huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?
Answer: 1830
Question: What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?
Answer: London Protocol
Question: To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?
Answer: International Financial Control authority
Question: The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?
Answer: Demotic
Question: A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?
Answer: language
Question: War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?
Answer: 1877
Question: A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?
Answer: Crete
Question: In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?
Answer: 1881
Question: How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?
Answer: two
Question: When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?
Answer: the Triple Entente
Question: Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?
Answer: 1917
Question: What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?
Answer: 1919–1922
Question: After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?
Answer: Asia Minor
Question: An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?
Answer: Treaty of Lausanne
Question: In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?
Answer: 1914-1922
Question: Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?
Answer: Ottoman and Turkish officials
Question: Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?
Answer: Macedonian mountains
Question: Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?
Answer: Greek Isles and cities
Question: The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?
Answer: 1924
Question: In 1924, what was established?
Answer: Second Hellenic Republic
Question: Who became the Greek leader in 1935?
Answer: Premier Georgios Kondylis
Question: The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?
Answer: Premier Georgios Kondylis
Question: In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?
Answer: 1936
Question: In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?
Answer: 1941–1942
Question: What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?
Answer: The Greek Resistance
Question: How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?
Answer: almost 1,000,000
Question: What does PASOK stand for?
Answer: Panhellenic Socialist Movement
Question: In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?
Answer: 1980
Question: Greece joined what later became the European Union when?
Answer: 1 January 1981
Question: Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?
Answer: 1999
Question: Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?
Answer: 11th longest
Question: How long is Greece's coastline?
Answer: 8,498 mi
Question: The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?
Answer: Mt. Smolikas
Question: How tall is Mt. Smolikas?
Answer: 8,652 ft
Question: Where does the Pindus mountain range end?
Answer: the island of Crete
Question: Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?
Answer: underwater mountains
Question: What is the deepest gorge in the world?
Answer: Vikos Gorge
Question: The Cyclade islands are located where?
Answer: central part of the Aegean Sea
Question: The North Aegean islands are located where?
Answer: west coast of Turkey
Question: The Dodecanese islands are located where?
Answer: between Crete and Turkey
Question: The Sporades islands are located where?
Answer: off the coast of northeast Euboea
Question: Greece's climate is affected by what range?
Answer: Pindus mountain range
Question: East of the Pindus mountains, the climate is drier due to what?
Answer: a rain shadow effect
Question: The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather?
Answer: heavy snowfalls
Question: Northern Greece inland features what type of climate?
Answer: temperate
Question: It has been known to snow even in what Southern city?
Answer: Athens
Question: How many ecoregions occupies Greece?
Answer: six
Question: The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?
Answer: mixed forests
Question: The Crete ecoregion is known as what?
Answer: Mediterranean forests
Question: The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?
Answer: deciduous forests
Question: What is the title of the leader of Greece?
Answer: President of the Republic
Question: Who elects the president of Greece?
Answer: the Parliament
Question: How long does the President of Greece serve?
Answer: five-year term
Question: Greece's constitution has how many articles?
Answer: 120
Question: The constitution was amended to reduce the President's power in what year?
Answer: 1986
Question: Who has the most political power in Greece?
Answer: Prime Minister
Question: The Prime Minister is elected by who?
Answer: the Parliament
Question: Who formally names the Prime Minister?
Answer: President of the Republic
Question: How often are elections help for parliament?
Answer: every four years
Question: Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who? 
Answer: President of the Republic
Question: What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties? 
Answer: their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures
Question: Who became the second major party after the elections?
Answer: The leftist party of SYRIZA
Question: What caused the second election of 2012? 
Answer: No party could form a sustainable government
Question: What was the demographic result of the second election?
Answer: coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.
Question: Who is the present Minister of Foreign Affairs?
Answer: Nikos Kotzias
Question: The goal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is what?
Answer: represent Greece before other states and international organizations
Question: Greece is though of as what kind of power?
Answer: a middle power
Question: Greece has how much strategic importance?
Answer: significant
Question: Can females be drafted into the military?
Answer: females are exempted from conscription
Question: What is the length of military service required of men?
Answer: nine months
Question: At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard?
Answer: 18 and 60
Question: How many municipalities exist in Greece? 
Answer: 325
Question: What went into effect on January 1, 2011?
Answer: Kallikratis programme reform
Question: What is the one autonomous area in Greece?
Answer: Mount Athos
Question: Where is Mount Athos located?
Answer: borders the region of Central Macedonia
Question: What percentage of the economy is Greece's service sector?
Answer: 85.0%
Question: What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise?
Answer: 3.0%
Question: How many tourist visited Greece in 2009?
Answer: 14.9 million
Question: Greece holds what rank among most visited countries in the world?
Answer: 16th
Question: Greece's economy is what size?
Answer: larger than all the Balkan economies combined
Question: What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?
Answer: number-two
Question: What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?
Answer: number-three
Question: Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area? 
Answer: Republic of Macedonia
Question: OTE is known as what?
Answer: Greek telecommunications company
Question: Greece help found what economic organizations?
Answer: Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)
Question: When was Greece accepted into the European Union?
Answer: 19 June 2000
Question: When did Greece start using the Euro as its currency?
Answer: January 2001
Question: What was Greece's former currency?
Answer: the Greek drachma
Question: Swaps allow Greece to do what?
Answer: spend beyond their means
Question: What other country hid its debt through swaps?
Answer: Italy
Question: What can legally be overcome with swaps?
Answer: The Maastricht rules
Question: How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?
Answer: 3,150
Question: Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?
Answer: first
Question: How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?
Answer: 12.7 million
Question: What is the single nation with the most visitors?
Answer: United Kingdom
Question: Which part of Greece is the most visited?
Answer: Central Macedonia
Question: Northern Greece gets how many visitors?
Answer: 6.5 million
Question: A current railway upgrade plans to do what?
Answer: double lines
Question: A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities?
Answer: Athens and Thessaloniki
Question: In recent years, what usage has risen dramatically?
Answer: 3G/4G mobile internet
Question: How much did internet usage increase in one year?
Answer: 340%
Question: Where does Greece rank in the work with communications?
Answer: among the top 30 countries
Question: Greece has been a member of what agency since 2005?
Answer: European Space Agency (ESA)
Question: Greece and ESA signed their first agreement in what year?
Answer: 1994
Question: When did /Greece apply for ESA membership?
Answer: 2003
Question: Greece is ranked as what member of ESA?
Answer: sixteenth
Question: Greece became a full ESA member when?
Answer: 16 March 2005
Question: What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?
Answer: Georgios Papanikolaou
Question: Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon?
Answer: Manolis Andronikos
Question: What Greek won the 2007 Turing award?
Answer: Joseph Sifakis
Question: What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize?
Answer: Christos Papadimitriou
Question: What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?
Answer: Mihalis Yannakakis
Question: The Muslim minority is mostly located in what city?
Answer: Thrace
Question: Immigrants from Albania are usually what religion?
Answer: Muslim
Question: Greek Muslims were in a population exchange with what country?
Answer: Turkey
Question: How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece?
Answer: 200,000
Question: How many Protestants live in Greece? 
Answer: 30,000
Question: How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have?
Answer: 120
Question: How many Jehovah's Witnesses are in Greece?
Answer: 28,874
Question: When did the Greek Language dispute take place?
Answer: During the 19th and 20th centuries
Question: When was the Greek language Katharevousa created?
Answer: the 19th century
Question: Which language was considered the language of the people?
Answer: Dimotiki
Question: What language was made the only official variation in 1976?
Answer: Dimotiki
Question: From which language did Dimotiki evolve?
Answer: Byzantine Greek
Question: Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where?
Answer: Asia Minor
Question: Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently?
Answer: Cappadocian
Question: From which language did the Tsakonian language derive? 
Answer: Doric Greek
Question: Minority languages have been reduce due to what?
Answer: assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority
Question: In parts of the country, Romani is spoken by who?
Answer: Christian Roma
Question: What groups are called Vlachs?
Answer: Aromanians and Moglenites
Question: Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?
Answer: 200,000 to 400,000
Question: Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?
Answer: Ladino
Question: The Urums are known to speak what dialect?
Answer: Greco-Turkic
Question: In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?
Answer: 762,191
Question: In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?
Answer: 7%
Question: From where did most non-citizen residents come? 
Answer: Eastern European countries
Question: What is the total Albanian population in Greece?
Answer: 600,000
Question: In 2012, most illegal immigrants entered Greece from where?
Answer: Afghanistan
Question: Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason?
Answer: Syrian civil war
Question: How many immigrants arrived by sea in 2015?
Answer: 856,723
Question: What percentage of sea immigrants asked for asylum in Greece?
Answer: 8%
Question: The first European university was created in what city?
Answer: Constantinople
Question: When was Constantinople taken over by the Ottoman?
Answer: 1453
Question: What is one type of Greece's secondary education?
Answer: unified upper secondary schools
Question: What type of institute does secondary education also include?
Answer: vocational training
Question: What type of education do vocational institutes provide?
Answer: formal but unclassified
Question: How long do the Tertiary institute courses last?
Answer: 2 to 3 years
Question: Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level?
Answer: third grade
Question: At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery?
Answer: over twenty-two years old
Question: What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean? 
Answer: The Capodistrian University of Athens
Question: Where does Greece's health care system rank out of 191 countries surveyed?
Answer: 14th
Question: What rank does Greece hold for the condition of mothers and new born babies?
Answer: 19th
Question: In 2010, how many hospitals were there in Greece?
Answer: 138
Question: In 2011, plans were made to decrease hospitals to how many?
Answer: 77
Question: What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture?
Answer: Greek War of Independence
Question: The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period?
Answer: thousands of years
Question: Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?
Answer: Western culture
Question: What did Greece's political philosophy affect?
Answer: Modern democracies
Question: Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?
Answer: Heptanesean theatre and melodrama
Question: What was the first theater of modern Greece?
Answer: Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù
Question: What was the first Greek opera?
Answer: The Parliamentary Candidate
Question: Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate? 
Answer: Spyridon Xyndas
Question: Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?
Answer: Aristotle of Stagira
Question: Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?
Answer: the supra-sensual
Question: Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint? 
Answer: experience
Question: What is the name of two schools of philosophy?
Answer: Skepticism and Neoplatonism
Question: During what time period did Homer write the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Answer: 800 BC
Question: Who were two major lyrical poets?
Answer: Sappho and Pindar
Question: When did drama first begin in history?
Answer: Classical era
Question: In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?
Answer: 1907
Question: In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?
Answer: Asty Films
Question: What was the first Greek feature film?
Answer: Golfo
Question: Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?
Answer: Orestis Laskos
Question: Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema? 
Answer: 1950s and early 1960s
Question: During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?
Answer: More than sixty
Question: Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956?
Answer: Nikos Koundouros
Question: Who directed the movie Stella in 1955? 
Answer: Cacoyannis
Question: Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955?
Answer: Kampanellis
Question: What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct?
Answer: Zorba the Greek
Question: Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?
Answer: Anthony Quinn
Question: What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998?
Answer: Eternity and a Day
Question: Who directed the film Eternity and a Day?
Answer: Theo Angelopoulos
Question: The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?
Answer: Crete
Question: What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?
Answer: skordalia
Question: What is added to almost every dish in Greece?
Answer: Olive oil
Question: What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece?
Answer: galaktoboureko
Question: What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food? 
Answer: oregano
Question: What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?
Answer: cinnamon
Question: What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece? 
Answer: lyre
Question: During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?
Answer: six
Question: Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? 
Answer: monophonic
Question: One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?
Answer: Byzantine chant
Question: What are the two cycles of the Greek folk song?
Answer: akritic and klephtic
Question: Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created?
Answer: 9th and 10th
Question: Which Greek song cycle expresses the life of the Greeks?
Answer: klephtic
Question: What was the forerunner of Greek modern song?
Answer: Heptanesean kantádhes
Question: Athenian serenades were most successful during what time period?
Answer: 1870–1930
Question: What influenced Greek modern song considerably?
Answer: Heptanesean kantádhes
Question: Rebetiko was the base of what? 
Answer: laïkó
Question: One of the leading performers of the laiko genre is who?
Answer: Apostolos Kaldaras
Question: When was the first school of modern Greek classical music formed?
Answer: 1815
Question: Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder?
Answer: Manolis Kalomiris
Question: Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music?
Answer: Iannis Xenakis
Question: What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?
Answer: Zorba the Greek
Question: Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores?
Answer: Yanni
Question: Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century?
Answer: Maria Callas
Question: In what year did Greece win the Eurovision Song Contest?
Answer: 2005
Question: What Greek song won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005?
Answer: My Number One
Question: Who performed the song, My Number One, in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest?
Answer: Elena Paparizou
Question: Where was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest held?
Answer: Athens
Question: The first Olympic games was recorded in what year?
Answer: 776 BC
Question: Where were the first Olympic games in 775 BC held?
Answer: Olympia
Question: During the Olympic parade of nations, who is always called first?
Answer: Greece
Question: What ranking does Greece hold in all-time summer Olympics gold medal count?
Answer: 32nd
Question: What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014.
Answer: 12th
Question: Greek was crowned the European champions in what event?
Answer: Euro 2004
Question: How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship?
Answer: nine
Question: How many teams are in the Greek Super League?
Answer: eighteen
Question: Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League?
Answer: Olympiacos
Question: The Greek national basketball team held what world ranking in 2012?
Answer: 4th
Question: The Greek national basketball in 2012 held what ranking in Europe?
Answer: 2nd
Question: How many times has the Greek national basketball team won the European championship?
Answer: twice
Question: Who did the Greek basketball team beat in the 2006 FIBA World Championship?
Answer: Team USA
Question: What is the name of Greece's top domestic basketball league?
Answer: A1 Ethniki
Question: In what year did Greece's women's water polo team win the World Championship?
Answer: 2011
Question: Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2004 Summer Olympics?
Answer: silver
Question: Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2005 World League?
Answer: gold
Question: The Greece Men's water polo team held which world ranking in 2005?
Answer: third
Question: Who did Greece Men's water polo team beat in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships?
Answer: Croatia
Question: The Greek Men's national volleyball team came in what place in the Olympic games?
Answer: 5th
Question: What Greek volleyball club is the most successful in the country?
Answer: Olympiacos
Question: Who is the only Greek volleyball club to win European titles?
Answer: Olympiacos
Question: The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what?
Answer: Dodekatheon
Question: The most important of the ancient gods was who?
Answer: Zeus
Question: Zeus was married to which goddess?
Answer: Hera
Question: Who was Zeus's sister?
Answer: Hera
Question: How many official Greek mandatory public holidays are there?
Answer: four
Question: How many Greek national holidays are there each year?
Answer: eleven
Question: What is one of the holidays regulated by law as optional?
Answer: Labour Day
Question: in 2012, what was the amount of the bailout?
Answer: $173 billion
Question: How much debt to creditors was Greece suppose to reduce?
Answer: 53%
Question: In what year did Greece realize a budget surplus?
Answer: 2013
Question: How much did Greece make from a bond sale in 2014?
Answer: €3 billion
Question: After how many years did it take for Greece to gain back growth in the economy?
Answer: six years
Question: Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed?
Answer: Persian
Question: What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?
Answer: 334 BC
Question: The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year?
Answer: 330 BC
Question: In which year did Alexander III die?
Answer: 323 BC
Question: In how many countries does Shell have operations?
Answer: over 90
Question: How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day?
Answer: 3.1 million
Question: Shell has how many service stations worldwide?
Answer: 44,000
Question: What is the name of Shell's subsidiary in the United States?
Answer: Shell Oil Company
Question: Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas?
Answer: biofuels and wind
Question: How many barrels of gas does Shell produce per day?
Question: How many service stations does Shell have in the US?
Question: What does Shell sell 3.1 million barrels of per day?
Question: How many countries does Shell have renewable energy activities in?
Question: Which aspect of the oil and gas industry is Shell not active in?
Question: The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?
Answer: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom
Question: What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?
Answer: the need to compete globally with Standard Oil
Question: In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?
Answer: 1907
Question: In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?
Answer: 1890
Question: Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?
Answer: to develop an oilfield in Sumatra
Question: What was August Kessler born?
Question: What was Hugo Loudon's brother?
Question: When was the Samuel brothers' father's antique company created?
Question: What was the name of Marcus Samuel's father's antique company?
Question: What prevented a full-scale merger of the two companies?
Answer: National patriotic sensibilities
Question: What was the primary function of the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company?
Answer: to direct the transport and storage of the products
Question: The new firm operated as what type of company?
Answer: a dual-listed company
Question: What percent of ownership of the new company was awarded to the British?
Answer: 40
Question: What encouraged a full-scale merger of the two companies?
Question: What british company was in charge at The Hague?
Question: What city were both branches of the new firm located in?
Question: What was the name of the Dutch company in charge of transportation and storage?
Question: Why did the two companies function as a dual-unit partnership for business purposes?
Question: In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?
Answer: 2004
Question: What was the name of the Shell Group's new parent company?
Answer: Royal Dutch Shell plc
Question: On what exchange was the Shell Group's new parent company primarily listed?
Answer: the London Stock Exchange
Question: Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered?
Answer: The Hague, Netherlands
Question: What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?
Answer: the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves
Question: When was it discovered Shell had been overstating its oil reserves?
Question: When was Shell listed on the LSE?
Question: When was Royal Dutch Petroleum added to the NYSE?
Question: Contrary to the original ownership, shareholders were given what disadvantage of the Shell group?
Question: What Netherlands city housed the registered office?
Question: In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?
Answer: 2010
Question: What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan?
Answer: Raízen
Question: Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010?
Answer: to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme
Question: How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?
Answer: $2–3bn
Question: Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010?
Answer: East Resources
Question: Who did Shell split with in 2010?
Question: When did Shell form a joint venture with Raizen?
Question: How much were the East Resources' gas fields worth?
Question: How much was Shell's liquid petroleum gas business worth?
Question: What did Shell buy from Cosan for $4.7 million?
Question: Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?
Answer: US shale gas
Question: What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?
Answer: US$20 billion
Question: The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?
Answer: the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012
Question: In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?
Answer: 2014
Question: What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?
Answer: US$15 billion
Question: Who was the CEO in 2013?
Question: How much was the 2013 sale of US shale gas assets worth?
Question: Where did Shell begin selling US shale gas assets?
Question: How much higher was the company's performance in 2013?
Question: What is the worth of the Australian assets Shell sold in US dollars?
Question: What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?
Answer: The presence of companies like Shell
Question: Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?
Answer: old and corroded
Question: Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?
Answer: new
Question: In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?
Answer: responsibility for environmental causes
Question: Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?
Answer: boycott Shell
Question: Where has Shell tried to keep its pipelines in pristine conditions?
Question: When did Friends of the Earth begin protesting Shell?
Question: How many allegations did the Dutch court approve?
Question: Who did Amnesty International have to pay for one count of pollution?
Question: When did Shell acknowledge responsibility for the environmental issues?
Question: The name Shell is connected to what company?
Answer: The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company
Question: What was the purpose of the created of The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company?
Answer: to sell seashells to London collectors
Question: What did the younger founder of The "Shell" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?
Answer: there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region
Question: By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?
Answer: 1907
Question: The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?
Answer: Thames
Question: Where was the Murex built?
Question: When was the refinery at Shell Haven built?
Question: What river did Marcus collect shells from in 1907?
Question: When was Marcus Samuel born?
Question: How long did the younger Samuel collect specimens from the Caspian Sea?
Question: What is Shell's primary business?
Answer: the management of a vertically integrated oil company
Question: The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?
Answer: technical and commercial
Question: One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?
Answer: natural gas
Question: Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?
Answer: self-supporting
Question: The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?
Answer: vertically integrated
Question: What is the least important business for Shell?
Question: What did self-supporting units provide for the company?
Question: What types of expertise have been removed from the business?
Question: Which stage does not require technical and commercial expertise?
Question: What company is moving away from having self-supported units?
Question: Shell operated companies in how many countries?
Answer: over 100
Question: A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?
Answer: the central offices in The Hague
Question: What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?
Answer: "exploration and production"
Question: How many centralised businesses does Shell have?
Question: Where did much of the direction come for the downstream come from?
Question: What production centre was located in Nigeria?
Question: How many countries were large exploration and production companies in?
Question: What company did Shell partner with in Brunei for the joint venture Shell Expro?
Question: Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?
Answer: a third
Question: How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?
Answer: more than 40,000
Question: Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?
Answer: local
Question: In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?
Answer: the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced
Question: How much of Shell's profits did Downstream account for in 1990?
Question: When did Shell switch to treating businesses as local, independent companies?
Question: How many oil refineries does Shell have?
Question: How many total petrol stations does Shell have?
Question: How many of Shell's operations are controlled in London instead of Hague?
Question: What did Shell announce in April 2010?
Answer: its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and "Helios"
Question: What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?
Answer: protests and strikes broke out
Question: In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?
Answer: Nigeria
Question: In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?
Answer: finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.
Question: What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?
Answer: assets could be divested
Question: What did Shell switch from South Africa and Egypt to?
Question: When did protests break out in South Africa?
Question: How many Egyptian fields did Shell sell in 2014?
Question: Where did Shell divest its upstream activities from?
Question: When did the company announce a review of South Africa?
Question: What company was the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia?
Answer: Reitan Group
Question: In what year did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group announce an agreement?
Answer: 2007
Question: How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group agree to re-brand?
Answer: some 269
Question: Shell announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?
Answer: trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland
Question: In October 2010, Shell sold what to St1?
Answer: gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden
Question: How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group re-brand in Norway alone?
Question: How long will it take to rebrand the service stations in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark?
Question: Who did Shell by gas stations and heavy vehicle supply networks from?
Question: When did St1 and Reitan Group announce an agreement?
Question: What parent company did Shell sell to in April 2010?
Question: Shell Oil Company's United States business throughout its early history is described as what?
Answer: substantially independent
Question: On which exchange was Shell Oil Company's U.S. stock historically traded?
Answer: the NYSE
Question: Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?
Answer: the group's central offices
Question: In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30% of Shell Oil Company's shares?
Answer: 1984
Question: What did Royal Dutch Shell's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company's shares lead to?
Answer: a court case
Question: Shell's early history involved a lot of involvement from what?
Question: What percentage of the Shell Oil Company did Royal Dutch Shell own in 1984?
Question: How much did the court case cost?
Question: When did Royal Dutch Shell try to sell its shares?
Question: Who approved of the Royal Dutch shell buyout?
Question: The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?
Answer: the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility
Question: The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?
Answer: off Australia's northwestern coast
Question: The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?
Answer: 3 trillion
Question: On what developments was FLNG technology based?
Answer: liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Question: FLNG technology faciliates what?
Answer: the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas
Question: When did Royal Dutch Shell make its first investment into FLNG?
Question: When was FLNG technology created?
Question: What is located off Australia's southwestern coast?
Question: Where were FLNG technologies pioneered?
Question: When was the FLNG facility built?
Question: What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014?
Answer: 9.5%
Question: Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a takeover attempt was blocked in what year?
Answer: 2001
Question: Who blocked the takeover attempt?
Answer: then federal Treasurer Peter Costello
Question: What percentage of shareholders voted to approve the 2014 buy-back?
Answer: 72
Question: What percentage of shareholder votes was need to approve the 2014 buy-back?
Answer: 75
Question: How much Woodside stock in Shell sell in 2001?
Question: What Shell treasurer try to takeover Woodside in 2001?
Question: What percentage of shareholders approved the takeover attempt?
Question: What percentage of shareholders was required to block the Woodside takeover?
Question: When was the meeting to decide whether or not to sell 9.5% of its Woodside Petroleum stock?
Question: What did Shell initate after its 2005 purchase?
Answer: its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program
Question: What executive initially led the Artic drilling project?
Answer: Pete Slaiby
Question: What caused the delay in drilling after Shell's 2008 purchase?
Answer: the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits
Question: Shell's plans to drill in the Artic led to protests from which particular environmental group?
Answer: Greenpeace
Question: How much did the purchase of an offshore lease cost?
Question: What Greenpeace executive protested the Arctic drilling?
Question: What oil rig cost Shell $4.5bil?
Question: When was Pete Slaiby taken off of the Arctic drilling program?
Question: When was Pete Slaiby working in the North Sea?
Question: What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?
Answer: the "Kulluk" incident
Question: What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?
Answer: nearly US$5 billion
Question: In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?
Answer: 2012
Question: When did the Arctic project end?
Question: Who damaged essential oil-spill equipment?
Question: How much was invested in the Kulluk incident?
Question: What caused the Kulluk incident?
Question: What certification was the Kulluk missing?
Question: Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?
Answer: to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season
Question: What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington?
Answer: a winter storm
Question: On January 1, 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island?
Answer: Sitkalidak
Question: Following the incident, which magazine contacted Larry McKinney?
Answer: Fortune
Question: Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what?
Answer: wipe out the entire drilling season
Question: Where was the Kulluk oil rig being towed from?
Question: Where was the Kullug grounded in December?
Question: Who was the executive director of the Fortune magazine?
Question: What magazine did Larry McKinney contact?
Question: How long did it take to tow the Kulluk to Washington state?
Question: Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?
Answer: the "Kulluk" incident
Question: In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?
Answer: its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast
Question: Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?
Answer: the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic
Question: Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?
Answer: van Beurden
Question: What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?
Answer: the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.
Question: What project was based in Alaska?
Question: When did van Beurden become the chief executive?
Question: When was the original suspension of the drilling program?
Question: When did shell announce it was resuming it Alaskan project?
Question: Why was van Beurden under review?
Question: For what particular reason did protesters criticize the company's environmental record in the 1990s?
Answer: the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea
Question: What entity supported Shell during the 1990s protests?
Answer: the UK government
Question: Following the reversal of its decision, Shell published what?
Answer: an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development
Question: When was the Brent Spar platform disposed into the North Sea?
Question: What government opposed the Brent Spar platform?
Question: What did Shell admit was a poor environmental decision?
Question: What commitment did executives condemn?
Question: What did protesters in the 1990s praise?
Question: In 1996, multiple groups filed lawsuits to hold Shell accountable for what?
Answer: alleged human rights violations in Nigeria
Question: Shell was accused of participating in the execution of which southern Nigerian tribal leader?
Answer: Ken Saro-Wiwa
Question: In what year did Shell agree to settle the lawsuits filed in 1996?
Answer: 2009
Question: For what amount did Shell agree to settle the 1996 lawsuits?
Answer: $15.5m
Question: In contrast to its agreement to settle the 1996 lawsuits, Shell refused to do what?
Answer: accepted any liability over the allegations against it
Question: When was Brian Anderson hanged?
Question: Brian Anderson was the leader of what tribe?
Question: What was Ken Saro-Wiwa accused of?
Question: How much did Shell pay to the Ogoni tribe?
Question: When did Shell sue Nigeria?
Question: A 2010 leaked communication revealed that Shell claimed to have inserted what into which entities?
Answer: staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government
Question: The same leaked communication revealed Shell claimed to know what?
Answer: "everything that was being done in those ministries"
Question: About what did the Shell executive boast in relation to the leaked communication?
Answer: the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration
Question: Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity?
Answer: the Nigerian military
Question: For what purpose did Shell make regular payments to the entity cited in the documents released in 2009?
Answer: to prevent protests
Question: When did Shell place informants in the Nigerian government?
Question: Who boasted that Shell had forgotten about the invasion?
Question: What year did the documents used in the court case come from?
Question: What source of information from 2010 was not used in the court case?
Question: Why did the Nigerian military regularly make payments to Shell?
Question: How many Greenpeace activists boarded Fennica and Nordica in March 2012?
Answer: 52
Question: How many countries did the group of Greenpeace activists represent?
Answer: five
Question: What types of vehicles were the Fennica and Nordica?
Answer: multipurpose icebreakers
Question: Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered?
Answer: to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska
Question: What was the main concern of Edward Itta?
Answer: an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture
Question: How many countries did the icebreakers support?
Question: What was the name of the Fortune magazine reporter?
Question: How many activists were on the Fennica alone?
Question: Who was the mayor of North Slope Borough in March 2012?
Question: What borough were the Greenpeace activists from?
Question: Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what?
Answer: "trampling American's rights."
Question: Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what?
Answer: video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix
Question: What banners appeared on the winners' podium at the August 2013 ceremony?
Answer: "SaveTheArctic.org"
Question: At the 2013 ceremony, activitsts controlled their appearance with what?
Answer: the use of four radio car antennas
Question: When did Shell ask google to ban video footage of the Greenpeace protests?
Question: What is the Greenpeace logo?
Question: Who filed the lawsuits against Shell?
Question: Who did SaveTheArctic partner with for the Belgian Grand Prix?
Question: How were the winners' podiums controlled?
Question: Which mammal is the smallest?
Answer: bumblebee bat
Question: Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?
Answer: elephants
Question: About how small is the average bumble bee bat?
Answer: 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)
Question: What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?
Question: How small is the average fetus?
Question: What are some fetuses adapted for?
Question: What is another name for a large elephant?
Question: What does a placenta help bumblebee bats do?
Question: Who coined the name "mammal" from the scientific name Mammalia?
Answer: Carl Linnaeus
Question: What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?
Answer: nurse their young with milk
Question: How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?
Answer: 5,416
Question: How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?
Answer: 153 families
Question: What term  did IUCN coin in 1758?
Question: In 1758 how many mammal species were known?
Question: What was completed by Carl Linnaeus in 2006?
Question: How was the IUCN Red List grouped?
Question: How many accepted species are there according to Carl Linnaeus?
Question: Which group consist of the most mammals?
Answer: Rodentia
Question: Which group do humans belong too?
Answer: Primates
Question: Which group do cats and dogs belong too?
Answer: Carnivora
Question: What do all modern monotremes give birth to?
Question: What group do the six species of monotremes belong to?
Question: Which monotreme consists of the most mammals?
Question: What is the monotreme that is second after Rodentia?
Question: What are some examples of monotremes that are part of the group Rodentia?
Question: From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?
Answer: Carboniferous period
Question: When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?
Answer: 66 million years ago
Question: Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?
Answer: sphenacodont pelycosaurs
Question: When did sphenacodont pelycosaurs become extinct?
Question: What were the modern mammalian orders ancestors called?
Question: At the end of the synapsid period what non-mammal was produced?
Question: The Sphenacodontia arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of what era?
Question: At the end of the Carboniferous period what did the Neogene diverge from that led to today's reptiles and birds?
Question: By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?
Answer: Triassic
Question: Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?
Answer: therian mammals
Question: How did Timothy Rowe define Mammalia in the mid 19th century?
Question: What are two examples of the most recent ancestor of the Jurassic period?
Question: In what period did mammals live?
Question: For how long have Juassic fossils been referred to the Mammalia?
Question: What is one thing Triassic fossils are shown to consist of according to a 19th century paper?
Question: Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?
Answer: Amphilestes and Amphitherium
Question: How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?
Answer: 167 million years
Question: About what year do synapsid date back to?
Answer: 225 Ma
Question: What is the earliest Ambondro that satisfies Kemp's definitions?
Question: What is Tikitherium more closely related to more than therian mammals?
Question: What time period are fossils of the ambondro dated to in the Middle Jurassic?
Question: About what year are ambondro dated to?
Question: What can the appearance of genera be broadly given?
Question: Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?
Answer: George Gaylord Simpson
Question: Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?
Answer: 20th
Question: Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?
Answer: cladistics
Question: What did Simpson lay out that was universally taught until 1945?
Question: What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?
Question: What happened since the classification by the AMNH?
Question: What taxonomy took over AMNH's debated systematization?
Question: Up until what century were cladistics universally taught?
Question: In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?
Answer: Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell
Question: Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? 
Answer: American Museum of Natural History
Question: From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?
Answer: Simpson
Question: Who did Simpson inherit the project from?
Question: What happened to molecular genetic data in 1997?
Question: What was the book written by Simpson?
Question: What information about mammals does Simpson's book cover?
Question: What did Simpson help construct with Bell?
Question: Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?
Answer: DNA analysis
Question: During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?
Answer: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria
Question: Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?
Answer: Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria
Question: What have studies based on Boreoeutheria suggested?
Question: What have findings based on common ancestors in the Cretaceous been validated by?
Question: What are three major groups of Laurasiatheria?
Question: Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?
Question: What two major common ancestors does Alantogenata contain?
Question: From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?
Answer: Carboniferous