huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?
Answer: Azad Kashmir
Question: What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?
Answer: does not apply to it
Question: What is the Islamabad Territory Capital also known as?
Question: What are FATA, Azad Northern, Kashmir Areas, and ICT?
Question: Which province has its own courts system?
Question: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions?
Answer: England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland
Question: What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on criminal matters?
Answer: the High Court of Justiciary
Question: What legislation established the Supremacy of the Supreme Court of the UK?
Answer: Constitutional Reform Act 2005
Question: When did this act go into affect?
Answer: 1 October 2009
Question: What body previously had judicial supremacy in the UK prior to this?
Answer: House of Lords
Question: The Constitutional Reform Act of 2009 established what?
Question: What went into effect in 2005?
Question: What issues were addressed under the Scotland Act of 1989?
Question: What was the first judicial body in the United Kingdom?
Question: Where is the Supreme court the ultimate court for criminal and judicial matters?
Question: What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?
Answer: titles of state supreme court vary
Question: The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories?
Answer: New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia
Question: What is West Virginia's highest court called?
Answer: Supreme Court of Appeals
Question: What state's supreme court is the oldest appellate court body in the western hemisphere?
Answer: Massachusetts
Question: Supreme Courts in New York serve what function?
Answer: trial courts of general jurisdiction
Question: What is the highest court in Virginia?
Question: What state has the oldest judicial court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere?
Question: In New York, what is the intermediate judicial court called?
Question: What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria?
Answer: the Austrian Constitution of 1920
Question: What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria?
Answer: Constitutional Court
Question: What is the German word for this constitutional high court?
Answer: Verfassungsgerichtshof
Question: What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government?
Answer: the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights
Question: The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name?
Answer: Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)
Question: What was drafted in 1902?
Question: Who wrote the Austrian Constitution?
Question: What is the Austrian term for Administrative Court?
Question: What is the Austrian term for Constitutional Court?
Question: What is the Austrian term for "ordinary courts?"
Question: What is the highest court in Brazil?
Answer: Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)
Question: What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?
Answer: cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases
Question: Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over?
Answer: cases involving members of congress, senators
Question: What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court?
Answer: ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic
Question: What is Brazil's high court for labor law?
Answer: The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)
Question: The Superior Labour Tribunal oversees what type of elections?
Question: What two types of cases does the Superior Military Tribunal only review?
Question: What conflicting outcomes does the Superior Electoral Tribunal deal with?
Question: What is the Brazilian name for the Supreme Court?
Question: What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?
Answer: Bundesverfassungsgericht
Question: The english translation of this court and its duties is what?
Answer: Federal Constitutional Court
Question: What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?
Answer: the power and authority to outlaw political parties
Question: Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility?
Answer: it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution
Question: What is the German term for the German Constitutional Court?
Question: What is the German term for Federal Constitution?
Question: What can happen to a political party if it has repeatedly violated the German Court System?
Question: What can the German Court declare in regard to legislation?
Question: The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?
Answer: civil and criminal cases
Question: What court has supremacy for matters of social security?
Answer: Bundessozialgericht
Question: What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany?
Answer: Bundesarbeitsgericht
Question: Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name?
Answer: Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe
Question: What else does Bundesgerichtshof deal with besides taxation?
Question: What is the Bundessozialgericht at the top of?
Question: What type of law is Bundesarbeitsgericht for?
Question: What is the German term for the Senate of the Supreme Courts?
Question: How often does the Joint Supreme Court gather?
Question: The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?
Answer: legislation against the constitution
Question: What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?
Answer: legislation against some treaties
Question: Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law?
Answer: administrative law
Question: The high court for administrative law is also known as what?
Answer: Council of State (Raad van State)
Question: What is another term for the Supreme Court of the Netherlands?
Question: What is the court banned from according to the principle of the States-General?
Question: What is the term for the Council of States-General?
Question: What is the name of a court that deals with administrative law?
Question: The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?
Answer: the American Supreme Court
Question: What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review?
