huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What branch of military does the Secretary of the Treasury direct?
Question: How many uniformed services are there in the US?
Answer: seven
Question: What years did the American Revolutionary War span?
Answer: 1775–83
Question: What date was the U.S. Army created?
Answer: 3 June 1784
Question: What did the U.S Army replace?
Answer: Continental Army
Question: What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the smallest?
Question: How many uniformed services are there in Canada?
Question: What years did the French Revolutionary War span?
Question: What did the U.S. Navy replace?
Question: When was the U.S.  Navy disbanded?
Question: The War of 1812 consisted of the U.S against whom?
Answer: United Kingdom
Question: In what year did the U.S. take control of Lake Eerie?
Answer: 1813
Question: Who did the U.S. defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?
Answer: Tecumseh
Question: In the Battle of New Orleans, who defeated the British?
Answer: Andrew Jackson
Question: The Siege of 1812 was fought against?
Question: What year did the U.S. take control of Lake Superior?
Question: What did the English defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?
Question: In the Battle of the New Orleans, who defeated the Americans?
Question: Who did the state militias have ongoing conflict with?
Answer: Native Americans
Question: Who was defeated at the Battle of the Wabash?
Answer: General St. Clair
Question: In what year was the Legion of the United States established?
Answer: 1791
Question: In what year was the Legion of the United States renamed to the United States Army?
Answer: 1796
Question:  What person did not trust the standing armies?
Question: Who did the state militia have an ongoing peace treaty with?
Question: Who was killed at the Battle of the Wabash?
Question: In what year was the the government of the United States established?
Question: Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located?
Answer: Fort Polk, Louisiana
Question: Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located?
Answer: Hohenfels, Germany
Question: In what year was ARFORGEN approved?
Answer: 2006
Question: In what states is Fort Bliss located?
Answer: New Mexico and Texas
Question: Where is the International Training Center located?
Question: Where is the Double Readiness Training Center located?
Question: Where is the Joint International Training Center located?
Question: What year was ARFORGEN rejected?
Question: In what cities is Fort Bliss located?
Question: Who took control of the Mississippi River in 1862-63?
Answer: Ulysses Grant
Question: Who captured Atlanta?
Answer: William T. Sherman
Question: Where did Lee surrender his army?
Answer: Appomattox Court House
Question: In what year did the Union Forces capture Atlanta?
Question: Who took control of the Snake River in 1862-63?
Question: Who released Atlanta?
Question: Where did Grant surrender his army?
Question: In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated?
Answer: 1950
Question: How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe?
Answer: four
Question: What war occurred after the end of War on Terror?
Question: In what year were corps V and corps VII disbanded?
Question: How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Germany?
Question: What set the stage for the North-South confrontation?
Question: With the outbreak of which war did concerns for the defense of Western Europe decrease?
Question: What month and year did the U.S. join World War II?
Answer: December 1941
Question: Which military force attacked Pearl Harbor?
Answer: Japanese
Question: What is the month, day and year of "D-Day"?
Answer: June 6, 1944
Question: What war lead to the capture of the Pacific Islands by the U.S.?
Answer: Pacific War
Question: Who was responsible for the desegregation of the army?
Answer: Harry S. Truman
Question: What month and year did the Chinese join World War II?
Question: Which military force aided  during Pearl Harbor?
Question: What is month, day, and year V-Day?
Question: Who was responsible for the segregation of the army?
Question: Who participated along with U.S. Army soldiers in the French-Indian War?
Question: What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy?
Answer: Vietnam War
Question: How many army components were affected by the Total Force Policy?
Answer: three
Question: Who rejected the Total Force Policy?
Question: What war was responsible for the recall of the Total Force Policy?
Question: How many Navy components were affected by the Total Force Policy?
Question: What three components of the Navy are a single force?
Question: Which country was invaded by the U.S. in October 2001?
Answer: Afghanistan
Question: The U.S. Army invaded Iraq in what year?
Answer: 2003
Question: About how many U.S. soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?
Answer: more than 4,000
Question: How many Iraqi insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?
