huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What original colors from the 18th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?
Question: How many rooms does the palace have closed off?
Question: Which style are none of the reception rooms furnished in?
Question: What house were many of the furniture and fittings lost from?
Question: The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times?
Answer: Edith of Wessex
Question: Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to?
Answer: Geoffrey de Mandeville
Question: The site was passed to monks from which abbey?
Answer: Westminster Abbey
Question: The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?
Answer: Manor of Ebury
Question: What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford?
Answer: Eye Cross
Question: Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster?
Answer: Geoffrey de Mandeville
Question: What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site?
Answer: Manor of Ebury
Question: Which river runs above the palace?
Question: Which queen consort in the late Saxon times once rented the site of the palace?
Question: Who did William the Conqueror buy the site of the palace from?
Question: Which abbey refused to have the site passed to the monks?
Question: What was the name of the village that burned at Cow Ford?
Question: Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century?
Answer: Sir Hugh Audley
Question: Which village had fallen into decay?
Answer: Eye Cross
Question: Who established a mulberry garden on the property?
Answer: James I
Question: What product did the mulberry garden produce?
Answer: silk
Question: Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery?
Answer: Clement Walker
Question: What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century?
Answer: the freehold
Question: Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?
Answer: Eye Cross
Question: Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold?
Answer: James I
Question: What type of garden did James I create?
Answer: mulberry
Question: What did the mulberry garden produce?
Answer: silk.
Question: Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 19th century?
Question: Which village had become overpopulated?
Question: Who destroyed a mulberry garden on the property?
Question: What product did the mulberry garden avoid?
Question: What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 15th century?
Question: Which owner developed much of the garden still seen today?
Answer: Lord Goring
Question: What was Lord Goring's garden known as?
Answer: Goring Great Garden
Question: Under which king did the Royal Family regain the freehold title of the property? 
Answer: King George III
Question: Which king failed to execute Goring's freehold document before fleeing to London?
Answer: King Charles I
Question: Who owned the first house built on the site?
Answer: Sir William Blake
Question: Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham?
Answer: Lord Goring
Question: What was the name of Lord Goring Garden?
Answer: Goring Great Garden
Question: Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property?
Answer: King Charles I
Question: Who demolished the first house on the site?
Question: Which owner developed none of the garden still seen today?
Question: What was Lord Goring's garden mistakenly known as?
Question: Which king executed Goring's freehold document before staying in London?
Question: Who removed the last house built on the site?
Question: In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?
Answer: 1703
Question: Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?
Answer: Sir Charles Sheffield
Question: How much did George III pay for the house?
Answer: £21,000
Question: In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?
Answer: 1774
Question: How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?
Answer: two
Question: The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?
Answer: Duke of Buckingham and Normanby
Question: Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?
Answer: William Winde
Question: How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?
Answer: two
Question: Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?
Answer: George III
Question: How much did George III pay for Buckingham House? 
Answer: £21,000
Question: What year did William Winde burn the house which forms the core of the palace?
Question: Who sold Buckingham house in 1741?
Question: How much did George II pay for the house?
Question: How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House remove?
Question: Who bought Buckingham House in 1781?
Question: What did King George IV originally want the structure to be?
Answer: a small, comfortable home
Question: King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834?
Answer: new Houses of Parliament
Question: Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?
Answer: John Nash
Question: In what year was Nash removed as architect?
Answer: 1829
Question: Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?
Answer: Edward Blore
Question: What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin?
Answer: 1762
Question: What was George IV's original plan for the house? 
Answer: a small, comfortable home
Question: What year did the king decide to make it into a palace?
Answer: 1826
Question: Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace?
Answer: John Nash
Question: Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired?
Answer: Edward Blore
Question: What did King George IV originally make the structure to be?
Question: Which architect helped modify the palace into a house?
Question: What year was Nash promoted as architect?
Question: Who was fired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?
Question: What year did remodeling of Buckingham House become banned?
Question: Who was the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?
Answer: Queen Victoria
Question: Who died before the palace was completed?
Answer: William IV
Question: Buckingham became a principle residence for the Royal Family in which year?
Answer: 1837
Question: What was the problem with chimneys in the palace?
Answer: the chimneys smoked
Question: At the end of which year were most of the design problems of the palace rectified under Prince Albert?
Answer: 1840
Question: When did Buckingham officially become the principle royal residence?
Answer: 1837
Question: Who was the first monarch to reside there?
Answer: Queen Victoria
Question: Who died before seeing Buckingham Palace's completion?
Answer: William IV
Question: What was the problem with the palace's chimneys?
Answer: the chimneys smoked
Question: Who dealt with the design faults of the palace?
Answer: Prince Albert
Question: Who was the only monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?
Question: Who died right as the palace was completed?
Question: What was the best thing about chimneys in the palace?
Question: When did Buckingham officially become the only royal residence?
Question: Who was the worst monarch to reside there?
Question: Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847?
Answer: Edward Blore
Question: The new wing was built by whom?
Answer: Thomas Cubitt
Question: What is the East front of the palace known as?
Answer: "public face" of Buckingham Palace
Question: The East Front contains what famous feature?
Answer: the balcony
Question: Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing?
Answer: Sir James Pennethorne.
Question: Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space?
Answer: Edward Blore
Question: Who built the new wing?
Answer: Thomas Cubitt
Question: What is considered the public face of the palace?
Answer: The large East Front
Question: What other wing was built during this time?
Answer: The ballroom wing
Question: Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?
Answer: Sir James Pennethorne
Question: Who designed the blue wing for the palace in 1837?
Question: What is the West front of the palace described as?
Question: Who was the teacher of Nash that destroyed the ballroom wing?
Question: What is considered the private nose of the palace?
Question: What other wing was removed during this time?
Question: The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?
Answer: musical entertainments
Question: Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?
Answer: Felix Mendelssohn
Question: Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?
Answer: Alice Polka
Question: Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?
Answer: lavish costume balls
Question: Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?
Answer: musical entertainments
Question: Which composer played there on three occasions?
Answer: Felix Mendelssohn
Question: Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?
Answer: Johann Strauss II
Question: What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?
Answer: lavish costume balls
Question: Which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert were never hosted by the palace?
Question: Which composer played at Buckingham on eight occasions?
Question: Who performed Alice Polka in opposition of Princess Alice?
Question: What type of balls did Queen Victoria avoid?
Question: What sort of entertainment was banned at Buckingham before Prince Albert died?
Question: What forced the Queen to return to London?
Answer: public opinion
Question: What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?
Answer: the palace was seldom used, even neglected.
Question: Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London?
Answer: Windsor Castle
Question: What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death?
Answer: left Buckingham Palace
Question: Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham?
Answer: Osborne House
Question: What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left?
Answer: palace was seldom used, even neglected
Question: Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time?
Answer: Windsor Castle
Question: When year did Prince Albert resurrect?
Question: What forced the Queen to leave London forever?
Question: Where were court functions held upon the Queens exile from London?
Question: What did Queen Victoria do in response to Prince Albert's birth?
Question: How many bathrooms are there?
Answer: 78
Question: A large bow is a large feature of the facade in which stateroom?
Answer: the Music Room
Question: How long is the Picture Gallery in yards?
Answer: 55 yards
Question: Which rooms has large white marble statues of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria?
Answer: The Guard Room
Question: What is the floor space of the palace?
Answer: 77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft)
Question: How many staterooms does the palace have?
Answer: 19 state rooms
Question: How many bathrooms does the palace have?
Answer: 78 bathrooms
Question: How many offices does the palace have?
Answer: 92 offices
Question: How many principle bedrooms does the palace spy on?
Question: How many bathrooms are made from gold there?
Question: Which stateroom has a small bow as a feature of the facade?
Question: How long is the Picture Gallery in miles?
Question: How many offices in the palace have closed indefinitely?
Question: Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?
Answer: the semi-state apartments
Question: Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?
Answer: 1844 Room
Question: The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?
Answer: Emperor Napoleon III of France
Question: Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?
Answer: Bow Room
Question: Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?
Answer: the north wing
Question: What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?
Answer: semi-state apartments
Question: What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?
Answer: less formal entertaining
Question: Who is the 1844 Room named after?
Answer: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia
Question: Who is the 1855 Room named after?
Answer: Emperor Napoleon III of France
Question: Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?
Answer: the north wing
Question: Which rooms are used for more formal entertaining such as luncheons or public audiences?
Question: Which room does not allow visits by Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?
Question: Which European chef is The 1845 Room named after?
Question: Where are the suites located that the King and Prince Phillip use?
Question: Who is the 1744 Room named after?
Question: Where did many of the fittings for the new east wing come from?
Answer: Brighton Pavilion
Question: When was the new east wing built?
Answer: Between 1847 and 1850
Question: What is the theme for the new east wing?
Answer: oriental
Question: The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room has what as a main feature?
Answer: large oriental chimney piece
Question: Who designed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?
Answer: Robert Jones
Question: What was Blore building between 1847 and 1850?
Answer: the new east wing
Question: Many rooms in the new east wing are in what style?
Answer: oriental
Question: Parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms from Brighton Pavilion make up which Buckingham Room?
Answer: The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room
Question: Where did none of the fittings for the new west wing come from?
Question: When was the new east wing destroyed?
Question: What theme is forbidden in the new east wing?
Question: Who removed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?
Question: What style are in none of the rooms in the new east wing?
Question: Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals?
Answer: Centre Room
Question: What is the main theme of the Centre Room?
Answer: Chinese
Question: Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s?
Answer: Queen Mary
Question: The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year?
Answer: 1873
Question: The Principle Corridor features which type of doors?
Answer: mirrored doors
Question: Which room feature the famous balcony?
Answer: Centre Room
Question: Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room?
Answer: Sir Charles Allom
Question: The Principle Corridor has which type of doors?
Answer: mirrored doors
Question: What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton?
Answer: 1873
Question: Which room has the infamous balcony forbidden by the royals?
Question: What is the secondary theme of the Centre Room?
Question: Which Queen ruined the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1930s?
Question: Which room avoids the famous balcony?
Question: Which designer did Queen Mary fire to enhance the Centre Room?
Question: Where do foreign heads of stay usually stay in Buckingham Palace?
Answer: the Belgian Suite
Question: What floor are the Belgian Suites located?
Answer: ground floor
Question: The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase?
Answer: the Minister's Staircase
Question: How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites linked?
Answer: by narrow corridors
Question: What is the style of the saucer domes in the Belgian Suite?
Answer: the style of Soane
Question: Where do foreign heads of stay at Buckingham Palace?
Answer: the Belgian Suite
Question: The Belgian Suite is located at the bottom of which staircase?
Answer: Minister's Staircase
Question: On which floor is the Belgian Suite located?
Answer: the ground floor
Question: How are the rooms in the Belgian Suite connected?
Answer: by narrow corridors
Question: The saucer domes are in whose style?
Answer: the style of Soane
Question: Where do foreign heads of stay usually avoid in Buckingham Palace?
Question: What floor are the Belgian Suites burned?
Question: How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites separated?
Question: Where do foreign heads paint at Buckingham Palace?
Question: Which floor is the Belgian Suite restricted?
Question: Aside from being the home of the monarchy and a tourist attraction, what else is Buckingham Palace known for?
Answer: art gallery
Question: Who made the palaces gilded railings and gates?
Answer: Bromsgrove Guild
Question: Buckingham Palace is also the London Residence for which Duke?
Answer: Duke of York
Question: Who is Buckingham palace home to?
Answer: the British monarchy
Question: Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates?
Answer: Bromsgrove Guild
Question: In what year were the railings and gates completed?
Answer: 1911
Question: How many people work at Buckingham Palace?
Answer: 800 people
Question: Who stole the palaces gilded railings and gates?
Question: How many people were fired from Buckingham Palace?
Question: Who is Buckingham palace restricted from?
Question: What year were the railings and gates stolen?
Question: Which Duke is not allowed at Buckingham Palace?
Question: Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection?
Answer: Queen's Gallery
Question: What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?
Answer: chapel
Question: What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993?
Answer: The palace's state rooms
Question: Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle?
Answer: Crown Estate
Question: Where can the public view the Royal Collection?
Answer: at the Queen's Gallery
Question: Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public?
Answer: since 1993
Question: How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year?
Answer: 476,000 people
Question: Who has never owned Buckingham Palace?
Question: Where is the public not allowed to view items from the Royal Collection?
Question: What was located on the site that is now the King's Gallery?
Question: What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and July and other select dates since 1991?
Question: How many people were missing from the palace in the 2014-2015 fiscal year?
Question: What is the official dress code today at Buckingham Palace?
Answer: there is no official dress code
Question: Which Queen tried and failed to raise the hemline of her dress after WWI?
Answer: Queen Mary
Question: Which King was horrified to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?
Answer: King George V
Question: The hemline of daytime skirts were allowed to rise after which year?
Answer: 1936
Question: The knee breeches men formerly wore to the palace were of what era's design?
Answer: 18th-century design
Question: From what century were men's knee breeches worn at Buckingham designed in?
Answer: 18th-century design
Question: What were women obliged to wear in their hair?
Answer: tiaras or feathers
Question: Which queen wanted to shorten her skirt's hemline?
Answer: Queen Mary
Question: Which King was horrified to see the raised hemline on the Queen?
Answer: George V
Question: What is the dress code today at Buckingham?
Answer: there is no official dress code
Question: What were women required to wear in their socks?
Question: Which Queen raised the hemline of her dress after WWI?
Question: Which King was amused to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?
Question: What century were men's knee breeches forbidden at Buckingham?
Question: Which queen wanted to extend her skirt's hemline?
Question: Under whose reign did court presentations of young aristocratic ladies take place?
Answer: Edward VII
Question: What was the name for the ceremony where debutantes had their first introduction into society?
Answer: coming out
Question: Debutantes wore the feather of which bird in their hair?
Answer: ostrich feathers
Question: After WWII "coming out" ceremonies were replaces with what event?
Answer: less formal afternoon receptions
Question: Under whose reign were young debutantes presented to society at Court?
Answer: Edward VII
Question: What types of feathers did debutantes wear in their hair?
Answer: ostrich feathers
Question: What was the occasion where debutantes were presented to society called?
Answer: "coming out"
Question: After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with?
Answer: less formal afternoon receptions
Question: Whose reign did not include court presentations of young aristocratic ladies?
Question: What was the name for the sacrifice where debutantes had their last introduction into society?
Question: What bird's feathers did debutantes wear in their shirt?
Question: What was the occasion where debutantes were exiled from society called?
Question: What was the coming out ceremony replaced with during WWII?
Question: Where do Investitures take place?
Answer: in the palace's Ballroom
Question: What year was The Ballroom built?
Answer: 1854
Question: Which room has The Ballroom replaced in terms of both use and importance?
Answer: the throne room
Question: What does the Queen stand on during Investitures?
Answer: the throne dais
Question: Knighthood is given by being dubbed with what object?
Answer: a sword
Question: What is the largest room in the palace?
Answer: Ballroom
Question: The Ballroom replaced which other room in terms of importance and use?
Answer: the throne room
Question: Where do Investitures never take place?
Question: What year was The Ballroom blown up?
Question: Which room has The Ballroom never changed in terms of both use and importance?
Question: What is the smallest room in the palace?
Question: What does the Queen sit on during Investitures?
Question: In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps?
Answer: November
Question: What is used to set the dining table for formal dinners?
Answer: the Grand Service
Question: When was the Grand Service made?
Answer: 1811
Question: For whom was the Grand Service made?
Answer: the Prince of Wales
Question: Where do state banquets take place?
Answer: in the Ballroom
Question: When are state banquets held?
Answer: the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state
Question: What is the dining table laid with for state banquets?
Answer: the Grand Service
Question: Who was the Grand Service originally made for?
Answer: Prince of Wales
Question: Where are State Banquets forbidden?
Question: What month does the Queen promote the diplomatic corps?
Question: What is used to set the dining table for casual dinners?
Question: When was the Grand Service removed?
Question: When are state banquets avoided?
Question: Where is the Gold State Coach housed?
Answer: the Royal Mews
Question: When was the Gold State Coach first used?
Answer: 1762
Question: The Royal Mews houses which type of animal?
Answer: horses
Question: Where is the Gold State Coach kept?
Answer: the Royal Mews
Question: Who designed the Gold State Coach?
Answer: Sir William Chambers
Question: In what year was the Gold State Coach first used?
Answer: 1762
Question: What animals are kept in the mews?
Answer: horses
Question: Who destroyed the Royal Mews?
Question: Where is the Silver State Coach housed?
Question: Who knows nothing about the Gold State Coach?
Question: When was the Gold State Coach last used?
Question: What animals are forbidden in the mews?
Question: Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra's friends were know as what?
Answer: "the Marlborough House Set"
Question: Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?
Answer: Nash's
Question: Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?
Answer: King Edward
Question: What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?
Answer: the Marlborough House Set
Question: What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?
Answer: King Edward's heavy redecorations
Question: When did King Edward VII take the throne?
Answer: 1901
Question: What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?
Answer: Belle époque cream and gold
Question: What year did Edward VII decline to ascend to the throne?
Question: Which king commissioned minor redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and silver color scheme?
Question: What were the group of people that King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra avoided called?
Question: What supported Nash's original work in the palace?
Question: What colors were avoided in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VI?
Question: The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?
Answer: Portland stone
Question: Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?
Answer: George V
Question: Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?
Answer: Queen Mary
Question: Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?
Answer: Queen Mary
Question: Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?
Answer: Sir Aston Webb
Question: The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?
Answer: Portland stone
Question: Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?
Answer: George V
Question: What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?
Answer: Royal Collection of furniture and art
Question: Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?
Answer: Queen Mary
Question: Whose reign never had a major building works take place?
Question: Which king avoided official entertaining and royal duties in favor of lavish parties?
Question: Who removed and ruined furniture in The Royal Collection?
Question: Who redesigned Blore's 1820 West Front?
Question: Who burned the Green Drawing Room?
Question: Who lived at Buckingham Palace during WWI?
Answer: King George V and Queen Mary
Question: Where were valuable items from Buckingham Palace taken during WWI?
Answer: Windsor
Question: The king refrained from doing what during the war?
Answer: alcohol
Question: In what year was the north-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?
Answer: 1938
Question: Who persuaded the king to lock the wine cellars during WWI?
Answer: David Lloyd George
Question: Buckingham Palace was untouched during which war?
Answer: World War I
Question: Where were valuables evacuated to during the war?
Answer: Windsor
Question: What did the King give up during the war?
Answer: alcohol
Question: Who convinced the king to lock the wine cellars?
Answer: David Lloyd George
Question: What was the north-west pavilion converted into in 1938?
Answer: swimming pool
Question: Who died at Buckingham Palace during WWI?
Question: Where were worthless items from Buckingham Palace taken after WWI?
Question: What did the king increase consumption of during the war?
Question: What year was the south-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?
Question: Who persuaded the queen to unlock the wine cellars during WWI?
Question: What was destroyed in 1940?
Answer: the palace chapel
Question: Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII?
Answer: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
Question: The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public?
Answer: the common suffering of rich and poor
Question: What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII?
Answer: the chapel
Question: The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing?
Answer: inspecting their bombed home
Question: The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings?
Answer: their subjects' hardship
Question: How many times was the palace remodeled in WWII?
Question: What was upgraded in 1940?
Question: Which monarchs were missing from Buckingham Palace during WWII?
Question: What did the royal family never share with their subjects after the bombings?
Question: What was hidden from the public as a result of the bombing of Buckingham Palace?
Question: What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day?
Answer: 15 September 1940
Question: What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb?
Answer: the Palace
Question: What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into?
Answer: Dornier Do 17 bomber
Question: After the war what did Holmes become?
Answer: King's Messenger
Question: What year did Ray Holmes die?
Answer: 2005
Question: What is September 15, 1940 known as?
Answer: the Battle of Britain Day
Question: What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting?
Answer: the Palace
Question: What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane?
Answer: ram it
Question: What type of aircraft was the German Plane?
Answer: Dornier Do 17 bomber
Question: When did Holmes die?
Answer: 2005
Question: What is the date of the celebration of Britain Day?
Question: What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to restore?
Question: What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes avoiding?
Question: What did Holmes become during the war?
Question: What year did Ray Holmes give birth?
Question: What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?
Answer: electric current
Question: Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?
Answer: wire filament
Question: What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?
Answer: feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass
Question: What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?
Answer: a socket
Question: Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?
Answer: incandescent light bulb
Question: What type of light has a wire filament heated to a low temperature?
Question: What does not have electric current running through a wire filament?
Question: What part of a halogen light bulb does not supply electric current?
Question: What does not provide electricity to most light bulbs?
Question: Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?
Answer: less efficient
Question: What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?
Answer: 2.2%
Question: Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?
Answer: LED
Question: How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?
Answer: 1,000 hours
Question: What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?
Answer: The remaining energy is converted into heat.
Question: What are more efficient than most other types of electric lighting?
Question: What percentage of energy is not actually converted to visible light in a standard light bulb?
Question: What percentage of energy is not actually converted to visible light in an incadescent light bulb?
Question: What type of bulb typically has a long life span?
Question: What does not happen to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not covert into light?
Question: What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?
Answer: prohibited them already
Question: How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?
Answer: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs
Question: What does the acronym CCFL refer to?
Answer: cold cathode fluorescent lamps
Question: What does the acronym CFL refer to?
Answer: compact fluorescent lamps
Question: What does the acronym LED refer to?
Answer: light-emitting diode
Question: What type of bulb has not been replaced in many application by other types of electric light?
Question: How is India treating incandescent light bulbs?
Question: What does the acronym CCFL not refer to?
Question: What does the acronym LED not refer to?
Question: What does the acronym CFL not refer to?
Question: Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?
Answer: Alexander Lodygin
Question: What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?
Answer: two carbon rods
Question: In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?
Answer: 1900
Question: What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?
Answer: Alexander de Lodyguine
Question: When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?
Answer: 1872
Question: Who did not patent an incandescent light bulb in 1872?
Question: Who did not demonstrate at the world fair in 1900 in Paris?
Question: When did Anxander Lodygin change his name?
Question: Who invented his first lamp in the 1700's?
Question: What did Lodygin not use as a burner in his lamp?
Question: Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?
Answer: at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society
Question: Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?
Answer: Charles Stearn
Question: Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?
Answer: 'parchmentised thread'
Question: When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?
Answer: 1880
Question: What was the first public building to install electric lighting?
Answer: the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London
Question: Who did not help Swan in 1878?
Question: What method did Swan not develop in 1878?
Question: What was not shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemistry Society?
Question: What was shown to an audience of 800 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle?
Question: Why was Swan's first lamp commercially viable?
Question: With what material did Edison make his first filament?
Answer: carbon
Question: How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?
Answer: 13.5 hours
Question: What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?
Answer: bamboo
Question: What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?
Answer: Columbia
Question: Who began research into developing a practical incandescent lamp?
Question: Who filed his first patent application in 1890?
Question: What did Edison turn refuse to use after his experiment with platinum and other metals?
Question: What type of material was not used in the US patent for an electric lamp in November 1879?
Question: What type of material did Edison use that could not last more than 1200 hours?
Question: Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?
Answer: Hiram S. Maxim
Question: Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?
Answer: Mercantile Safe Deposit Company
Question: When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?
Answer: fall of 1880
Question: Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?
Answer: Electro-Dynamic Light Company
Question: Who began the Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1890?
Question: Whose other patents did Albon Man not exploit?
Question: Where was the first installation of incandescent lamps in 1890?
Question: Who was the chief architect at the United States Electric Lighting Company?
Question: Who did not make their first installation until the spring of 1880?
Question: Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?
Answer: Lewis Latimer
Question: When did Latimer patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"?
Answer: 17 January 1882
Question: Which company purchased Latimer's patent?
Answer: United States Electric Light Company
Question: Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?
Answer: Edison
Question: Who developed an improved method of carbon filaments in 1882?
Question: When did Edison patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"?
Question: What was not an improved method for production of a light bulb?
Question: What was not purchased by the United States Electric Light Company?
Question: Who did not employ Latimer when he developed his first patent?
Question: Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?
Answer: Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman
Question: When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?
Answer: 13 December 1904
Question: Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?
Answer: Tungsram
Question: What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?
Answer: argon or nitrogen
Question: What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?
Answer: Tungsram-bulbs
Question: Who was not granted a patent fr the tungsten filament lamp?
Question: Who was granted patent No. 34540?
Question: Who receive their patent in 1905?
Question: What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb?
Question: What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe.
Question: What does the acronym LER refer to?
Answer: radiant luminous efficacy
Question: What is the maximum LER possible?
Answer: 683 lm/W
Question: In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?
Answer: two ways
Question: What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?
Answer: the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths
Question: What does the acronym LES refer to?
Answer: source luminous efficacy
Question: What may be defined in three ways?
Question: What does the acronym LER not stand for?
Question: What does the acronym LES not stand for?
Question: What is not the ratio of the visible light flux emitted to the total power input to the source?
Question: What is the minimum LER possible?
Question: At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?
Answer: 6,300 °C
Question: What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?
Answer: 52 lumens per watt
Question: What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?
Answer: infrared radiation
Question: What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?
Answer: the light emitted does not appear white,
Question: What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?
Answer: 52 lumens per watt
Question: What appears white to the human eye when it is emitted?
Question: What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?
Question: What does not radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid?
Question: What is not infrared or ultraviolet?
Question: What known material can be used as a filament at 95 lumens per watt?
Question: What is the purpose of white-balancing?
Answer: to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors
Question: Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?
Answer: incandescent lights
Question: What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?
Answer: 100
Question: Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?
Answer: the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament
Question: What is the highest possible color rendering index score?
Answer: 100
Question: What does not have an advantage in applications where color reproduction is important?
Question: What is not the purpose of white-balancing?
Question: What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights?
Question: Whose coloring rendering index is 109?
Question: What does not require additional adjustments to reduce green-magenta color casts?
Question: Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents?
Answer: higher
Question: How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents?
Answer: By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution
Question: Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography?
Answer: Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum
Question: Which lights have lower luminous efficiency?
Question: Which devices do not produce light by luminescence?
Question: What lamps produce prominent spectral lines and have a broad "tail" of visible infrared emissions?
Question: Why are luminescent light sources ideal for photography?
Question: Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?
Answer: less
Question: What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?
Answer: a building's air conditioning system
Question: Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?
Answer: shorter
Question: What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?
Answer: illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used
Question: What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?
Answer: heat from the heating system
Question: Whose initial cost is large compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime?
Question: Whose light emits more light as they age?
Question: What type of light has a longer life span than other sources?
Question: What type of lighting system is less efficient over the course of a year?
Question: Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?
Answer: more
Question: How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?
Answer: 5 to 10 billion euros
Question: How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?
Answer: 40 TWh of electricity
Question: How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?
Answer: 15 million tonnes
Question: How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?
Answer: by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps
Question: What type of light bulbs use less energy than alternatives?
Question: What type of light source has  had measures introduced for the continued use of?
Question: How much does the incandescent light ban in Asia contribute to the economy each year?
Question: How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Asia save each year?
Question: How are laws written that bring about the continued use of incandescent light bulbs?
Question: Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents?
Answer: better
Question: Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust?
Answer: LED lamps
Question: What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs?
Answer: higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps
Question: What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns?
Answer: mercury
Question: Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs?
Answer: much less
Question: What does not contain mercury?
Question: What type of light consumes much more energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production?
Question: What does CFLS's have that cause people health concerns?
Question: What is regarded as the worst solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness?
Question: How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?
Answer: 30 percent
Question: What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?
Answer: Duro-Test
Question: What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?
Answer: 270 lm/W
Question: What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?
Answer: 45 lm/W
Question: Which company did not introduce hybrid incandescent bulbs?
Question: What did not prompt Philips to introduce the hybrid incandescent bulbs?
Question: What can produce about 25 Im/W?
Question: What is 40% less efficient than traditional incandescent?
Question: Which concept was not pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980?
Question: What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?
Answer: the envelope
Question: What is the filament made of?
Answer: tungsten wire
Question: How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?
Answer: two (or more)
Question: What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?
Answer: a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base
Question: What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?
Answer: Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires
Question: What consists of a non-air-tight glass enclosure?
Question: What is the filament not made of?
Question: What allows air or gas leaks in the bulb's base?
Question: What does not support the filament and its lead wires?
Question: What has four conductors that provide electrical connections to the filament?
Question: What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?
Answer: kaolin
Question: How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?
Answer: blown in and electrostatically deposited
Question: What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?
Answer: a more gentle and evenly distributed light
Question: How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?
Answer: by coloring the glass with a dopant
Question: How does kaolin create a more gentle light?
Answer: It diffuses the light emitted from the filament
Question: What type of glass does a light bulb not have?
Question: What does not coat the glass bulb?
Question: What is a black, chalky clay on the inside of a glass bulb?
Question: What does not produce a gentle ans evenly distributed light?
Question: What is sometimes used to provide a more artificial appearing light?
Question: What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?
Answer: screw base
Question: What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?
Answer: bayonet base
Question: What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?
Answer: allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament
Question: What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?
Answer: 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts
Question: Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?
Answer: automotive and special purpose lamps
Question: What type of base do large lamps not have?
Question: What base is not used for mechanical support?
Question: What type of base does a miniature lamp may not have?
Question: What does not allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament?
Question: Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01?
Question: What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?
Answer: introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)
Question: What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?
Answer: chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight
Question: What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?
Answer: to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses
Question: How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?
Answer: The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament
Question: Whose role is to allow evaporation of the filament?
Question: What type of properties are not ideal for gas in a light bulb?
Question: What does not knock the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament?
Question: What introduces heat gain from the filament?
Question: How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?
Answer: 50,000
Question: How is the filament attached to the bulb?
Answer: assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb
Question: How is the evacuation tube sealed?
Answer: by a flame
Question: What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?
Answer: precisely aligned air nozzles
Question: What type of machine is not used in manufacturing light bulbs?
Question: What is not passed along a conveyor belt when making bulbs?
Question: What is cooled in a furnace and blown by aligned air nozzles though holes in the conveyor belt?
Question: What is not sealed by a flame?
Question: What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?
Answer: as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased
Question: What were the positive effects of the flashing process?
Answer: improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency
Question: What properties of graphite improved the filament?
Answer: further strengthened and smoothed the filament
Question: What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?
Answer: helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage
Question: What were the first failed light bulb filaments made from?
Question: What had a positive temperature coefficient of resistence?
Question: What was not a problem for early carbon filaments?
Question: What were negative effects of the flashing process?
Question: What did not further strengthen and did not smooth the filament?
Question: In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?
Answer: 1902
Question: What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?
Answer: These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures.
Question: Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?
Answer: General Electric