodox church
Question: What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?
Answer: explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs
Question: Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?
Answer: Florence Nightingale
Question: The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?
Answer: written reports and photographs
Question: Who disbanded the Janissary corps?
Answer: Sultan Mahmud II
Question: In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?
Answer: 1826
Question: Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?
Answer: the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet
Question: In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?
Answer: 1830
Question: In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Question: Who wanted to take over Constantinople?
Answer: Egyptians
Question: What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?
Answer: Russian
Question: How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?
Answer: 10 000
Question: In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?
Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Question: Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?
Answer: Egyptians
Question: In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?
Answer: 1839
Question: Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? 
Answer: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia
Question: In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?
Answer: 1840
Question: What treaty was signing in 1815?
Answer: Treaty of Vienna
Question: In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place?
Answer: 1848
Question: Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution?
Answer: Austria
Question: In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who?
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Question: Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?
Answer: to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy
Question: Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?
Answer: Ukrainian Cossacks
Question: Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?
Answer: Orthodox Christians
Question: During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?
Answer: New Russia
Question: What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?
Answer: parades
Question: What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?
Answer: pocketed their men's pay
Question: In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?
Answer: 1854
Question: What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?
Answer: Napoleon III
Question: Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?
Answer: Charles de La Valette
Question: Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?
Answer: clerical party
Question: What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?
Answer: ambassador to the Porte
Question: What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?
Answer: Charlemagne
Question: Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?
Answer: London Straits Convention
Question: Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?
Answer: Sultan Abdülmecid I
Question: Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?
Answer: Greek Orthodox Church
Question: Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty?
Answer: France and the Roman Catholic Church
Question: Who was the British ambassador in 1853?
Answer: George Hamilton Seymour
Question: Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?
Answer: Nicholas
Question: Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?
Answer: Prince Menshikov
Question: In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?
Answer: 1853
Question: Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?
Answer: Menshikov
Question: Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?
Answer: Lord Aberdeen
Question: Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?
Answer: Stratford Canning
Question: Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?
Answer: Colonel Rose
Question: After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?
Answer: Constantinople
Question: Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?
Answer: Sultan
Question: Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?
Answer: Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov
Question: Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?
Answer: Ottoman
Question: In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?
Answer: 1853
Question: How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?
Answer: sickness
Question: Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?
Answer: Russia
Question: Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?
Answer: Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's
Question: Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?
Answer: Nicholas
Question: What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?
Answer: United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia
Question: Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?
Answer: Count Karl von Buol
Question: In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?
Answer: 1853
Question: Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?
Answer: Abdülmecid I
Question: Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?
Answer: Nicholas I
Question: What battle took place on November 30, 1853?
Answer: Battle of Sinop
Question: What did the Russian send to Sinop?
Answer: a fleet
Question: While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?
Answer: a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes
Question: What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?
Answer: cause for war
Question: When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?
Answer: 28 March 1854
Question: Who sent men to the Dardanelles?
Answer: The Corps of Royal Engineers
Question: As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?
Answer: Paris
Question: Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?
Answer: British Ambassador and the French Emperor
Question: Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?
Answer: Lord Cowley
Question: Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome?
Answer: Nicholas
Question: Who did Austria feel threatened by?
Answer: Russian troops in the Balkans
Question: Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities?
Answer: the United Kingdom and France
Question: Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia?
Answer: Russia's rejection of the ultimatum
Question: What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?
Answer: Omar Pasha
Question: After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?
Answer: Calafat
Question: After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?
Answer: Oltenița
Question: What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?
Answer: Chetatea or Cetate
Question: Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?
Answer: the Russians
Question: What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?
Answer: Danube River
Question: How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?
Answer: 60,000 troops
Question: When did the siege of Silistra end?
Answer: 23 June 1854
Question: Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?
Answer: lack of equipment
Question: How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?
Answer: 280,000
Question: What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?
Answer: River Pruth
Question: Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?
Answer: Orthodox Christians
Question: After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?
Answer: Turkey
Question: The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea?
Answer: western coast
Question: Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?
Answer: Omar Pasha
Question: In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?
Answer: 1854
Question: In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?
Answer: Giurgiu
Question: The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities?
Answer: Tsar Nicholas I
Question: At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?
Answer: harbour at Sinop
Question: What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?
Answer: Furious
Question: Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?
Answer: an Anglo-French fleet
Question: After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?
Answer: HMS Retribution
Question: Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located?
Answer: Sevastopol
Question: What did the Russians turn their warships into?
Answer: blockships
Question: Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns?
Answer: to reinforce batteries on shore
Question: How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?
Answer: four
Question: How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?
Answer: twelve
Question: In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?
Answer: 1854
Question: War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?
Answer: UK and France
Question: Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?
Answer: Parliament
Question: 360 ships landed in what bay?
Answer: bay of Eupatoria
Question: How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender? 
Answer: 500 Marines
Question: What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?
Answer: Calamita Bay
Question: The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?
Answer: Katcha
Question: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?
Answer: 6000 men
Question: Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?
Answer: Alma river
Question: How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?
Answer: three hours
Question: How many allies were lost during the battle?
Answer: 3,300
Question: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled? 
Answer: south
Question: Where did the Russians retreat to? 
Answer: into the city.
Question: Who was the engineer adviser? 
Answer: Sir John Burgoyne
Question: Who were the joint commanders? 
Answer: Raglan and St Arnaud
Question: When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?
Answer: 126 guns
Question: Who was not ready to start the attack?
Answer: the French
Question: Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?
Answer: the allies
Question: Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?
Answer: The British
Question: Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?
Answer: 93rd Highlanders
Question: Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?
Answer: Kadikoi
Question: Who led the 93rd Highlanders?
Answer: Sir Colin Campbell
Question: What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?
Answer: Minie rifles
Question: What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? 
Answer: a single line, two men deep
Question: Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?
Answer: local commanders
Question: Who sent the order to have them advance their position?
Answer: Lord Raglan
Question: Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?
Answer: The local commanders
Question: Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?
Answer: Cardigan
Question: Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?
Answer: Russian batteries
Question: How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?  
Answer: 278
Question: Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade? 
Answer: Alfred Lord Tennyson
Question: What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?
Answer: The Charge of the Light Brigade
Question: What caused the HMS Prince to sink?
Answer: a storm
Question: What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?
Answer: a cargo of winter clothing
Question: What arrived in January with an engineering crew?
Answer: A tramroad
Question: What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?
Answer: the frozen ground
Question: What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?
Answer: the Malakoff
Question: Where was the Russians building a new fort?
Answer: Mamelon
Question: Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?
Answer: Malakoff
Question: After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?
Answer: the Mamelon
Question: Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?
Answer: Admiral Nakhimov
Question: What figure died on June 28th 1855?
Answer: Raglan
Question: What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?
Answer: the base at Balaclava
Question: Who defended the base at Balaclava?
Answer: newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops
Question: Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?
Answer: the Russians
Question: What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?
Answer: forward rifle pits and defensive positions
Question: What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?
Answer: September
Question: Who captured Malakoff?
Answer: the French
Question: Who failed to take back Malakoff?
Answer: the Russian defences
Question: Who took control of the Great Redan?
Answer: the British
Question: What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?
Answer: Anglo-French naval squadron
Question: What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?
Answer: Azov Sea
Question: Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?
Answer: the Kerch Strait
Question: What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?
Answer: the seaport of Taganrog
Question: The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?
Answer: Rostov on Don
Question: What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?
Answer: a fisherman who moved buoys
Question: Who blew up the HMS Jasper?
Answer: The Cossacks
Question: During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?
Answer: 19–31 August
Question: The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?
Answer: 2nd September
Question: Why did the third siege attempt fail?
Answer: the city was already fortified
Question: Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack?
Answer: the Turks
Question: How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River?
Answer: 20000 troops
Question: After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale, where did the Russians retreat to?
Answer: Marani
Question: How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri?
Answer: 30000
Question: What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike?
Answer: reinforcements
Question: Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?
Answer: Eristov
Question: Who occupied Bayazit?
Answer: Wrangel
Question: Where did the main forces stand?
Answer: Kars and Gyumri
Question: On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing? 
Answer: the Russians
Question: Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?
Answer: the Persians
Question: How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to? 
Answer: 75,000
Question: Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?
Answer: The local Armenian population
Question: What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?
Answer: starve them out
Question: What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?
Answer: Erzerum
Question: In September of 1855, how many Turks could be found at Batum?
Answer: 8000
Question: When landing at Batum, what were the Turks primary focus?
Answer: Sukhum Kale
Question: What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia?
Answer: the Ingur River
Question: What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855?
Answer: the Tskhenis-dzqali
Question: Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?
Answer: The Baltic
Question: Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?
Answer: Anglo-French fleet
Question: When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?
Answer: April 1854
Question: Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?
Answer: British and French fleet
Question: When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?
Answer: August 1855
Question: Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?
Answer: Åland Islands
Question: Who led the ship Rossiya?
Answer: Captain Viktor Poplonsky
Question: What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? 
Answer: entrance to the harbor
Question: Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?
Answer: Immanuel Nobel
Question: Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?
Answer: industrial explosives
Question: Who named the torpedo mines?
Answer: Fulton
Question: What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?
Answer: Alfred Nobel
Question: Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?
Answer: Rear Admiral David Price
Question: The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?
Answer: snow
Question: Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?
Answer: the Kamchatka Peninsula
Question: Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?
Answer: Victor Emmanuel II
Question: Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?
Answer: 15,000
Question: Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?
Answer: General Alfonso La Marmora
Question: The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?
Answer: 1855
Question: Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?
Answer: Piedmont-Sardinia
Question: When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?
Answer: King Otto of Greece
Question: When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?
Answer: Thessaly and Epirus
Question: From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?
Answer: Greek port at Piraeus
Question: In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?
Answer: 1854
Question: Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?
Answer: Greeks
Question: On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?
Answer: Trafalgar Square
Question: How did troops stop the riot?
Answer: with truncheons
Question: What were the people using during the protest?
Answer: snowballs
Question: Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?
