huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?
Answer: in the state of Wu
Question: Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?
Answer: the state of Chu
Question: Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?
Answer: Mandarin Chinese
Question: What location did the language of Mandarin Chinese originate?
Question: What state was not founded by Hokkien?
Question: What is one thing that has happened to the Old Chinese counterparts?
Question: What changes have happened to Wu compared to Mandarin?
Question: Many lexical meaning words have stayed the same in Hokkien but not in what language?
Question: What year was the Opium war?
Answer: 1842
Question: What is another name for Xiamen?
Answer: Amoy
Question: What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?
Answer: Xiamen
Question: What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?
Answer: Amoy Hokkien
Question: After the 1940's and 1950's Opium War, what became a major treaty port?
Question: What did Zhangzhou slowly develop into?
Question: In the 1940's and 1950's what did Quanzhou use as its standard dialect?
Question: In what year was South-East Asia war?
Question: Where did Taiwan originate from?
Question: When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development?
Answer: In the 1990s
Question: What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?
Answer: 1993
Question: What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?
Answer: 2001
Question: What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide?
Answer: Tai-lo
Question: What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo?
Answer: 2007
Question: When did Tai-lo develop at a fast pace?
Question: In what year did Taiwan begin teaching poetry in Taiwanese schools?
Question: When did Xiamen become compulsory in schools?
Question: Who offers poetry or literature courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents?
Question: Where was Tai-lo extended to in 2001?
Question: Written Hokkein is based on what?
Answer: classical Chinese
Question: What is another name for standard written chinese?
Answer: Mandarin
Question: Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?
Answer: 20 to 25%
Question: What percentage of written Chinese lacks a standard Chinese character?
Question: How is Cantonese usually written?
Question: What is used for Mandarin but doesn't correspond to Taiwanese words?
Question: What is written Cantonese based on?
Question: What is adapted to the spoken form of Chinese?
Question: In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?
Answer: a particular morpheme
Question: Hokkien morphemes are not always what?
Answer: etymological or phono-semantic
Question: What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?
Answer: Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters
Question: What are borrowed in Taiwanese to represent a certain morpheme?
Question: What do some literary readings have to represent Hokkien words?
Question: What type of characters do most colloquial mophemes have?
Question: What characteristic do personal pronouns not always have?
Question: What are invented to represent a multiple and unrelated pronunciation?
Question: What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?
Answer: Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Question: What is another name for POJ?
Answer: Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Question: Who developed POJ?
Answer: Presbyterian missionaries in China
Question: POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?
Answer: 19th
Question: What is the traditional Latin alphabet called?
Question: Who first developed a mixed script of Han characters?
Question: What is another name for Latin script?
Question: How long has the mixed script been actively used?
Question: What is written in the simplified Chinese script using one of several alphabets?
Question: When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?
Answer: the 16th century
Question: What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?
Answer: Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china
Question: What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?
Answer: after 1587
Question: Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?
Answer: Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines
Question: What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?
Answer: Romance of the Lychee Mirror
Question: Who has developed an alphabet based on Pumindian?
Question: Where has the alphabet based on the Ming Dynasty script been published?
Question: What is an example of the Pumindian texts?
Question: After 1587 who wrote the Pumindian?
Question: When was the play Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian written?
Question: What is another name for unicode?
Answer: the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set
Question: Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?
Answer: diacritics
Question: All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?
Answer: Unicode
Question: What is another term for interpunct?
Question: What was not encoded before 1997?
Question: Before June 2004, what proposal has been made to the ISO/IEC?
Question: What can all vowels required by POJ be represented by?
Question: What is expected to follow using diacritics?
Question: What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language?
Answer: Taiwan Solidarity Union
Question: What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language?
Answer: 2002
Question: How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups?
Answer: This proposal encountered strong opposition
Question: Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions?
Answer: ethnic
Question: What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?
Answer: the proposal did not pass
Question: What did Mainlander groups suggest in 2002?
Question: How many seats in the legislature did Taiwanese aboriginal groups have in 2002?
Question: What groups suggested making Taiwanese a second official language?
Question: What would increase according to Taiwan independence supporters who strongly opposed the proposal?
Question: What happened to the proposal about the Legislative Yuan seats?
Question: What are a couple of styles of combat based on?
Answer: classical wrestling, catch wrestling
Question: Who are live events held by?
Answer: touring promotions
Question: What is professional wrestling?
Answer: an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport
Question: What kind of style does wrestling show?
Answer: it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling
Question: How are the actions conducted?
Answer: the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain
Question: What are the fan encouraged to do?
Answer: willing suspension of disbelief for the audience
Question: How is the end result of the match planned out?
Answer: match outcomes is choreographed
Question: What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?
Answer: will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.
Question: What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?
Answer: it has greatly declined in Europe
Question: Where did wrestling originally come from?
Answer: Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe
Question: Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?
Answer: later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls
Question: What is wrestling now thought to be?
Answer: is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry
Question: What did television do for wrestling?
Answer: The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet
Question: Where does the money made from wrestling come from?
Answer: live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video
Question: Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?
Answer: Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums
Question: What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?
Answer: to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content
Question: what wrestling shows occur yearly?
Answer: WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade
Question: In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?
Answer: Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas
Question: What award was The Wrestler nominated for?
Answer: several Oscar nominations
Question: What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?
Answer: Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows
Question: Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?
Answer: in both academia and the media
Question: Which companies are some of WWE's competition?
Answer: WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)
Question: What are some other major wrestling companies?
Answer: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA)
Question: What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?
Answer: Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)
Question: Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?
Answer: prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)
Question: How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?
Answer: This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community
Question: How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?
Answer: many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports
Question: How do the wrestlers treat the audience?
Answer: The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators
Question: How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?
Answer: This leads to a high level of audience participation
Question: What can the audience do during a show?
Answer: their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds.
Question: What kind of conflict can arise during a show?
Answer: Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels".
Question: Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?
Answer: "heels" (the "bad guys")
Question: Who wins in a wrestling match?
Answer: the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner.
Question: How could a wrestler win in the past?
Answer: Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls ("best 2 out of 3") or 5 falls ("best 3 out of 5").
Question: How can a wrestler win in modern times?
Answer: The standard for modern matches is one fall.
Question: In what instance will a match be declared a draw?
Answer: if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw.
Question: How long can a title match be?
Answer: title matches can go for up to one hour
Question: What happens when a wrestler has a fall against them?
Answer: is forced out of the match
Question: What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have?
Answer: no holds barred rules
Question: What usually happens when two or more wrestlers are involved?
Answer: to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner.
Question: How can a champion lose a championship?
Answer: does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship.
Question: What is the most common of the special matches?
Answer: The most common of these is the ladder match
Question: What must the wrestlers do in a ladder match?
Answer: In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring.
Question: How does one win a ladder match?
Answer: the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team.
Question: What is a common prize in a ladder match?
Answer: championship belt
Question: How many wrestlers are in a standard battle royal match?
Answer: 20-30 wrestlers
Question: What determines how the referee acts?
Answer: their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect
Question: What is a common rule about referees? 
Answer: The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification.
Question: What are referees called?
Answer: Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.
Question: How can a wrestler gain an advantage by using a referee? 
Answer: distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent.
Question: What kind of referees are occasionally used?
Answer: Special guest referees may be used from time to time;
Question: What are famous referees directed to do?
Answer: often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. F
Question: What do special referees have the ability to do?
Answer: They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match.
Question: What material is within a wrestling ring?
Answer: an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner.
Question: What is used for protection in the ring?
Answer: For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring.
Question: What is around the ring?
Answer: Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,
Question: What does a "tag" entail?
Answer: Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status.
Question: What are two things that can be done with tagging?
Answer: "tagging out" and "tagging in".
Question: How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out?
Answer: has a 5-second count to leave the ring
Question: How much time does a wrestler have once they tag in? 
Answer: the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.
Question: Why are tagging rules made?
Answer: this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action
Question: What happens in a fatal four-way?
Answer: four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time.
Question: In a fatal four-way, who can make tags?
Answer: tags can be made between any two wrestlers.
Question: What was the most common type of match before the fatal four-way? 
Answer: four-corner match
Question: At what point can a count be started? 
Answer: any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler.
Question: What can happen to an arrogant wrestler? 
Answer: a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.
Question: What might a partially conscious wrestler do? 
Answer: wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent
Question: What happens during a pin attempt?
Answer: one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt
Question: What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack?
Answer: a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head
Question: What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be, even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester?
Answer: broken
Question: What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?
Answer: using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing,
Question: How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee?
Answer: Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee
Question: What are the illegal pinning methods called?
Answer: cheating
Question: Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified? 
Answer: it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification
Question: What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? 
Answer: results in nullification of the pin attempt,
Question: What is the move called where all limbs are incapicitated? 
Answer: Mexican Surfboard
Question: What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission?
Answer: tapping out
Question: Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?
Answer: submission
Question: What move did Tazz make popular?
Answer: Tazzmission
Question: What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?
Answer: mixed martial arts
Question: When must contact stop between wrestlers?
Answer: if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes,
Question: How might a wrestler attempt to break a submission hold?
Answer: by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes
Question: How long does a wrestler have to get themselves free of the hold?
Answer: the count of five
Question: What happens if the wrestler doesn't break a hold?
Answer: they are disqualified
Question: How does a referee check for a knockout?
Answer: a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face
Question: What happens if all wrestlers are down?
Answer: If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw.
Question: If all wrestlers are down, how long do they have to rise? 
Answer: usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan
Question: What kind of match has to end in a knockout?
Answer: Last Man Standing
Question: What is another name for a knockout?
Answer: referee stoppage
Question: In what case can a referee choose to end the match?
Answer: when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match
Question: What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?
Answer: an injury
Question: Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself? 
Answer: due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision
Question: Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?
Answer: Great American Bash
Question: What are a couple other ways to write countout?
Answer: "count-out" or "count out"
Question: What happens during a countout?
Answer: when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten
Question: What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout? 
Answer: sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out
Question: What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?
Answer: breaking the count.
Question: How can a wrestler be disqualified? 
Answer: wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically
Question: In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely? 
Answer: must be declared a "no holds barred" match, a "street fight" or some other term
Question: What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification? 
Answer: low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee
Question: What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?
Answer: must see the violation with their own eyes
Question: In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?
Answer: Dusty finishes
Question: What is it called when a ref is knocked out?
Answer: ref bump
Question: What can wrestlers do when a ref is out? 
Answer: free to violate rules
Question: What is one reason a draw can result?
Answer: if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified
Question: What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw?
Answer: may not change hands in the event of a draw
Question: What is another name for a one hour draw?
Answer: "Broadway"
Question: How is no contest related to a draw, if at all?
Answer: state separate and distinct from a draw
Question: How can a referee's action result in a no contest?
Answer: loss of referee's control over the match
Question: What is the point of a match?
Answer: to excite and entertain the audience
Question: Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what?
Answer: Heightened interest
Question: Though the contest is staged, what can garner more interest from the crowd? 
Answer: dramatic emphasis
Question: What do most wrestlers do, as far as how they act?
Answer: portray character roles
Question: What is the name of one wrestler who acts like a cartoonish character? 
Answer: Doink the Clown
Question: The Rock's persona is seen as what? 
Answer: exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality
Question: What is common apparel in lucha libre? 
Answer: masks
Question: What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?
Answer: by their stage names/characters
Question: Other than a company, who else can own a character?
Answer: the wrestler
Question: How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely?
Answer: typeset change
Question: What else might a wrestler do to obtain their ring name?
Answer: change their legal name
Question: What are other names for a protagonist?
Answer: babyface, or "the good guy"
Question: What will an antagonist usually do?
Answer: break rules
Question: What is a wrestler whose persona is somewhere between the two norms called?
Answer: tweener
Question: Who is generally the audience favorite? 
Answer: protagonist
Question: What did Hulk Hogan become? 
Answer: heel
Question: Who has the most turns in the WWE?
Answer: Vince McMahon
Question: What did Stone Cold Steve Austin start as? 
Answer: heel
Question: What was The Rock's original character? 
Answer: Rocky Maivia
Question: What did Steve Austin become? 
Answer: one of the greatest antiheroes
Question: What sometimes happens with managers?
Answer: become major personalities
Question: Who else can perform the manager role?
Answer: "valet
Question: Who might participate in a love triangle story? 
Answer: an appealing female
Question: What do most matches have?
Answer: a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:
Question: What is it called when the protagonist loses?
