huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What type of governing body did Seattle have in 1869?
Answer: Mayor-council
Question: What famous Indian appears on the seal of Seattle?
Answer: Chief Sealth
Question: What name was given to the street Yesler Way?
Answer: Skid Road
Question: After Yesler Way fell into ill refute, what was the term generally used for this type of decline?
Answer: Skid Row
Question: What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes?
Answer: anti-Chinese riots
Question: What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900?
Answer: 4.2%
Question: After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom?
Answer: Klondike Gold Rush
Question: What event ended the Gold Rush?
Answer: depression
Question: What was the start of the depression that stopped the Gold Rush?
Answer: Panic of 1893
Question: For whom was Seattle the main port of supply ?
Answer: miners
Question: What company did James E. Casey found in 1907 with a borrowed $100?
Answer: American Messenger Company
Question: What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen?
Answer: Japanese American internment
Question: In what facet of the economy did Boeing excel?
Answer: commercial airliner market
Question: How did Seattle celebrate its economic rise in 1962?
Answer: 1962 World's Fair
Question: What company's downturn drastically effected Seattle's economy?
Answer: Boeing
Question: What type of theater did Alexander Pantages start in Seattle?
Answer: vaudeville
Question: When did Pantages open his movie houses?
Answer: 1902
Question: Who was Pantages competitor in the theater business?
Answer: John Considine
Question: Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?
Answer: B. Marcus Priteca
Question: Which of Seattle's famous, and still extant,  theaters did Priteca disign?
Answer: Paramount Theatre
Question: What did Boeing separate from its headquarters facilities?
Answer: production facilities
Question: Besides the Renton plant, where else are airplanes made for Boeing?
Answer: Everett
Question: To whom is the Boeing credit union open?
Answer: all residents
Question: Before 2001, where was Boeing headquartered?
Answer: Seattle
Question: What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?
Answer: Seattle General Strike
Question: When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?
Answer: 1919
Question: What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?
Answer: Maritime Strike
Question: What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?
Answer: Port of Los Angeles.
Question: What violent act happened in Seattle's Chinatown in 1983?
Answer: Wah Mee massacre
Question: What type of establishment was Wan Mee?
Answer: gambling club
Question: Which huge tech corporation moved its headquarters the Seattle area?
Answer: Microsoft
Question: What item for sale in 2000 Seattle was some of the most costly in the US?
Answer: real estate
Question: About what time did the big tech boom in Seattle fizzle?
Answer: early 2001
Question: What sporting event did Seattle sponsor in 1990?
Answer: Goodwill Games
Question: What is Seattle's musical genre developed in the 1990s? 
Answer: grunge
Question: When did Seattle offer the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference?
Answer: 1999
Question: What caused bad press during the conference protests in Seattle?
Answer: police reactions
Question: What was the geologic event that followed the Mardi Gras Riots in2001?
Answer: Nisqually earthquake
Question: What lake is to the east of Seattle?
Answer: Lake Washington
Question: Where is Seattle's prime harbor?
Answer: Elliott Bay
Question: Because Elliott Bay is salt water, what kind of port is Seattle?
Answer: oceanic port
Question: What land area is west of Puget Sound?
Answer: Olympic Peninsula
Question: What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle?
Answer: Amazon.com
Question: When did Amazon begin its latest expansion?
Answer: 2010
Question: How many new people move to Seattle each year?
Answer: 14,511
Question: How much of their income do half of Seattle's population have to spend on housing?
Answer: more than half
Question: Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic?
Answer: sixth-worst
Question: What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit?
Answer: Pacific Ring of Fire
Question: What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake?
Answer: 6.8
Question: On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area?
Answer: February 28, 2001
Question: What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone?
Answer: 9.0 or greater
Question: What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage?
Answer: reclaimed land
Question: What type of land area does Capital hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill constitute?
Answer: ridge
Question: What artificial geological feature was added to Seattle in 1909?
Answer: Harbor Island
Question: Where is the highest place in Seattle?
Answer: High Point
Question: Where was Harbor Island built?
Answer: Duwamish Waterway
Question: Where on the Olympic Peninsula does the rainfall average 142 inches a year?
Answer: Hoh Rain Forest
Question: What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area?
Answer: variations in microclimate
Question: What is the capital of the state of Washington?
Answer: Olympia
Question: What mountain range is the cause of the variance in rainfall?
Answer: Olympic Mountains
Question: When does Seattle get it lowest levels of precipitation?
Answer: June to September
Question: In the lower 48 states, which city receives some of the least sunny days that any other?
Answer: Seattle
Question: What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle?
Answer: Thunderstorms
Question: About how many days a year is thunder a reported weather event in Seattle?
Answer: seven
Question: What land mass protects Seattle from Pacific caused weather?
Answer: Olympic Mountains
Question: What geologic feature protects Seattle from the Arctic cold winds?
Answer: Cascade Range
Question: What type of rain fall does Seattle most often experience?
Answer: light precipitation
Question: At what location is most weather data collected for the Seattle area?
Answer: Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
Question: What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?
Answer: Puget Sound Convergence Zone
Question: Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised?
Answer: streams of air
Question: From where do the two streams of air come?
Answer: Pacific Ocean
Question: What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle?
Answer: Olympic Mountains
Question: What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone?
Answer: Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm
Question: What is the usual average snowfall in Seattle?
Answer: 6.8 inches
Question: How many times has snowfall been reported at more than 6 inches since 1990?
Answer: once
Question: When was there a moderate snowfall  of over one foot that lasted on the ground two weeks?
Answer: December 12–25, 2008
Question: On what dates did Seattle experience a snow event of 6 feet?
Answer: January 5–9, 1880
Question: What is Seattle's average December temperature? 
Answer: 40.6 °F
Question: How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle?
Answer: 28 annual days
Question: What month is the warmest in Seattle?
Answer: August
Question: What is August's usual temperature?
Answer: 66.1 °F
Question: How long is the growing season in the Seattle area?
Answer: 250 days
Question: What type of weather does Seattle have in the winter months?
Answer: heaviest rainfall
Question: What are atmospheric rivers called  in the Seattle area?
Answer: Pineapple Express
Question: When did Seattle have hurricane type winds and heavy rains?
Answer: December 2–4, 2007
Question: How many deaths occurred during the 2007  heavy rains?
Answer: five deaths
Question: How many more people does Seattle expect to have by 2040?
Answer: 200,000
Question: Who wanted to grow Seattle by 60% by 2040?
Answer: Greg Nickels
Question: How much increase in population has the inner Seattle city had since 1990?
Answer: 77%
Question: What was the downtown Seattle population in 2009?
Answer: 60,000
Question: What change in building heights did Seattle make to increase population density in its downtown ?
Answer: height limits
Question: How much did Seattle's foreign born population expand between 1990-2000?
Answer: 40%
Question: From where in China did most of the first immigrants come?
Answer: Guangdong province
Question: How many Vietnamese residents are there in Seattle? 
Answer: 55,000
Question: What is the population of Cambodian immigrants in Seattle?
Answer: 19,000
Question: What other group of people does Seattle have the largest percentage of in the US?
Answer: self-identified mixed-race
Question: In 1960, what was the percentage of whites in the Seattle area?
Answer: 91.6%
Question: According to the 2010 census, what was the white population in Seattle?
Answer: 69.5%
Question: In 2006-2008, how many people in Seattle spoke English at home?
Answer: 78.9%
Question: What is the percentage of Asian speakers in Seattle?
Answer: 10.2%
Question: What is the basic race of most people in Seattle?
Answer: white
Question: What famous coffee chain is home in Seattle?
Answer: Starbucks
Question: Which huge internet seller is headquartered in Seattle?
Answer: Amazon.com
Question: In what city near Seattle is Microsoft based?
Answer: Redmond
Question: What drink do the people of Seattle excel in drinking?
Answer: coffee
Question: Before they moved to Chicago, what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle?
Answer: Boeing
Question: Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants?
Answer: Everett and Renton
Question: Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people? 
Answer: Mayor Greg Nickels
Question: What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle?
Answer: biotech companies
Question: For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive?
Answer: buying a house
Question: Where does Seattle rank in size of economy in 2010?
Answer: 11th largest
Question: How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US?
Answer: 8th largest port
Question: When does Seattle want to be rated as a climate neutral city?
Answer: 2030
Question: What type of industry thrives in Settle?
Answer: start-up businesses
Question: By a UCLA study,how many Seattle residents identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual?
Answer: 12.9%
Question: How does the numbers in the gay community rank compared to other US cities?
Answer: second-highest
Question: What city ranked higher in population in the gay community?
Answer: San Francisco
Question: What is Seattle's percentage of same sex households?
Answer: 2.6
Question: What is Seattle's ranking for same sex households as compared with the rest of the US?
Answer: highest percentage
Question: What Seattle theater was built in 1926?
Answer: 5th Avenue Theatre
Question: To what type of theater are the two dozen live venues in Seattle associated?
Answer: fringe theatre
Question: To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?
Answer: equity theaters
Question: How many equity theaters does Seattle have?
Answer: 28
Question: In what venue does the Seattle symphony perform?
Answer: Benaroya Hall
Question: Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform?
Answer: McCaw Hall
Question: What structure was originally at site of the McCaw Hall?
Answer: Seattle Opera House
Question: What Seattle organization is one of the top ballet schools in the US?
Answer: PNB School
Question: To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?
Answer: evergreen forests
Question: Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?
Answer: Gateway to Alaska
Question: From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?
Answer: Boeing
Question: What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?
Answer: The City of Goodwill
Question: What is Seattle's gay pride parade called?
Answer: Bite of Seattle
Question: How many Independence Day celebrations does Seattle have yearly?
Answer: two
Question: When are Seafair events held in Seattle?
Answer: July and August
Question: What is the focus of the Bumbershoot festival?
Answer: art and music
Question: How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held?
Answer: biennial
Question: How often does Seattle send to the National Poetry Slam?
Answer: annually
Question: To what style of poet does Seattle consider itself home?
Answer: performance poets
Question: What poetry festival was first held in 1997?
Answer: Poetry Circus
Question: What genre of music are Nirvana and Soundgarden?
Answer: grunge
Question: What type of musician is Bill Frisell?
Answer: avant-garde jazz
Question: What style of music does Sir Mix-a-Lot and Macklemore represent in Seattle?
Answer: hip hop
Question: What type of music do Foo Fighters and Harvey Danger perform?
Answer: alternative rock
Question: Where did artists such as Hendrix and Sixx spend their early years?
Answer: Seattle
Question: What was the name of the first art museum in Washington?
Answer: Henry Art Gallery
Question: When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?
Answer: 1933
Question: Besides the museums, what other art offering does SAM operate?
Answer: Olympic Sculpture Park
Question: Aside from publically operated museums, what other type of person galleries does Seattle offer?
Answer: artist-run
Question: What is focus of the Penny Arcade Expo?
Answer: gaming
Question: How many bicyclists attend the Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic?
Answer: 9,000
Question: What festival does Seattle have for the transgender community?
Answer: Seattle Transgender Film Festival
Question: What is Seattle's festival for the Polish community?
Answer: Seattle Polish Film Festival
Question: What was the first American hockey team to win a Stanley Cup?
Answer: PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans
Question: In what year did the Seattle Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup?
Answer: 1917
Question: To where did Seattle's Baseball team relocate in 1969?
Answer: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Question: What was the new name of the Seattle team?
Answer: Milwaukee Brewers
Question: When did the Seattle Super Sonics win an NBA championship?
Answer: 1978–79
Question: How many times have the Seattle Seahawks played in the World Series?
Answer: three
Question: Who did the Seahawks beat to win the Super Bowl?
Answer: Denver Broncos
Question: What team defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win Super Bowl XLIX?
Answer: New England Patriots
Question: What is the Seattle soccer club named?
Answer: Seattle Sounders FC
Question: With what team do the Sounders share Century Link Field?
Answer: Seahawks
Question: What did the people of Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?
Answer: gay marriage
Question: What other political hot issue did voters in Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?
Answer: use of cannabis
Question:  What do residents of Seattle believe in matters of religion?
Answer: atheism
Question: How does Seattle compare in church attendance to the rest oF the US? 
Answer: much lower
Question: For whom did the residents of Seattle vote in the 2012 presidential election?
Answer: Barack Obama
Question: What party members win most state and national legislative elections?
Answer: Democrats
Question: Who was Seattle's , and the nation's, first female mayor?
Answer: Bertha Knight Landes
Question: What is the sex of the majority of Seattle's city council?
Answer: female
Question: Who is the representative for Seattle's district?
Answer: Jim McDermott
Question: When was McDermott elected to office?
Answer: 1988
Question: Who is the present mayor of Seattle?
Answer: Ed Murray
Question: To which states' election laws are Seattle's law and ballots similar?
Answer: Like most
Question: What percentage of the Seattle population has a bachelor's degree?
Answer: 53.8%
Question: What is the national average of obtaining a bachelor's degree?
Answer: 27.4%
Question: How much of the Seattle population have high school diplomas?
Answer: 91.9%
Question: What is the national average of high school diploma holding citizens?
Answer: 84.5%
Question: How was Seattle ranked on literacy in 2005-2006?
Answer: most literate
Question: What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?
Answer: NPR affiliates
Question: With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?
Answer: UW
Question: What radio station is operated by the public school system?
Answer: KNHC-FM 89.5
Question: Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?
Answer: Internet radio
Question: In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish?
Answer: on-line
Question: In what year did the Seattle Post-Intelligencer  first publish?
Answer: 1863
Question: What is the LGBT newspaper called?
Answer: Seattle Gay News
Question: Who sells the newspaper Real Change on the street?
Answer: homeless persons
Question: What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center?
Answer: South Lake Union Streetcar
Question: What organization runs the largest line of ferries in the US?
Answer: Washington State Ferries
Question: How does the Seattle ferry line compare to the rest of the world?
Answer: third largest
Question: To what two islands does the ferry service connect?
Answer: Bainbridge and Vashon
Question: Besides serving Washington, Idaho, and Montana, what northern state uses Seattle Children's?
Answer: Alaska
Question: In what neighborhood is the Fred Hutchington Cancer Research Center located?
Answer: Eastlake
Question: Where is the Veterans Affairs Hospital located?
Answer: Beacon Hill
Question: What entity operates Harborview?
Answer: University of Washington
Question: In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle?
Answer: 1889
Question: When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end?
Answer: 1929
Question: In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease?
Answer: 1939
Question: The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?
Answer: trolleybus
Question: What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake?
Answer: Alaskan Way Viaduct
Question: What is planned to replace the Alaska Way Viaduct?
Answer: tunnel
Question: What was the original projected cost of the viaduct replacement tunnel?
Answer: $4.25 billion
Question: When is the tunnel now expected to be finished?
Answer: 2017
Question: What is the purpose of the University of Washington Outreach?
Answer: continuing education
Question: In what year did Time magazine choose Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year?
Answer: 2001
Question: Beside the public universities, what other type of institutions provide education in Seattle?
Answer: private universities
Question: Where can a student find to study art in Seattle?
Answer: arts colleges
Question: From what kind of transportation has Seattle been moving away?
Answer: automobile
Question: What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006?
Answer: RapidRide
Question: By what year do plans call for the completion of a rail line to Bellevue?
Answer: 2023
Question: Which former mayor backed the expansion of rail lines from downtown to Ballard?
Answer: Michael McGinn
Question: Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory?
Answer: process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
Question: What happens to information during the encoding process?
Answer: g allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli.
Question: What is the second memory stage?
Answer: Storage
Question: What is the third process that happens during the memory process?
Answer: retrieval of information that has been stored
Question: Why may some memory retrieval processes fail?
Answer: the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.
Question: Which four processes does phychology recognize as memory?
Question: What happens to information during the decoding process?
Question: What is the fourth memory stage?
Question: What is the third process that happens during the psychology process?
Question: Why may some memory retrieval processes succeed?
Question: What does short-term memory depend on?
Answer: an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code.
Question: What did conrad find about test subjects?
Answer: subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar
Question: What does Conrads finding seem to mean?
Answer: . Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically.
Question: What was Conrads deal with?
Answer: encoding of written text;
Question: What does long-term memory depend on?
Question: What didn't Conrad find out about test subjects?
Question: What did confusion recalling acoustically different letters imply?
Question: Whose study deals with decoding written texts?
Question: What did Conrad's 1963 sudy find?
Question: What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do?
Answer: recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal
Question: How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory?
Answer: capacity is also very limited
Question: How can one higher their memory capacity?
Answer: chunking.
Question: Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers?
Answer: because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers
Question: What is another name for extended memory?
Question: What exactly does chunking memory allow a person to do?
Question: How much information can one store and recall in long-term memory?
Question: What year did George A. Miller work at AT&T?
Question: How many groups could a person chunk a 7 digit telephone number?
Question: Why can't some memories be held onto forever?
Answer: The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration
Question: If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories, how long can you possibly rememeber it?
Answer: sometimes a whole life span)
Question: What is the capacity of long term memory?
Answer: capacity is immeasurable
Question: If you knew a telephone number one week ago, but have forgotten it now, where was this memory stored?
Answer: in our short-term memory
Question: By storing smaller quantities of info, long-term memory has this length of duration?
Question: Short term memory can remember telephone numbers for many years though what?
Question: Repetition allows short-term memory to remember what?
Question: How many years can short-term memory be stored?
Question: Short-term memory has immeasurable what?
Question: What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to?
Answer: visual information and acoustic information
Question: Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF?
Answer: Zlonoga and Gerber
Question: What did KF disprove during this study?
Answer: Atkinson–Shiffrin model.
Question: What did KF have trouble doing?
Answer: difficulties regarding short-term memory.
Question: What did this study seem to conclude?
Answer: a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.
Question: What happened in a 1985 study from Zlonoga and Gerber?
Question: Which patient demonstration certain deviations from the Zlonoga-Gerber model?
Question: What year did Atkinson and Shiffrin release their study?
Question: What was suggested when visual long-term memory was unaffected?
Question: What was damaged in KF causing difficulties to long-term memory?
Question: Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on?
Answer: frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe
Question: Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on?
Answer: hippocampus
Question: How much information can the hippocampus store?
Answer: does not
Question: If the hippocampus doesn't store information what does it do?
Answer: may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.
Question: What type of patterns is long-term memory supported by?
Question: What two brain lobe regions does long-term memory depend on?
Question: Who had the removal of both of his lobes?
Question: What was removed from Molaison to  improve his attention span?
Question: What part of the brain is not essential for learning new information?
Question: How long does sensory  memory to to store information?
Answer: less than one second
Question: Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory?
Answer: It is out of cognitive control
Question: Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory?
Answer: George Sperling
Question: What did Spellings' findings reveal?
Answer: this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items
Question: How long does sensory memory store presentations?
Question: Can we control what is stored in our experimental memory?
Question: Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory registers?
Question: What experiments did George Serling conduct in 1953?
Question: What did Spellings' findings prove to be false?
Question: How does long term memory encode information?
Answer: semantically
Question: What is episodic memory?
Answer: "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'
Question: If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?
Answer: episodic memory,
Question: What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?
Answer: recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings
Question: What year did Baddeley discover episodic memory?
Question: What did Baddeley have difficulty recalling?
Question: What is the defiition of the part of short-term memory known as episodic?
Question: The short-term memory which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where' is episodic what?
Question: What type of short-term memory allows people to recall specific events?
Question: Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?
Answer: do not have the language ability to report on their memories
Question: Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories?
Answer: , researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory.
Question: How can a researcher study a childs memory?
Answer: elicited imitation techniques
Question: Why can verbal report be used to assess very young children's memory?
Question: What techniques have not been used to assess infants’ recognition memory?
Question: What did researchers adapt and develop immediately?
Question: How can a child study a researcher's memory?
Question: Can researchers study an infants or young childs motor skills?
Question: What are some catgories of retrospective memory?
Answer: semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory
Question: If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this?
Answer: Time-based prospective memories
Question: What is something somebody can use to remember something?
Answer: Cues
Question: If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office, which kind of memory did he trigger?
Answer: Event-based prospective memories
Question: What are some catgories of respective memory?
Question: If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this not?
Question: What is something somebody can use to forget something?
Question: What did Winograd conclude in 1989?
Question: What is a inor way to distinguish different memory functions?
Question: Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between short and long term memory true?
Answer: research showed this to be false
Question: Which drugs seemed to help someone remember earlier events?
Answer: cortisol or epinephrine
Question: What relationship does excitement and memory share?
Answer: excitement enhances memory
Question: Bob was in a car accident and couldn't remember his wifes name, what part of his brain could have been damaged?
Answer: hippocampus
Question: Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between long and longer term memory true?
Question: Which drugs seemed to help someone forget earlier events?
Question: What relationship does unexcitement and memory share?
Question: What are patients with amygdalar damage more likely to remember?
Question: What typ of damage may also cause memory gain and helps with memory storage.
Question: Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?
Answer: that is crucial
Question: Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?
Answer: have gained much knowledge
Question: What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?
Answer: might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.
Question: What has most of the research on memories revolved around?
Answer: simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;
Question: Have researchers learned anything studying elasticity?
Question: Is it not important to know how information is coded in the brain?
Question: What are the roles of Covergence-divergence voids?
Question: What has none of the research on memories revolved around?
Question: what changes are involved in more simple examples of memory
Question: What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?
Answer: the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation
Question: What suggests that memory has two different components?
Answer: term of internal representation
Question: What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?
Answer: Moscovitch 2007
Question: What is an engram trace?
Answer: the underpinning physical neural changes
Question: What do regular scientists believe memory is?
Question: What suggests that memory has three different components?
Question: What did Dudai learn in 1904?
Question: What did Semon learn in 2007?
Question: What did Moscovitch learn in 2006?
Question: If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?
Answer: procedural memory
Question: What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory?
Answer: motor skills
Question: If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week, how many more explicit memories has he gained?
Answer: no new explicit memories have been formed,
Question: What is another term for procedural senses?
Question: If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what sense is he using?
Question: What set of skills is not reliant on procedural memory?
Question: What type of memory does not depend on the cerebellum and basal ganglia?
Question: What type of memory is secondarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory
Question: Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book, and then discussing it rather than reading two books?
Answer: working memory model
Question: Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad?
Answer: concept of a central executive
Question: Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives?
Answer: Working memory
Question: What does the non-working memory model explain?
Question: What has been praised as adequate and non-vague?
Question: What is non-working memory also the premise for?
Question: Which part of memory allows us to go about our long-term lives?
Question: Which model explains why bob has an easier time writing a book, and then discussing it rather than writing two books?
Question: Is an eldery person with alzheimers having the same problem as a similar aged person experiencing memory loss?
Answer: memory loss is qualitatively different
Question: Which part of the brain is associated with the memory loss an elderly person suffers?
Answer: frontal regions
Question: Which memory is an elderly person helping by using appointment books?
Answer: prospective memory
Question: What is one of key concerns of younger adults?
Question: What is not one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
Question: What did Alzheimer & Price state in 2005?
Question: Younger adults tend to exhibit?
Question: Older adults can manage their problems with prospective memory by not using what?
Question: Does a 6 month old have short term memory?
Answer: can recall information over the short-term
Question: What age can an infabt recall steps in an order?
Answer: 9 months of age
Question: What part of a two step sequence can a 6 month old remember?
Answer: one step of a two-step sequence
Question: What part of the brain is not fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?
Answer: the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed
Question: It should be noted that although 6-month-olds cannot recall information over what?
Question: they have no difficulty recalling the temporal order of what?
Question: What part of a two step sequence can a 16 month old remember?
Question: What part of the brain is fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?
Question: Researchers have suggested that these age similarities are probably due to what?
Question: When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which memory are you using?
Answer: Episodic memories
Question: When fondly remembering your memory, which type of memory are you using?
Answer: Autobiographical memory
Question: Which type of memory enables us to remember knowledge of the world?
Answer: Semantic memory
Question: Which type of memory is used when remembering something that we've seen?
Answer: Visual memory
Question: When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which sense are you using?
Question: Which type of memory disables us to remember knowledge of the world?
Question: What can result from visual stimulus?
Question: What does biographical memory encompass?
Question: What type of memory allows knowledge like remembering that Paris is the capital of Germany?
Question: What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well?
Answer: Stress
Question: Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out?
Answer: adrenal hormones
Question: Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words?
Answer: L. Schwabe and O. Wolf
Question: What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude?
Answer: stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.
Question: What can cause your memory to deterioriate and work better?
Question: Which hormones are produces when a animal is happy?
Question: Which Austrian cognitive psychologists released an experimental study?
Question: What does SECPT not stand for?
Question: What is retroactive interference?
Answer: when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information
Question: What is proactive interference?
Answer: where prior learning disrupts recall of new information
Question: What is a term used to describe being able to learn something quicker due to an older ability?
Answer: positive transfer.
Question: What benefits does interference have?
Question: What is active interference?
Question: What is proactive disruption?
Question: What is the phenomenon when learning Latin makes it harder to learn French?
Question: What disrupts recall of old information?
Question: In 1960 did people believe an infant was able to remember things?
Answer: Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information.
Question: What is the minimum age researchers think a child begins to have memory?
Answer: . A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information
Question: Does a persons memory capacity increase with age?
Answer: Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time
Question: Who has a better memory retention a 6 month old or a 9 month old?
Answer: 9-month-olds
Question: What was assumed until the middle of the 1960s?
Question: Research indicates that 6 month olds can recall what after a 48 hour delay?
Question: 6-month-olds need approximately five exposures in order to be able to do what?
Question: What has shown that with age, infants can store information slower
Question: as infants grow older they can store what for shorter periods of time?
Question: What role does the amygdala play in memory?
Answer: thought to be involved in emotional memory
Question: Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories. 
Answer: it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions
Question: What changes can be linked to learning and memory?
Answer: neuronal synapses,
Question: What is the hippocampus's relationship to memory?
Answer: believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning
Question: What role does the amygdala play in speech?
Question: Can you pin point certain areas of the heart to certain memories
Question: What similarities can be linked to learning and memory?
Question: What is thought to be involved in nonemotional memory?
Question: What is the hippocampus's relationship to speech?
Question: Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory?
Answer: the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus
Question: Whar does research show happens to blood glucorticoid levels during stressful events?
Answer: levels that have increased drastically
Question: Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their future abilities?
Answer: prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life.
Question: Do the people studied in different research perform as well after stress as they did before becoming in contact with stressful situations?
Answer: When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties
Question: Whar does research show happens to blood glucose levels during stressful events?
Question: Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their past abilities?
Question: How does long term exposure to stress also cause impairment in memory?
Question: When subjects are asked to complete a remembering task after short term exposure they have what?
Question: Why does long term exposure to stress have less impact?
Question: What neurons are damaged during stressful events?
Answer: The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus
Question: What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age?
Answer: the more stressful situations that someone encounters,
Question: What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories?
Answer: repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind
Question: What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress?
Answer: high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors
Question: What protons are damaged during stressful events?
Question: What can make someone more prone to memory gain as they age?
Question: What will a person often do with extremely stressful thoughts?
Question: What is the cause of neuron gain due to stress?
Question: Where are the AC1 neurons found?
Question: Does sleep hurt a persons memory?
Answer: There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory,
Question: What does SWS stand for?
Answer: slow-wave sleep
Question: What take place during SWS?
Answer: System consolidation
Question: What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to memory?
Answer: reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory
Question: In studies what is a relationship between sleeping and learning?
Answer: activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day
Question: Why does sleep affect recall?
Question: When are the neural connections in the brain weakened?
Question: What does WSW stand for?
Question: What take place during WSW?
Question: What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to muscles?
Question: Can one increase their brain efficency?
Answer: people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency
Question: What can a person do to increase their brain efficiency?
Answer: simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction
Question: In a study performed with 17 subjects, what relationship did healthy changes and brain efficiency have?
Answer: After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance.
Question: Do lifestyle changes definitely have an affect on long term memory?
Answer: it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.
Question: Who published a study in a June 2006 issue of UCLA?
Question: Can one increase their brain unefficency?
Question: What can people improve through complex lifestyle changes?
Question: After 17 says, they showed greater what?
Question: How many subjects had the average age of 17?
Question: What diseases can have a major imact on memory?
Answer: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease
Question: What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
Answer: an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex.
Question: Is amnesia only seen in one form?
Answer: There are many sorts of amnesia,
Question: What happens to a person whose autobiographic memory is damaged?
Answer: that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored
Question: What is a term to describe memory gain?
Question: What diseases does not have a major impact on memory?
Question: What is Alzheimer's syndrome?
Question: Why is amnesia only seen in one form?
Question: What happens to a person whose biographic memory is damaged?
Question: Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function?
Answer: has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain.
Question: What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise?
Answer: increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus
Question: Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school?
Answer: The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance
Question: What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?
Answer: aerobic exercises
Question: What has many cognitive drawbacks and effects on the brain?
Question: What type of nonaerobic exercises have benefits on the brain?
Question: What negative things can happen to your brain when you excersise?
Question: The effects of exercise on memory do not have important implications for what?
Question: What causes decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery?
Question: What can impact memory performance in a positive way?
Answer: when material is linked to the learning context,
Question: What can the scent of vanilla be used for?
Answer: strong cue for memory.
Question: What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show?
Answer: memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated.
Question: In Schwabe and wolfs study what where particpants asked to memorize?
Answer: were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards –
Question: In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared?
Answer: both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.
Question: What can impact memory performance in a negative way?
Question: What can the scent of lavender be used for?
Question: What did a study performed by Schwartz and wolf show?
Question: In Schwabe and wolfs study what where participants asked to forget?
Question: What were seventy healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to?
Question: What can cause a person to have fake memories?
Answer: repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced
Question: Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?
Answer: Goff and Roediger
Question: What did a similar study done by Garry find?
Answer: researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children
Question: What did Goff and Roediger ask people to do in 1996?
Question: What can cause a person to have fake senses?
Question: What did a similar study done by Gary Goff find?
Question: What happens when people are not asked to imagine events?
Question: Who asked students how uncertain they were that they experienced events?
Question: How does a person build their memories?
Answer: when they encode them and/or when they recall them.
Question: What did a study done by Elizabeth Loftus and John palmer show?
Answer: that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect.
Question: In their study what did people say they say when they really hadn't due to having the word "smashed" inserted into the question?
Answer: broken glass
Question: What has research not shown about our memories?
Question: How does a person build their confidence?
Question: What did a study done by John Loftus and Elizabeth Palmer show?
Question: Who conducted a study in 1794?
Question: What is known as the information effect?
Question: What does memorization mean?
Answer: a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim
Question: What learning tool did Cosmos rosselliius write about?
Answer: using visual alphabets.
Question: What is the spacing effect?
Answer: shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time
Question: What is the Zeigarnik effect?
Answer: states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.
Question: What is the least widely used way in learning?
Question: What does memorization not mean?
Question: What learning tool did Cosmo Kramer write about?
Question: What is the Cosmos effect?
Question: What uses non-spatial memory to memorize spatial information?
Question: What were the two categories for race in the census?
Answer: white or "other."
Question: Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
Answer: Only the heads of households
Question: What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
Answer: "Free people of color"
Question: When was the first US federal population census taken?
Answer: In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States
Question: How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
Answer: . Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other."
Question: Was every resident listed by name?
Answer: Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.
Question: Were all residents counted together or separately?
Answer: Slaves were counted separately from free persons
Question: when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
Answer: until the Civil War and end of slavery.
Question: When did the US begin to take census?
Answer: 1790
Question: At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
Answer: 1850
Question: Who were considered "free people of color"?
Answer: Native Americans
Question: What does mulatto mean?
Answer: visible European ancestry in addition to African
Question: Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
Answer: Indian reservations
Question: What year was the last federal population census taken in the United States?
Question: What was first taken in England in 1790?
Question: What were native Americans classified as if they were living on an Indian reservation?
Question: Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850?
Question: How were people of Asian descent classified by in later censuses?
Question: The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
Answer: more than a dozen
Question: Why were there more immigrants in the US?
Answer: due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s
Question: How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
Answer: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity