huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What attributes make universal motors less desirable for consumer applications like hair dryers?
Question: What determines the properties of speed and torque?
Answer: shape of the rotor bars
Question: At high speed, where is the most current?
Answer: interior of the winding
Question: Is the current frequency higher or lower at high speed?
Answer: lower
Question: Changing the shapes of the bars creates what?
Answer: variable resistance
Question: Where can variable resistance be created?
Answer: rotor circuit
Question: What doesn't determine the properties of speed and torque?
Question:  At low speed, where is the most current?
Question:  Is the non-current frequency higher or lower at high speed?
Question: Not changing the shapes of the bars creates what?
Question:  Where can variable resistance not be created?
Question: What can a resistor control?
Answer: motor speed
Question: How might wasted power be salvaged?
Answer: inverter or separate motor-generator
Question: From where may a converter be fed?
Answer: rotor circuit
Question: Where might a resistor not be attached?
Question:  What can a resistor never control?
Question:  How might wasted power not be salvaged?
Question:  From where won't a converter be fed?
Question: What will a motor do if the load is increased?
Answer: slow down
Question: Where are slip losses dissipated?
Answer: secondary resistors
Question: How efficient is such a design?
Answer: very poor
Question:  What will a motor do if the load is not reduced?
Question:  What will a motor do if the load is decreased?
Question:  Where are slip losses not dissipated?
Question: How inefficient is such a design?
Question: A torque motor at low voltage provides what?
Answer: constant light tension
Question: A torque motor at high voltage provides what?
Answer: higher torque
Question: In a tape drive, what is not needed if a torque motor is used?
Answer: gears or clutches
Question: How aren't torque motors used in computer gaming?
Question:  A torque motor at high voltage provides what?
Question:  A torque motor at low voltage provides what?
Question:  In a tape drive, what is needed if a torque motor is used?
Question: What is a governor connected to?
Answer: return spring
Question: What kinds of adjustments would a governor make?
Answer: small
Question: What would a governor do to a too-fast running engine?
Answer: reduce the current being applied to the motor
Question:  What element of a combustion engine doesn't a governor monitor?
Question:  What is a governor disconnected from?
Question:  What kinds of adjustments would a governor never make?
Question:  What would a governor do to a too-slow running engine?
Question: How does an induction motor produce torque?
Answer: slip
Question: Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?
Answer: manually
Question: How can a synchronous motor be made more like an induction motor?
Answer: DC field
Question: How is current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor?
Answer: Slip rings and brushes
Question: How much slip does a non-synchronous motor have?
Question:  How doesn't an induction motor produce torque?
Question:  With rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?
Question:  How can a synchronous motor be made less like an induction motor?
Question:  How isn't current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor?
Question: What do hysteresis synchronous motors' rotors do when slip rate decreases?
Answer: becomes temporarily magnetized
Question: When in operation, what do hysteresis synchronous motors poles do?
Answer: stay in place
Question: What do hysteresis synchronous motors resemble at startup?
Answer: induction motors
Question: How can a hysteresis synchronous motor's rotor be described?
Answer: a smooth cylinder
Question: What do the distributed poles of a hysteresis synchronous motor resemble?
Answer: PMSM
Question: What do hysteresis synchronous motors' rotors do when slip rate increases?
Question: When in operation, what don't hysteresis synchronous motors poles do?
Question: What do hysteresis synchronous motors not resemble at startup?
Question:  How can't a hysteresis synchronous motor's rotor be described?
Question: What do the undistributed poles of a hysteresis synchronous motor resemble?
Question: What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets?
Answer: Doubly fed electric motors
Question: What advanage do independent multiphase winding sets have?
Answer: contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process
Question: What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for?
Answer: variable speed operation
Question: Doubly fed motors have what advantage over single fed?
Answer: twice the constant torque speed range
Question:  What type of motor has three independent multiphase winding sets?
Question:  What advantage don't independent multiphase winding sets have?
Question: What is one of the dependent multiphase winding sets configured for?
Question:  Doubly fed motors have what disadvantage under single fed?
Question: What is absent in a coreless DC motor?
Answer: iron core
Question: What forms can the rotor take?
Answer: winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure
Question:  A coreless RC motor is distinguished by what?
Question:  What is absent in a coreless RC motor?
