huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Apple has remained profitable since what time?
Answer: Steve Jobs' return
Question: According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?
Answer: a higher-income demographic
Question: Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?
Answer: Steve Jobs
Question: What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2012?
Question: Being positioned as a lower end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?
Question: Apple has remained unprofitable since what time?
Question: According to market research, who does Microsoft draw it's customer base from?
Question: Whose return to Microsoft resulted in the company's reorganization?
Question: Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?
Answer: Jean-Louis Gassée
Question: What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989?
Answer: a component shortage
Question: What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?
Answer: cut prices
Question: Who was Allan Loren?
Answer: Apple USA head
Question: When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released?
Answer: May 1990
Question: Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1998?
Question: What problem rocked the PC industry in 1998?
Question: What did the component shortage of 1998 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?
Question: Who was Eric Loren?
Question: When was Microsoft Windows 2.0 released?  May 1990
Question: Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3?
Answer: higher cost of the LCD technology
Question: Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for?
Answer: the education market
Question: What was the main problem with the eMac's CRT?
Answer: relatively bulky and somewhat outdated
Question: After Apple's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?
Answer: the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service
Question: What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2012?
Question: Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G5?
Question: Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2003 for?
Question: What was the main problem with the iMac's CRT?
Question: After Microsoft's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?
Question: In 2009, how many Macs sold were laptops?
Answer: seven out of ten
Question: What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance?
Answer: The use of Intel microprocessors
Question: In 2010, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?
Answer: Intel's latest CPUs
Question: What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?
Answer: MacBooks
Question: What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?
Answer: Mac Mini
Question: In 2008, how many Macs sold were laptops?
Question: What has helped Macs more indirectly compete with Windows on price and performance?
Question: In 2012, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?
Question: What are the low-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?
Question: What is the name of the most expensive Mac offered?
Question: What did Apple consolidate in 1998?
Answer: its multiple consumer-level desktop models
Question: What all-in-one product was created in 1998 through Apple's consolidations?
Answer: iMac G3
Question: What did the iMac G3 do to the Mac reputation?
Answer: revitalized the brand
Question: When was Mac's Xserve server discontinued?
Answer: 2011
Question: What took the place of Mac's Xserve server?
Answer: Mac Mini and Mac Pro
Question: What did Apple consolidate in 1989?
Question: What all-in-one product was created in 1989 through Apple's consolidations?
Question: What did the iMac G2 do to the Mac reputation?
Question: When was Mac's Xserve server continued?
Question: What took the place of Mac's iserve server?
Question: Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1981?
Answer: over a personality conflict with Jobs
Question: According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the final Mac design closer to?
Answer: Jobs
Question: What did Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?
Answer: Apple stock options
Question: Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Macintosh?
Answer: Xerox PARC
Question: What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1985?
Answer: an internal power struggle
Question: Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1918?
Question: According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the first Mac design closer to?
Question: What didn't Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?
Question: Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Microsoft?
Question: What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1958?
Question: What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?
Answer: the third industry standard
Question: How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?
Answer: Only about ten
Question: How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?
Answer: 79
Question: How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?
Answer: 280,000
Question: How many databases did Apple have available the first year?
Answer: two
Question: What did Gates state that he expected Macintosh to become?
Question: How many applications were widely unavailable during Macintosh's introduction?
Question: How many companies did Microsoft promise were develping products for the new computer?
Question: How many Macintoshes had Microsoft sold after one year?
Question: How many databases did Apple have available the last year?
Question: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?
Answer: Motorola
Question: What powered the Macintosh II?
Answer: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor
Question: How much did the Macintosh II sell for?
Answer: $5500
Question: What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?
Answer: The Macintosh II
Question: What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?
Answer: the IBM PC
Question: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh I?
Question: What powered the Macintosh I?
Question: How much did the Macintosh I sell for?
Question: What marked the end of a new direction for Macintosh
Question: What was the Macintosh I's new modular design similar to?
Question: When Microsfot Windows 3.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?
Answer: Macintosh
Question: Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for?
Answer: the average user
Question: What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1989?
Answer: a component shortage
Question: Who made the decision in 1989 to cut prices on Mac computers?
Answer: Apple USA head Allan Loren
Question: What was Microsoft Windows 3.0's performance comparable to?
Answer: Macintosh platform
Question: When Microsoft Windows 4.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?
Question: Who was Microsoft Windows 4.0 commonly said to be good enough for?
Question: What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1998?
Question: Who made the decision in 1998 to cut prices on Mac computers?
Question: What was Microsoft Windows 3.1's performance comparable to?
Question: Which platform did Apple choose to use?
Answer: Motorola 68040
Question: Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?
Answer: Intel
Question: How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?
Answer: a generation
Question: When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?
Answer: 1994
Question: What did Intel successfully try to push Apple to migrate to?
Question: Which platform did Apple choose not to use?
Question: Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1992?
Question: How far behind was Microsoft set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?
Question: When did Apple abandon AMD CPU's?
Question: What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1998?
Answer: Bondi blue
Question: What did the iMac replace most of Apple's standard connections with?
Answer: two USB ports
Question: What did the iMac replace the floppy disk drive with?
Answer: a CD-ROM drive
Question: What did the iMac need to use in order to write CDs or other media?
Answer: external third-party hardware
Question: How many iMac units sold in the first 139 days?
Answer: 800,000
Question: What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1999?
Question: What did the iMac replace most of Microsoft's standard connections with?
Question: What did the iMac replace the hard disk drive with?
Question: What did the iMac need to use in order to read CDs or other media?
Question: How many iMac units sold in the first 193 days?
Question: When did Apple discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?
Answer: 2006
Question: Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2006?
Answer: a group of hackers
Question: How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs?
Answer: for download on their website
Question: When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows XP to be run on Intel-based Macs?
Answer: April 5, 2006
Question: What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows XP?
Answer: Boot Camp
Question: When did Microsoft discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?
Question: Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2007?
Question: How did hackers release their software for running MacOS on Macs?
Question: When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows Vista to be run on Intel-based Macs?
Question: What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows 98?
Question: Who was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?
Answer: Apple
Question: What was the name of the 1st multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?
Answer: Mighty Mouse
Question: How many buttons did the Mighty Mouse have?
Answer: four
Question: What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2009?
Answer: multi-touch gesture recognition
Question: What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition?
Answer: Magic Mouse
Question: Who was initially reluctant to embrace keyboards with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?
Question: What was the name of the last multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?
Question: How many trackballs did the Mighty Mouse have?
Question: What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2008?
Question: What Apple mouse 1st used single-touch gesture recognition?
Question: What type of software began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?
Answer: third-party platform virtualization
Question: At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft Windows to run on Macs?
Answer: at near native speed
Question: What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Apple?
Answer: the Linux operating system
Question: What do Macs lack that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?
Answer: the A20 gate
Question: What type of hardware began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?
Question: At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft DOS to run on Macs?
Question: What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Microsoft?
Question: What do Macs lack that makes them able to run many legacy PC operating systems?
Question: What do Macs have that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?
Question: What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?
Answer: MacBook Air
Question: What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?
Answer: MacBook Air
Question: What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?
Answer: Intel's latest CPUs
Question: Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?
Answer: 56
Question: When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?
Answer: when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks
Question: What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.K.?
Question: What earned the title as worst all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?
Question: What did the Air receive before other Mac manufacturers?
Question: Through 7/1/14, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?
Question: When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially ineffective?
Question: NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?
Answer: the effectiveness of hostile air action
Question: Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?
Answer: passive measures
Question: What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?
Answer: homeland defence
Question: What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?
Answer: anti-aircraft warfare
Question: What is the Russian term for air defence?
Answer: Protivovozdushnaya oborona
Question: How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?
Answer: PVO
Question: What are the AA systems called in Russian?
Answer: zenitnye
Question: What is air defence called in French?
Answer: DCA
Question: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?
Answer: aéronef
Question: Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?
Answer: optronics
Question: What country created an integrated system for ADGB?
Answer: Britain
Question: What did the integrated system for ADGB link?
Answer: the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command
Question: What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?
Answer: NATO
Question: This separate service  was known as what in the Soviet Union?
Answer: Voyska PVO
Question: What two systems did Voyska PVO have?
Answer: fighter aircraft and ground-based systems
Question: What year did the PVO Strany become independent?
Answer: 1954
Question: What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?
Answer: PVO SV
Question: When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac? 
Answer: 30 September 1915
Question: How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city?
Answer: 45
Question: Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?
Answer: Radoje Ljutovac
Question: What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down?
Answer: both pilots died
Question: Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event?
Answer: First Balkan War in 1912
Question: What was the problem with AA gunnery?
Answer: successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position
Question: Different things could affect what with the shell?
Answer: predicted trajectory
Question: What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved?
Answer: 'off-set' angles for range and elevation
Question: Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target?
Answer: the target's future position
Question: What two things figured the fuse length?
Answer: Range and height of the target
Question: What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield?
Answer: World War I
Question: In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks?
Answer: Gotha G.V bombers
Question: The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what?
Answer: an independent air force
Question: The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?
Answer: their range and weapon load
Question: Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I?
Answer: Europe
Question: Where was the Observer Corps based?
Answer: Britain
Question: When was the Observer Corps formed?
Answer: 1925
Question: What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?
Answer: hostile aircraft flying over Britain
Question: What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?
Answer: radar
Question: The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?
Answer: .50-inch
Question: What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?
Answer: an impact fused 2 lb HE shell
Question: What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?
Answer: The air-cooled Bofors
Question: What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?
Answer: The Predictor AA No 3
Question: What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?
Answer: solid fuel rockets
Question: Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?
Answer: for anti-aircraft fire
Question: What were rockets called at this time?
Answer: unrotated projectiles
Question: How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?
Answer: 2-inch
Question: What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?
Answer: 3-inch
Question: What did the British get a license to build?
Answer: the Bofors 40 mm
Question: While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft?
Answer: aircraft of any size
Question: What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder?
Answer: a movie
Question: What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called?
Answer: The Gun
Question: Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war?
Answer: Americans
Question: What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?
Answer: The interceptor aircraft
Question: What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?
Answer: bombers
Question: When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?
Answer: after the end of World War II
Question: When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?
Answer: the late 1960s
Question: The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?
Answer: ICBMs
Question: When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?
Answer: the late 1960s
Question: What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?
Answer: Tactical High Energy Laser
Question: The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?
Answer: experimental usefulness
Question: When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?
Answer: in the next ten years
Question: Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?
Answer: Air Forces
Question: What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?
Answer: CIM-10 Bomarc
Question: What range do area defence systems have?
Answer: medium to long range
Question: What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?
Answer: to cover populated areas
Question: What does ADGB stand for?
Answer: Air Defence of Great Britain
Question: What year was the ADGB created?
Answer: 1925
Question: Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?
Answer: Amyas Borton
Question: What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?
Answer: "Archibald, certainly not!"
Question: What is the second purpose of air defence?
Answer: destroy them
Question: What is the critical issue in air defence?
Answer: to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space
Question: Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?
Answer: at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it
Question: What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?
Answer: speed and direction
Question: What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?
Answer: Passive air defence
Question: Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?
Answer: ground forces
Question: Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?
Answer: concealment
Question: What was camouflaged during World War II?
Answer: important buildings
Question: Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?
Answer: the Cold War
Question: How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?
Answer: 2 to 12
Question: In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?
Answer: fire control elements
Question: Where do batteries typically get deployed?
Answer: in a small area
Question: Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?
Answer: SHORAD
Question: Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?
Answer: MANPADS
Question: In addition to high explosive, what else was used?
Answer: shrapnel
Question: Airburst fuses could be which two things?
Answer: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)
Question: What were hydrogen filled balloons called?
Answer: Zeppelins
Question: What was used as targets in training practices?
Answer: Smoke shells
Question: Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire?
Answer: its height
Question: Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?
Answer: speed and height
Question: Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them?
Answer: 24,000 feet
Question: What kind of fuses were needed?
Answer: Mechanical
Question: What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?
Answer: two 3-inch AA guns
Question: When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?
Answer: 1924
Question: Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?
Answer: 90 mm AA gun
Question: What year was the M1 version approved?
Answer: 1940
Question: Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?
Answer: Soviet Union
Question: What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?
Answer: NATO's Allied Command Europe
Question: Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?
Answer: forces in the field
Question: What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?
Answer: A surface-based air defence capability
Question: What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?
Answer: a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon
Question: Who designed this cannon?
Answer: John M. Browning
Question: How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?
Answer: 125
Question: What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?
Answer: Bofors 40 mm
Question: What other US group was interested in the Bofors?
Answer: US Navy
Question: High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?
Answer: a 75 mm gun from Krupp
Question: Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?
Answer: Bofors
Question: Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?
Answer: a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36
Question: Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?
Answer: Spain
Question: What war was the FlaK first used in?
Answer: Spanish Civil War
Question: What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?
Answer: 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system
Question: What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?
Answer: Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems
Question: How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?
Answer: four
Question: This system was a direct answer to what?
Answer: the Flakvierling
Question: The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?
Answer: many kilometers
Question: What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?
Answer: barrage balloons
Question: What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?
Answer: bomber aircraft over cities
Question: How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?
Answer: steel cable
Question: What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?
Answer: fly at a higher altitude
Question: What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?
Answer: minimal
Question: What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?
Answer: The maximum distance
Question: What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?
Answer: only the ascending part of the trajectory
Question: What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?
Answer: maximum ceiling
Question: Few AA guns are able to fire which way?
Answer: vertically
Question: Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?
Answer: armored cars and tank chassis
Question: When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?
Answer: in the 1960s
Question: What are man-portable missiles better known as?
Answer: MANPADs
Question: When were MANPADs introduced?
Answer: the 1960s
Question: Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor?
Answer: ability to quickly follow the target
Question: Who designed the 40 mm autocannon?
Answer: Bofors of Sweden
Question: When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced?
Answer: 1950s
Question: Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed?
Answer: in Nazi Germany
Question: How can land-based SAMs be deployed?
Answer: from fixed installations or mobile launchers
Question: What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?
Answer: machine-guns or fast cannons
Question: These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?
Answer: a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence
Question: What type of ships are particularly well defended?
Answer: Carrier battle groups
Question: Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?
Answer: fighter jets
Question: What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?
Answer: Rocket-propelled grenades
Question: When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?
Answer: the user
Question: An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?
Answer: the backblast
Question: What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?
Answer: a steel plate
Question: What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?
Answer: US helicopters
Question: What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving?
Answer: "effective ceiling"
Question: Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?
Answer: The British
Question: Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling?
Answer: for 20 seconds
Question: What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns?
Answer: non-ballistic factors
Question: What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?
Answer: guns firing ballistic munitions
Question: After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?
Answer: guided missiles
Question: Which range did not use guided missiles?
Answer: the very shortest ranges
Question: Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?
Answer: permanently
Question: What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?
Answer: at least 150 mm
Question: When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?
Answer: 8 July 1914
Question: Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?
Answer: the coasts of the British Isles
Question: What was built around naval installations?
Answer: complete circle of towers
Question: Who manned AA guns and searchlights?
Answer: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)
Question: Who used motorised two-gun sections?
Answer: Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)
Question: Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI
Answer: Royal Navy
Question: Who protected airfields in WWII?
Answer: RAF Regiment
Question: The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?
Answer: Cold War
Question: What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?
Answer: 2004
Question: What was disbanded in 1955?
Answer: British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command
Question: What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British?
Answer: Barr & Stroud UB2
Question: The HRF measured target distance and what else?
Answer: elevation angle
Question: What was the HRF used with to set fuses?
Answer: Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)
Question: The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom?
Answer: HRF operator
Question: What kind of guns started attracting attention?
Answer: balloon, or airship, guns
Question: In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?
Answer: The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail
Question: The impact and time types of what were analyzed?
Answer: Fuzing options
Question: As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?
Answer: Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider
Question: What gun made the scene in 1910?
Answer: French balloon gun
Question: What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up?
Answer: French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm
Question: What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use?
Answer: 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III
Question: What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells?
Answer: 18-pdr guns
Question: What was difficult to get set right on the new guns?
Answer: get their fuse setting correct
Question: Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode?
Answer: well below their targets
Question: What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles
Question: When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany?
Answer: in the late 1920s
Question: When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany?
Answer: In the late 1930s
Question: When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK?
Answer: 1938
Question: What did the FlaK 39 have?
Answer: 220v 24 kW generators
Question: What did the tachymetric devices do?
Answer: track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles
Question: Which system had electrical tracking?
Answer: French Brocq
Question: What gun was the French Brocq system used with?
Answer: 75 mm
Question: Which system used a pair of trackers?
Answer: British Wilson-Dalby gun director
Question: Deflection settings were also called what?
Answer: aim-off
Question: What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?
Answer: Battle of Britain
Question: What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?
Answer: Army's Anti-aircraft command
Question: The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?
Answer: 3
Question: What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?
Answer: RAF regiment
Question: When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?
Answer: 1918
Question: When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?
Answer: 1928
Question: What gun did the Royal Navy start using?
Answer: 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret
Question: How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?
Answer: 30-second running time
Question: What was introduced in 1939?
Answer: Machine Fuse Setter
Question: What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?
Answer: ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets
Question: Target area is relatively large at what range?
Answer: short range
Question: How was target lead watched at short range?
Answer: by watching the tracers
Question: At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?
Answer: slide rules
Question: What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?
Answer: small errors in distance
Question: In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm?
Answer: Rheinmetall
Question: Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War?
Answer: Oerlikon
Question: Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30?
Answer: Mauser-Werke
Question: What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective?
Answer: a 3.7 cm
Question: When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced?
Answer: 1935
Question: What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed?
Answer: Hochbunker "High Bunkers"
Question: Another name for the High Bunkers was what?
Answer: "Flaktürme" flak towers
Question: What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans?
Answer: anti-aircraft artillery
Question: What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945?
Answer: Berlin
Question: What structure did the British build in the North Sea?
Answer: Maunsell Forts
Question: Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?
Answer: the U.S. Army
Question: What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?
Answer: the 75 mm Skysweeper system
Question: The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?
Answer: the 40 mm Bofors
Question: What does NADGE stand for?
Answer: NATO Air Defence Ground Environment
Question: What did NADGE become?
Answer: the NATO Integrated Air Defence System
Question: What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?
Answer: the Kerrison Predictor
Question: What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?
Answer: the proper aim point automatically
Question: How did the Predictor display the information needed?
Answer: as a pointer mounted on the gun
Question: What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?
Answer: followed the pointer and loaded the shells
Question: What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?
Answer: Germany
Question: What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?
Answer: infantry positions
Question: Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?
Answer: altitude
Question: Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?
Answer: most anti-aircraft gunnery
Question: What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?
Answer: the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch
Question: When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?
Answer: 1943
Question: What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?
Answer: American Lark
Question: Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?
Answer: Germans missile research
Question: Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?
Answer: Germany
Question: What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?
Answer: the Nike Ajax missile
Question: The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?
Answer: the larger anti-aircraft guns
Question: The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?
Answer: SA-2 Guideline systems
Question: Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found?
Answer: the railgun
Question: Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost?
Answer: a Tomahawk
Question: When did the United States Navy test a railgun?
Answer: February 2008
Question: How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?
Answer: 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour
Question: When is the railgun expected to be ready?
Answer: 2020 to 2025
Question: What are two types of fuses used for shells?
Answer: barometric, time-delay, or proximity
Question: At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?
Answer: a higher rate of fire
Question: What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?
Answer: between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber
Question: Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?
Answer: smallest mounts
Question: Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?
Answer: a system of concentric layers
Question: What protects the outer layer?
Answer: AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP
Question: The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?
Answer: the carrier's escorts
Question: What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?
Answer: 100
Question: What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?
Answer: several thousand rounds per minute
Question: What is being lead to specialty roles?
Answer: Guns
Question: What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?
Answer: GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun
Question: What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?
Answer: RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
Question: What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?
Answer: Kashtan CIWS
Question: What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?
Answer: trailers
Question: Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?
Answer: a fleet of vehicles
Question: A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?
Answer: places where it is not expected
Question: What systems are really geared toward mobility?
Answer: Soviet
Question: What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery?
Answer: Western and Commonwealth militaries
Question: Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm?
Answer: artillery arm
Question: Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year?
Answer: 1990
Question: What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence?
Answer: largely communist or ex-communist
Question: Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?
Answer: USSR
Question: Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?
Answer: army-level missile defence systems
Question: Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?
Answer: smaller force levels
Question: What does SPAAG stand for?
Answer: self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
Question: What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?
Answer: all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms
Question: In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?
Answer: Israel
Question: The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?
Answer: Dedicated weapons
Question: As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?
Answer: SAM systems with ECCM capabilities
Question: What does GBAD stand for?
Answer: Ground Based AD
Question: What does SHORAD stand for?
Answer: Short Range AD
Question: What does MANPADS stand for?
Answer: Man Portable AD Systems
Question: What does SAGW stand for?
Answer: Surface to Air Guided Weapon
Question: What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century?
Answer: air defence
Question: The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what?
Answer: aircraft
Question: In addition to radar and computing, what else did air defence want to exploit?
Answer: guided missiles
Question: In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?
Answer: command and control
Question: What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?
Answer: light gun or SHORAD
Question: Which military section could have a full military structure?
Answer: Homeland air defence
Question: Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
Answer: a full British Army general
Question: How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
Answer: three AA corps
Question: Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?
Answer: the British Isles
Question: Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?
Answer: Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott
Question: What was used because of night attacks?
Answer: searchlights
Question: How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?
Answer: 183
Question: How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?
Answer: 74
Question: What was mounted on poles by forces?
Answer: machine-gun based weapons
Question: What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?
Answer: anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun
Question: What made acquiring targets and aiming more required?
Answer: increasing capabilities of aircraft
Question: Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets?
Answer: lighter weapons
Question: What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?
Answer: 1925
Question: What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?
Answer: Predictor AA No 1
Question: What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?
Answer: M3A3
Question: What did the British designate the Sperry device as?
Answer: Predictor AA No 2
Question: What replaced the UB 2?
Answer: UB 7
Question: What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?
Answer: knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit
Question: What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?
Answer: a new 55 mm gun
Question: What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?
Answer: a centralised control system
Question: What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?
Answer: hydraulics
Question: Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon?
Answer: 90 mm M3 gun
Question: What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war?
Answer: 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun
Question: What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun?
Answer: 60,000 ft
Question: What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until?
Answer: 1950s
Question: What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?
Answer: German V-1 cruise missiles
Question: Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?
Answer: Folkestone-Dover coast
Question: Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?
Answer: Belgium
Question: What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?
Answer: Antwerp
Question: What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?
Answer: SCR-584 radar
Question: In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland?
Answer: 1982 Falklands War
Question: What two units used the Rapier missile system?
Answer: British artillery and RAF regiment
Question: What older system did the British naval use?
Answer: Sea Slug longer range systems
Question: What new short range systems did the British naval use?
Answer: Sea Wolf
Question: What was used in AA mountings on both land and water?
Answer: Machine guns
Question: What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?
Answer: Larger SAMs
Question: What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?
Answer: MANPADS
Question: What does MANPADS mean?
Answer: Man-Portable Air Defence Systems
Question: How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?
Answer: air-search radar
Question: Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?
Answer: autocannons
Question: What can detect stealth aircraft?
Answer: Multiple transmitter radars
Question: What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS?
Answer: Advanced forms of thermographic cameras
Question: What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target?
Answer: the S-400
Question: How far away can the S-400 detect a target?
Answer: 90 km away
Question: How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?
Answer: 22
Question: Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?
Answer: Uttarakhand
Question: Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?
Answer: Sikhism
Question: Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?
Answer: Old Indo-Aryan
Question: What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?
Answer: Sanskrit
Question: Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?
Answer: lingua franca
Question: Where is Sanskrit usually found?
Answer: India
Question: From what is Sanskrit an adaption?
Answer: Old Indo-Aryan
Question: From what language did Sanskrit originate?
Answer: Vedic Sanskrit
Question: What literary philosophical language was used in Greater India?
Question: What is concidered a sacred language in Buddhism?
Question: How many lanuages are spoken in India?
Question: Which Indian state does not formally reckognize Sanskirt?
Question: What Indo[European language only has a small amount of written documentation?
Question: What is the primary sacred language of Buddhism?
Question: What is a philosophical language in Islam?
Question: Where was Sanskrit a classical language?
Question: What is listed as one of the 25 languages of India?
Question: Where does the study of Sanskrit hold a less than prominent position?
Question: In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published?
Answer: 1970
Question: Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published?
Answer: Gujarat
Question: In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio?
Answer: 1974
Question: Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit?
Answer: Over 90
Question: What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel?
Answer: 6:55 AM IST
Question: What is the publication, Sudharma?
Answer: daily newspaper
Question: What language are many periodicals published in in India?
Answer: Sanskrit
Question: Where is the newspaper Sudharma published?
Answer: Mysore, India
Question: Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio?
Answer: 1974
Question: Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online?
Answer: AIR's website
Question: How many weeklies are published in Sanskrit?
Question: What news paper was first published in 1974?
Question: What first appeared in Sanskrit on All India Radio in 1970?
Question: What publications have been published out of Myrosa since 1970?
Question: What has been published out of Mumbai India since 1970?
Question: Which publication in Gujarat started more than five years ago?
Question: What year did weekly broadcasts start on All India Radio?
Question: What broadcast is only found on the internet?
Question: What channel can the Sanskrit news be found on a 9:55 AM IST?
Question: In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?
Answer: Prakrits
Question: The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?
Answer: Pāṇini and Patanjali
Question: The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?
Answer: social class and educational attainment
Question: What type of language were Prakrits?
Answer: Middle Indo-Aryan
Question: Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a "particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?"
Answer: Madhav Deshpande
Question: What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?
Answer: perfected manner
Question: Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?
Answer: social class
Question: How was Sanskrit originally used?
Answer: ritual
Question: Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?
Answer: Ancient India
Question: With what did Sanskrit exist beside?
Answer: vernacular Prakrits
Question: Who said that Sanskrit was a specific language set apart?
Question: In what country did the lower class study Sanskrit?
Question: What language exists alongside Sanskrit in modern India?
Question: What two scholars were instrumental in teaching Sanskrit to the lower class?
Question: What vernacular language was used only by the upper social class in India?
Question: What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?
Answer: Kharosthi
Question: Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?
Answer: between the fourth and eighth centuries
Question: Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?
Answer: Śāradā
Question: Which script replaced the Gupta script?
Answer: Devanagari
Question: In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?
Answer: 11th or 12th century
Question: What were used to write Sanskrit?
Answer: Brahmic scripts
Question: What script was used in the northwest of India?
Answer: Kharosthi
Question: Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?
Answer: Gupta
Question: From what was Gupta derived?
Answer: Brahmi
Question: What script evolved from the Gupta script?
Answer: Śāradā
Question: What script was used in the northeast?
Question: In what centuries were the Brahmic scripts used?
Question: What was the Brahmi script derived from?
Question: What script was the Devanagari script replace with in the 12th century?
Question: What alphabet was mainly used in West India?
Question: From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?
Answer: Spanish