huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?
Answer: to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible
Question: What signified the end of Operation Killer?
Answer: capturing Hoengseong
Question: How many times was Seoul captured in a year?
Answer: This was the city's fourth conquest
Question: Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?
Answer: severe food shortages
Question: Why did Stalin send two air forces divisions and other assistance to the Chinese?
Answer: the Chinese war effort
Question: What issues plagued the PVA throughout the war?
Answer: logistical problems
Question: What was a great concern of many Chinese troops?
Answer: they had nothing to eat
Question: What was Zhou's ineffective response to the issue plaguing the PVA?
Answer: increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply
Question: What did China introduce to the war in 1951?
Answer: the Chinese Air Force
Question: Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea?
Answer: General MacArthur
Question: Who did not have faith in MacArthur's claim that victory was the only respectable outcome?
Answer: Truman
Question: What mistake did MacArthur make regarding the 38th parallel?
Answer: the Chinese would not enter the war
Question: What did Truman want to see happen in Korea?
Answer: a truce and orderly withdrawal
Question: Whose involvement in the war was found to be in violation of the Constitution?
Answer: . MacArthur
Question: Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?
Answer: General Ridgway
Question: What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?
Answer: get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north
Question: Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?
Answer: The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance
Question: Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?
Answer: depleted the PVA and KPA forces
Question: What was the Fifth Phase of the Chinese counter initiative called?
Answer: Chinese Spring Offensive
Question: What may have began as an effective series of attacks by the Chinese regained what area?
Answer: Line Kansas
Question: What ended with the armistice of 1953?
Answer: the stalemate
Question: How many armies did the Chinese use in the Fifth Phase Offensive?
Answer: three field armies
Question: Where was Line Kansas located?
Answer: just north of the 38th parallel
Question: What did the UN Command want to achieve with the armistice talks?
Answer: recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory
Question: What tactics were used by the PVA to coax the UN Command to continuing the war?
Answer: military and psychological operations
Question: Was there a cease fire during the talks?
Answer: Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued
Question: Who directed the armistice negotiation for the Chinese?
Answer: Zhou Enlai
Question: When was the Battle of White Horse?
Answer: 6–15 October 1952
Question: What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge?
Answer: 1951
Question: What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?
Answer: the Battle of the Hook
Question: What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?
Answer: called a conference in Shenyang
Question: What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting?
Answer: discuss the PVA's logistical problems
Question: Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems?
Answer: These commitments did little to directly address the problems
Question: Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War?
Answer: Peng Dehuai
Question: What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA's problems?
Answer: the Military Commission,
Question: What actions were taken to help the PVA?
Answer: PVA would be divided into three groups
Question: Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA?
Answer: the central government
Question: What issues stalled the armistice talks?
Answer: prisoner of war (POW) repatriation
Question: What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?
Answer: many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north
Question: When was the armistice agreement finally signed?
Answer: 27 July 1953
Question: What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?
Answer: Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,
Question: Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?
Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower
Question: Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?
Answer: the United Nations
Question: What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?
Answer: Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
Question: Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?
Answer: United States
Question: What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?
Answer: went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War
Question: What area is directly north and south of the 38th parallel?
Answer: The Demilitarized Zone
Question: When was the Armistice Agreement signed?
Answer: 27 July 1953
Question: Was there ever an official peace treaty after the war?
Answer: there was no peace treaty
Question: Who believes that they were victorious in the war?
Answer: North Korea
Question: What was the point of Operation Glory?
Answer: to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead
Question: How many US service members were exchanged during this operation?
Answer: 4,167
Question: Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War?
Answer: National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific
Question: How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006?
Answer: 220
Question: Why is North Korea insisting that the 1953 armistice was violated?
Answer: new wave of UN sanctions
Question: When did North Korea call an end to the armistice?
Answer: 13 March 2013
Question: In 2013, who what country did North Korea declare war on?
Answer: South Korea
Question: What weapon does North Korea claim it now has the ability to use?
Answer: a nuclear weapon
Question: How does the United States view North Korea's threats? 
Answer: credible and realistic nuclear threat
Question: What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?
Answer: ground attack aircraft
Question: What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?
Answer: Soviet T-34-85 tanks
Question: What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?
Answer: the North Koreans suffered major tank losses
Question: What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?
Answer: the UN forces brought heavier equipment
Question: How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?
Answer: 120
Question: Why were naval skirmishes not really seen in the Korean War?
Answer: neither Korea had a significant navy
Question: Who pretty much gained and maintained control of the sea?
Answer: the UN nations
Question: Who dominated any battles that may have taken place at sea?
Answer: the UN Command
Question: Where was the last sea battle of the Korean War?
Answer: Inchon
Question: What type of ships did the US spend most of its time sinking?
Answer: supply and ammunition ships
Question: What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?
Answer: magnetic mines
Question: How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?
Answer: 87
Question: Where were the majority of US naval patrols of Korea?
Answer: the west and east coasts of North Korea
Question: Who denied having anything more than an advisory role in the Korean War?
Answer: the Soviet Union
Question: Who ignored the direct participation of the Soviet Union to prevent expanding the Korean War to the Soviet Union?
Answer: UN Command
Question: What may have occurred if the war was expanded to the Soviet Union?
Answer: atomic warfare
Question: What did the Soviet pilots start doing when accused of playing an integral role in the Korean War?
Answer: dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian
Question: Who feared engaging in direct conflict with the United States?
Answer: Soviet Union
Question: What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15?
Answer: F-86 Sabre
Question: To mitigate the loses of the B-29, what did the US Air Force do?
Answer: switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing
Question: What was the MiG designed to be?
Answer: bomber interceptor
Question: What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?
Answer: right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works
Question: How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?
Answer: copyright law
Question: Who is protected by copyright laws?
Answer: work's creator
Question: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?
Answer: copyright infringement
Question: You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?
Answer: derivative works
Question: How do creators of content not protect their work from infringement?
Question: What are the rights of a content creator that has their work unprotected?
Question: Who is unprotected by copyright laws?
Question: You wrote a song that was based on an unoriginal work, what is this called?
Question: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube with the creators permission?
Question: How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?
Answer: direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court
Question: Why has copyright infringement increased recently?
Answer: Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet
Question: What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?
Answer: service providers and software distributors
Question: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?
Answer: expanding copyright law
Question: What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?
Answer: prosecuted via the criminal justice system
Question: What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?
Answer: service providers and software distributors
Question: How are disputes unresolved for small scale infringement?
Question: Why has copyright infringement decreased recently?
Question: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to aid infringement?
Question: What can't happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?
Question: What are two examples of groups that disallow you to make copies of protected works?
Question: What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?
Answer: piracy and theft
Question: What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?
Answer: piracy
Question: What kind of property is copyright used for?
Answer: intellectual property
Question: What is the difference between robbery and piracy?
Answer: related only to tangible property
Question: In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?
Answer: theft
Question: What terms are often linked to people who legally use or distribute content that is not their own?
Question: What doesn't mean the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?
Question: What kind of property is copyright not used for?
Question: What is the same about robbery and piracy?
Question: In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement equals what?
Question: What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?
Answer: monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter
Question: How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?
Answer: in relation to copyright infringement
Question: What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?
Answer: seized on importation
Question: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?
Answer: 1994
Question: Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?
Answer: peer-to-peer file sharing networks
Question: What did the Royal Charter not give to the Stationers' Company of London?
Question: How does Article 21 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?
Question: What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original isn't protected by copyright law?
Question: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights repealed?
Question: Piracy has been less recently described online in relation to what?
Question: When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?
Answer: authorization
Question: What have courts said there is a difference between?
Answer: copyright infringement and theft
Question: In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?
Answer: theft, conversion, or fraud
Question: What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?
Answer: The Copyright Act
Question: What did the court say was invaded?
Answer: certain exclusive rights
Question: When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights with what?
Question: What haven't courts said there is a difference between?
Question: In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records constitute?
Question: What is the separate term of art to define appropriation of copyright?
Question: What did the court say was evaded?
Question: Who did Texas software company Apptricity write software for?
Answer: US Army
Question: How many users were paid for in 2004?
Answer: 500 users
Question: How much was the lawsuit settled for?
Answer: US$50 million
Question: Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization?
Answer: the BSA
Question: What is an impossible cause of copyright infringement?
Question: Who did Texas software company Apptricity write hardware for?
Question: How many users weren't paid for in 2004?
Question: How much was the lawsuit rejected for?
Question: Who is an example of a minor anti-piracy organization?
Question: What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?
Answer: immediacy
Question: What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?
Answer: used the Internet to present its content
Question: It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?
Answer: work exclusively online
Question: What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?
Answer: downloading
Question: What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2013 that people want?
Question: What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people don't want?
Question: What had the festival not done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?
Question: It was the last year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?
Question: What behavior is just done by people who want content for free?
Question: Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?
Answer: Distributors
Question: What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater?
Answer: immediate access to online
Question: What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?
Answer: tax support that a film can receive
Question: Who made unclear the motivations of the filmmakers?
Question: Who discourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?
Question: What is restricted to ensure the smallest number of people see a movie at the theater?
Question: What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at home?
Question: What is unrestricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?
Question: What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?
Answer: University of Portsmouth
Question: How many people were part of the study?
Answer: 6,000
Question: What was the age range of people studied?
Answer: seven to 84
Question: Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?
Answer: artists
Question: What researchers conducted a study in the later part of May 2014?
Question: How many people weren't part of the study?
Question: What was the age range of dogs studied?
Question: Who did uploaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?
Question: Who did downloaders want to hurt by avoiding studios and record companies?
Question: Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to developing countries?
Answer: main access to media goods
Question: What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?
Answer: current neglected law enforcements
Question: In what country is the issue of digital infringement social?
Answer: China
Question: What is in high demand in this country?
Answer: cheap and affordable goods
Question: What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content?
Answer: connections
Question: Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to established countries?
Question: What don't the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?
Question: In what country is the issue of digital infringement anti-social?
Question: What is in low demand in this country?
Question: What does the government of this country provide to non-businesses that produce content?
Question: What happens when a country bans a movie?
Answer: the spread of copied videos and DVDs
Question: Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for?
Answer: New York Times
Question: What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Romania?
Answer: a narrator for state TV
Question: What did a visitor give to Nistor?
Answer: bootlegged copies of American movies
Question: How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania?
Answer: 3,000
Question: What happens when a country accepts a movie?
Question: Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu draw a picture for?
Question: What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Bulgaria?
Question: How many movies did Nistor dub for public viewings in Romania?
Question: What did a visitor take from Nistor?
Question: Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?
Answer: Grokster and Streamcast
Question: In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?
Answer: MGM
Question: What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?
Answer: venues for acquiring copyrighted movies
Question: What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?
Answer: Sony
Question: In the U.S., where is copyright infringement uncontested?
Question: Who did MGM studios not file a lawsuit against?
Question: In 2015, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?
Question: What did P2P file sharing services not market themselves as?
Question: What studio's case decision was overturned?
Question: Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?
Answer: third party
Question: What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for?
Answer: to identify and exact settlements
Question: What do critics usually call these lawyers?
Answer: copyright troll
Question: What do these lawsuits have in the U.S.?
Answer: mixed results
Question: Who can't be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?
Question: Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in all jurisdictions?
Question: What do inside lawyers take infringers to court for?
Question: What do critics never call these lawyers?
Question: What don't these lawsuits have in the U.S.?
Question: When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?
Answer: 1897
Question: What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?
Answer: misdemeanor
Question: What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?
Answer: for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain
Question: What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?
Answer: that defendant willfully infringed
Question: What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?
Answer: very low threshold
Question: When was the last criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?
Question: What type of penalty was made for lawful performances that are willful and for profit?
Question: What did a criminal infringer not do to be prosecuted?
Question: What mustn't a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?
Question: What isn't the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?
Question: At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?
Answer: non-commercial motives
Question: What loophole did the ruling give rise to?
Answer: LaMacchia Loophole
Question: If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?
Answer: dismissed
Question: When was United States v. LaMacchia not contested?
Question: At the time, what infringement could be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?
Question: What loophole didn't the ruling give rise to?
Question: What loophole did the ruling kill?
Question: If there is profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?
Question: What federal law did the United States pass in 1997, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?
Answer: No Electronic Theft Act
Question: What is the maximum prison time for infringement under the new law?
Answer: five years in prison
Question: What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?
Answer: $250,000
Question: How much were statutory damages raised by?
Answer: 50%
Question: What was the law called that let people be immune to prosecution?
Answer: Copyright Act
Question: What federal law did the United States pass in 1999, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?
Question: What is the minimum prison time for infringement under the new law?
Question: What is the minimum monetary fine under the new law?
Question: How much were statutory damages lowered by?
Question: What was the law called that let people be immune to persecution?
Question: What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?
Answer: EU Copyright Directive of 2001
Question: What was the directive NOT intended for?
Answer: legitimize file-sharing
Question: Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?
Answer: a tax on the content itself
Question: What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?
Answer: Canada
Question: What are examples of general purpose storage devices?
Answer: computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones
Question: What directive in 2010 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?
Question: What was the directive intended for?
Question: Compensation to the rights-holder is never a levy or what else?
Question: What is an example of a country that has all levies collected?
Question: What are examples of specific purpose storage devices?
Question: What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed?
Answer: Netherlands
Question: When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?
Answer: April 2014
Question: In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?
Answer: Netherlands
Question: What does the personal copying exemption explicitly not need?
Question: What is an example of a country that the exemption wasn't assumed?
Question: When didn't the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?
Question: In which country is uploading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?
Question: In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network always legal?
Question: What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?
Answer: DMCA
Question: What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?
Answer: "circumvent[ing] a technological measure
Question: Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what?
Answer: inefficient
Question: What are child safety and public library software used to filter?
Answer: website
Question: What is the U.S. law that doesn't use the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?
Question: What is the U.N. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?
Question: What is it called when someone unintentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?
Question: Anticircumvention exemptions are generally not seen to be what?
Question: What are adult safety and public library software used to filter?
Question: What examples provide virtual information?
Answer: interactive forums and comment facilities
Question: News, universities and libraries and archives are examples of what?
Answer: aggregators
Question: What is an important element of the World Wide Web?
Answer: hyperlinks
Question: What excludes Internet portals, software and games?
Question: What includes Internet portals, hardware and games?
Question: What examples provide actual information?
Question: News, universities and libraries and archives aren't examples of what?
Question: What is an unimportant element of the World Wide Web?
Question: What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?
Answer: libel, defamation, or pornography
Question: What was the result of early law on online liability?
Answer: varied widely from country to country
Question: When were the first laws of liability passed?
Answer: mid-1990s
Question: Who didn't early court cases focus on?
Question: Who did late court cases focus on?
Question: What couldn't be sued for under civil or criminal law?
Question: What was the result of early law on offline liability?
Question: When were the last laws of liability passed?
Question: What law enacted in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?
Answer: Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Question: How is this law characterized in the U.S.?
Answer: safe harbor
Question: In the E.U., what are the governing principles for ISP's?
Answer: mere conduit
Question: What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to monitor what happens on their services?
Answer: no obligation to monitor
Question: What was attempted to be amended in 2009 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?
Answer: European Telecoms Package
Question: What law rejected in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?
Question: How is this law characterized in the U.N.?
Question: In the E.U., what aren't the governing principles for ISP's?
Question: What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to ignore what happens on their services?
Question: What was attempted to be amended in 2007 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?
Question: What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?
Answer: host or transmit infringing content
Question: What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?
Answer: BitTorrent
Question: What do Torrent files NOT contain?
Answer: copyrighted content
Question: What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?
Answer: The Pirate Bay
Question: What do certain type of intermediaries do?
Question: What protocol do intermediaries not use that include a torrent tracker?
Question: What protocol do intermediaries use that exclude a torrent tracker?
Question: What do Torrent files contain?
Question: What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to block peer-to-peer?
Question: What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?
Answer: decentralised structure
Question: What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?
Answer: distribute large files effectively
Question: What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?
Answer: to avoid liability as intermediaries
Question: What is the legal status of primary liability?
Question: What makes peer-to-peer networks the same as other online providers?
Question: What was the final purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?
Question: What wasn't the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?
Question: What are the reasons for more simple network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?
Question: What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?
Answer: fair practice
Question: Where are minimal quotations commonly used?
Answer: journalism and education
Question: What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?
Answer: fair use or fair dealing
Question: What do these statutes represent?
Answer: principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents
Question: What are these statutes essential to?
Answer: freedom of speech
Question: What does Article 11 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?
Question: What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention not call certain uses that limit copyright?
Question: Where are maximum quotations commonly used?
Question: What categories do work that wouldn't normally be considered infringing fall into?
Question: What don't these statutes represent?
Question: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?
Answer: compulsory licensing
Question: What are two examples of this licensing?
Answer: compilations and live performances of music
Question: What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?
Answer: no infringement occurs
Question: What country has fair dealing laws?
Answer: Canada
Question: What is it called when a law allows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?
Question: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from accepting a license for certain uses?
Question: What aren't two examples of this licensing?
Question: What happens if a royalty isn't paid to the copyright owner or representative?
Question: What country has no fair dealing laws?
Question: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?
Answer: Europe
Question: Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?
Answer: news generators
Question: When was the second part of the case decided?
Answer: June 2014
Question: What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?
Answer: temporary web cache of consumers
Question: Where was the Private Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?
Question: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case not contested?
Question: Whose copyright weren't news aggregators infringing on?
Question: When was the second part of the case undecided?
Question: What did the courts rule was infringement?
Question: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
Answer: in a fixed medium
Question: What is NOT protected?
Answer: The idea itself
Question: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
Answer: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea
Question: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?
Answer: what qualifies as original
Question: If a work must exclude a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
Question: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else mustn't it contain to be protected?
Question: What is protected?
Question: What makes a copy of an unoriginal idea infringing?
Question: What limitation is only embodied in case law, and also in statues?
Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
Answer: U.S.
Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
Answer: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test
Question: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
Answer: doesn't affect copyright protection
Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work wasn't copied?
Question: Which country doesn't need a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
Question: What test might courts require hardware to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it isn't protected or infringing?
Question: What has hardware case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
Question: What is the major focus of these steps?
Answer: preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement
Question: What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?
Answer: civil & criminal
Question: What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?
Answer: limit the amount of control consumers have
Question: Who takes different steps to allow infringement?
Question: Who never takes different steps to prevent infringement?
Question: What is the minor focus of these steps?
Question: What kinds of legislation aren't a strategy for preventing infringement?
Question: What doesn't DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?
Question: How have governments lowered infringement rates?
Answer: narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing
Question: Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?
Answer: enacted compulsory licensing laws
Question: What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?
Answer: DMCA
Question: What else does this law provide to service providers?
Answer: safe harbor
Question: Who does this law target?
Answer: providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement
Question: How have governments increased infringement rates?
Question: Besides upholding international treaty, what else haven't countries done specifically to digital works and uses?
Question: What law in the UN considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?
Question: What else doesn't this law provide to service providers?
Question: Who doesn't this law target?
Question: What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?
Answer: employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing
Question: What must a user do under a prepared license?
Answer: adhere to certain conditions
Question: Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?
Answer: reducing infringement
Question: What is an example of a free software license?
Answer: GNU General Public License
Question: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?
Answer: visual and literary works
Question: What do some copyright owners do by increasing the scope of infringement?
Question: What mustn't a user do under a prepared license?
Question: Besides heightening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?
Question: What is an example of a paid software license?
Question: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally not apply to?
Question: How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?
Answer: approximately 16 and a half weeks
Question: During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?
Answer: by couriers
Question: What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
Answer: encrypted
Question: What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?
Answer: Anti-Piracy marks can be added
Question: What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
Answer: "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens
Question: How long is a movie atypically released in theaters for?
Question: During this time, how aren't digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?
Question: What can't be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
Question: What can be coded to films to find the source of legal copies?
Question: What superior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
Question: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?
Answer: U.S. GAO
Question: How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?
Answer: three
Question: What did the FBI use as a source?
Answer: estimate
Question: What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
Answer: GAO report
Question: What 2010 body found how easy it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?
Question: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to inaccurately report the financial impact of infringement?
Question: How many uncommonly cited estimates did the body report on?
Question: What didn't the FBI use as a source?
Question: What report said the data could be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
Question: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?
Answer: BSA and International Data Corporation
Question: Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?
Answer: U.S.
Question: Which region had the highest loss?
Answer: Asia-Pacific
Question: How much did the EU lose?
Answer: $12,383,000
Question: Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?
Answer: Middle East/Africa region
Question: Who did a study in 2000 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?
Question: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five cities with the highest rates of software piracy?
Question: Which country had the highest rate of hardware piracy?
Question: Which region had the highest gain?
Question: How much did the EU gain?
Question: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
Answer: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs
Question: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
Answer: 57 percent
Question: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
Answer: US$63.4 billion
Question: What nation had the higest piracy rate?
Answer: Zimbabwe
Question: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
Answer: 19%
Question: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2001 with?
Question: What percentage of people admit to pirating hardware?
Question: What was the commercial value of pirated hardware in 2011?
Question: What nation had the lowest nonpiracy rate?
Question: What was the U.N.'s piracy rate?
Question: Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?
Answer: Institute for Policy Innovation
Question: How much money have retailers lost?
Answer: over a billion dollars
Question: How many production-level jobs were lost?
Answer: 46,000
Question: Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?
Answer: U.S. government
Question: Who reported that piracy gained $12.5 billion for the U.S. economy?
Question: How much money have retailers made?
Question: How many production-level jobs were gained?
Question: How many production-level jobs weren't lost?
Question: Which government made $422 million in potential tax money?
Question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
Answer: The Piracy Crusade
Question: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
Answer: tenuous
Question: What was the industry going through?
Answer: artificial expansion
Question: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
Answer: perfect bubble
Question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich read?
Question: What book didn't Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
Question: What didn't Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
Question: What wasn't the industry going through?
Question: What doesn't he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
Question: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
Answer: $59 billion
Question: Who accounted for over half the total?
Answer: emerging markets
Question:  What did the established markets receive for the first time?
Answer: less PC shipments than emerging economies
Question: What country has the highest retail value of software?
Answer: China
Question: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
Answer: 83 percent
Question: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2000?
Question: What was the known total value of pirated software in 2010?
Question: Who accounted for less than half the total?
Question: What did the established markets receive for the last time?
Question: What country has the lowest retail value of software?
Question: How many geographic regions make up Greece?
Answer: nine
Question: How long is the coastline of Greece?
Answer: 8,498 mi
Question: How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?
Answer: 227
Question: Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?
Answer: Philip of Macedon
Question: Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?
Answer: Alexander the Great
Question: Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?
Answer: Rome
Question: When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?
Answer: first century AD
Question: What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?
Answer: 1830
Question: Which political philosophy does Greece follow?
Answer: democratic
Question: When did Greece join the Eurozone?
Answer: 2001
Question: Greece has the biggest economic power where?
Answer: Balkans
Question: What is the official name of Greece?
Answer: Hellenic Republic
Question: From what word is Greece derived?
Answer: Graecia
Question: What does the work Graecia mean?
Answer: the land of the Greeks
Question: Who called Greece Graecia?
Answer: Romans
Question: Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?
Answer: 270,000 BC
Question: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?
Answer: Petralona cave
Question: The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?
Answer: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
Question: Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?
Answer: 7th millennium BC
Question: What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?
Answer: farming
Question: What was the last civilization to rule Greece?
Answer: Mycenaean
Question: The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? 
Answer: 1200 BC
Question: Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?
Answer: Bronze Age collapse
Question: What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.
Answer: Greek Dark Ages
Question: The literary work "The Odyssey:, was written by whom?
Answer: Homer
Question: What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?
Answer: 776 BC
Question: Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?
Answer: Greater Greece
Question: In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?
Answer: 508 BC
Question: What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?
Answer: Battle of Marathon
Question: The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?
Answer: Thermopylae
Question: The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?
Answer: Greco-Persian Wars
Question: After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?
Answer: Golden Age of Athens
Question: The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? 
Answer: Peloponnesian War
Question: What often caused strife between Greek states?
Answer: Lack of political unity
Question: Who won the Peloponnesian war?
Answer: Sparta
Question: Who eventually brought the Greeks together?
Answer: Macedon
Question: Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?
Answer: Phillip II
Question: The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?
Answer: 200 BC
Question: Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?
Answer: Battle of Pydna
Question: In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?
Answer: 146 BC
Question: The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?
Answer: 168 BC
Question: What saying by Horace became famous?
Answer: "Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"
Question: What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?
Answer: Nero
Question: What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?
Answer: Homer
Question: What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?
Answer: Scipio Africanus
Question: What religion did early Greece practice?
Answer: paganism
Question: The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year? 
Answer: 393
Question: Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?
Answer: Theodosius I
Question: Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?
Answer: Justinian
Question: What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.
Answer: Barbarian
Question: After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?
Answer: islands and coastal areas
Question: The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?
Answer: 8th
Question: The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?
Answer: 9th
Question: Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?
Answer: Asia Minor
Question: A stable Greece allowed it to have what?
Answer: strong economic growth
Question: Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?
Answer: 1261
Question: The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?
Answer: Genoese and Venetian
Question: In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?
Answer: Byzantine
Question: A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Question: At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?
Answer: Thessaloniki
Question: Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?
Answer: the Ottomans
Question: The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?
Answer: 1460
Question: Who had a large impact on the Renaissance? 
Answer: Byzantine Greek scholars
Question: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?
Answer: Aegean islands
Question: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?
Answer: Cyprus and Crete
Question: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?
Answer: Cyprus and Crete
Question: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?
Answer: 1797
Question: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?
Answer: United Kingdom
Question: What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?
Answer: Greek Orthodox Church
Question: Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Question: The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?
Answer: 1571
Question: The Morean War took place during which years?
Answer: 1684–1699
Question: The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?
Answer: 1770
Question: The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?
Answer: Russian
Question: During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Question: Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?
Answer: 16th and 17th centuries
Question: Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?
Answer: 18th
Question: Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?
Answer: Rigas Feraios
Question: Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? 
Answer: 1798
Question: The Society of Friends goal was what?
Answer: liberating Greece
Question: The Society of Friends was also known by what name?
Answer: Filiki Eteria
Question: The first of several revolutions began when?
Answer: 6 March 1821
Question: War was started with the Ottomans when?
Answer: 17 March 1821
Question: Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?
Answer: Theodoros Kolokotronis
Question: The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?
Answer: Aegean Sea
Question: Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?
Answer: 1822 and 1824
Question: Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?
Answer: Ibrahim Pasha
Question: Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?
Answer: February 1825
Question: In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?
Answer: 1826
Question: Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?
Answer: Mani
Question: What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?
Answer: Russia, the United Kingdom and France
Question: Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?
Answer: Ottoman–Egyptian
Question: Which navy won the battle of Hydra?
Answer: the allied fleet