Answer: Aberdeen
Question: What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?
Answer: Foreign Secretary
Question: What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?
Answer: 1856
Question: Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?
Answer: the Tsar and the Sultan
Question: Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire
Question: Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?
Answer: The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey
Question: In what war was France defeated by Prussia?
Answer: Franco-Prussian War
Question: Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?
Answer: 1870–1871
Question: Napoleon III was removed to form what?
Answer: a Third French Republic
Question: Who renounced the Black Sea clause?
Answer: Russia
Question: Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?
Answer: Austro-Prussian War
Question: Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?
Answer: Kingdom of Sardinia
Question: What empire declined after the Crimean War?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire
Question: The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?
Answer: Concert of Europe
Question: Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?
Answer: A. W, Kinglake
Question: What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?
Answer: as victims
Question: Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?
Answer: Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart
Question: What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?
Answer: British Columbia
Question: Who made the call to sell Alaska?
Answer: Alexander II
Question: Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?
Answer: the United States
Question: Who is Russia's largest regional rival?
Answer: the United Kingdom
Question:  William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?
Answer: The Times
Question: Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?
Answer: Roger Fenton
Question: Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?
Answer: the French
Question: After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?
Answer: two days
Question: The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?
Answer: 1857
Question: What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?
Answer: Charge of the Light Brigade
Question: The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?
Answer: The Crimean War
Question: Who gave the first live war report?
Answer: William Howard Russell
Question: Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?
Answer: prompting the resignation of the sitting British government
Question: What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?
Answer: the telegraph
Question: What was the first European war to be photographed?
Answer: The Crimean War
Question: What is the definition of a non-profit organization?
Answer: purposes are other than making a profit
Question: What is an NPO also known as?
Answer: non-business entity
Question: What is the purpose of an NPO?
Answer: furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view
Question: What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?
Answer: further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit
Question: What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?
Answer: distribution constraint
Question: What is the purpose of the organization's shareholders?
Question: What does a group of shareholders do with surplus income?
Question: What is the constraint on how shareholders distribute funds called?
Question: What is a nonprofit legal structure also known as?
Question: What does charitable status mean you are dedicated to?
Question: Who does an NPO usually serve?
Answer: member-serving or community-serving
Question: What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?
Answer: providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally
Question: What are member serving NPOs really focused on?
Answer: by directly supporting them
Question: What are community serving NPOs focused on?
Answer: a helping service for fellow citizens
Question: What have people come to associate the broader community with?
Question: What elements make up human service programs?
Question: What are the two main types of health services?
Question: How do credit unions serve the community?
Question: How does medical research benefit credit unions?
Question: How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?
Answer: they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans
Question: Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?
Answer: controlling members or a board of directors
Question: How do NPOs handle staffing?
Answer: Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation
Question: What are token fees used for?
Answer: to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization
Question: What control does management have in an NPO?
Question: What do NPO's use their surplus fees for?
Question: How do members meet the legal requirements for staffing?
Question: How do some countries members maintain self-preservation?
Question: What are paid staff permitted to generate?
Question: How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?
Answer: profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally
Question: What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?
Answer: a supporting organization
Question:  What is a major function of a foundation?
Answer: giving value to the groups of people they administer to
Question: What are foundations also allowed to be?
Question: What other organization do NPO's also operate like?
Question: What kind of tax status do NPO's have?
Question: What model do NPO's follow instead of being financially successful?
Question: How are groups that focus on financial success organized?
Question: How is a membership organization run?
Answer: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws
Question: How is a board only organization run?
Answer: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board
Question: What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?
Answer: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned
Question: What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?
Answer: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation
Question: What are two examples of a membership organization?
Question: What does the organization's literature impose on membership decision making?
Question: What kind of structures have The National Association of Parliamentarians formed?
Question: What concerns do The National Association of Parliamentarians have about self-selected boards?
Question: What do they note that an organizations bylaws are not subject to?
Question: How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?
Answer: nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations
Question: How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?
Answer: formal approval by the appropriate government
Question: How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?
Answer: by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association
Question: How is incorporation handled in Ontario?
Answer: Letters Patent
Question: How does Alberta classify provincial legislation?
Question: How are by-law changes handled in Alberta?
Question: What does Canada allow by-law changes to be?
Question: What kind of approval do for-profit corporations need to incorporate as of right in Ontario?
Question: What do corporations have to file in Alberta if they want to change their name?
Question: When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?
Answer: 2009
Question: What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?
Answer: incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation
Question: When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?
Answer: 2010
Question: When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?
Answer: 1 July 2013
Question: When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?
Answer: 10 October 2011
Question: On October 10, 2011 what was repealed?
Question: What act was amended in 2009?
Question: What act did Ontario adopt in 2009?
Question: What two things did the anticipated election in 2009 mean for NPO's?
Question: When did Ontario repeal the Canada Corporations Act?
Question: Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?
Answer: Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)
Question: What are donors to receive from a NPO?
Answer: income tax receipts
Question: How does an NPO keep their charitable status?
Answer: file annual reports