huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What two things did Cubism in the early 19th century form an important link between?
Question: What are the four formal characteristics that are never connected with Cubism?
Question: In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly weak?
Question: What was the reception like in Italy?
Question: In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?
Answer: the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form
Question: Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ? 
Answer: Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare
Question: Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture?
Answer: glass
Question: In Cubism what was not architechtural interested base on?
Question: Who said that Cubism was not becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ?
Question: Increased use of what material marked Cubism non-influence in architecture?
Question: The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?
Answer: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Question: The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what?
Answer: Neo-plasticism
Question: Who developed Neo Plasticism? 
Answer: Piet Mondrian
Question: Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory? 
Answer: Gino Severini
Question: Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922?
Answer: his cousin Jeanneret
Question: The ideas of which Cubo Futurist did not influence the avant-garde in architecture?
Question: Who wrote squarist theory?
Question: What was prefigured by Duchamp in 1915?
Question: What years did Le Corbusier not concentrate his efforts?
Question: What happened in 1912?
Question: What was La Maison Cubiste ?
Answer: a fully furnished house
Question: Which Metzinger piece was hung in La Maison Cubiste?
Answer: Woman with a Fan
Question: How big was the model of La Maison Cubiste? 
Answer: 10-by-3-meter
Question: What type of boat was La Maison Cubist?
Question:  Which Metzinger piece was not hung in La Maison Cubiste?
Question:  How big was the model of Be Maison Cubiste?
Question: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?
Answer: Bohemia (today Czech Republic
Question: What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?
Answer: Rondo-Cubism
Question:  What was for the form of architectural Cubism in France called?
Question: What was built after World War II?
Question: What was built before WWI?
Question:  Which country did not apply Cubism to architecture the most?
Question: What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules? 
Answer: dynamism
Question: What's  window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use? 
Answer: hexagonal
Question: What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?
Answer: dynamism and expressive plasticity
Question: What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their non-theoretical rules?
Question:  What's window shapes di Czech Cubist architects not use?
Question:  What feelings should Cubist architecture not evoke in viewer?
Question: What type of doors were not used?
Question: Who were the leading Cubist architects? 
Answer: Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol
Question: Where did the leading Cubist architects work?
Answer: Prague
Question: What is the best known Cubist architecture building? 
Answer: House of the Black Madonna
Question: Where is the House of the Black Madonna located? 
Answer: Old Town of Prague
Question: Who built the House of the Black Madonna?
Answer: Vlastislav Hofman
Question:  Who weren't the leading Cubist architects?
Question:  Where did the leading Cubist architects study?
Question:  What is the least known Cubist architecture building?
Question:  Where is the House of the White Madonna located?
Question:  Who built the House of the White Madonna?
Question: Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?
Answer: The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,
Question: Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?
Answer: Gertrude Stein
Question: What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?
Answer: Leo
Question: What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?
Answer: The Making of Americans
Question: What artistic fields did not inspire other cubism work?
Question: What novel came out in 2008?
Question: Who wrote The Making of French?
Question: Who was not influencial on Cubism?
Question: Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?
Answer: Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy
Question: What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?
Answer: Kenneth Rexroth
Question: Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?
Answer: John Ashbery and Ron Padgett
Question: What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? 
Answer: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
Question: Which poets are not aligned with Cubism?
Question: What is the name of the american Poet who is not associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?
Question: Which three American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?
Question: Who wrote Fifteen ways of Looking at Blackbird?
Question: What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?
Answer: Chinese political philosophy
Question: Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?
Answer: 6th century BC
Question: Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?
Answer: the social and political breakdown of the country
Question: What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?
Answer: Mohism
Question: What dates back to the 6th century AD?
Question: What was a response to increased social and political awareness in China?
Question: What advocated a communal, centralized government centered on frugality and accetism?
Question: Who advocated a government based on empathy, loyalty and personal relationships?
Question: Who advocated a peasant uprising and egalitarianism?
Question: When did Agrarianism begin?
Question: What is attributed to Mencius in the 6th Century BC?
Question: What attribute did all of the philosophies share?
Question: In what Spring and Autumn period was Legalism dominant?
Question: In the Qin Dynasty, what replaced Legalism?