Answer: 1987 Philippine Constitution
Question: How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?
Answer: 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices
Question: When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?
Answer: en banc
Question: What nation's court is the American Supreme Court heavily modeled after?
Question: In addition to the Philippines, what country was Spain colonized by?
Question: What was written in 1897?
Question: What does the Philippine Statute Code state about the decisions of the Supreme Court?
Question: The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?
Answer: private and public
Question: What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court?
Answer: those cases related to human rights
Question: What is the other power of this latter court?
Answer: decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution
Question: High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings?
Answer: binding precedents
Question: In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts?
Answer: lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations
Question: What are five Supreme Court judgement supporting a claim needed for?
Question: What do lower rank courts always observe?
Question: What action does the Supreme Court only allow for cases related to human rights?
Question: Sweden's two high courts are what?
Answer: the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court
Question: What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court?
Answer: cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs
Question: The Supreme Court hears what?
Answer: all other cases
Question: How are judges placed on Sweden's high courts?
Answer: appointed by the Government
Question: The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden's court system is called what?
Answer: prövningstillstånd
Question: What is the Swedish term for government?
Question: What other cases does the Supreme Court consider besides disputes between individuals and administrative organs?
Question: What two courts are equally the highest courts of the land?
Question: The Supreme Court appoints what position?
Question: The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what?
Answer: all lower Courts
Question: Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence?
Answer: common-law and civil-law
Question: What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court?
Answer: 2/3
Question: What was created in 1927?
Question: What was adopted before 1972?
Question: What do capital-law and civil-law blend together to make?
Question: The president of the country may play a role in what type of cases?
Question: South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013?
Answer: "two apex"
Question: When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created?
Answer: 1994
Question: What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?
Answer: the Constitutional Court
Question: When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?
Answer: August 2013
Question: What existed from 1993 to 2014?
Question: What was created in 2013 to replace the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa?
Question: What was amended in August 1994?
Question: What is the Constitutional Court subordinate to?
Question: What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?
Answer: Soviet Union
Question: What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?
Answer: Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)
Question: Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?
Answer: cases which have already been decided
Question: Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?
Answer: common law
Question: Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?
Answer: Portuguese-based legal system
Question: What is the NCPSC also known as?
Question: What country can interpret the laws of Macau and China?
Question: What country is the Chinese legal system based on?
Question: What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze?
Answer: a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document
Question: What is the proper name for textual scholarship?
Answer: philology
Question: Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text?
Answer: Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand
Question: What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text?
Answer: recensions
Question: What type of edition does a textual critic usually analyze?
Question: What is the goal of the textual author?
Question: What is the proper name for textual profession?
Question: Why are there differences in modern copies of the same text?
Question: What do textual critics call a perfectly translated edition of a text?
Question: Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's?
Answer: Qur'an
Question: Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters?
Answer: biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original
Question: Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels?
Answer: the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed
Question: What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an
Answer: Sana'a manuscripts
Question: When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written?
Answer: possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries.
Question: Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 8th century?
Question: Why are scholars concerned with analysis of plays?
Question: Why is it important for textual critics to analyze plays?
Question:  What books prompted a textual analysis of modern work?
Question: Which manuscript was written in 1972?
Question: What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?
Answer: the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,
Question: Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?
Answer: Bible
Question: Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on.
Answer: Mesopotamia and Egypt
Question: Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?
Answer: is, to the devout, taboo.
Question: Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?
Answer: a period of about five millennia
Question: Why do critics hate focusing on Shakespeare?
Question: What book did Shakespeare write?
Question: When were the most recent documents in criticism?
Question: It's too taboo to criticize the Torah, Qur'an, and what other religion?
Question: What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text?
Answer: identification of the first exemplar
Question: Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism?
Answer: split in the tradition
Question: The exemplar is otherwise known as what?
Answer: the archetype
Question: The final product of reconstruction is known as what?
Answer: the constitutio
Question: What is the second goal when attempting to analyze a new text?