Question:  What forms can't the rotor take?
Question: How does a coreless rotor compare to traditional rotors in terms of weight?
Answer: lighter
Question: What advantage does a coreless rotor have over traditional variants?
Answer: accelerate much more rapidly
Question: How is a coreless motor cooled?
Answer: forced air
Question: The lack of a metal mass in the core causes what function to be absent?
Answer: heat sink
Question: What is a likely problem of coreless RC motors?
Question: How does a coreless rotor not compare to traditional rotors in terms of weight?
Question: What advantage doesn't a coreless rotor have over traditional variants?
Question:  How is a coreless motor warmed?
Question: The surplus of a metal mass in the core causes what function to be absent?
Question: What was the original purpose for pancake motors?
Answer: drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives
Question: What are advantages of pancake motors?
Answer: minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance
Question: For what type of military applications are pancake motors currently used?
Answer: high temperature
Question: What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors?
Answer: high-performance
Question: What was the original purpose for waffle motors?
Question:  What are advantages of waffle motors?
Question: For what type of military applications are waffle motors currently used?
Question:  What type of servo-controlled systems use waffle motors?
Question: What may servo motors be used for?
Answer: machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems
Question: What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?
Answer: speed, torque, and power
Question: What factors limit performance of servo motors?
Answer: winding inductance and rotor inertia
Question: Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?
Answer: conventional AC or DC motors
Question: When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?
Answer: As dynamic response requirements increase
Question:  What may servo motors never be used for?
Question: What must not be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?
Question:  What factors don't limit performance of servo motors?
Question:  Small, fast servos can use what types of motors?
Question: How does a stepper system achieve stability?
Answer: a "home" switch
Question: What makes a printer home switch work?
Answer: position sensor
Question: What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?
Answer: bidirectional
Question: A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?
Answer: miss steps
Question: How are servo motors the same as stepper motors?
Question:  How does a stepper system not achieve stability?
Question:  What makes a printer home switch break?
Question:  What kind of counter keeps track of a print foot's position?
Question:  A stepper system's motor is unrelied on to not do what?
Question: What two devices can describe a stepper motor?
Answer: DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid
Question: What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with?
Answer: magnetic field produced by the energized field winding
Question: How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?
Answer: the stepper motor may not rotate continuously
Question: What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?
Answer: forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down
Question:  When are stepper motors least useful?
Question:  What three devices can describe a stepper motor?
Question:  What do stepper motor rotors align themselves without?
Question:  How doesn't a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?
Question: What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?
Answer: proportionally control the power to the field windings
Question: What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?
Answer: rotate extremely smoothly
Question: What is another name for smooth rotation?
Answer: microstepping
Question: With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?
Answer: digital servo-controlled system
Question:  What is not a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?
Question: What doesn't proportional control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?
Question:  What is another name for rough rotation?
Question:  With what other device aren't stepper motors most versatile?
Question: What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?
Answer: voice coil-based head actuator systems
Question: In what direction do modern coil actuators move?
Answer: perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force
Question: To what device does the term, "voice coil" historically refer?
Answer: the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker
Question: Why weren't stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?
Question:  What don't newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?
Question:  In what direction don't modern coil actuators move?
Question: To what device does the term, "voice coil" not historically refer?
Question: List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications.
Answer: linear stepper motors or servomotors
Question: In scanners, what do stepper motors move?
Answer: optical scanning element
Question: In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?
Answer: print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers
Question: List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in non-printer applications.
Question:  In scanners, what don't stepper motors move?
Question:  In printers and copiers, what don't stepper motors move?
Question: Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?
Answer: back electromotive force
Question: EMP is proportional to what?
Answer: the running speed of the motor
Question: Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?
Answer: back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance
Question: If load increases, what happens to current drawn?
Answer: more current is drawn from the supply
Question: Voltage not opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?
Question:  ENP is proportional to what?
Question:  Voltage at the brushes is not equal to what?
Question: If load decreases, what happens to current drawn?
Question: How are the many calculations to determine torque done?
Answer: FEA
Question: How is torque determined?
Answer: from the vector product of the interacting fields
Question: What is the formulia to determine torque?
Answer: the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector
Question:  What needs to be unknown to calculate torque?
Question:  How are the very few calculations to determine torque done?
Question: How is torque undetermined?
Question:  What is the formula to not determine torque?
Question: What are factors that determine shaft torque?
Answer: torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density
Question: Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?
Answer: air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth
Question: What limits excessive torque?
Answer: magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage
Question: What aren't factors that determine shaft torque?
Question:  Whate decides the size of a nonelectromagnetic core?
Question:  What doesn't limit excessive torque?
Question: What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology?
Answer: brushless wound-rotor
Question: What is a brushless wound-rotor?
Answer: both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port
Question: How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?
Answer: a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set
Question: What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?
Answer: eight times operating torque
Question: What is the only device with triple ported transformer circuit topology?
Question:  What is a brushfilled wound-rotor?
Question: How doesn't a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?
Question:  What isn't the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?
Question: What determines continuous torque density?
Answer: size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth
Question: What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?
Answer: power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation
Question: What does continuous torque density refer to?
Answer: method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating
Question: How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?
Answer: virtually the same
Question: What determines non-continuous torque density?
Question:  What is the fourth element that determines the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?
Question:  What doesn't continuous torque density refer to?
Question: How does non-continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?
Question: What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?
Answer: electrostatic
Question: What are electrostatic motors like two of?
Answer: conventional coil-based motors
Question: What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?
Answer: high-voltage
Question: What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon
Question: Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?
Answer: electrostatic motor
Question: What type of motor is not based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?
Question: What are electrostatic motors like three of?
Question:  What type of power supply don't electrostatic motors usually have?
Question:  What two inventors developed the second electrostatic motors?
Question:  Macro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?
Question: What type of government does Switzerland have?
Answer: a federal directorial republic
Question: How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?
Answer: 26
Question: What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland?
Answer: the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura
Question: What is the population of Switzerland?
Answer: approximately 8 million
Question: What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?
Answer: 1 August 1291
Question: What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?
Answer: 2002
Question: What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?
Answer: Switzerland
Question: In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?
Answer: 1815
Question: What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?
Answer: Swiss National Day
Question: Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?
Answer: German, French, Italian and Romansh
Question: What is the predominant language in Switzerland?
Answer: German
Question: What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?
Answer: Suisse
Question: What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?
Answer: Schweiz
Question: What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?
Answer: Svizzera
Question: How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?
Answer: top or close to the top
Question: Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?
Answer: Switzerland
Question: Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?
Answer: Zürich and Geneva
Question: What assets are included in nominal wealth?
Answer: financial and non-financial
Question: What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?
Answer: eighth-highest
Question: What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries?
Answer: Switzer
Question: Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?
Answer: French Suisse
Question: Where did the name Switzer originate from?
Answer: the Alemannic Schwiizer
Question: What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of?
Answer: the Old Swiss Confederacy
Question: In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes?
Answer: 972
Question: At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation?
Answer: after the Swabian War of 1499
Question: What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?
Answer: Schwiiz
Question: What was the name d'Schwiiz used for?
Answer: the Confederation
Question: What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?
Answer: Hallstatt and La Tène
Question: Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?
Answer: La Tène
Question: Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?
Answer: the Helvetii
Question: In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?
Answer: 15 BC
Question: What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?
Answer: Vindonissa
Question: In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?
Answer: about 260 AD
Question: In about 260 AD, what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses?
Answer: raids by the Alamanni tribes
Question: What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?
Answer: the linear defence concept
Question: What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century?
Answer: Germanic
Question: Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century?
Answer: German tribes
Question: From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?
Answer: the Kings of the Burgundians
Question: Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?
Answer: the Swiss plateau
Question: Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?
Answer: valleys of the Alps
Question: In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?
Answer: Alemannia and Burgundy
Question: What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?
Answer: Frankish Empire
Question: In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?
Answer: the Swiss plateau
Question: In 1264 AD, what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall?
Answer: extinction of its male line in 1263
Question: Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD?
Answer: the Habsburgs
Question: Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD?
Answer: King Rudolph I
Question: What did the three regions of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden become known as?
Answer: Waldstätten
Question: In what year did the three original  cantons join with five other cantons to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight states?
Answer: By 1353
Question: Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?
Answer: end of the 15th century
Question: What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?
Answer: increased power and wealth
Question: By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?
Answer: the confederates
Question: Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: Swabian War
Question: Which Battle was the first to interrupt the seeming invincibility of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1515?
Answer: Battle of Marignano
Question: What inter-cantonal conflicts resulted in the Wars of Kappel?
Answer: religious
Question: In what year did European countries first recognize Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: 1648
Question: In what two years were the Wars of Kappel?
Answer: 1529 and 1531
Question: Under the Peace of Westphalia, who finally recognized Switzerland's neutrality?
Answer: European countries
Question: What did the French government impose on Switzerland in 1798, centralizing the Swiss government?
Answer: a new unified constitution
Question: What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland?
Answer: the cantons
Question: What was the name of the new regime created when the Cisalpine Republic separated from Switzerland?
Answer: Helvetic Republic
Question: Which unpopular republic destroyed centuries of Swiss traditions?
Answer: Helvetic
Question: During the Helvetic Republic, which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals?
Answer: Russian and Austrian
Question: Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians?
Answer: The Swiss
Question: What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean?
Answer: Act of Mediation
Question: What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring?
Answer: Swiss autonomy
Question: How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation?
Answer: 19
Question: What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?
Answer: a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)
Question: What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?
Answer: friendly fire
Question: How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?
Answer: less than a month
Question: What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?
Answer: the Sonderbundskrieg
Question: How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?
Answer: major
Question: What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?
Answer: American
Question: Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?
Answer: local issues
Question: How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?
Answer: two
Question: What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?
Answer: Council of States
Question: What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?
Answer: National Council
Question: Though invasion plans were drawn up the the Germans, which war did Switzerland escape attack during?
Answer: World War II
Question: Who was the head of the Swiss central command during World War II?
Answer: General Henri Guisan
Question: What did General Henry Guisan order a general mobilisation of during World War II?
Answer: armed forces
Question: What was the original goal of the Swiss military strategy?
Answer: protect the economic heartland
Question: What were the Reduit?
Answer: strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps
Question: Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?
Answer: by both the Allies and by the Axis
Question: What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?
Answer: a crucial rail link through Vichy France
Question: How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?
Answer: over 300,000
Question: When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?
Answer: end of the 20th century
Question: Where was the International Red Cross based?
Answer: Geneva
Question: Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?
Answer: women
Question: When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?
Answer: 1971
Question: Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?
Answer: Elisabeth Kopp
Question: Who was Switzerland's first female president?
Answer: Ruth Dreifuss
Question: In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?
Answer: 1999
Question: In what year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations?
Answer: 2002
Question: What did Swiss voters agree to join on June 5, 2005?
Answer: Schengen treaty
Question: What percentage of Swiss voters voted to join the Schengen treaty?
Answer: 55%
Question: Though Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, what are they not a member of?
Answer: European Economic Area
Question: What has completely surrounded Switzerland and Liechtenstein since 1995?
Answer: the EU
Question: How large is Switzerland?
Answer: 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)
Question: What is the average population density of Switzerland?
Answer: 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi)
Question: What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?
Answer: 27 /km² (70 /sq mi)
Question: Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?
Answer: southern
Question: Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?
Answer: Alps
Question: Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland?
Answer: Swiss Plateau
Question: Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland?
Answer: Jura mountains
Question: How much of Switzerland's total area do the Alps comprise?
Answer: 60%
Question: What is the largest lake in Switzerland?
Answer: Lake Geneva
Question: What is often regarded as the most famous mountain in Switzerland?
Answer: Matterhorn
Question: How many of Switzerland's mountains are at least 4000 meters above sea level?
Answer: 48
Question: Where are both Monte Rosa and Matterhorn located?
Answer: Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais
Question: What is typical weather in Switzerland during the summer months?
Answer: warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall
Question: What can the lower lands, suffering from inversion, sometimes lack for weeks?
Answer: sun
Question: What is the climate on Switzerland's southern tip?
Answer: Mediterranean
Question: What is the weather phenomena characterized by an unexpected warm wind bringing low reletive humidity to the northern Alps during rainfall in the southern Alps?
Answer: föhn
Question: At what time of year can the fohn occur?
Answer: all times
Question: Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys?
Answer: crossing the mountains
Question: What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais?
Answer: wine
Question: During the fohn, from which direction is the blowing wind more efficient?
Answer: the south
Question: What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?
Answer: first among 132 nations
Question: What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?
Answer: plants not found at other altitudes
Question: What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?
Answer: climate change
Question: What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?
Answer: renewable
Question: When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland?
Answer: 1999
Question: How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland?
Answer: three
Question: What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called?
Answer: bicameral parliament
Question: What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?
Answer: Federal Council
Question: How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve?
Answer: 4 years
Question: What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session?
Answer: Federal Assembly
Question: What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament?
Answer: referendums
Question: What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution?
Answer: initiatives
Question: How many members are in the Federal Council?
Answer: seven
Question: Who elects the members of the Federal Council?
Answer: Federal Assembly
Question: What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?
Answer: one-year
Question: Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?
Answer: the Assembly
Question: What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?
Answer: commune, canton and federal levels
Question: What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?
Answer: direct
Question: What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?
Answer: a constitutional initiative and a referendum
Question: What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?
Answer: Direct democracy and federalism
Question: How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote?
Answer: 100,000
Question: How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment?
Answer: 18 months
Question: What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with?
Answer: a counter-proposal
Question: What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement?
Answer: indicate a preference
Question: How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?
Answer: a double majority
Question: According to the Federal Constitution, how many cantons are equal in status?
Answer: all 26
Question: What are the two major differences between cantons?
Answer: population and geographical area
Question: What is the population of the largest canton?
Answer: 1,253,500 (Zürich)
Question: What is the population of the smallest canton?
Answer: 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden)
Question: How large is the smallest canton?
Answer: 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt)
Question: When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized?
Answer: Congress of Vienna in 1815
Question: What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by?
Answer: referendum
Question: What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?
Answer: European Union
Question: How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral?
Answer: since the end of its expansion in 1515
Question: How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action?
Answer: avoids
Question: How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?
Answer: since 2006
Question: What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?
Answer: Palace of Nations in Geneva
Question: Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?
Answer: Geneva
Question: Where is the League of Nations located?
Answer: Switzerland
Question: Besides the U.N. Headquarters, who hosts many U.N. agencies?
Answer: Swiss Confederation
Question: What does the ILO stand for?
Answer: International Labour Organization
Question: What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?
Answer: important issues facing the world, including health and the environment
Question: What does BIS stand for?
Answer: Bank for International Settlements
Question: What does UNHCR stand for?
Answer: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Question: Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?
Answer: all male Swiss citizens
Question: Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?
Answer: women
Question: What replaced Army 95 in 2003?
Answer: Army XXI
Question: In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?
Answer: 120,000
Question: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?
Answer: thirty-sixth largest
Question: What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?
Answer: 8th in the world
Question: Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?
Answer: highest European rating
Question: What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as?
Answer: the most competitive in the world
Question: What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007?
Answer: 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity
Question: What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?
Answer: 95,824 USD
Question: How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy?
Answer: Europe's most innovative country
Question: What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?
Answer: chemicals
Question: What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
Answer: machines/electronics
Question: What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
Answer: precision instruments/watches
Question: What percentage of exports are exported services?
Answer: a third
Question: What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?
Answer: about 25%
Question: How many people work in Switzerland?
Answer: Around 3.8 million
Question: What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?
Answer: 3.2%
Question: What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?
Answer: 21.8%
Question: What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?
Answer: 4.4%
Question: How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?
Answer: 20th
Question: According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?
Answer: about 37%
Question: How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?
Answer: low
Question: What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010?
Answer: 62.8 billion Swiss francs
Question: What are the two main sources of income for the federal government?
Answer: value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)
Question: Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government?
Answer: social welfare and finance & tax
Question: Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures?
Answer: agriculture and national defense
Question: How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?
Answer: from 26.5% in to 12.4%
Question: What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide?
Answer: free
Question: What is the EFTA?
Answer: European Free Trade Association
Question: What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power?
Answer: one of the best
Question: According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in?
Answer: Product market liberalisation
Question: What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons?
Answer: six
Question: What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old?
Answer: children's school
Question: When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?
Answer: 2000
Question: How long does primary school continue?
Answer: until grade four, five or six
Question: How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level?
Answer: ten
Question: When was the first university in Switzerland founded?
Answer: 1460
Question: What is the biggest university in Switzerland?
Answer: University of Zurich
Question: How many students attend the University of Zurich?
Answer: nearly 25,000
Question: What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?
Answer: Albert Einstein
Question: How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?
Answer: 113
Question: How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?
Answer: nine
Question: Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?
Answer: Geneva
Question: What research is CERN dedicated to?
Answer: particle physics
Question: What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?
Answer: scanning tunneling microscope
Question: Who invented the pressurized balloon?
Answer: Auguste Piccard
Question: In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?
Answer: the EU
Question: What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?
Answer: international competitiveness
Question: How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?
Answer: 3%
Question: Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?
Answer: SVP party
Question: How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?
Answer: seven
Question: What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people?
Answer: free movement of persons
Question: When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed?
Answer: 2004
Question: What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements?
Answer: has since been ratified
Question: What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of?
Answer: Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe
Question: In 2006, what did Switzerland approve 1 billion francs of supportive investment for?
Answer: poorer Southern and Central European countries
Question: What have the Swiss been under EU and national pressure to reduce in terms of banking?
Answer: secrecy
Question: What have the Swiss been under pressure from the EU to do in terms of tax rates?
Answer: raise tax rates to parity with the EU
Question: In February of 2014, what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict?
Answer: immigration
Question: What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?
Answer: a quota system
Question: Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?
Answer: metropolitan
Question: What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland?
Answer: 58.5%
Question: What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal?
Answer: bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons
Question: What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?
Answer: a citizens' initiative
Question: What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?
Answer: Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011
Question: What does SFOE stand for?
Answer: Swiss Federal Office of Energy
Question: What does DETEC stand for?
Answer: Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
Question: What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?
Answer: the nation's energy use
Question: In 2011, what time frame did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?
Answer: 2 or 3 decades
Question: What reason did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?
Answer: to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy
Question: When is Switzerland's first nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?
Answer: 2019
Question: When is Switzerland's last nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?
Answer: 2034
Question: Who is the Doris Leuthard?
Answer: Energy Minister
Question: How many passengers does the most dense rail network in Europe carry annualy?
Answer: over 350 million
Question: In 2007, what was the average amount of km's travelled by eacg Swiss citizens on the rails?
Answer: 2,258
Question: Who mainly administers the Swiss railway system?
Answer: Federal Railways
Question: What is the Alp-Transit project designed to reduce the time of travel between?
Answer: north and south
Question: Under which mountains are the railway tunnels being built for the Alp-Transit project?
Answer: the Alps
Question: What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by?
Answer: road tolls and vehicle taxes
Question: How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year?
Answer: 40 Swiss francs
Question: Which airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway?
Answer: Zürich
Question: What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland?
Answer: Swiss International Air Lines
Question: How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012?
Answer: 22.8 million
Question: When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol
Answer: 2003
Question: What was formed by Switzerland, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea?
Answer: Environmental Integrity Group (EIG)
Question: What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland?
Answer: 66% to 96%
Question: How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland?
Answer: among the top 10 green economies in the world
Question: What does Switzerland charge for the disposal of in order to encourage recycling?
Answer: Rubbish
Question: What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee?
Answer: from CHF 200–500
Question: What is the charge for recycling in Switzerland?
Answer: free
Question: In 2010, what percentage of the population was made up of foreigners?
Answer: 23.3%
Question: Who were the largest single group of foreigners in 2010?
Answer: Italians
Question: What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012?
Answer: 34.7%
Question: What percentage of the immigrants were born in Switzerland as of 2012?
Answer: one fifth
Question: In the 2000's, what was the concern perceived toward immigrants by institutions?
Answer: increase in xenophobia
Question: What is the principal official language in Switzerland?
Answer: German
Question: What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland?
Answer: French
Question: What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland?
Answer: Italian
Question: What is the least popular official language of Switzerland?
Answer: Romansh
Question: What dialect is increasing in German speaking regions?
Answer: Swiss German
Question: What has happened to the local dialects in the French speaking regions?
Answer: have almost disappeared
Question: Where do dialects tend to be limited to in the Italian speaking regions?
Answer: family settings and casual conversation
Question: What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?
Answer: Helvetisms
Question: Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?
Answer: vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation
Question: What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?
Answer: Helvetisms
Question: Who are private insurance companies required to accept?
Answer: every applicant
Question: In 2012, what was Switzerland's world ranking for life expectancy in 2012?
Answer: highest
Question: What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future?
Answer: ageing
Question: What do new high tech healthcare technologies translate to?
Answer: high costs of the services provided
Question: How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas?
Answer: Between two thirds and three quarters
Question: From the beginning of the 21st century, how does the population growth in urban areas compare to the countryside?
Answer: higher
Question: How many years did it take Switzerland to go from a largely urban country to a rural one?
Answer: 70
Question: What is the population density of the plateau?
Answer: 450 people per km2
Question: Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life?
Answer: Zürich and Geneva
Question: What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do?
Answer: increase
Question: What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%? 
Answer: Islam
Question: What religion has immigration brought by 2%?
Answer: Eastern Orthodoxy
Question: According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?
Answer: 12%
Question: What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?
Answer: 38.21%
Question: What percentage of Swiss people claimed no church affiliation in 2012?
Answer: 21.4%
Question: According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are pentecostal?
Answer: 0.28%
Question: According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Jehova's Witnesses?
Answer: 0.28%
Question: According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Buddhists?
Answer: 0.29%
Question: How is a consociational state defined by the Constitution of 1848?
Answer: allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants
Question: When was the calling for a complete separation from church and state rejected by the majority of voters?
Answer: 1980
Question: What percentage of voters rejected the separation of church and state in 1980?
Answer: 78.9%
Question: Where is the Romansh culture located?
Answer: in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland
Question: How many of Europe's major languages are official in Switzerland?
Answer: Three
Question: What symbolism has played an important role in shaping the history of Switzerland?
Answer: Alpine
Question: What highly energetic culture is in some concentrated mountain areas in the winter?
Answer: ski resort culture
Question: What is the name of the trumpet like musical instrument made of wood has become the epitome of traditional Swiss music?
Answer: alphorn
Question: What traditional culture predominates in many areas of small farms?
Answer: farmer and herder culture
Question: What causes the government to exert greater control over broadcast media than print media?
Answer: finance and licensing
Question: Where are television programs produced?
Answer: Geneva, Zürich and Lugano
Question: What was the Swiss Broadcasting Corporations name recently changed to?
Answer: SRG SSR
Question: What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland?
Answer: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering
Question: Where was the bobsleigh invented?
Answer: St. Moritz
Question: When were the first ski championships held in Murren?
Answer: 1931
Question: Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928?
Answer: St. Moritz
Question: What does FIFA stand for?
Answer: International Federation of Association Football
Question: Where is Europe's highest football pitch located?
Answer: Switzerland
Question: Where is the FIFA located?
Answer: Zürich
Question: Which FIFA world cup did Switzerland host?
Answer: 1954
Question: What was hosted for the 10th time by Switzerland in 2009?
Answer: IIHF World Championship
Question: What was the name of the 1st European sailing team to win America's cup in 2013?
Answer: Alinghi
Question: Which Swiss professional wrestler is currently signed with WWE?
Answer: Claudio Castagnoli
Question: Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003?
Answer: Alinghi
Question: What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster?
Answer: Motorsport racecourses and events
Question: Who voted to overturn the ban on motorsport events in June 2007?
Answer: Swiss National Council
Question: Who rejected the  2007 vote to overturn the motorsport ban in Switzerland?
Answer: Swiss Council of States
Question: Which successful World Touring Car Championship driver was produced in Switzerland despite the ban on motorsport events?
Answer: Alain Menu
Question: Which Swiss motorcycle racer won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category?
Answer: Thomas Lüthi
Question: Which old, traditional sport is considered to be the national sport by some Swiss?
Answer: Swiss wrestling or "Schwingen"
Question: What is thrown in the Swiss competition Steinstossen?
Answer: a heavy stone
Question: Which Swiss population is the only one to have practiced Steinstossen since prehistoric times?
Answer: alpine
Question: What was the name of the 83.5 kg stone that symbolized the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805?
Answer: Unspunnenstein
Question: What part of Switzerland has a particularly high number of fine-dining establishments?
Answer: western Switzerland
Question: What unique dairy cheese is produced in the Swiss valleys of Gruyeres?
Answer: Gruyère
Question: What differences primarily dictated some of the regional variations in Swiss cuisine?
Answer: climate and languages
Question: What dairy product is produced in the valley of Emmental?
Answer: Emmental