Question: What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?
Answer: philosophy of ancient Greece
Question: Ancient Greece was dominated by what?
Answer: city-states
Question: What originated with Western  philosophy?
Question: What philosophy dates back to sme time after Plato?
Question: What civilization was dominated by independent towns that experimented with different governments?
Question: What Roman statesman was influenced by Plato?
Question: What 4 catagories did Aristotle divide greek political organizations into?
Question: What is the first important work of political organization?
Question: What example of Stoic influence followed Plato's?
Question: What was the western political philosophy dominated by?
Question: How was ancient Greece's government grouped by Cicero?
Question: What was influenced by timocracy in Rome?
Question: What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?
Answer: Indian political philosophy
Question: What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and  order?
Answer: The institutions of state
Question: What was the governing body of the Hindu states?
Answer: Mantranga
Question: What political philosophy does not make a clear distinction between nation and state or religion state
Question: What evolved over time and is based on legal treaties and obscure social institutions?
Question: Who state institutions were divided into narrow well-defined entities?
Question: What governing body of the states listed of the Prime Minister and civil servants?
Question: What did political and legal treatisies consist of in Indian government?
Question: What were the constitutions of Maha states based on?
Question: How was the committee of ministers divided?
Question: What prevalant social institution made a clear line between nation and religion?
Question: What was the governing body of the head of executive?
Question: Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher?
Answer: Chanakya
Question: What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler?
Answer: The Arthashastra
Question: What is an example of a code of law in ancient India?
Answer: the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu
Question: Who was the Indian political philosopher in the fourth century A.D.?
Question: What provides an account of the science of economics for a wise ruler?
Question: "What authorities does Ambi quote?
Question: Who is a predecessor of Chanaka?
Question: Where is Sukra Neeti an example of a code of law?
Question: Who was the 4th BC Indian Arthashastra?
Question: What are a few examples the Bruhaspati gives for governance?
Question: Who are the authorities Ambi quotes?
Question: Who is Prachetasa a descendant of?
Question: Who is the father of Ushanas?
Question: Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?
Answer: Plato
Question: What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?
Answer: the moderatation of the Stoicism
Question: Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?
Answer: Augustine
Question: What does Civitas terrena mean?
Answer: City of Man
Question: What does Civitas Dei mean?
Answer: City of God
Question: Who influenced the Christian philosophy of Hippo of Augustine?
Question: What philosophy modernized Christian thought?
Question: What mean city of mankind?
Question: What Christian belief was challenged by Augustine's city of man?
Question: Who taught that one was a member of their city?
Question: Who influenced Terrena's view of the moderation of the Stoicism?
Question: What was one change brought about by Augustine?
Question: What did Plato mention people were a member of?
Question: What does Hippo's view attack regarding what Christians believed?
Question: What is one thing that Plato changed in the Roman world?
Question: What strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region?
Answer: The rise of Islam
Question: What emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion?
Answer: Early Islamic philosophy
Question: Who challenged the early Islamic philosophy's views?
Answer: the "rationalist" Mutazilite philosophers
Question: What type of views did the "rationalist" Mutaziite philosophers hold?
Answer: Hellenic view
Question: What help to balance the power in the Mediterranean region?
Question: What early philosophy emphasize a separation between science and religion?
Question: What philosophers placed revelation above reason?
Question: Who were the first theologies of Islam?
Question: Who said the Koran must be subordinate to reason?
Question: What focused on a link between reason and freedom of action?
Question: The rise of what was based on modern scholars views and science?
Question: What group challenged the Hellenic view of Islam?
Question: What must reason be subordinate to according to Mutazilite philosophers?
Question: What process did speculative theologians use to find truth?
Question: The clashes between Ehl-i Sunna and Shia had what kind of character? 
Answer: political
Question: Islamic political philosophy was rooted in what sources? 
Answer: Islam
Question: What is taken as the basis of an analysis?
Answer: The political conceptions of Islam
Question: What political philosophy was rooted in theology?
Question: What are the religious conceptions of Islam?
Question: What clashed up until the seventh and eighth century?
Question: What is the religious conception of Islam taken as?
Question: What kind of character did the clashes between Bajjah and Rushd have in the 7th and 8th centuries?
Question: What sources are Avicenna based on?
Question: How did the ilah generally suppose Islamic philosophy was rooted?
Question: What did Ehl-i-Sunna and Shia pose regarding Islam?
Question: What do the ideas of general political character give proof of in early Islamic history?
Question: Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?
Answer: Mutazalite Islamic thinking
Question: Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe? 
Answer: St. Thomas Aquinas
Question: What influenced medieval politics?
Question: What did Roman Catholics subordinate theology too?
Question: How did Christian thinking differ from Mutazalite Islamic thinking?
Question: Who emphasize the harmony absent in reason and revelation?
Question: What medieval philosopher help to write some of Aristotle's works?
Question: What was Mutazalite Islamic thinking influenced by in Europe?
Question: Who was the most influential Asharite in medieval Europe?
Question: What did Averroes help reintroduce in Europe?
Question: What was the effect of Averroes uses of Aristotle's works in Europe?
Question: Who was the most influential political philosopher who made the commentaries of Averroes?
Question: What was one of the most influential works during the period? 
Answer: Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince
Question: When was Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince published? 
Answer: 1532
Question: Who wrote The  Prince?
Answer: Niccolò Machiavelli
Question: Who was well known for his theory of the social contract?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes
Question: What influential work was written in 1532?
Question: What was published just before Machiavelli died?
Question: The Prince and what other work influenced medieval political thought?
Question: What was written to free the Mattice family from exile?
Question: Who is known for their theory of social contract in the 1700s?
Question: What did Thomas Hobbes write  between 1511-1512?
Question: After what year did Jean-Jacques Rousseau die?
Question: What did di Medici do for the West?
Question: Who expelled Hobbes from Florence?
Question: What group did Thomas Hobbes support more than the other?
Question: What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified? 
Answer: state
Question: What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?
Answer: government
Question: Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?
Answer: the physical world
Question: What two questions joined the concepts of state and government?
Question: What term referred to a set of temporary institutions through which power could be distributed in its use justified?
Question: What term referred to individuals who created laws and ordinances by which other people would be bound?
Question: What conceptual distinction continues to operate in science?
Question: What has been believed society is subject to since the 1700s?
Question: What is one question government was driven by?
Question: What has happened since power was distributed and justified in Europe?
Question: What theistic thinking led to a division between state and government?
Question: What society not organized into states continues to operate today?
Question: What does the rest of Europe argue about political action?
Question: The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what?
Answer: free trade
Question: What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology?
Answer: Protestant churches
Question: The enlightenment was an outright attack on what?
Answer: religion
Question: Who was the most outspoken critic of the church in France?
Answer: François Marie Arouet de Voltaire
Question: The concept of Guild was superior to what theory?
Question: The Roman Catholic Church was subordinate to what?
Question: The allotment was an evolution of what?
Question: Who is the most outspoken supporter of the church in France?
Question: After who philosophy was never the same again in France?
Question: What concept was the enlightenment subordinated  to?
Question: Who challenged Voltaire's dominance of theology?
Question: What were political and economic relations an attack on?
Question: Who was an outspoken critic of the theory of free trade?
Question: After the concept of the guild, what happened to religion in France?
Question: In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later?
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Question: Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time?
Answer: The Iroquois philosophy
Question: Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin
Question: What area did ideological reforms take place much earlier?
Question: Where in the New World was this doctrine spread?
Question: Who modeled some of the methods of the Huron?
Question: Whose literature emphasize the religious philosophy of the natives?
Question: What did Aztec civilizations inspire in the US?
Question: What did early Mohican literature focus on?
Question: Who admired the methods of the Incan Confederacy?
Question: What happened when methods of the Iroquois Confederacy were introduced to the Ottoman Empire?
Question: What viewpoint influenced doctrine within the New World at the time?
Question: Who was responsible for the work Two Treatises of Government?
Answer: John Locke
Question: Locke refuted whose political theory?
Answer: Sir Robert Filmer
Question: According to Locke, an absolute ruler is proposed by Hobbes is what?
Answer: unnecessary
Question: Who critique the work Two Treaties of Government?
Question: What did Sir Robert Filmer could be found through contractual obligation?
Question: Which of John Locke's theories was a passing fancy?
Question: What theory of Machiavelli and Hobbes did lock except?
Question: What did Aquinas believe came into this world is a tabula rasa?
Question: What work did Sir Rober FIlmer write?
Question: What theory was ridiculed by Aquinas?
Question: What did Locke accept that Machiavelli and Hobbes also believed?
Question: What did Sir Robert Filmer believe about man's mind at birth?
Question: What did Hobbes believe about gaining knowledge?
Question: What was one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century?
Answer: The Marxist critique of capitalism
Question: What produced a parallel revolution in political thought?
Answer: The industrial revolution
Question: Who developed liberalism and fascism?
Question: What revolution was parallel but urbanization and capitalism?
Question: What movement formed in the mid-1900s?
Question: Whose theory of revolution is similar to Immanuel Kant's philosophy of history?
Question: Who were established members of the political landscape by the late 1900s?
Question: What political system was supported by capitalism?
Question: What revolutionaries used Mikhail Bakunin's theories in the 20th century?
Question: By the turn of the 20th century what two groups were established politically?
Question: In the late 19th century what two ideas were becoming prominent in the Anglo-American world?
Question: What was a defining movement of the Twentieth Century against capitalism, created by Vladamir Lenin?
Question: When was The Russian Revolution?
Answer: 1917
Question: What brought communism?
Answer: The Russian Revolution of 1917
Question: What did Ludwig Von Mises and Friedrich Hayek run?
Answer: a group of central European economists
Question: What changed because of Leninism?
Question: When did universal suffrage I begin?
Question: What did social democratic parties do after communism was introduced?
Question: What did European countries lead that identified the inspirations behind new government doctrines?
Question: What was identified as being different types of Luxemburgism?
Question: What did John Rawls publish?
Answer: A Theory of Justice
Question: What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy?
Answer: Europe
Question: The events of May 1968 led to an increased interest in what?
Answer: revolutionary ideology
Question: From the end of WWII until 1971 what declined in China?
Question: What was continental Europe skeptical about?
Question: What did Marxism turn towards from the end of WWII until 1971?
Question: In the 1950's and 1960's what group was interested in revolutionary ideology?
Question: What immigrants to the US and Britain encouraged studies in Marxism?
Question: What remained an important focus during the 1950s and 1960s?
Answer: Communism
Question: There was a marked trend towards what type of approach to political issues?
Answer: pragmatic approach
Question: Who wrote The Racial Contract?
Answer: Charles W. Mills
Question: Who wrote The Sexual Contract?
Answer: Carole Patemen
Question: What was a political exclusion in the 1950's and 1960's?
Question: What was the trend towards dealing with racism?
Question: What did utilitarianism lead to in the developed world?
Question: What did the Communism mention about who was excluded in society?
Question: What was one approach to the debate about colonialism?
Question: Who Published A Theory of Justice?
Answer: John Rawls
Question: When was A Theory of Justice published?
Answer: 1971
Question: Who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia?
Answer: Robert Nozick
Question: What did Robert Nozick write in 1971?
Question: What did John Rawls write in 1974?
Question: What award did John Rawls's book win?
Question: What is Robert Nozick's book considered in American philosophy?
Question: What viewpoint did John Rawls have when responding to Rober Nozick?
Question: Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?
Answer: Freudian
Question: Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption? 
Answer: Guy Debord
Question: What thinkers came out of the Foucault School?
Question: What points-of-view did Anglo-Americans combine?
Question: What were thinkers influenced by when they emphasized consumerism?
Question: Who took Marxist commodity fetishism to the realm of cultural emphasis?
Question: What happened in Europe that led to criticism of Hegel between 1950 and 1980?
Question: What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems? 
Answer: The liberal-communitarian debate
Question: What type of control do communitarians tend to support?
Answer: greater local control
Question: What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support?
Answer: policies which encourage the growth of social capital
Question: What is valuable for creating greater local control?
Question: What does political theory tend to support in communities?
Question: What type of policies do individuals support?
Question: What did a clash of perspective develop around?
Question: Who argues that individuals should have political focus?
Question: When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?
Answer: the end of the 20th century
Question: What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty?
Answer: The resurgent republican movement
Question: Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach?
Answer: The capability approach
Question: When did the perspectives jurist and non-interference appear?
Question: To a liberal, what is the state of a political perspective that is not interfered with?
Question: What is the approach of republicanism as developed by Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen?
Question: How do both political perspectives treat arbitrary will?
Question: What does the economist movement look to define in a different way?
Question: What is an alloy?
Answer: a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element
Question: What are alloys defined by?
Answer: metallic bonding character
Question: When are Zintl considered alloys?
Answer: depending on bond types
Question: What is solid solution metal elements classified as?
Answer: a single phase
Question: What is always a mixture of metal and other elements?
Question: What is defined by its atomic bonding character?
Question: What type of solution has a single phase in two or more solutions?
Question: What type of phases are always considered to be alloys?
Question: What happens when an alloy is mixed with a molten base?
Answer: they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture
Question: What is an alloy composed of?
Answer: two or more elements
Question: What other metal is impure like alloy?
Answer: wrought iron
Question: What is a mixture of impure substances?
Question: What is a pure substance that retains the characteristics of a metal?
Question: What desirable characteristic doesn't alloy and an impure metal have?
Question: Mixing any to what produces an alloy
Question: What other metal is pure like an alloy?
Question: How is steel produced?
Answer: Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron
Question: What kind of metal is soft like copper?
Answer: aluminium
Question: What can be added to steel to enhance is corrosion resistance?
Answer: chromium
Question: What is superior to pure iron?
Answer: steel
Question: What is another word for when alloys solidify?
Answer: crystallizes
Question: What is produced by adding metallic carb and iron?
Question: What type of metal is hardly copper?
Question: What makes steel more corrosive?
Question: The characteristics of what stay the same as it cools?
Question: What is aluminum alloy the most common of?
Question: What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?
Answer: If the metals remain soluble when solid
Question: What is the purpose of intermetallic phases?
Answer: to reinforce the crystals internally
Question: What are alloys called when the insoluble elements don't separate until after crystallization occurs?
Answer: intermetallic alloys
Question: What is always soluble as a solid and illiquid?
Question: What are not soluble when solid?
Question: What happens to an alloy if the medical support insoluble when solid?
Question: What are alloys called when the soluble elements separate after crystallization occurs?
Question: What do the crystals intermetallic alloys support?
Question: What alloy is formed naturally? 
Answer: electrum
Question: Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?
Answer: bronze
Question: What metal is made by combining tin and copper?
Answer: bronze
Question: Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?
Answer: 1900s
Question: What is a man-made alloy of silver and gold?
Question: Meteorites contain what alloy native to earth?
Question: Iron and what metal formed the first alloy made by humans?
Question: What did humans start making in the 1900s?
Question: What adds desired impurities to modern steel?
Question: What is another name for solutes?
Answer: The secondary constituents
Question: What is the name of an alloy that has  four constituents?
Answer: quaternary alloy
Question: A five-part alloy is known as?
Answer: ternary alloy
Question: What term describes a mixture of atoms that include at least some metal?
Question: What is another name for the primary metal or solute in an alloy?
Question: An alloy with five what is called a quaternary alloy?
Question: What type of alloy contains ten constituents?
Question: What makes pure metals impure metals?
Answer: unwanted impurities
Question: What are the three common impurities in aluminum alloys?
Answer: Lithium, sodium and calcium
Question: Using fluxes and chemical additives during the alloying process does what?
Answer: remove excess impurities
Question: What is the term for desired elements in an alloy?
Question: What is a rare impurity in steel?
Question: Lithium, sodium and what other elements are common in steel?
Question: Chemical what are used during alloying to add impurities?
Question: What element from the air does not easily combined with most metals?
Question: What is something on a car that sometimes is made of alloy?
Answer: automobile wheels
Question: Steel and other very practical metals are also named what?
Answer: alloys
Question: Aluminum alloy is sometimes used as a synonym for what?
Question: Why are some items made of iron only referred to by name?
Question: What can be done to a metal to enhance its properties?
Answer: combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals
Question: Pure metals have a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than what?
Answer: alloys
Question: When copper and tin is mixed, what is made?
Answer: Bronze
Question: When was the bronze age?
Answer: prehistoric period
Question: Copper and zinc combine to make what?
Answer: Brass
Question: What is done by combining one or more metals and removing nonmetals?
Question: What has a higher electrical and thermal conductivity then pure metals?
Question: What is made by mixing copper and iron?
Question: What is combined with tin to make brass?
Question: Who do smaller atoms exert a compressive force on?
Question: Softening metals can be achieved by?
Answer: annealing
Question: Aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened by?
Answer: heat treatment
Question: Annealling softens metals by achieving what?
Answer: recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects
Question: what is made to stabalize the properties of base metals?
Question: |Creating defects in what softens a metal?
Question: What does recrystalization make permanent?
Question: What does annealing harden?
Question: What does annealing cause defects in?
Question: What is the name of steel when it is being formed of two phases?
Answer: heterogeneous
Question: What are the two phases when steel becomes heterogenous?
Answer: carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite
Question: What are the characteristics of steel if it is cooled to quickly?
Answer: very hard and brittle
Question: Soft and bendable steel is caused by what?
Answer: If the steel is cooled slowly
Question: Allotrophy happens between what temperatures?
Answer: 1,500 °F (820 °C) and 1,600 °F (870 °C)
Question: What changes when steel reaches 870°F?
Question: What is it called iron crystals enter carbon atoms?
Question: What becomes brittle if it's cool too slowly?
Question: Steel that is cool too quickly is soft and what?
Question: Where's the carbon atom trapped when steel is called slowly?
Question: Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also?
Answer: heat-treatable alloys
Question: What makes alloys more softer than normal?
Answer: When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly
Question: What do precipitation hardening alloys behave similarly to?
Question: What alloys become softer when cooled slowly?
Question: What alloys soften with age?
Question: What type of alloys become soft and brittle?
Question: What are easy to discern from the base metal?
Question: Tin or zinc atoms in place of copper atoms create?
Answer: substitutional alloys
Question: What is the name of one interstitial alloy?
Answer: Steel
Question: Stainless steel is an example of what two alloys?
Answer: interstitial and substitutional
Question: What is formed when molten metal is separated from other substances?
Question: What is it called when the atoms of the other constituent are substituted with metallic crystals?
Question: What is formed by substituting tin or zinc atoms with copper?
Question: What two alloys is still a combination of?
Question: What is meteoric iron composed of?
Answer: nickel and iron
Question: What can forged meteoric iron make?
Answer: tools, weapons, and nails
Question: Where does meteoric iron come from?
Answer: iron meteorites
Question: How does meteoric iron come to earth?
Answer: occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space
Question: What was the first man-made alloy used by humans?
Question: What was used to separate the iron and nickelin meteoric iron? And
Question: What was formed from meteoric iron using hot hammering?
Question: What kind of iron was readily available to people?
Question: Around what time did bronze start being formed?
Answer: 2500 BC
Question: What does copper and zinc form to make?
Answer: brass
Question: Where is tin mostly found?
Answer: Great Britain
Question: Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one?
Answer: Copper
Question: What is usually found his iron ore in Greenland?
Question: What kind of copper is rare on earth?
Question: What was used to make tools in jewelry before Neolithic times?
Question: What did humans began alloying around 2500 A.D.?
Question: What was rare in Great Britain?
Question: Since when have Amalgams been used?
Answer: 200 BC
Question: What did ancient Romans use to gild their armor?
Answer: mercury-tin amalgams
Question: Gold and silver were extracted from their ores by using?
Answer: Mercury
Question: What is cinnabar smelted from?
Question: Amalgams melt mercury in what metals?
Question: What have been used since 200 A.D. in China?
Question: What is used to plate objects with common metals?
Question: What did the Chinese use for gilding their armor?
Question: Red gold is made by combining gold with?
Answer: copper
Question:  Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?
Answer: 250 BC
Question: Who shouted "Eureka!" while checking the purity of a crown?
Answer: Archimedes
Question: Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?
Answer: less valuable substances
Question: Who alloyed metals for utilitarian purposes?
Question: What is produced when gold is alloyed with tin?
Question: Ten is often added to what to make sterling silver?
Question: Softer silver was used for what practical items?
Question: What was Archimedes commissioned to do in 250 A.D.?
Question: Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?
Answer: too soft
Question: During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?
Answer: tin
Question: What was done to tin to make it stronger?
Answer: alloyed with other metals
Question: What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?
Answer: lead, antimony, bismuth or copper
Question: What alloys consist primarily of lead?
Question: What was tend to rare to be used for?
Question: Where was gold the highest valued metal during the Bronze Age?
Question: What practical items were made from tin without solutes
Question: When did the smelting of iron first begin?
Answer: around 1800 BC
Question: When did iron making technology begin in Japan?
Answer: around 700 AD
Question: Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?
Answer: carbon
Question: What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?
Answer: lower melting point
Question: Where was bronze first smelted
Question: What smelting process was developed in 800 A.D.?
Question: What technology arrived in Europe in 1800 BC
Question: Where did iron technology arrived in 700 BC?
Question: What was being produced in China in 1200 A.D.?
Question: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?
Answer: 1100 BC
Question: When did iron start to become melted by people?
Answer: Middle Ages
Question: Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?
Answer: Benjamin Huntsman
Question: When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
Answer: 1740
Question: What became more widespread in 1280 BC?
Question: The softness of what could be modified in 1100 BC?
Question: What common material was valued for the manufacturing of tools and weapons?
Question: What was produced in decent quantities starting in 1100 BC?
Question: What process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the nineteenth century?
Question: What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?
Answer: produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron
Question: By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?
Answer: steel
Question: When did puddling start occurring?
Answer: 1700s
Question: When was the Bessemer process developed?
Answer: 1858
Question: Steel and manganese combines form to make what?
Answer: Mangalloy
Question: What allowed wrought iron to be produced in larger quantities than pig iron during the Middle Ages?
Question: What was created by reducing carbon in liquid wrought iron?
Question: What was introduced during the seventeenth century?
Question: In what year did Henry Bessemer create Mangalloy?
Question: What steel alloy was created by Henry Bessemer?
Question: When were precipitation hardening alloys discovered?
Answer: 1906
Question: What happens to precipitation hardening alloys after they quenched?
Answer: harden over time
Question: One of the first "age hardening" alloys used were called?
Answer: duralumin
Question: What was used in the construction of modern aircraft?
Answer: duralumin
Question: What is done to make precipitation hardening alloys hardened immediately?
Question: What term refers to cooling over time?
Question: Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys in 1919?
Question: What phenomenon was explained in 1906?
Question: What was used in the construction of early aircraft's?
Question: How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island?
Answer: about 900 kilometres (560 mi)
Question: What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Kingston
Question: How many people live on Norfolk Island?
Answer: 1,796
Question: How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island?
Answer: 1,412 kilometres (877 mi)
Question: What ocean is Norfolk Island relocated from?
Question: How far away is the furthest land mass to Norfolk Island?
Question: What is the only city of Norfolk Island?
Question: How many people have left Norfolk Island?
Question: Which island has no capital city?
Question: What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?
Answer: a convict penal settlement
Question: What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?
Answer: 8 June 1856
Question: Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?
Answer: Pitcairn Island
Question: In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?
Answer: 1913
Question: Who was Norfolk Island destroyed by?
Question: What purpose did Norfolk Island avoid for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?
Question: What date did civilians begin to permanently leave Norfolk Island?
Question: Where were the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island banned from in 1856?
Question: What year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to America to administrate?
Question: In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?
Answer: 1786
Question: Who proposed the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?
Answer: John Call
Question: In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise?
Answer: New South Wales
Question: What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island?
Answer: Empress Catherine II of Russia
Question: Where was the majority of the hemp and flax used by the Royal Navy imported from?
Answer: Russia
Question: What year did the German government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?
Question: Who rejected the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?
Question: What German state did the British government plan to colonise while including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement?
Question: What woman influenced the decision by the Russians to settle Norfolk Island?
Question: Where was the majority of the cheese and wine used by the Royal Navy imported from?
Question: When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement?
