huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions?
Answer: Hong Kong Disneyland
Question: Because of a prior contract, what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters?
Answer: Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney
Question: The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters?
Answer: Universal Studios
Question: What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?
Answer: Guardians of the Galaxy
Question: What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro?
Answer: Big Hero 6
Question: What are the only two Disney parks allowed to have Marvel characters?
Question: Why is Walt Disney unable to have characters such as Star-Lord appear?
Question: What does Universal Studios plan to do with their Marvel contract?
Question: What was signed after Disney purchased Marvel?
Question: Because of the Universal Studios agreement, which Big Hero 6 characters are off limits for Disney?
Question: Which empire was the largest in history, at its height?
Answer: British
Question: When did 458 million people live in the British Empire?
Answer: 1922
Question: How much of the world's population did the British Empire rule in 1922?
Answer: one-fifth
Question: How many square miles did the British Empire rule in 1922?
Answer: 13,000,000
Question: In which centuries was the Age of Discovery?
Answer: 15th and 16th centuries
Question: Which countries pioneered European exploration of the globe?
Answer: Portugal and Spain
Question: Which countries began colonizing because they envied the empires of Portugal and Spain?
Answer: England, France, and the Netherlands
Question: When did England become Great Britain?
Answer: 1707
Question: Which country combined with England to form Great Britain?
Answer: Scotland
Question: Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies?
Answer: American War of Independence
Question: In which wars was France defeated?
Answer: the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Question: What did Pax Britannica mean?
Answer: British Peace
Question: When was Britain called the "workshop of the world"?
Answer: 1851
Question: Which countries challenged Britain's economic lead by the start of the 20th century?
Answer: Germany and the United States
Question: Which country was Britain's most valuable and populous possession?
Answer: India
Question: When did Britain transfer Hong Kong to China?
Answer: overseas territories remain under British sovereignty
Question: How many overseas territories remain under British sovereignty?
Answer: Fourteen
Question: Who is the Commonwealth's monarch?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II
Question: Who commissioned John Cabot's voyage?
Answer: King Henry VII of England
Question: Where was Cabot trying to find a route to via the North Atlantic?
Answer: Asia
Question: Where did Cabot make landfall?
Answer: Newfoundland
Question: Which explorer did Cabot make a mistake similar to?
Answer: Christopher Columbus
Question: What had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies?
Answer: the Protestant Reformation
Question: When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?
Answer: 1562
Question: Where did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?
Answer: off the coast of West Africa
Question: Who gave their blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports?
Answer: Elizabeth I
Question: Which author was the first to use the term "British Empire"?
Answer: John Dee
Question: When did Humphrey Gilbert first set sail for the West Indies?
Answer: 1578
Question: When was Humphrey Gilbert's second attempt to set sail?
Answer: 1583
Question: What was Humphrey Gilbert's second destination?
Answer: Newfoundland
Question: Who was Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother?
Answer: Walter Raleigh
Question: What colony did Walter Raleigh found?
Answer: Roanoke
Question: What was James I's name/title before taking the English throne?
Answer: James VI, King of Scots
Question: When did James I negotiate the Treaty of London?
Answer: 1604
Question: Which country did England negotiate the Treaty of London with?
Answer: Spain
Question: In what century did the English East India Company form?
Answer: 17th
Question: What period ended towards the end of the 18th century?
Answer: the "First British Empire"
Question: When did England first establish a colony in St. Lucia?
Answer: 1605
Question: When did England annex the island of Jamaica from the Spanish?
Answer: 1655
Question: When did England colonize the Bahamas?
Answer: 1666
Question: What was the goal of England's colony in Guiana?
Answer: to find gold deposits
Question: Where was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?
Answer: Jamestown
Question: Who led England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?
Answer: Captain John Smith
Question: When did the Somer Isles Company take over managing Bermuda?
Answer: 1615
Question: What did England rename New Netherland to?
Answer: New York
Question: Which company had monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean?
Answer: Royal African Company
Question: When was the British slave trade abolished?
Answer: 1807
Question: How many African slaves did Britain transport to the Americas?
Answer: 3.5 million
Question: The triangular slave trade was between Africa, the Americas, and which British cities?
Answer: Bristol and Liverpool
Question: What was the death rate during the Middle Passage?
Answer: one in seven
Question: When was Panama colonized by Scotland?
Answer: 1698
Question: How long did the Scottish Panama colony survive?
Answer: two years
Question: How much Scottish capital was lost in the Panama colony attempt?
Answer: a quarter
Question: When was the Treaty of Union?
Answer: 1707
Question: When was the Dutch East India Company chartered?
Answer: 1602
Question: When had the British East India Company overtaken the Dutch East India Company in sales?
Answer: 1720
Question: How many Anglo-Dutch Wars were there in the 17th century?
Answer: three
Question: The Dutch East India Company focused on trade in which industry?
Answer: spice
Question: When did England and the Netherlands make peace?
Answer: 1688
Question: In which war were England and the Netherlands allies?
Answer: Nine Years' War
Question: In which century did Britain become the world's dominant colonial power?
Answer: 18th
Question: King Philip renounced his right to the throne after what treaty?
Answer: Treaty of Utrecht
Question: Which country did Britain acquire Newfoundland and Acadia from?
Answer: France
Question: Which country did Britain acquire Gibraltar and Minorca from?
Answer: Spain
Question: Which colony allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean?
Answer: permission to sell slaves in Spanish America
Question: What was the Spanish term for permission to sell slaves in Spanish America?
Answer: asiento
Question: What was the French equivalent of the English East India Company?
Answer: Compagnie française des Indes orientales
Question: When was the Battle of Plassey?
Answer: 1757
Question: Who led the British in the Battle of Plassey?
Answer: Robert Clive
Question: Where were the Carnatic Wars?
Answer: British Indian Army
Question: What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of?
Answer: Indian sepoys
Question: When was the Treaty of Paris?
Answer: 1763
Question: Which country acquired New France from France?
Answer: Britain
Question: Which country acquired Louisiana from France?
Answer: Spain
Question: Which country acquired Florida from Spain?
Answer: Britain
Question: British relations with which area became strained in the 1760s-1770s?
Answer: the Thirteen Colonies
Question: What was the American colonists' anti-tax slogan?
Answer: "No taxation without representation"
Question: When did the US declare independence?
Answer: 1776
Question: When did France enter the American Revolution war?
Answer: 1778
Question: When did Britain recognize American independence?
Answer: 1783
Question: What book by Adam Smith was published in 1776?
Answer: Wealth of Nations
Question: The growth of trade between the US and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm whose views?
Answer: Smith
Question: In the 'second' British Empire period, Britain refocused on which areas?
Answer: Asia, the Pacific and later Africa
Question: What had been Britain's most populous overseas possession?
Answer: British America
Question: Who argued that colonies were redundant?
Answer: Adam Smith
Question: How many British loyalists moved from the US to Canada?
Answer: between 40,000 and 100,000
Question: New Brunswick was split off from which province?
Answer: Nova Scotia
Question: Which act created the Upper Canada provinces?
Answer: The Constitutional Act of 1791
Question: What language did most of Upper Canada speak?
Answer: English
Question: What language did most of Lower Canada speak?
Answer: French
Question: How many convicts per year had Britain been sending to the American colonies?
Answer: one thousand
Question: Where did Britain switch to sending their convicts after the loss of the American colonies?
Answer: Australia
Question: Who discovered Australia in 1606?
Answer: Willem Jansz
Question: What had the Dutch East India Company initially named Australia?
Answer: New Holland
Question: When did the first shipment of British convicts leave for Australia?
Answer: 1787
Question: Who discovered New Zealand for the Dutch?
Answer: Abel Tasman
Question: When did Cook visit New Zealand and claim the North Island?
Answer: 1769
Question: What is New Zealand's native population called?
Answer: Māori
Question: Who signed a treaty with the Maori?
Answer: Captain William Hobson
Question: Where did the British Royal Navy defeat the French and Spanish in 1805?
Answer: Trafalgar
Question: When were the Netherlands' colonies annexed by Napoleon?
Answer: 1810
Question: When was Napoleon finally defeated?
Answer: 1815
Question: The Napoleonic peace treaty had Ceylon given to which country?
Answer: Britain
Question: What abolished the British slave trade?
Answer: the Slave Trade Act
Question: Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves?
Answer: Sierra Leone
Question: What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire?
Answer: The Slavery Abolition Act
Question: How long of an 'apprenticeship' did slaves need to have before being fully freed?
Answer: 4 to 6 years
Question: How many square miles of territory were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?
Answer: 10,000,000
Question: How many people were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?
Answer: 400 million
Question: Who was Britain's last serious rival after Napoleon?
Answer: Russia
Question: What was the period of Britain acting as the world's police called?
Answer: Britain's dominant position in world trade
Question: Britain's dominant position in world trade over some countries' economies has been called what?
Answer: Informal Empire
Question: How many chests of opium did China confiscate in 1839?
Answer: 20,000
Question: The First Opium War led to Britain seizing what island?
Answer: Hong Kong
Question: Which dynasty outlawed opium trade?
Answer: Qing
Question: When did China outlaw opium trade?
Answer: 1729
Question: When did Britain pass Pitt's India Act?
Answer: 1784
Question: When did Britain pass the Charter Act?
Answer: 1813
Question: The British East India Company was dissolved by which act?
Answer: Government of India Act
Question: Who was crowned the Empress of India?
Answer: Queen Victoria
Question: Britain competed with which country to fill the Asian power vacuum in the 19th century?
Answer: Russian
Question: When did Britain first invade Afghanistan?
Answer: 1839
Question: What was the British-Russian rivalry called?
Answer: the "Great Game"
Question: Britain feared Russia would invade what country/territory?
Answer: India
Question: Russian victories against which countries increased British fears?
Answer: Persia and Turkey
Question: What was took place in 1854-1856?
Answer: Crimean War
Question: Who lost the Crimean War?
Answer: Russia
Question: When did Britain take over Baluchistan?
Answer: 1876
Question: Which country took over Kazakhstan?
Answer: Russia
Question: Which entity founded the Cape Colony?
Answer: The Dutch East India Company
Question: When did Britain formally acquire the Cape Colony?
Answer: 1806
Question: What African people moved northwards to escape British rule?
Answer: Boers
Question: When did the Second Boer War end?
Answer: 1902
Question: Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?
Answer: Indian Ocean
Question: Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?
Answer: Napoleon III
Question: How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt's share of the Suez Canal?
Answer: £4 million
Question: The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty?
Answer: Convention of Constantinople
Question: What army did Britain and Egypt defeat together?
Answer: Mahdist
Question: When did Britain withdraw from Sudan?
Answer: 1885
Question: What was the period of European empires competing to control Africa called?
Answer: the "Scramble for Africa"
Question: Where was a conference held in 1884 to regulate European competition for Africa?
Answer: Berlin
Question: The Act of Union unified Canada into a territory by what name?
Answer: Province of Canada
Question: When was the British North America Act passed?
Answer: 1867
Question: When did Australia achieve self-government?
Answer: after 1900
Question: When did New Zealand achieve self-government?
Answer: after 1900
Question: The first Home Rule bill would have given Ireland less self-control than what other territory?
Answer: Canada
Question: When was the Easter Rising?
Answer: 1916
Question: When was a Home Rule bill passed?
Answer: 1914
Question: The passed Home Rule Bill wasn't implemented because of which war?
Answer: the First World War
Question: Which country seemed like Britain's most likely threat in the early 20th century?
Answer: Germany
Question: Which country did Britain ally with in 1902?
Answer: Japan
Question: Which country did Britain ally with in 1904?
Answer: France
Question: Which country did Britain ally with in 1907?
Answer: Russia
Question: When WW1 began, Britain took the opportunity to take over most of which country's colonies?
Answer: Germany
Question: Who took over German New Guinea?
Answer: Australia
Question: Who took over Samoa?
Answer: Sykes–Picot Agreement
Question: The Sykes–Picot Agreement was signed in what year?
Answer: 1916
Question: How many people were in the Dominions' armies?
Answer: Over 2.5 million
Question: Which British Prime Minister recognized the Dominions' contributions in 1917?
Answer: David Lloyd George
Question: The Imperial War Cabinet was created by which British Prime Minister?
Answer: Gallipoli Campaign
Question: The Gallipoli Campaign fought against which country?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire
Question: How many square miles did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?
Answer: 1,800,000
Question: Which countries' colonies were given to the Allied powers in 1919?
Answer: Germany and the Ottoman Empire
Question: What modern-day country is South-West Africa?
Answer: Namibia
Question: How many people did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?
Answer: 13 million
Question: The Great Depression helped which countries' governments become more militaristic?
Answer: Japan and Germany
Question: When Britain had to choose between its Japanese alliance or the US, which did it choose?
Answer: United States
Question: British imperialism was being reconsidered in light of which territories' independence movements?
Answer: India and Ireland
Question: What political party established Ireland's assembly?
Answer: Sinn Féin
Question: When did the Anglo-Irish War end?
Answer: 1921
Question: What treaty was signed after the Anglo-Irish War?
Answer: Anglo-Irish Treaty
Question: How many counties of Ireland are in Northern Ireland?
Answer: six
Question: What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?
Answer: the Ghadar Conspiracy
Question: In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?
Answer: Punjab
Question: The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?
Answer: Non-Co-Operation
Question: When did Egypt stop being a British client state?
Answer: 1954
Question: What treaty was signed in 1936?
Answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Question: When did Iraq gain independence from Britain?
Answer: 1932
Question: Britain became more pro-Arab in the 1930s at the expense of which race?
Answer: Jewish
Question: When was the right of Dominions to determine their own foreign policy recognized?
Answer: 1923
Question: Which treaty did Canada ignore?
Answer: Treaty of Lausanne
Question: When was the Balfour Declaration issued?
Answer: 1926
Question: When was the status of Dominions as equal autonomous communities given legal force?
Answer: 1931
Question: When did Ireland issue a new constitution?
Answer: 1937
Question: When was the Atlantic Charter signed?
Answer: August 1941
Question: Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter?
Answer: Churchill
Question: Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter?
Answer: Roosevelt
Question: Which country first entered World War 2 after France's defeat?
Answer: Soviet Union
Question: Which country attacked Hong Kong in 1941?
Answer: Japan
Question: When was the ANZUS Pact formed?
Answer: 1951
Question: Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact?
Answer: Australia, New Zealand and the United States
Question: Which territory had been compared to Gibraltar?
Answer: Singapore
Question: How much money did the US loan to Britain after WW2?
Answer: $US 4.33 billion
Question: When did Britain finish paying back the US loan?
Answer: 2006
Question: When did the US make a large loan to Britain?
Answer: 1946
Question: Though the US and the Soviet Union were both against colonialism, what was the US more afraid of?
Answer: communism
Question: How many people outside the UK were under British rule in 1945?
Answer: 700 million
Question: Who led the British government elected in 1945?
Answer: Clement Attlee
Question: What were India's two largest political parties in the 1940s?
Answer: the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League
Question: What was India's majority religion in the 1940s?
Answer: Hindu
Question: When India was split into Hindu and Muslim areas, what country did the Muslim area become?
Answer: Pakistan
Question: When did Burma get its independence?
Answer: 1948
Question: When did Britain announce plans to withdraw from Palestine?
Answer: 1947
Question: Which entity decided to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states?
Answer: The UN General Assembly
Question: Where did many Jewish refugees want to move because of the Holocaust?
Answer: Palestine
Question: When did Britain give the Federation of Malaya its independence?
Answer: 1957
Question: When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya?
Answer: 1965
Question: What race was the majority of Singapore's population?
Answer: Chinese
Question: When did Brunei get its independence?
Answer: 1984
Question: Which party was Winston Churchill in?
Answer: Conservative Party
Question: Who ruled Egypt in 1952?
Answer: Gamal Abdul Nasser
Question: When did Sudan receive independence?
Answer: 1 January 1956
Question: Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?
Answer: Middle East
Question: Who became British Prime Minister after Winston Churchill?
Answer: Anthony Eden
Question: Which country did Eden conspire with to cause an attack on Egypt?
Answer: France
Question: Who decided to sell US reserves of the British pound to cause the pound to collapse?
Answer: Eisenhower
Question: What country did Britain convince to attack Egypt?
Answer: Israeli
Question: Who referred to 'Suez Syndrome'?
Answer: Margaret Thatcher
Question: When did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?
Answer: 1982
Question: From whom did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?
Answer: Argentina
Question: A British minister thought which country was becoming an 'American satellite'?
Answer: Britain
Question: When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain?
Answer: 1971
Question: When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives?
Answer: 1976
Question: Who was Harold Wilson's Defense Secretary?
Answer: Denis Healey
Question: Where did Britain's army attack in 1961?
Answer: Kuwait
Question: When was the second-to-last British colony in Africa granted independence?
Answer: 1968
Question: When was the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia?
Answer: 1965
Question: What new country did the Lancaster House Agreement recognize?
Answer: Mau Mau Uprising
Question: Where was the Mau Mau Uprising?
Answer: Kenyan
Question: Which British territory received independence in 1962?
Answer: Trinidad
Question: When did Barbados get independence?
Answer: 1966
Question: Which islands decided to return to British rule after receiving independence?
Answer: Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos
Question: What was Britain's last American mainland colony?
Answer: British Honduras
Question: When did Rhodesia become Zimbabwe?
Answer: 1980
Question: What were the remaining British territories called in 1981?
Answer: British Dependent Territories
Question: What were the remaining British territories called in 2002?
Answer: British Overseas Territories
Question: Which 1980s war victory helped Britain seem more like a world power again?
Answer: Falklands War
Question: Which treaty had given Hong Kong to Britain?
Answer: Treaty of Nanking
Question: When did Britain hand over Hong Kong to China?
Answer: 1997
Question: When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration?
Answer: 1984
Question: Which territory did Margaret Thatcher compare Hong Kong to?
Answer: Falkland Islands
Question: When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories?
Answer: 2002
Question: Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar?
Answer: Spain
Question: Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands?
Answer: Argentina
Question: Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands?
Answer: Argentina
Question: What is the population of the Commonwealth?
Answer: 2.2 billion
Question: How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state?
Answer: Sixteen
Question: Who is the British Queen?
Answer: Elizabeth II
Question: In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?
Answer: the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
Question: Where did many Indians move to?
Answer: Malaysia and Fiji
Question: Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?
Answer: Chinese
Question: When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?
Answer: after the Second World War
Question: What does the word botany mean?
Answer: "to feed" or "to graze"
Question: What is  a plant scientist called?
Answer: A botanist
Question: Does botany only study plants?
Answer: included the study of fungi and algae
Question: What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?
Answer: plants of medical importance
Question: When did universities start growing gardens?
Answer: 1540s onwards
Question: Why did universities have these gardens?
Answer: facilitated the academic study of plants
Question: Why was plant taxonomy developed?
Answer: to catalogue and describe their collections
Question: What is are the main themes of present-day botany?
Answer: molecular genetics and epigenetics
Question: How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?
Answer: providing staple foods
Question: How can botany be applied to the construction industry?
Answer: synthesis of chemicals and raw materials
Question: Is botany a narrow science?
Answer: a broad, multidisciplinary subject
Question: What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany?
Answer: De Materia Medica
Question: What was the De Materia Medica written about?
Answer: herbal medicine
Question: What was the profession of the man who wrote De Materia Medica?
Answer: physician and pharmacologist
Question: Besides the Greeks, what other culture contributed to the study of botany?
Answer: medieval Muslim world
Question: How long a book is the De Materia Medica?
Answer: five-volume
Question: Where is the Padua garden?
Answer: its original location
Question: Why did monasteries have gardens?
Answer: for medical use
Question: What science was botany considered to be a part of?
Answer: medicine
Question: Where was the first European botany garden at a university?
Answer: University of Oxford
Question: Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?
Answer: Physician Valerius Cordus
Question: What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?
Answer: John Gerard
Question: Who is considered the father of natural history?
Answer: Ulisse Aldrovandi
Question: Who coined the term cells?
Answer: Robert Hooke
Question: In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?
Answer: cork
Question: What is the term for keys used for identification?
Answer: diagnostic keys
Question: Why were new plants arriving in Europe in the 18th century?
Answer: newly discovered countries
Question: What book is still used for nomenclature?
Answer: Species Plantarum
Question: How are the plants classified?
Answer: number of their male sexual organs
Question: What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system?
Answer: Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy
Question: In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system?
Answer: 1819
Question: On what did Candolle base his classification system?
Answer: morphological complexity
Question: What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems?
Answer: concept of common descent
Question: What was the first modern text book?
Answer: Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik
Question: What was Schleiden's profession?
Answer: microscopist
Question: What theory did Schleiden co-found?
Answer: cell theory
Question: What do Fick's laws do?
Answer: calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion
Question: What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment?
Answer: climax vegetation
Question: Who created the concept of ecosystems?
Answer: Arthur Tansley
Question: Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon?
Answer: Alphonse de Candolle
Question: What history did Vavilov write about?
Answer: history of economic plants
Question: What influences water evaporation on leaves?
Answer: temperature
Question: What influences the rate of gas produced by plants?
Answer: rate of photosynthesis
Question: What enables the regulation of plant growth?
Answer: auxin plant hormones
Question: What can auxin plant hormones also be used as?
Answer: herbicides
Question: What opened the door to plant genetic engineering?
Answer: all plant cells are totipotent
Question: Who introduced the idea that cells could be grown in vitro?
Answer: Gottlieb Haberlandt
Question: What does phylogenetics use to determine plant categories?
Answer: DNA sequences
Question: What did the Angiosperm Phylogeny group use determine a phylogeny of flowering plants?
Answer: Molecular analysis of DNA
Question: Modern Morphology recognizes the structural dynamics of what?
Answer: the major morphological categories
Question: What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?
Answer: photosynthesis
Question: What is used to rebuild cells?
Answer: organic molecules
Question: What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
Answer: oxygen
Question: What do plant roots prevent?
Answer: soil erosion
Question: What is the study of algae called?
Answer: phycology
Question: What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes?
Answer: haploid and diploid
Question: What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?
Answer: Paleobotanists
Question: What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?
Answer: cyanobacteria
Question: What can scientists learn from the fossil record?
Answer: evolutionary history of plants
Question: What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?
Answer: Cyanobacteria
Question: Why do food chains start with plants?
Answer: energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil
Question: What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?
Answer: first trophic level
Question: How can the yield of food plants be increased?
Answer: plant breeding
Question: Why would botanists study weeds?
Answer: problem in agriculture
Question: From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended?
Answer: cyanobacteria
Question: What color is chlorophyll?
Answer: blue-green
Question: What organelles are unique to algae?
Answer: chloroplasts
Question: From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended?
Answer: cyanobacteria
Question: What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be?
Answer: green
Question: What is the function of ATP and NADPH molecules?
Answer: store and transport energy
Question: When is the raw form of glucose formed?
Answer: first product of photosynthesis
Question: What is stored in the chloroplast?
Answer: starch
Question: What is used instead of glucose in sunflowers?
Answer: fructose
Question: Why is table sugar produced?
Answer: for export to the rest of the plant
Question: What weakens cell walls?
Answer: water stress
Question: What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?
Answer: carbon dioxide
Question: What polymer is found in spores and pollen?
Answer: Sporopollenin
Question: What polymer is a major part of wood?
Answer: Lignin
Question: What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?
Answer: Phytochemistry
Question: Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant?
Answer: toxins
Question: Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from?
Answer: from plants
Question: Where did aspirin originally come from?
Answer: bark of willow trees
Question: Where does morphine come from?
Answer: the opium poppy
Question: Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?
Answer: one of the three ingredients of gunpowder
Question: Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?
Answer: biodiesel
Question: Rayon comes from what plant product?
Answer: cellulose
Question: What is the goal of plant ecology?
Answer: to understand
Question: What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live?
Answer: Plant ecology
Question: What do plants do in their environment?
Answer: interactions with other species
Question: On what do plants depend in their environment?
Answer: edaphic (soil) and climatic factors
Question: How do plants interact with other species in their environment?
Answer: for resources
Question: What is the collection of plants in the environment called?
Answer: vegetation
Question: What are groupings of similar plants?
Answer: biomes
Question: How can climate changes be determined from soil?
Answer: fossil pollen deposits in sediments
Question: What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?
Answer: CO2
Question: What causes lower growth in plants?
Answer: Ozone depletion
Question: What does ozone depletion allow?
Answer: higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B
Question: What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance?
Answer: Pisum sativum (peas)
Question: What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes?
Answer: maize
Question: Are plants and animals genetically the same?
Answer: distinctive genetic differences
Question: What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids?
Answer: wheat
Question: How do some plants avoid cross pollination?
Answer: pollen either fails to reach the stigma
Question: Do all plants have male and female parts?
Answer: separate individuals
Question: Why do plants develop bulbs?
Answer: opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare
Question: What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?
Answer: replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction
Question: How different are the children produced by asexual parents?
Answer: genetically identical to the parent
Question: What is the term for asexual cloning?
Answer: Apomixis
Question: Does apomixis only occur in the parent?
Answer: can also happen in a seed
Question: What can cause the doubling of chromosome pairs?
Answer: errors in cytokinesis
Question: Are the plants produced by this error, able to reproduce?
Answer: often reproduce normally
Question: Can these plants cross breed with the parent population of plants?
Answer: unable to cross-breed successfully
Question: What happens to these new plants if they are able to reproduce?
Answer: form a new species
Question: What is a yellow example of a sterile,hybrid plant with no seeds?
Answer: commercial banana
Question: What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?
Answer: Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana
Question: In what year was this genome sequenced?
Answer: 2000
Question: Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?
Answer: one of the smallest genomes
Question: Why is sequencing done on plants?
Answer: understanding the genetics
Question: What results from  sequencing of DNA pairs?
Answer: new knowledge about plant function
Question: What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing?
Answer: photosynthesis
Question: What simple plant has been used to study plant cells?
Answer: red alga
Question: What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar?
Answer: Corn
Question: How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant?
Answer: can attach to plant cells
Question: How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants?
Answer: introducing the Nif gene
Question: How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists?
Answer: in the root nodules
Question: What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?
Answer: creation of genetically modified crops
Question: Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?
Answer: Schell and Van Montagu
Question: How do DNA changes affect plants?
Answer: express themselves") differently
Question: When DNA has different markers, how it that presented in plants?
Answer: prevent that region of the DNA code
Question: What is a result of changes in DNA markers within a plant species?
Answer: differences
Question: Are the changes then presented, permanent?
Answer: may be temporary
Question: What is the original cell of the plant?
Answer: the zygote
Question: How are the different cells formed?
Answer: continues to divide
Question: How is it determined, which cells will be formed?
Answer: activation of some genes and inhibition of others
Question: What happens when a plant remains totipotent?
Answer: ability to give rise to a new individual plant
Question: Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming?
Answer: lack nuclei
Question: Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells?
Answer: information from the environment
Question: Are lignified cells able to continue dividing?
Answer: dead at maturity
Question: What algae is the ancestor of true plants?
Answer: Charophyta
Question: Are all species of algae similar?
Answer: many differences
Question: To what species of algae is Charophyta related?
Answer: Chlorophyta
Question: What protects the young plant in the seed?
Answer: one or two sheathing layers
Question: How does the plant escape the seed?
Answer: splits to release it
Question: What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?
Answer: Gymnosperms
Question: What event led to the diversification of seed plants?
Answer: evolution of the seed habit
Question: What does the plant use for internal processes?
Answer: Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water
Question: Where do plants get their energy?
Answer: sunlight
Question: How do animals use plants?
Answer: in the construction of cells and tissues
Question: Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants?
Answer: opposite of photosynthesis
Question: What is the basis of plant physiology?
Answer: internal chemical and physical activities
Question: IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots?
Answer: as soluble ions
Question: From where does the plant get the required minerals?
Answer: chemical breakdown of soil
Question: Where is sucrose produced in a plant?
Answer: the leaves
Question: How are hormones moved around a plant?
Answer: by a variety of processes
Question: To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?
Answer: the brain of one of the lower animals
Question: Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?
Answer: movements of plant shoots
Question: What do auxins do?
Answer: promotes cell growth
Question: What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?
Answer: form roots and shoots
Question: Where are cytokinins produced?
Answer: in roots
Question: How is bud development determined?
Answer: cytokinesis
Question: How is the height of a plant determined?
Answer: gibberelins
Question: What acid slows or stops cell division?
Answer: Abscisic
Question: What is the study of the outside of plants?
Answer: plant morphology
Question: How are plants different from animals?
Answer: primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose
Question: Where do plants store their DNA?
Answer: in nuclei
Question: Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?
Answer: larger
Question: What makes up the bodies of vascular plants?
Answer: stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves
Question: Do roots contain chlorophyll?
Answer: generally lack chlorophyll
Question: What makes a plant non-vascular?
Answer: do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots
Question: How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis?
Answer: most of the plant
Question: How are sporophytes generated in liverworts?
Answer: nonphotosynthetic
Question: What do the roots get from the shoots?
Answer: food
Question: What do the shoots get from the roots?
Answer: water and minerals
Question: What are roots used for in beets and carrots?
Answer: to store food
Question: What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?
Answer: can often regrow it
Question: For what are leaves used?
Answer: gather sunlight
Question: What are angiosperms?
Answer: plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds
Question: What kind of plants are gymnosperms?
Answer: woody plants
Question: What kind of leaves are large and flat?
Answer: foliage leaves
Question: How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?
Answer: by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics
Question: How are grouping determined currently?
Answer: DNA sequences
Question: Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?
Answer: International Botanical Congress.
Question: What is the most narrow grouping of a plant?
Answer: Species
Question: Do different countries refer to plants by different names?
Answer: single world-wide name
Question: What part of the name is always capitalized?
Answer: the genus
Question: How is the entire name usually presented in scientific texts?
Answer: italicised
Question: How are the relationships within the group determined?
Answer: shared inheritance
Question: What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?
Answer: spines produced from areoles
Question: What are areoles?
Answer: pad-like structures
Question: Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?
Answer: convergent evolution
Question: How can two different plants acquire the same traits?
Answer: arisen independently
Question: What traits show a shared ancestry?
Answer: derived characters
Question: How are common ancestries represented for plant families?
Answer: tree-like diagrams
Question: What was previously used to group plants?
Answer: morphological characters
Question: How is DNA grouping superior?
Answer: genetic code itself is used
Question: Are fungi more like plants or animals?
Answer: closely related to animals
Question: When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?
Answer: 1990s
Question: What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants?
Answer: evolution in plants
Question: How has technology improved the study of botany?
Answer: greatly increased the level of detail
Question: What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing?
Answer: which families represent the earliest branches
Question: When was Madonna born?
Answer: August 16, 1958
Question: Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as?
Answer: Queen of Pop
Question: Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?
Answer: MTV
Question: Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry?
Answer: Madonna
Question: In which year did Madonna move to New York City?
Answer: 1977
Question: Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?
Answer: Sire Records
Question: What was the name of the album she released in 1983?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?
Answer: Ray of Light
Question: Which movie earned Madonna a Golden Globe Award?
Answer: Evita
Question: Name one of Madonna's other business ventures?
Answer: fashion design
Question: What is the name of the entertainment company that Madonna founded?
Answer: Maverick
Question: Which year did Madonna sign a $120 million deal with Live Nation?
Answer: 2007
Question: Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?
Answer: Guinness World Records
Question: How many certified albums does Madonna have?
Answer: 64.5 million
Question: Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?
Answer: $1.31 billion
Question: Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?
Answer: Madonna
Question: Where were Madonna's paternal grandparents come from?
Answer: Pacentro, Italy
Question: Madonna's mother was from which ancestry?
Answer: French-Canadian
Question: What was Tony's occupation?
Answer: engineer designer
Question: What was Madonna's nickname when she was younger?
Answer: Little Nonni
Question: Which disease did her mother passed away from?
Answer: breast cancer
Question: Where was Madonna raised?
Answer: Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township
Question: What was Madonna's mother's reaction to her questioning about her illness?
Answer: cry
Question: Who did Madonna turn to for comfort during her mother's illness?
Answer: paternal grandmother
Question: How did the Ciccone siblings behaved towards anyone brought to their home to replace their beloved mother?
Answer: rebelled
Question: Who did Madonna tell in an interview that as a young girl, she was lonely and always searching for something?
Answer: Vanity Fair
Question: Afraid that Tony would be taken from her, what does she do?
Answer: unable to sleep unless she was near him
Question: Name one child from the union of Tony and Joan?
Answer: Mario
Question: When was Mario born?
Answer: 1968
Question: What is the name of the middle school that Madonna attended?
Answer: West Middle School
Question: Madonna achieved a name for herself in school by her unusual behavior and also for what other reason?
Answer: high grade point average
Question: Which restaurant did Madonna work in New York City?
Answer: Dunkin' Donuts
Question: Where did Madonna take dance classes at in New York City?
Answer: Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
Question: How much did Madonna have when she first went to NYC?
Answer: $35
Question: What did she also work as for other established artists?
Answer: backup dancer
Question: Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez's tour?
Answer: Dan Gilroy
Question: What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started?
Answer: Breakfast Club
Question: When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club?
Answer: 1980 or 1981
Question: After leaving the Breakfast Club, who did she formed the band Emmy with?
Answer: Stephen Bray
Question: When was "Everybody" released?
Answer: October 1982
Question: What was the name of the second single called?
Answer: Burning Up
Question: Who produced Madonna's debut album?
Answer: Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros
Question: Madonna's dance singles reached which number in the "Hot Dance Club Songs" by the Billboard Magazine?
Answer: three
Question: Who was the boyfriend that Madonna moved in with?
Answer: John "Jellybean" Benitez
Question: Who remixed most of Madonna's album tracks?
Answer: Benitez
Question: Which song was Madonna's first global hit?
Answer: Holiday
Question: When was Madonna's album released?
Answer: July 1983
Question: Which number did Madonna's album peaked at the Billboard 800 six months later?
Answer: eight
Question: Who did Madonna's look and style of dressing influence?
Answer: young girls and women
Question: When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend?
Answer: 1980s
Question: Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna's look?
Answer: Maripol
Question: When did Madonna achieve global recognition?
Answer: November 1984
Question: How long did "Like a Virgin" stayed on the Billboard 100?
Answer: six consecutive weeks
Question: Madonna was criticized for her performance of which song in the VMA?
Answer: "Like a Virgin"
Question: What was Madonna wearing during the performance of "Like A Virgin" at the VMA?
Answer: a wedding dress
Question: Her video of "Material Girl" was an imitation of which singer's song, "Diamonds are a girl's best friend?"
Answer: Marilyn Monroe
Question: When did Madonna married Sean Penn?
Answer: on her birthday in 1985
Question: When did Madonna audition for a dance role in the show "A Chorus Line?" 
Answer: February 1984
Question: What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in?
Answer: Vision Quest
Question: When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan?
Answer: March 1985
Question: What is the name of Madonna's two new singles?
Answer: "Crazy for You" and "Gambler"
Question: What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote?
Answer: "Into the Groove"
Question: When was Madonna's first concert tour in North America?
Answer: Beginning in April 1985
Question: Who were the opening act for Madonna's concert The Virgin tour?
Answer: Beastie Boys
Question: When did Madonna have nude photos taken of her in New York?
Answer: 1978
Question: How much was Madonna's nude photos were finally sold for?
Answer: up to $100,000
Question: When was the Live Aid Charity Concert held?
Answer: 1985
Question: Who was the album True Blue dedicated to?
Answer: Sean Penn
Question: Madonna's album topped in how many countries chart worldwide?
Answer: 28 countries
Question: What award did Madonna receive for her role in the film Shanghai Surprise?
Answer: Golden Raspberry Award
Question: Name a soundtrack in the film Who's That Girl?
Answer: Causing a Commotion
Question: When did Madonna sign an endorsement deal with Pepsi?
Answer: January 1989
Question: With Madonna's new video, Like A Prayer, the blasphemy that she portrayed in the video led to what consequences?
Answer: canceled her sponsorship contract
Question: Who co-written and co-produced the song, Like A Prayer?
Answer: Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray.
Question: How many copies did Like A Prayer sell worldwide?
Answer: 15 million copies
Question: When was Madonna named "Artist of the Decade" by MTV, Billboard and Musician Magazine?
Answer: end of the 1980s
Question: In the film Dick Tracy, who did Madonna starred as?
Answer: Breathless Mahoney
Question: Madonna's role in Dick Tracy led to which award nomination?
Answer: Saturn Award
Question: Who earned an Academy Award for the song "Vogue" and "Sooner or Later?" 
Answer: Stephen Sondheim
Question: Who did Madonna have a relationship with while shooting the film?
Answer: Beatty
Question: When did Madonna and Beatty's relationship end?
Answer: end of 1990
Question: How many albums did it sell worldwide?
Answer: over 30 million copies
Question: What is one of the title of the songs that was released in the Immaculate Collection?
Answer: Justify My Love
Question: Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love?
Answer: too sexually explicit
Question: Justify My Love reached which number in the US charts?
Answer: number one
Question: Who did Madonna play in the role A League Of Their Own?
Answer: Mae Mordabito
Question: What is the film's theme song?
Answer: This Used to Be My Playground
Question: When did Madonna open her own entertainment company, Maverick?
Answer: 1992
Question: How much was the royalties paid to Madonna for the music proceedings?
Answer: 20%
Question: What was the name of the erotic thriller that shows scenes of sadomasochism and bondage?
Answer: Body of Evidence
Question: What was Madonna dressed in for the tour?
Answer: whip-cracking dominatrix
Question: In which country did Madonna rubbed the country's flag between her thighs that anger the public?
Answer: Puerto Rico