Answer: 23,813
Question: Which country was liberated by the U.S. in October 2001?
Question: What year did the  European country invade Iraq?
Question: How many European soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?
Question: How many Palestinian insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?
Question: What year did the Chinese lead a combined coalition into Iraq?
Question: In what year did the Milita Act take place?
Answer: 1903
Question: The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?
Answer: the Army
Question: National Guardsmen are under the authority of who?
Answer: the governor
Question: What was the U.S. Navy considered before 1903?
Question: In what year did the Milita Act disband?
Question: What is the State Defense Artillery a branch of?
Question: Who governs the U.S. Navy?
Question: How many brigade teams did the Army downsize to by 2015?
Answer: 32
Question: Who is the Army Chief of Staff?
Answer: Raymond Odierno
Question: By 2018, how many active Army members will there be?
Answer: 450,000
Question: How many Army Reserve members will there be by 2018?
Answer: 195,000
Question: How many divisions are there in the U.S. Navy?
Question: How many brigade teams did the Navy downsize to by 2015?
Question: Who is the Navy Chief of Staff?
Question: How many active Navy members will there be in 2018?
Question: How many Navy Reserve members will there be by 2018?
Question: How long does basic training last?
Answer: 10 weeks
Question: How long does military occupation specialties training last?
Answer: 14–20 weeks
Question: What does OSUT stand for?
Answer: One Station Unit Training
Question: Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located?
Answer: Fort Benning, Georgia
Question: What categories are the U.S. Navy divided into?
Question: How long does basic artillery training last for?
Question: How long does a military cooking class last?
Question: How long does Naval military occupation specialties training last?
Question: What does ASUT stand for?
Question: What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?
Answer: Squad Automatic Weapon
Question: What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?
Answer: suppressive fire
Question: What is the Mossberg 590 used for?
Answer: door breaching and close-quarters combat
Question: What gun do designated marksmen use?
Answer: M14EBR
Question: What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?
Answer: M110
Question: What does SAW in M248 stand for?
Question: What kind of gunfire is the M248 SAW generally used for?
Question: What gun do designated marksmen use the least?
Question: What type of automatic weapon do snipers use?
Question: How many MRAP vehicles has the Pentagon bought since 2007?
Answer: 25,000
Question: How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of?
Answer: 7,456
Question: How many of the vehicles will be used for training?
Answer: 1,073
Question: The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle?
Answer: Oshkosh M-ATV
Question: What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of?
Answer: Maxxpro
Question: How many MRAP vehicles has the pentagon bought since 2000?
Question: How many of the 25,00 vehicles does they plan on selling?
Question: How many vehicles does the Army plan on not using for training?
Question: How many vehicles will the Navy be keeping?
Question: What type of tank will the the Army have 301 of?
Question: What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap?
Answer: black beret
Question: Who was the Army Chief of Staff at this time?
Answer: General Martin Dempsey
Question: What month and year was the black beret replaced?
Answer: June 2011
Question: If a soldier is in a unit in jump status, what color beret do they wear?
Answer: maroon
Question: The rifle green beret is worn by whom?
Answer: Special Forces
Question: What piece of uniform has been replaced by the patrol top?
Question: Who is the Navy Chief of Staff at this time?
Question: What month and year was the black shirt replaced?
Question: What color beret does a soldier in a unit with permanent status wear?
Question: What color beret does the member of the 76th Ranger Regiment wear?
Question: What does SECARMY stand for?
Answer: Secretary of the Army
Question: What does CSA stand for?
Answer: Chief of Staff of the Army
Question: At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?
Answer: 475,000
Question: How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?
Answer: 1,015,000
Question: How many military departments does the Department of Agriculture have?
Question: What does SAACRMY stand for?
Question: What does CSS stand for?
Question: At the end of 2016,how many women were in the Regular Army?
Question: How many women soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?
Question: During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place?
Answer: 1818–58
Question: What state were the Seminoles moved to?
Answer: Oklahoma
Question: What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?
Answer: winter food supply
Question: During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida?
Answer: eighteenth
Question: What American tribe was the Army's major campaign against?
Question: During what years did the wars between the Army and British take place?
Question: What state did the Pilgrims move to?
Question: What did the Navy traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?
Question: During what century did the Seminoles enter Texas?
Question: Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?
Answer: the Soviets
Question: In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces?
Answer: Korea and Vietnam
Question: In what year did the Korean war end?
Answer: 1953
Question: What year did the Vietnam War begin?
Question: Who entered the U.N. security meeting?
Question: In what two countries did the American troops fight for Communist forces?
Question: In what year did the Vietnam War end?
Question: In 1989, what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to?
Answer: 580,000
Question: Which country did Iraq invade in 1990?
Answer: Kuwait
Question: What operation began in January 1991?
Answer: Desert Storm
Question: How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm?
Answer: 500,000
Question: How long did Operation Desert Storm last?
Answer: one hundred hours
Question: What did the Pentagon pan to increase the army strength to?
Question: What state did Iraq invade in 1990?
Question: What operation ended in January 1991?
Question: How many months did Operation Desert Storm last?
Question: How many Canadian-led troops were deployed?
Question: What group combined with the U.S. Army?
Answer: United States Volunteers
Question: Who raised the United States Volunteers?
Answer: various state governments
Question: What year was the Canadian army organized?
Question: What group combined with the U.S. Navy?
Question: Who dismantled the United States Volunteers?
Question: What did cities maintain full-time?
Question: What is also called into the service of the Navy?
Question: What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Army?
Answer: Army National Guard and the Army Reserve
Question: What are UTAs?
Answer: unit training assemblies
Question: The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United States Code?
Answer: 10
Question: Who does the D.C. National Guard report to?
Answer: the U.S. President
Question: What is the inactive component of the U.S. Army?
Question: What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Navy?
Question: The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United Nations Code?
Question: Who does the D.C. National Navy report to?
Question: What is are combat medics duties?
Answer: provide pre-hospital emergency treatment
Question: Where do the officers go to complete their branch specific training?
Answer: Basic Officer Leaders Course
Question: If the officers want to advance their careers even further, where is that available?
Answer: Army Correspondence Course Program
Question: What does ISI stand for?
Question: Where do ensigns go to complete their branch specific training?
Question: Where does post-commissioning training take place?
Question: What does ISi training is offered?
Question: What are the barracks used for?
Answer: sleeping quarters
Question: Where are the dining facilities called?
Answer: DFAC buildings
Question: What does FOB stand for?
Answer: forward operating bases
Question: What is the abbreviation for a tactical operations center?
Answer: TOC
Question: What does the Coast Guard use for facilities while they are deployed?
Question: What are DFAC ships used for?
Question: What does FAB stand for?
Question: Where are horses stabled?
Question: Who dismantles tents?
Question: Which war had the most U.S. casualties associated with it?
Answer: The American Civil War
Question: What were the U.S. forces referred to as?
Answer: the "Union" or "the North"
Question: What state did not contribute any troops to the Union Army?
Answer: South Carolina
Question: Which war had the least U.S. casualties with it?
Question: What were the Southern forces referred to as?
Question: What state contributed the most troops to the Union Army?
Question: What was the least expensive war for the U.S.?
Question: In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft?
Answer: 1910
Question: Who attacked New Mexico in 1916?
Answer: Pancho Villa
Question: What year did the U.S. join World War I?
Answer: 1917
Question: What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end?
Answer: 7 February 1917
Question: What year did the army start the left-wing aircraft?
Question: Who surrendered New Mexico in 1916?
Question: What year did the Chinese join World War I?
Question: What date did the U.S. intervention in New York end?
Question: How many divisions did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 15 down to?
Answer: 8
Question: How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense increase the number to?
Answer: 18
Question: Who was the President of Defense in 1967?
Question: How many division did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 10 down to?
Question: How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense decrease the number to?
Question: What suggestions did the states have regarding increase of division?
Question: What year did the federal government reorganize their forces?
Question: What aircraft was hijacked?
Answer: American Airlines Flight 77
Question: Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon.
