huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What was the committee not at all disturbed by as indicated in their report?
Question: The "To Secure These Rights" findings wanted desegregation of which institution?
Answer: Armed Forces
Question: Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings?
Answer: death
Question: What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he enters the armed services?
Answer: surrenders some of the rights and privileges
Question: Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what?
Answer: a humiliating badge of inferiority
Question: The "To Secure These Rights" findings did not want desegregation of which institution?
Question: Which risk associated with serving wasn't specifically highlighted by the findings?
Question: What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he leaves the armed services?
Question: Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities wasn't seen as what?
Question: Who was the first President to address the NAACP?
Answer: Truman
Question: How many people were present at the speech that Truman made?
Answer: 10,000
Question: Where did Truman's historic speech take place?
Answer: Lincoln Memorial
Question: During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what?
Answer: equality of opportunity
Question: Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states?
Answer: federal
Question:  Who was the first President to address the NICP?
Question:  How many people left the speech that Truman made?
Question: Where did Truman's historic speech end?
Question: During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man shouldn't be guaranteed what?
Question: Who's authority did Truman want to decrease throughout the states?
Question: What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government?
Answer: July 26
Question: How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination?
Answer: two
Question: What was the name given to Executive Order 9980?
Answer: Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment
Question: Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980?
Answer: Fair Employment Officer
Question: What name was given to Executive Order 9981?
Answer: Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services
Question: What day did Truman mandate the beginning of discrimination in the federal government?
Question: How many executive orders were issued to help provide discrimination?
Question:  What was the name given to Executive Order 9180?
Question: Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9?
Question:  What name was given to Executive Order 9181?
Question: Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?
Answer: the states
Question: What was established in 1953?
Answer: Government Contract Committee
Question: What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?
Answer: conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors
Question: Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?
Answer: Vice President Richard Nixon
Question:  Which year was Eisenhower elected vice-President?
Question: Who did Eisenhower believe should be disallowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?
Question:  What was established in 1913?
Question: What was the last purpose of the Government Contract Committee?
Question:  Who was the chairman of the old committee?
Question: Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election?
Answer: John F. Kennedy
Question: What was John F. Kennedy's criticism of the President based on?
Answer: not ending discrimination in federally supported housing
Question: Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office?
Answer: Executive Order 10925
Question: What does PCEEO stand for?
Answer: President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
Question: What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order?
Answer: contract cancellation
Question: Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1930 presidential election?
Question:  What was John F. Kennedy's support of the President based on?
Question: Which order was issued soon after Kennedy lost office?
Question:  What does PELCO stand for?
Question: What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for obeying the executive order?
Question: What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114?
Answer: elimination of discrimination in employment
Question: What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order?
Answer: comply to the government's policies on affirmative action
Question: When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 13?
Question: What was the main aim of Executive Order 14?
Question: What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do without the Executive Order?
Question: Which Executive Order first contained the phrase "affirmative action"?
Answer: Executive Order 10925
Question: Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?
Answer: Vice President Johnson
Question: Who co - authored the executive order?
Answer: Hobart Taylor Jr.
Question: What was the alternative phrase to "affirmative action" that was being considered?
Answer: positive action
Question: What was the main reason that "affirmative action" was chosen over "positive action"?
Answer: alliterative quality
Question: Which Executive Order didn't contain the phrase "affirmative action"?
Question:  Who chaired the committee destroyed by Executive Order 10925?
Question:  Who co - authored the non-executive order?
Question: What was the alternative phrase to "non-affirmative action" that was being considered?
Question: What was the main reason that "non-affirmative action" was chosen over "positive action"?
Question: Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented?
Answer: NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill
Question: Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices?
Answer: Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Question: Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers?
Answer: Vice President Johnson
Question: Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?
Answer: Jim Crow
Question: Who had issues with JFK's rejection?
Question: Who filed complaints quickly before the Executive Order was implemented?
Question: Which company was targeted by the NAACP for having fair practices?
Question: Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers?
Question:  Which laws did the corporations in the North associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?
Question: Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?
Answer: integrate public facilities
Question: Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?
Answer: 11114
Question: What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
Answer: to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees
Question: What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?
Answer: ending discrimination in the nation's workplace
Question: Which piece of legislation quickly followed Vice-President Kennedy's assassination?
Question: Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Non-Civil Rights Act?
Question: Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act not work closely with?
Question:  What was the purpose of Title VII of the Non-Civil Rights Act?
Question: What did critics claim that Title VII advocate?
Answer: a de facto quota system
Question: Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII?
Answer: Hubert Humphrey
Question: Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill?
Answer: Everett Dirksen
Question: What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold?
Answer: Senate Minority Leader
Question: Which section of the legislation was considered the least controversial?
Question:  What did supporters claim that Title VII advocate?
Question:  Which Mayor fought back against the criticism of Title VII?
Question:  Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to reject the bill?
Question: What position of importance other than Mayor did Everett Dirksen hold?
Question: Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?
Answer: his successor Nixon
Question: Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?
Answer: Philadelphia Order
Question: Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?
Answer: construction
Question: Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?
Answer: craft unions
Question: Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?
Answer: Arthur Fletcher
Question: Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring unequal opportunity?
Question:  Which piece of legislation was ended in 1969?
Question:  Which industry of jobs did the legislation not target?
Question: Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against unequal opportunity laws?
Question: Who held the position of Secretary of Labor?
Question: In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration?
Answer: became less prevalent
Question: What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum?
Answer: there were other areas that needed focus
Question: Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues?
Answer: Ford
Question: In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of non-affirmative action after the Nixon administration?
Question: What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of non-affirmative action lost its momentum?
Question: Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a frontseat to other issues?
Question: What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable?
Answer: necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest
Question: Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary?
Answer: U.S. Supreme Court
Question: What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial?
Answer: Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
Question: What kind of classification was not subject to strict scrutiny?
Question: What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered unacceptable?
Question: Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were unnecessary?
Question: What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is not beneficial?
Question: Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?
Answer: Ricci v. DeStefano
Question: Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?
Answer: New Haven, Connecticut
Question: How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?
Answer: 17
Question: What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?
Answer: 23
Question: What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?
Answer: 5-4
Question: Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2019?
Question: Where was the issue of White and Black firefighters heard in the case based out of?
Question: How many whites were given the possibility of immediate firing as a result of taking the controversial test?
Question: What percentage of those people taking the test were Asian American?
Question: Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States?
Answer: Kennedy
Question: Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution?
Answer: Executive Order 10925
Question: What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925?
Answer: Federal Government and on government contracts
Question: Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the UK?
Question: Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was not a violation of the Constitution?
Question:  What were the affected industries in terms of deregulation as a result of Executive Order 10925?
Question: Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?
Answer: class
Question: Which organization believed in the class based argument?
Answer: African American Policy Forum
Question: What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?
Answer: African American middle class
Question: What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is?
Answer: non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination
Question: What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be?
Answer: to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success
Question: Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system did not discriminate against
Question: Which organization believed in the non-class based argument?
Question:  What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action did not create?
Question: What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based agreement is?
Question:  What does the AAPF believe the goal of non-affirmative action should be?
Question: What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans?
Answer: end of World War II
Question: What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap?
Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill
Question: What did returning black veterans not receive?
Answer: loans at the same rate as whites
Question: How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill?
Answer: Nearly 8 million
Question: What opportunities were few for black veterans?
Answer: higher educational
Question: What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Asian Americans?
Question: What was not considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap?
Question:  What did returning white veterans not receive?
Question:  How many servicemen and women weren't educated as a result of the GI Bill?
Question:  What opportunities were few for hispanic veterans?
Question: Who conducted a study about the origins of "Latinos"?
Answer: Dr. Paul Brest
Question: How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991?
Answer: 80%
Question: In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos?
Answer: least well educated
Question: What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990?
Answer: 12%
Question: How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos?
Answer: 3.1%
Question: Who conducted a study about the origins of "Blacks"?
Question: How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1911?
Question: In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Blacks?
Question: How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1992 went to Latinos?
Question: Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans?
Answer: people who lived in North America before European settlement
Question: When did the Native Americans lose their land?
Answer: During the U.S. government's westward expansion
Question: Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land?
Answer: reservations
Question: How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934?
Answer: 52 million acres
Question: In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990?
Answer: more than triple
Question: Which groups can be categorized as Non-Native Americans?
Question:  When did the Native Americans win their land?
Question: Where were Native Americans forced to live after they won their land?
Question:  How much land did the Native Americans own in 1914?
Question: What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience?
Answer: not having the ability to become naturalized citizens
Question: What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with?
Answer: school segregation
Question: Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians?
Answer: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Question: Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration?
Answer: Immigration Act of 1924
Question: According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking?
Answer: communication skills and personality
Question: m of discrimination did early African immigrants experience?
Question:  What law type did African immigrants struggle with?
Question:  Which bill was passed in an attempt to provide for Asian immigration?
Question: What is one of the issues with affirmative action?
Answer: inherently unequal
Question: How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?
Answer: an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice
Question: What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?
Answer: overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion
Question: What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?
Answer: make special efforts at inclusion
Question: What is one of the issues with non-affirmative action?
Question:  How do people who aren't in favor of affirmative action view it?
Question:  What does affirmative action supposedly not aim to do?
Question: What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the worst way to combat exclusionary practices?
Question: Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?
Answer: Bill Clinton
Question: How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?
Answer: two and a half years
Question: Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?
Answer: President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough"
Question: What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?
Answer: just outlawing discrimination
Question: What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.
Answer: the policy was not the source of their problems
Question: Which President made their stance on non-affirmative action clear in 1995?
Question:  How soon after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?
Question: Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw differences from?
Question: What did President Clinton claim would be enough to give everyone in American equality?
Question: What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was not hurting the white middle class.?
Question: Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?
Answer: Washington D.C.
Question: What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done?
Answer: help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education
Question: What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do?
Answer: actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace
Question: Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what?
Answer: draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population
Question: Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?
Answer: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Question: Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2024?
Question: What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that reject affirmative action had done?
Question: What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers not to do?
Question:  Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to not do what?
Question: What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?
Answer: positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students
Question: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?
Answer: helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education
Question: Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?
Answer: Caucasian students
Question: In which year did the AAUP release their study?
Answer: 2000
Question: What does ADUP stand for?
Question: What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AALP?
Question: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on decreased diversity?
Question: Who supposedly suffers a lot of detrimental effects from classroom diversity?
Question: In which year did the ALUP release their study?
Question: Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?
Answer: Richard Sander
Question: What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?
Answer: high dropout rates
Question: Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?
Answer: bottom 20 percent
Question: What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?
Answer: four times
Question: Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a positive effect on them?
Question: What was a postive effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?
Question: Where do half of the white college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?
Question: What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to asians for the bar exam?
Question: Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?
Answer: class inequality
Question: Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?
Answer: Hispanic Americans
Question: At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?
Answer: lower-class European Americans
Question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?
Answer: class-based affirmative action
Question: Who primarily makes up America's poor group?
Answer: people of color
Question: Which idea is the controversy of non-affirmative action primarily based upon?
Question: Other than Asian Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?
Question: At whose expense other than African Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?
Question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of religion based legislation?
Question:  Who primarily makes up America's rich group?
Question: Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?
Answer: City University of New York
Question: Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request?
Answer: 1976
Question: What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under?
Answer: white
Question: What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell?
Answer: Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study
Question: Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group?
Answer: to take advantage of group preference policies
Question: Where were the Irish American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?
Question:  Which year did the Irish American Professors make their request?
Question:  What category of race do Irish Americans normally fall under?
Question: What was the title of the song written by Thomas Sowell?
Question: Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a non-preferred group?
Question: What book did Frederick Lynch author?
Answer: Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action
Question: What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?
Answer: reverse discrimination
Question: What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?
Answer: against affirmative action
Question: What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?
Answer: enforcing equal opportunity
Question: What book did Frederick Lynch burn?
Question: What did black males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?
Question:  What moral position does Shelby Steele disagree with?
Question: What does Shelby Steele believe that the false concept of affirmative action is?
Question: Which book did Terry Eastland write?
Answer: From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice
Question: Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?
Answer: remedying past discrimination
Question: What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?
Answer: how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it
Question: Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?
Answer: because doing so is unnecessary
Question: What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?
Answer: because it can prove futile
Question: Which song did Terry Eastland write?
Question: Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be against affirmative action is?
Question: What did Westland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?
Question: Why does Sowell believe that there is a lot of incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?
Question: What argument does Sowell make in his claim that preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?
Question: What is a definition of reverse discrimination?
Answer: a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority
Question: What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?
Answer: these policies are just another form of discrimination
Question: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?
Answer: Ward Connerly
Question: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?
Answer: merit
Question: An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?
Answer: mediocrity and incompetence
Question: What is a definition of discrimination?
Question:  What do some commentators reject the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?
Question: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is not another form of discrimination?
Question: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in unemployment?
Question:  An argument against affirmative action is that it discourages what?
Question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?
Answer: society today should compensate for the injuries
Question: Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?
Answer: preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical
Question: In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?
Answer: whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over
Question: According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?
Answer: people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices
Question: What is a typical argument against affirmative action?
Question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against whites?
Question: Which argument is being made by those who support affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?
Question: In terms of blacks, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?
Question: Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?
Answer: undesirable side-effects
Question: Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?
Answer: may increase racial tension
Question: When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?
Answer: 2006
Question: How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?
Answer: 60%
Question: Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?
Answer: Grutter v. Bollinger
Question: Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do people who agree with affirmative action claim it has?
Question: Other than benefiting more privileged people outside of minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?
Question:  When was there a vote not regarding affirmative action in Michigan?
Question: How many Michigan voters elected to support affirmative action for university admissions?
Question: Which court case featured an uncontroversial decision?
Question: Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?
Answer: admission to universities and other forms of higher education
Question: What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?
Answer: legacy admissions
Question: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?
Answer: Bakke v. Regents
Question: What are public universities not allowed to do?
Answer: set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment
Question: Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?
Answer: "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set
Question: Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the UK?
Question: What is another term for kids who don't get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?
Question: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding private universities and affirmative action?
Question:  What are public universities allowed to do?
Question: What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?
Answer: competing notions of the mission of colleges
Question: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?
Answer: a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities
Question: What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?
Answer: a way to advance the mission as each university defines it
Question: When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?
Answer: If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate
Question: What does the racial preferences debate not indicate about universities and colleges?
Question: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should have?
Question: When can affirmative action be judged to be unacceptable in terms of admissions?
Question: What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?
Answer: banning any use of race in school admissions
Question: What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?
Answer: entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class
Question: Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?
Answer: California
Question: What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?
Answer: class rank
Question: After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?
Answer: returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels
Question: What didn't the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?
Question:  What did the law passed by the State of Texas not guarantee?
Question: Other than Texas and Florida, which other state did not replace racial quotas?
Question:  What is one example of what racial quotas were not replaced with?
Question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?
Answer: a panel discussion
Question: What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?
Answer: an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard
Question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?
Answer: a third
Question: What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?
Answer: the descendants
Question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?
Answer: possible remedies
Question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2007 - 08 academic year?
Question: What did two prominent white professors point out at the panel discussion?
Question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the Asian American community?
Question: What did the Asian American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?
Question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of Asian Americans, what else is still up for debate?
Question: In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?
Answer: Stanford Law Review
Question: What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?
Answer: half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school
Question: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?
Answer: eight percent
Question: Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?
Answer: Proposition 209
Question:  To which university does Richard H. Sander not belong?
Question: In which publication did Sander publish an article not questioning racial preferences in law schools?
Question: What did Sander's study show in terms of white law students rankings?
Question: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action started?
Question: Which legislative work did not prohibit the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?
Question: In which year did Long publish his study?
Answer: 2007
Question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?
Answer: increasing minority enrollment in high schools
Question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?
Answer: white students
Question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?
Answer: 14
Question:  What area of study did professor Mark Long have a job in?
Question:  In which year did Long reject his study?
Question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment rejected in Long's report?
Question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a not class-based style affirmative action?
Question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should not be abolished?
Question: Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?
Answer: Princeton University
Question: Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?
Answer: Janet Rapelye
Question: What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?
Answer: many others had far better qualifications
Question: Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?
Answer: placement on the waitlist
Question:  With which organization did Li not file a civil rights complaint?
Question:  Which university was Li allegingn non-racial discrimination against?
Question: Who wasn't the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?
Question:  What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the approval of Li's application was?
Question: Even though Li did not get rejected, what was done instead of a straight rejection?
Question: What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?
Answer: race-conscious policy
Question: What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?
Answer: their civil and constitutional rights
Question: Who concluded that the University maintained a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?
Answer: US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Question: When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?
Answer: June 2016
Question:  Which University had a lawsuit not filed against it?
Question: What did the plaintiffs claim the university didn't have for an admissions policy?
Question: What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly not violate?
Question: Who concluded that the University did not maintain a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?
Question: When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the third time?
Question: On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?
Answer: November 17, 2014
Question: Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?
Answer: Students for Fair Admissions
Question: Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?
Answer: white
Question: What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?
Answer: Project on Fair Representation
Question: What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?
Answer: until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law
Question: On which date were lawsuits filed with Harvard and Chapel Hill?
Question: Who filed the lawsuits with the Universities?
Question:  Other than African students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?
Question:  What is the Students for Fair Admissions not an offshoot of?
Question: What are the Universities waiting for after proceeding with the lawsuit?
Question: How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?
Answer: more than 60
Question: Who did the organizations file the complaints with?
Answer: Education and Justice Departments
Question: Who was the target of the filing?
Answer: Harvard University
Question: What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?
Answer: top-one-percent grade point averages
Question: Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?
Answer: the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations
Question: How many Asian organizations weren't involved in filing the federal complaints?
Question:  Who did the organizations not file the complaints with?
Question:  Who was not the target of the filing?
Question: What grade average do some students have that aren't being rejected?
Question: How many clubs competed in 20011-12?
Answer: 763 clubs
Question: How many rounds in the tournament?
Answer: 12
Question: How many games are needed to win?
Answer: six to fourteen
Question: What league can compete?
Answer: Premier League and Football League
Question: Who is the competition not open to?
Question: How many clubs competed before 2011?
Question: What leagues cannot compete in the competition?
Question: What is the maximum number of games needed to win?
Question: How many non-random rounds are in the tournament?
Question: How many teams in the first round? 
Answer: 92 professional teams.
Question: What league enters in the third round?
Answer: Premier League and Championship clubs
Question: In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??
Answer: never reached the quarter finals
Question: Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?
Answer: Level 2 have never reached the final.
Question: How many teams do not progress to the first round of the Competition Proper?
Question: In past eras, has a non-league team reached the quarter finals?
Question: How many teams are in the second round?
Question: In what time period did a non-league team get to the quarter finals?
Question: What are the last six rounds called?
Question: How many FA cup designs have there been?
Answer: two
Question: How many FA cups have there been?
Answer: five actual cups
Question: When was the latest design intoduced?
Answer: 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911
Question: What do the losers receive?
Question: When was the earliest design introduced?
Question: Who is the least successful club?
Question: What was Arsenal's score against Manchester United in the 2015 final?
Question: How many FA Cup Trophy replicas have been made?
Question: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?
Answer: 1863
Question: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?
Answer: C. W. Alcock
Question: When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?
Answer: November 1871
Question: Who won the first and second cups? 
Answer: Wanderers were crowned the winners
Question: When was the modern cup established? 
Answer: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,
Question: Who was the FA secretary during the 1888-89 season?
Question: Who lost the first and second cups?
Question: What season were qualifying rounds taken out of the tournament?
Question: When did the Wanderers lose the trophy?
Question: Where were the Laws of the Game of Association Football published?
Question: Was competition suspended due to the first world war? 
Answer: competition was suspended due to the First World War
Question: what year did competition resume after world war 1?
Answer: 1919–20.
Question: When did Wembly stadium open? 
Answer: 1922–23
Question: What was Webly stadium called at that time? 
Answer: Empire Stadium
Question: When did the competition celebrate its centennial? 
Answer: didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81
Question: Who replaced the goal scored by Steven Gerrard?
Question: What season did Steven Gerrard score a goal?
Question: Which season did Wembly stadium close?
Question: What season did the Empire Stadium become Wembly Stadium?
Question: Why was the Empire Stadium renamed to Wembly Stadium?
Question: Is the competition open to anyone? 
Answer: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system
Question: Is there anyone automatically eligible? 
Answer: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible
Question: Who else can play? 
Answer: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions
Question: Can new clubs play too? 
Answer: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.
Question: Do I need a stadium to compete? 
Answer: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.
Question: Who is the competition closed to?
Question: Who is not automatically eligible?
Question: What season can newly formed clubs start playing in?
Question: What does a club not need in order to play?
Question: Which competitions do not make a team eligible if the team has played in them in the previous season?
Question: Does anyone ever miss a tournament? 
Answer: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition
Question: What clubs have missed the competition? 
Answer: Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,
Question: Why did they miss that competition? 
Answer: The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.
Question: How did people feel about Manchester's decision? 
Answer: drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige
Question: Did the club later regret their choice? 
Answer: Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.
Question: What FA Cup season did Manchester United enter?
Question: What titles did Machester United not want to defend by pulling out of the FA Cup?
Question: By what margin did Manchester United win the Club World Championship?
Question: Did the club later regret pulling out of the Club World Championship?
Question: What would entering both tournaments not do?
Question: May Welsh clubs enter the competition? 
Answer: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,
Question: Has a Welsh team ever won a competition? 
Answer: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)
Question: Have any other countries ever competed? 
Answer: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,
Question: Why can't those countries compete? 
Answer: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.
Question: Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since? 
Answer: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.
Question: When was the League of Wales created?
Question: What Welsh team has lost a tournament?
Question: Which countries have never had a team compete?
Question: What year were teams from Scotland, Wales, and Ireland barred from entering?
Question: What season did the Channel Island club play for the last time?
Question: Has the number of entrants stayed the same? 
Answer: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years
Question: How many clubs entered in 2004-05?
Answer: 660 clubs entered the competition
Question: How many clubs entered in 2005-06?
Answer: 674
Question: How many clubs entered in 2006-07?
Answer: 687
Question: How many clubs entered in 2007-08?
Answer: 731
Question: How much has the number of entrants decreased in recent years?
Question: How has the number of entrants changed in the League Cup?
Question: How has the amount of members in the Premier League and Football League changed?
Question: In what season did the League Cup beat its long standing record?
Question: When do clubs above 9 enter? 
Answer: clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages
Question: Is there seeding?
Answer: There is no seeding,
Question: What happens in the event of a tie?
Answer: fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only
Question: What are the first 6 rounds? 
Answer: The first six rounds are qualifiers
Question: What month is the semi-final in?
Question: What ensures that clubs below Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages?
Question: What enters the competition in early stages?
Question: What is not determined by a random draw?
Question: What happens when there is a tie after the semi-finals?
Question: When does the final take place? 
Answer: The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May.
Question: Was there a time this was not the case? 
Answer: in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999–2000
Question: Why was that? 
Answer: most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment
Question: Did that ever happen again? 
Answer: 2010–11 and 2012–13
Question: What happened during those years? 
Answer: the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final
Question: When does the final never take place?