huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What is involved in remedy discovery?
Question: What focuses on early-stage pathways?
Question: How much does it cost to develop a new drug?
Answer: about 1.3 billion
Question: How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?
Answer: averaged 22.9 approvals
Question: Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?
Answer: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Question: How many drugs were approved in 2007?
Answer: 18 approvals
Question: Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?
Answer: Professors Light and Lexchin
Question: What does NMEs stand for?
Answer: New Molecular Entities
Question: How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?
Answer: 22.9
Question: What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure?
Answer: 1.3 billion USD
Question: What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?
Answer: 15 to 25
Question: How much does it cost to develop approvals?
Question: How many approvals of new centers happen every year?
Question: Who is responsible for approval or rejection of centers?
Question: How many drugs were approved in 2012?
Question: Who reported the stable average rate in 2007?
Question: What drugs are the least expensive to develop?
Answer: those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient
Question: What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?
Answer: opportunity cost of investing capital
Question: What is the consequence in the value chain?
Answer: increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research
Question: What happens when companies outsource?
Answer: somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies
Question: What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?
Answer: Line-extensions
Question: Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?
Answer: nearly half the total expense
Question: What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?
Answer: biotechnology
Question: What firms tend to outsource drug development?
Answer: major pharmaceutical multinationals
Question: What drugs are the least fundamental to develop?
Question: What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop companies?
Question: What is the consequence in the research chain?
Question: What happens when companies approve drugs?
Question: What is re-formulations of approved drugs referred to?
Question: Why was Mevastatin never marketed?
Answer: adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death
Question: Who discovered Mevastatin?
Answer: Akira Endo
Question: What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?
Answer: cholesterol
Question: Where did Endo discover ML-236B?
Answer: Penicillium citrinum
Question: What was discovered in long term studies?
Answer: too toxic for human use
Question: In what year was mevastatin discovered?
Answer: 1971
Question: Who discovered mevastatin?
Answer: Akira Endo
Question: What organism produces mevastatin?
Answer: Penicillium citrinum
Question: What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?
Answer: HMG-CoA reductase
Question: Why was Penicillium never marketed?
Question: Who discovered Penicillium?
Question: What is Penicillium responsible for producing?
Question: What was discovered in short term studies?
Question: In what year was Penicillium discovered?
Question: How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?
Answer: $301 million
Question: What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines?
Answer: Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra
Question: What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing?
Answer: Geodon
Question: What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases?
Answer: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson
Question: What do illegal marketing cases fall under?
Answer: False Claims Act
Question: Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act?
Answer: False Claims Act
Question: Zyprexa was owned by what company?
Answer: Eli Lilly
Question: Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?
Answer: Geodon
Question: Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?
Answer: $301 million
Question: How much did Eli Lilly settle the illegal marketing suit for?
Question: What drugs were involved in cases of the largest Johnson & Johnson fines?
Question: What was Johnson & Johnson accused of illegally marketing?
Question: What companies have been involved with wrongdoing?
Question: What do Johnson & Johnson marketing cases fall under?
Question: Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?
Answer: World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration
Question: When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?
Answer: May 2015
Question: What was the reason behind these interactions?
Answer: bring greater benefits to patients
Question: What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?
Answer: moral outrage over industry malfeasance
Question: Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?
Answer: New England Journal of Medicine
Question: What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?
Answer: New England Journal of Medicine
Question: When was the editorial published?
Answer: May 2015
Question: Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?
Answer: encouraged greater interactions
Question: Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health?
Question: When did the article come out about the importance of doctors?
Question: What was the reason behind these conflicts?
Question: What was believed to have created physician interactions?
Question: Who printed the article about the importance of malfeasance?
Question: Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?
Answer: AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly
Question: How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies?
Answer: more than $500,000
Question: What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?
Answer: allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses
Question: How many doctors have been paid by varies companies?
Answer: at least 21
Question: A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches?
Answer: more than $500,000
Question: Half of the top earners were mostly in what field?