Answer: west
Question: Who was the highest ranking official killed in the attack?
Answer: Lieutenant General Timothy Maude
Question: How many victims were killed in the attack of the White House?
Question: What aircraft was released by terrorists?
Question: Did the plane crash into the eastern or western part of the White HOuse?
Question: Who was the lowest ranking official killed in the attack?
Question: How will the brigades be structured?
Answer: modular
Question: Who can command any brigade?
Answer: divisional headquarters
Question: What is the Coast Guard replacing divisions with?
Question: How will the brigades be deconstructed?
Question: Who can command any branch of the Army?
Question: What is being dismissed?
Question: What is the primary sidearm used by the U.S. Army?
Answer: 9 mm M9 pistol
Question: What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army?
Answer: M67
Question: The M18 is a type of what kind of grenade?
Answer: smoke
Question: Through what system are handguns being replacedby the U.S. Army?
Answer: Modular Handgun System
Question: What is the primary sidearm used by the Coast Guard?
Question: What type of frag grenade is used by the Coast Guard?
Question: What type of grenade is the M17?
Question: What system is replacing hats in the U.S. Army?
Question: What are the most common weapons used by the Navy?
Question: What does HMMWV stand for?
Answer: High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle
Question: What is the HMMWV also known as?
Answer: Humvee
Question: The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what?
Answer: battle tank
Question: What does MRAP stand for?
Answer: Mine Resistant Ambush Protected
Question: What does HMMWA stand for?
Question: What is the HMMWA also known as?
Question: What does MRAA stand for?
Question: What is the least common type of combat support vehicles?
Question: Under what Prussian king did the German empire unite as a nation-state?
Answer: Wilhelm I
Question: What was the date of the Treaty of Frankfurt?
Answer: 10 May 1871
Question: The Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany which Imperial territory?
Answer: Alsace-Lorraine
Question: Following the unification of Germany, who maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck
Question: Which specific fear was a factor in causing World War I?
Answer: another Franco-German war
Question: Following the Ems telegram, what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt?
Answer: he felt "he had just received a slap"
Question: In Parliament, who was the leader of the monarchists?
Answer: Adolphe Thiers
Question: Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war?
Answer: Emile Ollivier
Question: On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government?
Answer: 19 July 1870
Question: In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame?
Answer: Battle of Königgrätz
Question: At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?
Answer: 25-year-old design
Question: What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range?
Answer: 600 m (2,000 ft)
Question: What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time?
Answer: Krupp
Question: What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?
Answer: a contact-detonated shell
Question: What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?
Answer: 4 August 1870
Question: On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?
Answer: Bavarian and two Prussian corps
Question: Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? 
Answer: General Douay of I Corps
Question: Douay's initial success was credited by what?
Answer: long-range fire of the Chassepots
Question: What threatened the French avenue of retreat?
Answer: the encirclement of the town by the Prussians
Question: What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle?
Answer: German numerical superiority
Question: Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle?
Answer: Frossard
Question: What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south?
Answer: Seriously flawed communications
Question: What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties?
Answer: effectiveness of the chassepot rifle
Question: What outcome surprised the Germans the following day?
Answer: Frossard had abandoned his position
Question: On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte?
Answer: 18 August
Question: Which battle was considered the biggest in the war?
Answer: The Battle of Gravelotte
Question: Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte? 
Answer: 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz
Question: Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded?
Answer: Count Helmuth von Moltke
Question: Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine?
Answer: Marshal François-Achille Bazaine
Question: What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?
Answer: the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army
Question: At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?
Answer: over 150,000
Question: Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?
Answer: Napoleon III and MacMahon
Question: Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?
Answer: the Prussian Third Army
Question: How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?
Answer: 5,000 men
Question: At the start of the war, which country did European public opinion champion?
Answer: the Germans
Question: In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy?
Answer: Florence
Question: What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war?
Answer: Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace
Question: To whom is the quote, "Rescue the French Republic by every means" attributed?
Answer: Garibaldi
Question: What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France?
Answer: the Army of the Vosges
Question: On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans?
Answer: 10 October
Question: Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers?
Answer: the Germans
Question: On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers?
Answer: 9 November
Question: On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans?
Answer: 4 December
Question: Of the three battles that occured north of Paris, which was the first that forced the French army to retreat?
Answer: Battle of Amiens
Question: On what date did president Trochu resign?
Answer: 25 January
Question: Who replaced President Trochu?
Answer: Favre
Question: In which French city was the surrender made official?
Answer: Versailles
Question: Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans?
Answer: Gambetta
Question: What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?
Answer: The quick German victory
Question: What outcome had most people expected from the war?
Answer: French victory
Question: Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?
Answer: the Germans
Question: What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath? 
Answer: their military system
Question: What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?
Answer: highly detailed mobilization systems
Question: The effect of German victory and ensuing influence stems back to what factor?
Answer: pre-war preparations
Question: What was the Prussian General staff quick to utilize at the onset of the war?
Answer: detailed mobilization plans using the railway system
Question: What was one factor behind the inefficiency of the French railway system?
Answer: multiple competing companies
Question: What factor especially affected travel to the front in Alsace and Lorraine?
Answer: frequent changes between trains
Question: Who was responsible for dealing with chaotic train yards and unloaded wagons?
Answer: nobody
Question: Who commanded the Prussian 12 Cavalry Brigade?
Answer: General Adalbert von Bredow
Question: What did General von Bredow lead a charge against at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour?
Answer: a French artillery battery
Question: What did von Bredow's Pyrrhic victory become known as?
Answer: von Bredow's Death Ride
Question: What military tactic proved to be unsuccessful on the 1914 battlefields?
Answer: Use of traditional cavalry
Question: What was one of two factors that led von Bredow's narrow success on the battlefield?
Answer: favorable terrain that masked his approach
Question: In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?
Answer: Posen
Question: What was there strong support of in Posen?
Answer: the French
Question: What calls were made for the Polish recruits?
Answer: to desert from the Prussian Army
Question: On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?
Answer: 16 August 1870
Question: What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?
Answer: prolonged period of repressive measures
Question: What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in?
Answer: the unification of Germany
Question: In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group?
Answer: North German Confederation
Question: What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power?
Answer: new power destabilized
Question: What established the European balance of power in 1815?
Answer: the Congress of Vienna
Question: As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?
Answer: strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states
Question: In peacetime, what the approximate number of French soldiers?
Answer: 400,000
Question: Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy?
Answer: the Franco-Austrian War
Question: The "Seven Weeks War" was between which two countries?
Answer: Prussia and Austria
Question: Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription?
Answer: Marshal Adolphe Niel
Question: If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted, in what militia were they were registered?
Answer: the Garde Mobile
Question: Who commanded the General Staff?
Answer: Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke
Question: What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime?
Answer: to prepare the overall war strategy
Question: The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place?
Answer: Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)
Question: What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke?
Answer: the railroad and telegraph
Question: On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border?
Answer: 2 August
Question: Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken?
Answer: the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division
Question: What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle?
Answer: The Chassepot rifle
Question: How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken?
Answer: 86 casualties
Question: How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken?
Answer: 83 casualties
Question: What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating? 
Answer: succession to the Spanish throne
Question: A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?
Answer: King William
Question: What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?
Answer: to make it appear that the French had been insulted
Question: On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?
Answer: 16 July 1870
Question: Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?
Answer: northeastern France
Question: In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head?
Answer: westward
Question: How many dead troops leave behind?
Answer: 1,000 dead
Question: How many prisoners did the French leave behind?
Answer: 1,000 prisoners
Question: What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks?
Answer: French Chassepot
Question: What is the Franco-Prussian War also known as?
Answer: Franco-German War
Question: What was the war often referred to in France as?
Answer: the War of 1870
Question: In the conflict, who lead the German states of the North German Confederation?
Answer: the Kingdom of Prussia
Question: Whose ambitions are credited with causing the conflict?
Answer: Prussian ambitions
Question: Which Prussian chancellor's motives in the conflict are still disputed?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck
Question: In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside?
