huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar?
Answer: a pair of her panties
Question: What did the critics call Madonna after the Letterman show?
Answer: a sexual renegade
Question: Which biographer described her song "I'll Remember" as trying to clean up Madonna's image?
Answer: J. Randy Taraborrelli
Question: The song "I'll Remember" was recorded for which film?
Answer: With Honors
Question: What was Madonna's sixth album named?
Answer: Bedtime Stories
Question: The single "Take A Bow" was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks?
Answer: seven weeks
Question: Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with?
Answer: Carlos Leon
Question: In the film Evita, who did Madonna play?
Answer: Eva Perón
Question: Which director did Madonna write to saying that she was perfect for the part of Eva Peron?
Answer: Alan Parker
Question: When was Madonna pregnant?
Answer: During shooting
Question: After securing the role of Evita, what kind of training did Madonna have?
Answer: vocal training
Question: Who from Times magazine gave an excellent critique of the film Evita?
Answer: Zach Conner
Question: What award did Madonna win for the film Evita?
Answer: Golden Globe Award
Question: When was Madonna's daughter born?
Answer: October 14, 1996
Question: What is the name of Madonna's daughter?
Answer: Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon
Question: When did Madonna's relationship with Carlos Leon ended?
Answer: May 1997
Question: What year was "Ray of Light" released?
Answer: 1998
Question: Which electronica producer did Madonna team up with for Ray of Light?
Answer: William Orbit
Question: Which type of music was popular during the 90s?
Answer: Techno and rave
Question: Who listed Ray of Light as "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?"
Answer: Rolling Stone
Question: How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide?
Answer: 16 million copies
Question: Which single in the album made it to the UK number one?
Answer: Frozen
Question: The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?
Answer: five
Question: Which edition of the Guinness Book of World Record states that no female artist sold more records than Madonna?
Answer: 1998
Question: Which film project did Madonna leave because of differences with the director?
Answer: Music of the Heart
Question: Who was the director of Music of the Heart?
Answer: Wes Craven
Question: Which film did Madonna record the single Beautiful Stranger for?
Answer: Beautiful Stranger
Question: Which award did Madonna win for the single "Beautiful Stranger?"
Answer: Grammy Award
Question: What was the film that Madonna starred in 2000?
Answer: The Next Best Thing
Question: What was the name of the film's soundtrack called?
Answer: Time Stood Still
Question: What was Madonna's eighth album called?
Answer: Music
Question: When was "Music" released?
Answer: September 2000
Question: How many albums did "Music" sell in the first 10 days?
Answer: four million
Question: When did Madonna marry Guy Ritchie?
Answer: December 21, 2000.
Question: When was Rocco John Ritchie born?
Answer: August 11, 2000
Question: What type of birth complications did Madonna suffer at birth?
Answer: placenta praevia
Question: When did Madonna's Drowned World Tour start?
Answer: June 2001
Question: Which film did Madonna starred in that was directed by Ritchie?
Answer: Swept Away
Question: When did Madonna appear in the play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre?
Answer: May 2002
Question: What was Madonna's title song for the James Bond movie?
Answer: Die Another Day
Question: Die Another Day reached which number in the Billboards Hot 100?
Answer: eight
Question: What is the name of the exhibition installation that Madonna teamed up with fashion photographer Chris Klein called?
Answer: X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS
Question: What was Madonna's ninth album called?
Answer: American Life
Question: When was American Life released?
Answer: 2003
Question: American Life reached which number at the Hot 100?
Answer: 37
Question: How many copies did the album sell worldwide?
Answer: four million
Question: Who did Madonna kiss at the MTV Video Music Awards?
Answer: Spears and Aguilera
Question: When did Madonna collaborated as guest vocals for Spears single?
Answer: October 2003
Question: Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts and Entertainment to be a writer of what type of books?
Answer: children's books
Question: What was the title of the first book Madonna penned?
Answer: The English Roses,
Question: When was the The English Roses published?
Answer: September 2003
Question: Madonna and Maverick sued which company for poor bookkeeping and mismanagement of resources?
Answer: Warner Music Group
Question: Warner filed a countersuit stating that who lost 10 of millions of dollars on its own?
Answer: Maverick
Question: Warner resolved the dispute by buying whose shares?
Answer: Madonna and Ronnie Dashev
Question: Maverick became a wholly owned  subsidiary of which company?
Answer: Warner Music
Question: When was the Re-Invention World Tour kick off?
Answer: mid-2004
Question: HOw much did the tour earn?
Answer: around $120 million
Question: What was Madonna's documentary called?
Answer: I'm Going to Tell You a Secret
Question: When was Madonna inducted into the UK Hall of Fame?
Answer: November 2004
Question: When did Madonna perform at the Live 8 benefit concert in the UK?
Answer: July 2005.
Question: What was the name of Madonna's tenth studio album?
Answer: Confessions on a Dance Floor
Question: When was Confessions on a Dance Floor released?
Answer: November 2005
Question: Which award the the album win?
Answer: Grammy Award
Question: Which pop group allowed Madonna to sing a cover of their song Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!
Answer: ABBA
Question: What was the name of the single that was Madonna's twelfth number one hit in the UK?
Answer: Sorry
Question: How much did the Confessions Tour make?
Answer: over $193.7 million
Question: Why did the Russian Orthodox Church and Federation of Jewish Communities of Russian asked members to boycott the concert?
Answer: used religious symbols
Question: It was confirmed by IFPI that Madonna officially sold how many albums worldwide?
Answer: over 200 million
Question: What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi?
Answer: Raising Malawi initiative
Question: When did Madonna adopt David Banda?
Answer: October 2006
Question: What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him?
Answer: pneumonia
Question: What was the name of Banda's biological father?
Answer: Yohane
Question: When was the adoption finalized?
Answer: May 2008
Question: Madonna had a new 10 year, $120 million record deal with which company?
Answer: Live Nation
Question: What was the documentary Madonna produced and wrote about the Malawis?
Answer: I Am Because We Are
Question: What is the name of the first film Madonna directed?
Answer: Filth and Wisdom
Question: Who was one of the five inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?
Answer: Madonna
Question: When was Hard Candy released?
Answer: April 2008
Question: Hard Candy debuted at number one in how many countries?
Answer: thirty seven
Question: Madonna worked with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate Hills for which album?
Answer: Hard Candy
Question: Madonna surpassed which artist with the most top-ten hits?
Answer: Elvis Presley
Question: 4 minutes became Madonna's which number one single in the UK?
Answer: thirteenth
Question: What is the name of the first tour with Live Nation?
Answer: Sticky & Sweet Tour
Question: How much did Stick and Sweet Tour grossed?
Answer: $280 million,
Question: What is the title of the book by Madonna's brother?
Answer: Life with My Sister Madonna
Question: The book debuted at number two on which best seller's list?
Answer: The New York Times
Question: When was the divorce finalized between Madonna and Ritchie?
Answer: December 2008
Question: When did the High Court of Malawi gave the right for Madonna to adopt her second son?
Answer: June 12, 2009
Question: When did Madonna appear in MTV for the tribute to Michael Jackson?
Answer: September 13, 2009
Question: Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi?
Answer: David
Question: Who initially protested the adoption?
Answer: Mercy's grandmother
Question: Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted?
Answer: The men
Question: Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive??
Answer: Mercy's father
Question: What album did Madonna released in April 2010?
Answer: Sticky & Sweet Tour
Question: Madonna granted which TV show the rights to her entire catalog of music?
Answer: Glee
Question: What is the name of the episode of Glee that featured Madonna's songs?
Answer: Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna
Question: What is the name of the clothing line Madonna released with her daughter?
Answer: Material Girl
Question: Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?
Answer: Macy's
Question: What is the name of the fitness gyms that Madonna opened?
Answer: Hard Candy Fitness
Question: When did Madonna released her second clothing line?
Answer: November 2011
Question: What is the name of the second film that Madonna directed?
Answer: W.E.
Question: How many viewers did the half-time show attract?
Answer: 114 million viewers
Question: Madonna signed a three album deal with which record company?
Answer: Interscope Records
Question: What was the name of Madonna's twelfth album?
Answer: MDNA
Question: When was MDNA released?
Answer: March 2012
Question: When did MDNA Tour begin?
Answer: May 2012
Question: How much did the Tour grossed?
Answer: $305.2 million
Question: How many shows were sold out?
Answer: 88
Question: Who named Madonna as the top-earning celebrity of the year?
Answer: Forbes
Question: By 2013, how many did Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built?
Answer: ten schools
Question: When did Madonna visit Malawi's school?
Answer: April 2013
Question: Who criticized Madonna's charity efforts, stating that she exaggerated her contributions?
Answer: President of Malawi Joyce Banda
Question: What was the name of the 17 minute film called?
Answer: secretprojectrevolution
Question: Which company was selected to release the film?
Answer: The BitTorrent company
Question: When was secretprojectrevolution released?
Answer: September 24, 2013
Question: What initiative did Madonna launched with her film?
Answer: Art for Freedom
Question: How many submissions does the initiative have?
Answer: over 3,000
Question: What song did Madonna sing at the ceremony?
Answer: Open Your Heart
Question: Which singer did she join on MTV Unplugged to sing?
Answer: Miley Cyrus
Question: When did Madonna premiered her MDNA skincare line?
Answer: February 2014
Question: Which city did Madonna contribute funds to help poverty?
Answer: Detroit
Question: What is Madonna's thirteenth album called?
Answer: Rebel Heart
Question: When was Rebel Heart released?
Answer: March 10, 2015
Question: When did Madonna embark on the Rebel Heart Tour?
Answer: September 2015
Question: How much did Rebel Heart Tour grossed?
Answer: $169.8 million
Question: Whose music had been the subject of a lot of scrutiny?
Answer: Madonna's
Question: Who is the author of Contemporary Strategic Analysis?
Answer: Robert M. Grant
Question: Who has established herself as a Queen of Popular Music?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Who was Madonna's first producer?
Answer: Mark Kamins
Question: Whose music speak about taboo and unconventional subjects?
Answer: Madonna's
Question: Madonna was nominated to be inducted twice which year to the Songwriter Hall of Fame?
Answer: 2014 and 2016
Question: Which magazine stated that Madonna was the greatest songwriter of all time?
Answer: Rolling Stone
Question: When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?
Answer: 12-14
Question: Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?
Answer: Madonna
Question: What is Madonna's second album?
Answer: Like a Virgin
Question: Which 2 album show Madonna's artistic statement?
Answer: True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989)
Question: True Blue has what type of music Incorporated in it?
Answer: classical
Question: Which 2 albums explored the New Lack Swing?
Answer: Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994)
Question: Madonna brought which type of music to mainstream with Ray of Light?
Answer: electronic music
Question: Most of the songs in Music are what type of songs?
Answer: simple love songs,
Question: What type of songs are in Confessions of a Dance floor?
Answer: dance songs
Question: What type of songs does Hard Candy have?
Answer: urban direction
Question: MDNA focuses on which type of music?
Answer: electronic dance music
Question: What was the title of Madonna's Book?
Answer: Blonde Ambition
Question: Who stated that Madonna's voice are key to her rock roots?
Answer: Tony Sclafani
Question: When did Madonna take voice lessons?
Answer: filming of Evita
Question: Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?
Answer: Dan Gilroy
Question: What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?
Answer: guitar
Question: How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?
Answer: three months
Question: Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?
Answer: Monte Pittman
Question: According to who was the defining moment of Madonna's childhood with her mother's death?
Answer: Taraborrelli,
Question: Which psychiatrist said that when a parent dies when the child is young, it leaves a lasting impact?
Answer: Keith Ablow
Question: Who believes that the rape Madonna experienced is the driving force in life?
Answer: Lucy O'Brien
Question: Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?
Answer: Madonna and her sisters
Question: Who does Madonna's mum resemble?
Answer: poet Anne Sexton
Question: Who is Madonna's favorite poet?
Answer: Sylvia Plath
Question: Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Which song made a strong impression on Madonna?
Answer: These Boots Are Made for Walkin
Question: Who sang the song these boots are made for walking?
Answer: Nancy Sinatra;
Question: Whose favorite style is baroque?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Who grew up listening to David Bowie?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Name one of Madonna's major influence?
Answer: Karen Carpenter
Question: Like a Prayer reflects Madonna's relationship with who?
Answer: her parents
Question: In which video did Madonna wear a rosary?
Answer: La Isla Bonita"
Question: In which video does it show Madonna being scolded by her boss in Italian?
Answer: Open Your Heart
Question: She dedicated Papa Don't Preach to whom?
Answer: Pope John Paul II.
Question: Madonna's Material Girl recreated whose look?
Answer: Monroe's
Question: The video Express Yourself was inspired by which silent film?
Answer: Metropolis
Question: Who stated that Madonna was a bad actress to watch?
Answer: Stephanie Zacharek
Question: Which one of Madonna's movie is a box office bomb?
Answer: Swept Away
Question: Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo?
Answer: Bedtime Story
Question: Madonna collects whose painting?
Answer: Tamara de Lempicka
Question: Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer?
Answer: Guy Bourdin
Question: Which year did she adopt the name Esther?
Answer: 2004
Question: The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album?
Answer: Ray of Light
Question: Where did Madonna attend Catholic services in 2011?
Answer: Opus Dei center
Question: Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers?
Answer: Allen Metz and Carol Benson
Question: Madonna used which TV company to help with her career?
Answer: MTV
Question: The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom?
Answer: Madonna
Question: She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?
Answer: American audience
Question: Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?
Answer: Spanish look
Question: What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?
Answer: boleros and layered skirts
Question: In which video was it the most obvious?
Answer: "Like a Prayer
Question: Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever?
Answer: MTV
Question: When was Madonna awarded the accolade?
Answer: 2003
Question: Who earned a reputation of lip synching in the Blond Ambition Tour?
Answer: Madonna
Question: What came as an expense of live singing?
Answer: highly athletic dancing
Question: What did Madonna use in her concerts?
Answer: hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones
Question: What was the microphone coined as?
Answer: "Madonna mic"
Question: Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Whose concerts are extravagant live shows?
Answer: Madonna's
Question: Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?
Answer: Laura Barcella
Question: Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?
Answer: William Langley from The Daily Telegraph
Question: Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?
Answer: Alan McGee from The Guardian
Question: Who is the director of the curator of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum?
Answer: Howard Kramer
Question: A lot of modern pop artist grew up listening to whom?
Answer: Madonna,
Question: Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century?
Answer: Time magazine
Question: Who is the other woman who earned the title?
Answer: Aretha Franklin
Question: Who started a revolution in music with women?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Who wrote that Madonna is an almost scared feminist icon?
Answer: Professor Sut Jhally
Question: Who is regarded as a feminist during her time?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?
Answer: $1.2 billion in
Question: Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur?
Answer: London Business School academics
Question: Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?
Answer: Morton
Question: Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?
Answer: Billboard
Question: How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?
Answer: $1.31 billion
Question: How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?
Answer: 20
Question: How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?
Answer: 45
Question: Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?
Answer: Madonna
Question: How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?
Answer: 38
Question: Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?
Answer: Madonna
Question: In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law?
Answer: The Constitution
Question: What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law?
Answer: The United States Code
Question: What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law?
Answer: law of the United States
Question: The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where?
Answer: federal judiciary
Question: What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government?
Answer: the United States Constitution
Question: What sets out the boundries of federal law?
Answer: The Constitution
Question: What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States?
Answer: codified and uncodified
Question: What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called?
Answer: The United States Code
Question: What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States?
Answer: codified and uncodified
Question: What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws?
Answer: the United States Constitution
Question: What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties?
Answer: Senate
Question: With branch of government deals with new regulations?
Answer: the executive branch
Question: Who's responsibility is case law?
Answer: the federal judiciary
Question: What is the least important form of law in the US?
Question: What is the foundation of the US Constitution?
Question: The acts of Congress creates boundaries for what kind of law?
Question: What type of law does the executive branch create?
Question: Laws that are only general are called what?
Question: What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?
Answer: Federal law and treaties
Question: Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?
Answer: the Constitution
Question: States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?
Answer: federal constitutional rights
Question: Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?
Answer: state law
Question: Does every state have the same laws?
Answer: vary greatly from one state to the next.
Question: Federal law overrides what laws?
Answer: conflicting state and territorial laws
Question: The scope of federal power is not what?
Answer: universal
Question: What type of system is American Federalism?
Answer: dual-sovereign system
Question: American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?
Answer: Indian reservations
Question: States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?
Answer: the federal Constitution
Question: Is there anything that trumps state law?
Answer: Federal law and treaties
Question: How many state make up the United States?
Answer: 50
Question: Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?
Answer: as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights
Question: What is day-to-day, operational law considered?
Answer: "living law"
Question: What is living law mostly made up of?
Answer: state law
Question: State and territorial laws preempt what kind of laws and treaties?
Question: The scope of what is considered universal?
Question: What type of government system do Indian reservations have?
Question: States may grant citizens fewer what?
Question: What are examples of family law?
Question: In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?  
Answer: a subsequent statute
Question: What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional? 
Answer: federal and state statutes
Question: What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue? 
Answer: stare decisis
Question: Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?
Answer: the Supreme Court
Question: What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?
Answer: it must be deleted
Question: What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?
Answer: a subsequent statute
Question: Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?
Answer: decades
Question: What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?
Answer: the principle of stare decisis
Question: Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?
Answer: the Supreme Court
Question: If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?
Answer: deleted by a subsequent statute
Question: What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?
Answer: no sensible lower court will enforce
Question: What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?
Answer: reversed by the Supreme Court
Question: What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?
Answer: risk reversal by the Supreme Court
Question: What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?
Answer: constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases
Question: A statute is automatically removed when it is found to be what?
Question: How long does it take for the principle of stare decisis to come into affect?
Question: What is the name of the principle that demands that unconstitutional laws must be removed via subsequent rulings?
Question: What kind of court can reverse unconstitutional enforcements by the Supreme Court?
Question: What court created the principle of stare decisis?
Question: The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law?
Answer: law of warranty
Question: In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products?
Answer: Greenman v. Yuba Power Products
Question: What was most influential American 20th century tort law?
Answer: rule of strict liability for defective products
Question: What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products?
Answer: 1963
Question: What is one of the most influential changes to tort law?
Answer: rule of strict liability for defective products
Question: Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products?
Answer: Roger J. Traynor
Question: What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws?
Answer: Greenman v. Yuba Power Products
Question: When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published?
Answer: 1964
Question: When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States?
Answer: 1985
Question: What case occurred in 1994?
Question: What section of the Product Liability Directive discusses warranties?
Question: What minor rule went on the books on the 20th c?
Question: Who is the head of the American Law Institute?
Question: When did Traynor publish the Restatement (Second) of Torts?
Question: What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other?
Answer: Tort law
Question: Why can American tort law not be easily summarized?
Answer: because of its immense size and diversity
Question: While attempting to standardize tort law, multiple versions of tort law have come about, what are there versions called?
Answer: Restatement of Torts
Question: What covers crimes of human against human?
Answer: Tort law
Question: What does tort law overlap with?
Answer: wrongs also punishable by criminal law
Question: What is attempting to standardize the tort law system?
Answer: Restatement of Torts
Question: What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet?
Answer: many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections
Question: Why is tort law hard to standardize?
Answer: immense size and diversity
Question: What does tort not overlap with?
Question: What tried to standardize criminal law?
Question: What allows American tort law to be summarized easily?
Question: The American Law Institute unstandardized what?
Question: States have adopted all of what?
Question: When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings?
Answer: there is no American ruling on point
Question: Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what?
Answer: by each other's rulings
Question: Most modern American common law came from what kind of law?
Answer: English common law
Question: Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings?
Answer: each other's
Question: What rulings do American courts rarely follow?
Answer: post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings
Question: What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances?
Answer: there is no American ruling on point
Question: How close is current American law to English law?
Answer: diverged significantly
Question: What differs about American and English law?
Answer: American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings
Question: When would American law be more likely to follow English law?
Answer: no American ruling on point
Question: How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used?
Answer: nearly identical
Question: Much of American common law is similar to what?
Question: Commonwealth nations tend to not be influenced by what?
Question: What kind of reasoning is required to follow the American ruling?
Question: When do Americans follow pre-Revolution Commonwealth rulings?
Question: What is English common law very similar to?
Question: Reception statues are generally the same as what law?
Answer: the common law of England
Question: Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law? 
Answer: contemporary U.S. courts
Question: Which US State did not  enact reception statues? 
Answer: Louisiana
Question: What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?
Answer: Louisiana
Question: What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?
Answer: common law of England
Question: Some reception statutes impose what?
Answer: a specific cutoff date
Question: Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?
Answer: pre-Revolution
Question: What are reception statutes?
Answer: the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state
Question: When are reception statutes invaild?
Answer: repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions
Question: Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?
Answer: English law
Question: Which is the only stste without reception statutes?
Answer: Louisiana
Question: What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?
Answer: pre-Revolution
Question: What is the only US state to have a reception statute?
Question: What form of English law has been considered repugnant to the US?
Question: What specific date did Louisiana chose as a cutoff date?
Question: What cases have contemporary courts thrown out?
Question: Lowered duty of care is placed on what?
Question: What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?
Answer: 19th century
Question: When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?
Answer: 19th century
Question: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?
Answer: eighteen
Question: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?
Answer: over 8,000
Question: When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
Answer: mid-19th century
Question: How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?
Answer: eighteen
Question: By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?
Answer: 8,000
Question: What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?
Answer: By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining
Question: What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?
Answer: judicial literature
Question: Whose cases did English courts cite early on?
Question: When did decisions from English courts begin to be reported?
Question: How many published volumes of American reports were there in 1879?
Question: Where was the delegate who praised the American judicial literature from?
Question: How many English law volumes were there in 1810?
Question: What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?
Answer: the Constitution
Question: What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?
Answer: The United States Code
Question: Where are regulations published?
Answer: in the Federal Register
Question: Where are regulations codified into?
Answer: Code of Federal Regulations
Question: Where does federal law begin?
Answer: the Constitution
Question: Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?
Answer: Congress
Question: What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?
Answer: The United States Code
Question: Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?
Answer: executive branch agencies
Question: Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?
Answer: the Code of Federal Regulations
Question: What does the Constitution stem from?
Question: What is an example of something Congress cannot regulate?
Question: What branch creates the Chevron doctrine?
Question: The Chevron doctrine compiles and codifies what?
Question: What is the Federal Register published in?
Question: What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation, railroads, and trademarks?
Answer: Commerce and Spending Clauses
Question: In areas of law such as insurance, there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what?
Answer: regulating them
Question: What type of property are trademarks and copyrights?
Answer: intellectual property
Question: What governs things such as military, money, foreign relations, etc.?
Answer: federal law
Question: What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition, telecommunications, railroads, etc.?
Answer: Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution
Question: When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding?
Answer: start of the 20th century
Question: What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already?
Answer: McCarran-Ferguson Act
Question: What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap?
Answer: coexist with each other
Question: What areas of law were generally ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Question: When did federal law lose jurisdiction over aviation?
Question: Federal law on antitrust preempts what?
Question: What was the name of the act that allowed for broader interpretations in the 20th century?
Question: Employment laws has only what kind of law instead of federal?
Question: Where does a bill go after it is signed?
Answer: Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
Question: What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?
Answer: a law number
Question: After being given a law number, a new law is prepared for publication as what?
Answer: a slip law
Question: What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR?
Answer: private laws
Question: Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?
Answer: delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
Question: What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR?
Answer: assigned a law number
Question: After a bill is assigned a number, what is it made ready for?
Answer: publication as a slip law
Question: Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large, what are they called?
Answer: session laws
Question: What is the United States Statutes at Large?
Answer: a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted
Question: What does Congress sign into law?
Question: What organization gives private laws legal statutory citations?
Question: Bound volumes of bills are called what?
Question: What type of laws does the NARA grant statutory citations to?
Question: Who signs a bill after it is delivered to the OFR?
Question: What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies?
Answer: statutes
Question: Federal agencies are authorized to make what public?
Answer: regulations
Question: Regulations normally carry the force of what?
Answer: law
Question: Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?
Answer: relevant statutes
Question: What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress?
Answer: broad rulemaking authority
Question: Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies?
Answer: too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation
Question: What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations?
Answer: the principle of Chevron
Question: What does the Principle of Chevron provide for?
Answer: regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes
Question: What do federal agencies enact for rulemaking purposes?
Question: Gridlock allows Congress to draft what?
Question: What does Congress believe hampers an agency's ability to deal with situations?
Question: Congress's state of gridlock is referred to as what principle?
Question: The Chevron deference prevents regulations from interpreting what?
Question: What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?
Answer: stare decisis
Question: What is stare decisis?
Answer: the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself
Question: Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?
Answer: an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases
Question: Who else does stare decisis affect?
Answer: impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction
Question: Formulating judicial power is done by following what rule?
Question: What fraction of federal appellate cases were published in 2007?
Question: When did federal appellate cases begin to be published?
Question: What do decisions made by lower courts bind?
Question: Who are unaffected by stare decisis?
Question: Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written?
Answer: federal judge Alex Kozinski
Question: Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly?
Answer: reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked
Question: What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used?
Answer: law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said
Question: Why could one judge reject another judges opinion?
Answer: saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law
Question: Why would one judge reject another's opinion?
Answer: incorrect statement of the law
Question: What began at the time the Constitution was framed?
Question: What was the name of the judge who believed he was declaring a pre-existing law?
Question: When did the natural law theory fall out of fashion?
Question: Reporters were not allowed to prevent publication based on what?
Question: What did the the UK courts in the end of the 19th century?
Question: How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?
Answer: no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law
Question: What did the missing plenary reception do?
Answer: granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent
Question: Where do the federal courts fall?
Answer: the federal Judiciary Acts
Question: Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?
Answer: Article Three
Question: What does Article Three give federal agencies?
Answer: implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent
Question: Federal courts are outside of the jurisdiction of what federal acts?
Question: What power did the Founding Fathers remove in Article Three?
Question: Who did the Supreme Court grant judicial power to?
Question: Where is the plenary reception statute found in the Constitution?
Question: When did scholars begin to argue that judicial power includes precedential effect?
Question: What made binding precedent a possibility?
Answer: creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing
Question: What can invalidate the rule of law?
Answer: hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability
Question: Why was the rule of precedent allowed?
Answer: in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided
Question: How is a court hierarchy established?
Answer: the Judiciary Acts
Question: What did Kozinski make possible?
Question: When was West Publishing created?
Question: What company published the Judiciary Acts?
Question: What public policy has been ruled as an undermining of the rule of law?
Question: What is the name of the writer of the rule of binding precedent?
Question: What states that there is no general federal common law?
Answer: the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
Question: When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?
Answer: 1938
Question: Why can't federal courts just make up law?
Answer: lack the plenary power possessed by state courts
Question: When are states allowed to use plenary power?
Answer: absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law
Question: Who won Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins?
Question: When was the Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins rescinded?
Question: What type of power do Federal courts have that state courts do not?
Question: What is an example of a law that is not an extension of English common law?
Question: Maritime law is not subject to what limitation?
Question: What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?
Answer: federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue
Question: What are states not bound by?
Answer: federal interpretations of state law
Question: What states that deference is one way only?
Answer: Erie doctrine
Question: What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?
Answer: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law
Question: The Erie doctrine allows federal courts to intercede even when there is no what?
Question: What doctrine states that state courts are bound by federal interpretations?
Question: When can federal trial courts ignore state law?
Question: What must federal trial courts apply when the state law is not pursuant?
Question: The Erie doctrine states that federal courts can do what?
Question: What does each state posess?
Answer: state constitutions, state governments, and state courts
Question: What are the 50 states in the Union known as?
Answer: separate sovereigns
Question: Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?
Answer: executive branch
Question: What branch of government enacts state statutes?
Answer: legislative branch
Question: Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?
Answer: judicial branch
Question: What branch applies but cannot overturn statutes?
Question: How many local ordinances are there?
Question: What cannot preempt the states' plenary power?
Question: How are decisions appealed to the state supreme courts?
Question: The US has only one what?
Question: What types of cases are argued in the state courts?
Answer: involve claims and defenses under state laws
Question: How many new cases were filed in 2010?
Answer: 103.5 million
Question: How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?
Answer: 272,795
Question: What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?
Answer: 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases
Question: How many new cases were filed in 2012?
Question: There were 20.4 million traffic cases in what year?
Question: How many trial courts received domestic relations cases in 2010?
Question: What organization started in 2012?
Question: How many civil cases did the federal district courts close in 2010?
Question: What makes up the law of criminal procedure?
Answer: federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes
Question: What did the exclusionary rule provide for?
Answer: inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights
Question: What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?
Answer: writ of habeas corpus
Question: What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/
Answer: Miranda warning
Question: What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?
Answer: Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions
Question: What have US legislatures been able to enact successfully?
Question: What rule did the federal judiciary overturn?
Question: When was the Miranda warning penned?
Question: What do convicts use the Miranda warning for?
Question: What was rescinded in 1871?
Question: What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?
Answer: The law of civil procedure
Question: What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?
Answer: code pleading
Question: What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?
Answer: modern notice pleading
Question: When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?
Answer: 20th century
Question: What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?
Answer: The old English division between common law and equity courts
Question: What replaced code pleading in 1850?
Question: How many states enacted Field Code?
Question: What state enacted the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938?
Question: When did The Delaware Court of Chancery become an equity court?
Question: What was divided in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure?
Question: Which states have not adopted FRCP?
Answer: New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant
Question: How do New York, Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws?
Answer: codified statutes enacted by the state legislature
Question: What should New York, Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes?
Answer: court rules promulgated by the state supreme court
Question: Which three states adopted the FRCP?
Question: How many states no longer have civil procedure laws from state legislature?
Question: What did California claim was wrong with state legislature?
Question: California refuses to use codified statutes instead of what?
Question: Key portions of what were changed to make the legislature more distinct?
Question: What is a pretrial deposition?
Answer: summary judgment
Question: What is an opt-out class action?
Answer: the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment
Question: What is an opt-in class action?
Answer: class members must join into the class
Question: What is the American Rule?
Answer: parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees
Question: What does not place much weight on live testimony?
Question: What country's courts have opt-in class actions?
Question: What is the name of the opt-out class action?
Question: What are pretrial dispositions designed to result in?
Question: American legislators do not provide exceptions for what rule?
Question: What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?
Answer: acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace
Question: What can result in incarceration?
Answer: crimes
Question: Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?
Answer: state level
Question: Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?
Answer: Federal criminal law
Question: What is it called when the state is prosecuted?
Question: Criminal law can be fixed by private parties bringing what?
Question: What do torts lead to?
Question: Where are the minority of US crimes prosecuted?
Question: What is an example of a tort?
Question: What two levels of crime are there?
Answer: felonies and misdemeanors
Question: What is a misdemeanor?
Answer: minor crimes
Question: What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?
Answer: felony convictions
Question: What usually happens with misdemeanors?
Answer: a year or less in jail and a substantial fine
Question: What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?
Answer: infractions
Question: How many levels of felonies are there?
Question: What are felonies?
Question: Who do misdemeanors pay fines to?
Question: Misdemeanors may lead to a loss of what?
Question: What third level do many states remove?
Question: What is contract law?
Answer: obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties
Question: What standardized contract law?
Answer: Uniform Commercial Code
Question: What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?
Answer: express or implied
Question: What does contract law not cover?
Question: What non-standardized contract law?
Question: What did the Restatement (Second) of Contracts standardize?
Question: The Uniform Commercial Code limited the diversity of what?
Question: What types of agreements does the Restatement of Contracts cover?
Question: How much a  Myanmar's boundaries are encompassed by beachfront lands?
Answer: (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline
Question: How many people dwell in  Myanmar ?
Answer: 51 million people recorded