huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?
Answer: Roman Empire
Question: When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?
Answer: finance and commerce
Question: Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?
Answer: Yiddish
Question: The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what?
Answer: shtetls
Question: A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?
Answer: a strong system of education
Question: In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what?
Answer: increased with every outbreak of antisemitism
Question: Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what?
Answer: heeded rabbinic leadership
Question: Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?
Answer: Rabbi Elijah of Chelm
Question: Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?
Answer: halakhic questions
Question: Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century?
Answer: 16th-century
Question: In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor?
Answer: Worms
Question: At the beginning of World War II, about how many Jews lived in Europe?
Answer: 8.8 million
Question: Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi?
Answer: about 6 million
Question: What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust?
Answer: 91%
Question: The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today?
Answer: nearly 80%
Question: The vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust spoke which language?
Answer: Yiddish
Question: For religious Jews, what does Halakha mean?
Answer: religious law
Question: For religious Jews, "Ashkenazic" refers to what two things?
Answer: a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry
Question: Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew?
Answer: Ashkenazi Jews
Question: What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing?
Answer: Orthodox Jews
Question: Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America, or other English speaking areas but most to which place?
Answer: Israel
Question: For most Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish was replaced with what language?
Answer: Hebrew
Question: What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life?
Answer: many Hasidic and Hareidi groups
Question: A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?
Answer: a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup
Question: Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?
Answer: ethnic group
Question: Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?
Answer: Hasidic or Hareidi sects
Question: Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?
Answer: Haredi Jews often have extremely large families
Question: What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: 2%
Question: What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews? 
Answer: 27%
Question: About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: a quarter
Question: About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
Answer: half the world's chess champions
Question: What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
Answer: 8%
Question: Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what?
Answer: the destruction of the First Temple
Question: The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago?
Answer: 2,500 years ago
Question: It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year?
Answer: 1000
Question: Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where?
Answer: Central and eventually Eastern Europe
Question: A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that which two populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries?
Answer: Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations
Question: Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome are typically seen between what two percentages in Central and Eastern Europeans?
Answer: 54%–60%
Question: Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome were seen in what percentage of the Ashkenazi Jewish population?
Answer: 12.7%
Question: The difference in percentages of the levels of Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes between Central and Eastern Europeans and the Ashkenazi population would indicate what?
Answer: low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation
Question: In the late Middle Ages, the Ashkenazi population shifted in which direction?
Answer: shifted steadily eastward
Question: In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved from what location?
Answer: German lands
Question: In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved into which location?
Answer: Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine)
Question: In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who returned to German lands experienced what?
Answer: a cultural reorientation
Question: The name of Ashkenazi derives from which biblical figure?
Answer: Ashkenaz
Question: Ashkenaz was the first son of whom?
Answer: Gomer
Question: The name of Gomer has often been linked to what ethnonym?
Answer: Cimmerians
Question: Assyrian Aškūza expelled which group from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates?
Answer: Cimmerians
Question: Recent studies have found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship to the people of what area?
Answer: the Levant
Question: The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among which Jewish groups?
Answer: all major Jewish groups
Question: The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationship between Jewish groups and what other population?
Answer: non-Jewish ethnic populations
Question: The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?
Answer: Archaic Era of Greece
Question: Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?
Answer: Herodotus
Question: What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?
Answer: "Palestinian Syrians"
Question: The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?
Answer: the invading Persians
Question: The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?
Answer: 267 and 396 CE
Question: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?
Answer: 97%
Question: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?
Answer: 3%
Question: By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?
Answer: 92%
Question: In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in what manner?
Answer: in a manner unrelated to its original meaning
Question: In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom?
Answer: all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic
Question: Are Jews of mixed backgrounds more or less common today?
Answer: Jews of mixed background are increasingly common
Question: By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?
Answer: Ashkenazi Jews
Question: When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity?
Answer: children inherit a Sephardic identity
Question: A convert generally follows which practice?
Answer: the practice of the beth din that converted him or her
Question: In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France?
Answer: the 1920s and 1930s
Question: What three factors led to large numbers of Jews moving to France?
Answer: antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression
Question: By the 1930s, Paris was noted for which two things related to Jews?
Answer: a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements
Question: The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?
Answer: the nusach Ashkenaz
Question: The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?
Answer: "liturgical tradition", or rite
Question: Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?
Answer: Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari
Question: Nusach Ari is used by whom?
Answer: Lubavitch Hasidim
Question: When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?
Answer: the 1990s
Question: How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?
Answer: three types of genetic origin testing
Question: What are the three types of origin testing?
Answer: autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
Question: Autosomal DNA is what?
Answer: a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry
Question: What does Y-DNA show?
Answer: a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line
Question: A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from "founder lineages"?
Answer: 40%
Question: A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women? 
Answer: from just four women
Question: The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what?
Answer: founder lineages
Question: The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool?
Answer: Hebrew/Levantine
Question: When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?
Answer: in the later 19th century
Question: Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?
Answer: argued for Khazar descent
Question: What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?
Answer: no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA
Question: Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries?
Answer: the 2nd and 3rd centuries
Question: The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what?
Answer: a synagogue
Question: In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy?
Answer: 433
Question: What year were the expulsions from England?
Answer: 1290
Question: What year were the expulsions from France?
Answer: 1394
Question: After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?
Answer: Jewish migration pushed eastward
Question: As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?
Answer: Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)
Question: What is the name of the Midrash compilation?
Answer: Genesis Rabbah
Question: What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?
Answer: Rabbi Berechiah
Question: What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?
Answer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah
Question: Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?
Answer: the Talmud
Question: After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?
Answer: a comparatively stable socio-political environment
Question: What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?
Answer: A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries
Question: Massive western emigration occurred around what time?
Answer: in the 19th and 20th centuries
Question: Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?
Answer: 1750
Question: Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?
Answer: the chief Ashkenazi rabbi
Question: What is the Knesset?
Answer: a unicameral legislature with 120 seats
Question: Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?
Answer: halakhic matters
Question: What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities?
Answer: social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism"
Question: What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework?
Answer: Kabbalah
Question: Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement?
Answer: ecstatic worship
Question: Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?
Answer: Syrian Jewish community
Question: Some people with the surname shorten it to what?
Answer: Ash
Question: What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?
Answer: Vladimir Ashkenazy
Question: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?
Answer: Middle Eastern peoples
Question: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?
Answer: uncommon in the general European population
Question: The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?
Answer: the Middle East
Question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?
Answer: 80 percent
Question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?
Answer: 8 percent
Question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?
Answer: while the origin of the remainder is undetermined
Question: In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?
Answer: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews
Question: The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: modern-day Italians
Question: Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?
Answer: inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire
Question: How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?
Answer: 30 geneticists
Question: How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?
Answer: 13 universities and academies
Question: What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?
Answer: found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews
Question: The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?
Answer: through what is now Italy
Question: The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?
Answer: pre-Christian times
Question: Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?
Answer: 212 CE
Question: Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?
Answer: Emperor Caracalla
Question: Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?
Answer: 8th and 9th century
Question: Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?
Answer: 11th century
Question: What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?
Answer: often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers
Question: When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?
Answer: the first half of the 11th century
Question: Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?
Answer: Germany
Question: In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?
Answer: both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz
Question: By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?
Answer: two distinct Jewish populations
Question: All studies agree that genetic overlap with what location exists in both lineages?
Answer: Fertile Crescent
Question: What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?
Answer: 2002
Question: In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?
Answer: five thousand
Question: Who marketed epinephrine?
Answer: Parke Davis
Question: As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?
Answer: nasal congestion
Question: Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?
Answer: Jokichi Takamine
Question: What could epinephrine treat?
Answer: nasal congestion
Question: When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?
Answer: 2011
Question: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
Answer: Adrenalin
Question: Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?
Answer: Jokichi Takamine
Question: In what year was epinephrine discovered?
Answer: 1897
Question: What was the trade name of epinephrine?
Answer: Adrenalin
Question: Who first discovered epinephrine?
Answer: John Abel
Question: What is epinephrine used to treat?
Answer: asthma attacks
Question: In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?
Answer: 2011
Question: Who identified the inactive substance?
Question: Who marketed Primatene?
Question: What trade name was Primatene marketed under?
Question: As an inhaler, what was Primatene used to treat?
Question: Who developed the method to obtain Primatene in a pure state?
Question: What are common side effects of Amphetamine?
Answer: sensations of exhilaration and palpitations
Question: When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?
Answer: 1960s
Question: What were some uses for Amphetamine?
Answer: narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications
Question: Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?
Answer: Gordon Alles
Question: Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?
Answer: asthma
Question: In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?
Answer: 1929
Question: What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?
Answer: Benzedrine Inhaler
Question: In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?
Answer: 1937
Question: In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?
Answer: 1960s
Question: Who developed tricyclics?
Question: What are common side effects of tricyclics?
Question: When was the American Medical Association developed?
Question: What were some uses for the American Medical Association?
Question: Who synthesized the American Medical Association for asthma?
Question: What is diabetes caused from?
Answer: absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas
Question: Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?
Answer: only a few months
Question: How can diabetes be induced in dogs?
Answer: surgical removal of the pancreas
Question: Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?
Answer: Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best
Question: Why was insulin therapy delayed?
Answer: difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity
Question: Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?
Answer: pancreas
Question: Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?
Answer: a few months
Question: What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?
Answer: pH
Question: To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?
Answer: Eli Lilly and Co.
Question: Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?
Answer: dogs
Question: What is purification caused from?
Question: Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of purification?
Question: How can purification be induced in dogs?
Question: Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of purification removal?
Question: Why was purification therapy delayed?
Question: What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?
Answer: Veronal
Question: What is amphetamine used for today?
Answer: attention deficit disorder
Question: Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?
Answer: addictive properties and abuse potential
Question: Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?
Answer: Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering
Question: What compound was discovered to induce sleep?
Answer: diethylbarbituric acid
Question: What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?
Answer: Veronal
Question: What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?
Answer: epilepsy
Question: In what year was phenobarbital discovered?
Answer: 1911
Question: What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?
Answer: sleep aid
Question: What is increased awareness used for?
Question: What acid was marketed in 1904?
Question: What is acid used for today?
Question: Why were acids restricted?
Question: Who discovered an acid reaction?
Question: Who developed Arsphenamine?
Answer: Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim
Question: What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?
Answer: Arsphenamine
Question: What complications are associated with Syphilis?
Answer: severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death
Question: What is Amphetamine's market name?
Answer: Institute of Experimental Therapy
Question: Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?
Answer: Berlin
Question: What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?
Answer: arsphenamine
Question: Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?
Answer: arsenic
Question: Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?
Answer: syphilis
Question: In what year was arsphenamine discovered?
Answer: 1911
Question: What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?
Answer: Salvarsan
Question: Who developed commercial ulceration?
Question: What was the first effective treatment for Bertheim?
Question: What complications are associated with Bertheim?
Question: What is Bertheim's market name?
Question: Where is the Institute of Bertheim located?
Question: When was Morphine and Quinine first available?
Answer: mid 1800s
Question: Who was the compound named after?
Answer: Morpheus
Question: Where were was Morphine extracted from?
Answer: opium
Question: Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources?
Answer: German dye manufacturers
Question: Who came up with the name Morphine?
Answer: Friedrich Sertürner
Question: Morphine was named after what Greek god?
Answer: Morpheus
Question: Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company?
Answer: Glaxo Smith Kline
Question: Who discovered morphine?
Answer: Friedrich Sertürner
Question: What is the name of the plant that produces morphine?
Answer: opium
Question: When was Glaxo first available?
Question: Who was Glaxo named after?
Question: Where was Glaxo extracted from?
Question: Who is responsible for purification of Glaxo found in mineral sources?
Question: Who came up with the name Glaxo?
Question: Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939?
Answer: Gerhard Domagk
Question: Who is responsible for creating Prontosil?
Answer: Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk
Question: What causes Streptococci?
Answer: pathogens
Question: Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what?
Answer: infectious diseases
Question: Prontosil is in what drug class?
Answer: antibiotics
Question: What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic?
Answer: Prontosil
Question: What award did Domagk receive in 1939?
Answer: Nobel Prize in Medicine
Question: Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?
Answer: World War II
Question: Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine?
Answer: less
Question: Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics?
Answer: sulfonamides
Question: Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1938?
Question: Who is responsible for creating German dye?
Question: What causes Gerhard?
Question: Many deaths occurred after World War II due to what?
Question: Gerhard is in what drug class?
Question: Who created the first rabies vaccine?
Answer: Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux
Question: How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921?
Answer: 206,000
Question: In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin?
Answer: formaldehyde
Question: Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis?
Answer: Maurice Hilleman
Question: How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria?
Answer: 15,520
Question: The rabies vaccine was created in what year?
Answer: 1885
Question: In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made?
Answer: 1914
Question: What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?
Answer: formaldehyde
Question: Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine? 
Answer: Maurice Hilleman
Question: What company did Hilleman later work for?
Answer: Merck
Question: Who created the first encephelitis vaccine?
Question: How many cases of encephelitis where there in 1921?
Question: In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat encephelitis?
Question: Who created a vaccine to treat United States Encephalitis?
Question: How many deaths occurred due to encephelitis?
Question: What drug killed 100 people in 1937?
Answer: Elixir Sulfanilamide
Question: Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"?
Answer: S.E. Massengill Company
Question: What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
Answer: 1938
Question: What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?
Answer: antifreeze
Question: What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?
Answer: explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims
Question: What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?
Answer: Elixir Sulfanilamide
Question: What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? 
Answer: S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee
Question: Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?
Answer: antifreeze
Question: What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?
Answer: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Question: The name "elixir" implied a solution in what liquid?
Answer: ethanol
Question: What drug killed 1900 people in 1937?
Question: Who manufactured "Cosmetic Elixir"?
Question: What year did Elixir pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
Question: What is Elixir Glycol commonly used for now?
Question: What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Elixir Act did?
Question: What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?
Answer: Streptomycin
Question: Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?
Answer: Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham
Question: Where was Tetracyclines discovered?
Answer: Lederle Laboratories
Question: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?
Answer: cities in developed countries
Question: What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?
Answer: Streptomycin
Question: What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?
Answer: 50%
Question: In what year was streptomycin discovered?
Answer: 1943
Question: Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?
Answer: World War II
Question: What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?
Answer: Merck
Question: When was the first effective treatment for Streptomycin discovered?
Question: What drug effectively treated drugs?
Question: Who was Eli Smith's work based off of?
Question: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 3 years where?
Question: What was the first treatment of drugs?
Question: Who identified the SV40 virus?
Answer: Maurice Hilleman
Question: What was a complication of the SV40 virus?
Answer: cause tumors
Question: Who funded the Polio vaccine?
Answer: National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
Question: Who announced that SV40 was not associated with cancer?
Answer: United States Cancer Institute
Question: In what year was the polio vaccine created?
Answer: 1954
Question: Who created the polio vaccine?
Answer: Jonas Salk
Question: What virus caused tumors in most mammals?
Answer: SV40
Question: SV40 was present in what vaccine?
Answer: polio
Question: When was the Paralysis vaccine created?
Question: Who identified the SV50 virus?
Question: What was a complication of the SV50 virus?
Question: Who funded the Paralysis vaccine?
Question: Who announced that SV50 was not associated with cancer?
Question: How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to?
Answer: $3 billion
Question: What was one of the causes of the health-care fraud case?
Answer: illegal promotion of prescription drugs
Question: When did GlaxoSmithKline plead guilty?
Answer: 2 July 2012
Question: What drugs were related to a kickback scheme?
Answer: Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex
Question: What drugs were used for off-label uses?
Answer: Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran
Question: In what year did GlaxoSmithKline pay a $3 billion dollar settlement?
Answer: 2012
Question: How much was the largest healthcare fraud case in the US settled for?
Answer: $3 billion
Question: What company was sued for promoting medicines for unlicensed uses and bribing doctors?
Answer: GlaxoSmithKline
Question: How much was the settlement Wellbutrin agreed to?
Question: What was one of the causes of the Wellbutrin case?
Question: When did Wellbutrin plead guilty?
Question: What drugs were related to Advair's scheme?
Question: What drugs were used for label uses?
Question: What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry?
Answer: become fully transparent.
Question: What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of?
Answer: Sunshine Act
Question: Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act?
Answer: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website
Question: What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services?
Answer: financial relationships with physicians and hospitals.
Question: When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information?
Answer: starting in 2013
Question: The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act?
Answer: Sunshine Act
Question: In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals?
Answer: 2013
Question: Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found?
Answer: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website
Question: What is expected when the relationships are made public?
Answer: relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent
Question: What is the speculation of the relationship between organizations and the drug industry?
Question: What are doctors part of?
Question: Where can you obtain information about organizations?
Question: What information is collected by doctors?
Question: When did doctors have to start collecting information?
Question: What period was the report issued in 1958 cover?
Answer: 1946-1955
Question: Who issued the report in 1958?
Answer: Federal Trade Commission
Question: What were eight diseases examined for?
Answer: mortality rates
Question: What was responsible for the decline in spreading diseases?
Answer: use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors
Question: How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955?
Answer: 56%
Question: How much did the mortality rate of tuberculosis drop between 1946-1955?
Answer: 75%
Question: Who issued a report describing the effects of antibiotic developments?
Answer: Federal Trade Commission
Question: In what year was the FTC's report issued?
Answer: 1958
Question: What disease had the biggest decline of diagnosis?
Question: What period did the report issued in 1964 cover?
Question: Who issued the report in 1964?
Question: What were nine diseases examined for?
Question: What was responsible for the decline in spreading commissions?
Question: How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost?
Answer: 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year
Question: Who brought litigation to South Africa?
Answer: 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies
Question: How many signatures were collected by MSF?
Answer: 250,000 signatures
Question: When was litigation brought to South Africa?
Answer: March 2001
Question: Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped?
Answer: The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US
Question: How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act?
Answer: 40
Question: South Africa's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs?
Answer: antiretroviral
Question: How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly?
Answer: between 10,000 and 15,000 USD
Question: How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights?
Answer: 250,000
Question: How much did treatment for each patient in ARV cost?
Question: Who brought litigation to the ARV?
Question: How many signatures were collected by ARV?
Question: When was litigation brought to ARV?
Question: Who backed the ARV government which caused the case to be dropped?
Question: What caused a Tetanus outbreak?
Answer: contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin
Question: What act allowed premarket approval for drugs?
Answer: The Biologics Control Act of 1902
Question: When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented?
Answer: 1906
Question: Who restricted the federal government's enforcement powers?
Answer: Supreme Court
Question: What was the name of the law that required premarket approval for producing drugs?
Answer: Biologics Control Act of 1902
Question: What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs? 
Answer: Pure Food and Drugs Act
Question: In what year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act passed?
Answer: 1906
Question: What Act forbade misbranded laws?
Question: What caused a law outbreak?
Question: What act allowed premarket approval for laws?
Question: When did the Pure Food And Laws Act get implemented?
Question: Who restricted the federal drug powers?
Question: What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish?
Answer: countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented
Question: Why are patents criticized?
Answer: thought to reduce access to existing medicines
Question: What did the Doha Declaration do?
Answer: indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies
Question: When was the Doha Declaration adopted?
Answer: 2001
Question: What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries?
Answer: Patents
Question: When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration?
Answer: 2001
Question: The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?
Answer: compulsory licensing or parallel imports
Question: Who adopted the TRIPS Declaration?
Question: What did the WTO agreement accomplish?
Question: Why is the WTO criticized?
Question: What did the WTO Declaration do?
Question: When was the TRIPS Declaration adopted?
Question: How much money was recovered through the False Claims?
Answer: $2.5 billion
Question: What are some of the schemes used to defraud the health care system?
Answer: Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs.
Question: What is pharmaceutical fraud?
Answer: deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company
Question: Who had the biggest fraud case settlement?
Answer: GlaxoSmithKline
Question: What provision rewards "whistle-blowers"?
Answer: qui tam
Question: What kind of fraud financially benefits a drug company?
Answer: Pharmaceutical fraud
Question: Who is affected by pharmaceutical fraud?
Answer: individuals and public and private insurers
Question: How much money lost to pharmaceutical fraud was recovered in 2010?
Answer: $2.5 billion
Question: Which act allows whistleblowers to recover money lost from pharmaceutical fraud?
Answer: False Claims Act
Question: How much money was recovered through CME Fraud?
Question: What are some of the schemes used to defraud companies?
Question: What is relator fraud?
Question: Who had the biggest relator case settlement?
Question: What do ACE inhibitors do?
Answer: reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients
Question: What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure?
Answer: thiazide antihypertensive drugs
Question: Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs?
Answer: Cochrane
Question: What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with?
Answer: combination therapy
Question: In what year did Cochrane release the report?
Answer: 2009
Question: What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death?
Answer: ACE inhibitors
Question: What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure?
Answer: thiazide antihypertensive drugs
Question: In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems?
Answer: 2009
Question: What do RRE inhibitors do?
Question: What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with ACE?
Question: Who conducted the review on RRE drugs?
Question: What were RRE drugs used with?
Question: In what year did ACE release the report?
Question: Who put out a report in 2012?
Answer: President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
Question: What has been argued restricted innovation?
Answer: excessive regulation
Question: What was a recommendations brought about from the report?
Answer: expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes
Question: What is one thing excessive regulations causes?
Answer: therapeutic innovation
Question: What can be used to evaluate new approval processes?
Answer: pilot projects
Question: What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress?
Answer: therapeutic innovation
Question: In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development?
Answer: 2012
Question: What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases?
Answer: current cost of regulator-required clinical trials
Question: Who put out a report in 2011?
Question: What has been argued restricted population?
Question: What was a recommendation brought about from human disease?
Question: What is one thing excessive development causes?
Question: What can be used to evaluate new human diseases?
Question: Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?
Answer: the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension
Question: Who developed Chlorothiazide?
Answer: Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co
Question: What is  Chlorothiazide used to treat?
Answer: hypertension
Question: What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?
Answer: lost its effectiveness over time
Question: What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?
Answer: hydralazine
Question: What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?
Answer: chlorothiazide
Question: Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?
Answer: Public Health Lasker Award
Question: In what year was hydralazine discovered?
Answer: 1952
Question: Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?
Answer: hypertension
Question: Who discovered Lasker?
Question: Why were the researchers recognized in 1952?
Question: who developed Ciba?
Question: What is Ciba used to treat?
Question: What was the main shortcoming in the drug Ciba?
Question: Who led the congressional hearings?
Answer: Senator Estes Kefauver
Question: What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?
Answer: advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry
Question: What caused a need for more regulation?
Answer: a new tragedy emerged
Question: When did this push occur?
Answer: 1959
Question: Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?
Answer: FD&C
Question: Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?
Answer: Senator Estes Kefauver
Question: Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?
Answer: greater
Question: Who led the congressional passages?
Question: What congress needed provisions?
Question: What were the major issues that needed to be revised?
Question: What caused a need for more industry?
Question: When did questionable efficacy occur?
Question: What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years?
Answer: an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths
Question: Who originally created the measles vaccine?
Answer: John Franklin Enders
Question: How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine?
Answer: >95%
Question: When did the Rubella vaccine come out?
Answer: 1969
Question: Who recreated the measles vaccine?
Answer: Maurice Hilleman
Question: In what year was the measles vaccine made?
Answer: 1962
Question: Who helped refine the measles vaccine?
Answer: Maurice Hilleman
Question: In what year was the mumps vaccine made?
Answer: 1967
Question: How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination?
Answer: >95%
Question: Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness?
Answer: 52 million
Question: What did the first measles prevent in its first 10 years?
Question: Who originally created rubella?
Question: How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of rubella?
Question: When did measles come out?
Question: Who recreated measles?
Question: When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?
Answer: 10 October 1962
Question: What did this new law require?
Answer: all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective
Question: What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?
Answer: nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective
Question: How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?
Answer: ten years later
Question: What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?
Answer: The thalidomide tragedy
Question: When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?
Answer: 10 October 1962
Question: What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?
Answer: FDA
Question: Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?
Answer: 1938 and 1962
Question: What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?
Answer: 40 percent
Question: When did the FDA Amendment become a law?
Question: What did this new law prohibit?
Question: What did the FDA study discover?
Question: How long after the FDA's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?
Question: What brought up enhancement of Congress regulations?
Question: How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?
Answer: Over 20,000
Question: When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany?
Answer: November 1961
Question: How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon?
Answer: about 17
Question: How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?
Answer: under the guise of investigational use
Question: Why was this drug pulled off shelves?
Answer: association with grave congenital abnormalities
Question: In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?
Answer: 1961
Question: What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with?
Answer: congenital abnormalities
Question: Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name?
Answer: Kevadon
Question: About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study?
Answer: Over 20,000
Question: How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide?
Answer: 17
Question: How many Americans were given the drug thalidomide?
Question: When was the drug taken off shelves in the USA?
Question: How many newborns were born with issues due to Germany?
Question: How was Kevadon distributed to the USA?
Question: Why was this drug put on shelves?
Question: When was Enovid first approved?
Answer: 1960
Question: What increased due to the availability of birth control?
Answer: pre-marital co-habitation
Question: In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill?
Answer: 6.5 million
Question: Who created the first oral birth control?
Answer: E.D. Searle and Co
Question: Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws?
Answer: Comstock laws
Question: What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?
Answer: Enovid
Question: When did the FDA approve Enovid?
Answer: 1960
Question: By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?
Answer: 6.5 million
Question: Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war?
Answer: second world war
Question: What law prohibited severe pills?
Question: When was Colton first approved?
Question: What increased due to the availability of severe pills?
Question: In 1965, how many women were on the severe pill?
Question: Who created the first marriage control?
Question: Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware?
Answer: Endo
Question: How much money did Merk make in 1995?
Answer: over US$1 billion
Question: How many patients received Zocor?
Answer: 4,444
Question: What study did Merk sponsor in 1994?
Answer: Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study
Question: What did the study reveal after 5 years?
Answer: a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%
Question: What was the brand name of simvastatin?
Answer: Zocor
Question: Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much?
Answer: 35%
Question: How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack?
Answer: 42%
Question: How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor?
Answer: over US$1 billion
Question: Endo received what award in 2008?
Answer: Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Question: Who received the Zocor Research Reward?
Question: How much money did Simvastatin make in 1995?
Question: How many patients received Simvastatin?
Question: What study did Merk sponsor in 2008?
Question: What did the study reveal after 2 years?
Question: What is a drug discovery?
Answer: the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed
Question: Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery?
Answer: universities and research institutions
Question: What is used to manipulate pathways?
Answer: molecular biology or biochemistry
Question: What is involved in drug discovery?
Answer: isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery
Question: What focuses on metabolic pathways?
Answer: biotechnology
Question: What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered?
Answer: Drug discovery
Question: What groups carry out most early drug discoveries?
Answer: research institutions
Question: What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens?
Answer: biotechnology
Question: Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies?
Answer: active ingredient
Question: What is a remedy discovery?
Question: Who is usually responsible for early stages of remedy discovery?
Question: What is used to manipulate institutions?