Answer: Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Question: What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain?
Answer: encirclement
Question: Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck
Question: What was the name of the famous telelgram?
Answer: Ems Dispatch
Question: What was the reaction of the French people to the deceptively crafted offense in the Ems Dispatch?
Answer: inflamed public opinion
Question: What battle began when two armies collided in the town of Froschwiller?
Answer: The Battle of Wörth
Question: On what date did the Battle of Worth begin?
Answer: 6 August
Question: What was the estimated number of troops in Prussia's 3rd Army?
Answer: 140,000 troops
Question: What number of troops did France have to contend with?
Answer: 35,000
Question: Instead of pursuing the French as they retreated, the Germans decided to remain where?
Answer: Alsace
Question: What was the overarching Prussian motive in starting a war with France?
Answer: unification of a great German empire
Question: Who had no doubts that a Franco-German war was totally necessary?
Answer: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Question: Who did Bismarck feel needed to be viewed as the aggressor in the conflict?
Answer: France
Question: In bringing the southern German states to align with Prussia, what tactical outcome was achieved?
Answer: Germans numerical superiority
Question: Who order the First and Second armies to advance against the French?
Answer: Moltke
Question: Which general opened the battle with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division?
Answer: General Manstein
Question: Who did the battle first appear to favor?
Answer: the French
Question: Who was the commander of the First Army?
Answer: General Steinmetz
Question: What modern, mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided?
Answer: Chassepot rifle
Question: What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle?
Answer: 1,500 metres (4,900 ft)
Question: In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot?
Answer: trench-warfare
Question: What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess?
Answer: the mitrailleuse
Question: On what was the mitrailleuse mounted?
Answer: on an artillery gun carriage
Question: On which date did the battle begin with the Army of Chalons attacking various Prussian divisions?
Answer: 1 September 1870
Question: Who commanded the French V Corps in reserve?
Answer: General De Wimpffen
Question: As the French were hard-hit by the Prussian artillery, what continued to show up to the battlefield?
Answer: more Prussian troops
Question: Which commander of the French calvary led three desperate attacks on Floing?
Answer: General Marguerite
Question: How many casualties did the French suffer?
Answer: over 17,000 men
Question: Pre-war, who planned for a strong French offensive?
Answer: Marshal Niel
Question: From Thionville towards Trier, what was the final destination of the offensive?
Answer: the Prussian Rhineland
Question: Niel's plan was cast aside in favour of a plan by General Frossard and what other general??
Answer: Bartélemy Lebrun
Question: The new plan called for which army to remain in a defensive grouping at the German border?
Answer: Army of the Rhine
Question: Which disaster made French planning supremely essential?
Answer: the disaster at Wissembourg
Question: Which general was determined to go on the attack over Saar?
Answer: General Le Bœuf
Question: Planning for the next battle was less based on emotion and more focused on what?
Answer: the reality of unfolding events
Question: Who told LeBoeuf that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible?
Answer: General Wolff
Question: What did the French armies decide on to protect against every possible attack point?
Answer: a defensive position
Question: What army's defeats turned Gambetta to the Army of the North?
Answer: Army of the Loire's
Question: Who led the Army of the North?
Answer: General Faidherbe
Question: Several smaller victories were acheived by the protection of what?
Answer: belt of fortresses
Question: The belt of fortresses were in what area of France?
Answer: northern France
Question: This position in the north allowed whose men to launch fast attacks against Prussian units?
Answer: Faidherbe's
Question: What odds were at stake for the attack launched by the III Corps?
Answer: four to one
Question: What town were the III Corps able to capture?
Answer: Vionville
Question: In capturing Vionville, what was further blocked in the west?
Answer: escape attempts
Question: With battle at Metz, what factor shattered the efforts of III Corps?
Answer: incessant cavalry charges
Question: The Germans recorded how many causualties in the battle?
Answer: 15,780
Question: Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?
Answer: defeat of the First Army,
Question: As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?
Answer: Roncourt
Question: The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?
Answer: ruins of St. Privat
Question: Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?