Question: Why is finding the last exemplar important in textual criticism?
Question:  The first product of reconstruction is known as what?
Question:  The middle product of reconstruction is known as what?
Question:  The final product of reconstruction is known as what?
Question: What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"?
Answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus
Question: What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?
Answer: presents the author's work in three parts
Question: What is the goal of the textual critic?
Answer: a "critical edition"
Question: A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?
Answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus.
Question: What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)
Question: What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)
Question: What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)
Question: What is included in "ultimate edition"?
Question: What is the purpose of the rejected apparatus?
Question: How many parts is in the textual apparatus?
Question: What is the fourth part in the critical apparatus?
Question: Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?
Answer: literature was copied by hand
Question: Are printed editions immune to variation?
Answer: not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph
Question: How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?
Answer: a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph
Question: An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?
Answer: eclectic.
Question: How did they copy literature before they did it by hand?
Question: How did they copy literature after mechanical printing?
Question: How do printing presses provide identical copies?
Question: Why do textual critics prefer to use multiple sources?
Question: What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?
Answer: variant readings, or simply variants or readings.
Question: How or why do variations enter a witness text?
Answer: either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)
Question: As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?
Answer: document variant readings
Question: Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?
Answer: so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.
Question: Identical documents that represent different text are called what?
Question: What are the similarities in the text of witnesses known as?
Question: When do variations enter a witness text?
Question: What is the fourth way the textual critic considers evidence?
Question: What is the fifth way the textual critic considers evidence?
Question: What is a variorum?
Answer: The collation of all known variants of a text
Question: What is the purpose of a variorum?
Answer: so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication
Question: Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum.
Answer: Edward Fitzgerald
Question: Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum.
Answer: The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare
Question: What is the name for the collation of all unknown variants of a text?
Question: What is it called when the variations are texts are read separately?
Question: What book wasn't a product of variorum?
Question: What author wasn't part of a variorum?
Question: Leaves of Grass did not undergo what process?
Question: What is often included in an eclectic reading?
Answer: an impression of the number of witnesses
Question: Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition?
Answer: a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions
Question: Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work?
Answer: textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition.
Question: What do eclectic readings not do?
Question: Why do people prefer a first edition Shakespeare play?
Question: Which edition did not include an addition alluding to an event?
Question: Textual critics may reconstruct the last edition of a work without what?
Question: What is external evidence?
Answer: evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses.
Question: Why are older manuscripts preferred?
Answer: Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors.
Question: What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?
Answer: geographically diverse
Question: What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?
Answer: more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one
Question: External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, relationship to other known witnesses, and what else?
Question: Why do critics prefer the newest witnesses?
Question: Why do critics prefer minority of witnesses?
Question: Why do critics prefer geographically similar witnesses?
Question: There are more early copies than what type of copies?
Question: Define "lectio brevior"
Answer: shorter reading
Question: Define "lectio difficilior"
Answer: more difficult reading
Question: What is the main principle of lectio brevior?
Answer: scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit
Question: What is the main principle of lectio difficilior?
Answer: the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text.
Question: Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text?
Answer: Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original.
Question: What's the term for "longer reading"?
Question: What's the term for "easier reading"?
Question: What is the term for when words are deducted for clarification?
Question: What is the term for when there are consistencies in the text?
Question: How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek?
Answer: They proposed nine critical rules
Question: What is Bengel's rule?
Answer: The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties.
Question: Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text?
Answer: "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."
Question: What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity?
Answer: Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses
Question: What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts?
Answer: The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.
Question: When did Westcott and Hort meet?
Question: When did Westcott and Hort go into business together?
Question: When did they propose Bengel's rule?
Question: The number of supporting witnesses explains why readings are what?
Question: Which reading is less preferred?
Question: Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic?
Answer: justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda
Question: When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?
Answer: 19th century
Question: What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler?
Answer: The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images
Question: What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique?
Answer: the depth of research of the critic
Question: What canons are not susceptible to interpretation?
Question: What canons are not contradictory?
Question: When did scholars stop looking for more rigorous methods?
Question: The editor sought to raise subjectivity by what?
Question: Who was only permitted to select one reading?
Question: What is a cladogram?
Answer: The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram.
Question: What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common?
Answer: it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source
Question: What is a hyparchetype?
Answer: a common intermediate source
Question: What is recension?
Answer: The process of constructing the stemma
Question: A loose approach to textual criticism is called what?
Question: When did Karl Lachmann contribute to making stemmatics famous?
Question: How did Lachmann make stemmatics famous?
Question: The final stage of the stemma is called what?
Question: Recension and Latin recensio is latin for what?
Question: Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?
Answer: examinatio and emendatio
Question: What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?
Answer: copy text editing
Question: What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?
Answer: eclecticism
Question: The process of selectio does not resemble what type of criticism?
Question: Eclectic criticism is not similar to what type of process?
Question:  Which steps do not resemble copy-text editing?
Question: What process is not used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?
Question: When manuscripts are bad, what process gets used?
Question: What was Joseph Bédier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?
Answer: critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.
Question: Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior?
Answer: the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses.
Question: To what did Joseph Bédier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method?
Answer: editors tended to favor trees with two branches
Question: Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text?
Answer: this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment
Question: What was the final implication of Joseph Bédier's analysis of the stemmatic method?
Answer: the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.
Question: Why did Joseph Bédier prefer stemmatics?
Question:  Why is a method that only produces two branches seen as the best?
Question: Trees with two branches minimized opportunities for that?
Question: When witnesses agree, what did the third branch do?
Question: Which method was more rigorous than originally claimed?
Question: At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?
Answer: the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process
Question: Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading?
Answer: , it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading
Question: What is the first step in the stemmatic method?
Question: What judgement produces the correct result?
Question: Which reading does the critic select when there are only two witnesses at the same tree?
Question: A reading that occurs left often is always considered what?
Question: What was the initial definition of copy-text?
Answer: the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine
Question: Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method
Answer: choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt.
Question: When was Ronald B. McKerrow born?
Question: What year did Thomas Nashe introduce the term copy-text?
Question: Thomas Nash is a bibliographer who published whose works?
Question: Nashe was aware of limitations of which method?
Question: Ronald B. McKerror was a french critic who did like which method?
Question: Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism?
Answer: deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript."
Question: How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis?
Answer: inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author."
Question: What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method?
Answer: we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints
Question: What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method?
Answer: Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare
Question: What book did Shakespeare publish in 1939?
Question: McKerrow stayed firm in which opinion?
Question: How many revisions did early editions have?
Question: McKerrow thinks we should only accept one revision for what reason?
Question: Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred?
Answer: the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced
Question: What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced?
Answer: if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand.
Question: What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced?
Answer: indifferent
Question: Who argued that an editor should not be free to use their own judgement?
Question: What do editors call variants that are not balanced?
Question: What is the term for variants that are somewhat balanced?
Question: An editor should not defer to what when variants are balanced?
Question: Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?
Answer: The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.
Question: What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out?
Answer: the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text
Question: What where the limitations of Greg's analyses?
Answer: English Renaissance drama
Question: What is the main criticism of Greg's work?
Answer: works where an author's manuscript survived
Question: Who limited their examples to French Renaissance drama?
Question: Greg was a novice in which period of drama?
Question: According to Bowers, the manuscript should not serve as what?
Question: The principle of copy-text is sound with regard to what?
Question: What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?
Answer: our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state
Question: If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal?
Answer: approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy
Question: What did Bower's say about Greg's method?
Answer: represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions
Question: What did Tanselle say about textual criticism?
Answer: has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author
Question: What are editors trying to ultimately stop?
Question: What happens when an editor achieves an exact reproduction of an authors work?
Question:  What did Tanselle say about modern authors?
Question: Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would not represent what?
Question: Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?
Answer: Bowers and Tanselle
Question: Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?
Answer: Tanselle
Question: Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one?
Answer: a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former
Question: What idea did Tanselle champion?
Answer: unconstrained authorial intention
Question: Who argued for works where the author listens to input from others?
Question: Who didn't want to determine why an author made changes to a work?
Question:  Who believes an earlier work can be substituted for a later one?
Question: Constrained authorial intention was whose idea?
Question: What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication?
Answer: remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions
Question: What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product?
Answer: to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896
Question: What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product?
Answer: to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own
Question: What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie?
Answer: his judgment
Question: I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use?
Answer: 1896
Question: What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?
Answer: to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,
Question: What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?
Answer: to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention
Question: What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?
Answer: to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions
Question: When was Maggie first published?
Answer: 1893
Question:  What changes did Maggie make to secure commercial publication?
Question: When did Maggie publish her edition of Bowers?
Question: What was Bower's final step in editing a single work into multiple versions?
Question: When was the third version of Maggie published?
Question: When was the fifth and final version of Maggie published?
Question: Are appendices easy to use for the average reader?
Answer: appendices that are difficult to use,
Question: Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition?
Answer: suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves
Question: How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing?
Answer: notes at the foot of the text page
Question: Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote?
Answer: appendices
Question: Who believes that clear-text doesn't give enough prominence?
Question: What are generally easy to use?
Question: Shillingsburg says which editions don't use notes at the bottom of the page?
Question: What does not draw attention to alternative forms of text?
Question: What is the biological basis for Cladistics?
Answer: to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species
Question: How is evolution applied to textual criticism?
Answer: manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics
Question: How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method?
Answer: cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree
Question: What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics?
Answer: does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root"
Question: What is a technique borrowed from physics?
Question: Phylogenetic systematics was originally called what?
Question: How is cladistics the opposite of the stemmatic method?
Question: What is the mathmatical basis for Cladistics?
Question: When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon?
Answer: the early 1970s
Question: What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures?
Answer: digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes
Question: How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined?
Answer: applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts
Question: When did Larson finish his project?
Answer: 1974
Question: Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon?
Answer: Larson
Question: What year did true textual criticism stop being applied?
Question: What school did Ellis Rasmussen not teach at?
Question: What church did not want a new edition of the holy scriptures?
Question: What class did Larson teach at Rasmussen?
Question: When did Larson begin his thesis project?
Question: Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project?
Answer: Robert F. Smith
Question: How many years did it take to publish all three volumes of the Book of Mormon Critical Text?
Answer: the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987
Question: Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient?
Answer: The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work
Question: Who is the head of FARMS?
Answer: Professor John W. Welch
Question: When did FARMS stop existing?
Question: When was the fifth volume of Critical Text Project published?
Question: What book did Grant Hardy publish in 1987?
Question: Larson begin the research for what project?
Question: FARMS was funded by whom?
Question: Who took over after the preliminary phase?
Answer: Professor Skousen
Question: Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed?
Answer: to obtain fine readings
Question: What process what used to study the gathered fragments?
Answer: advanced photographic techniques
Question: On what did Skousen analyze ink and pencil remnants?
Answer: Printer’s Manuscript
Question: What year was the final phase of the project completed?
Question: Professor Skousen left what position in 1988?
Question: Who sold the community of christ church?
Question:  What did Skousen delete ink and pencil remnants from?
Question: How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible?
Answer: extremely rare
Question: To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning?
Answer: hardly affect any doctrine
Question: Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations?
Answer: Professor Douglas Stuart
Question: How many variations of the Old Testament offer the same meaning?
Answer: virtually every possible alternative reading
Question: What book did Douglas Stuart summarize?
Question: How many of the textual variants are significant?
Question: How many variants change the doctrine considerably?
Question: Stuart thought the Bible is largely different because of what?
Question: Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?
Answer: There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible
Question: What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?
Answer: within 200 years
Question: What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?
Answer: about a millennium after their composition
Question: How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?
Answer: a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.
Question: Plato's Republic has more witnesses than what?
Question: The Bible has fewer witnesses than what types of work?
Question: When were the latest witnesses of the New Testament?
Question: Textual scholars expect there to be a smaller time gap between an original and what?
Question: There are fewer changes in a text when there is a larger what?
Question: What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?
Answer: The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct
Question: Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?
Answer: All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable
Question: What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?
Answer: the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works
Question: What does not matter in order to be copyrighted?
Question: What minor things can be included and validate a copyright?
Question: Non-scientific editions can be protected by what?
Question: What are not protected by copyright?
Question: All EU member states have transposed what into law?
Question: What are common diameters found in phonograph records?
Answer: 12", 10", 7"
Question: What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record?
Answer: analogue sound storage medium
Question: Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start?
Answer: near the periphery
Question: In what method is the rotational speed measured in?
Answer: rpm
Question: Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market?
Answer: 1991
Question: From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records?
Answer: disc jockeys (DJ)s
Question: Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014?
Answer: 9.2 million
Question: What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as?
Answer: audiophiles
Question: In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?
Answer: 2000s
Question: What year were the earliest known recordings of sound?
Answer: 1857
Question: By whom was the phonautograms patented?
Answer: Léon Scott
Question: In what year was phonautograms patented?
Answer: 1857
Question: How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph?
Answer: capable of both recording and reproducing sound
Question: What was unique about Einsteins invention?
Answer: reproducing sound
Question: At what era was the recorded sound market introduced?
Answer: 1880s
Question: What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially? 
Answer: poor sound quality
Question: Where were lateral cut disc records developed?
Answer: United States
Question: What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?
Answer: RCA Victor
Question: Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?
Answer: Montreal
Question: What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909?
Answer: Blue Amberol cylinders
Question: What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire?
Answer: 1919
Question: What format dominated the market in the late 1980s?
Answer: digital compact disc
Question: What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919?
Answer: Amberol cylinder
Question: What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of?
Answer: celluloid
Question: What were two drawback of early recordings?
Answer: Sensitivity and frequency range were poor
Question: How would one make to early recordings?
Answer: face in the recording horn
Question: What types of violins worked best with early recordings?
Answer: Stroh violins
Question: What instruments did not record well?
Answer: Lower-pitched orchestral instruments
Question: How was the frequency response in early recordings?
Answer: very irregular
Question: What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects?
Answer: moveable platform
Question: Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality?
Answer: farthest away from the collecting horn
Question: How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand?
Answer: fifteen feet
Question: Were drums heard on early jazz recordings?
Answer: drums could be effectively used
Question: What was the item called that recorded the sounds?
Answer: collecting horn
Question: What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings?
Answer: Western Electric
Question: How early were electrically recorded discs made available for purchase?
Answer: 1925
Question: What was new about the way Western Electrics method of capturing sound?
Answer: microphone
Question: How could the sounds produced by Western Electric be described?
Answer: fuller, clearer and more natural
Question: What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?
Answer: US$95 to US$300
Question: What year  was the  Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?
Answer: 1925
Question: What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?
Answer: $20
Question: What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?
Answer: cabinetry
Question: What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?
Answer: hard rubber
Question: What was the standard material for discs around 1895?
Answer: a shellac-based compound
Question: What company was known for laminate construction of discs?
Answer: Columbia Records
Question: What material give the vinyl records their known black color?
Answer: carbon
Question: What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?
Answer: lubricant
Question: What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records?
Answer: Great Depression
Question: What year were Durium records no longer released in the US?
Answer: 1932
Question: What are most 78 rpm records made of?
Answer: shellac compounds
Question: What was a common problem found in early flexible records?
Answer: surface noise
Question: What was the thin translucent plastic most successfully used to make discs called?
Answer: Durium
Question: What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records?
Answer: vinyl-based Victrolac compound
Question: What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for?
Answer: children's records
Question: What year was the Victrolac compound released?
