huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What percentage of elementary schools are open more than six hours per day?
Question: What percentage of primary schools are open more than six hours per day?
Question: What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of?
Answer: beef, kid, lamb or fish
Question: Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble?
Answer: Ethiopia
Question: Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?
Answer: their coastal location
Question: How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals?
Answer: lighter
Question: What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians?
Answer: seasoned butter and spices
Question: What kind of food is injera?
Question: What protein is most popular in Ethiopia?
Question: What protein is in tsebhi dorho in Eretria?
Question: What do most Ethiopians put in their spicy stew?
Question: What do most Ethiopians put in their tsebhi dorho?
Question: What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?
Answer: Depleted
Question: What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?
Answer: radium
Question: How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?
Answer: ballast
Question: What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?
Answer: high density
Question: What type of alpha emitter is uranium?
Answer: weak
Question: What kind of uranium is always used to shield radioactive materials in containers?
Question: What is a weak source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?
Question: How is depleted uranium not used in missile re-entry vehicles?
Question: What trait causes depleted uranium not to be used in gyroscopic compasses?
Question: What type of beta emitter is uranium?
Question: Who isolated radium in uranium ore?
Answer: Marie Curie
Question: In what types of paints was radium first used?
Answer: glow-in-the-dark
Question: What devices were painted with radium paint?
Answer: clock and aircraft dials
Question: Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?
Answer: mauve
Question: What isn't another term for uranium ore?
Question: Who isolated radium in uranium core?
Question: In what types of paints was radium last used?
Question: What devices weren't painted with radium paint?
Question: Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what wasn't a notable color of uranium tile glaze?
Question: What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?
Answer: Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile
Question: In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?
Answer: Tennessee
Question: Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?
Answer: the Clinton Pile
Question: In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?
Answer: Idaho
Question: On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?
Answer: 20 December 1951
Question: What was the world's last artificial nuclear reactor?
Question: In what state is the X-01 Graphite Reactor located?
Question: Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor never known as?
Question: In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor II located?
Question: On what date did Breeder Reactor II first make electricity?
Question: Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?
Answer: 51st
Question: Where is uranium naturally formed?
Answer: in supernovae
Question: Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?
Answer: thorium
Question: In what state is the Earth's outer core?
Answer: liquid
Question: Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's atmosphere?
Question: Where is uranium unnaturally formed?
Question: Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary cooling source driving plate tectonics?
Question: In what state is the Earth's inner core?
Question: In what state is the Earth's middle core?
Question: What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?
Answer: 235
Question: How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?
Answer: two
Question: When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?
Answer: an explosion
Question: What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?
Answer: neutron poison
Question: What does a neutron poison absorb?
Answer: free neutrons
Question: What isotope of uranium was the last to be found fissile?
Question: How many nuclei does uranium-245 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?
Question: When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-245 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?
Question: What is used to speed a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?
Question: What does a neutron poison give off?
Question: What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?
Answer: carbonate
Question: The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?
Answer: carbonate
Question: What is BSAR-1 a strain of?
Answer: Sphingomonas sp.
Question: What type of complexes does uranium(V) form in nature?
Question: What type of complexes does uranium(VI) not form in nature?
Question: The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it easy to precipitate uranium as phosphate?
Question: What is BSAR-2 a strain of?
Question: What is BSAR-1 not a strain of?
Question: How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?
Answer: 5.5
Question: How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?
Answer: 35
Question: What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?
Answer: $10
Question: In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?
Answer: US$200 million
Question: How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?
Answer: $774 million
Question: How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in billions of tonnes?
Question: How many billions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?
Question: What was the price of uranium per kilo as of May 2003?
Question: In 2015, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?
Question: How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2016?
Question: When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?
Answer: 1934
Question: Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?
Answer: Enrico Fermi
Question: What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?
Answer: hesperium
Question: What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?
Answer: Dean of the Faculty of Rome
Question: Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?
Answer: Lise Meitner
Question: When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in gamma ray emission?
Question: Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created gamma ray emissions?
Question: What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 194?
Question: What wasn't the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?
Question: Who was the uncle of Otto Robert Frisch?
Question: In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?
Answer: carbonate containing solution
Question: What notable carbonates are often water soluble?
Answer: uranium
Question: What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?
Answer: anionic complexes
Question: In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VII)?
Question: In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)?
Question: What notable carbonates are unoften water soluble?
Question: What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal dioxides and three or more carbonates?
Question: What does a uranium(VII) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?
Question: Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?
Answer: molybdenum
Question: Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?
Answer: antimony
Question: What is the most prevalent uranium ore?
Answer: uraninite
Question: What mineral sometimes contains uranium?
Answer: lignite
Question: What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?
Answer: phosphate
Question: Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium?
Question: Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium less plentiful than?
Question: What is the least prevalent uranium ore?
Question: What mineral always contains uranium?
Question: What types of rocks never contain uranium?
Question: What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?
Answer: 0.71%
Question: What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?
Answer: uranium-239
Question: When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?
Answer: uranium-233
Question: What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?
Answer: thorium-232
Question: What is the least prevalent major isotope of unnatural uranium?
Question: What is the unnatural abundance of uranium-235?
Question: What isotope of uranium is formed when 239U experiences spontaneous fission?
Question: When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-247?
Question: What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double alpha decay?
Question: About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?
Answer: 4.6 billion
Question: The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?
Answer: carbonate
Question: What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?
Answer: HiCap
Question: Where were ORNL's results verified?
Answer: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Question: When was HiCap announced?
Answer: 2012
Question: About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be absent in the sea?
Question: The presence of what substance in fresh water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?
Question: What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on liquid molecules?
Question: Where were ORNL's results unverified?
Question: When wasn't HiCap announced?
Question: What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?
Answer: Uranium-235
Question: What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?
Answer: Uranium-238
Question: What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?
Answer: uranium-233
Question: Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?
Answer: uranium-233
Question: What is 238U?
Answer: Depleted uranium
Question: What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature?
Question: What can't be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?
Question: What uranium isotope is produced into thorium?
Question: Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a low fission cross-section for slow neutrons?
Question: What is 239U?
Question: What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?
Answer: 0.25 mg/m3
Question: What does REL stand for?
Answer: recommended exposure limit
Question: What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?
Answer: 0.2 mg/m3
Question: At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?
Answer: 10 mg/m3
Question: What is OHSA?
Question: What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 9-hour workday?
Question: What doesn't REL stand for?
Question: What is the NIOSH plutonium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?
Question: At what level of exposure doesn't uranium become imminently dangerous to health?
Question: Along with UO2, what is the commonest form of uranium oxide?
Answer: triuranium octoxide
Question: What is the stablest uranium compound?
Answer: Triuranium octoxide
Question: In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?
Answer: Uranium dioxide
Question: Along with UO2, what is the least commonest form of uranium oxide?
Question: What is the least stable uranium compound?
Question: In what form is uranium least often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?
Question: What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?
Answer: 79 CE
Question: What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide?
Answer: yellow
Question: In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?
Answer: Italy
Question: In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered?
Answer: 1912
Question: What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to?
Answer: the University of Oxford
Question: What was the latest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?
Question: What color of ceramic glaze was subtracted from uranium oxide?
Question: In what county was glass with uranium dioxide content found?
Question: In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass undiscovered?
Question: What institution did T.T. Gunther belong to?
Question: What was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?
Answer: Chicago Pile-1
Question: On what date was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?
Answer: 2 December 1942
Question: What project was Fermi working for?
Answer: Manhattan
Question: On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-1 created?
Answer: University of Chicago
Question: How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-1?
Answer: 53
Question: What was the last self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?
Question: On what date was the last self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?
Question: What project wasn't Fermi working for?
Question: On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-11 created?
Question: How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-21?
Question: Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium glass?
Answer: orange-red
Question: Who discovered uranium in pitchblende?
Answer: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Question: Who was responsible for first isolating uranium?
Answer: Eugène-Melchior Péligot
Question: Who discovered that uranium was radioactive?
Answer: Henri Becquerel
Question: What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called?
Answer: Little Boy
Question: Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium plastic?
Question: Who never discovered uranium in pitchblende?
Question: Who was responsible for last isolating uranium?
Question: Who discovered that uranium wasn't radioactive?
Question: What was the last nuclear weapon used in a war called?
Question: What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?
Answer: 0.7204%
Question: What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?
Answer: uranium-238
Question: What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?
Answer: critical mass
Question: What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?
Answer: 99.2742%
Question: Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?
Answer: pressurised heavy water
Question: What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-335?
Question: What is the most prevalent unnatural isotope of uranium?
Question: What is the term for the amount of uranium-335 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?
Question: What percentage of unnatural uranium is isotope 238?
Question: Along with gas heated reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?
Question: What is uranium used for most often in the military?
Answer: high-density penetrators
Question: What percentage of high-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?
Answer: 1–2%
Question: Along with titanium, what element often makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?
Answer: molybdenum
Question: Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UK used depleted uranium munitions?
Answer: Persian Gulf
Question: What illness is possibly tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?
Answer: Gulf War Syndrome
Question: What is uranium used for least often in the military?
Question: What percentage of low-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?
Question: Along with titanium, what element rarely makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?
Question: Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UN used depleted uranium munitions?
Question: What illness is definitely tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?
Question: In what city was uranium discovered?
Answer: Berlin
Question: In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?
Answer: 1789
Question: What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?
Answer: sodium diuranate
Question: Who discovered the planet Uranus?
Answer: William Herschel
Question: Who discovered plutonium?
Question: n what city wasn't uranium discovered?
Question: In what year didn't the discovery of uranium occur?
Question: What did Klaproth definitely create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?
Question: Who never discovered the planet Uranus?
Question: What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?
Answer: 0.01 to 0.25%
Question: Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to mine uranium?
Answer: borehole
Question: In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found?
Answer: Canada
Question: In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?
Answer: Saskatchewan
Question: What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?
Answer: 23%
Question: What percentage range of uranium dioxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?
Question: Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to expel uranium?
Question: In what country are high-grade uranium ores not found?
Question: In what state of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?
Question: What is the average percentage of uranium dioxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?
Question: What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War II called?
Answer: Little Boy
Question: What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War?
Answer: Fat Man
Question: On what date was Little Boy detonated?
Answer: 6 August 1945
Question: What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in tonnes?
Answer: 12,500
Question: Over what city was Little Boy detonated?
Answer: Hiroshima
Question: What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War I called?
Question: What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb destroyed in the Second World War?
Question: On what date wasn't Little Boy detonated?
Question: What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in pounds?
Question: Over what city wasn't Little Boy detonated?
Question: As of 2005, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?
Answer: Canada
Question: What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina?
Answer: 2.1%
Question: What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2005?
Answer: Uzbekistan
Question: How many tonnes of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?
Answer: 9,430
Question: How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005?
Answer: seventeen
Question: As of 2015, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?
Question: What percentage of world uranium oxide production isn't produced by Argentina?
Question: What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2015?
Question: How many pounds of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?
Question: How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2015?
Question: How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?
Answer: 40,000
Question: What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005?
Answer: US $550 million
Question: What is another term for uranium that is enriched?
Answer: weapons grade
Question: Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005?
Answer: 16
Question: Who was the Soviet Union's ally in the Cold War?
Question: How many nuclear warheads can be made with 450 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?
Question: What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1995 and 2005?
Question: What is another term for uranium that is not enriched?
Question: Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2003?
Question: What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?
Answer: uranium(VI)
Question: Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?
Answer: uranyl carbonate
Question: What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?
Answer: uranyl acetate
Question: What is the color of U4-?
Question: What state isn't represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?
Question: Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound isn't formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?
Question: What uncommon complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?
Question: What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?
Answer: Citrobacter
Question: What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?
Answer: Trapelia involuta
Question: What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?
Answer: glycerol phosphate
Question: What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?
Answer: Geobacter
Question: What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?
Answer: Glomus intraradices
Question: What macroorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?
Question: What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 400 times higher than the amount in the environment?
Question: What is taken from Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?
Question: What protobacterium never bioremediates ground water uranium?
Question: What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to decrease?
Question: At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?
Answer: 482 to 572
Question: What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?
Answer: hydrogen
Question: Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created?
Answer: 250 °C
Question: Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?
Answer: nitride
Question: How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?
Answer: Two
Question: At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit won't uranium metal form uranium hydride?
Question: What doesn't uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?
Question: Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride destroyed?
Question: Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often destroyed with uranium hydride?
Question: How many crystal modifications of plutonium hydride are extant?
Question: Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?
Answer: diuranium tricarbide
Question: Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?
Answer: 1800 °C
Question: Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a unnotable carbide of uranium?
Question: Below what temperature is U2C3 unstable?
Question: Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched?
Answer: 3% and 5%
Question: What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted?
Answer: 0.3%
Question: In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?
Answer: 2001
Question: What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?
Answer: $5
Question: How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?
Answer: $130
Question: Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as unenriched?
Question: What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted?
Question: In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to decrease?
Question: What was the price of a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?
Question: How much did a pound of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?
Question: Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?
Answer: kidney
Question: What is the main form of 238U decay?
Answer: alpha radiation
Question: What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?
Answer: hexavalent
Question: At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?
Answer: room
Question: Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably unaffected by exposure to uranium?
Question: What is the main form of 239U decay?
Question: What type of uranium compounds are uranium dioxide and uranyl nitrate?
Question: At what temperature will grains of plutonium metal spontaneously ignite in air?
Question: What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?
Answer: gas centrifuge
Question: What compound is UF6?
Answer: uranium hexafluoride
Question: What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project?
Answer: gaseous diffusion
Question: In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane?
Answer: uranium hexafluoride
Question: How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?
Answer: heavier
Question: What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process?
Question: What compound is UF5?
Question: What enrichment process wasn't used by the Manhattan Project?
Question: In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a gold-zinc membrane?
Question: How does the height of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?
Question: What is the atomic number of uranium?
Answer: 92
Question: What color is uranium?
Answer: silvery-white
Question: Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?
Answer: actinide
Question: How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?
Answer: 6
Question: What isn't uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?
Question: What isn't the atomic number of uranium?
Question: What shape is uranium?
Question: Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium not a part?
Question: How many valence electrons aren't contained in an atom of uranium?
Question: Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?
Answer: Hydrochloric
Question: What coats uranium metal in air?
Answer: uranium oxide
Question: What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?
Answer: uranium dioxide
Question: What reacts with finely divided uranium?
Answer: cold water
Question: What non-metal elements does uranium notably react to?
Question: Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve in uranium?
Question: What coats uranium metal in liquid?
Question: What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into before extraction?
Question: What reacts with finely multiplied uranium?
Question: During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?
Answer: World War II
Question: From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?
Answer: 238
Question: What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?
Answer: deuterium
Question: What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?
Answer: thermonuclear weapon
Question: What does non-fissile mean?
Answer: unenriched
Question: During what war was uranium-235 last used to create nuclear weapons?
Question: From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-249 derived?
Question: What isn't mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?
Question: What is another name for a fission/fusion boat?
Question: What does fissile mean?
Question: Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?
Answer: Uranyl acetate
Question: What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?
Answer: stage
Question: Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?
Answer: wood
Question: In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?
Answer: silk
Question: What product of uranium wasn't used as toner?
Question: Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission proton microscopy?
Question: What light bulbs don't use lamp filaments containing uranium?
Question: Along with leather, what industry uses no uranium in dyes and stains?
Question: In addition to wool, what isn't uranium salt a mordant of?
Question: In what county was the Oklo mine located?
Answer: Gabon
Question: How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine?
Answer: 1.7 billion years
Question: When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235?
Answer: 3%
Question: Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository?
Answer: Yucca Mountain
Question: Of what nationality wasn't Perrin?
Question: In what country was the Oklo mine not located
Question: How old are the ore deposits in the Oslo mine?
Question: When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-253?
Question: Where in the United States is there no nuclear waste repository?
Question: How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?
Answer: 40
Question: How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?
Answer: 1013
Question: Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?
Answer: phosphate fertilizers
Question: What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?
Answer: 3 parts per billion
Question: How many times less abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?
Question: How many pounds of uranium may be contained in the oceans?
Question: Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so low?
Question: What is the concentration of uranium in fresh water?
Question: What is the concentration of plutonium in sea water?
Question: About how old is the Earth?
Answer: 4.468×109 years
Question: What is the half-life of uranium-234?
Answer: 2.48×105 years
Question: What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?
Answer: one-fifth
Question: What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?
Answer: 49%
Question: What isotope of uranium has the least stability?
Question: About how gold is the Earth?
Question: What is the full-life of uranium-234?
Question: What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-237 during the Earth's youth?
Question: What percentage of the gamma rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?
Question: Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?
Answer: 5%
Question: About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?
Answer: 0.5%
Question: What does uranium have an affinity for?
Answer: phosphates
Question: Where does uranium accumulate in the body?
Answer: bone tissue
Question: What happens to a minority of ingested uranium?
Question: Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when digested?
Question: About what percentage of uranium dioxide is absorbed when ingested?
Question: What does uranium not have an affinity for?
Question: Where doesn't uranium accumulate in the body?
Question: What contains a distribution of uranium deoxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized?
Question: What contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in no forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized?
Question: What will generally be less oxidized than those with short retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber?
Question: What will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles replaced in the stack scrubber?
Question: What will never be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber?
Question: How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?
Answer: nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors
Question: What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?
Answer: Empire
Question: What remained the head of state of the British Empire?
Answer: the monarch
Question: Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?
Answer: established their own Orders
Question: What countries established new orders?
Answer: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit
Question: Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?
Answer: Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry
Question: What was the emblem?
Answer: two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge
Question: What year was it replaced?
Answer: 1974
Question: What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?
Answer: Queen's Gallantry Medal
Question: They continued to wear what the insignia of what?
Answer: lower grade with the oak leaves
Question: Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?
Answer: citizens of nations
Question: What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?
Answer: Sir or Dame
Question: Who are examples of Sir of Dame?
Answer: Bill Gates or Bob Geldof
Question: What is an example of irish broadcaster?
Answer: Terry Wogan
Question: Who are the six officials of The Order?
Answer: Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher
Question: Who serves as the Order's Prelate?
Answer: The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England
Question: Who was The Dean of St. Paul?
Answer: ex officio the Dean of the Order
Question: Who is not a member of the College of Arms?
Answer: The Order's King of Arms
Question: What is the Usher of the Order?
Answer: Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod
Question: Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?
Answer: Appointments to the Order of the British Empire
Question: Who established a national system of honours and awards?
Answer: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit
Question: How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?
Answer: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Question: What were the highest class?
Answer: Knights and Dames
Question: In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?
Answer: 1965
Question: Who compared military membership in the Order?
Answer: John Lennon
Question: Who said "lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war.
Answer: John Lennon
Question: When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?
Answer: 25 November 1969
Question: Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?
Answer: order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy
Question: Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?
Answer: "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy
Question: When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?
Answer: 4 June 1917
Question: Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?
Answer: King George V
Question: Who is the recipient?
Answer: knight if male, or dame if female
Question: What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?
Answer: Medal of the Order of the British Empire
Question: In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?
Answer: 1922
Question: What was the medal renamed as?
Answer: British Empire Medal
Question: When was it stopped being rewarded?
Answer: 1993
Question: How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?
Answer: 293
Question: From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?
Answer: 1940
Question: Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?
Answer: below the level required for the George Medal
Question: What grade was determined?
Answer: same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry
Question: When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?
Answer: 14 January 1958
Question: Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?
Answer: Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander
Question: Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?
Answer: Dames Grand Cross
Question: Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?
Answer: Wives of Knights
Question: Such forms are not used by whom?
Answer: peers and princes
Question: Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?
Answer: Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland
Question: Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?
Answer: President of India
Question: What is referred to as the Padma Awards?
Answer: President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain
Question: What does the Padma Awards consist of?
Answer: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri
Question: What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?
Answer: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri
Question: How many Knights are in The Order?
Answer: 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross
Question: How many Knights and Dames Commander?
Answer: 845
Question: How many commanders are in The Order?
Answer: 8,960
Question: How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?
Answer: 858 Officers and 1,464 Members
Question: Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?
Answer: Order of the British Empire
Question: What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?
Answer: positions in the order of precedence
Question: Who of the male members feature on the order?
Answer: Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law
Question: Who are not assigned any special precedence?
Answer: relatives of Ladies of the Order
Question: Who can individuals derive precedence from?
Answer: fathers or husbands
Question: Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?
Answer: mothers or wives
Question: What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?
Answer: resources
Question: By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?
Answer: selective advantage
Question: By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?
Answer: internal metabolic
Question: What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?
Answer: fruit flies
Question: What allows organisms to anticipate and prepare for unexpected environmental changes?
Question: What kind Of resources can organisms without circadian rhythms capitalize on?
Question: What do circadian rhythms put at a selective disadvantage in evolutionary terms?
Question: What is rhythmicity more important for regulating then it is for coordinating with the environment?
Question: What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?
Answer: Arctic animals
Question: What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?
Answer: sunrises and sunsets
Question: In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?
Answer: autumn, winter and spring
Question: At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?
Answer: 78 degrees
Question: What aninmals  do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?
Answer: other Arctic animals
Question: When do subarctic animals have circadian rythms?
Question: When do reindeer below 70 degrees show circadian rythems?
Question: What reinder at 78 degrees do not show circadian rythems?
Question: What animals show circadian rythems during the costant light of summer?
Question: When do the CCA1  and LHY function?
Answer: morning
Question: Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?
Answer: evening
Question: What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?
Answer: negative feedback loop
Question: What researcher showed that the gene  feedback loop serves as a repressor?
Answer: Andrew Millar
Question: What is driven by  single feedback loop?
Question: When do CCA1 ELF4 function?
Question: When do GI and LHY function?
Question: What does increased mRNA signals contribute to?
Question: What did Andrew Millar show in 2000?
Question: What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?
Answer: sleep disorder FASPS
Question: What is the Drosophila gene also known as?
Answer: period
Question: What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?
Answer: FASPS
Question: What kind of clock have genetic functions?
Answer: biological clock
Question: What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?
Answer: time of the day
Question: What Jean is responsible for the circadian rhythm?
Question: What kind of clock does not have genetic functions?
Question: How do cells of the body interpret fluctuations in light?
Question: What does a defect in the period genome cause?
Question: Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?
Answer: airline pilots
Question: What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?
Answer: fatigue
Question: What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?
Answer: NTSB
Question: What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?
Answer: research studies
Question: Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?
Answer: combating fatigue
Question: Who follows a very natural human circadian rhythem?
Question: what does a natural circadian rhythem lead to?
Question: Who conducted studies on sewardes fatigue?
Question: What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?
Answer: 4th century B.C.E
Question: What ship captain described daily leaf movements?
Answer: Androsthenes
Question: What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?
Answer: tamarind
Question: What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?
Answer: medical
Question: When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?
Answer: 13th century
Question: What was first recorded in 400 BC?
Question: What did Alexander the great described?
Question: What philosophers first described the diurnal process in humans?
Question: What was first described in medical texts during the 1300s?
Question: What did Androsthenes use the noon and midnight manual for?
Question: What do plants need to attract to their flowering?
Answer: pollinators
Question:  With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?
Answer: light cycle
Question: What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?
Answer: Anticipation of changes
Question: Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?
Answer: agriculture
Question: What plant behavior is not controlled by circadian rythems??
Question: What are constant but not self sustaining?
Question: What needs to be in sync with ambient temperatures?
Question: What has the simplest known circadian clock?
Answer: prokaryotic cyanobacteria
Question: With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?
Answer: three proteins
Question: What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?
Answer: DNA
Question: How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?
Answer: 22-hour
Question: What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?
Answer: KaiA, KaiB, KaiC
Question: What organism has the most complex circadian clock?
Question: Where can the circadian clock of theprokaryotic cyanobacteria be reconstituted?
Question: What was the minimum amount of time the clock could be sustained in vitro?
Question: What three proteins needed to be removed to sustain the in vitro clock?
Question: What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans?
Answer: total darkness
Question: What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm?
Answer: zeitgebers
Question: What do blind mole rats have in place of vision?
Answer: photoreceptors
Question: What cycle is seperate from the circadian rythem?
Question: What does total light cause in humans?
Question: What is the term for the environmental cues that dertermine daily rythems?
Question: What kind of mammals need external stimuli to maintain their endogenous clock?
Question: When is the melatonin onset?
Answer: 9 p.m
Question: At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?
Answer: Melatonin
Question: The presence of what is a circadian marker?
Answer: hormone
Question: What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?
Answer: melatonin phase
Question: When is Meletonin found in the system?
Question: What starts to decrease at 9 p.m.
Question: What is more stable than the melatonin offset?
Question: What is melatonin phase not a reliable marker for?
Question: At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?
Answer: 05:00
Question: How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?
Answer: two hours
Question: When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?
Answer: 04:00
Question: What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?
Answer: 06:00
Question: What physical factor must be periodicly monitored in temperature studies?
Question: What do evening types reach at 4:00 a.m?
Question: What occurs close to waking for morning types?
Question: Who reaches their minimum temperature in the middle of their waking hours?
Question: Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?
Answer: Patrick and Gilbert
Question: Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?
Answer: J.S. Szymanski
Question: What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?
Answer: bees
Question: What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?
Answer: "period"
Question: What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?
Answer: circadian clock
Question: Who observed that sleepiness remained steady over twenty-four hour period?
Question: What did Patrick and Gilbert show in 1918?
Question: What was noticed in the rhythmic feeding time of birds in the early twentieth century?
Question: What did Ingeborg Beling and Oskar Wahl isolate in the early 1970s?
Question: By functioning within a single, what is the system?
Answer: cell-autonomous
Question: What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?
Answer: endocrine glands
Question: How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?
Answer: biological clock
Question: What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?
Answer: synchronise
Question: What requires multiple cells to function?
Question: What results in a synchronized output electrical signals?
Question: what section of the brain rarely releases hormones?
Question: Where in the body are receptors for electrical signals located?
Question: What is timed independently of the biological clock?
Question: What do plants use to sense light?
Answer: photoreceptors
Question: What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?
Answer: phytochromes and cryptochromes
Question: Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?
Answer: phyA
Question: What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?
Answer: phyB
Question: What absorbes white light for plants?
Question: What does Cry 1 degrade to?
Question: What is Cry 1 is the main phytochtome for?
Question: What photochromes are less stable than phyA?
Question: What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?
Answer: 28-hour
Question: What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?
Answer: time cues
Question: How long did the suppression of time clues study last?
Answer: month
Question: What is this forced type of study called?
Answer: forced desynchrony
Question: When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?
Answer: 24.18 hours
Question: What did Kleitman do in the 1990's?
Question: Whar dir Czeisler do in 1938?