Answer: tragedy
Question: What do they call it when a protagonist wins? 
Answer: triumph
Question: What can be wagered in a match? 
Answer: from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion
Question: How long might a feud last?
Answer: a few days up to multiple decades
Question: How long did the feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat last? 
Answer: late 1970s into the early 1990s
Question: What is an example of a popular feud?
Answer: Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon
Question: What supernatural things have been portrayed in matches?
Answer: magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery
Question: What can be used in a wrestling story? 
Answer: anything that can be used as an element of drama
Question: What romantic drama might be used in a story? 
Answer: love triangles and marriage
Question: What happens behind the scenes of a match?
Answer: bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer,
Question: Who else do bookers focus on? 
Answer: those the bookers believe will generate fan interest
Question: Who might they use a lower ranked title on?
Answer: performers who show potential
Question: What does it show when a wrestler has many titles?
Answer: ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring
Question: What can be important in a wrestler's career? 
Answer: championship accomplishments
Question: What do those accomplishments indicate? 
Answer: performance ability and drawing power
Question: What has Ric Flair accomplished? 
Answer: multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades
Question: Who held 10 records at once? 
Answer: Último Dragón
Question: What does the music playing indicate? 
Answer: the wrestler's personality
Question: What typically happens when a match is won?
Answer: victor's theme music is usually also played
Question: What happens with many wrestlers?
Answer: have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance
Question: Who won the women's title in 1937?
Answer: Mildred Burke
Question: What did Mildred Burke form?
Answer: Women's Wrestling Association
Question: What year did June Byers retire? 
Answer: 1964
Question: What year did Mildred Burke retire? 
Answer: 1956
Question: What is the short form for joshi puroresu?
Answer: joshi puro
Question: What was the major joshi organization for two decades?
Answer: Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling
Question: What does a mixed tag team consist of?
Answer: a male and female on each team
Question: When did mixed tag teams start? 
Answer: 1980s
Question: What happened when a tag was made? 
Answer: the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well
Question: What isn't uncommon in lucha libre?
Answer: cheap-shots and male-female attacks
Question: When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale? 
Answer: 1990s
Question: Who was the first woman to hold a belt that wasn't exclusive to women?
Answer: Chyna
Question: What was the record before it was stripped? 
Answer: 478 days
Question: Who stripped the previous record? 
Answer: Brooke Hogan
Question: What else can a little person do in the match?
Answer: become valets
Question: Who was Dave Finlay often helped by?
Answer: Hornswoggle
Question: What else did Finlay do with his little person?
Answer: occasionally threw him at his opponent(s
Question: What happened to Hornswoggle?
Answer: given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship
Question: Who are the most well-known wrestling bears?
Answer: Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted
Question: What animal has been a part of wrestling for a long time?
Answer: bears
Question: What condition are bears usually brought in in?
Answer: declawed and muzzled
Question: Who do the bears fight?
Answer: audience members
Question: How many states have banned bear wrestling as of 2006?
Answer: 20
Question: Who is usually included in stories? 
Answer: characters like faces and heels
Question: What are the possibly outcomes of a story? 
Answer: It is a "triumph" if the face wins, while it is a "tragedy" if the heel wins.
Question: What is Doink the Clown's persona like?
Answer: melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical
Question: What might happen during interviews?
Answer: heels may even attack the faces
Question: How are Mexican wrestlers different? 
Answer: more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers
Question: What do American wrestlers depend on? 
Answer: rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents
Question: What else is lucha libre known for?
Answer: tag team wrestling matches
Question: How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? 
Answer: often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S
Question: How does Japanese wrestling differ? 
Answer: the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport
Question: What does Japanese wrestling combine?
Answer: hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds
Question: What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling? 
Answer: Fighting Spirit
Question: What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler? 
Answer: legitimate martial arts
Question: What is expected of newcomers? 
Answer: to "pay their dues" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions
Question: What were wrestlers expected to do for decades? 
Answer: keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive
Question: How did wrestlers have to act in public? 
Answer: acting in character
Question: What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? 
Answer: devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health
Question: What sometimes happens with fandoms? 
Answer: overlap
Question: Where have some wrestlers appeared?
Answer: comic book conventions
Question: What has the internet done for wrestling fans? 
Answer: exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling
Question: Many companies who handle wrestling footage have been founded since what decade?
Answer: 1990s
Question: What companies did WWF purchase in 2001? 
Answer: WCW and ECW
Question: What did the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection do?
Answer: combined wrestling with MTV
Question: What are some other career paths wrestlers embarked on?
Answer: music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking
Question: Who is the movie The Baron about? 
Answer: Baron von Raschke
Question: What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?
Answer: "W.T.F."
Question: What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008? 
Answer: The Wrestler
Question: Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers? 
Answer: television shows and films
Question: What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from?
Answer: academic study and journalistic criticism
Question: What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?
Answer: theatre, sociology, performance, and media
Question: What did Heather Levi write?
Answer: an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre
Question: What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling?
Answer: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Question: What impact did the revelation of wrestling being "fixed" have?
Answer: looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class
Question: When was Roland Barthes book published?
Answer: 1957
Question: What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?
Answer: a theatrical spectacle
Question: What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?
Answer: "The World of Wrestling"
Question: What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time?
Answer: vicarious outlet for aggression
Question: What role does wrestling fill?
Answer: past forms of literature and theatre;
Question: When did Beyond the Mat come out? 
Answer: 1999
Question: Who hosts Real Sports?
Answer: Bryant Gumbel
Question: Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them?
Answer: Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper
Question: What is the ring commonly made of?
Answer: 2 by 8 timber planks
Question: What are common injuries in wrestling?
Answer: shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries
Question: What other injuries have been connected with wrestling?
Answer: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries
Question: Chris Benoit was involved in what tragic event? 
Answer: double-murder suicide case
Question: What speed of film is produced by insensitive film? 
Answer: slow film
Question: What leads to lower quality images?
Answer: reduction of exposure
Question: What types of film are considered fast films?
Answer: Highly sensitive films
Question: What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?
Answer: reduced image quality
Question: What does insensitive film with a faster speed index need?
Question: What does a sensitive film more of?
Question: How is digital photography different from film?
Question: Higher sensitivity leads to greater what?
Question: What does a grainier image limit?
Question: What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?
Answer: The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer
Question: What do degrees Warnerke measure?
Answer: The speed of the emulsion
Question: How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?
Answer: an increase of 1/3 in speed
Question: What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds? 
Answer: between 10° and 25° Warnerke
Question: What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? 
Answer: 'degrees' Warnerke
Question: The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer has 25 opaque what?
Question: What measures the number of pigmented squares on the photographic plate?
Question: Degrees Warneke represented the first what?
Question: What was the range of the number of squares in a Sensitometer?
Question: Each number represented a decrease of what?
Question: Who created the Scheinergrade system? 
Answer: the German astronomer Julius Scheiner
Question: What is the Scheinergrade system used for?
Answer: comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography
Question: What do degrees Scheiner indicate?
Answer: the speed of a plate
Question: What is the range of Scheiner speeds?
Answer: from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch
Question: Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? 
Answer: an increment of 3° Sch
Question: What was the second use of the Scheinergrade system?
Question: What did an increment of 1 degree Sch. correspond to?
Question: What was 20 degrees Sch. indicative of?
Question: What measured the visible darkening of a developing photograph?
Question: When did the Scheinergrade system become outdated?
Question: Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?
Answer: Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)
Question: What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?
Answer: emulsion speeds
Question: What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?
Answer: comparing with competing products
Question: What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?
Answer: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems
Question: What eliminated comparability?
Answer: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems
Question: Who caused the shortcomings in the Scheiner invention?
Question: What device allowed manufacturers to reliably determine speed?
Question: What was revised to a measure a tighter range?
Question: What made comparability a more common option?
Question: What scientist suggested comparing the systems?
Question: Who created the DIN system?
Answer: Deutsches Institut für Normung
Question: What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?
Answer: a standardized method of sensitometry
Question: Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?
Answer: Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970)
Question: Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?
Answer: Dresden
Question: When were the drafts by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik made?
Question: What was the abbreviation for the Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik drafts?
Question: When was Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung founded?
Question: Where was Emanuel Goldberg from?
Question: Who founded the VIII. International Congress of Photography?
Question: How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?
Answer: as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN")
Question: When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?
Answer: with DIN 4512:1961-10
Question: Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?
Answer: to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard
Question: What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?
Answer: would become doubled
Question: What replaced the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard?
Question: What system reintroduced the degree symbol?
Question: What American standard abandoned the tenths method?
Question: With emulsion changes, what did 18° DIN become?
Question: What happened to film speeds after the introduction of the DIN 4512:1957-11?
Question: What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?
Answer: ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979
Question: How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?
Answer: in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°"
Question: What standards did the DIN begin to use?
Answer: ISO standards
Question: When were the ISO standards first adopted?
Answer: in the 1980s
Question: When were the last ISO standards adopted? 
Answer: July 2002
Question: What did the German DIN 4512 supersede?
Question: What German system wrote in a linear and logarithmic form?
Question: What standards did DIN abandon?
Question: When did the ISO adopt the DIN standards?
Question: When did DIN 4512-5:1990-11 replace DIN ISO 5800:1998-06?
Question: What system was used previous to the ASA system?
Answer: the system of Weston film speed ratings
Question: Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? 
Answer: Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936)
Question: What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? 
Answer: the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation
Question: When was the Weston model 617 created?
Answer: August 1932
Question: Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?
Answer: William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.
Question: Who introduced the ASA system?
Question: When was the ASA system introduced?
Question: When was William Nelson Goodwin Jr. born?
Question: What medal did Edward Faraday Weston win?
Question: What did Howard N. Potts invent in 1932?
Question: Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?
Answer: The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)
Question: What were updated Weston values based on?
Answer: the ASA system
Question: How were Weston values changed to ASA values?
Answer: by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop
Question: Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?
Answer: 1956
Question: Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?
Answer: 1955
Question: Which two models were introduced in 1949?
Question: When did models move back to the Weston scale?
Question: What was added to convert Weston values to the older meters?
Question: What was necessary on meters manufactured after 1956?
Question: When was the ASA scale established?
Question: Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?
Answer: 1946
Question: How did older models convert to ASA scale?
Answer: replaceable hoods with ASA scales
Question: How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?
Answer: labeled "Exposure Index"
Question: What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?
Answer: they were now aligned to the ASA scale
Question: What company stopped using ASA in 1946?
Question: When were the DW-48 and DW-49 models made?
Question: What were models pre-1946 labeled with?
Question: Who refused to create replaceable hoods with ASA scales?
Question: What did the recommended film values no longer follow after 1946?
Question: Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?
Answer: Loyd Ancile Jones
Question: What standards were the ANSI developed from?
Answer: Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values
Question: What types of film did the ANSI measure?
Answer: black-and-white negative films
Question: When did the ANSI define its new measure?
Answer: 1943
Question: What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?
Answer: American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers
Question: Who did research for General Electric?
Question: What was Kodak renamed as?
Question: What were the Weston Film speed ratings inspired by?
Question: When did Jones publish his research?
Question: When was ASA PH2.5-1954 released?
Question: In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?
Answer: 1960
Question: What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?
Answer: effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films
Question: Which other system were these changes applied to?
Answer: the DIN system
Question: In what year was the BS system modified?
Answer: 1963
Question: What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?
Answer: safety factors against under-exposure
Question: When were new safety factors put in place?
Question: The nominal speed of what films were halved by abandoning safety factors?
Question: A 400 ASA became what after 1960?
Question: When were changes applied to the DIN system?
Question: The Ilford HP3 changes were applied to what in the following years?
Question: What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?
Answer: the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve
Question: How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?
Answer: five
Question: What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?
Answer: a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film
Question: What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?
Answer: The exposure Hm, in lux-s
Question: What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?
Answer: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region
Question: What is film speed combined with to produce optical density?
Question: What is a plot of film speed vs. log of exposure called?
Question: How many speed points are there in a black and white film?
Question: What is the point at which density is 0.1 less than the base + fog?
Question: What is the ISO arithmetic speed?
Question: What is the effective f-number proportional to?
Answer: the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter
Question: What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?
Answer: Film speed
Question: What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?
Answer: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)
Question: A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?
Answer: twice as much
Question: In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?
Answer: "stop"
Question: What are appropriate exposure parameters used to find?
Question: What is another name for film speed?
Question: What system uses ratios?
