huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school?
Answer: upamāṇa
Question: Which school has no subschools?
Question: What means did the Kumarila Bhatta remove from its canon?
Question: What subschool only uses four reliable means?
Question: What does Mimamsa mean?
Question: How many Mimamsa subschools are not defined by epistemology?
Question: What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa  school?
Answer: atheistic and theistic
Question: How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?
Answer: eternal
Question: What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?
Answer: dharma
Question: How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?
Answer: rituals and duties
Question: What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?
Answer: Vedanta school
Question: What type of doctrine does Mimamsa not have?
Question: What school focuses on the existence of God?
Question: Mimamsa rejected the epistemology and metaphysics of what?
Question: What school agreed with the Mimamsa's understanding of Upanishads?
Question: What did Mimamsakas consider as of equal importance as the rituals?
Question: What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?
Answer: proper, correct and right
Question: What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?
Answer: Vedantins
Question: What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?
Answer: early parts
Question: What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?
Answer: latter parts
Question: What study did Mimamsa thwart?
Question: What did Mimamsakas and Vedantins agree on?
Question: What did Mimamsakas believe was the purpose of an orderly life?
Question: What school was foundational to the Mimamsa school?
Question: Which part of the Vedas did both the Vedanta and the Mimamsa schools emphasize?
Question: On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?
Answer: Upanishads and Brahma
Question: In what time did the Vedanta school become active?
Answer: first millennium BCE
Question: Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?
Answer: Vedānta
Question: How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?
Answer: five or six methods
Question: On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?
Answer: sub-school
Question: What is the least developed Hindu school?
Question: Which sutras did the Vedanta reject?
Question: When did the Vedanta school end?
Question: Which method of gaining knowledge is not included in the Vedanta school?
Question: What are sub-schools not allowed to do with the epistemologies?
Question: What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?
Answer: knowledge-centered understanding
Question: On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?
Answer: jnana
Question: On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?
Answer: ritualism
Question: Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?
Answer: many sub-schools
Question: What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? 
Answer: ātman and Brahman
Question: What represented the lack of knowledge-centered study?
Question: Which Vedic did Vedanta ignore?
Question: What does Vedic mean?
Question: During what era did knowledge-centered understanding emerge?
Question: Who created the concepts of atman and Brahman?
Question: What means two?
Question: What is the youngest Vedantic School?
Question: Who coined the term Advaita?
Question: Who was Gaudapada's teacher?
Question: What is the name of the author of the Vedantic scriptures?
Question: According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?
Answer: Brahman
Question: What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?
Answer: māyā and ātman
Question: How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?
Answer: always changing
Question: To what does the concept of atman refer?
Answer: soul
Question: To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?
Answer: Brahman
Question: Which metaphysic concept is never changing?
Question: What is not within human beings?
Question: What is the opposite of Brahman?
Question: What do non-Advaita Vedantins say about atman and Brahman?
Question: What is unchanging and what it appears to be?
Question: What is the philosophy of dualism?
Answer: Viśiṣṭādvaita
Question: Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?
Answer: Ramanuja
Question: When did Ramanuja live?
Answer: c. 1037–1137
Question: For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?
Answer: Supreme Being
Question: What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman
Answer: Vishnu
Question: Who opposed Visistadvaita?
Question: When was Visistadvaita first proposed?
Question: What did Visistadvaitins and Advaitins agree on?
Question: What was the philosophy of qualified dualism?
Question: Who did Advaitins believe was a personification of Brahman?
Question: Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?
Answer: two separate realities
Question: To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?
Answer: monotheistic God
Question: How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions?
Answer: takes on a personal role
Question: As what did the Dvaita school view dualism?
Answer: permanent
Question: Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being?
Answer: Vishnu
Question: What theory claims there is one reality?
Question: How is the Dvaita Vedanta Vishnu different from other religions?
Question: Who has an impersonal role according to Dvaita?
Question: What in Dvaita is only temporary?
Question: What distinguishes Advaita Vedanta from Dvaita?
Question: In what century did Nimbarka live?
Answer: 13th-century
Question: How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?
Answer: three
Question: What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?
Answer: Brahman, soul, and matter
Question: Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?
Answer: Krishna
Question: Which two categories are independent?
Question: Who is Radha's consort?
Question: How many gopis attended Nimbarka?
Question: Who is not worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?
Question: What controls Brahman?
Question: In what text is Shaivism recounted?
Answer: Śvetāśvatara Upanishad
Question: When was the text on Shaivism written?
Answer: 400 – 200 BCE
Question: Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?
Answer: Vidyaranya
Question: How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?
Answer: three
Question: What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?
Answer: Pratyabhijña
Question: What is easy to determine of Shaivism?
Question: When did Shaivism first begin?
Question: Who created Shaivism?
Question: What philosophical school is Shaivism not represented by?
Question: Who wrote the Svetasvatara Upanishad?
Question: What is the oldest school of Shaivism?
Answer: Pāśupata Shaivism
Question: Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?
Answer: Lakulish
Question: When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? 
Answer: 2nd century CE
Question: What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?
Answer: Vaishnava theology
Question: What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?
Answer: servitude of souls
Question: What is the youngest major Shaiva school?
Question: Who created Pasupata Shaivism?
Question: Which theology did Pashupatas prefer?
Question: When was the Pasupata Shaivism school started?
Question: Why did Pashupatas believe servitude of souls was necessary?
Question: Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?
Answer: insentient and the sentient
Question: In what staet was the insentient considered to be?
Answer: unconscious
Question: How was the sentient seen as being?
Answer: conscious
Question: For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?
Answer: through the intellect
Question: What was the sentient dependent on?
Question: Salvation required the soul separating from what?
Question: What was the sentient broken up into?
Question: How many effects made up the sentient?
Question: What were the effects responsible for?
Question: What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?
Answer: non-dual
Question: What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?
Answer: Universal Consciousness
Question: As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?
Answer: real
Question: Which group sees the world as illusion?
Answer: Advaita
Question: According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?
Answer: merge in Shiva
Question: What are dual philosophies?
Question: What is the opposite of Shiva?
Question: What are the means of understanding maya according to Kashmir Shaivism?
Question: Advaita says all things are a manifestation of what?
Question: What do believers of Advaita believe is the point of human life?
Question: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
Answer: Democratic Party and the Republican Party
Question: Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
Answer: China
Question: How are political parties elected in democracies? 
Answer: the electorate
Question: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
Answer: Germany and India
Question: What did China have when its government was first founded?
Question: What are the differences in the way people vote in China compared to other countries?
Question: Where does the ideology of China's main political parties come from?
Question: What is the main purpose changing an ideology after a government is founded?
Question: What is one thing Germany and India have changed after their governments were founded?
Question: Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?
Answer: late-17th-century England
Question: Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?
Answer: Whigs
Question: Who was the leader if the Whigs?
Answer: Robert Walpole
Question: In what year did the jacobite rising fail?
Answer: 1715
Question: What groups first formed in 1715 when the Whigs were dominant?
Question: What beliefs did the Tories unite behind during the Glorious Revolution in 1715?
Question: In what year did the Exclusion Crisis end?
Question: How long did the English Civil War last?
Question: Who was the leader of the Hanoverian succession?
Question: Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.
Answer: Locke and Algernon Sidney
Question: Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?
Answer: championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power
Question: Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?
Answer: the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty
Question: What was Algernon Sidney considered a threat to?
Question: Who did Algernon Sidney want to be tolerant towards?
Question: Who's concepts of universal rights influenced wealthy merchants?
Question: What did wealthy merchants want to put strict limits on?
Question: What kind of political ideas did a Catholic king support?
Question: Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?
Answer: the "Opposition Whigs"
Question: When did the Tories regain power?
Answer: 1760
Question: For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?
Answer: half a century
Question: Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?
Answer: ideological gap
Question: When was the downfall of George II?
Question: For how long was Lord Bute dismissed from office?
Question: What type of behavior was Lord Bute known for when in power?
Question: What did differing beliefs prevent Lord Bute and George II from doing?
Question: What did Sir William Wyndham regain in 1760?
Question: Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?
Answer: the Rockingham Whigs
Question: Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?
Answer: Charles Watson-Wentworth
Question: What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?
Answer: "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed"
Question: Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?
Answer: remained out of power as a united opposition to government.
Question: Who was the Bedfordite faction tied to that made them unstable?
Question: How long did Edmund Burke remain a philosopher?
Question: What group was lead by Edmund Burke?
Question: What happened when Edmund Burke was removed from power?
Question: What description was the basic framework for government created by Chathamite factions?
Question: What was the modern Conservative party created from?
Answer: the 'Pittite' Tories
Question: Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?
Answer: Robert Peel
Question: Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?
Answer: the Liberal Party
Question: In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?
Answer: 1834
Question: What was created by the modern Conservative Party in 1859 to define basic Conservative principles?
Question: What event broke up the Liberal Party?
Question: Why did the government led by Willian Ewart Gladstone collapse?
Question: What did the PIttite Tories do after the Duke's government collapsed?
Question: When did Lord Palmerston create the Pittite Tories?
Question: What were the two proto-political parties?
Answer: the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party
Question: In which year did the period known as the "Era of Good Feelings" begin?
Answer: 1816
Question: What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?
Answer: partisan
Question: Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?
Answer: Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
Question: What did James Madison intend the mindset of the Federalist Party to be?
Question: In what year was the Federalist Party founded?
Question: In what year did the Democratic-Republican Party split?
Question: What was the period called after the Federalist Party was created?
Question: How long was James Madison involved with the Federalist Party?
Question: Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?
Answer: Charles Stewart Parnell
Question: What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?
Answer: Irish Parliamentary Party
Question: Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?
Answer: they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.
Question: When was the use of a party whip first implemented?
Question: What did the party whip change the party name to in 1884?
Question: What was the Parnellite model replaced with in government?
Question: What did the British Parties create to ensure committed members were selected?
Question: What was imposed by the British Parties in 1884?
Question: Do political parties have a Party leader?
Answer: A political party is typically led by a party leader
Question: Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?
Answer: party secretary
Question: Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses? 
Answer: party treasurer
Question: Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?
Answer: party chair
Question: Who is a fund-raiser usually lead by?
Question: What is the definition of a fund-raiser?
Question: What are the duties of a national committee?
Question: What does a state governor do?
Question: What role do most spokesmen aspire to?
Question: When does a party form an official opposition?
Answer: When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government
Question: What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?
Answer: Westminster-based parties
Question: When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?
Answer: When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority
Question: If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?
Answer: leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation
Question: What type of parties allow leaders to form a Shadow cabinet?
Question: What does the party leader serve as when the party is represented by the Shadow cabinet?
Question: What is the main role of the Cabinet of government ministers?
Question: What is formed when a party becomes the largest party not part of the Cabinet of government ministers?
Question: What  does the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet become when it can form a majority with enough seats?
Question: What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?
Answer: The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for
Question: How are parties regulated?
Answer: a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties
Question: Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?
Answer: to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents
Question: How are government crackdowns categorized by democracies?
Question: What rights threaten the formation of a liberal democracy?
Question: After what event do opposition parties usually form?
Question: What is the first thing authoritarian governments want citizens to do to show loyalty to the party?
Question: What is one right that is not the norm for authoritarian governments?
Question: Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?
Answer: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"
Question: which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?
Answer: far-right, far-left and regionalism
Question: What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?
Answer: Cordon Sanitarian
Question: What has caused far-right parties to be abandoned over the past two decades?
Question: What kind of democracies were created after the formation of the EU?
Question: What groups have Outsider Parties not wanted to cooperate with recently?
Question: What did Outsider Parties form because they didn't want to cooperate with government?
Question: What kind of policy do Outsider Parties usually have towards the government?
Question: Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?
Answer: In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist
Question: Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?
Answer: The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan.
Question: What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?
Answer: political parties
Question: What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?
Answer: political parties
Question: What restrictions are there on candidates when there are no political parties?
Question: What attitude did George Washington have on legal restrictions in office?
Question: How does the legislature take office in Tokelau?
Question: What is another action the legislature of Tokelau is able to do?
Question: What does the Northwest Territories warn against?
Question: In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?
Answer: one-party systems
Question: What are North Korea and China examples of?
Answer: positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government
Question: What is the one-party system often compared with?
Answer: dictatorships and tyranny
Question: When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?
Answer: 1934 and 1945
Question: What kind of leadership must the dominant party accept in China?
Question: During what years did North Korea move to a one party system?
Question: What are minor parties often compared to due to their influence?
Question: What are minor parties usually identical to?
Question: In what country were minor party positions more important?
Question: What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?
Answer: political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion
Question: What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?
Answer: patronage and sometimes by voting fraud
Question: What are some examples of dominant party systems?
Answer: African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia
Question: For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?
Answer: 1990s
Question: How likely is it that there was voting fraud in the 1998 election?
Question: What were the reasons for the Democratic Parties failure in 1990?
Question: What were two things that the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan used in the 1970's to try and win an election?
Question: What are some parties that were guilty of using voter fraud?
Question: How long did the People's Action Party in Singapore last?
Question: What were the first parties in the united States called?
Answer: Federalist and Republican
Question: For how long did the Whigs survive?
Answer: two decades
Question: What are challenged to an unpopular political party?
Answer: tremendous land area and large population of the country
Question: Which party was anti-slavery?
Answer: Democratic Party
Question: In what year did National and Democratic Republicans split?
Question: What topic caused Teddy Roosevelt to lose the election in 1912?
Question: For how long did the Federalist Party exist?
Question: What was Teddy Roosevelt guilty of in 1912?
Question: What kind of support did Teddy Roosevelt have outside the South?
Question: What has the UK political system functioned as?
Answer: a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system
Question: What are the two largest political parties in the UK?
Answer: Conservative Party and the Labour Party
Question: What was the other major party before the Labour party?
Answer: Liberal Party
Question: What is Duveger's Law?
Answer: A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system
Question: What system was created by Maurice Duverger in the UK?
Question: When was Duverger's Law passed in the UK?
Question: How many seats has Maurice Duverger held in Parliament?
Question: What was the only party that helped pass Duverger's Law?
Question: What does allowing Conservatives in government usually lead to?
Question: In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?
Answer: in cases where there are three or more parties
Question: Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?
Answer: since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition
Question: Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?
Answer: 1989
Question: When is political change easier?
Answer: Political change is often easier with a coalition government
Question: What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?
Answer: post World War II France and Italy
Question: What do parties work to form when one party gains power?
Question: How long as the Republic of Ireland had a dominant party?
Question: What country usually has a dominant party at the national and state level?
Question: What country has always had a dominant party in power since it was formed?
Question: What two countries have usually been able to make swift policy changes since WW II?
Question: What are political parties lobbied by?
Answer: organizations, businesses and special interest groups
Question: What are traditional sources of funding for parties?
Answer: Money and gifts
Question: Around which time was the mass membership party started?
Answer: 19th century
Question: What do some people still call trade unions?
Question: What do special interest groups receive for paying membership dues?
Question: What groups support having to pay trade unions?
Question: During what time were lobbyists the most prevalent in government?
Question: What newly founded party opposed all government?
Question: Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?
Answer: increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships
Question: When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?
Answer: second half of the 20th century
Question: What was the population of Australia in the 20th century compared to 1950?
Question: In what year did western democracies start to decline?
Question: What did the government of the UK have happen in 1950 due to lack of funding?
Question: What had happened to funding for the Australian government in 1950?
Question: In what year did Australia adopt a democratic government?
Question: In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?
Answer: peerages
Question: Who was discovered to be selling peerages?
Answer: Lloyd George
Question: What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?
Answer: Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act
Question: What did the Honours act do?
Answer: outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act
Question: How did people attempt to overcome this law?
Answer: cloaking their contributions as loans
Question: What scandal took place in 1925?
Question: What is awarded to people in the UK who manage loans for a living?
Question: What did Lloyd George help people acquire in his earlier profession?
Question: What do people become a member of if they help people get approved for a loan?
Question: What can people who approve loans for a living take part in in government?
Question: What are the two categories of public funding?
Answer: direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect
Question: Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?
Answer: 25%
Question: What percentage of nations provide direct funding?
Answer: 58%
Question: Are parties required to reveal their funding?
Answer: required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.
Question: What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?
Answer: 60%
Question: What is one type of political party?
Question: Where do you have to broadcast on if you are a member of a direct party?
Question: How many people know about the ACE Electoral Knowledge network?
Question: How many known political parties are there worldwide?
Question: What type of information do over 180 parties disclose to the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network?
Question: What do international donors do to promote democracy? 
Answer: provide financing to political parties in developing countries
Question: What is another common occurrence of international support for a party? 
Answer: Developing links between ideologically linked parties
Question: What does the overseas development institute want to do?
Answer: to increase support to political parties
Question: What funding does the Overseas Development Institute like to offer to support democracies?
Question: What was used during the Rose Revolution to make it successful?
Question: What does the Georgian party want to increase?
Question: Why does the Georgian party want to increase support to political parties?
Question: What did the Georgian party want to promote by financing political parties in developing countries?
Question: What parties is the color green for?
Answer: Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties
Question: What was purple considered the color for?
Answer: royalty
Question: What parties is the color black associated with?
Answer: fascist parties
Question: Brown is associated with what parties?
Answer: Nazism
Question: What color is orange associated with?
Answer: nationalism
Question: What uniforms do storm troopers wear in Islamist parties?
Question: What was green considered the color of in the past?
Question: What color is the Centrist Party in Israel?
Question: What party is similar to Irish republican parties?
Question: What group is similar to the Ulster Loyalists?
Question: What political party is the color blue associated with?
Answer: left-wing Democratic Party
Question: Did the political parties choose those colors?
Answer: unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors
Question: In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?
Answer: 2000
Question: What color was chosen by the Democratic Party before 2000?
Question: Before 2000 what color did the Republican party choose to be associated with?
Question: What have international political parties not chosen for themselves since 2000?
Question: What happened when other countries violated political color scheme norms in 2000?
Question: What did parties in other countries alternate to avoid confusion in 2000?
Question: When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?
Answer: 19th and 20th century
Question: What are some examples of this?
Answer: The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association
Question: Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations. 
Answer: Hong Kong
Question: In what year was the Universal Party organized in Italy?
Question: Where has The Universal Party headquarters been located since 1974?
Question: How many countries does The Universal Party operate in?
Question: What groups organized in Hong Kong in the 19th and 20th century?
Question: What was outlawed in Italy in 1945?
Question: Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?
Answer: Maurice Duverger
Question: What are cadre parties?
Answer: political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders
Question: What are mass parties?
Answer: Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology
Question: What is an example of a mass party?
Answer: Socialist parties
Question: What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?
Answer: cadre parties
Question: What German political scientist drew a distinction between party ideology and elections?
Question: Who was the focus of recruitment by cadre parties?
Question: What did cadre parties expect new members to spread?
Question: What did cadre parties expect new members to give assistance for?
Question: What are the two major parties in France?
Question: What does A cappella mean in the Italian language?
Answer: in the manner of the chapel
Question: What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?
Answer: alla breve
Question: At what point did Renaissance polyphony become popular again?
Answer: 19th century
Question: How is A cappella currently defined?
Answer: group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment
Question: A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?
Answer: Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato
Question: What is group or solo music called?
Question: What does cantata music lack that Acappella has?
Question:  What is a synonym for cantata?
Question: What was renewed in the 1900's?
Question: What did cantata origionally differerntiate between?
Question: What term is also used as a synonym for concertato?
Question: Alla breve was originally used to tell the difference between what styles?
Question: What led to alla breve meaning unaccompanied vocal music?
Question: What does Baroque concertato mean in Italian?
Question: What does Renaissance polyphony contrast with that means accompanied singing?
Question: What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years?
Answer: religious music
Question: What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period?
Answer: The madrigal
Question: The madrigal became what type of form that prevented it from being accompanied with A cappella?
Answer: instrumentally-accompanied
Question: In what era was most of the vocal music considered A cappella?
Answer: Renaissance
Question: What was originally used in Renaissance secular vocal music?
Question: What was considered part of a cappella following the Baroque period?
Question: What religions later incoperated a cappella into their traditions?
Question: uring what period was a cappella losinging popularity as religious music?
Question: How was Islamic music originally used?
Question: What other type of music was considered A capella from the madrigal?
Question: What was considered a form of A capella until the Jewish period?
Question: What is an example of instrumentally accompanied singing?
Question: In what practice what most of the vocal music A capella?
Question: Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century?
Answer: Josquin des Prez
Question: Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition?
Answer: Mass in B Minor
Question: How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?
Answer: three
Question: Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata's well known A cappella composition was written in what year?
Answer: 1610
Question: Some compositions were found after which composer's death?
Answer: Andrea Gabrieli
Question: What began to develop in Europe during the 1500"s
Question: Who's compositions marked the begining of secular a cappella music
Question: What did the a cappella form take the place of during the 16th century?
Question: What piece was heavily influenced by Bach's Mass in B MInor?
Question: What accompanied the voices in Palestrina?
Question: What happened to Christian music in Europe the 16th Century?
Question: How was the early piece by Josquin des Prez intended to be played?
Question: What composer was Josquin des Prez a major influence on?
Question: When was Bach's Mass in B Minor composed?
Question: How were the pieces written by Josquin des Prez performed during Easter week?
Question: When did Russian musika show up?
Answer: khorovïye kontsertï
Question: khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces?
Answer: Venetian-styled
Question: What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?
Answer: Psalms 150
Question: Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?
Answer: Nikolai Diletsky
Question: What is based on a brad interpritation of the Psalms?
Question: What started appearing in Russia in the 1700's?
Question: What was a copy of Venetian a cappella?
Question: What was written by NIkolai Diletsky in the 16th century?
Question: How are liturgies sung in Russian musika?
Question: What motivates the way instrumental music is composed in the church?
Question: When did the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orothdox Church appear?
Question: What type of music made a cappella versions of instrumental accompaniment?
Question: What Bishop composed Grammatika musikiyskaya in 1675?
Question: What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?
Answer: Sacred Harp
Question: A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?
Answer: apostolic times
Question: In the modern day, what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella?
Answer: Christian religious bodies
Question: What are some present day Christian churces nolonger use the a capella form?
Question: what era influences todays secular a capella?
Question: What is a secular folk music song in a capella.
Question: What is the name of the Mennonite style of singing used with shape notes?
Question: From what time does harp folk music exist in some churches?
Question: What are some examples of present-day Christian churches that use instruments during worship services?
Question: What church services use Sacred Harp, that is a practice from apostolic times?
Question: In present times, which group is know to use shape notes in religious services?
Question: Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?
Answer: They were considered a Catholic innovation
Question: What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?
Answer: The Heart of Midlothian
Question: Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like "A cow bell in a concert" 
Answer: Alexander Campbell
Question: Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?
Answer: Sir Walter Scott
Question: What divides the worlds religions?
Question: What was considered an Easter Catholic inovation?
Question: What was first use introduced into worship in the 1800's?
Question: Who opposed a capella music in worship during the 18th century?
Question: What did Luther refer to as "a cow bell in a concert"?
Question: What has divided Catholics since they have been used in worship?
Question: What did Catholics oppose to be used in worship?
Question: What did Martin Luther mention about using instruments during church worship?
Question: What did Ulrich Zwingli write that had Jeanie Deans as the heroine?
Question: What type of religion is John Calvin a member of in the book?
Question: What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from?
Answer: an interpretation of history
Question: During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship?
Answer: 33 AD to 180AD
Question: At what point did instruments begin to receive condemnation from Christians?
Answer: the 2nd century
Question: For what reason do modern Christians continue to oppose the use of instruments?
Answer: Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church
Question: What scriptures make negative judgments about instruments?
Question: What scriptures does opposition to instruments come from?
Question: During what time is there evidence of Christians using instruments for worship?
Question: What did Christians condone starting in the 2nd century?
Question: Whose teachings are in line with today's opposition to instruments?
Question: During what time period was opposition to instruments being used in all settings discovered?
Question: Where does rejection of using instruments according to God's will come from?
Question: When is information about the use of instruments for Christian worship written?
Question: What did Christians condemn from 33 AD to 180 AD?
Question: What do Church Fathers believe today about using instruments?
Question: In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?
Answer: a cappella
Question: What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?
Answer: sefirah music
Question: How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?
Answer: 49
Question: What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?
Answer: a time of semi-mourning
Question: What Temple forbade the use of instruments?
Question: What was included in tradition Jewish services in synagogues?
Question: What is forbidden on the Sabbath because it was considered work?
Question: What prhabition has been relaxed in many traditional Jewish congregations?
Question: What type of music is forbidden during Passover?
Question: What did traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue include?
Question: What is forbidden in Jerusalem?
Question: When do Jewish families use musical instruments when singing Sabbath songs?
Question: During what time is zemirot prohibited?
Question: What kind of entertainment happens on the Sabbath for zemirot?
Question: What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?
Answer: Philo
Question: What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?
Answer: Jewish scriptures
Question: What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?
Answer: shofar
Question: The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?
Answer: Yom Kippur
Question: How is the shofar used?
Answer: by itself, without any vocal accompaniment
Question: Who popularized Greek chant?
Question: What did Philo promote in 20 BCE?
Question: Who taught that a capella was the best form of whorship?
Question: Who commanded Christians to offer praise with instruments?
Question: What kind of accompaniment is used with the shofar?
Question: When was the Greek philosopher Philo born?
Question: What Jewish chant is still being used today in the synagogue?
Question: During what periods of time is silent singing used in the synagogue?
Question: How is silent singing used when practiced in a synagogue service?
Question: What did Rosh Chodesh Elul write about that became popular?
Question: When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?
Answer: 1911
Question: What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?
Answer: The St. Olaf College Choir
Question: How many singers are typically in the choirs?
Answer: 40 to 80
Question: Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?
Answer: other regional conductors
Question: What tradition was started in the western US?
Question: Who spoke against a cappella in 1911?
Question: What was emulated by other conductors across the country?
Question: What do a capella choirs struggle to perfect in a large choral setting?
Question: Who started a prominent choir in 1911?
Question: At what college was F. Melius Christiansen a student?
Question: What church was Augsburg College connected to?
Question: Who did Wartburg College influence?
Question: How many singers are in a cappella?
Question: What a cappella group rose to popularity in 1943?
Answer: The Song Spinners
Question: What was boycotted by American musicians in 1943?
Answer: US recording studios
Question: Who is credited for first introducing elements of Jazz into a cappella?
Answer: The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen
Question: What number one song was covered by an a cappella group in 1983?
Answer: "Only You"
Question: During and after the 80's, what helped a cappella music rise in popularity?
Answer: the success of Top 40 recordings
Question: Who boycotted concerts in 1943?
Question: Who introduced jazz harmonies to a capella in the 40's?
Question: What number one hit did Yazoo have in 1983?
Question: What gained renewed intrest the 1950's?
Question: What did The Song Spinners have in the 1950's?
Question: What was the name of The Song Spinners best seller in the 1950's?
Question: When did the American Federation of Musicians introduce jazz to a cappella?
Question: In 1983 what did The King's Singers promote?
Question: What did A cappella gain in July 1943?
Question: In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?
Answer: vocal percussion
Question: Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?
Answer: Christian music