Answer: French Army of the Rhine
Question: A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?
Answer: North German coasts
Question: The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?
Answer: only five
Question: What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?
Answer: SMS Arminius
Question: How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?
Answer: 470
Question: In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?
Answer: coal reserves
Question: Which battle was the second of three key French losses?
Answer: Battle of Spicheren
Question: On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place?
Answer: 5 August
Question: Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine's army on what river?
Answer: the Saar River
Question: Which general's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary?
Answer: General von Steinmetz
Question: Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz's grave error?
Answer: Spicheren
Question: The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what?
Answer: extremely effective
Question: What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study?
Answer: previous Prussian operations
Question: What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?
Answer: learn to avoid mistakes
Question: The structure also reinforced Moltke's ability control large formations spread out over what?
Answer: significant distances
Question: Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?
Answer: The Chief of the General Staff
Question: On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete?
Answer: 20 September
Question: Bismarck and Favre met on what date?
Answer: 18 September
Question: What was the location of Bismarck and Favre's meeting?
Answer: the Château de Ferrières
Question: Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city?
Answer: Toul
Question: By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?
Answer: breaking up
Question: Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?
Answer: General Canrobert
Question: What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?
Answer: lethal French gunfire
Question: By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?
Answer: Rezonville
Question: What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?
Answer: a brief victory parade
Question: Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?
Answer: the terms of the armistice
Question: To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?
Answer: food
Question: France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?
Answer: five billion franc
Question: An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?
Answer: 200,000
Question: Which empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris?
Answer: the Second Empire
Question: The uprising forced a proclamation of what?
Answer: Provisional Government and a Third Republic
Question: How did the new government refer to itself?
Answer: Government of National Defence
Question: Bismarck desired an early piece but lacked what in the negotiation process?
Answer: a legitimate French authority
Question: A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?
Answer: eastern France
Question: What seige did these victories lead to?
Answer: Siege of Metz
Question: What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?
Answer: Battle of Sedan
Question: Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?
Answer: the army of the Second Empire
Question: On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?
Answer: 4 September
Question: Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country?
Answer: Prussia
Question: It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what?
Answer: domestic political problems
Question: Before the war, French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III?
Answer: a national plebiscite
Question: Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal?
Answer: Milza
Question: What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?
Answer: invasion of northern Germany
Question: What country were the French hoping to be allied with?
Answer: Denmark
Question: What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?
Answer: the Royal Danish Navy
Question: What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?
Answer: defences
Question: What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?
Answer: heavy guns
Question: What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?
Answer: conscripts
Question: Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?
Answer: of military age
Question: Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?
Answer: 1,000,000
Question: German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?
Answer: encirclement battles
Question: What is an example of a German encirclement battle?
Answer: Cannae
Question: Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking?
Answer: independent thinking
Question: What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?
Answer: Moltke
Question: What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle?
Answer: intellectual development
Question: Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective?
Answer: Dallas Irvine
Question: What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun?
Answer: longer range
Question: What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun? 
Answer: the mitrailleuse
Question: How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature?
Answer: thirty-seven barrels
Question: What was the range of the mitrailleuse?
Answer: 1,200 yd (1,100 m)
Question: Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective
Answer: artillery
Question: The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what?
Answer: French Army of Châlons
Question: The French navy fell captive where?
Answer: at Sedan
Question: Who also was captured at Sedan?
Answer: Napoleon III
Question: The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships?
Answer: the North Sea
Question: On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade?
Answer: September 1870
Question: Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?
Answer: Marshal MacMahon
Question: How many divisions did MacMahon command?
Answer: four divisions
Question: Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?
Answer: 20 miles
Question: Whose conduct made a bad situation worse?
Answer: General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot
Question: What group did General Ducrot command?
Answer: the 1st Division
Question: In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?
Answer: working-class neighbourhoods
Question: What did the National Guard refuse to wear?
Answer: uniforms
Question: What did the National Guard refuse to obey?
Answer: commands from the national government
Question: On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?
Answer: 21–28 May
Question: Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?
Answer: General MacMahon
Question: Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?
Answer: German 3rd Army
Question: Who commanded the German 1st Army?
Answer: Steinmetz
Question: What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?
Answer: decoy fires
Question: Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?
Answer: Moltke's
Question: What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action?
Answer: 20,163
Question: What were the number of French killed and wounded?
Answer: 7,855
Question: What was the number of French prisoners?
Answer: 4,420
Question: What did most Prussians fall under?
Answer: French Chassepot rifles
Question: Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?"
Answer: Favre
Question: Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?
Answer: Government of National Defense
Question: When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?
Answer: 6 September
Question: What did this cause the Republic to renew?
Answer: declaration of war
Question: Who was the Prussian Minister of War?
Answer: Albrecht von Roon
Question: What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister?
Answer: 1859 to 1873
Question: He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military?
Answer: reforms
Question: What was the first step in the reforms?
Answer: a reorganization of the army
Question: What was the second reform?
Answer: the conscription of every male
Question: What type of artillery were the French equipped with?
Answer: bronze, rifled muzzle-loading
Question: What newer artillery were Prussians using?
Answer: steel breech-loading guns
Question: What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire?
Answer: ammunition
Question: The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French?
Answer: 30% more
Question: What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire?
Answer: 2–3 kilometres
Question: On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice?
Answer: 28 January 1871
Question: With whom did the French government negotiate?
Answer: the Prussians
Question: What consequence of war were Parisians suffering?
Answer: starving
Question: Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace?
Answer: Favre
Question: What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met?
Answer: 24 January
Question: Which religious official was also killed during the fighting?
Answer: Archbishop of Paris
Question: What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down?
Answer: government buildings
Question: What famous palace was also burned down?
Answer: Tuileries Palace
Question: What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed?
Answer: between 6,000 and 10,000
Question: At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier?
Answer: 462,000
Question: How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans?
Answer: 270,000
Question: What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word "Kreis?"
Answer: literally "circle"
Question: What did the French military numbers suffer from the most?
Answer: having lost 100,000 stragglers
Question: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?
Answer: military thinking
Question: Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?
Answer: general staff system
Question: Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?
Answer: European armies
Question: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?
Answer: advancing infantry
Question: Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?
Answer: Russo-Japanese War
Question: A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress?
Answer: Congress of Vienna
Question: At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe?
Answer: the main power
Question: Who remained the dominant world power at this time?
Answer: Great Britain
Question: British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what?
Answer: very limited
Question: The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons?
Answer: the daughter of Queen Victoria
Question: A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?
Answer: Puberty
Question: Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?
Answer: pituitary
Question: Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?
Answer: testes
Question: Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?
Answer: ovaries
Question: An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?
Answer: gynecomastia
Question: What is the cultural purpose of adolescence?
Answer: preparation of children for adult roles
Question: What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as?
Answer: adolescence
Question: Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions?
Answer: multiple transitions
Question: What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances?
Answer: education, training, employment and unemployment
Question: How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?
Answer: increase in both size and capacity
Question: Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?
Answer: increased strength and tolerance for exercise
Question: Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?
Answer: males
Question: Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?
Answer: males
Question: Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?
Answer: respiratory
Question: Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?
Answer: not
Question: The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?
Answer: 90%
Question: The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?
Answer: cognitive and emotional
Question: What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?
Answer: creases
Question: The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?
Answer: six
Question: Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior?
Answer: Serotonin
Question: Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system?
Answer: not
Question: Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what?
Answer: mood and behavior
Question: Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments, emotional experiences, and social information?
Answer: limbic
Question: Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses?
Answer: dopamine and serotonin
Question: Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?
Answer: children
Question: Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?
Answer: hypothetical
Question: What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?
Answer: hypothetical
Question: Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?
Answer: probability
Question: Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later?
Answer: early
Question: Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what?
Answer: hormones
Question: Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends?
Answer: Early
Question: What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others?
Answer: poor body image
Question: Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what?
Answer: twenty-five
Question: Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence?
Answer: not
Question: Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups?
Answer: not
Question: What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience?
Answer: Wisdom
Question: How is adolescence defined biologically?
Answer: the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth