huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The White Book of Communism?
Question: Who believed that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?
Question: Who doesn’t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade France?
Question: How many electrical conductors, or plates, do all capacitors contain at a minimum?
Answer: two electrical conductors
Question: What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can store energy by becoming polarized?
Answer: a dielectric
Question: In what form does a capacitor store energy?
Answer: the form of an electrostatic field
Question: Where is the energy stored by a capacitor located?
Answer: between its plates
Question: What was a condenser originally known as?
Question: What has three terminal electrical components?
Question: What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can't store energy by becoming polarized?
Question:  In what form does a capacitor never store energy?
Question:  Where is the energy released by a capacitor located?
Question: When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?
Answer: When there is a potential difference across the conductors
Question: Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?
Answer: if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads
Question: What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors? 
Answer: when a capacitor is attached across a battery
Question: What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?
Answer: no current can flow through the capacitor
Question: How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?
Answer: positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other
Question: When does an electric field not develop across the dielectric?
Question: Under what condition does a displacement current never flow in a capacitor?
Question: What is an example of when there exists a similarity across the conductors?
Question:  How do charges stop accumulating on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?
Question: hat happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an inadequate amount of time?
Question: Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?
Answer: Ewald Georg von Kleist
Question: When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?
Answer: In October 1745
Question: In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? 
Answer: a hand-held glass jar
Question: Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?
Answer: the water acted as conductors
Question: What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?
Answer: Pieter van Musschenbroek
Question: Who did not discover the basic properties of capacitors?
Question: What happened on November 1745?
Question: In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component didn't act as the dielectric?
Question: What was the name of the French physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?
Question: Who said: "I would take a second shock for the kingdom of France."
Question: Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
Answer: Daniel Gralath
Question: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?
Answer: stored on the glass
Question: Who coined the term "battery"?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin
Question: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? 
Answer: 1.11 nanofarads
Question: Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?
Answer: to prevent arcing between the foils
Question: Who was the second person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
Question: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was released in Leyden jars?
Question:  Who coined the term "electrochemical"?
Question: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance subtract?
Question: Why was the mouth of Leyden jars closed?
Question: Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator? 
Answer: glass
Question: For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?
Answer: as the dielectric
Question: What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?
Answer: strip of impregnated paper
Question: When were paper capacitors first manufactured?
Answer: in 1876
Question: What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?
Answer: as decoupling capacitors
Question: Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other conductive material was used as an insulator?
Question: For what use were conductive materials used in the first capacitors?
Question: What was layered between strips of plastic in order to create paper capacitors?
Question: What happened in 1877?
Question:  What other use did metal capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?
Question: In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?
Answer: a neutral or alkaline electrolyte
Question: In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?
Answer: In 1896
Question: What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?
Answer: Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors
Question: Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?
Answer: to complement their newly invented transistor
Question:  Who invented the second electrolytic capacitor?
Question: In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain unstable?
Question: What happened in 1899?
Question:  What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1940's?
Question:  Why did Mell labs create their new type of capacitor?
Question: What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?
Answer: Supercapacitors
Question: When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?
Answer: In 1957
Question: Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?
Answer: H. Becker
Question: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?
Answer: in the carbon pores
Question: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?
Answer: the pores of the etched foils
Question:  What are electric triple-layer capacitors called today?
Question: When were high voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?
Question: Who invented high voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?
Question:  In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was not being stored?
Question: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was different from the porous carbon electrodes?
Question: What type of area is between the two conductors in a capacitor?
Answer: a non-conductive region
Question: What is the name given to the area between two conductors in a capacitor?
Answer: the dielectric
Question: What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to have?
Answer: no net electric charge
Question: What type of charges do conductors hold on their facing surfaces?
Answer: equal and opposite charges
Question: What region within a capacitor develops an electric field?
Answer: the dielectric
Question: What type of area is between the three conductors in a capacitor?
Question: What is the name given to the area between three conductors in a capacitor?
Question:  What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to never have?
Question:  What type of charges do conductors release on their facing surfaces?
Question:  What region outside of a capacitor develops an electric field?
Question: What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?
Answer: the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it
Question: For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?
Answer: one electron accumulates on the negative plate
Question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?
Answer: the integral of the current
Question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?
Answer: proportional to the voltage
Question: When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?
Answer: the initial voltage V(t0)
Question: What is the definition of the current P(t) through any component in an electric circuit?
Question: For each electron that departs the negative plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?
Question:  To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor not equal to?
Question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor disproportional to?
Question: what does the constant of integration that must never be added represent?
Question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric?
Answer: permittivity ε
Question: What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor?
Answer: ±ρ = ±Q/A
Question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must be assumed about the size of the plates?
Answer: much greater than their separation d
Question: Close to the middle of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?
Answer: E = ρ/ε
Question: What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent?
Answer: The voltage
Question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that does not describe the permittivity of the dielectric?
Question: What equation describes the charge density for an unideal model of a capacitor?
Question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must never be assumed about the size of the plates?
Question: Close to the outside of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?
Question: What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor fail to represent?
Question: What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?
Answer: The maximum energy
Question: If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor? 
Answer: no change of the maximum amount of energy
Question: In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?
Answer: fringing fields outside the dielectric
Question: When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?
Answer: will increase the effective capacitance
Question: When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?
Answer: negligibly small
Question: What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?
Question: What happens when there is a change of the maximum amount of energy
Question: In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors will an electric field never be found?
Question: When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the lack of effective capacitance of the capacitor?
Question: When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are small, what size is the parasitic capacitance?
Question: What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?
Answer: can be assumed to be linear
Question: What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?
Answer: virtual components
Question: Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods can then be applied?
Answer: The usual methods of network analysis
Question: What sort of analysis cannot be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?
Answer: normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used
Question: What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?
Answer: temperature dependence
Question: What characteristic do leakage current and parasitic effects never be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?
Question: What sort of components will never be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?
Question: Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods will never be applied?
Question: What sort of analysis will always be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?
Question: What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to succeed even if the effect is linear in nature?
Question: What order is the breakdown field strength for air dielectric capacitors of?
Answer: of the order 2 to 5 MV/m
Question: Of what order is the breakdown field strength for mica dielectric capacitors?
Answer: 100 to 300 MV/m
Question: In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited?
Answer: The dielectric is used in very thin layers
Question: What is one factor that critically affects the breakdown voltage of the capacitor?
Answer: the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts
Question: What is the difference in the physical attributes of the dielectric used in high voltage capacitors compared to low voltage capacitors?
Answer: the dielectric must be thicker
Question: What order is the breakdown field weakness for air dielectric capacitors of?
Question: Of what order is the breakdown field weakness for mica dielectric capacitors?
Question: In what way is the dielectric never used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited?
Question: What is one factor that does not affect the breakdown voltage of the capacitor?
Question: What is the difference in the physical attributes of the dielectric used in high voltage capacitors compared to even higher voltage capacitors?
Question: What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having either constant or alternating frequency?
Answer: Ripple current
Question: What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?
Answer: changing field strength
Question: What is another cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?
Answer: current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte
Question: What is the name given to the amount of internal series resistance needed to add to an ideal capacitor model in order to represent the heat generated by dielectric losses?
Answer: equivalent series resistance (ESR)
Question: What is one type of capacitor that has a specified rating value for maximum ripple current?
Answer: aluminum electrolytic capacitors
Question: What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having no constant or alternating frequency?
Question: What is one cause of dielectric gains in a capacitor?
Question:  What is another cause of dielectric gains in a capacitor?
Question: What does ESS stand for?
Question:  What is one type of capacitor that has no specified rating value for maximum ripple current?
Question: What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age?
Answer: degradation of the dielectric
Question: What is one of the most important aging factors in capacitors?
Answer: The type of dielectric
Question: What is another important factor which governs how a capacitor ages?
Answer: ambient operating and storage temperatures
Question: At what point can the aging effect of a capacitor be reversed if the component is heated beyond?
Answer: the Curie point
Question: What value of some capacitors increases with age?
Question: What causes the increase of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age?
Question:  What is one of the least important aging factors in capacitors?
Question: What is the least important factor which governs how a capacitor ages?
Question: At what point can the aging effect of a capacitor never be reversed if the component is heated beyond?
Question: What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves?
Answer: microphonic effect
Question: What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates? 
Answer: the capacitance
Question: What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered?
Answer: AC current
Question: In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic?
Answer: audio applications
Question: What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?
Answer: the reverse microphonic effect
Question:  What is the effect called when capacitors don't absorb sound waves?
Question:  What value of a capacitor is not varied when vibration moves the conducting plates?
Question:  What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is unaltered?
Question: In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity never problematic?
Question: What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor keeps them still?
Question: What is one type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?
Answer: DC circuits
Question: What is another type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?
Answer: pulsed circuits
Question: Under what condition does voltage reversal occur in RLC circuits?
Answer: under-damped
Question: What is formed between the inductance and the capacitance when the current and the voltage switch direction?
Answer: a harmonic oscillator
Question: When a system is over-damped, what does it typically not experience?
Answer: a voltage reversal
Question: What percentage of voltage reversal does an AC circuit experience?
Answer: 100% voltage reversal
Question: What does voltage reversal create in the dielectric of a capacitor?
Answer: excess electric fields
Question: What percentage of voltage reversal will an under damped DC circuit experience?
Answer: less than 100%
Question: What does excess electric field present in the dielectric lead to?
Answer: heating of both the dielectric and the conductors
Question: When designing a capacitor, what is an important rating to consider?
Answer: Reversal ratings
Question: What percentage of voltage reversal does an AC circuit never experience?
Question:  What does voltage reversal never create in the dielectric of a capacitor?
Question: What percentage of voltage reversal will an over damped DC circuit experience?
Question: When designing a capacitor, what is an unimportant rating to consider?
Question:  What does excess electric field not present in the dielectric lead to?
Question: After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to develop a voltage?
Answer: hysteresis in the dielectric
Question: What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor depend on?
Answer: time-dependent
Question: What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor display? 
Answer: very high absorption
Question: What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor exhibit?
Answer: very small levels of absorption
Question: What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous? 
Answer: over 10 joules of energy
Question: After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to underdevelop a voltage?
Question:  What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor not depend on?
Question: What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor never display?
Question: What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor never exhibit?
Question: What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to never be considered dangerous?
Question: With what value is a resistor in parallel with a capacitor equal to?
Answer: Leakage
Question: What can cause excessive leakage in a capacitor?
Answer: Constant exposure to heat
Question: What sort of capacitors are used to carry a varying signal from the conductive plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage?
Answer: interstage coupling capacitors
Question: What type of capacitor can cause signal distortion in the downstream tube?
Answer: A leaky capacitor
Question: If the grid circuit voltage is increased beyond its regular bias setting, what can happen to the conductive plates in power amplifiers?
Answer: cause the plates to glow red
Question: With what value is a resistor in parallel with a capacitor not equal to?
Question:  What will never cause excessive leakage in a capacitor?
Question:  What sort of capacitors are never used to carry a varying signal from the conductive plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage?
Question: What type of capacitor will never cause signal distortion in the downstream tube?
Question: If the grid circuit voltage is increased beyond its regular bias setting, what doesn't happen to the conductive plates in power amplifiers?
Question: What do many capacitors contain that raises the capacitance?
Answer: a dielectric spacer
Question: What sort of dielectric is used in low capacitance devices?
Answer: a vacuum
Question: What sort of capacitors have traditionally been used in radio tuning circuits?
Answer: Variable capacitors
Question: How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits change over time? 
Answer: use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates
Question: What did the later designs of capacitors used in radio tuning circuits no longer have?
Answer: no significant air space
Question: What do many capacitors contain that lower the capacitance?
Question:  What sort of dielectric is never used in low capacitance devices?
Question: What sort of capacitors have not traditionally been used in radio tuning circuits?
Question: How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits stay the same over time?
Question:  What did the later designs of capacitors used in radio tuning circuits still have?
Question: What type of capacitor has mostly replaced solid state paper capacitors?
Answer: plastic film capacitors
Question: What sort of circuit are plastic capacitors especially useful for?
Answer: timer circuits
Question: What is one type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?
Answer: Glass
Question: What is another type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?
Answer: mica capacitors
Question:  What benefit is never offered by solid state paper capacitors?
Question:  What type of capacitor has not replaced solid state paper capacitors?
Question:  What sort of circuit are plastic capacitors not useful for?
Question: What is one type of reliable capacitor that is non-resistant to temperature and voltage changes?
Question:  What is another type of reliable capacitor that is not resistant to temperature and voltage changes?
Question: What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of?
Answer: aluminum
Question: What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors?
Answer: an oxide dielectric layer
Question: What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?
Answer: drops at low temperatures
Question: How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time?
Answer: by gradually applying the operating voltage
Question: Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices?
Answer: these produce full output voltage even with reduced input
Question: What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are never made of?
Question:  What type of dielectric layer is never used in electrolytic capacitors?
Question: What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at high temperatures?
Question: How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been used for a long time?
Question: Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in ancient devices?
Question: What is the main feature of a supercapacitor?
Answer: Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy
Question: What is one type of material with which a supercapacitor may be constructed?
Answer: carbon nanotubes
Question: As of 2010, what is the highest capacitance a supercapacitor has achieved?
Answer: up to 5 kF
Question: What type of capacitor is commonly used in electric motor circuits?
Answer: Alternating current capacitors
Question: How many times the maximum AC voltage are AC capacitors designed to withstand?
Answer: at least five times the maximum AC voltage
Question:  What is the main feature of a non-supercapacitor?
Question:  What is one type of material with which a supercapacitor may not be constructed?
Question: As of 2010, what is the lowest capacitance a supercapacitor has achieved?
Question:  What type of capacitor is never used in electric motor circuits?
Question: How many times the minimum AC voltage are AC capacitors designed to withstand?
Question: Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?
Answer: driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly
Question: What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?
Answer: the internal microscopic dipoles
Question: What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency?
Answer: dielectric dispersion
Question: What regulates dielectric dispersion?
Answer: dielectric relaxation processes
Question: What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?
Answer: Debye relaxation
Question: Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be able to follow the voltage?
Question: What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a slowly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?
Question: What is it called when a dielectric constant stays the same with frequency?
Question:  What deregulates dielectric dispersion?
Question:  What is an example of an undielectric relaxation process?
Question: How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?
Answer: Z(ω)
Question: How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically?
Answer: C0
Question: Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality?
Answer: even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior
Question: Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes?
Answer: in terrestrial vacuum
Question: How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present?
Answer: Ccmplx(ω)
Question: How is the non-complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?
Question: How is the complex capacitance with dielectric represented mathematically?
Question:  Why isn't the value of C0 unattainable in reality?
Question: Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently inaccurate for calculation purposes?
Question: How is the complex capacitance mathematically unrepresented with the dielectric present?
Question: What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks with metallic coatings?
Answer: microfarads and less
Question: How are larger value capacitors often constructed?
Answer: multiple stacks of plates and disks
Question: What do larger value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium?
Answer: impregnated paper or plastic – these are rolled up to save space
Question: Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in larger value capacitors?
Answer: To reduce the series resistance and inductance
Question: How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors?
Answer: metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film
Question: What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks without metallic coatings?
Question:  How are smaller value capacitors often constructed?
Question: What do smaller value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium?
Question: Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in smaller value capacitors?
Question:  How are the conductive plates never made for larger value capacitors?
Question: What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized?
Answer: axially
Question: What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?
Answer: radially
Question: Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?
Answer: Radial
Question: How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged?
Answer: on a common axis
Question: How could radial leads be more correctly described?
Answer: as tandem
Question: What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor not have its connecting leads organized?
Question: What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor will never have its connecting leads arranged?
Question: Which type of configuration is never manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?
Question:  How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor not arranged?
Question:  How could radial leads be less correctly described?
Question: Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed?
Answer: the 1930s
Question: Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use?
Answer: the 1980s
Question: What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?
Answer: connecting leads
Question: What is one benefit of using surface mount components?
Answer: simplify automated assembly
Question: What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?
Answer: manual handling is made difficult due to their small size
Question: What happened since the 1940s?
Question: What has been in use since the 1990s?
Question: What do surface mount packages have that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?
Question:  What is one inconvenience of using surface mount components?
Question:  What is one easy part when using surface mount components?
Question: What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?
Answer: the plate spacing
Question: How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?
Answer: with a screw
Question: Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?
Answer: reverse-biased semiconductor diodes
Question: What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?
Answer: depletion region
Question: What is an application of varactors?
Answer: phase-locked loops
Question: What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors disable to be modified?
Question: How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance against layers of a plastic and aluminum?
Question:  Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps uncomprised?
Question: What doesn't vary as a function of voltage in varactors?
Question:  What is not an application of varactors?
Question: How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?
Answer: display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF)
Question: What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors consist of?
Answer: three numeric digits and a letter
Question: What part of the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?
Answer: the digits indicate the capacitance
Question: What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent?
Answer: the letter indicates the tolerance
Question: In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on smaller capacitors?
Answer: in pF
Question: How do larger capacitors hide their electrical characteristics?
Question: What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of larger capacitors consist of?
Question: What part of the electrical characteristics of larger capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?
Question:  What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of larger capacitors represent?
Question:  In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on larger capacitors?
Question: Why are capacitors connected in parallel with the power circuits of many devices and large systems?
Answer: to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits
Question: How do the capacitors connected in parallel act with currents from the power supply?
Answer: as a local reserve for the DC power source
Question: What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?
Answer: the inductance
Question: What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?
Answer: resistance
Question: What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver "clean" power for control circuits?
Answer: conceal current fluctuations
Question: Why are capacitors connected in parallel without the power circuits of many devices and large systems?
Question:  How do the capacitors connected perpendicullarly act with currents from the power supply?
Question: What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for a plane audio purposes?
Question:  What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for boat audio purposes?
Question: What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver "dirty" power for control circuits?
Question: In what scenario are capacitors used for power factor correction?
Answer: In electric power distribution
Question: How are capacitors used for for power factor correction prepared?
Answer: as three capacitors connected as a three phase load
Question: In what what unit is the capacitance reported for capacitors used in power factor correction?
Answer: reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var)
Question: What is the reason for using capacitors in power factor correction?
Answer: to counteract inductive loading
Question: How are power factor correction capacitors sometimes installed?
Answer: at a load center within a building
Question: In what scenario are capacitors never used for power factor correction?
Question:  How are capacitors never used for power factor correction prepared?
Question: In what what unit is the capacitance reported for capacitors never used in power factor correction?
Question:  What is the reason for never using capacitors in power factor correction?
Question:  How are power factor correction capacitors never installed?
Question: What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is opened?
Answer: the current through the inductance collapses quickly
Question: What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened?
Answer: a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch
Question: What type of capacitor is used to make a path to bypass the contact points?
Answer: A snubber capacitor
Question: What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is found?
Answer: contact breaker ignition systems
Question: What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference?
Answer: a filter capacitor
Question:  What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is closed?
Question:  What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is closed?
Question: What type of capacitor is used to make a path to not bypass the contact points?
Question:  What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is not found?
Question:  What type of capacitor dispenses radio frequency interference?
Question: What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding?
Answer: a rotational motion on the rotor
Question: What sort of capacitors are used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor?
Answer: series non-polarized starting capacitor
Question: What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?
Answer: introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current
Question: What does the centrifugal switch do the capacitor when the rotor achieves operating speed?
Answer: disconnects the capacitor
Question: Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted?
Answer: to the side of the motor housing
Question: What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding?
Question: What sort of capacitors are never used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor?
Question: What doesn't the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?
Question:  Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted?
Question: How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?
Answer: over 15 joules of energy
Question: To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to?
Answer: over 300 volts
Question: What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?
Answer: a Brinkley stick
Question: How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?
Answer: with the terminals shorted
Question: What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?
Answer: from static charges
Question: How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera release?
Question: To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be never charged to?
Question:  What device can't be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?
Question:  How aren't the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?
Question: What type of charge couldn't a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?
Question: What could cause the failure of a capacitor?
Answer: when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating
Question: What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications?
Answer: overheat
Question: What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks?
Answer: violently explode
Question: What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays?
Answer: High voltage vacuum capacitors
Question: What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers?
Answer: preventive maintenance
Question: What couldn't cause the failure of a capacitor?
Question:  What can't happen to capacitors used in high current applications?
Question: What can happen to capacitors used in low energy capacitor banks?
Question:  What type of capacitors can generate hard x-rays?
Question:  What is one way to help maximize capacitor dangers?
Question: What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?
Answer: The history of science
Question: What is the history of arts and humanities called?
Answer: the history of scholarship
Question: What kind of phenomena does science study?
Answer: real world
Question: Intellectual history and social history are used in what?
Answer: Historiography of science
Question: When was the word "scientist" created?
Answer: 19th century
Question: What are people who study nature called?
Answer: natural philosophers
Question: Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?
Answer: the Middle Ages
Question: When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?
Answer: the scientific revolution
Question: Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?
Answer: Thomas Kuhn
Question: What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?
Answer: the 18th century
Question: Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?
Answer: competing paradigms
Question: Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?
Answer: food production
Question: Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?
Answer: work towards bare survival
Question: What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?
Answer: The development of writing
Question: Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?
Answer: community
Question: What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?
Answer: geometry
Question: What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?
Answer: The 3-4-5 right triangle
Question: What research was Egypt known for?
Answer: alchemy
Question: What is the name of the earliest medical document?
Answer: The Edwin Smith papyrus
Question: How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?
Answer: 3500 BC
Question: What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?
Answer: numerical data
Question: What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?
Answer: 18th century BC
Question: Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?
Answer: Plimpton 322
Question: Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?
Answer: in Western calendars
Question: Who was Kidinnu?
Answer: a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician
Question: Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?
Answer: A. Aaboe
Question: Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?
Answer: today's calendars
Question: What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?
Answer: natural philosophy
Question: What is an example of skilled professionals?
Answer: physicians
Question: What is an example of religious devotee?
Answer: temple healers
Question: What would the first scientists have been considered?
Answer: natural philosophers
Question: What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?
Answer: How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?
Question: Who was named "the father of science"?
Answer: Thales
Question: Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?
Answer: Poseidon
Question: Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?
Answer: Samos
Question: Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?
Answer: natural philosophy
Question: What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?
Answer: deductive reasoning
Question: What year was the Platonic Academy founded?
Answer: 387 BC
Question: Aristotle introduced what theory?
Answer: empiricism
Question: How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?
Answer: 540
Question: Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?
Answer: factual knowledge
Question: What era utilized Greek theories?
Answer: the Hellenistic age
Question: What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?
Answer: the Socratic method
Question: Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?
Answer: the Ancient Greeks
Question: Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?
Answer: deliberate empirical research
Question: Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?
Answer: Aristarchus of Samos
Question: Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?
Answer: Eratosthenes
Question: Who made the first catalog of stars?
Answer: Hipparchus
Question: What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?
Answer: the Antikythera mechanism
Question: When was the Antikythera mechanism used?
Answer: 150-100 BC
Question: What was contained within the book Elements?
Answer: the foundations of mathematical rigor
Question: Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola?
Answer: Archimedes
Question: What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola?
Answer: exhaustion
Question: Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate?
Answer: Pi
Question: In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?
Answer: 77 AD
Question: What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?
Answer: the octahedral shape
Question: Who do engravers use diamond dust for?
Answer: to cut and polish other gems
Question: What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?
Answer: was a fossilized resin
Question: The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?
Answer: mathematical knowledge
Question: What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?
Answer: 4:2:1
Question: What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?
Answer: stability
Question: What was the name of the ruler that they created?
Answer: the Mohenjo-daro ruler
Question: How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?
Answer: 1.32 inches
Question: What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered?
Answer: sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine
Question: What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD?
Answer: gravity was a force of attraction
Question: What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for?
Answer: a placeholder and a decimal digit
Question: What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from?
Answer: Arabic
Question: Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?
Answer: the Vedas
Question: Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?
Answer: Bhāskara
Question: In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?
Answer: 12th century
Question: The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?
Answer: 13
Question: What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?
Answer: the nature of the sphere
Question: What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?
Answer: proto-dentistry
Question: What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?
Answer: Ayurveda
Question: What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?
Answer: Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta
Question: What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?
Answer: surgical procedures
Question: What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?
Answer: a positional decimal system on counting boards
Question: One rod in the second box from the right is what number?
Answer: 10
Question: When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?
Answer: 1st century BC
Question: What text includes Horner's method?
Answer: The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
Question: What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?
Answer: Cubic equations
Question: What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?
Answer: eclipses
Question: Who made predictions in 1601?
Answer: Jesuit Matteo Ricci
Question: What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets?
Answer: 635
Question: How many records of sunspots are there?
Answer: 112
Question: What occurrence is measured by a seismometer?
Answer: an earthquake
Question: What is the Chinese name for a seismometer?
Answer: Houfeng didong yi
Question: What did the Chinese caused earthquakes?
Answer: enormous compression of trapped air
Question: What was Luoyang renamed to?
Answer: Gansu
Question: When was Shen Kuo alive?
Answer: 1031–1095
Question: What are drydocks used for?
Answer: to repair boats
Question: What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo?
Answer: geomorphology
Question: What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change?
Answer: petrified bamboo
Question: What type of bridge originated in China?
Answer: suspension
Question: What type of map originated in China?
Answer: raised-relief
Question: What type of fan originated in China?
Answer: rotary
Question: What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?
Answer: water-powered celestial
Question: What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?
Answer: the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past
Question: Where was support found for Greek philosophy?
Answer: Arab Empire
Question: What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?
Answer: the 7th and 8th centuries
Question: How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?
Answer: until the 13th century
Question: What language did Muslim philosophers speak?
Answer: Arabic
Question: What book did Ibn al-Haytham write?
Answer: Book of Optics
Question: What law did the Persians know of?
Answer: The law of refraction of light
Question: What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname?
Answer: the father of optics
Question: What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for?
Answer: the intromission theory of light
Question: What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?
Answer: mathematician