Question: The ratio between the diameter and square root of the aperture is called what?
Question: How much does light does an f/2 let in as compared to an f/4?
Question: What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?
Answer: the amount of light energy that reaches the film
Question: In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?
Answer: between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second
Question: How is the exposure of film changed?
Answer: by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture
Question: How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?
Answer: because reciprocity holds
Question: What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?
Answer: reciprocity failure
Question: What determines the amount of light energy that reaches the film?
Question: Multiplying the brightness of a light by a factor and decreasing the exposure by the same factor causes what to change?
Question: How is the brightness of a light changed?
Question: Reciprocity only works outside of what ranges?
Question: Reciprocity holds because of what system?
Question: What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?
Answer: Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200
Question: What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?
Answer: ISO 1000
Question: Which two companies produced E6 films meant for "pushing"?
Answer: Kodak and Fuji
Question: What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?
Answer: ISO 400
Question: What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?
Answer: high-speed black-and-white films
Question: What cameras have speeds above what they are marketed as?
Question: 3200 is the true ISO of what film?
Question: What is the true speed of the Kodak T-MAX P3200 according to the data sheet?
Question: What is the Delta 3200 designed for?
Question: Ilford Delta and Fuji marketed what kind of film?
Question: How do some camera designs give some EI choices?
Answer: by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm
Question: Who provides the exposure index rating?
Answer: the manufacturer
Question: What are digital photo cameras also called?
Answer: digital still cameras
Question: What is an sRGB image file commonly called?
Question: The lightness of an sRGB file is designed to be different from what?
Question: What is adjusted prior to conversion to analog?
Question: What do choices do camera designs not offer?
Question: What does the choice of lightness parameters prevent?
Question: What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?
Answer: Digital cameras
Question: What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?
Answer: 409,600
Question: What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?
Answer: Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques
Question: What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?
Answer: prohibitively time consuming to process
Question: What does the higher speed do for the images produced?
Answer: a higher level of refinement
Question: How has film surpassed digital cameras?
Question: What is the highest ISO speed a film camera can reach?
Question: What, besides a faster processor, prevents processing from happening when a photo is taken?
Question: What could earlier generations of digital cameras store?
Question: Which generation of cameras are capable of storing higher refined images?
Question: How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?
Answer: five
Question: What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?
Answer: two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files
Question: What factors affect the exposure index rating?
Answer: the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image
Question: What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?
Answer: the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components
Question: In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?
Answer: 2001
Question: When was ISO 12232:2006 made public?
Question: How many JPEG techniques were introduced in 1998?
Question: What are the three techniques that affect ISO?
Question: How many techniques depend on sensor sensitivity?
Question: When did Kodak stop using variations of sensitivity?
Question: What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? 
Answer: to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily
Question: What is another name for multi-zone metering?
Answer: pattern metering
Question: What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?
Answer: the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space
Question: When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?
Answer: 2006
Question: What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?
Answer: Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique
Question: What standardized EI choices?
Question: When was multi-zone metering introduced?
Question: REI and what are the only techniques available under standard outputs?
Question: What was retracted in the 2006 standards?
Question: Who created the 2006 standard?
Question: What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to?
Answer: sRGB images—typically JPEG
Question: What is the output level measured in?
Answer: the sRGB output from the camera
Question: With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used?
Answer: multi-zone metering
Question: With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated?
Answer: ISO 2721
Question: What technique was removed in the 2006 standards?
Question: When exposure is not automatically controlled, what is the gray set at?
Question: How are files in raw measured?
Question: Multi-zone metering uses what ISO calibration?
Question: When was the SOS technique applied to raw images?
Question: Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?
Answer: REI or SOS techniques
Question: In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?
Answer: approximately 2007 and later
Question: With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?
Answer: cameras that produce images only in JPEG format
Question: What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?
Answer: Japanese
Question: What does the DC-008 change?
Answer: the Exif specification
Question: How many techniques are widely used in new camera models?
Question: When was the CIPA DC-004 standard released?
Question: Which manufacturers are exempt from CIPA DC-004?
Question: After 2007, newer camera models started using what techniques again?
Question: The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format?
Question: How can the saturation speed be increased?
Answer: with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter
Question: What is indicated by the factor √2?
Answer: there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface