huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What did the rebellion to the old football measures start?
Question: Who was vice president of Yale during the rebellion?
Question: Who represented Harvard after the rule changing debates?
Question: Who represented Princeton before the rule changing discussions?
Question: When was Yale Divinity School established?
Answer: 1822
Question: When was Yale Law School created?
Answer: 1843
Question: When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?
Answer: (1847
Question: When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?
Answer: 1847
Question: When was the Yale School of Medicine closed?
Question: When was Yale Divinity School closed?
Question: When was Yale Law School closed?
Question: When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences closed?
Question: When was the Sheffield Scientific School closed?
Question: When was Noah Porter president of Yale?
Answer: 1871 to 1886
Question: What idea did Noah Porter strike down?
Answer: new research university
Question: What did many historians think of Noah Porter?
Answer: simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition
Question: What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?
Answer: an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education
Question: What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?
Answer: Expansion
Question: When was Noah Porter vice president of Yale?
Question: What idea did Noah Porter approve?
Question: What did no historians think of Noah Porter?
Question: What was Porter's reason for approving the research university?
Question: What caused agreement about Yale's new position?
Question: How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?
Answer: about $7 million
Question: What was the $7 million used for?
Answer: behavioral science research
Question: What was the goal of the behavioral research?
Answer: improve mankind
Question: Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?
Answer: President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes
Question: What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?
Answer: chimpanzee
Question: How much did philanthropic foundations donate between 1935 and 1940?
Question: What was the $6 million used for?
Question: What wasn't the goal of the behavioral research?
Question: Who were the behavioral students in charge of the research?
Question: What animals eating behavior did Yerkes study?
Question: Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?
Answer: Pickford's and Hutchinson's
Question: What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?
Answer: departmental or institutional position or power
Question: What did Hutchinson's group research?
Answer: diverse areas of ecology
Question: What information did Hutchinson's model provide?
Answer: new models for research groups are needed
Question: Which group of researchers provided a nonstandard research school environment?
Question: Which groups of researchers provided orthodox structure for a research group?
Question: What was Pickford's group lacking to make it less like other research schools?
Question: What didn't Hutchinson's group research?
Question: What information didn't Hutchinson's model provide?
Question: Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?
Answer: Milton Winternitz
Question: What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?
Answer: social medicine
Question: What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?
Answer: Yale System
Question: What is the Yale System?
Answer: few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system
Question: What programs did Milton Winternitz create?
Answer: graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department
Question: Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1925 to 1935?
Question: What wasn't the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?
Question: What teaching style did Milton Winternitz reject?
Question: What isn't the Yale System?
Question: What programs did Milton Winternitz end?
Question: Who was the first professor for the American studies program?
Answer: Norman Holmes Pearson
Question: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?
Answer: Office of Strategic Studies in London
Question: What did the American studies program hope to instruct?
Answer: fundamentals of American civilization
Question: Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?
Answer: William Robertson Coe
Question: Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?
Answer: to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States
Question: Who was the last professor for the American studies program?
Question: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work after Yale?
Question: What did the American studies program hope to destruct?
Question: Who contributed to the Canadian studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?
Question: Why did Coe not donate to American studies programs?
Question: What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?
Answer: Vassar College
Question: Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?
Answer: Amy Solomon
Question: What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?
Answer: St. Anthony Hall
Question: What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?
Answer: 1973
Question: Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?
Answer: Vanderbilt Hall
Question: What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1996?
Question: Who was the last undergraduate woman at Yale?
Question: What society did Amy Solomon drop out at Yale?
Question: What year did the last undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?
Question: Where did undergraduate women live during the last few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?
Question: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?
Answer: Alexander v. Yale
Question: When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?
Answer: March 2011
Question: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?
Answer: Broad Recognition
Question: What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?
Answer: the university had a hostile sexual climate
Question: What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?
Answer: formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct
Question: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Men's Center?
Question: When was a Title X complaint filed against Yale?
Question: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title X complaint?
Question: What was the complaint of the writers of Broad Recognition?
Question: What did Yale do about the Title X complaint?
Question: Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?
Answer: exemption from local property taxes
Question: Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?
Answer: President Levin
Question: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?
Answer: economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success
Question: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?
Answer: decline in the local economy
Question: Why do New Haven city officials like Yale?
Question: Which Yale president rejected the New Haven's revitalization efforts?
Question: What hasn't been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?
Question: Why don't New Haven city officials dislike Yale?
Question: What hasn't been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?
Question: What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?
Answer: "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."
Question: Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?
Answer: Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush
Question: What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?
Answer: Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).
Question: What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?
Answer: John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)
Question: How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004
Answer: every
Question: What didn't the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?
Question: What unknown presidential candidates also studied at Yale?
Question: Which US presidents since before the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?
Question: What non winning minor party nominees studied at Yale?
Question: How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1927 and 2004
Question: Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
Answer: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"
Question: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?
Answer: very strong tradition of volunteerism
Question: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?
Answer: an ethos of organized activity
Question: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?
Answer: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."
Question: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?
Answer: the culture of community and cooperation
Question: Why did President Levin believe there were so few Yale alumni presidential candidates?
Question: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so few Yale alumni presidential candidates?
Question: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry never led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?
Question: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was rejected from Yale?
Question: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the lack of political Yale alumni is?
Question: In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?
Answer: Harvard Yard's boutique
Question: How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?
Answer: so diffuse, there isn't a symbol
Question: How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?
Answer: liberalism and elitism
Question: Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?
Answer: first class to have women in it
Question: In the 1968 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?
Question: How did George W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?
Question: How did George W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?
Question: Why was Howard Dean not proud of his graduating class?
Question: Why was Howard Dean proud of his non-graduating class?
Question: Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?
Answer: Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara
Question: As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?
Answer: former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo
Question: What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?
Answer: Howard Dean
Question: What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?
Answer: Understanding Politics and Politicians
Question: What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?
Answer: University College London
Question: Besides Yale, what other three locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?
Question: As of 2008, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?
Question: What current presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?
Question: What isn't the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?
Question: What college didn't Yale's medical facility team up with?
Question: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?
Answer: Hanna Holborn Gray
Question: Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?
Answer: University of Chicago
Question: In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?
Answer: 1994
Question: In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?
Answer: 2004
Question: Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?
Answer: Alison Richard
Question: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1979?
Question: Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go before Yale?
Question: In what year did Judith Rodin become the first male president of an Ivy League school?
Question: In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of IMT?
Question: Who became Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?
Question: What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?
Answer: Yale Police Benevolent Association
Question: What union do Yale security guards belong to?
Answer: International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America
Question: What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?
Answer: Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)
Question: What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?
Answer: Local 34 of UNITE HERE
Question: What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?
Answer: Local 35 of the same international
Question: What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department not a part of?
Question: What union don't Yale security guards belong to?
Question: What is the name of the recognized union of graduate employees?
Question: What union aren't Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?
Question: What union aren't Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?
Question: What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?
Answer: the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.
Question: What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?
Answer: Professor David Graeber
Question: Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?
Answer: he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.
Question: What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?
Answer: Yale's unusually large endowment
Question: How many strikes has Yale had since 1986?
Question: What are The New Jersey Times' views on Yale's labor tension?
Question: What professor was retired in a 2013 labor strike?
Question: Why was Professor David Graeber hired during the strike?
Question: What eases the tensions during wage considerations?
Question: What campus did Yale buy in 2008?
Answer: former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus
Question: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?
Answer: laboratory and research space
Question: How many forests does Yale own?
Answer: seven
Question: How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?
Answer: 7,840-acre
Question: Where does Yale own 5000 acres of athletic facilities?
Question: What campus did Yale buy in 2009?
Question: What is the current Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?
Question: How many forests doesn't Yale own?
Question: How big is the smallest forest in Yale's possession?
Question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?
Answer: Charles Dickens
Question: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?
Answer: Travel+Leisure
Question: What is Yale largely known for?
Answer: Collegiate Gothic campus
Question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?
Answer: 2011
Question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1940's?
Question: Who listed Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses in the United States?
Question: What is Yale largely unknown for?
Question: What is Yale lesser known for?
Question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses?
Question: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931
Answer: Edward S. Harkness
Question: What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?
Answer: a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading
Question: What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?
Answer: contemporary scenes
Question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?
Answer: splashing the walls with acid
Question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
Answer: breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages
Question: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1817 to 1931
Question: What don't the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?
Question: What don't the decorative friezes on the buildings show?
Question: How didn't James Gamble Rogers really age the buildings?
Question: How didn't James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
Question: What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?
Answer: Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis
Question: What is the largest residential college?
Answer: Silliman College
Question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?
Answer: Sheffield Scientific School
Question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?
Answer: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic
Question: What architects have buildings in the Yale New Campus?
Question: What is the smallest residential college?
Question: What is the largest industrial college?
Question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1965?
Question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the New Campus at Yale?
Question: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?
Answer: Alumnus Eero Saarinen
Question: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
Answer: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal
Question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?
Answer: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano
Question: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?
Answer: fortress-like stone towers
Question: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
Answer: Finnish-American
Question: Who destroyed the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?
Question: What airport wasn't designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
Question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen not use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?
Question: What counterpoints Yale's hectic towers?
Question: Of what nationality isn't Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
Question: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?
Answer: 10%
Question: How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?
Answer: Eleven
Question: What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?
Answer: Yale Sustainable Food Project
Question: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?
Answer: B+
Question: Who rejects sustainability practices at Yale?
Question: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2030?
Question: How many campus buildings are candidates for ELED design and certification?
Question: What project is bringing inorganic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?
Question: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2018?
Question: Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?
Answer: Benedict Arnold
Question: Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?
Answer: Dan Kniley
Question: Who was the architect for St. Elmo?
Answer: Kenneth M. Murchison
Question: Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
Answer: King Lui-Wu
Question: What is another term for some of Yale's public society buildings?
Question: Who is the exterior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?
Question: Who was unresponsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?
Question: Who wasn't the architect for St. Elmo?
Question: Who wasn't the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
Question: Who were the the first campus police composed of?
Answer: city police officers
Question: Why was the campus police established?
Answer: quell unrest between students and city residents
Question: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?
Answer: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.
Question: When were the last campus police formed at Yale?
Question: When were the first campus police fired at Yale?
Question: Who were the the last campus police composed of?
Question: Why was the campus police disbanded?
Question: What other safety measures are unavailable at Yale besides campus police?
Question: How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?
Answer: grants and scholarships
Question: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?
Answer: $46,395
Question: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?
Answer: 15%
Question: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?
Answer: $13,000
Question: What kind of system isn't Yale's financial aid?
Question: How is least financial aid obtained at Yale?
Question: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2007?
Question: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have all parental help?
Question: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2003?
Question: Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?
Answer: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library
Question: What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?
Answer: The Lewis Walpole Library
Question: Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? 
Answer: The Elizabethan Club
Question: What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
Answer: The Beinecke Rare Book Library
Question: Where would no one find a collection of historical medical equipment?
Question: What library contains the smallest assortment of 18th century British literary works?
Question: Where can unqualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios?
Question: Where can qualified researchers lose Elizabethan folios?
Question: What library has a tiny assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
Question: What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?
Answer: The Yale University Art Gallery
Question: How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?
Answer: more than 180,000
Question: Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?
Answer: The Yale Center for British Art
Question: Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?
Answer: Paul Mellon
Question: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
Answer: Louis Kahn
Question: What is the name of the country's last university partnered art museum?
Question: How many items aren't in The Yale University Art Gallery?
Question: Where is the smallest center for British art, UK not included?
Question: Who re-designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
Question: Whose contributions ended The Yale Center for British Art?
Question: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?
Answer: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks
Question: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?
Answer: Jacques Derrida
Question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?
Answer: Department of Comparative Literature
Question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?
Answer: David Montgomery
Question: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?
Answer: 1957
Question: Which of the Old Critics were staffed at Yale?
Question: Who is known as the mother of deconstruction?
Question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1990's?
Question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other older labor historians?
Question: When wasn't The Journal of Music Theory founded?
Question: Who established Yale's residential college system?
Answer: Edward S. Harkness
Question: Who runs Yale's residential colleges?
Answer: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean
Question: Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
Answer: do not contain programs of study or academic departments
Question: Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?
Answer: Faculty of Arts and Sciences
Question: When was Yale's residential college system unestablished?
Question: Who established Yale's commercial college system?
Question: Who runs Yale's industrial colleges?
Question: Are there unacademic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
Question: Who teaches Yale's residential college's graduate classes?
Question: In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?
Answer: Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic
Question: Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?
Answer: Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges
Question: What are Yale's colleges encircling?
Answer: a courtyard
Question: Who are the Yale colleges named after?
Answer: important alumni or significant places in university history
Question: In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?
Answer: 2017
Question: In what architectural styles weren't Harkness' original colleges?
Question: Which three residential colleges are of modernist style?
Question: What are Yale's colleges encircled by?
Question: Who aren't the Yale colleges named after?
Question: In what year does the university expect to close two more colleges?
Question: Who was Calhoun college named for?
Answer: John C. Calhoun
Question: Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?
Answer: a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century
Question: What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?
Answer: the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”
Question: What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?
Answer: it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."
Question: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?
Answer: Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika
Question: Who was Calhoun college not named for?
Question: Why did people like the college being named after John C. Calhoun?
Question: What title change will be happening to increase racial tensions?
Question: What did President Salovey believe wouldn't happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?
Question: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2016?
Question: What year was The Yale Record first published?
Answer: 1872
Question: In what year was the Yale Daily News established?
Answer: 1878
Question: When was the Yale Herald established?
Answer: 1986
Question: What is the name of the campus radio station?
Answer: WYBC Yale Radio
Question: What is the name of the world's newest humor magazine?
Question: What year was The Yale Record last published?
Question: In what year was the Yale Daily News closed?
Question: When was the Yale Herald closed?
Question: What is the name of the campus tv station?
Question: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?
Answer: bubble pipes
Question: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?
Answer: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus
Question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?
Answer: the toe
Question: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?
Answer: Bladderball
Question: What do juniors crush to celebrate graduation?
Question: What do they destroy now with clay pipes?
Question: What statue is it rumored to be bad luck to rub?
Question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be bad luck to rub?
Question: What game was created, to later be joined by administration?
Question: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?
Answer: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl
Question: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?
Answer: Payne Whitney Gymnasium
Question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?
Answer: October 21, 2000
Question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?
Answer: $7.5 million
Question: What is the name of the United States' last bowl stadium?
Question: What landmarks didn't the Yale Bowl influence?
Question: What is the name of the world's second smallest indoor athletic building?
Question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse closed?
Question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to destroy?
Question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?
Answer: $250 million
Question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?
Answer: $70 million
Question: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?
Answer: Richard Gilder
Question: How much didn't Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?
Question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2003?
Question: How much did the 1945 class donate for their 50th reunion?
Question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 40th reunion?
Question: Who led the 1945 class in their large donation?
Question: What royalty has attended Yale?
Answer: Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo
Question: What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?
Answer: Mario Monti
Question: What Mexican president attended Yale?
Answer: Ernesto Zedillo
Question: Who was the father of American football?
Answer: Walter Camp
Question: What Time magazine founder attended Yale?
Answer: Henry Luce
Question: What royalty hasn't attended Yale?
Question: What Italian Prime Minister never attended Yale?
Question: What Mexican president never attended Yale?
Question: Who was the mother of American football?
Question: What Time magazine founder never attended Yale?
Question: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?
Answer: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell
Question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?
Answer: The Great Gatsby
Question: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?
Answer: Nick Carraway
Question: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?
Answer: Tom Buchanan
Question: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?
Answer: Owen Johnson
Question: Who were the side characters in Stover at Yale?
Question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale not a part of?
Question: What character in The Great Gatsby read editorials for the Yale News?
Question: What baseball playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?
Question: Who read the novel Stover at Yale?
Question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?
Answer: the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Question: In what years was the Great Famine?
Answer: 1315–1317
Question: Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?
Answer: France and England
Question: What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: Hundred Years' War
Question: What saved the unity of the Catholic Church?
Question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1400, known as?
Question: In what years wasn't the Great Famine?
Question: Which two countries never experienced peasant uprisings?
Question: What minor conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?
Question: An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?
Answer: Greek and Roman
Question: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?
Answer: the Crusades
Question: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?
Answer: Constantinople
Question: Who captured Constantinople?
Answer: Ottoman Turks
Question: What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?
Answer: Greek
Question: An interest in texts from which two modern civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?
Question: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 11th century?
Question: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Eastern Europe?
Question: Who released Constantinople?
Question: What kind of texts didn't Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?
Question: In what year did Constantinople fall?
Answer: 1453
Question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?
Answer: 1498
Question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?
Answer: 1492
Question: The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
Answer: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning
Question: Which invention resulted in less widespread use of the printed word?
Question: In what year did Constantinople rise?
Question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail through India and Africa?
Question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Africas?
Question: The Protestant Reformation isn't attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
Question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?
Answer: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages
Question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?
Answer: 1442
Question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
Answer: tripartite periodization
Question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
Answer: Flavio Biondo
Question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
Answer: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period
Question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other three period of the Middle Ages?
Question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" unpublished?
Question: What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
Question: Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
Question: What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
Question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?
Answer: economic and demographic
Question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?
Answer: Johan Huizinga
Question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?
Answer: The Autumn of the Middle Ages
Question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?
Answer: France and the Low Countries
Question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
Answer: Belgian
Question: What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?
Question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book?
Question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages?
Question: Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research?
Question: What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
Question: Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?
Answer: the Alps
Question: The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?
Answer: intellectual, cultural, or artistic
Question: Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century
Question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?
Answer: the end of western religious unity
Question: What geopolitical entity faded from the Late Middle Ages?
Question: Which mountain range isn't seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?
Question: The Renaissance is never used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?
Question: Which centuries are considered not to be part of the Late Middle Ages?
Question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on science?
Question: Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?
Answer: King Christian II
Question: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?
Answer: 1523
Question: Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?
Answer: 1814
Question: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?
Answer: 1520
Question: When wasn't the Kalmar Union formed?
Question: Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?
Question: In what year did Finland break away from the Kalmar Union?
Question: Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year?
Question: In what year didn't the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?
Question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?
Answer: 1356
Question: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?
Answer: financial
Question: In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?
Answer: the Habsburgs
Question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire saved?
Question: In what year did a Silver Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?
Question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia last among the imperial electors?
Question: The Hanseatic League wasn't what type of institution?
Question: In 1483, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?
Question: Who did Louis name as his heir?
Answer: Sigismund of Luxemburg
Question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?
Answer: 11
Question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?
Answer: Buda and Visegrád
Question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
Answer: internal war
Question: In what year did Louis live?
Question: Who didn't Louis name as his heir?
Question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he wasn't named heir?
Question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where didn't Sigismund establish his court?
Question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
Question: In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
Answer: 1521
Question: Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?
Answer: Lazar Hrebljevanovic
Question: In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?
Answer: 1389
Question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?
Answer: Battle of Velbazhd
Question: Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?
Answer: Albania
Question: In what year didn't Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
Question: Who never led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?
Question: In what year wasn't the Battle of Kosovo?
Question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1303?
Question: Which country wasn't conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?
Question: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?
Answer: Avignon
Question: In what year did the papacy return to Rome?
Answer: 1378
Question: What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?
Answer: The War of the Sicilian Vespers
Question: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?
Answer: Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples
Question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?
Answer: 1442
Question: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 13th century?
Question: In what year didn't the papacy return to Rome?
Question: What 13th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?
Question: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which northern Italy was divided?
Question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms separated?
Question: When was modern-day Spain created?
Answer: 1492
Question: The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?
Answer: Granada
Question: Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?
Answer: Vasco da Gama
Question: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?
Answer: 1492
Question: In what year were Isabel II and Ferdinand II married?
Question: When was ancient-day Spain created?
Question: The release of which city finalized the Reconquista?
Question: Which explorer ignored a sea-route to India?
Question: In what year did Christopher Columbus miss the Americas?
Question: What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?
Answer: sixty percent
Question: What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?
Answer: Hundred Years' War
Question: When did the Medieval Warm Period end?
Answer: Around 1300–1350
Question: What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?
Answer: agricultural crises
Question: Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Cold Period?
Question: What was the low end of the known death rate of the Black Plague?
Question: What wasn't the effect of the Little Ice Age?
Question: What major conflict rocked France during the 12th and 13th centuries?
Question: When did the Medieval Warm Period start?
Question: What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?
Answer: Statute of Laborers
Question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?
Answer: 1351
Question: In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?
Answer: 1381
Question: Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?
Answer: serfdom
Question: When didn't the French Jacquerie take place?
Question: What English law was scrapped in order to forcibly reduce wages?
Question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers rejected?
Question: In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur?
Question: Which economic system was ultimately started by the upheavals of the 14th century?
Question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?
Answer: Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople
Question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?
Answer: Twenty-two
Question: What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?
Answer: the Black Death
Question: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?
Answer: London
Question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 1,000,000 in 1500?
Question: Which European cities likely had populations less than 100,000 in 1500?
Question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1600?
Question: What event decimated urban populations in the 13th century?
Question: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1600?
Question: Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?
Answer: Hundred Years' War
Question: The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?
Answer: national or feudal levy
Question: Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?
Answer: Swiss
Question: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?
Answer: Edward III
Question: Which conflict in France resulted in the abolishment of permanent armies?
Question: The use of paid mercenaries and international retinues replaced which method of raising troops?
Question: Which soldiers were in low demand under the mercenary system?
Question: Which soldiers were in high demand under the judicial system?
Question: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 13th century?
Question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?
Answer: Order of the Garter
Question: Who founded the Order of St. George?
Answer: Charles I of Hungary
Question: In what year was the Order of St. George founded?
Answer: 1325
Question: What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?
Answer: chivalry
Question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?
Answer: 1348
Question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1438?
Question: Who co-founded the Order of St. George?
Question: In what year was the Order of St. George disbanded?
Question: What wasn't the code of conduct of the military orders called?
Question: In what year was the Order of the Garter destroyed?
Question: What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?
Answer: Papal Schism
Question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?
Answer: Avignon
Question: In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?
Answer: 1377
Question: What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?
Answer: 1378–1417
Question: Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?
Answer: France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms
Question: What was the result of the election of three popes at the same time?
Question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1039?
Question: In what year didn't the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?
Question: What wasn't the time frame of the Papal Schism?
Question: Who were the rejecters of the Avignon Papacy?
Question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?
Answer: John Wycliffe
Question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?
Answer: the Lollards
Question: What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?
Answer: the Protestant Reformation
Question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?
Answer: transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences
Question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?
Answer: John of Gaunt
Question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible shouldn't be the sole authority in religious questions?
Question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters not called?
Question: What wasn't the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?
Question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out for?
Question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who never supported the Lollard movement?
Question: In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?
Answer: 1415
Question: Who did Richard II of England marry?
Answer: Anne of Bohemia
Question: Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?
Answer: John Wycliffe
Question: What were the followers of Jan Hus called?
Answer: Hussites
Question: What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?
Answer: Hussite Wars
Question: In what year was Jan Hus saved at the stake?
Question: Who did Richard I of England marry?
Question: Whose teachings did Jan Hus not base his own on?
Question: What weren't the followers of Jan Hus called?
Question: What conflict resulted from birth of Jan Hus?
Question: What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?
Answer: 95 theses
Question: In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?
Answer: 1517
Question: What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?
Answer: he refused
Question: Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?
Answer: Frederick the Wise
Question: Into what language didn't Martin Luther translate the Bible?
Question: What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?
Question: In what year did Martin Luther post his 59 theses?
Question: What wasn't Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?
Question: Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he wasn't under the ban of the Empire?
Question: What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?
Answer: double-entry bookkeeping
Question: In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?
Answer: Italy
Question: What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?
Answer: reducing the risk of commercial ventures
Question: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
Answer: usury
Question: What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?
Answer: better oversight and accuracy
Question: What old form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?
Question: In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' never take place?