huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What limits the sensitivity of high altitude observatories?
Question: What is the ideal location for atmospheric windows?
Question: What kind of telescopes avoid absorbing infrared radiation?
Question: Where can you place an observatory to avoid the atmospheric window?
Question: What absorbs infrared radiation from space away from high altitude?
Question: What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see?
Answer: Near-infrared
Question: Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared?
Answer: water absorption
Question: In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?
Answer: 1,050
Question: What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?
Answer: 950
Question: What is the lowest international standard in micrometers for InGaAs?
Question: What is the nearest emission peak visible to the human eye?
Question: Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define common silicon detectors?
Question: What InGaAs is progressively further from the visible spectrum for the human eye?
Question: At what measurement do different physical mechanisms cease to be sensitive?
Question: What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?
Answer: Heat
Question: What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?
Answer: thermal radiation
Question: What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?
Answer: the solar corona
Question: The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?
Answer: infrared
Question: How does heat propagate through a vaccuum?
Question: What object emits heat in the x-ray spectrum?
Question: How is heat associated with emission from an object?
Question: What spectra is heat extended into?
Question: What is the association of heat with thermal radiation?
Question: What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?
Answer: 0.9–14
Question: In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?
Answer: 900–14,000
Question: What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?
Answer: the black body radiation law
Question: What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?
Answer: increases
Question: What type of cameras see infrared radiation?
Answer: Thermographic
Question: What camera detects temperature in the infrared range?
Question: What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on environment?
Question: When an object has visible illumination, what happens to the amount of radiation an object emits?
Question: What is the range of the black body radiation law?
Question: What is the nanometer range that allows you to see temperature variations?
Question: What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?
Answer: imbedded stars
Question: What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?
Answer: protostars
Question: What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?
Answer: Stars
Question: What glows with heat and shows visible light?
Question: What can be used to detect protostars when they are cool?
Question: What spectrum benefits stars?
Question: What heats clouds of gas and makes them readily detected?
Question: What do stars emit a smaller portion of in our galaxy?
Question: What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?
Answer: night vision
Question: What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?
Answer: electrons
Question: Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?
Answer: electrical
Question: What equipment uses the infrared spectrum with visible light?
Question: What do night vision devices convert electrons into?
Question: By what process do night vision devices convert infrared into photons?
Question: What process uses a chemical source to augment ambient light?
Question: What does a visible light source increase for a night vision device?
Question: What does the acronym LEDs stand for?
Answer: light-emitting diodes
Question: What is a term for when something is switched on and off?
Answer: modulated
Question: What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current?
Answer: silicon photodiode
Question: Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms?
Answer: IR does not penetrate walls
Question: What term means filtering out slowly to change infrared radiation from ambient light?
Question: What device changes infrared radiation to standards published by the Ir DA?
Question: What devices use IR data transmission in short range communication to command appliances?
Question: Name the devices that use IrDA to emit infrared radiation that is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam.
Question: What infrared remote control protocols are used in areas of high population density?
Question: What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?
Answer: k
Question: What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?
Answer: Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion
Question: Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?
Answer: sidewall angle
Question: What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?
Answer: light
Question: What industry can use infrared light to characterize the extinction Coefficient?
Question: What reflectance is measured from the surface of a critical dimension?
Question: What letter represents trench structures?
Question: Along with critical dimension and depth, what can infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to index of refraction?
Question: What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?
Answer: Infrared cleaning
Question: Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?
Answer: green
Question: Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?
Answer: scaling
Question: Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?
Answer: infrared
Question: What cleaning technique is used to find position and resolution?
Question: What can be corrected by scanning or scaling?
Question: What color channels are used to detect inpainting?
Question: What does infrared cleaning do to detect scaling?
Question: What removes the effects of an additional infrared channel on the scanner?
Question: Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?
Answer: clouds
Question: After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?
Answer: infrared
Question: Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?
Answer: cloud droplets
Question: What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?
Answer: greenhouse
Question: What does the greenhouse effect absorb from the sun?
Question: After Earth absorbs methane, in what spectrum is it re-emitted?
Question: What substances absorb the sulfur hexafluoride emitted by the Earth?
Question: What keeps the atmosphere and surface re-radiated?
Question: What substances emit water vapor back to the atmosphere?
Question: What term refers to  the variety and variability of life on Earth?
Answer: Biodiversity
Question: What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to?
Answer: genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation
Question: What type of biodiversity happens near the equator?
Answer: Terrestrial biodiversity
Question: Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant?
Answer: It is richest in the tropics.
Question: Where is sea surface temperature the highest?
Answer: along coasts in the Western Pacific
Question: What term refers to the temperature of life on earth?
Question: What types of temperature does Biodiversity refer to?
Question: What type of temperature happens near the equator?
Question: Where on earth does temperature have the most variety?
Question: Where is sea surface biodiversity the highest?
Question: Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper?
Answer: Bruce A. Wilcox
Question: Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper?
Answer: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Question: At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented?
Answer: 1982 World National Parks Conference
Question: What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define "biological diversity"?
Answer: 1992
Question: Who is the author of the park research paper?
Question: Who commissioned the park research paper?
Question: At what event was the park research paper presented?
Question: What year did the IUCN define "biological diversity"?
Question: What did the IUCN define "biological diversity" as?
Question: What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?
Answer: the Phanerozoic
Question: What model is widely used in macrosociology?
Answer: hyperbolic model
Question: What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?
Answer: exponential and logistic models
Question: What model implies a second-order positive feedback?
Answer: Hyperbolic model
Question: What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?
Answer: The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth
Question: What model correlates much better than the cyclical model?
Question: What model is widely used in Stochastic dynamics?
Question: What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by stochastic dynamics?
Question: What model implies a second-order macrosociology trend?
Question: What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and macrosociology trends?
Question: What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat?
Answer: Interspecific crop diversity
Question: What is the variety of alleles within a single species?
Answer: Interspecific crop diversity
Question: When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new?
Answer: If a crop fails in a monoculture
Question: What can destroy a wheat crop?
Answer: a pest
Question: What type of a society primarily grows monocultures?
Answer: agricultural society
Question: What has some responsibility for offering variety in monoculture?
Question: What is the variety of alleles within a single production area?
Question: When do we rely on production diversity to replant the land with something new?
Question: What can destroy a single species?
Question: What type of a society primarily grows wheat?
Question: What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970
Answer: 52%
Question: What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?
Answer: 2014
Question: What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?
Answer: 39%
Question: What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?
Answer: 39%
Question: What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?
Answer: 76%
Question: What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 2014?
Question: What year was the study canceled by World Wildlife Fund?
Question: What percentage accounts for the low-income countries gone?
Question: What percentage accounts for the wealthy nations gone?
Question: What percentage accounts for the Latin America freshwater wildlife gone?
Question: In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent?
Answer: 2007
Question: Who conducted the 2007 study?
Answer: National Science Foundation
Question: What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system?
Answer: If any one type is removed from the system
Question: Where are the most threatened ecosystems found?
Answer: in fresh water
Question: In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and community diversity are codependent?
Question: Who conducted the 2000 study?
Question: What can cause a break down of a water system?
Question: Where are the most threatened species found?
Question: What said that the most threatened ecosystems are found in France?
Question: What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?
Answer: an introduced species
Question: Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?
Answer: In Belgium
Question: What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?
Answer: leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive
Question: What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?
Answer: endemic and other local species
Question: What types of new species can be introduced?
Answer: The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites
Question: What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it feeds on?
Question: Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf without sunlight?
Question: What disrupts the feeding habits of exotic organisms?
Question: What does introducing new spinosas often do?
Question: What types of new nutrients can be introduced?
Question: What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species?
Answer: The forests
Question: How many endemic floral species do forests harbor?
Answer: 5150
Question: How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?
Answer: 1837
Question: What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area?
Answer: endemic species
Question: What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests?
Answer: hunting and grazing
Question: What plays a vital role in harbouring finges?
Question: How many endemic floral species does grazing harbor?
Question: How many endemic faunal species does grazing harbor?
Question: What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific forest?
Question: What types of activities are granted rights in reserved species?
Question: What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources?
Answer: the Convention on Biological Diversity
Question: What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity?
Answer: the Convention on Biological Diversity
Question: What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability?
Answer: the Convention on Biological Diversity
Question: What is the process of collecting natural products?
Answer: bioprospecting
Question: What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over private resources?
Question: What agreement commits countries to conserve bioprospecting?
Question: What agreement commits countries to develop resources for biopiracy?
Question: What is the process of collecting national rights?
Question: What do countries that allow natural agreements expect?
Question: What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct?
Answer: More than 99 percent
Question: How many species have ever lived on earth?
Answer: over five billion species
Question: How many species currently live on earth?
Answer: Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,
Question: What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth?
Answer: 50 billion tonnes
Question: What can typically cause the biosphere?
Question: What percentage of DNA base pairs are estimated to be extinct?
Question: How many DNA base pairs have ever existed?
Question: How many DNA base pairs are on earth?
Question: What is the estimated weight of the total amount of species on Earth?
Question: The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?
Answer: the last 540 million years
Question: In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?
Answer: the Cambrian explosion
Question: What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?
Answer: vertebrate diversity
Question: In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?
Answer: the Permian-Triassic extinction event
Question: Which era included a rapid phylum period?
Question: The Cambrian era covers what time period?
Question: In which era, did the first phylum of organisms appear?
Question: What type of diversity showed an overall extinction trend?
Question: In which event did the vertebrates collapse in the carboniferous?
Question: What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?
Answer: Evil Quartet
Question: What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?
Answer: HIPPO
Question: What is the most authoritative classification in use today?
Answer: IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats
Question: What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?
Answer: the World Wildlife Fund
Question: Who describes the "IUCN"?
Question: What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and organization extinctions?
Question: What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over Population, and Over-conservation?
Question: What is the most invasive classification in use today?
Question: What funding organization uses IUCN's Classification of Direct Population?
Question: What are another names for genetic pollution?
Answer: uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping
Question: What causes genetic pollution?
Answer: either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species
Question: What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?
Answer: Hybridization and introgression
Question: What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?
Answer: The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species
Question: What can threaten morphological species with extinction?
Question: What is another name for interbreeding?
Question: What causes introgression pollution?
Question: What are side-effects of introduction and pollution?
Question: What behavior causes swamping of a normal adaptation?
Question: What is the estimate age of the Earth?
Answer: about 4.54 billion years old
Question: What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?
Answer: the Eoarchean Era
Question: What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?
Answer: Hadean Eon
Question: Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?
Answer: Western Australia
Question: Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?
Answer: Western Greenland
Question: What is the estimate age of rocks?
Question: What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of rocks on Earth?
Question: What is the name of the era that predated rocks on Earth?
Question: Where was the 4.54 billion year old graphite found?
Question: Where were the 3.7 billion year old fossils found?
Question: What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?
Answer: The fossil record
Question: Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?
Answer: how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections.
Question: What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?
Answer: from 2 million to 100 million
Question: What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?
Answer: Diversity
Question: What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest scientists in history?
Question: Why are some scientists uncertain about the diversification of life?
Question: What is the time estimate variation of the present global fossils?
Question: What appears to increase continually in the absence of fossils?
Question: What do some scientists believe is not much different from biodiversity 900 million years ago?
Question: What are two types of Agricultural diversity?
Answer: ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity
Question: What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised?
Answer: Planned diversity
Question: What type of diversity arrives uninvited?
Answer: associated diversity
Question: What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens?
Answer: associated diversity
Question: What are two types of uninvited diversity?
Question: What type of diversity included the crops which a farmer has uninvited?
Question: What type of agriculure arrives uninvited?
Question: What type of agricluture includes herbivores and pathogens?
Question: What can be divided by covers?
Question: What is becoming an international political issue?
Answer: Biodiversity's relevance to human health
Question: What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?
Answer: climate change
Question: What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?
Answer: changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources
Question: What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?
Answer: those that buffer against infectious disease transmission
Question: What is becoming an international population issue?
Question: What issue is closely linked with changes in the West Nile Virus?
Question: What changes in biodiversity have an effect on human health?
Question: What types of West Nile Virus disappear when a new disease is introduced?
Question: What is causing biodiversity's relevance to human health to become an international  population issue?
Question: How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth?
Answer: five major mass extinctions
Question: When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?
Answer: the Cambrian explosion
Question: What happened in the Carboniferous?
Answer: rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life.
Question: When was the Permian–Triassic extinction event?
Answer: 251 million years ago
Question: How long did vertebrate recovery take?
Answer: 30 million years
Question: How many mass extinctions have happened since the Cambrian?
Question: When was the period where the majority of biodiversity appeared?
Question: What happened in the several minor events?
Question: When was the first Cambrian extinction event?
Question: How long did rainforest recovery take?
Question: Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around?
Answer: humans
Question: What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region?
Answer: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer
Question: What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast?
Answer: lion fish
Question: What century started the increase of habitat invasions?
Question: Who intentionally and unintentionally moves habitats around?
Question: What invaders are causing invasive plants in the Great Lakes region?
Question: What invaders are causing invasive plants to be along the North American Atlantic coast?
Question: How many plant species does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?
Answer: 20,000 plant species
Question: How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?
Answer: 1,350 vertebrates
Question: Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide?
Answer: Colombia
Question: Which country has about 10% of the species on Earth?
Answer: Colombia
Question: What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago?
Answer: Madagascar
Question: How many plant species does Africa contain?
Question: How many vertebrates does Africa contain?
Question: Which country has the highest rate of mammals by area unit worldwide?
Question: Which country has about 12 percent of the species on Earth?
Question: What island separated from Africa 240 million years ago?
Question: What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?
Answer: global carrying capacity
Question: What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth?
Answer: life in the sea
Question: What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity?
Answer: life on land
Question: What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded?
Answer: 64 per cent
Question: What limits the amount of habitable modes on Earth?
Question: What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of diversity?
Question: What type of animal shows an exponential pattern of growth?
Question: What percentage potentially habitable modes has life in the sea not yet invaded?
Question: Without whose influence would sea growth increase?
Question: What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011?
Answer: world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion
Question: What year started the increase of population to 7 billion?
Answer: From 1950
Question: What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century?
Answer: more than 9 billion
Question: Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government?
Answer: Sir David King
Question: What was the increase in population from 1957 to 2011?
Question: What year started the increase of population to 2 billion?
Question: What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 22nd century?
Question: Who is the former chief scientific parliamentary to the UK government?
Question: Until at least when will worldwide loss of scientific advisers probably depend much on the worldwide birth rate?
Question: What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?
Answer: The control of associated biodiversity
Question: What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?
Answer: polyculture farmers
Question: What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?
Answer: polyculture farmers
Question: What is one of the great polyculture challenges that farmers face?
Question: What farms use polyculture destructive pesticides?
Question: What farmers use integrated capital management strategies?
Question: What farmers are generally less dependent on monoculture farms?
Question: What is the approach on a biotechnology farm?
Question: What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation?
Answer: National park and nature reserve
Question: Who selects National parks?
Answer: governments or private organizations
Question: What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage?
Answer: with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation
Question: Who usually owns and manages National parks?
Answer: national or state governments
Question: What activities are prohibited in national parks?
Answer: Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals
Question: What types of parks receive special protection against conservation?
Question: Who selects designated trails?
Question: What is the goal of protecting National Parks from roads?
Question: Who usually owns and manages roads?
Question: What activities are prohibited on roads?
Question: What year did Gabriel estimate 30% of of all species will be extinct by?
Answer: 2050
Question: How many plant species are close to extinction?
Answer: about one eighth
Question: 2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years?
Answer: 25%
Question: Who is the German Federal Estimates Minister?
Question: What year did Gabriel estimate 50 percent of all species will be extinct by?
Question: How many plant species are increasingly observed?
Question: What percentage of animals did 2007 studies estimate could be extinct in 20 years?
Question: When did Sigmar Gabriel cite Species-area theory?
Question: What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area?
Answer: Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans
Question: How is a standardized ecosystem formed?
Answer: monoculture following deforestation
Question: What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries?
Answer: lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement
Question: What is systematically related to the numbers of communities?
Question: What animals are more sensitive to reduction of community area?
Question: How is a community ecosystem formed?
Question: What leads to biodiversity loss in some species?
Question: What destroys the more diverse species?
Question: What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?
Answer: the zebra mussel
Question: What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii?
Answer: mongooses
Question: What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose?
Answer: nocturnal rats
Question: What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?
Answer: Indonesia and Malaysia,
Question: What animal intentionally invaded the US waterways?
Question: What animal unintentionally invaded Hawaii?
Question: What animals were not vulnerable to the zebra mussel?
Question: What countries experienced intended consequences from species invasion?
Question: What is true about the introduction of the zebra mussel in Hawaii?
Question: What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world?
Answer: Contemporary biodiversity physics
Question: What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life?
Answer: microbial life
Question: What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life?
Answer: microbial life
Question: What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis?
Answer: Insect extinction rates
Question: What type of science is firmly fixated on RNA?
Question: What type of life is more metabolically diverse than extinction?
Question: What type of life is more environmentally diverse than extinction?
Question: What rate supports the Earth extinction hypothesis?
Question: How many species that have been described have been extinct?
Question: What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?
Answer: biodiversity
Question: What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?
Answer: biodiversity
Question: What influences richness of biodiversity?
Answer: the climatic conditions and area of the region
Question: What term describes all the species of plants in existence?
Answer: flora
Question: What term describes the components of insects?
Question: What ensures the survival of human species by providing insects?
Question: What influences richness of insects?
Question: What term describes all the species of insects in existence?
Question: How many species of insects are known to date?
Question: What book first contained the term biological diversity?
Answer: A Different Kind of Country
Question: What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics?
Answer: the 1980s
Question: Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community?
Answer: Thomas Lovejoy
Question: What term was common before biological diversity?
Answer: "natural diversity"
Question: Which scientist first used the term biology?
Question: What book first contained the term biology?
Question: What decade did the term biology become common usage in science and economics?
Question: Who introduced the term biology to the scientific community?
Question: What term was common before biology?
Question: What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?
Answer: Biodiversity
Question: What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?
Answer: at least 50%
Question: What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?
Answer: about 80%
Question: What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?
Answer: bionics
Question: What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of economic resources?
Question: What percentage of US drugs are derived from synthetics?
Question: What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from synthetics?
Question: What field has economic resources made critical advances in?
Question: What ecosystems are particularly natural?
Question: What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?
Answer: the Green Revolution
Question: What did the high yield strains become resistant to?
Answer: local climate and diseases
Question: Who has been pushing for hybridization?
Answer: Local governments and industry
Question: What caused the loss of biodiversity?
Answer: Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion
Question: What popularized the use of conventional genetic erosion to increase yield?
Question: What did the high yield governments become resistant to?
Question: Who has been pushing for indigenous breeds?
Question: What caused the loss of local governments?
Question: What do conventional breeds often originate in?
Question: How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code?
Answer: 128 specified characters
Question: How many are non-printing control characters?
Answer: 33 are non-printing control characters
Question: How many characters are printable characters? 
Answer: 95 printable characters
Question: What is the space also known as what?
Answer: invisible graphic:223
Question: What is based on the binary alphabet?
Question: How many specific characters are there in the ASCII Teletype machines?
Question: What did encoded numbers originate with?
Question: How many definitions are printable characters?
Question: What alphabet is invisible graphic:223 based on?
Question: Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?
Answer: for ease of identification
Question: How many positions are in the first two columns?
Answer: 32 positions
Question: What did the committee decide was important?
Answer: to support uppercase 64-character alphabets
Question: Where was the letter A places in position?
Answer: 41hex
Question: Why were the lowercase letters patterned so that most codes were together?
Question: How many positions are are in the first numeric codes?
Question: What did the committee decide would help with special signs?
Question: Where were the letters DEC in position?
Question: Why were numeric codes converted to graphic codes?
Question: How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?
Answer: 128 symbols
Question: What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?
Answer: UTF-8
Question: ASCII was incorporated into what other extensions?
Question: How many of the symbols are the same in the end of the ASCII and Unicode?
Question: What set is backward with 128 symbols?
Question: What was incorporated into the Unicode extensions?
Question: What is a UTF-8 file containing ISO-8859-1 identical to?
Question: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?
Answer: Control-Q
Question: What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?
Answer: handshaking
Question: What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?
Answer: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)
Question: What caused the paper tape reader to send a signal warning?
Question: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to output control technique?
Question: What was the warning signal that warned TAPE that there was impending overflow?
Question: What two controls can be configured from a mobile phone?
Question: What is impending overflow replaced by on some systems?
Question: What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M?
Answer: RT-11
Question: When was the introduction of PC DOS?
Answer: 1981
Question: What programming did IBM use in the 1970s?
Answer: EBCDIC
Question: What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?
Answer: MS-DOS
Question: What did Gary Klidall clone to create PC DOS?
Question: When was the introduction of IBM?
Question: What programming did DEC use in the 1970s?
Question: What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by ASCII?
Question: What is another name for Teletype machines?
Question: What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C?
Answer: C trigraphs
Question: Why was their use limited?
Answer: their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers
Question: What did many programmers keep their computers on?
Answer: US-ASCII
Question: What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers?
Answer: contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words
Question: What was created to solve the problem for Usenet?
Question: What did many programmers keep their sandwiches on?
Question: What was happening to the C trigraphs that were sent from programmers?
Question: What was "{, }" supposed to mean?
Question: What did Germans get used to?
Question: ASCII specifies correspondence between what? 
Answer: digital bit patterns and character symbols
Question: What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?
Answer: communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information
Question: How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?
Answer: 11 to 25 special graphic symbols
Question: How many codes were required for ASCII?
Answer: more than 64 codes
Question: What was the X3.2 based on?
Question: ASCII specifies alphabetic characters by what?
Question: What does ASCII graphic symbols allow digital devices to do?
Question: How many graphic symbols were used before encoding systems were invented?
Question: How many codes were required for the X3.2?
Question: What was it used for?
Answer: a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network
Question: What did TWX use before ASCII?
Answer: five-bit ITA2
Question: Who is the father of ASCII?
Answer: Bob Bemer
Question: What was the code first called in Europe?
Answer: Bemer-Ross Code
Question: When was ASCII first used by Berner-Ross?
Question: What did TWX use because to counter slow loading times of ASCII?
Question: Who competed against ASCII?
Question: What was the TWX first called in Europe?
Question: Who competed against eight-bit teleprinter code?
Question: What does the "line feed" function do?
Answer: causes a printer to advance its paper
Question: What character represents the "line feed" function?
Answer: character 10
Question: What does character 8 represent? 
Answer: backspace
Question: What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?
Answer: control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters
Question: What do the "line feed" control characters do?
Question: What markup languages represent the "line feed" function?
Question: What does document layout does 8 represent?
Question: RFC 2822 translates what kind of languages?
Question: What does not define any mechanism for carriage return?
Question: What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?
Answer: interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character"
Question: What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean?
Answer: remove the character at the cursor
Question: What did other systmes us for "remove previously-typed input character"?
Answer: BS
Question: What did some software do to the Digital Equipment Corporation?
Question: What interpretation became common in BS systems?
Question: What other systems use for the terminal?
Question: What did the first systems use DEL to mean?
Question: What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?
Answer: CR-LF
Question: What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?
Answer: LF
Question: Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?
Answer: so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported
Question: How were the connections supported? 
Answer: by transmitting a standard text format over the network
Question: Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?
Answer: The File Transfer Protocol
Question: What do computers attached to TENEX use for line endings?
Question: What do computers using standard text format use for line endings?
Question: Why did Telnet define an ASCII as EBCDIC?
Question: How were the Network Virtual Terminals supported?
Question: Who else adopted this practice from ASCII?
Question: What was ASCII inteded to be?
Answer: one of several national variants of an international character code standard
Question: When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?
Answer: 1967
Question: What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?
Answer: ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world
Question: When was ISO's last acceptance at an international recommendation?
Question: What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the shared characters?
Question: What were code points ultimately published as?
Question: When did the publication's choices cause confusion and incompatibility?
Question: What shared no characters in common?
Question: What did most early home computers develop?
Answer: their own 8-bit character sets
Question: What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?
Answer: the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet
Question: What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?
Answer: graphic symbols such as smiley faces
Question: What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?
Answer: Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)
Question: What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? 
Answer: typographic punctuation marks
Question: What did most early graphic characters develop?
Question: What did IBM PC replace the code pages with?
Question: What did Macintosh use instead of hardware?
Question: What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop for use in game glyphs?
Question: What replaced the Greek alphabet with graphic symbols?
Question: What does ASCII stand for?
Answer: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Question: What is the definition of ASCII?
Answer: is a character-encoding scheme
Question: What does ASCII code represent?
Answer: text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text
Question: ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?
Answer: December 2007
Question: What was ASCII designed to represent before going through major changes?
Question: ASCII was the second most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?
Question: Who made ASCII obselete?
Question: What are most fully backward schemes based on?
Question: What does most communications equipment represent?
Question: Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?
Answer: would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code
Question: What is different in a shifted code?
Answer: some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes
Question: Why did they decide against shifting code?
Answer: less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable
Question: What happened after they decided agasint shifting?
Answer: ASCII required at least a seven-bit code
Question: Why did the committee debate adding a character code function?
Question: What is different in a compact code?
Question: Why did they decide against deleting all the code?
Question: What happened after they decided to make all employees work the same schedule?
Question: What allows seven-bit code?
Question: What was the "escape" character originally intended for?
Answer: to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning
Question: What does modern ESC code do?
Answer: most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation
Question: What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems?
Answer: an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether
Question: What was the "escape" character meant to stop?
Question: What does ESC generally mean for left-brackets?
Question: What is most often used as a command sequence?
Question: Where does ESC generally cause an application to abort its given meanings?
Question: What is an ESC sent to control characters usually in the form of?
Question: What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text?
Answer: Control-Z (SUB)
Question: What is still the conventional use of the ETX code?
Answer: to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard
Question: What else is the end-of-text code known as?
Answer: Control-C
Question: What did older operating systems use to mark control code?
Question: What is still the conventional use of the EOF code?
Question: What else does the end-of text code use to track file length?
Question: Where does a control code usually come from?
Question: What is using Z as the end of text analogous to?
Question: What was the first commercial use of ASCII?
Answer: a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services
Question: When did work on the ASCII standard begin? 
Answer: October 6, 1960
Question: When was the first edition of the standard published?
Answer: 1963
Question: When was the first major revision of the code done?
Answer: 1967
Question: What did ASCII form a subcommittee from?
Question: What was the first alphebetization use of ASCII?
Question: When did work on the ASCII preliminary Bell code begin?
Question: When was the first edition of the Bell code published?
Question: When was the final revision of the code done?
Question: Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?
Answer: eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal
Question: Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?
Answer: minimize costs associated with data transmission
Question: What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?
Answer: perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position
Question: Why did the committee consider a 0 bit code?
Question: Why did the company decide on 9bit instead?
Question: What allowed for a parity bit for data transmission if needed?
Question: What did seven-bit machines that did not use parity typically set the eight bit to?
Question: How many bits in one position could be recorded by binary code?
Question: What was ASCII published as and when?
Answer: ASA X3.4-1963
Question: How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?
Answer: 28 code positions
Question: When was the change to ASCII made official?
Answer: May 1963
Question: The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?
Answer: simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers
Question: How many code positions were left lowercase for future standardization?
Question: When was the change to ASCII rejected?
Question: The lower case letters caused a differ in the pattern, how did this change the vote?
Question: Who proposed to assign code positions without any meaning?
Question: What task group voted its approval for the standardization of ASCII stock prices?
Question: What is a retified versionof ASCII?
Answer: ISO/IEC 646
Question: What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?
Answer: extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States
Question: Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?
Answer: ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries
Question: Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?
Answer: true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard
Question: What is an identical version of ASCII?
Question: What type of extensions do these other standard bodies have?
Question: Why did Brasil need an adapted version of ASCII?
Question: Why are the other versions of ASCII charging extra for extensions?
Question: What country had it own version that supported international standards?
Question: What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters?
Answer: Teletype Model 33 ASR
Question: What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR?
Answer: a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option
Question: When was paper tape popular?
Answer: until the 1980s
Question: Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape?
Answer: less costly and in some ways less fragile
Question: What code eventually became neglected?
Answer: code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)
Question: What was the most influential devide that became de facto standard?
Question: What competed with the Teletype Model 33 ASR?
Question: When was paper trade classified as earned income?
Question: Why was paper tape better than timesharing systems?
Question: What code eventually became popularized by ASCII-1963?
Question: Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?
Answer: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage