huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: At what age, since 2012, are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?
Answer: 18
Question: At what age, since 2012, are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?
Answer: 19
Question: How long is a full-time mission for males?
Answer: two years
Question: How long is a full-time mission for females?
Answer: 18 months
Question: What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary?
Answer: 97
Question: What did 97% of female BYU graduates do?
Question: What did 32% of male BYU graduates do?
Question: What did the LSD Church announce in October 2012?
Question: When can female students begin their missionary service now instead of 18?
Question: What group did President Maeser create that sent teachers to student's homes to verify they were following the school's moral rules?
Answer: Domestic Organization
Question: When was the BYU Honor Code actually created?
Answer: about 1940
Question: What was BYU's Honor Code mainly used for upon its creation?
Answer: cases of cheating and academic dishonesty
Question: In what year was the Honor Code expanded to include other school standards, such as rules regarding drug use?
Answer: 1957
Question: Who must sign a comitment to live by the honor code as part of the application process?
Answer: all students, faculty, and staff
Question: What organization did Brigham Young create?
Question: What did Young's Domestic Organization do?
Question: What was first created in 1957?
Question: What was expanded in 1940?
Question: What did the Princeton Review rank BUY for LGBT-friendliness?
Question: How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008?
Answer: 14th in the nation
Question: What parts of the sometimes "too nice" BYU culture is often caricatured?
Answer: marrying early and being very conservative
Question: What does BYU's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms?
Answer: amplification of
Question: What percentage of students belong to the LSD?
Question: What did the Princeton Review rank LDS in 2014?
Question: What did the Princeton Review point out about the "too nice" culture?
Question: What is one of BYU's characteristics that is most often pointed out through reputation?
Answer: emphasizing a "marriage culture"
Question: What percentage of BYU's class of 2005 were married?
Answer: Approximately 51
Question: What is the national marriage average among college graduates?
Answer: 11 percent
Question: What is the average age that BYU students marry according to a 2005 study?
Answer: 22
Question: What type of marriage is highly valued by LDS members?
Answer: marriage within the faith
Question: What does BUY have a reputation for?
Question: What percentage of BYU's class of 2015 are married?
Question: Men do what at the average age of 27?
Question: Women do what at the average age of 25?
Question: Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?
Answer: The Princeton Review
Question: How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?
Answer: proud
Question: How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?
Answer: about 1/10
Question: Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?
Answer: Business Insider
Question: What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?
Answer: culturally conservative
Question: What are visitors to Utah surprised by?
Question: What did the Princeton Review rate BUY #1 in?
Question: What did Business Insider rate BUY as?
Question: Murders are what fraction of the national average in Provo?
Question: How many television production studios is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?
Answer: three
Question: How many television control rooms is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?
Answer: two
Question: How many radio studios is BYU BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?
Answer: two
Question: Which BYU station offers content in both Spanish and Portugese?
Answer: BYU Television International
Question: Which BYU station is available via cable throughout some areas of the U.S.?
Answer: BYUtv
Question: What is the BYU Operations Technical Center?
Question: How is BUYtv available?
Question: How many production studios is the BUY Technical Broadcasting Operations Center home to?
Question: What is the BUY Technical Broadcasting Operations Center home to?
Question: What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?
Answer: Nobel Prize winner
Question: What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?
Answer: the hearing aid
Question: Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?
Answer: Gymboree
Question: What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?
Answer: two time world's most influential business thinker
Question: Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?
Answer: Paul D. Boyer
Question: What title did Kim B. Christensen have?
Question: What title does Michael K. Clark currently have?
Question: Who is Matthew S. Young?
Question: Who is Stan L. Holland?
Question: Who is Teppo Albrecht?
Question: Where did best selling author Stephenie Meyer graduate from in 1995?
Answer: BYU
Question: Which former Miss America graduated from BYU?
Answer: Sharlene Wells Hawkes
Question: Which former co-host of CBS's The Early Show graduated from BYU?
Answer: Jane Clayson Johnson
Question: Which award winning ESPN sports writer graduated form BYU?
