huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What does Common Criteria refer to?
Question: Which level do many common operating systems meet?
Question: When was the Common Criteria defined?
Question: Who created the Common Criteria?
Question: What is the name of a system that meets the EAL4 standard?
Question: What makes it difficult for systems to use the EAL4 standard?
Question: What is an example of a system that uses the Orange Book Standards?
Question: When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?
Answer: February 27, 2014
Question: What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?
Answer: enhanced national security capabilities.
Question: What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??
Answer: China
Question: Why was China's network security team established?
Question: What long term developments do they hope to achieve?
Question: Why is network security under study?
Question: Who is the leadership team?
Question: Who is promoting the leadership team and its developments?
Question: Who is researching microeconomic policy?
Question: Which fields unrelated to network security does China's leadership team research?
Question: Who is tasked with the short term development of network security?
Question: When were China's enhanced national security capabilities established?
Question: What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?
Answer: Eavesdropping
Question: Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?
Answer: hosts on a network
Question: Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?
Answer: the FBI and NSA
Question: Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?
Answer: TEMPEST
Question: What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?
Answer: a closed system
Question: How can closed systems be eavesdropped upon?
Question: Who is guilty of eavesdropping on private conversations?
Question: Who does the FBI and NSA use Carnivore and Naruslnight to eavesdrop on?
Question: Who uses the programs Carnivore and Naruslnsight?
Question: What is eavesdropping?
Question: What programs do ISPs use to eavesdrop on the FBI?
Question: What is a conversation between hosts on a network called?
Question: What is special about hosts on a network?
Question: What transmissions does NarusInsight listen to?
Question: What program does the FBI use to eavesdrop on closed systems?
Question: Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?
Answer: malware
Question: Activity trackers are an example of what?
Answer: Quantified Self devices
Question: What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?
Answer: attack vectors
Question: What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?
Answer: sensors
Question: What do malware programs intend to collect from laptops and computers?
Question: What is the secondary interest of an attacker using malware?
Question: Why do gadgets that have GPS or collect data about your habits put you at risk for an attack?
Question: What could be collected from your devices by an attacker?
Question: What are cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses and accelerometers considered?
Question: What is the name of the malware that affects activity trackers?
Question: What is another name for malware?
Question: How are Quantified Self Devices breached?
Question: What sensitive information do wifi networks carry?
Question: What type of information is rarely collected from a laptop?
Question: ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?
Answer: enforcing privilege separation
Question: A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?
Answer: the confused deputy problem
Question: The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?
Answer: capabilities
Question: What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?
Answer: take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws
Question: What has using ACLs to confine programs proven?
Question: How can a computer with ACL be tricked?
Question: Which two models in computer systems enforce privilege separation?
Question: Can an ACLs limit access to one person?
Question: What is the total number of security models in a computer system?
Question: When is an ACL most secure?
Question: What prevents ACLs from giving access to only one person?
Question: What do ACLs promise?
Question: Who is not responsible for the flaws in an ACL system?
Question: In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?
Answer: 1994
Question: How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?
Answer: Using trojan horses
Question: How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?
Answer: by posing as a trusted Rome center user
Question: What is the Rome Laboratory?
Answer: the US Air Force's main command and research facility
Question: Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?
Answer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Question: What did the hackers obtain?
Question: Why were the hackers untraceable?
Question: Posing as a trusted Rome Center user what did hackers use?
Question: Intrusion hackers were thought to be who?
Question: How were hackers able to go undetected?
Question: Who were the crackers identified as?
Question: When was the Rome Laboratory created?
Question: What were the intruders unable to access?
Question: What did the 1994 breach of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center also give the crackers access to?
Question: What type of intrusion did the crackers use to gain access to Rome Laboratory?
Question: What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?
Answer: Avid Life Media
Question: When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?
Answer: After the second data dump
Question: What was in the first data dump?
Answer: emails from the company's CEO
Question: What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?
Answer: Established Men
Question: Why was the website to be removed?
Question: How did the site remain functional after the data breach?
Question: What was the response from people using the service?
Question: Was the Goal of the Impact Team carried out?
Question: Were other sites compromised in addition to Ashley Madison?
Question: Who was the CEO of Ashley Madison?
Question: When was Ashley Madison taken down?
Question: When was Established Man taken offline?
Question: How large was the data dump of the CEO's emails?
Question: Why was the customer data dumped first?
Question: According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?
Answer: a crucial need for regulation
Question: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?
Answer: San Francisco
Question: Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?
Answer: executives from the private sector
Question: Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?
Answer: R. Clarke
Question: What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?
Answer: cyberspace
Question: What is the polemical problem presented?
Question: What is considered vital of the internet?
Question: Who currently runs cyberspace?
Question: Is the cyberspace industry under attack or threatened by regulation?
Question: Who believes they are better at improving cyberspace?
Question: What do most people agree on in regards to internet security?
Question: Why did R. Clarke want to avoid government intervention?
Question: Where is government intervention most common?
Question: Why is threatening an industry unhelpful according to Clarke?
Question: Where is Clarke from?
Question: When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?
Answer: October 3, 2010
Question: What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?
Answer: The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy
Question: What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?
Answer: The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada
Question: Canadian cyberspace was boosted by who?
Question: Multiple departments were involved in what?
Question: What type of plan is provided?
Question: Why was a cyber security plan unveiled in October of 2010?
Question: Who is the security measure meant to help the most?
Question: When was Public Safety Canada founded?
Question: How many departments does the new strategy involve?
Question: Who created the Action Plan?
Question: What was the predecessor to Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?
Question: When was the Speech from the Throne?
Question: What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?
Answer: The Internet
Question: What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?
Answer: the Stuxnet worm
Question: When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?
Answer: 2014
Question: What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?
Answer: the Department of Homeland Security
Question: How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?
Answer: via removable media
Question: What division was part of the Department of Homeland Security?
Question: Can computers not attached to the internet be attack by a virus?
Question: What industrial equipment effected after receiving malicious commands?
Question: What type of damage was dealt to the industrial equipment?
Question: What controls the functions of our utilities such as telecommunications, power grid, nuclear power plants, etc?
Question: What controls computer functions?
Question: Who created the Stuxnet worm?
Question: When was the Stuxnet worm created?
Question: What was infected in the 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?
Question: How many people were on the Computer Emergency Readiness Team?
Question: Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?
Answer: "preventive" measures
Question: What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?
Answer: A firewall
Question: What does a physical firewall consist of?
Answer: a separate machine filtering network traffic
Question: What type of machines normall have a firewall?
Answer: permanently connected to the Internet
Question: What compromises mainly preventative measures?
Answer: computer security
Question: Computer security is mostly comprised of what?
Question: How are firewalls implemented?
Question: Which system has a built in firewall?
Question: What is another form of having a firewall connected?
Question: Which part of a Linux computer is the firewall built into?
Question: What types of measures do computer security firms rarely use today?
Question: What type of machine rarely uses firewalls?
Question: What is an exit procedure?
Question: How are exit procedures implemented?
Question: What type of OS does not use the operating system kernel?
Question: Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?
Answer: the organizations involved
Question: What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?
Answer: $13 billion
Question: Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?
Answer: Several computer security consulting firms
Question: What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?
Answer: basically anecdotal
Question: What was the loss estimated for covert attacks in 2003?
Question: What forms of attack were responsible for the loss?
Question: What information is used to estimate the cost of the incident?
Question: How wide-scale were the losses?
Question: Why is difficult to estimate loss in this situation?
Question: How much did firms save in 2003 from preventing attacks?
Question: When was the standard model for estimating the cost of a breach established?
Question: What data is not made public when an organization is breached?
Question: What was the minimum estimate of losses due to security breaches in the US in 2003?
Question: Why are loss estimates rarely challenged?
Question: What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?
Answer: hardware-based or assisted computer security
Question: What can hardware be a source of?
Answer: insecurity
Question: What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?
Answer: physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)
Question: What step can increase computer security?
Question: What is used in physical access of a computer?
Question: What causes hardware to be insecure?
Question: How can a cell phone increase computer security?
Question: What physical device is used as a passkey for your computer?
Question: When are microchip vulnerabilities removed?
Question: Dongles less secure because of what?
Question: What is an example of software-only computer security?
Question: What is required to compromise a software-only computer?
Question: What type of vulnerability is hardware-based computer security impervious to?
Question: What does CCIRC stand for?
Answer: Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre
Question: Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?
Answer: CCIRC
Question: Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?
Answer: on the Public Safety Canada website
Question: What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?
Answer: Canada's Cyber Security Strategy
Question: What sort of responses are CCIRC responsible for?
Question: What would CCIRC do in an event of a breach?
Question: What does the CCIRC operate?
Question: CCIRC is part of what that is much larger?
Question: Online tools are meant for what by CCIRC?
Question: What organization is attacking Canada's infrastructure?
Question: Who runs Public Safety Canada?
Question: What document contradicts the Cyber Security Strategy?
Question: Who controls Canada's infrastructure?
Question: What do individuals use to create a cyber incident?
Question: What organization does Jay Cross belong to?
Answer: the Internet Time Group
Question: What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
Answer: increasing efficiency
Question: What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
Answer: exposes new vulnerabilities
Question: What has led to cyberwarfare?
Question: What is cyberterrorism?
Question: In what way does "connectedness begets vulnerability?"
Question: What types of test will be run?
Question: Will cyberterrorism evolve with new technology?
Question: Who coined the word "cyberwarfare"?
Question: What computer program controls critical infrastructure?
Question: Which infrastructures are the least vulnerable to attack?
Question: Who disagreed with the saying "Connectedness begets vulnerability"?
Question: When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think. Connect?
Answer: September 27, 2010
Question: When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada?
Answer: February 4, 2014
Question: Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens?
Answer: Public Safety Canada
Question: What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month?
Answer: October
Question: How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?
Answer: $1.5 million
Question: STOP.THINK.CONNECT is what kind of organization?
Question: What type of grants were given out by the Canadian Government?
Question: What does the Cyber Security Cooperation monitor?
Question: Why is there a cyber security month?
Question: How are people protected online?
Question: When was STOP.THINK.CONNECT created?
Question: How expensive is the GetCyberSafe portal?
Question: When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program shut down?
Question: When was the GetCyberSafe portal created?
Question: When is the international Cyber Security Awareness month?
Question: Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?
Answer: compromise security
Question: Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?
Answer: standard security measures
Question: Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?
Answer: attacks
Question: An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?
Answer: directly download data from it
Question: What increases the safety of a computer?
Question: What can cause standard security measures to become obsolete?
Question: What is the number one cause of data theft?
Question: What can an attacker install to your computer in order to collect personal data?
Question: What can infect other computers from your own?
Question: What can an authorized user with access to a computer do?
Question: How are computers made secure?
Question: What does CD-ROM stand for?
Question: What is the name of a program designed to attack a computer?
Question: How does a user bypass a compromised security?
Question: UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?
Answer: Clickjacking
Question: What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?
Answer: Clickjacking
Question: Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed?
Answer: some other irrelevant page
Question: Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed?
Answer: into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker
Question: How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking?
Answer: using multiple transparent or opaque layers
Question: What is intended to be hijacked through a page overlay?
Question: What else can be hijacked through UI redress?
Question: What part of a webpage is meant to collect keystrokes?
Question: Why can the user not see the other page used by the attacker?
Question: Where is are the passwords and information stored by the attacker?
Question: What is avoiding a UI redress attack called?
Question: How are clicks routed back to the top level page?
Question: How is an legitimate webpage created?
Question: What is another name for hijacking keystrokes?
Question: Where is a user redirected to after putting in their password?
Question: How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988?
Answer: 60,000
Question: When was the first computer worm released?
Answer: November 2, 1988
Question: Who was the first computer worm traced back to?
Answer: Robert Tappan Morris, Jr.
Question: What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers?
Answer: computer worm
Question: Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm?
Answer: he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet
Question: What types of computers were connected to the internet in 1988?
Question: On Nov 2, 1988 what caused many computers to slow down?
Question: When was the first computer worm?
Question: Who created the first computer worm?
Question: How old was the Cornell University Grad Student who created the worm?
Question: How many computers began to slow down on Nov. 2, 1988?
Question: Who tracked down the first computer worm?
Question: When was the computer worm caught?
Question: Where was the computer worm created?
Question: Which internet connected computers slowed down?
Question: What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?
Answer: 40 million credit cards
Question: How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?
Answer: between 53 and 56 million
Question: What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?
Answer: self checkout machines
Question: Who is Jim Walter?
Answer: director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee
Question: What was done when credit cards were stolen?
Question: What was the main breach?
Question: Who could have easily stopped the hacking?
Question: Unsophisticated malware was used on what?
Question: Why was the malware uninteresting?
Question: Who was the leader of Rescator?
Question: What was stolen from McAfee?
Question: When was the investigation concluded?
Question: Why weren't the companies warned about the threat?
Question: When was Rescator formed?
Question: What does NCAZ stand for?
Answer: Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum
Question: What does NCAZ take care of?
Answer: national security aspects
Question: When was NCAZ opened?
Answer: June 16, 2011
Question: Whan was NCAZ founded?
Answer: February 23, 2011
Question: What is the purpose of NCAZ?
Answer: to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure
Question: Why does Berlin start a National Cyber Defense Initiative?
Question: Why does NCAZ work closely with BSI?
Question: Who takes care of national security?
Question: What incidents are it to prevent?
Question: What was the Stuxnet incident?
Question: Where is the German Minister for Home Affairs located?
Question: When did the incident in Stuxnet happen?
Question: Where is the BSI located?
Question: Who opened the BDN?
Question: What is the primary task of the Minister for Home Affairs?
Question: What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?
Answer: Orthodox
Question: What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?
Answer: Torah
Question: what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?
Answer: Talmudic
Question: What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?
Answer: Haredi Judaism
Question: Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?
Answer: pre-modern Judaism
Question: What is Orthodox Christianity a religion that subscribes to?
Question: What does Orthodox Christianity adhere to?
Question: Who is the Bible legislated by?
Question: Where will you not find Modern Judaism?
Question: What is a religion with a single philosophy?
Question: What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?
Answer: the Star-Ledger
Question: What term do media entities refrain from using?
Answer: "ultra-Orthodox
Question: Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?
Answer: Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer
Question: Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?
Answer: Cliffside Park
Question: What did the New England press association claim?
Question: How large is the global Jewish news service?
Question: The Religion Newswriters Association was the first news source to drop what name?
Question: What is a New York paper still using the term ultra-orthodox?
Question: Who was the executive editor of the Star-Ledger?
Question: What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? 
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy
Question: What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?
Answer: halakha
Question: Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?
Answer: People of Israel
Question: What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?
Answer: Divine work
Question: What is modern cutlture in conflict with?
Answer: Torah
Question: What comprises a fairly narrow spectrum of movements?
Question: What are distinct and non-related in Modern Orthodoxy?
Question: What does Classical Orthodoxy hold to be true?
Question: What can Orthodox Judaism be harmed by it's interaction with?
Question: Who do Modern Orthodoxy assign a non-central role to?
Question: what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?
Answer: hair
Question: What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?
Answer: kipa
Question: What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?
Answer: tzitzit
Question: What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?
Answer: Haredi
Question: What do Orthodox Jews keep in common with the society's they live in?
Question: Who tend to wear clothing that exposes a lot of skin?
Question: What do most Jewish women refuse to wear to cover their head?
Question: What do Orthodox men refuse to wear on their heads?
Question: What do Orthodox men avoid wearing when they are indoors?
Question: Who dictated the oral law to Moses?
Answer: God
Question: What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?
Answer: Oral Law
Question: What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?
Answer: Sinaitic law
Question: What is the origin of Jewish Law?
Answer: Divine
Question: Which single part of the Law do Orthodox Jews hold to be dictated by God?
Question: What parts of the oral law are different than the original dictation?
Question: What was not given a clear explanations on how to apply it?
Question: Who added fences to historical law that are not a part of modern day?
Question: What is considered divine and in no need of interpretation?
Question: what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?
Answer: Jacob Ettlinger
Question: What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?
Answer: Shlomei Emunei Yisrael
Question: How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?
Answer: 177
Question: Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?
Answer: Berlin
Question: What did Roman Jews support?
Question: What group supported a new temple in Hamburg?
Question: Where did a group of orthodox Jews convene?
Question: What was considered the first Reformed Jewish periodical?
Question: Who fought against the strength and awareness of the Orthodox Jewry?
Question: What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?
Answer: burned
Question: What are grains and legumes known as?
Answer: kitniyot
Question: What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?
Answer: Ashkenazi
Question: What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?
Answer: Talmud
Question: What do historians note are continuations of past practices?
Question: What do historians claim are practices of prior generations?
Question: Who's tradition is it to cut a boy's hair on his second birthday?
Question: What is the Arabic word for haircut?
Question: Who allows the eating of kitniyot?
Question: What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?
Answer: Haredi Judaism
Question: What should individuals participate as little as possible in?
Answer: modern society
Question: Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?
Answer: Haredi
Question: What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?
Answer: yeshiva
Question: What is a Torah study institute for married men called?
Answer: kollel
Question: What does Haredi Judaism refuse to advocate?
Question: In what interpretation are Haredi and Modern Orthodoxy the same?
Question: What is not a legitimate means of livelihood in Haredi society?
Question: Where is it necessary for a Haredi Jew to attend college?
Question: Who is not allowed to proceed to higher Torah studies?
Question: Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?
Answer: God
Question: What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?
Answer: Mitzvot
Question: Where is Moses miraculously transported to?
Answer: House of Study of Rabbi Akiva
Question: What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?
Answer: Oral law
Question: Who holds that the Oral Law was not transmitted on Mt. Sinai?
Question: What was given very few explanations on how to use it?
Question: Which law is set so that no new rules are created from it?
Question: Where was Noah transported according to a story in the Talmud?
Question: What law is not considered to have a high degree of accuracy?
Question: What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?
Answer: patrilineal descent
Question: What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?
Answer: intermarriage
Question: What is intermarriage typically seen as?
Answer: rejection of Judaism
Question: What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?
Answer: cut off
Question: Who maintains the modern understanding of Jewish identity?
Question: What is a person who is born to a Jewish father considered?
Question: What descent by the father does Orthodoxy accept?
Question: What form of marriage is an acceptance of Judaism?
Question: What does the Orthodox Community avoid doing to intermarried couples?
Question: What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?
Answer: Halakha
Question: what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?
Answer: God's Law,
Question: Basic respect for human beings is known as what?
Answer: "Kavod Habriyot"
Question: The sanctiy of human life is known as what?
Answer: "Pikuach Nefesh"
Question: What does halakha guide?
Answer: structure of daily life
Question: Which groups maintain significant agreement within Orthodox Judaism about Halakha?
Question: Why must the Halakha never be re-examined?
Question: What are Historical Orthodox more willing to assume about changing realities?
Question: What is a guide to the modern day Jew?
Question: What principles are never in opposition with each other?
Question: what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?
Answer: will of God
Question: Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?
Answer: Mount Sinai
Question: How many rules are jewish law derived from?
Answer: 13
Question: What law is considered to be no less the word of god?
Answer: Oral Law
Question: What is the commandments in the Torah based on according to Modern day Judaism?
Question: Which literature debated the accuracy of the commandments in the Torah?
Question: What does modern Judaism hold about the halakha?
Question: What was given to Noah on Mt. Sinai?
Question: Which kind of law is consider less because there is no written account?
Question: What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?
Answer: Haredi Judaism
Question: What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?
Answer: Chasidic Judaism
Question: Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?
Answer: Israel ben Eliezer
Question: What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?
Answer: Ba'al Shem Tov
Question: What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?
Answer: Yiddish
Question: What two forms of Judaism have very little overlaps of beliefs?
Question: Which form of Judaism came before Haredi Judaism?
Question: What tried to separate scholarship with emotional mitzvah?
Question: What is the spoken word of Chasidic Judiasm?
Question: Who was concerned that there was too much joy in the performance of the commandments?
Question: What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??
Answer: 1.9 children
Question: What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?
Answer: 4.1 children
Question: What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?
Answer: 2%
Question: What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?
Answer: 71%
Question: how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?
Answer: half
Question: What is happening to Orthodox Jewish communities because of intermarriage?
Question: What is the fertility rate of American Jewish communities?
Question: Who are non-Orthodox Jews allowed to marry in order to increase fertility rates?
Question: What is decreasing among Orthodox jews, according to the NY Times?
Question: What does the NY Times claim that the rate of growth for non-Orthodox Jews will eventually mean?
Question: Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?
Answer: right-wing
Question: half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?
Answer: conservative
Question: What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?
Answer: Republican
Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?
Answer: Israel
Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?
Answer: Zionism
Question: Which group that subscribes to modern orthodoxy are seen to be far more left-wing than non-orthodox Jews?
Question: Which group of Jews are neither conservative or liberal?
Question: Which group of Jews show no supporter of either political party?
Question: Which country have the Haredi and the Hasidic Jewry disowned?
Question: Which movement have the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry severed ties with?
Question: What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy
Question: What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?
Answer: "outreach (Kiruv)"
Question: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?
Answer: secular studies
Question: what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?
Answer: support oneself
Question: What council is considered to be anti-Zionist?
Question: What are affiliates of the State of Israel typically not?
Question: Who avoids any practices with non-Orthodox Jews?
Question: What is not considered to be a core belief of Zionists?
Question: Who do the Jews consider to be more worthy of a higher education?
Question: what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?
Answer: Talmud
Question: previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?
Answer: dietary laws
Question: What are dietary laws known as?
Answer: halachic practices
Question: What has not been challenged by scholars?
Question: What has a lot of resemblance today as it did in the middle ages?
Question: What happened as a reaction to the conservatism movement?
Question: What is not a religious requirement regarding dietary laws?
Question: What explicitly prefers a more stricter position regarding Passover dietary laws?
Question: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?
Answer: 19th century
Question: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?
Answer: early 19th century
Question: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?
Answer: education
Question: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?
Answer: absolute divine authorship
Question: Which century can the roots of Orthodox Judaism trace back to?
Question: When did the Roman Jewry attempt to reform Jewish beliefs?
Question: What did the German Jewry attempt in response to the middle ages?
Question: Who made the claim that the Torah had divine authorship?
Question: What part of the Torah was considered non-binding?
Question: What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?
Answer: Zionist
Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?
Answer: nationalism
Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?
Answer: militarism
Question: what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?
Answer: destructive
Question: Who is not ambivalent toward Zionism?
Question: Which groups of Orthodox Jews are outspokenly pro-Zionistic?
Question: What ideology do many Orthodox Jews see as in support of the Torah?
Question: What do Orthodox Jews see as a benefit to the Judaic way of life?
Question: Who is in charge of the Zionist administration?
Question: what are the colleges married men study in called?
Answer: Talmudical colleges
Question: Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?
Answer: interact
Question: Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?
Answer: doctrines
Question: What resulted in the rise of heterogeneous enclaves?
Question: Who refused to practice assimilation and intermarriage in enclaves?
Question: What practice proved unsuccessful to the adherents of Orthodox Judaism?
Question: Which communities have grown slowly?
Question: Who estimate that less Jewish men are studying in Talmudic schools?
Question: What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?
Answer: unacceptable
Question: What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?
Answer: heretical
Question: Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?
Answer: Halakhic
Question: What does Orthodox Judaism consider itself along with several other groups in the Jewish tradition?
Question: Who do the Orthodox Jews consider to be acceptable deviations of Judaism?
Question: What do the non-Orthodox Jews consider the Orthodox Jewish movement to be?
Question: What is the acceptance of the Witten and Oral Torah considered to be?
Question: What do Non-Orthodox Jews characterize Orthodox Jewish groups to be?
Question: Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?
Answer: New York State
Question: Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?
Answer: American Orthodox Jews
Question: Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?
Answer: New Jersey
Question: Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?
Answer: Rockland County
Question: Which country contains only a few small Jewish communities?
Question: What area have many American Orthodox Jews left?
Question: Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities?
Question: Where is an increasingly shrinking community of American Orthodox Jews located?
Question: What area besides New York are the Orthodox communities in decline?
Question: What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?
Answer: traditional
Question: the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?
Answer: Hirsch's
Question: Who believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from Eastern European Jewry?
Question: What is not considered traditional today by most Jews?
Question: Who considers modern orthodoxy to have completely valid elements?
Question: Who holds that Hirsch's views are accurate?
Question: What is classical Orthodoxy considered by the Western European Jewry?
Question: What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?
Answer: Shulchan Aruch
Question: there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?
Answer: uniformity
Question: What is the differences among regions in practices known as?
Answer: minhag
Question: Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?
Answer: philosophical differences
Question: Who do the Orthodox Jews avoid for guidance in practical application of Jewish law?
Question: Who created the code of Jewish law in the 12th century?
Question: What causes a large degree of differences regarding all Orthodox Jews?
Question: What is responsible for the common philosophy's of all Orthodox Jews?
Question: What was developed recently to standardize codes?
Question: Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?
Answer: Hirsch
Question: What was Hirsch's approach called?
Answer: Torah im Derech Eretz
Question: What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?
Answer: neo-Orthodoxy
Question: The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?
Answer: modern world
Question: Who held that Judaism demands an application of the bible through human experience?
Question: What discipline is not included in Hirsch's opinion?
Question: Where did Hirsch believe that Jewish beliefs had no influence?
Question: What studies were not encouraged by Hirsch?
Question: What two societies did the Jews refuse to engage with?
Question: What does the Latin word animalis mean?
Answer: having breath, having soul or living being
Question: The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?
Answer: non-human members of the kingdom Animalia
Question: The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?
Answer: Animalia
Question: What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?
Answer: sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans
Question: What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?
Answer: collagen and elastic glycoproteins
Question: What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? 
Answer: shells, bones, and spicules
Question: How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?
Answer: cell walls
Question: What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?
Answer: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes
Question: What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?
Answer: Predation
Question: The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?
Answer: death
Question: What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?
Answer: detritivory
Question: Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?
Answer: their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse
Question: The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?
Answer: various antipredator adaptations
Question: Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?
Answer: anemones, corals, and jellyfish
Question: The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?
Answer: both the mouth and the anus
Question: What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?
Answer: ectoderm and endoderm
Question: What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?
Answer: diploblastic
Question: What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?
Answer: they do not have a permanent digestive chamber
Question: What sets animals apart from bacteria  and most protists?
Answer: Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular
Question: What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?
Answer: heterotrophic
Question: What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?
Answer: lacking rigid cell walls
Question: The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?
Answer: animals
Question: What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?
Answer: blastula
Question: In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?
Answer: swim to a new location
Question: What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula?
Answer: an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm
Question: What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers?
Answer: mesoderm
Question: What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into?
Answer: tissues and organs
Question: How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?
Answer: 1 billion years
Question: Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?
Answer: triploblastic worms
Question: Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?
Answer: earthworms
Question: When was the beginning of the Tonian period?
Answer: around 1 billion years ago
Question: What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?
Answer: Gromia sphaerica
Question: It is believed that animals evolved from what?
Answer: a flagellated eukaryote
Question: What are the closest known living relatives of animals?
Answer: choanoflagellates
Question: What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?
Answer: opisthokonts
Question: The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?
Answer: choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists
Question: Where does the name opisthokonts come from?
Answer: the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells
Question: What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?
Answer: Bilateria
Question: How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?
Answer: two
Question: What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?
Answer: mouth and an anus
Question: What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?
Answer: coelom or pseudocoelom
Question: What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?
Answer: Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa
Question: What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?
Answer: bilaterian
Question: Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group?
Answer: bilaterian
Question: What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?
Answer: Ecdysozoa
Question: What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?
Answer: insects, spiders, crabs
Question: Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?
Answer: repeating segments
Question: What groups are relatives of the arthropods?
Answer: Onychophora and Tardigrada
Question: What is another name for roundworms?
Answer: Nematoda
Question: Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?
Answer: the great diversity found in animals
Question: Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?
Answer: fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Question: Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?
Answer: they are easy to keep and breed
Question: Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates  in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?
Answer: starlet sea anemone
Question: What are two of the most successful animal phyla?
Answer: Mollusca and Annelida
Question: What are some of the animals in Mollusca?
Answer: snails, clams, and squids
Question: What are some of the animals in Annelida?
Answer: earthworms and leeches
Question: Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?
Answer: common presence of trochophore larvae
Question: What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?
Answer: lophophore
Question: Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?
Answer: other animals early in evolution
Question: Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?
Answer: sponges
Question: How do sponges typically feed?
Answer: drawing in water through pores
Question: During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?
Answer: 2008-2015
Question: What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common?
Answer: both groups possess a complete digestive tract
Question: In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily?
Answer: deuterostomes
Question: What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called?
Answer: schizocoelous development
Question: What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called?
Answer: enterocoelic pouching
Question: What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division?
Answer: radial cleavage
Question: What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group?
Answer: flukes and tapeworms
Question: What does acoelomates mean?
Answer: lacking a body cavity
Question: What are the flatworms closest relative?
Answer: Gastrotricha
Question: Where are the rotifera most prominent?
Answer: in aqueous environments
Question: How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?
Answer: eating plants or plant-eating animals
Question: What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?
Answer: light
Question: What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?
Answer: chemical energy
Question: When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?
Answer: become a source of energy and building materials for the animal
Question: What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?
Answer: giving the animal the energy required for motion
Question: What is a building called that is used for making beer?
Answer: a brewery
Question: What is company that makes beer typically known as? 
Answer: a brewing company
Question: What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? 
Answer: homebrewing
Question: In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?
Answer: 1963
Question: In 1973 what did Australia allow?