huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
Answer: federal assistance
Question: By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
Answer: over 75%
Question: How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
Answer: By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,
Question: Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
Answer: The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity
Question: About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
Answer: According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.
Question: Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
Answer: Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as
Question: How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
Answer: federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data
Question: Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
Answer: 1990
Question: When did laws allow for more immigrants?
Answer: in the 1960s
Question: How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
Answer: over 75%
Question: What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
Answer: assistance to historically underserved groups
Question: How many ethnic/racial categories were on the census in 1980?
Question: Who had come to reside in the United States due to new immigration laws in the 1940s?
Question: When did the United States end the new immigration laws?
Question: What percentage of white americans had multiracial ancestries?
Question: What kind of federal assistance does not depend on census data?
Question: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
Answer: black (historically) or African American
Question: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
Answer: hypodescent
Question: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
Answer: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry
Question: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
Answer: for its social and economic advantages
Question: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
Answer: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry
Question: What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
Answer: slavery became a racial caste
Question: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society
Question: What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
Answer: Melungeons,
Question: What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
Answer: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation
Question: What is Melungeon?
Answer: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.
Question: What does it mean to have "marred white"?
Answer: assimilated into white society
Question: What were slaves and Africans classified by?
Answer: hypodescent
Question: What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
Answer: black (historically) or African American
Question: Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?
Question: What were people of European ancestry classified by?
Question: What kind of people assimilated into black society?
Question: Why did people choose not to assimilate into white society?
Question: What families have been demonstrated genetically to be of Asian and African ancestry?
Question: When was there a period of formal racial segregation?
Answer: in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era
Question: What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
Answer: more people are openly forming interracial unions
Question: What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?
Answer: Diverse immigration
Question: Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
Answer: Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins
Question: Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
Answer: Barack Obama
Question: Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
Answer: In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States
Question: When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?
Answer: Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement
Question: When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?
Answer: the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial
Question: What has brought more mixed race people to the US?
Answer: . Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States
Question: Who are "mestizos"?
Answer: large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos
Question: What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?
Answer: try to "pass" as white
Question: What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?
Answer: Loving Day
Question: What does the first multiracial president identify as?
Answer: African American
Question: When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?
Answer: 2000
Question: When was an African American president elected?
Answer: 2008
Question: What are less people openly doing than in the past?
Question: What has brought more single-race people into the United States?
Question: What movement did the United States have before the 1980s?
Question: What year was the last census that allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity?
Question: Who was the last multiracial President of the United States?
Question: What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
Answer: Anti-miscegenation laws
Question: Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
Answer: white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them
Question: Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
Answer: In California and the western US
Question: What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
Answer: Latino and Asian residents
Question: When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
Answer: 1950s
Question: When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
Answer: Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries
Question: Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
Answer: this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines
Question: Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
Answer: In California and the western US,
Question: Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
Answer: White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.
Question: Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? 
Answer: were prohibited from official relationships with whites.
Question: In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?
Answer: Latino and Asian residents
Question: When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
Answer: the 1950s
Question: Who were taking slaves as concubines?
Answer: white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men
Question: What laws were passed in the 21st century?
Question: Who refused to take slave women as concubines?
Question: Where in the US were there smaller numbers of Asian and Latino residents?
Question: Who was permitted to have official relationships with whites?
Question: What was prohibited after the 1950s?
Question: When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?
Answer: After the American Revolutionary War
Question: How were the laws in New York abolished?
Answer: in programs of gradual emancipation
Question: How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?
Answer: more than two decades to be completed
Question: Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?
Answer: Quaker and Methodist preachers
Question: When were the last slaves freed in New York state?
Answer: The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827.
Question: Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?
Answer: Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves
Question: What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?
Answer: Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves
Question: How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?
Answer: the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.
Question: When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?
Answer: After the American Revolutionary War
Question: What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?
Answer: gradual emancipation
Question: The last slave in New York was freed when?
Answer: 1827
Question: What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?
Answer: Second Great Awakening
Question: In 1810, how many black people were considered free?
Answer: nearly 10 percent
Question: What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?
Answer: Revolutionary ideals
Question: What happened to the number of free people of color before the Revolutionary War?
Question: What did only a few northern states do?
Question: When were the first slaves in New York freed?
Question: Who urged slaveholders in the South not to free their slaves?
Question: What percentage of blacks in the south were free people of color after 1810?
Question: What is the one-drop rule?
Answer: defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry
Question: What did some courts call the one-drop rule?
Answer: "the traceable amount rule."
Question: What is a hypodesecnt rule?
Answer: meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group
Question: When was the one-drop rule in effect?
Answer: in the early 20th century
Question: What is the one-drop rule?
Answer: black, persons with any known African ancestry.
Question: What is the hypodescent rule?
Answer: racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.
Question: Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?
Answer: In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation
Question: What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?
Answer: it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association.
Question: In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?
Answer: persons with any known African ancestry
Question: Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?
Answer: judging a person by appearance and association.
Question: What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?
Answer: a hypodescent rule
Question: What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?
Answer: the one-drop rule
Question: What was the rule in the 1800s called?
Answer: the traceable amount rule
Question: What did southern states do to stop white supremacy?
Question: What laws did the northern states create in the early 20th century?
Question: What did the one-drop rule define as white?
Question: What was not a name that was used for the one-drop rule?
Question: What kind of rule did lawyers say the one-drop rule was an example of?
Question: Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?
Answer: Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities.
Question: Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?
Answer: While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it
Question: Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?
Answer: In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.
Question: What is the accepted definition of "multicultural" ancestry?
Answer: Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of "two or more races".
Question: Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?
Answer: Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities
Question: Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?
Answer: While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it
Question: Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?
Answer: , generally that of the culture in which they were raised.
Question: What are people most likely to identify themselves as?
Answer: the culture in which they were raised
Question: Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?
Answer: higher number
Question: What does it mean to be a mutliracial?
Answer: two or more races
Question: How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?
Answer: approximately 9 million individuals
Question: When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?
Answer: the mid-20th century
Question: How many individuals identified as multiracial in the 2000 US census?
Question: What percentage of the population did not identify as multiracial?
Question: What would most likely produce a lower number of multiracial people?
Question: What often led to people identifying or being classified by multiple ethnicities?
Question: What did many people do with their multiracial identities after the mid-20th century?
Question: What occured from 1955 to 1968?
Answer: The African-American Civil Rights Movement
Question: How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?
Answer: less than 5%
Question: What is race sometimes seen as?
Answer: a social construct
Question: Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?
Answer: The American people
Question: What does affect recent identification in many cases?
Answer: mixed racial ancestry
Question: What are the English people mostly descendants of?
Question: When did the Hispanic Civil Rights Movement occur?
Question: How much of the population identified as multiracial before the 2000s?
Question: What is race not acknowledged as?
Question: What did social movements from before the mid-twentieth century work to achieve?
Question: Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?
Answer: Some traders
Question: Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?
Answer: "white Indians"
Question: Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?
Answer: for their education
Question: Where were legal wives usually kept?
Answer: in the city
Question: What were Indigenous Americans living among Europeans called?
Question: Who was less numerous than "white indians"?
Question: Who married Indigenous American men?
Question: Where did Indigenous Americans keep bases?
Question: Who was sent to Indigenous American schools for their education?
Question: When could white women and black men be in a union?
Answer: In the colonial years
Question: Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?
Answer: Virginia in colonial years
Question: What is Paul Heinegg?
Answer: scholar
Question: What censuses did he study?
Answer: from 1790–1810
Question: Who made unions with African women during the colonial years?
Question: What happened to mixed-race children from mothers who were enslaved?
Question: What can eighty percent of enslaved people of color in North Carolina be traced to?
Question: What percentage of free people of color in Virginia can be traced to families in North Carolina?
Question: Who made unions with African men after the colonial years?
Question: Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?
Answer: Sally Hemings
Question: Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?
Answer: paternity
Question: Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?
Answer: elder family members
Question: What people report having elder family members who were open with genealogical information?
Question: What is usually a very easy process?
Question: What identified slaves by name before the American Civil War?
Question: Who acknowledged their mixed-race slave children in records?
Question: Who was John Adams in a relationship with?
Question: What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?
Answer: the Anglo-Saxon presence
Question: What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?
Answer: dark skin and ample bodies
Question: What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?
Answer: Hawaiian squaws
Question: When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?
Answer: By the last half of the 19th century
Question: Where did Christian missionaries follow traders before the 1800s?
Question: Who followed Christian missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands?
Question: What positively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks?
Question: What was dark skin no longer considered a sign of nobility?
Question: When did European women start marrying Hawaiian men?
Question: When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?
Answer: 1924
Question: What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?
Answer: that many whites had multiracial ancestry.
Question: Why were laws limiting people of color passed?
Answer: to restore white supremacy
Question: What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?
Answer: eugenics and ideas of racial purity
Question: What continued to be enacted in new laws in the 21st century?
Question: What state enacted the two-drop rule?
Question: What kind of laws had been proposed and passed in the late 19th century in South Carolina?
Question: Who gained political power in the south by enfranchising blacks?
Question: In what years did democrats pass laws to impose Jim Crow?
Question: A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
Answer: exceed one-fourth
Question: Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
Answer: African blacks and whites
Question: What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
Answer: less threatening to whites
Question: What is easy to explain to people in other countries?
Question: What is considered more threatening to African blacks?
Question: When is a person defined solely as a member of a racial minority?
Question: Who is it easy to explain "passing as white" to?
Question: Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?
Answer: Geneticists
Question: What are geneticists looking for?
Answer: the pattern of markers
Question: What is there genetic evidence of?
Answer: three major migrations into North America
Question: What can DNA testing distinguish between?
Question: What kind of evidence is there for recent historic differentiation?
Question: How do scientists know that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified?
Question: Who does not acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations?
Question: How many minor migrations into North America is there evidence for?
Question: How do some mixed raced people feel?
Answer: marginalized by U.S. society
Question: How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?
Answer: Typically, about five race choices
Question: How many race choices may someone check?
Answer: only one
Question: What does the "other" box do?
Answer: groups together individuals of many different multiracial types
Question: When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?
Answer: when applying to schools or for a job
Question: Who feels marginalized by Canadian society?
Question: What usually has about 10 race choices?
Question: What does the "other" box avoid?
Question: When do single race people feel marginalized?
Question: When do multiracial individuals feel important in U.S. society?
Question: What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?
Answer: social acceptance
Question: Where did people not ask about racial background?
Answer: frontier areas
Question: What were the hallmarks of free citizens?
Answer: they served in the militia and voted
Question: Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?
Answer: neighbors
Question: What had different laws regarding color after the one-drop rule?
Question: What played the smallest role in how a person was perceived?
Question: In what areas were there the most questions about origins?
Question: What was not a factor in how communities looked at people?
Question: What was never based on how people were accepted by their neighbors?
Question: What community still has some effects of slavery?
Answer: American slave descendant community
Question: What must Africans who recently immigrated do?
Answer: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds
Question: Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?
Answer: some black writers
Question: What happened to the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants before the 20th century?
Question: Who has immigrated more to Canada since the late 20th century?
Question: Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used?
Question: What have white writers argued are needed for recent immigrants?
Question: Who do black writers say should not recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds?
Question: When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?
Answer: In the 1980s
Question: What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?
Answer: mostly negative
Question: What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?
Answer: if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification
Question: Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?
Answer: Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins
Question: What did parents of mixed race children lobby for before the 1980s?
Question: What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of "bi-racial"?
Question: What political leader was vocally in favor of the multiracial category?
Question: Why was Diane Watson in favor of the multiracial category?
Question: What is a way African Americans could increase their numbers?
Question: What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
Answer: matrilineal
Question: What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
Answer: Indian
Question: What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
Answer: white
Question: What did not determine the social identity of the children?
Question: What was the status of mixed race children in the tribes of the Northwest?
Question: What was the child of a white woman and a Omaha man considered?
Question: Who would not protect mixed-race children and their mothers?
Question: Who could formally belong to the tribe if they were adopted by a woman?
Question: Who was the doctor related to?
Answer: Seth Eastman
Question: Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
Answer: Sioux woman
Question: Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
Answer: three European-American middle-class female teachers
Question: What tribe was Eastman related to?
Answer: Sioux
Question: How many African-American teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute?
Question: What was the name of the woman Seth Eastman married?
Question: Who was a lawyer of European and Sioux ancestry?
Question: Who did Seth Eastman have a son with?
Question: Where was Seth Eastman stationed in South Dakota?
Question: Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?
Answer: Sherrel W. Stewart
Question: Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?
Answer: genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies
Question: Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?
Answer: Henry Louis Gates
Question: What writer asserted that very few African Americans have significant Native American heritage?
Question: Who do genetic researchers claim have significant Native American heritage?
Question: Who hosted a TV series on Asian American ancestry?
Question: What popular belief is supported by the data that has been collected?
Question: What do genetic researches believe most African Americans have?
Question: What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?
Answer: explorers and soldiers
Question: Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?
Answer: traders and fur trappers
Question: Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?
Answer: a continuing, critical labor shortage
Question: Who first imported slaves to New York?
Answer: the Dutch
Question: Who freed some of the early slaves?
Answer: their masters
Question: What has a long history in Europe?
Question: Who did native men take as companions?
Question: What did traders and fur trappers do before European settlement increased?
Question: What did colonists import in the 16th century?
Question: Who was sometimes freed by their masters during the later years?
Question: What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?
Answer: Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty
Question: How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?
Answer: nearly 40 years
Question: Which child of Jefferson identified as black?
Answer: Madison Hemings
Question: How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?
Answer: Seven-eighths
Question: What slave did George Washington have a relationship with?
Question: How long were Washington and Hemings in a relationship for?
Question: How many of the Hemings children moved to the south?
Question: What was it socially disadvantageous for the Hemings children to do?
Question: Who was legally black under Virginia law at the time?
Question: As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?
Answer: traditionally free people of color in Louisiana
Question: Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?
Answer: people of any portion of African descent
Question: What were African Americans forced to share before the Civil War?
Question: What kept the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana the same?
Question: Who maintained a strong culture related to Italian culture?
Question: What culture was known for practicing Protestantism?
Question: What decreased the pressure for people of African descent to be claimed by the black community?
Question: Where did most Chinese men enter the US?
Answer: primarily on the West Coast and in western territories
Question: Who imported Chinese laborers?
Answer: white planters
Question: What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?
Answer: the Chinese Exclusion Act
Question: What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?
Answer: they did not take white spouses
Question: What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?
Answer: set up groceries in small towns throughout the South
Question: Who entered the United States as intellectuals?
Question: Who did white planters import before the Reconstruction era?
Question: What act allowed Chinese workers in the U.S. to have their wives join them?
Question: Where did Chinese men take white spouses?
Question: What did Chinese men set up in cities throughout the North?
Question: What office is responsible for the census form changes?
Answer: the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Question: When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?
Answer: 1997
Question: When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?
Answer: 2003
Question: What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?
Answer: participants to select more than one of the six available categories
Question: When did the OMB change federal regulations of racial categories to bar multiple responses?
Question: In what year were participants no longer allowed to choose more than one of the six available categories?
Question: What was not one of the categories participants could choose on the 2000 United States Census?
Question: When did the OMB directive stop being mandatory on government forms?
Question: What office is barred from making changes to the census form?
Question: What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
Answer: partus sequitur ventrem
Question: Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
Answer: Anita Florence Hemmings
Question: What makes a person mulatto?
Answer: parents were black and white
Question: What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
Answer: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white
Question: What did laws from the 16th century define children of African slave mothers as?
Question: Who was not born into slavery?
Question: Who were free people of color in New York descended from?
Question: Who took advantage of slave men?
Question: What did African Americans not use passing to do?
Question: Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?
Answer: Because he has no slave blood in him
Question: What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?
Answer: "black" or "white"
Question: What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?
Answer: recent American immigrant
Question: Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?
Answer: CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Question: Why did Steele say what he did?
Answer: to be "provocative"
Question: Who accused people of attacking Barack Obama more than Michelle Obama?
Question: What year did Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr. accuse the media of attacking Barack Obama?
Question: Who was mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by the German Prime Minister?
Question: What designation for African Americans does Condoleezza Rice prefer over "black" and "white"?
Question: Who claimed that descendants of slaves had a good head start?
Question: When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?
Answer: April 5, 1614
Question: What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?
Answer: considered English or white
Question: Who married Indigenous women early on?
Answer: male settlers
Question: Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?
Answer: present-day Virginia
Question: Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?
Answer: Thomas Rolfe
Question: Who did some early female settlers marry?
Question: What was later contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans like?
Question: Where did no marriages take place between European men and Native women?
Question: When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?
Question: Who was an ancestor to many First Families of North Carolina?
Question: What has helped geneologists researching slaves?
Answer: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies
Question: What were slaves usually not allowed to do?
Answer: learn to read and write
Question: What replaced written records for black families?
Answer: oral histories
Question: Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?
Answer: Southern Congressional bloc
Question: When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?
Answer: 1930
Question: What do colonial records of German slave ships often have?
Question: What do genealogists use to trace African American families after 1870?
Question: What did Asians generally not learn to read and write?
Question: When did the Census Bureau drop the binary classifications of black and white?
Question: Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?
Answer: Indigenous American tribes
Question: When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?
Answer: 1726
Question: What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?
Answer: Numerous advertisements
Question: How did natives and Africans come to know each other?
Answer: through the institution of slavery
Question: Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?
Answer: because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases
Question: Who never created a treaty with the Indigenous American tribes?
Question: When did the governor of South Carolina make the Iroquois promise to return runaway slaves?
Question: What were Indigenous Americans immune to?
Question: Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites?
Question: What Indigenous American tribe returned slaves to the European colonists?
Question: What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?
Answer: gave children the social status of their mother
Question: What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?
Answer: partus sequitur ventrem
Question: What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?
Answer: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them
Question: English common law generally said what?
Answer: a man gave his status to his children
Question: What did not occur during the earliest colonial years?
Question: What was a racial caste associated with people of British descent in African colonies?
Question: What English colony passed laws that gave children the social status of the father?
Question: Who did many white mothers abandon?
Question: Where was the practice of providing for the children less common?
Question: What are many Latin American migrants?
Answer: mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race
Question: What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
Answer: white
Question: Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?
Answer: the U.S. Hispanic media
Question: What does the typical latino in media look like?
Answer: blond and blue/green-eyed white
Question: What are many European American migrants?
Question: Who has a large amount of media representation?
Question: What do white Americans consider a light skinned mulatto to be?
Question: Who is not overlooking darker skinned Latinos?
Question: Who has accused the media of ignoring blonde Hispanic Americans?
Question: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?
Answer: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry
Question: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?
Answer: 1920
Question: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?
Answer: Southern-dominated Congress
Question: When was a person legally white in South Carolina before 1920?
Question: When was the one-drop rule ended?
Question: What was an attempt to increase black political power?
Question: What was the first year the U.S. Census used the mulatto category?
Question: What was the result of a Northern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules?
Question: Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?
Answer: Stanley Crouch
Question: What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?
Answer: "Magic Negro",
Question: What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?
Answer: assuage white 'guilt'
Question: What was the title of Crouch's article?
Answer: "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me."
Question: Who wrote about Obama in a Time Magazine piece?
Question: What LA Times columnist accused liberals of avoiding Obama?
Question: What is a term for a black person who does not help the mainstream white agenda?
Question: What year did David Ehrenstein write a piece accusing liberals of avoiding Obama?
Question: Who said Obama's father was of white U.S. stock?
Question: What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
Answer: 2000
Question: Bi-racial would be coded as what?
Answer: Mixture
Question: How many race options were there?
Answer: five enumerated races
Question: What did the 1990 census have in the write-in response category?
Question: What did the code listing destandardize?
Question: What heading can be racially categorized?
Question: In what year did the census have eight enumerated races?
Question: How many race options did the Canadian census have?
Question: What is considered to be neglected in American history?
Answer: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans
Question: When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?
Answer: April 1502
Question: Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?
Answer: Santo Domingo
Question: Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?
Answer: near the mouth of the Pee Dee River
Question: How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
Answer: 100 enslaved Africans
Question: What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?
Question: What is the latest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas?
Question: Where were the last Black Indians born?
Question: When was the latest year that African slaves were absorbed into Indigenous Americans?
Question: How many free Africans lived in San Miguel de Gualdape?
Question: What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
Answer: Colored White Boy
Question: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
Answer: Anatole Broyard
Question: Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
Answer: autobiography
Question: What book was written by Anatole Broyard?
Question: What documentary features a black man in North Carolina?
Question: What documentary is about a white man in Georgia?
Question: What book was written about Bliss Broyard?
Question: Who filmed the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana?
Question: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
Answer: the 1980s
Question: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?
Answer: mostly negative
Question: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
Answer: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins
Question: What did they fear would happen?
Answer: a loss in political and economic power
Question: Who lobbied for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on legal forms before the 1980s?
Question: What did the U.S. government propose that people were happy about?
Question: What year did the U.S. government propose getting rid of a multiracial category?
Question: What politician was in favor of the multiracial category?
Question: Who would gain power from abandoning their one category?
Question: Who married Sacagewea?
Answer: French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau
Question: Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?
Answer: European men and Indigenous American women
Question: What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?
Answer: the kinship system of the woman's tribe
Question: What nations are considered matrilineal?
Answer: Creek and Cherokee
Question: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
Answer: adopted into the tribe by an adult male
Question: Who married Clark?
Question: What did not dictate how easily a woman's children would be assimilated into a tribe?
Question: What kind of systems did tribes in the Northwest have?
Question: Who did the Creek not give status in their mother's tribes?
Question: Who was not considered white to the Omaha?
Question: Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?
Answer: family elders
Question: Slaves were not allowed to do what?
Answer: to learn to read and write
Question: What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?
Answer: spoke English, nor read or wrote it
Question: What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?
Answer: their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification
Question: What was a factor in ethnic solidarity for whites?
Question: Who was the one-drop rule not a significant factor for?
Question: Who found it easy to learn about their Indigenous American heritage?
Question: Who was forthcoming with genealogical information?
Question: Who was encouraged to read and write?
Question: What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?
Answer: "tragic octoroon"
Question: Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?
Answer: Lydia Maria Child
Question: What story was written by Child in 1842?
Answer: "The Quadroons"
Question: What does the tragic octoroon point out?
Answer: sexual exploitation in slavery
Question: Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
Answer: abolitionists
Question: Who wrote about the last "tragic octoroon" character?
Question: What story was the last "tragic octoroon" character in?
Question: What character allowed abolitionists to draw attention away from sexual exploitation?
Question: Who would sell his own children into slavery?
Question: What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called?
Question: By 1931, what percentage of the world’s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: 92 percent
Question: From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?
Answer: three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent
Question: Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?
Answer: Sergio DellaPergola
Question: The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?
Answer: 10 million and 11.2 million
Question: How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?
Answer: 16.7 million
Question: In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?
Answer: Yoma
Question: Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?
Answer: Slavic
Question: Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?
Answer: Saadia Gaon
Question: Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?
Answer: Germanikia in northwestern Syria
Question: Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?
Answer: cradle of Germanic tribes
Question: Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629?
Answer: King Dagobert I of the Franks
Question: Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany?
Answer: very few Jews
Question: In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles?
Answer: traders or artisans
Question: In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany?
Answer: 465 CE
Question: During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what?
Answer: conversion to Christianity
Question: What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent?
Answer: 47.5%
Question: When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?
Answer: Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews
Question: What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to?
Answer: the concept of the "melting pot"
Question: What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent?
Answer: 35–36%
Question: When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews?
Answer: east European Ashkenazim
Question: Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?
Answer: Yiddishkeit
Question: What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language?
Answer: "Jewishness"
Question: In the past most Jews prayed in what language?
Answer: liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew
Question: In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives?
Answer: Yiddish
Question: Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past?
Answer: a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish
Question: For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?
Answer: For roughly a thousand years
Question: In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?
Answer: Central Europe
Question: In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?
Answer: many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths
Question: Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: high frequencies
Question: A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?
Answer: University of Huddersfield in England
Question: In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?
Answer: have not always been warm
Question: How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?
Answer: as second-class citizens
Question: Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?
Answer: Saadia Marciano
Question: Where was Saadia Marciano from?
Answer: Moroccan Jew
Question: What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?
Answer: led to protest movements
Question: What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?
Answer: 35 to 55 percent
Question: Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?
Answer: admixture is considerably higher
Question: Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?
Answer: a genetically more divergent population
Question: In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?
Answer: more diverse
Question: Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?
Answer: Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset
Question: Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins?
Answer: ancient Levantine origins
Question: Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry?
Answer: they have arrived at diverging conclusions
Question: Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?
Answer: researching both their paternal and maternal lineages
Question: Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?
Answer: the Levant
Question: The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?
Answer: Sefarad
Question: The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?
Answer: Tsarefat
Question: The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?
Answer: 1 Kings 17:9
Question: How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?
Answer: as Ashkenazim
Question: Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?
Answer: medieval Germany and France
Question: Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?
Answer: a brief period of stability
Question: Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?
Answer: north of the Alps