Answer: 1794
Question: Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement?
Answer: it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain
Question: When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island?
Answer: February 1805
Question: By 1808, how many people remained on Norfolk Island?
Answer: 200
Question: Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?
Answer: to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings
Question: When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be permanently opened as a penal settlement?
Question: Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be kept as a penal settlement?
Question: When did the first group of people save Norfolk Island?
Question: How many people died on Norfolk Island by 1808?
Question: Why did one person remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?
Question: Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?
Answer: the British government
Question: What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?
Answer: Its remoteness
Question: What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?
Answer: the gallows
Question: How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?
Answer: 6,458
Question: What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?
Answer: three years
Question: Who blocked the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane from sending the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?
Question: What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding female convicts?
Question: What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island condemned to on the mainland?
Question: How many convicts are no longer listed in the database at Norfolk Island?
Question: What was the average length of a prisoner's escape at Norfolk Island?
Question: Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island descended from?
Answer: Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers
Question: Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from?
Answer: the Pitcairn Islands
Question: On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island?
Answer: 193
Question: What was the name of the ship the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?
Answer: Morayshire
Question: What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island?
Answer: farming and whaling industries
Question: Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island restricted from?
Question: Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island bomb?
Question: How many of the Pitcairners arrived at Norfolk Island on May 3, 1856?
Question: What was the name of the canoe the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?
Question: What trades did the Pitcairners punish while on Norfolk Island?
Question: During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?
Answer: World War II
Question: Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?
Answer: Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen
Question: Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II?
Answer: New Zealand
Question: When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II?
Answer: February 1944
Question: When was the Commonwealth of Australia hidden?
Question: What minor event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refueling station during?
Question: Who removed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?
Question: Whose responsibility did Norfolk Island avoid during World War II?
Question: When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War I?
Question:  What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?
Answer: Financial problems and a reduction in tourism
Question: What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?
Answer: greater welfare benefits
Question: What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?
Answer: islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare
Question: An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?
Answer: replace self-government with a local council
Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?
Answer: 68%
Question: What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Russia in 2010?
Question: What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Russia's assistance?
Question: What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Russia for help?
Question: What agreement was never signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015?
Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Russia?
Question: What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?
Answer: east
Question: What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?
Answer: 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950
Question: What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?
Answer: Mount Bates
Question: What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Phillip Island
Question: What part of the Atlantic Ocean is Norfolk Island located?
Question: What direction is Norfolk Island no longer in relation to Australia?
Question: What are the fake coordinates for Norfolk Island?
Question: What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's lowest point?
Question: What is the name of the second worst island of the territory of Norfolk Island?
Question: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?
Answer: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay
Question: How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?
Answer: by ship
Question: Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Cascade Bay
Question: Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Anson and Ball Bays
Question: What is the center of Norfolk made of?
Question: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, going to be relocated?
Question: How are goods stolen from Norfolk Island?
Question: Where are imported goods usually stolen on Norfolk Island?
Question: Where can you illegally surf on Norfolk Island?
Question: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?
Answer: 18
Question: Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?
Answer: Norfolk Island National Park
Question: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?
Answer: subtropical rain forest
Question: How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?
Answer: 5 km2
Question: How many plants can only be eaten on Norfolk Island?
Question: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are extinct?
Question: Where can the smallest tree-fern in the world be found?
Question: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, after European colonization?
Question: How much of the rainforest was lost in Norfolk Island today?
Question: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
Answer: massive clearance of the island's native vegetation
Question: What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
Answer: hunting and persecution as agricultural pests
Question: What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
Answer: mammals
Question: What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
Answer: common blackbirds and crimson rosellas
Question: What type of bird does Norfolk Island have billions of?
Question: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to thrive?
Question: What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to thrive?
Question: What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to celebrate?
Question: What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to be happy?
Question: What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds?
Answer: Nepean Island
Question: What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase?
Answer: The providence petrel
Question: Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Phillip Island
Question: What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island?
Answer: the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel
Question: What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island?
Answer: the whale bird
Question: What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to bioluminescent seabirds?
Question: What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population decrease?
Question: Where has the providence petrel never been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?
Question: What other types of petrels are extinct on Phillip Island?