Answer: Sharlene Wells Hawkes
Question: Which former CBS News correspondent graduated from BYU?
Answer: Art Rascon
Question: What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1957?
Question: What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1989?
Question: What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1959?
Question: When did Miss America Sharlene Johnson graduate?
Question: What is Ken Dutcher considered to be?
Question: Which three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer graduated from BYU?
Answer: Krešimir Ćosić
Question: Which Heisman Trophy winner graduated from BYU?
Answer: Ty Detmer
Question: Which two-time Super Bowl winner graduated from BYU?
Answer: Jim McMahon
Question: Which winner of the 2003 Golf Masters graduated from BYU?
Answer: Mike Weir
Question: Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open?
Answer: Johnny Miller
Question: Who has represented in 5 MLB World Series?
Question: What year did Ty Detmer graduate BUY?
Question: Who won the U.S. Open in 1976?
Question: Who won the 1973 Masters?
Question: What BUY alumni won the Heisman Trophy?
Question: What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store?
Answer: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods
Question: Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's? 
Answer: discounters
Question: What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years?
Answer: online stores such as Amazon.
Question: Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?
Answer: at sales counters within each department.
Question: What sorts of departments might one see in a minor department store?
Question: Who started influencing department stores in the 1990's?
Question: Who stopped influencing department stores in the 1970's?
Question: What has stopped pressuring department stores in more recent years?
Question: Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where can't customers check out?
Question: When did the idea of a "consumer society" begin? 
Answer: at the turn of the 19th century.
Question: What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution? 
Answer: the affluent middle-class
Question: Who was Josiah Wedgewood?
Answer: entrepreneurs
Question: What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?
Answer: urbanized social group
Question: What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded? 
Answer: women
Question: When didn't the idea of a "consumer society" begin?
Question: What social group shrank as a result of the industrial revolution?
Question: Who was Josh Wedgewood?
Question: What is one explanation for the fall of retail stores in earlier history?
Question: What group of people were suddenly no longer free to go shopping with fears of being judged or reprimanded?
Question: Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the nineteenth century? 
Answer: women
Question: What business in Manchester claims to be the first department store? 
Answer: Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner)
Question: What did Kendals change it's name to in 2005? 
Answer: House of Fraser
Question: What year did the Manchester institution begin?
Answer: 1836
Question: Who acquired the Manchester store in 1919? 
Answer: Harrods
Question: Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the 18th century?
Question: What business in Manchester claims to be the last department store?
Question: What did Kendals change it's name to in 2015?
Question: What year did the Manchester institution end?
Question: Who acquired the Manchester store in 1991?
Question: Who founded Selfridges in 1909?
Answer: Harry Gordon Selfridge
Question: What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time? 
Answer: the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity
Question: How was the store most often presented to the public? 
Answer: paid advertising
Question: What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to?
Answer: shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits
Question: Who founded Selfridges in 1990?
Question: Who closed Selfridges in 1909?
Question: What made Selfridges the same as many department stores at the time?
Question: How wasn't the store most often presented to the public?
Question: What sort of customers did Selfridges least often cater to?
Question: What were the origins of the Paris department store? 
Answer: magasin de nouveautés
Question: What year was the first Paris department store founded? 
Answer: 1784
Question: What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store?
Answer: César Birotteau
Question: What factors influenced the increase of department stores in Paris? 
Answer: the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought
Question: Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of new shoppers?
Answer: newspapers
Question: What weren't the origins of the Paris department store?
Question: What year was the last Paris department store founded?
Question: What year was the first Paris department store closed?
Question: What factors influenced the decrease of department stores in Paris?
Question: Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of old shoppers?
Question: What store was founded in Paris, in 1838, which sold a wide variety of products? 
Answer: Au Bon Marché
Question: Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations?
Answer: Aristide Boucicaut
Question: What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes? 
Answer: increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860
Question: What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872
Answer: Gustave Eiffel
Question: What was Boucicaut most widely known for? 
Answer: marketing innovations
Question: What store was founded in Paris, in 1883, which sold a wide variety of products?
Question: Who became a partner to this store in 1825 and drastically changed operations?
Question: What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche before these changes?
Question: What engineering company helped the store expand in 1782
Question: What was Boucicaut most widely unknown for?
Question: Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built? 
Answer: the northern part of Paris
Question: What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different? 
Answer: exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities
Question: What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to? 
Answer: bourgeois stores
Question: How were these stores different than most during that time?
Answer: transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods
Question: Where weren't The Grands Magasins Dufayel built?
Question: What weren't employees taught that made a shopping experience different?
Question: What were employees taught that made a shopping experience the same?
Question: What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel not compared to?
Question: How were these stores the same as most during that time?
Question: What is recognized as the "first" department store in America?
Answer: Arnold, Constable
Question: Who founded Arnold, Constable? 
Answer: Aaron Arnold
Question: Where was the store moved in 1857?
Answer: a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House.
Question: What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war? 
Answer: was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis
Question: When was the "Palace of Trade" built? 
Answer: 1869
Question: What is recognized as the "last" department store in America?
Question: Who rejected Arnold, Constable?
Question: Where was the store moved in 1875?
Question: What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the revolutionary war?
Question: When was the "Palace of Trade" destroyed?
Question: Where was the "Marble Palace" built in 1846?
Answer: on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets
Question: What policy did the Marble Palace introduce? 
Answer: "free entrance" to all potential customers.
Question: How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?
Answer: nineteen
Question: What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?
Answer: cash and not credit
Question: What customer services did the Marble Palace offer? 
Answer: waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases
Question: Where was the "Marble Palace" built in 1864?
Question: What policy didn't the Marble Palace introduce?
Question: How many departments did the new store have, built in 1962?
Question: What buying methods did the Marble Palace use?
Question: What customer services didn't the Marble Palace offer?
Question: Who opened the original "modern" department store in America?
Answer: John Wanamaker
Question: What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time? 
Answer: fixed prices marked on every article
Question: How were important documents and money transported throughout the store? 
Answer: pneumatic tubes
Question: When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store? 
Answer: 1878
Question: In what state was Wanamakers established? 
Answer: Pennsylvania
Question: Who opened the last "modern" department store in America?
Question: What feature made Wanamakers the same as other stores at the time?
Question: How were unimportant documents and money transported throughout the store?
Question: When was electric lighting last installed and used in the store?
Question: In what state wasn't Wanamakers established?
Question: When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name? 
Answer: 9 September 2006
Question: What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?
Answer: exceptional customer service
Question: Where was Marshall's European buying office located? 
Answer: Manchester, England
Question: What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's? 
Answer: personal shopper
Question: In what year was Marshall Field and company closed?
Question: When didn't Marshall's convert to the Macy's name?
Question: What made Marshall's such a bad example for other stores?
Question: Where was Marshall's European selling office located?
Question: What charged service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's?
Question: Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet? 
Answer: in London
Question: Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?
Answer: Sydney
Question: What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia? 
Answer: Appleton & Jones
Question: When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?
Answer: 1838
Question: What occupation didn't David Jones have?
Question: Where didn't David Jones and Charles Appleton meet?
Question: Where did Appleton begin a store in 1852?
Question: What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Austria?
Question: When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton start?
Question: What were some of the original Australian department stores? 
Answer: Grace Bros. and Waltons
Question: When did Sydney Myer come to Australia? 
Answer: 1899
Question: Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store? 
Answer: Bendigo, Victoria
Question: What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones? 
Answer: up-market chains
Question: What department store brand is now out of business in Australia? 
Answer: Venture
Question: What were some of the unoriginal Australian department stores?
Question: When did Sydney Myer come to Austria?
Question: Where did the Myer Retail Group open its last store?
Question: What type of hardware stores are Myer and David Jones?
Question: What department store brand is now out of business in Austria?
Question: What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally involved in? 
Answer: the fur trade
Question: What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013?
Answer: Zellers
Question: How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart? 
Answer: 160
Question: Currently, what department store is most popular in Canada? 
Answer: Walmart
Question: What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally not involved in?
Question: What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2003?
Question: How many stores did Woolco operate before buying Walmart?
Question: Currently, what department store is least popular in Canada?
Question: Currently, what department store is most unpopular in Canada?
Question: What types of stores have created even more competition? 
Answer: superstores
Question: What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?
Answer: residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs
Question: In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?
Answer: 2003
Question: What is one type of competition department stores never face?
Question: What types of stores have created even less competition?
Question: What types of stores haven't created even more competition?
Question: What factor lead to a increase in department store shoppers?
Question: In what year weren't department store sales beaten by larger stores?
Question: What began the influx of Chinese department stores?
Answer: opening policy in 1979
Question: What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?
Answer: Zhejiang province
Question: What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province?
Answer: Jinying
Question: How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly? 
Answer: by listing in the financial market.
Question: What ended the influx of Chinese department stores?
Question: What began the influx of Japanese department stores?
Question: What area does INTIME department stores have the least influence in?
Question: What department store has the least success in Jiangsu Province?
Question: How are these domestic department stores expanding so quickly?
Question: Who established Lane Crawford? 
Answer: Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford
Question: What was the store's original target customer base?
Answer: visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families
Question: Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store? 
Answer: Ma Ying Piu
Question: What year did Lane Crawford close?
Question: Who closed Lane Crawford?
Question: What wasn't the store's original target customer base?
Question: Who closed the first Chinese-owned department store?
Question: Who opened the first Chinese-owned hardware store?
Question: What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark? 
Answer: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906).
Question: Currently, what is the largest department store chain in Denmark? 
Answer: Magasin
Question: Where is Magasin's "flagship" store located? 
Answer: Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen
Question: How many stores does Salling have in Jutland? 
Answer: two
Question: What are the 4 main department store companies in Denmark?
Question: Currently, what isn't the largest department store chain in Denmark?
Question: Currently, what is the smallest department store chain in Denmark?
Question: Where isn't Magasin's "flagship" store located?
Question: How many stores does Salling have in Justinland?
Question: What are two main department stores in France?
Answer: Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps
Question: What year was the first department store open in France? 
Answer: 1852
Question: Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?
Answer: LVMH
Question: What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005? 
Answer: La Samaritaine
Question: What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?
Answer: BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)
Question: What are three main department stores in France?
Question: What year was the first department store closed in France?
Question: What year wasn't the first department store open in France?
Question: Who currently rents Le Bon Marche?
Question: What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2015?
Question: What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated? 
Answer: London, Paris and New York.
Question: What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?
Answer: Karstadt
Question: What major department store operates in Berlin? 
Answer: KaDeWe
Question: What store is a part of the Metro AG?
Answer: GALERIA Kaufhof
Question: What cities influenced how department stores in Austria operated?
Question: What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2011?
Question: What department store wasn't taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?
Question: What major department store no longer operates in Berlin?
Question: What store isn't a part of the Metro AG?
Question: Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?
Answer: Singapore and Sogo from Japan
Question: When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open? 
Answer: 2007
Question: Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia? 
Answer: Pacific Place Mall
Question: Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?
Answer: PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.
Question: What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed? 
Answer: Harvey Nichols
Question: Where did the Metro Department store originally end?
Question: When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-close?
Question: Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2003, inside Indonesia
Question: Who operates the wide range of department stores in other areas?
Question: What store led the Indonesian markets until 2000 when it closed?
Question: What store did Parkson buy in 2011? 
Answer: Centro Department Store
Question: Where did Centro open it's first store of 2014?
Answer: Medan
Question: Who did Lotte partner with? 
Answer: Ciputra Group
Question: Where is the "Lotte Shopping Avenue" located? 
Answer: Ciputra World Jakarta complex
Question: What was Makro re-labeled as after it's purchase? 
Answer: Lotte Mart
Question: What store did Parkson sell in 2011?
