huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: How is adolescence defined cognitively?
Answer: changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally
Question: Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change?
Answer: biological
Question: Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change?
Answer: Cognitive
Question: Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?
Answer: Jean Macfarlane
Question: What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?
Answer: 1927
Question: What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?
Answer: Institute of Child Welfare
Question: What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?
Answer: 1931
Question: What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?
Answer: 1981
Question: At what average age does a male's first ejaculation occur?
Answer: 13
Question: What is a female's major landmark of puberty?
Answer: menstruation
Question: Besides heredity, what other factors contribute to when menustration begins?
Answer: diet and lifestyle
Question: Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets?
Answer: later
Question: How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent?
Answer: who the adolescent wishes to be
Question: How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent?
Answer: who the adolescent does not want to be
Question: Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self?
Answer: ideal
Question: How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche?
Answer: two years
Question: Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction?
Answer: females
Question: What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty?
Answer: uterus, vagina
Question: What activity often results in a boy's first ejaculation?
Answer: masturbation
Question: What are primary sex characteristics?
Answer: those directly related to the sex organs
Question: What does the first stage of puberty involve for males?
Answer: growth of the testes and scrotum
Question: After growth of the testes and scrotum, while male body part experiences growth next?
Answer: penis
Question: Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis?
Answer: seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland
Question: During what stage of development is there increased parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond?
Answer: puberty
Question: During puberty and adolescence, do most children share the same or different attitudes and values as their parents?
Answer: same
Question: Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?
Answer: prefrontal cortex
Question: Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?
Answer: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Question: Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?
Answer: orbitofrontal cortex
Question: Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?
Answer: those involving primary functions
Question: Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?
Answer: primary
Question: What is one area in which peer groups can have positive influences on an individual?
Answer: academic motivation and performance
Question: What are some of the negative experiences that peer pressure can influence during adolescence?
Answer: experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing
Question: At what age does succeptability to peer pressure peak?
Answer: 14
Question: What are some social skills that peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop?
Answer: empathy, sharing, and leadership
Question: What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?
Answer: constructivist
Question: Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied?
Answer: sudden and drastic
Question: Besides the information-processing perspective, what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence?
Answer: quantitative, state-theory
Question: The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what?
Answer: artificial intelligence
Question: Do most sexual experiences during adolescence take place within or seperate from romantic relationships?
Answer: within
Question: Where do some adolescents feel is a safe place to seek out romantic relationships, try out dating and indentity exploration?
Answer: social media
Question: What seperates "heavy" sexual activity from other forms of affection?
Answer: genital stimulation
Question: For older adolescents, is sexual activity in a romantic relationship associated with lower or higher levels of deviant behavior?
Answer: lower
Question: Are adolescents or children better able to understand that people do not have complete control over their thoughts?
Answer: Adolescents
Question: The imaginary audience and personal fable peak at what age?
Answer: fifteen
Question: At what age does self-consciousness in general peak?
Answer: fifteen
Question: What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors?
Answer: teen timetable
Question: Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other?
Answer: White
Question: What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage?
Answer: differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy
Question: Are higher or lower levels of parental support associated with risky sexual behavior?
Answer: lower
Question: Is exploratory sexual behavior seen as similar or seperate to other aspects of identity?
Answer: similar
Question: Does having unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and poor communication increase or decrease individual and social risk?
Answer: increase
Question: Does research favor or reject the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk similarly but hold different values and therefore come to different conclusions?
Answer: favor
Question: A priority in sexual attraction and dating can prove helpful in order to complete what reproductive advantage?
Answer: impress potential mates
Question: What does research indicate may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan?
Answer: baseline sensation seeking
Question: What are some factors that make developing and maintaining an identity during the adolescent years a difficult task?
Answer: family life, environment, and social status
Question: What are two main aspects of identity development?
Answer: self-clarity and self-esteem
Question: What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?
Answer: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem
Question: Do adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more or less difficult time developing their identity?
Answer: more difficult
Question: Is there a final endpoint in identity development?
Answer: no
Question: Evidence has supported which theorist's idea concerning stages of development?
Answer: Erikson
Question: Does self-examination begin early or late in adolescence?
Answer: early
Question: Which theorist argued that not everyone fully achieves identity?
Answer: Erik Erikson
Question: How do adolescents initially define themselves?
Answer: crowd membership
Question: How is Moratorium defined?
Answer: process of exploration
Question: Which researcher developed the current method for testing an individual's process along the stages of identity?
Answer: James Marcia
Question: James Marcia divides questions into how many categories?
Answer: three
Question: Which term is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity?
Answer: Self-esteem
Question: Is there evidence to support a drop in self-esteem during adolescence?
Answer: no
Question: Which type of self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety?
Answer: Barometric self-esteem
Question: Which type of self-esteem remains stable throughout adolescence?
Answer: baseline self-esteem
Question: What is the most important function of friendship?
Answer: having someone who can provide social and moral support
Question: At what age does awareness of one's sexual orientation occur on average?
Answer: 10
Question: At what age does coming out to one's peers occur on average?
Answer: 16
Question: At what age does coming out to adults occur on average?
Answer: 17
Question: How many times higher is the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents than their heterosexual peers?
Answer: four
Question: What are factors causing a hightened suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents?
Answer: bullying and rejection from peers or family members
Question: Are adolescents with authoritative parents more or less likely to complete secondary education by age 22?
Answer: more
Question: Are adolescents that have a good relationship with their parents more or less likely to smoke, drink, fight, or engage in unprotected sex?
Answer: less likely
Question: Which researchers conducted a 2009 study that concerned adolescents, their parents, and secondary education completion?
Answer: Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal
Question: How many hours of television does the average teenager watch per year?
Answer: 1500
Question: Teenagers' views on body mass, loe self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns results in what?
Answer: body dissatisfaction
Question: How is "body dissatisfaction" defined?
Answer: The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance
Question: Does divorce usually result in more or less contact with the noncustodial parent?
Answer: less
Question: What new theory states that traumatic events during adolescence have lifelong effects?
Answer: epistemological trauma theory
Question: Does a parental divorce during childhood or adulthood have a positive or negative effect on a person during early adulthood?
Answer: negative
Question: What are a few examples of social and religious transition ceremonies?
Answer: Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quinceañeras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and débutante balls
Question: What are some physical ways that some cultures mark the transition into adulthood?
Answer: tattoos and scarification
Question: Do cultural transitions into adulthood vary, or are they the same?
Answer: vary
Question: How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15?
Answer: 53%
Question: At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place?
Answer: 17.0
Question: At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place?
Answer: 17.3
Question: Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years?
Answer: increases
Question: How is culture defined?
Answer: symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued
Question: Does culture affect all, some, or none of the aspects of an individual's life?
Answer: all
Question: What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents?
Answer: not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs
Question: Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?
Answer: not
Question: How do adolescents use online technology?
Answer: experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups
Question: To what does "channel" refer in terms if adolescent communication?
Answer: form of communication
Question: What is a potential negative effect of using newer online channels of communication?
Answer: cyberbullying
Question: What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV?
Answer: 15
Question: Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group?
Answer: gonorrhea
Question: What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21?
Answer: One-quarter
Question: According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children?
Answer: eighty-one percent
Question: In what year was the Convention on the Rights of the Child created?
Answer: 1989
Question: What two countries have not legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminaory stance towards young people?
Answer: U.S. and South Sudan
Question: A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process?
Answer: legal emancipation
Question: What is legally different for an individual who has reached the age of majority?
Answer: regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions
Question: In developing countries, is it common for children to attend fewer or greater years of formal schooling?
Answer: fewer
Question: Why, in developting countries, do children often attend fewer years of formal schooling?
Answer: so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working
Question: According to family economic and financial education specialists, how do adolescents develop sound money management skills?
Answer: saving and spending money
Question: What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?
Answer: semenarche
Question: What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?
Answer: menarche
Question: What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?
Answer: Restrictive
Question: What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?
Answer: permissive
Question: Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?
Answer: discrepancies
Question: Which of the Five-Factor Model dimensions does not demonstrate an association with drinking motives?
Answer: Openness
Question: Is alcohol use a positive or negative emotion control mechanism?
Answer: negative
Question: Which motivation for drinking alcohol results in low conscientiousness, lowered inhibition, and greater tendency towards aggression?
Answer: enjoyment
Question: Drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with what behavioral qualities?
Answer: high neuroticism and low agreeableness
Question: According to research findings, does Internet use have a positive or negative effect on teen physical health?
Answer: negative
Question: Why do research findings believe the Internet has a negative effect on teen physical health?
Answer: time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities
Question: How can the Internet be beneficial for socially anxious teens?
Answer: easier to interact socially online
Question: Which online activity has been consistently associated with increased liklihood of depression?
Answer: cyberbullying
Question: What is the most commonly abused substance during adolescent years in the U.S.?
Answer: alcohol
Question: Aside from alcohol, what is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years?
Answer: marijuana
Question: The heightened usage of what drug is most likely due at least in some part to the rising popularity of rave culture?
Answer: ecstasy
Question: From the late 1990s to mid 2000s, was drug use in teens on the rise or decline?
Answer: decline
Question: During what ages do reasons for alcohol consumption between males and females begin to diverge?
Answer: 14–15
Question: Do boys or girls view drinking in a more social light?
Answer: boys
Question: Which gender reports most frequently using alcohol as a coping mechanism?
Answer: girls
Question: Does age bring a greater or smaller desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping?
Answer: greater
Question: What is the Latin meaning of the word "adolescere"?
Answer: to grow up
Question: What is another term for legal adulthood?
Answer: age of majority
Question: Physical growth and cognitive development generally observed in adolescents can extend to what age?
Answer: early twenties
Question: In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?
Answer: greatly increased
Question: What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?
Answer: 73%
Question: What percentage of teens say they text every day?
Answer: 68%
Question: What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?
Answer: 51%
Question: What ratio of teens are "heavy" social media users, using two types of media daily?
Answer: One in four (23%)
Question: Are girls reaching sexual maturation early more or less likely to develop eating disorers?
Answer: more likely
Question: Nearly half of Americam high school girls hope to achieve what goal with their diet?
Answer: lose weight
Question: Are early or late maturing girls more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse?
Answer: early maturing
Question: Do early or late maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies?
Answer: early maturing
Question: Who performs better in school: sexually experienced or inexperienced teen females?
Answer: inexperienced
Question: Is change in bodily distribution of fat and muscle the same or different between males and females during puberty?
Answer: different
Question: Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty?
Answer: boys
Question: Do boys or girls experience a more significant increase in body fat?
Answer: girls
Question: What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys?
Answer: three to one
Question: What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls?
Answer: five to four
Question: What is a secondary sex characteristic change?
Answer: every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction
Question: How many Tanner stages are there?
Answer: five
Question: What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system?
Answer: pediatrician
Question: Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes?
Answer: Changes in secondary sex characteristics
Question: Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic?
Answer: secondary
Question: Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts?
Answer: adolescents
Question: Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard?
Answer: culturally-relative
Question: Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard?
Answer: common sense
Question: Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?
Answer: G. Stanley Hall
Question: What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?
Answer: Adolescence in 1904
Question: From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?
Answer: describing
Question: Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?
Answer: Darwin
Question: How do children tend to define themselves?
Answer: by physical traits
Question: Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?
Answer: adolescents
Question: Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?
Answer: self-concept
Question: Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?
Answer: cognitive
Question: What social class of adolescents is most often studied?
Answer: middle class
Question: The period of one's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what?
Answer: youth
Question: Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one's development?
Answer: more likely
Question: Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity?
Answer: exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general
Question: Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?
Answer: large
Question: Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social?
Answer: heavily emotionally invested in friends
Question: Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more?
Answer: Adolescents
Question: How is adolescence defined socially?
Answer: a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision
Question: Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important?
Answer: focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents
Question: Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event?
Answer: romantic
Question: What are the three main types of autonomy?
Answer: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy
Question: How is behavioral autonomy defined?
Answer: encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern
Question: Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?
Answer: Behavioral
Question: How is cognitive autonomy defined?
Answer: the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation
Question: Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?
Answer: match closely
Question: Do American teenagers spend more or less time in shool than adolescents in other countires?
Answer: less
Question: Do American teenagers spend more or less time on leisure activities than adolescents in other countries?
Answer: more
Question: Does the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure vary from culture to culture or reman relatively constant?
Answer: varies greatly
Question: What are two potential reasons that adolescents in different cultures spend varying time on work and leisure activities?
Answer: cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors
Question: Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly?
Answer: marijuana
Question: Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes?
Answer: male
Question: What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes?
Answer: recent changing social and political views towards marijuana
Question: What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?
Answer: Social engagement and personal enjoyment
Question: What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?
Answer: pleasure and recreation
Question: What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?
Answer: 7%
Question: In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?
Answer: males
Question: The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what?
Answer: adolescence
Question: How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts?
Answer: nearly a decade
Question: Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon?
Answer: varies drastically by culture
Question: Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone?
Answer: adolescence
Question: Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?
Answer: varies by country
Question: Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?
Answer: different ages
Question: When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males?
Answer: between 14 to 17 years of age
Question: For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?
Answer: 2–4 years after puberty
Question: Where does facial hair first present during puberty?
Answer: corners of the upper lip
Question: How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?
Answer: two years later
Question: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?
Answer: 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year
Question: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?
Answer: 3.5 inches (9 cm)
Question: Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?
Answer: toddler
Question: Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence?
Answer: increases
Question: Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence?
Answer: inverted-U pattern
Question: During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated?
Answer: synaptic pruning
Question: Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning?
Answer: more efficient
Question: Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form?
Answer: Piaget
Question: What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior?
Answer: executive functions
Question: Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior?
Answer: prefrontal cortex
Question: Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence?
Answer: decrease
Question: Do adolescents or children understand puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies most effectively?
Answer: adolescents
Question: Children under what age often cannot comprehend sarcasm?
Answer: nine
Question: Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic?
Answer: higher-order
Question: The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence?
Answer: cognitive
Question: Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards?
Answer: adolescents
Question: Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action?
Answer: both
Question: Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action?
Answer: behavioral decision-making theory
Question: When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?
Answer: differentiation
Question: Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?
Answer: distress
Question: In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity?
Answer: 1989
Question: What is Troiden's first stage of development known as?
Answer: sensitization
Question: When does sensitization usually start?
Answer: childhood
Question: Troiden's second stage is referred to as what?
Answer: identity confusion
Question: In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation?
Answer: identity confusion
Question: Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence?
Answer: increases
Question: When siblings act as peers, what positive effects are possible?
Answer: increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth
Question: At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy?
Answer: middle adolescence
Question: Do adolescents associate with "cliques" on a large or small scale?
Answer: small
Question: How are cliques defined?
Answer: exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close
Question: What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent?
Answer: help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity
Question: Do adolescents associate with "crowds" on a large or small scale?
Answer: larger
Question: What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship?
Answer: 10-45%
Question: What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression?
Answer: a quarter to a third
Question: Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression?
Answer: Physical
Question: In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors?
Answer: no
Question: Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood?
Answer: decline
Question: Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?
Answer: positive
Question: What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?
Answer: The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities
Question: How are household chores frequently divided?
Answer: self-care tasks and family-care tasks
Question: Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system?
Answer: interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments
Question: The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development?
Answer: Adolescence
Question: What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence?
Answer: themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in
Question: Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what?
Answer: cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood
Question: What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet?
Answer: more than three-quarters
Question: What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally?
Answer: 90%
Question: In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased?
Answer: greatly increased
Question: What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites?
Answer: (65%)
Question: What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation?
Answer: video games
Question: What is DIS?
Answer: a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences
Question: What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to?
Answer: drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities
Question: What does the DIS focus on in adolescents?
Answer: risky and inappropriate behaviors
Question: What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by?
Answer: the substance use of friends and other classmates
Question: What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence?
Answer: addictive nature of cigarettes
Question: Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence?
Answer: significantly greater
Question: What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?
Answer: 12 to 20 years
Question: Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?
Answer: No
Question: What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?
Answer: enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels
Question: Which continent is the highest in elevation?
Answer: Antarctica
Question: What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?
Answer: 200 mm
Question: What is the average coldest temperature?
Answer: −63 °C
Question: What is the coldest recorded temperature?
Answer: −89.2 °C
Question: Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? 
Answer: tundra
Question: What is on average is the coldest, wetest, and windiest continent?
Question: What coninent has lowest average elevation?
Question: Where has the temperature reached 89.2 degress Celsius
Question: How many humans live in Antarctica?
Question: What type of organism can not be found in Antarctica?
Question: What continent has only 200 in of annual precipitation?
Question: Where has the temperature reached -89.2°F?
Question: How many permanent residents are living in research stations?
Question: What is the yearly average temperature in Antarctica?
Question: To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?
Answer: Andes
Question: An uplift of what formed Antarctica?
Answer: sea bed sediments
Question: Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?
Answer: early Mesozoic
Question: What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?
Answer: andesite and rhyolite
Question: What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?
Answer: volcanic
Question: What was once part of the Andes mountains of South America?
Question: What caused the Antarctic Peninsula to for prior to the Paleozoic era?
Question: What caused volcanism on the Antarctic Peninsula?
Question: What are the rarest rocks in Western Antarctica?
Question: What activity stopped after the ice sheet formed?
Question: What closely resembles the Andes mountain range of Antarctica?
Question: What was formed during the early Paleozoic and the late Mesozoic eras?
Question: What are the most common rocks in Antarctica?
Question: When were the andesite and rhyolite formed in West Antarctica?
Question: What is there evidence of in Alexander Byrd Land and Marie Island?
Question: What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?
Answer: significant landmass
Question: What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?
Answer: Matthew Flinders
Question: What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?
Answer: A Voyage to Terra Australis
Question: When did Flinders write his book of discovery?
Answer: 1814
Question: What event caused people to misname Antarctica?
Answer: mistake
Question: What land mass was named after after Australia?
Question: What land mass was believed to be further south than Australia?
Question: What explorer opposed naming Australia  after Terra Australis?
Question: What book did Matthew Flinders write in the 18th century?
Question: What continent was given the name Australis Terra?
Question: What was Flinder Matthews credited with?
Question: What book did Flinders write in 1841?
Question: Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?
Answer: Census of Marine Life
Question: When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?
Answer: International Polar Year
Question: How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?
Answer: 235
Question: Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?
Answer: cetaceans
Question: What is the amount of difference in temperature  in the deep ocean?
Answer: 5 °C
Question: Who conducted a censuslife on Antarctica in 2010?
Question: How many marine organism live in the South Pole region?
Question: What animals live at the South Pole all year?
Question: Where is there a large variatio in temperatures of the deep ocean?
Question: What was conducted during the Polar Year International?
Question: How many researchers were involved in the Polar Year International census?
Question: What was released in 2001?
Question: How many marine organisms were found in the 12,000 miles studied?
Question: How many marine species were found within the 7,456 km studied?
Question: What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?
Answer: Ernest Shackleton
Question: Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?
Answer: Edgeworth David
Question: Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?
Answer: Douglas Mawson
Question: When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?
Answer: 1931
Question: When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?
Answer: 14 December 1911
Question: What expitition was led by Shackleton in the 19th century?
Question: What did the party led by Shckleton climb?
Question: What expedition reached the North Magnetic Pole?
Question: What did Edgeworth David traverse?
Question: What ship did Shackelton use to reach the geographic South Pole?
Question: What expedition was led by Edgeworth Shackleton?
Question: Who led Nimrod Expedition to Antarctica?
Question: Who led the Magnetic Pole party in 1931?
Question: Who led the expedition that would first reach the geographic South Pole on 11 December 1914?
Question: When was the South Polar Plateau first traversed?
Question: When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?
Answer: 1978
Question: What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?
Answer: criminal
Question: Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?
Answer: krill
Question: How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?
Answer: 32,000
Question: When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  come into force?
Answer: 1980
Question: What passed in 1987?
Question: Where was the 1987 Antarctic Conservation Act passed?
Question: What does CMACLR stand for?
Question: What year did the CMACLR come into force?
Question: What year saw illegal fishing of toothfish measure 32,000 short tons?
Question: What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?
Answer: Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol
Question: How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?
Answer: 95%
Question: What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?
Answer: small or medium ship
Question: How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?
Answer: 37,506
Question: What has existed since 1975?
Question: What does IATAO stand for?
Question: What percentage of tourism do members of the IATAO account for?
Question: How many tourists visited in 2006?
Question: What was the number of tourists predicted to increase to in 2007?
Question: Where was coal first found on Antarctica?
Answer: Beardmore Glacier
Question: What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?
Answer: Nimrod Expedition
Question: Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?
Answer: Prince Charles Mountains
Question: Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?
Answer: Ross Sea
Question: What is the rarest mineral resource on the continent?
Question: Who first discovered coal in the Southern Hemisphere?
Question: What ore was found near the Beardmore Glacier?
Question: What valuable resources did the Nimrod Expodition find in the Ross Sea?
Question: What type od resources can only be explored until 2048?
Question: What is the main mineral resource of the Prince Charles Glacier?
Question: What did Frank Beardmore first record during the Nimrod Expedition?
Question: What significant deposits are found in the Transantarctic Mountains?
Question: What was found in the Ross Sea in 1937?
Question: What is banned until 2084?
Question: How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?
Answer: $16.3 million
Question: What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?
Answer: zero-emissions
Question: From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?
Answer: Belgium
Question: Who is the leader of the station design team?
Answer: Johan Berte
Question: What happened on 7 September 2006?
Question: What was unveiled on 7 September 2006?
Question: Who unveiled the Princess Elisabeth on 7 September 2006?
Question: What cost $13.6 million?
Question: Who is Alain Berte?
Question: What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?
Answer: floating ice shelves
Question: What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?
Answer: collapses
Question: Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?
Answer: Antarctic Peninsula
Question: What could the displacement of ice cause?
Answer: glacial outflow
Question: What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?
Answer: snow falling
Question: Where did ice on land originate?
Question: What is the result of floating ice shelves melting from the land?
Question: What does snow offset on the continent shelves?
Question: Where is the concern with regard to disruption of ice melts?
Question: What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?
Answer: plant growth
Question: hat is low and limited in Antarctica?
Answer: diversity of plant life
Question: How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?
Answer: 100
Question: What allows extensive vegitation to occur?
Question: What promotes plant growth?
Question: What is diverse and widely distributed?
Question: Where are there 25 species of mosses?
Question: What climate allows extensive vegetation to form?
Question: What are there 105 species of?
Question: What are there 20 species of?
Question: How many species of plants are there?
Question: Where are all of the plants found?
Question: What document regulates Antarctica's status?
Answer: Antarctic Treaty System
Question: What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border?
Answer: south of 60° S
Question: How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims?
Answer: twelve
Question: What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as?
Answer: scientific preserve
Question: What has been suspended since 1995?
Question: What year did Norway formally define Maud Queen Land?
Question: What 1995 treaty is Antarctica's status regulated by?
Question: What is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 59° S?
Question: When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?
Answer: 17 January 1773
Question: What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?
Answer: field ice
Question: How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?
Answer: three
Question: How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?
Answer: 32 km
Question: When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?
Answer: 1895
Question: Who's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle in the 17th century?
Question: What ships did Cook use to circle the Antarctic Circle?
Question: Who sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in the 18th century?
Question: What ships were captained by Bransfield and Lazarev?
Question: Who sighted land ten months before Bransfield?
Question: What ships crossed the Arctic Circle on 17 January 1773?
Question: What crossed the Antarctic Circle in December 1774?
Question: Who came within 120 mi of the Antarctic coast in 1773?
Question: What did three might sight in 1802?
Question: What ice shelf was spotted within 32 mi from Queen Maud's Land?
Question: What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?
Answer: ozone layer
Question: Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?
Answer: Brunt Ice Shelf
Question: When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?
Answer: 1985
Question: What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?
Answer: chlorofluorocarbons
Question: What agreement banned the use of CFC s?
Answer: Montreal Protocol
Question: What was studied in 1970?
Question: What was discovered in 1985 in the ozone at the Brunt Station on the Halley Ice Shelf?
Question: What does CCF stand for?
Question: What were banned in 1998?
Question: What will happen to the ozone by 2050?
Question: What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?
Answer: mild
Question: In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?
Answer: Northern
Question: Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?
Answer: equator
Question: What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?
Answer: cooler
Question: Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?
Answer: South Pole
Question: What part of Antarctica is currently in the Northern Hemispher?
Question: What was deposited in Western Antarctica while it was in the Southern Hemisphere
Question: What life florishes in East Antarctica's tropical seas?
Question: What dominated the land during the Devion period?
Question: When did Antarctica develop a hot dry climate?
Question: What had a mild climate during the Devonian period?
Question: What started 461 Ma?
Question: During the Devonian period, where was East Antarctica?
Question: What began 306 Ma?
Question: What type of plants dominated the Devonian period?
Question: Which pole is located in Antarctica?
Answer: South Pole
Question: What ocean surrounds Antarctica?
Answer: Southern Ocean
Question: What is the size of Antarctica?
Answer: 14,000,000 square kilometres
Question: How much of Antarctica is ice covered?
Answer: 98%
Question: What is the earths northernmost continent?
Question: What continent is almost entirely south of the Arctic Circle?
Question: What Ocean does Antarctica surround?
Question: What continents is Antarctica larger than?
Question: How thick is the ice at the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula?
Question: What continent is 14,000,000 square miles?
Question: What continents are largest after Antarctica?
Question: What continent is Australia twice the size of?
Question: What averages 1.9 mi in thickness?
Question: How much of Australia is covered by ice?
Question: What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?
Answer: −89.2 °C
Question: On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?
Answer: 21 July 1983
Question: What is Antarctica topographically ?
Answer: frozen desert
Question: What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?
Answer: Sunburn
Question: What is the coldest temerature recorded in Russia?
Question: What recieves less than 10 cm of rain per year?
Question: What relflects most of the light falling on it?
Question: What temperature was recorded in Russia on 21 July 1983?
Question: What does CO2 make up 0.39% of?
Question: What be produced in Antarctica with temperatures less than -150°F
Question: What receives 10 inches of precipitation on average?
Question: Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?
Answer: Aristotle
Question: What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?
Answer: Marinus of Tyre
Question: What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?
Answer: polus antarcticus
Question: What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?
Answer: pol antartik
Question: What was the old French words for the Antarctic?
Answer: pole antartike
Question: Who wrote about an Antarctic region in the third century B.C?
Question: Who's map is still preserved from the 2nd century A.D
Question: What Greek authors used the term polus anarcticus?
Question: Who refered to the South Pole as Antarctic Pole in the 13th century?
Question: What book did Aristotle write in the 3rd century B.C.
Question: What did Aristotle write in 530 B.C.?
Question: What is the Roman name for the South Pole?
Question: Who used Meteorology in his preserved world map?
Question: What did Tyre of Marinus produce?
Question: In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?
Answer: climatic change
Question: What light does ozone absorb?
Answer: ultraviolet radiation
Question: How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?
Answer: 6 °C
Question: What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?
Answer: accelerated melting
Question: What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?
Answer: enhanced polar vortex
Question: What has played a dominant role in the climate change in Antarctica?
Question: What can cause a cooling of around 6°C in the local air?
Question: What is a pole vortex?
Question: What enhanced the pole vortex?
Question: What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?
Answer: between 70 and 350
Question: About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?
Answer: one-year
Question: What station has an Orthodox church representative?
Answer: Bellingshausen Station
Question: When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?
Answer: 2004
Question: Who maintains perminent settlements on the continent?
Question: What Antartcic Church closed in 2004?
Question: Where are there 5,000 year round residents?
Question: How many people are conducting research on nearby islands in the winter?
Question: How many people are conducting research on nearby islands in the summer?
Question: What is the population density of the surrounding islands?
Question: What year did Trinity Orthodox open?
Question: What station opened Trinity Orthodox?