Answer: psychiatry
Question: Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money?
Answer: $2 billion
Question: Who conducted an investigation on drugs?
Question: Billions of drugs have been paid why which companies?
Question: How much was discovered to have been paid to drug companies by doctors?
Question: What was the reason these doctors have to pay fines?
Question: How many companies have been paid by various doctors?
Question: How do large corporations show vertical integration?
Answer: participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution
Question: What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?
Answer: to manage drug development
Question: What are smaller organizations responsible for?
Answer: focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations
Question: What type of integration do large corporations often do?
Answer: vertical
Question: What type of integration do smaller organizations do?
Answer: a specific aspect
Question: What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?
Answer: collaborative agreements
Question: What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?
Answer: contract research
Question: Why is collaborative distribution important?
Question: How do large corporations show multi-nationals integration?
Question: What are large companies relying on outside marketing for?
Question: What are smaller drugs responsible for?
Question: What type of integration do large drugs often do?
Question: Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?
Answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
Question: After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?
Answer: comes later
Question: Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?
Answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
Question: Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?
Answer: European Medicines Agency
Question: What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?
Answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
Question: What UK organization evaluates drugs? 
Answer: European Medicines Agency
Question: What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?
Answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
Question: What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?
Answer: British National Formulary
Question: Who is the core clinician?
Question: Who is responsible for approving drugs in the NHS?
Question: After an approval in the UK, when does an approval occur in the NHS and other countries?
Question: Who decides how the USA will allow drugs?
Question: Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United States?
Question: What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
Answer: diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances
Question: What is given to companies who develop drugs for "orphan diseases"?
Answer: tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents
Question: Why are these companies rewarded?
Answer: Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous
Question: What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?
Answer: orphan diseases
Question: What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
Answer: fewer than 200,000 patients
Question: What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?
Answer: tax reductions
Question: What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?
Answer: seven years
Question: What is subject to patients in the United States?
Question: What is given to companies who develop rules for "orphan diseases"?
Question: Why are these rules rewarded?
Question: What is a term for rare rules in some territories?
Question: What size of disease populations are subject to patents?
Question: Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?
Answer: Ben Goldacre
Question: The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?
Answer: regulator and company employees
Question: Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?
Answer: regulators
Question: Who argued against the public?
Question: Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of patients than the drug companies?
Question: The business friendships between which parties have been praised?
Question: The FDA argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?
Question: Who argues that regulators do not require that new regulators offer an improvement?
Question: What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs?
Answer: Scottish Medicines Consortium
Question: What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved?
Answer: cost-effectiveness
Question: QALY decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?
Question: What is the name of the organization in Wales that decides the availability of drugs?
Question: What threshold must a Wales pass before it is approved?
Question: Where does QALY decide whether decide in what circumstances drugs and technologies will be made available?
Question: What must the NHS do in order to be approved?
Question: How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013?
Answer: $75.6 billion
Question: What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013?
Answer: Humira
Question: What was the bestselling drug in history?
Answer: Lipitor
Question: How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired?
Answer: $141 billion
Question: In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire?
Answer: 2011
Question: How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2011?
Question: What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011?
Question: What was the bestselling drug in 2011?
Question: How much money did Lipitor make after the patent expired?
Question: In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire?
Question: Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?
Answer: 10 to 15 years on average
Question: What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?
Answer: Patent protection
Question: What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires?
Answer: generic
Question: What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's "golden era"?
Answer: 1990s
Question: How long do company exclusivity rights usually last?
Question: Governments grant permission to market companies after how many years?
Question: What enables a drug's owner to recover patent costs?
Question: What kind of drug is produced by competitors once an industry expires?
Question: What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's "drug era"?
Question: The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?
Answer: Food and Drug Administration
Question: What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?
Answer: Investigational New Drug
Question: How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?
Answer: three
Question: What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?
Answer: New Drug Application
Question: What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?
Answer: positive benefit-risk
Question: What organization in the US must approve the safety and efficacy of testing?
Question: What type of filing is used before beginning risk assessment?
Question: How many phases of human trials may be done after review?
Question: What type of application is filed after completing three phases of products?
Question: What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on to studies?
Question: "Drug reps" are usually hired by what type of firms?
Answer: Pharmaceutical companies
Question: What law regulates drug marketing in the US?
Answer: Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987
Question: Who do drug reps market to?
Answer: directly and personally to physicians
Question: "US reps" are usually hired by what type of firms?
Question: What law regulates drug marketing in some countries?
Question: Who do US reps market to?
Question: Who do US companies generally employ?
Question: What is marketing of media in the US regulated by?
Question: Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?
Answer: 'gifts' and biased information
Question: Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?
Answer: physicians
Question: What publications can drug ads be commonly found?
Answer: journals and conferences
Question: What have drug reps been accused of giving to conferences?
Question: Conferences have hired who as paid consultants?
Question: What publications can advisory boards be commonly found in?
Question: Who has been accused of influencing consultants?
Question: What has stopped controversy?
Question: During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?
Answer: 740–743 CE
Question: What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?
Answer: Marwanid
Question: What caused unrest in the provinces inside Syria?
Question: In what years did the First Muslim Civil War occur?
Question: When did leadership shift from the Marwanid branch to the Sufyanid branch?
Question: What year was the Caliphate of Cordoba started?
Question: What war strengthened the Umayyads?
Question: Who killed Ali?
Answer: Kharijite partisan
Question: Who made peace with Muawiyah I?
Answer: Hasan ibn Ali
Question: Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?
Answer: Damascus
Question: When was a Kharijite partisan killed?
Question: Who was the First Imam for the Shias?
Question: Who followed the conditions of the agreement?
Question: Who refused to hand over power to Muawiyah?
Question: Who was regarded as a fool?
Question: Who was the mother of Yazid?
Answer: Maysum
Question: What was Maysum's religion?
Answer: Christian
Question: What populations did not have autonomy?
Question: Who ended the Muslim welfare state?
Question: What religion never held prominent positions in the Caliphate?
Question: What caused Muawiya to become less popular?
Question: What part of the empire remained largely Jewish?
Question: Who was the third caliph?
Answer: Uthman ibn Affan
Question: Who founded the Umayyad regime?
Answer: Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan
Question: How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?
Answer: 5.79
Question: How many Islamic caliphates existed before the death of Muhammad?
Question: Who was the first caliph?
Question: When did the First Muslim Civil War begin?
Question: What was the first major Islamic caliphate?
Question: How many square miles big was the Umayyad Caliphate at it's smallest?
Question: When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?
Answer: 656
Question: Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?
Answer: Marwan ibn al-Hakam
Question: Who was the second ruler to asset the Umayyads' right to rule on dynastic principal?
Question: Who do most historians think was the first rules of the Umayyad dynasty?
Question: Which caliphate witnessed the downfall of the Umayyad clan?
Question: Who was Marwan ibn al-Hakam'a top advisor?
Question: Why can Uthman be considered the founder of a dynasty?
Question: What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?
Answer: Kharijites
Question: Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?
Answer: Yazid
Question: In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?
Answer: Battle of al-Harrah
Question: Where is the Kaaba located?
Answer: Mecca
Question: How many opposition movements was Husayn associated with?
Question: What mosque in Medina was repaired?
Question: What army laid siege to Arabia?
Question: What became a cause for the celebration of the Umayyads in later histories?
Question: Who dispatched an army to help the opposition movements?
Question: What is another term for the Umayyads?
Answer: Banu Abd-Shams
Question: Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?
Answer: Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
Question: From what city did the Umayyads originate?
Answer: Mecca
Question: What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads?
Answer: Umayya
Question: Who did Abd Manaf ibn Qusai descend from?
Question: Who suspects that Muhammad was an adopted son?
Question: Which historians agree with the Muslim Shia historians?
Question: Who was married to the grandson of Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman?
Question: Who was the grandson of Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan?
Question: Where did Muawiyah fight Ali?
Answer: Battle of Siffin
Question: Who was appointed arbitrator by Ali?
Answer: Abu Musa Ashaari
Question: In what battle did Ali fight the Kharjites?
Answer: Battle of Nahrawan
Question: What did the term Kharjites mean?
Answer: those who leave
Question: Who did Ali fight against before this battle?
Question: Who was appointed as an arbitrator before the battle?
Question: Who convinced the others that a new Caliph should not be elected?
Question: What group's name means "those who stay"?
Question: What was the slogan of those who stayed with Ali's force?
Question: Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?
Answer: Persian Sassanid Empire
Question: Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Question: What book never mentioned racial equality?
Question: What was encouraged in the Quran?
Question: What started to resurface before Muhammad's passing?
Question: Who was soft on the governors?
Question: What area wanted the capital of the Islamic State to be outside their area?
Question: How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?
Answer: three
Question: Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?
Answer: Hashimites
Question: What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?
Answer: Battle of Uhud
Question: Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?
Answer: Hind
Question: Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?
Answer: Muawiyah I
Question: How many top leaders of the Umayyads survived the Battle of Badr?
Question: Who was the grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb?
Question: Who fought a battle only a year before the Battle of Badr?
Question: What battle was the last defeat for the Muslims?
Question: Who was the daughter of Hind?
Question: What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
Answer: jizyah
Question: What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?
Answer: mawali
Question: Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?
Answer: Zoroastrian
Question: What tax did Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
Question: What was a term for Arabs who were not Muslim?
Question: Who encouraged conversions in order to make more revenue?
Question: Who insisted on different treatment of Arab and non-Arab Muslims?
Question: Who added more obstacles to conversion to Islam for non-Arabs?
Question: What tribe did Ali belong to?
Answer: Quraysh
Question: Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?
Answer: son-in-law
Question: Where was the capital before Ali changed it?
Answer: Medina
Question: What does Fitna mean?
Answer: civil war
Question: When was Uthman born?
Question: Why did Ali meet with little resistance?
Question: When did the Second Fitna occur?
Question: Who was the wife of Marwan I?
Question: Who did not want conflict?
Question: What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?
Answer: Egyptians
Question: Who was Marwan I related to?
Answer: Muawiyah I
Question: Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
Answer: Ali ibn Abi Talib
Question: Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?
Answer: Ja'far al-Sadiq
Question: Who feared that Muslim armies would turn away from wealth?
Question: Why did early Muslim armies stay inside of cities?
Question: Who murdered the Egyptians?
Question: Who assumed power when Marwan I became very old?
Question: Who was the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
Question: Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?
Answer: Mecca
Question: Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?
Answer: Muslim bin Agail
Question: What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?
Answer: Basrah
Question: Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?
Answer: Muslim bin Agail
Question: When did Ibn al-Zubayr flee Mecca for Medina?
Question: Who was the sole female survivor of the caravan?
Question: Who was not able to disperse the crowd that had gathered?
Question: Who requested a message be sent to Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad to prevent his immigration to Kufa?
Question: Who led Husayn's forces?
Question: Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?
Answer: Sindh
Question: At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?
Answer: Rajasthan
Question: To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?
Answer: Pratihara
Question: Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?
Answer: Nagabhata
Question: Who sailed away from Pakistan in 712?
Question: What year did Muhammad bin Qasim leave Pakistan?
Question: What conquests were easy for Umayyad Caliphate?
Question: Who stopped India from invading the Arabs?
Question: When did the south Indian Emperor give up conquering the Arabs?
Question: In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?
Answer: 692
Question: During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?
Answer: Abd al-Malik
Question: What was the first major event of the early reign of Abd al-Mali?
Question: What year did construction of the Dome of the Rock begin?
Question: Why was the Kaaba built?
Question: When was the Kaaba under construction?
Question: What year was the Kaaba completed?
Question: Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?
Answer: Crete
Question: Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?
Answer: Mardaites
Question: What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?
Answer: Kairouan
Question: Who discouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christians in Syria?
Question: Who was Muawiyah's least close adviser?
Question: When were Rhodes and Crete freed from occupation?
Question: Who oversaw a military withdrawal in North Africa?
Question: Where did Muawiya shrink military expansion in?
Question: When did Muawiya II's reign begin?
Answer: 683
Question: Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?
Answer: Ibn al-Zubayr
Question: From whom was Marwan descended?
Answer: Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah
Question: In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?
Answer: 684
Question: What army left Damascus?
Question: Who was recognized as caliph outside of Syria?
Question: Who was a descendant of Marwan?
Question: What year did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle?
Question: What city did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle near?
Question: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
Answer: 685
Question: Where was Al-Mukhtar based? 
Answer: Kufa
Question: Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
Answer: Ali
Question: In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
Answer: 692
Question: Who succeeded Abd al-Malik?
Question: What span of years did Marwan rule?
Question: Who was another son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
Question: When did the Umayyads defeat the troops of al-Mukhtar near Mosul?
Question: Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?
Answer: khalifah
Question: Where was the government of the Umayyads based?
Answer: Damascus
Question: Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?
Answer: religious officials
Question: What was not divided into several pieces?
Question: What did the borders of the empire do before the Umayyad reign?
Question: Who appointed the khalifah?
Question: What did governors do with the extra tax revenue in the early years of the dynasty?
Question: When did the central power of the Umayyad rulers increase?
Question: What was the central part of Transoxiana called?
Answer: Samarkand
Question: In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?
Answer: 724
Question: What notable battle occurred in 731?
Answer: Battle of the Defile
Question: Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?
Answer: al-Harith ibn Surayj
Question: Who suffered worse defeats in the west?
Question: What area was easy to govern?
Question: What was the Umayyad victory in 724 called?
Question: What governor stuck to his promise of tax relief to the Sogdians?
Question: Who was able to capture Merv?
Question: What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?
Answer: Kaysanites Shia
Question: Who led the Hashimiyya movement?
Answer: Abbasid family
Question: Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?
Answer: Hashim
Question: What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?
Answer: 717
Question: Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?
Answer: Muhammad ibn Ali
Question: What was a sub-sect of the Hashimiyya movement?
Question: Who led the Kaysanites Shia?
Question: Who named Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as his successor?
Question: What failed to rally the supporters of the failed revolt?
Question: Who represented themselves as the supporters of Ali?
Question: When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?
Answer: 711
Question: What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?
Answer: 759
Question: Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?
Answer: Franks
Question: In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?
Answer: 739
Question: What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?
Answer: Marwan ibn Muhammad
Question: What paved the way towards an occupation of the Umayyads by the Iberians?
Question: When did the occupation of Iberia end?
Question: What year did the caliphate's expansion in the west start?
Question: At what battle did the Arabs defeat the Franks?
Question: When did the Arab army win a major victory at the Battle of Marj Ardabil?
Question: When did Hisham's reign start?
Answer: 724
Question: Where did Hisham base his court?
Answer: Resafa
Question: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?
Answer: Battle of Akroinon
Question: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?
Answer: northern
Question: Who was the first son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph?
Question: What years did the first son of Abd al-Malik rule?
Question: Whose reign was marked by the acceleration of military expansion?
Question: Who stopped hostilities against the Byzantines?
Question: Who was the final son of Hirsham?
Question: What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?
Answer: Maysum
Question: What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?
Answer: Kalb
Question: What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?
Answer: Christian
Question: What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?
Answer: Arab
Question: Where was the Kalb tribe based?
Answer: Syria
Question: Who was the chief of the Kalb tribe?
Question: Who did the chief of the Kalb tribe marry?
Question: Whose marriage was motivated by love?
Question: Who used the Jacobite Christians against the Muslims?
Question: When did Muawiyah dissolve the navy?
Question: What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?
Answer: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Question: For whom did Umar end the jizya?
Answer: converts to Islam
Question: In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?
Answer: 720
Question: What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?
Answer: poisoned
Question: What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?
Answer: Mawali
Question: What Umayyad ruler is hated by Sunni sources?
Question: When was Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz born?
Question: What happened when later governments tried to continue Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies?
Question: What unanimously praised most of the Umayyad rulers?
Question: Who established the jizya tax?
Question: Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?
Answer: Abu Muslim
Question: What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?
Answer: black flag
Question: Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?
Answer: Nasr ibn Sayyar
Question: When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?
Answer: 749
Question: Where did Marwan die?
Answer: Egypt
Question: Who carried out a revolt under the sign of the white flag?
Question: What year was control of Khurasan established?
Question: What was the first Umayyad stronghold in Iraq?
Question: When was Marwan recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa?
Question: What month was Abu Muslim killed in Egypt?
Question: In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?
Answer: Sunni
Question: What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?
Answer: Al-Tabri
Question: What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?
Answer: Arab
Question: What are the books written early in the Abbasid period like?
Question: When was there not much anti Arab feeling in Iran?
Question: What did this anti Arab feeling fail to influence?
Question: What was a small collection of texts?
Question: What was a collection meant only for current generations?
Question: What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?
Answer: Marwan II
Question: What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?
Answer: Greek
Question: Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?
Answer: cavalry
Question: What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?
Answer: manjaniq
Question: Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar?
Question: What did the Byzantines pattern their army organization on?
Question: How many corps did the Byzantines have?
Question: Who reintroduced the old division?
Question: In what fashion were Greek troops armed?
Question: Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?
Answer: Mu'awiyah
Question: Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?
Answer: Khurasan
Question: Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?
Answer: donkeys
Question: In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?
Answer: 4,000,000
Question: In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?
Answer: 19
Question: Who ended the postal service?
Question: Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire?
Question: Who stopped the use of horses in the postal service?
Question: What service primarily met the needs of private citizens?
Question: What did the postal department of Iraq cost per year under Abd al-Malik?
Question: Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Heraclius
Question: Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Jerusalem
Question: Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?
Answer: Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
Question: Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Hind bint Utbah
Question: What is an example of a late history book?
Question: What were Muawiyah's father and brothers appointed as before they converted to Islam?
Question: Who appointed Muhammad as a commander?
Question: Who never fought at the battle of Yarmouk?
Question: What battle did the Byzantines win?
Question: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?
Answer: dhimmis
Question: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?
Answer: Jews
Question: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?
Answer: Christians
Question: What were Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate called?
Question: Who was given a legally protected status as first class citizens?
Question: What were Muslims banned from holding in the empire?
Question: What led to a lack of great thinkers in Muslim communities?
Question: What were non-Muslims not required to acknowledge?
Question: Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?
Answer: G.R. Hawting
Question: What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?
Answer: old Arab
Question: Which caliphate was not marked by territorial expansion?
Question: Who favored the rights of newly converted Muslims?
Question: Who did the mawali show favor to?
Question: Who had a more universalist conception of Islam than their rivals?
Question: What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?
Answer: John of Damascus
Question: What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?
Answer: Roman
Question: In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?
Answer: not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam
Question: What did many Muslims praise the Umayyads for?
Question: Who removed the people's political representatives as they took over?
Question: What was the Central government not paid for?
Question: What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for?
Question: Who reduced the taxes of the people who converted to Islam?
Question: What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
Answer: khalifat Allah
Question: Where was the Abbasid court based?
Answer: Baghdad
Question: What is the Arabic term for kingship?
Answer: mulk
Question: What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
Answer: khalifat rasul Allah
Question: What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
Answer: deputy of God
Question: Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians?
Question: What is a term for kingship that has connotations of freedom?
Question: Who calls the Umayyads a true caliphate?
Question: Who saw a need to share religious power with the religious scholars?
Question: What histories were written outside the Abbasid court?
Question: Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?
Answer: Utah
Question: How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?
Answer: most
Question: What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?
Answer: 142,000 square kilometres
Question: Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?
Answer: oil refineries
Question: Along with the state of Iowa, where else does asphalt occur in unconsolidated sandstones?
Question: Comprised of four large deposits, in which province are most of the world's natural bitumen reserves located?
Question: Where does most of the Canadian oil supply end up?
Question: What is the total area of the Cambodian asphalt deposits?
Question: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? 
Answer: adhesive
Question: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?
Answer: petroleum
Question: What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?
Answer: watertight
Question: On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?
Answer: canoes
Question: The foreign people were the first to use what in the New World?
Question: What group was the first to use shell beads?
Question: What was used on shell beads to adhere gourds?
Question: What was used on turtle shells to provide decorations?
Question: What was used on turtle shells as a sealant?
Question: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?
Answer: 99%
Question: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?
Answer: 95%
Question: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?
Answer: maintenance
Question: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? 
Answer: worn or damaged
Question: Where can the removed surveys be returned for processing into new mixtures?
Question: Where is the deactivated asphalt put back to use?
Question: 99% percent of what are constructed by using asphalt?
Question: How often does the Federal Asphalt Administration conduct surveys?
Question: 99% of asphalt that is removed from road surfaces during what type of projects is reused for conducting industry surveys?
Question: What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?
Answer: crude oil
Question: Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?
Answer: diesel fuel
Question: Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?
Answer: Redwater, Alberta
Question: How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?
Answer: half
Question: How many bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil in Edmonton?
Question: When is the seventh upgrader scheduled to be under construction?
Question: The sixth upgrader will upgrade two thirds of what?
Question: The remainder of the output will be sold to Suncor Energy as what?
Question: Where is the Shell Oil upgrader located?
Question: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?
Answer: liquidity
Question: What is the liquefied mixture called? 
Answer: bitumen feedstock
Question: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?
Answer: engine exhaust
Question: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?
Answer: environmental
Question: To retain liquidity, what is sometimes mixed in with engine exhaust?
Question: Diesel oil or kerosene is often mixed into what to retain warmth?
Question: Due to what kind of concerns is diesel oil now used as a release agent?
Question: Environmental concerns are the reason engine exhaust is no longer used as what?
Question: When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?
Answer: 1868
Question: What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?
Answer: Ottoman
Question: When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?
Answer: 1912
Question: When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?
Answer: 2001
Question: The last known mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared in what year?
Question: The Albanian Coquand published the first description of what?
Question: When were the exploitation rights given to the Roman Empire?
Question: When did Simsa receive the industrial scale?
Question: What was transferred to Simsa in 1917?
Question: What is the last origination of the word asphalt?
Answer: late Middle English
Question: From what language does asphalt initially come?
Answer: Greek
Question: What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?
Answer: asphalt/bitumen/pitch
Question: What is the French term for natural asphalt?
Answer: asphalte
Question: To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?
Answer: wall
Question: From where is the word limestone derived?
Question: In Greek, what is the term asphalte used for?
Question: According to who was bitumen brought to Greece to build a giant wall?
Question: In what language is asphalte used for synthetically occurring bitumen soaked limestones?
Question: How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
Answer: interchangeably
Question: Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?
Answer: United States
Question: What is asphalt called outside of the US?
Answer: bitumen
Question: What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?
Answer: Geologists
Question: What is a naming term for asphalt?
Answer: tar
Question: The term asphalt is often preferred by who?
Question: Tar is an archaic term for what?
Question: Pitch and what other term are often used interchangeably?
Question: Another way to say asphalt tar is to simply say what ?
Question: What is the substance usually called outside of the La Brea Tar Pits?
Question: What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?
Answer: once-living things
Question: How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?
Answer: above 50 °C
Question: Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?
Answer: pressure
Question: What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?
Answer: kerogen
Question: Most of the petroleum used for commercial purposes is obtained from what?
Question: Current living things are the source of what?
Question: What product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and microscopic algae produce?
Question: Besides pressure, what is required to form mud?
Question: Besides heat, what is required to form Besides pressure, what is required to form mud??
Question: What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?
Answer: Athabasca oil sands
Question: Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?
Answer: Northern Alberta
Question: What formative period  produced bitumen?
Answer: early Cretaceous
Question: How old are the Athabasca deposits?
Answer: 110 million years
Question: What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?
Answer: 80%
Question: Located in the McMurray Formation, what is the smallest deposit of natural bitumen known as?
Question: Located in the Peace River, what is the largest deposit of natural bitumen known as?
Question: The two largest formations occur in the oil sands of which river?
Question: The two largest formations occur in the oil sands of which lake?
Question: What is the other 70% produced by?
Question: What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?
Answer: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Question: What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?
Answer: hours of exposure
Question: During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?
Answer: 1850s to the 1920s
Question: Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?
Answer: light
Question: What was used in early photomechanical technology?
Question: What did spanish scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce use to make the oldest surviving photograph?
Question: Exposure to darkness did what to the bitumen and also made it insoluble?
Question: What did exposure to light harden and make soluble?
Question: When did the Spanish scientist use bitumen to make a photograph from nature?
Question: When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?
Answer: 1834
Question: When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?
Answer: 25 November 1837
Question: Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?
Answer: France and Belgium
Question: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?
Answer: mastic
Question: What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?
Answer: Samuel Ryland Phipson
Question: In what year was Cassell's patent France or Belgium issued?
Question: The second patent, Cassell's patent, was issued in which year?
Question: On what day did Claridge's patent #5309 patent the use of Seyssel asphalt?
Question: In 1845 Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of what?
Question: When was the second British patent for using bitumen issued?
Question: Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?
Answer: 1870
Question: In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?
Answer: City Hall
Question: What natural substance was used in early road pavings?
Answer: bituminous rock
Question: From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?
Answer: Ritchie Mines
Question: For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?
Answer: waterproofing
Question: Ever since 1773, roads in the United States have been paved with what?
Question: What have been paved with asphalt since at least 1920?
Question: What was Ritchie Mines used to waterproof during the 20th century?
Question: When was New York's, Pennsylvania Avenue paved?
Question: What was NJ City Hall used for during the early 20th century?
Question: In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?
Answer: 1838
Question: In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?
Answer: pools and baths
Question: For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?
Answer: damp proofing
Question: When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? 
Answer: 1840s and 50s
Question: Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?
Answer: patents
Question: In what year was asphalt used for things other than bathing?
Question: In what places were asphalt used as soundproofing?
Question: Why was asphalt used in the flooring of patents?
Question: What were often granted in Britain, but denied in France?
Question: What were often denied throughout France, Germany and England?
Question: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?
Answer: Sidney Ells
Question: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?
Answer: 1915
Question: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?
Answer: Dr. Karl A. Clark
Question: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?
Answer: Robert C. Fitzsimmons
Question: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?
Answer: roofs
Question: From when was the value of Dr. Clark's method obvious?
Question: The means of implanting what were not obvious?
Question: The largest fur trading post was in what town?
Question: In what year did Karl Clark use bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton?
Question: In what year did Sidney Ells use bitumen to pave 900 feet of road in Edmonton?
Question: What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?
Answer: extremely viscous
Question: What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?
Answer: modern oil refineries
Question: Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?
Answer: cost is lower
Question: How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?
Answer: 65%
Question: What type of oils does Canadian bitumen differ substantially from?
Question: Other than Mexican extra-heavy oil, what type of oil does Canadian bitumen not differ greatly from?
Question: Other than Venezuelan-light oil, what type of oil does Canadian bitumen not differ greatly from?
Question: What type of oils does American bitumen not differ substantially from?
Question: In what areas is this uncommon?
Question: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?
Answer: 70%
Question: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?
Answer: cationic and anionic
Question: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?
Answer: recycled