Answer: 1931
Question: What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's?
Answer: light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise
Question: What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house?
Answer: higher cost
Question: What was the most popular sized disc by 1910?
Answer: 10-inch
Question: How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903?
Answer: four to five minutes of music per side
Question: How small were the earliest discs released?
Answer: 12.5 cm
Question: What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain?
Answer: modification of the equipment
Question: Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side?
Answer: 10-inch
Question: What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?
Answer: turntable speed and the groove spacing
Question: What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?
Answer: two minutes
Question: How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require?
Answer: 13
Question: What was the normal size disc for popular music?
Answer: 10-inch
Question: What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc?
Answer: three and a half minutes
Question: On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy?
Answer: Columbia's Masterwork label
Question: What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948?
Answer: about 3:30
Question: What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times?
Answer: release a set of records
Question: How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording?
Answer: two sides
Question: What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?
Answer: 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package
Question: What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?
Answer: The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)
Question: When were albums said to be pioneered?
Answer: 1909
Question: What was one of the very first albums released?
Answer: Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky
Question: What were early record album covers made of?
Answer: empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover
Question: What sizes were record album covers available in?
Answer: 10-inch and 12-inch sizes
Question: How were record album covers intended to be stored?
Answer: upright
Question: What was the purpose of record album covers?
Answer: protecting them
Question: What is typically found on the front cover of an album?
Answer: artwork
Question: How may records were commonly found in an album?
Answer: three or four
Question: When did the vinyl LP records Era begin?
Answer: 1949
Question: How many songs did most albums contain?
Answer: six or eight
Question: What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?
Answer: collectable or nostalgia purposes
Question: What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?
Answer: higher-quality audio playback
Question: Who released 7" microgrooved records in the 1950s?
Answer: Bell Records
Question: What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s?
Answer: wider range of audio
Question: Who founded Audiophile Records?
Answer: Ewing Dunbar Nunn
Question: In what year did Reprise plan to release a series of 78 rpm singles?
Answer: 1968
Question: Which disc did Reprise release in 78 rpm format?
Answer: Think It's Going to Rain Today
Question: What two songs were featured on the 1978 release by Leon Redbone in 78 rpm format?
Answer: Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone
Question: What record company released recordings of 'Buena' and 'Tuff Enuff' in 1980?
Answer: Stiff Records
Question: Why did Reprise only release one 78 rpm vinyl?
Answer: lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest
Question: When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners?
Answer: 1990s
Question: What was the result of the use of this release of 78 rpm vinyl when used in vintage jukeboxes?
Answer: they were destroyed
Question: What was needed to successfully play the newer released 79 rpm vinyl?
Answer: lightweight tone arms and jewel needles
Question: For whom was the 1990 release of 78 rpm intended?
Answer: owners of vintage jukeboxes
Question: How did the 1990 release of 78 rpm effect Rhino Records?
Answer: bad reputation
Question: What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?
Answer: ten minutes playing time per side
Question: How successful was RCA Victor's program-transcription discs?
Answer: commercial failure
Question: When did RCA Victor release long play discs?
Answer: 1931
Question: Who released the first commercial long play discs?
Answer: RCA Victor
Question: By when were long play records discontinued?
Answer: early 1933
Question: By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?
Answer: vinyl
Question: What was a factor in shellac availability?
Answer: World War II
Question: Which material was more durable,  shellac or vinyl?
Answer: vinyl
Question: What material were most mailed records made of?
Answer: vinyl
Question: Who released the 12 inch LP?
Answer: Columbia Record Company
Question: On what date was the 12 inch LP released?
Answer: June 18, 1948
Question: In what city was the 12 in LP released?
Answer: New York
Question: How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record?
Answer: about eight years
Question: What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?
Answer: The 45 rpm player
Question: What materials were 45 rpm records made of?
Answer: vinyl or polystyrene
Question: What was the play time of a 45 rpm
Answer: eight minutes
Question: What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm?
Answer: 7 inches