Question: Where did Centro open it's first store of 2004?
Question: Who didn't Lotte partner with?
Question: Where isn't the "Lotte Shopping Avenue" located?
Question: What was Makro re-labeled as before it's purchase?
Question: When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?
Answer: mid-nineteenth century.
Question: What department store was founded in 1853?
Answer: Delany's New Mart
Question: In what city was Delany's New Mart opened? 
Answer: Dublin
Question: What was Delany's originally called? 
Answer: Monster House
Question: In what year was the store destroyed? 
Answer: 1916
Question: When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its upper class?
Question: What department store was founded in 1835?
Question: In what city was Delany's New Mart closed?
Question: What wasn't Delany's originally called?
Question: In what year wasn't the store destroyed?
Question: What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods?
Answer: El Palacio de Hierro
Question: What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country? 
Answer: Sanborns
Question: What company operates Sears Mexico? 
Answer: Grupo Carso
Question: What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers? 
Answer: Coppel and Elektra
Question: What Mexican department store typically caters to low-end goods?
Question: What company is responsible for over 200 stores in the country?
Question: What company isn't responsible for over 100 stores in the country?
Question: What company rejects Sears Mexico?
Question: What chains typically don't cater to bargain shoppers?
Question: What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? 
Answer: high-end and luxury items
Question: What city is Arthur Barnett in? 
Answer: Dunedin
Question: Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?
Answer: Invercargill
Question: Where are H & J Smith stores typically located? 
Answer: Southland
Question: When was Laidlaw Leeds first established? 
Answer: 1909
Question: What sorts of goods do the least popular department stores in New Zealand offer?
Question: What city isn't Arthur Barnett in?
Question: Where isn't H & J Smith's flagship store?
Question: Where are H & J Smith stores atypically located?
Question: When was Laidlaw Leeds last established?
Question: When did Panama's Department stores first start? 
Answer: at the turn of the nineteenth century
Question: What department store is often called "Felix" by the local population? 
Answer: Felix B. Maduro
Question: What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under? 
Answer: Cocos
Question: How did Panama's department stores originally end?
Question: How didn't Panama's department stores originally begin?
Question: When did Panama's Department stores first end?
Question: What department store is never called "Felix" by the local population?
Question: What store has managed to close despite much it's competition thriving?
Question: Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? 
Answer: Henry Hoskyn
Question: Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  
Answer: Manila
Question: What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? 
Answer: Battle of Manila in 1945
Question: When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? 
Answer: 1950s
Question: When was the first department store in the Philippines closed?
Question: When was the last department store in the Philippines opened?
Question: Who closed some of the first department stores in the Philippines?
Question: Where were some of the newest Philippines stores located?
Question: What historical event led to many department stores in the area being saved?
Question: What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?
Answer: La New York
Question: When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open? 
Answer: March 2015
Question: How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?
Answer: 100 tenants
Question: What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens? 
Answer: Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue
Question: What department store in Puerto Rico isn't named after an American city?
Question: When is the Mall of San Juan expected to close?
Question: When isn't the Mall of San Juan expected to open?
Question: How many tenants aren't expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?
Question: What two minor retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens?
Question: Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society? 
Answer: Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor
Question: What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?
Answer: Dostoyevsky
Question: What historical site still operates within the mall? 
Answer: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre
Question: When was Saint Petersburg demolished?
Question: Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the poorest of society?
Question: What unknown author described parts of the mall in his books?
Question: What historical site no longer operates within the mall?
Question: What historical site still operates outside of the mall?
Question: What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? 
Answer: State Department Stores (GUM)
Question: When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? 
Answer: late 1920s
Question: Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? 
Answer: Lenin
Question: When did they first establish the organization?
Answer: 1921
Question: What group was established in 1912 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism?
Question: What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between communism and consumerism?
Question: When did GUM stop declining and gained power?
Question: Who never formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM?
Question: When did they last establish the organization?
Question: In what city is the Passage located?
Answer: St. Petersburg
Question: What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?
Answer: Behind Store Window
Question: When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? 
Answer: 1956
Question: Where is the least notable Russian department store located?
Question: Where is the most notable Russian department store not located?
Question: In what city isn't the Passage located?
Question: What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the current Soviet Union?
Question: When wasn't the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed?
Question: Where is the "field of distribution" most often associated with?
Answer: South Korea
Question: What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?
Answer: Shinsegae department store
Question: Where is the largest department store in the world located?
Answer: Centum City, Busan
Question: What department store chain operates the least stores?
Question: What department restaurant chain operates the most stores?
Question: Where is the "field of distribution" least often associated with?
Question: Where is the smallest department store in the world located?
Question: What store was the smallest department store in the world in 2010?
Question: What was the name of the first Spanish department store?
Answer: Almacenes el Siglo
Question: When was the first Spanish department store opened? 
Answer: October 1881
Question: What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? 
Answer: El Corte Inglés
Question: When was El Corte Ingles established? 
Answer: 1934
Question: What wasn't the name of the first Spanish department store?
Question: What was the name of the last Spanish department store?
Question: When was the first Spanish department store closed?
Question: When was El Corte Ingles demolished?
Question: What department store brand now rents most of the market in Spain?
Question: What is the world's oldest department store? 
Answer: John Lewis Newcastle
Question: Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store? 
Answer: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge
Question: What was the location of the first store? 
Answer: Market Street, Newcastle
Question: When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?
Answer: 1952
Question: What is the current name of John Lewis Newcastle?
Question: What is the world's newest department store?
Question: Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the last store?
Question: What was the location of the last store?
Question: When did John Lewis sell and take over the Bainbridge store?
Question: Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?
Answer: Kendal Milne and Faulkner
Question: Where was the store located? 
Answer: Manchester
Question: How long did the store operate for? 
Answer: over 200 years
Question: Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store? 
Answer: House of Fraser
Question: Who purchased a small shop in 1853, which would eventually become Kendals?
Question: Who purchased a large shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?
Question: Where wasn't the store located?
Question: How long didn't the store operate for?
Question: Who eventually sold and ceased operation of the store?
Question: When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington? 
Answer: 1905
Question: In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?
Answer: 1990
Question: How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time? 
Answer: four
Question: By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations? 
Answer: 2015
Question: When did Garfinckel's end operating in Washington?
Question: In what year didn't Garfield's go bankrupt?
Question: How many minor department stores did Baltimore have at the time?
Question: How many major department stores didn't Baltimore have at the time?
Question: By what year hadn't most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations?
Question: How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?
Answer: 1452
Question: What demographic were most stores focusing on?
Answer: middle-class audience
Question: What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?
Answer: Sears
Question: How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?
Answer: 595
Question: How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1903?
Question: How many stores wasn't J. C. Penny operating in 1930?
Question: What demographic weren't most stores focusing on?
Question: What store was one of the last to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?
Question: How many stores was Sears operating in 1904?
Question: In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?
Answer: 1954
Question: What was the store called in Southfield? 
Answer: Northland Center
Question: In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close? 
Answer: 1986
Question: What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?
Answer: Federated Department Stores
Question: What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?
Answer: Macy's
Question: In what year didn't Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?
Question: In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking outside of cities?
Question: What was the store called in Northfield?
Question: In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper open?
Question: What company purchased the Northland Center in 2016?
Question: In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established? 
Answer: 1902
Question: When was the Southdale Center opened? 
Answer: 1956
Question: What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?
Answer: Mervyn's
Question: Who closed Dayton's Dry Goods?
Question: In what year wasn't Dayton's Dry Goods established?
Question: In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods closed?
Question: When was the Southdale Center closed?
Question: What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1987?
Question: In what city did Horne begin their operations?
Answer: Pittsburgh
Question: What company purchased Horne's in 1972?
Answer: Associated Dry Goods
Question: How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?
Answer: ten
Question: In what year didn't Horne begin doing business?
Question: In what year did Horne stop doing business?
Question: In what city did Horne cease their operations?
Question: What company purchased Horne's in 1927?
Question: How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1949?
Question: When was the Paris Convention?
Answer: 1883
Question: When was the Berne Convention?
Answer: 1886
Question: When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?
Answer: 1893
Question: What name did the merged secretariats adopt?
Answer: United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property
Question: What constitution epressly protected intellectual propert?
Question: What position was established by the Paris convention in 1886 and the Berne Convention 1883?
Question: Secretaties from what convention merged with the secrataries of the Paris Convention  in 1886?
Question: Who located in Paris after merging in 1893?
Question: What name was adopted by the administrative secretatioes from the Berne Convention?
Question: When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?
Answer: October 1845
Question: Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?
Answer: Massachusetts Circuit Court
Question: Who wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property"?
Answer: Justice Charles L. Woodbury
Question: What year did the "discoveries are property" concept appear in French law?
Answer: 1791
Question: When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?
Answer: 1846
Question: What French author mentioned intellectual property in 1845?
Question: Who ruled on the 1846 patent case?
Question: What justice wrote "All new discoveries are the property of the author"
Question: In what year did French law state that " the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates"?
Question: What is delivered to the nventor for anywhere from 1-15 years?
Question: Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?
Answer: Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)
Question: When did Jewish law recognize copyright?
Answer: in the 16th century
Question: When did Sybaris offer patents?
Answer: 500 BCE
Question: How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?
Answer: one year
Question: What Jewish principle justified copyright in 500 BCE?
Question: How long was the patent offered by Jewish law?
Question: What Greek state offered copyrights?
Question: A Jewish law considered intellectual creations to be what?
Question: Who is a patent granted to?
Answer: an inventor
Question: How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?
Answer: three
Question: An invention is a solution to what type of problem?
Answer: technological
Question: What is a patent offered in exchange for?
Answer: public disclosure of the invention
Question: What excludes the inventor from making using selling or offering to sell an invention?
Question: What is kept from public disclosure in exchange for a patent?
Question: What is a solution to an intellectual problem?
Question: What grandson inventor exclusive use of an invention for a limited amount of time?
Question: What needs to be new obvious and have an industrial application?
Question: What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?
Answer: create and disclose their work
Question: Which view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property?
Answer: absolute protection or full value
Question: Which recent law stresses international harmonization?
Answer: America Invents Act
Question: What has the stated objective of protecting the inventor?
Question: Who do patents keep from disclosing their work?
Question: What new treats intellectual property different than real property?
Question: What recent loss stresses national harmonization?
Question: Why is less intellectual property more desirable?
Question: How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?
Answer: more than US$5 trillion
Question: How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?
Answer: 18 million
Question: Where has IP become a recognised asset class?
Answer: the UK
Question: How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?
Answer: millions
Question: What was estimated to be worth $18 million to the US economy?
Question: What does intellectual property create for 5 trillion people?
Question: What is not valued as highly in other developed countries?
Question: What has become a recognized asset class in the European Union?
Question: What country has millions of tangible assets not being leveraged?
Question: What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?
Answer: Patent infringement
Question: Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?
Answer: in the US
Question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?
Answer: civil
Question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?
Answer: criminal
Question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?
Answer: criminal
Question: What is caused by using or selling a patented invention?
Question: What does the US have a safe harbor for?
Question: What type of cases in the US are handled by criminal law?
Question: What types of cases in Russia and China are handled by civil law?
Question: Which countries signed ACTA?
Answer: United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU
Question: Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?
Answer: fair use and fair dealing
Question: What is the common term for copyright infringement?
Answer: piracy
Question: What is it called when you reproduce distribute display works from copyright with their without permission?
Question: What is not created until the copyright owner registers the copyright?
Question: Which document allows unlimited use of copyrighted works?
Question: What countries refused to accept ACTA
Question: What is the government responsible for enforcing?
Question: What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?
Answer: Trademark infringement
Question: What does registering a trademark provide?
Answer: legal advantages for enforcement
Question: Where is a trademark protected without registration?
Answer: In many countries
Question: How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?
Answer: civil litigation
Question: How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?
Answer: criminal law
Question: What occurs when someone uses an identical trademark but not when the use a similar trademark
Question: What this trademark protection require in most jurisdictions?
Question: A trademark without what receives the same legal advantages as a registered trademark?
Question: What is addressed by criminal law in all jurisdictions?
Question: What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets?
Answer: Uniform Trade Secrets Act
Question: What US federal law protects trade secrets?
Answer: Economic Espionage Act
Question: Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?
Answer: an equitable right
Question: US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?
Answer: a property right
Question: What secrets this federal law protect?
Question: What do most US states use the Economic Espionage Act to protect?
Question: What does federal law protect using the Uniform Trade Secrets Act?
Question: What does the Unified Trade Secrets Act make a federal crime?
Question: What is criminalized by the United Trade Secrets Act when for the benefit of a foreign power?
Question: What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?
Answer: specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.
Question: Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?
Answer: semantic
Question: Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?
Answer: intellectual property
Question: What term is criticized is too specific?
Question: What does the term intellectual property allow intelligent discussion about?
Question: Which term is criticized as being too concrete in narrow?
Question: What do supporters say the term intelectual propertyspecially serves?
Question: Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?
Answer: Richard Stallman
Question: Who said the term 'intellectual property' "operates as a catch-all"?
Answer: Richard Stallman
Question: How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?
Answer: in the singular
Question: What term does Richard Stallman support using?
Question: Who said the term intellectual property simplifies and clarifies these issues?
Question: What does Stallman advocate refering to in the plurally?
Question: What does Stallman say is created by confusing ownership with monopolies?
Question: Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?
Answer: copyright
Question: What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?
Answer: the printing press
Question: What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?
Answer: copyright
Question: What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?
Answer: property rights and free speech
Question: Who pointed out that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time"?
Answer: Stallman
Question: What does Stallman say that censorship is a form of?
Question: What was censorship a regulatory model for?
Question: What does Stallman say is meant to be mandatory?
Question: What restricts free Speech?
Question: What does Stallman say is a natural right?
Question: Who has objected to the idea of IP because "property" implies scarcity?
Answer: Stephan Kinsella
Question: Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?
Answer: tangible
Question: How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?
Answer: indefinitely
Question: What Law proffessor suppoert copyright?
Question: Who says property does not imply scarcity?
Question: IP is like what other kind of property?
Question: What can not be duplicated without diminishing the original?
Question: IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?
Answer: the masses
Question: Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?
Answer: the public
Question: Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?
Answer: patent
Question: What type of monopolies does IP create?
Answer: intellectual
Question: What is suppoerted by pharmaceutical patents?
Question: what concentrated intersts for tha benefit of the masses?
Question: What kind of monopolies does IP break up?
Question: Whose interests are helped by expanding IP
Question: Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?
Answer: World Intellectual Property Organization
Question: When was a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" issued?
Answer: 2001
Question: Who issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property"?
Answer: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Question: Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?
Answer: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Question: When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?
Answer: 2004
Question: Who says that IP is in harmony with other human rights?
Question: When did the WIPO issue the "Human rights and intellectual property"
Question: What did the WIPO say IP failures infringed on?
Question: When did the UN Committee adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Inellectual Property Organization'?
Question: What tends to be governed by social goals?
Question: For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?
Answer: socially valuable
Question: What is an example of socially valuable goods?
Answer: life-saving medicines
Question: What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?
Answer: the marginal cost of production
Question: Who might a higher price exclude from the market?
Answer: anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product
Question: What do IP rights keep companies from charging?
Question: What does an IRP driven regime encourage production of four poor populations?
Question: What type of goods are exempt from the ethical problems brought on by IP rights?
Question: What do IP rights keep companies from recouping?
Question: What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?
Answer: indigenous cultural "property"
Question: Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?
Answer: Western
Question: The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?
Answer: written
Question: Who includes common creativity in their definition of intellectual property?
Question: What does current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?