huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: The phases of what our gender identity, ethnic identity and occupational identity?
Question: What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?
Answer: how identity is maintained
Question: What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?
Answer: self-esteem
Question: The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?
Answer: self-psychology
Question: What is synonymous with identity question
Question: What offers little insight into how identity is maintained?
Question: What are the vantage point of group psychology?
Question: Who has shown this self-concept and self-esteem are the same?
Question: Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what?
Answer: the social environment
Question: What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group?
Answer: mental events and states
Question: What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of?
Answer: identity
Question: What is compelled to investigate how social self relates to the social environment?
Question: What two factors are focused on explaining an individual's actions towards a group?
Question: What are collective cognition and individual behavior levels of?
Question: What focuses on explaining the group's actions?
Question: What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood?
Answer: identity
Question: Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970's led what group to be more interested in identity?
Answer: anthropologists
Question: Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others?
Answer: the Eriksonian approach
Question: A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?
Answer: exclusive
Question: A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?
Answer: inclusive
Question: What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?
Answer: language
Question: What are two types of individual boundaries?
Question: What does an inclusive boundary impose restrictions on?
Question: What are people not ready and willing to do within inclusive boundary?
Question: What foundry is neither inclusive or exclusive?
Question: What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia?
Answer: Neo-Eriksonian
Question: The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts?
Answer: exploration and commitment
Question: In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm, exploration and commitments determine what in large part?
Answer: any individual's sense of identity
Question: What identity status emerged very early on?
Question: The neo-Eriksonian identity status is based on what opposing concepts?
Question: What is determined largely by the exploration and commitments that one makes regarding certain groups?
Question: Exploration and commitment of what determine a person's social identity?
Question: What do many people gain from their identity groups?
Answer: a sense of positive self-esteem
Question: People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what?
Answer: discrimination
Question: Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition?
Answer: the social identity tradition
Question: Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what?
Answer: social identity theory
Question: Too many people gain from their social groups?
Question: What issue regarding discrimination have researchers explained?
Question: It is the term for favoring outsiders?
Question: What are researchers working on who focus on discrimination and community alienation?
Question: Cognitive distinctions between out groups can lead to what?
Question: What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?
Answer: a primordialist approach
Question: The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?
Answer: social constructionist theory
Question: Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?
Answer: political and historical contexts
Question: What approach takes the sense of self and as a changing thing?
Question: What theory says that political choice is based on identity characteristics?
Question: What influences primordalist and social constructionist views
Question: primordalist and social constructionist views need to be viewed outside of what?
Question: What have primordalist and social constructionist views stopped exerting influence on?
Question: What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?
Answer: glorified maids
Question: The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?
Answer: occupational settings
Question: What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?
Answer: an identity they can live with
Question: What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?
Answer: workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life
Question: Where is the implication of identity and identity construction least obvious?
Question: What becomes increasingly challenging in prestigious jobs?
Question: What are people in high-powered forced to do? jobs
Question: What is a desirable alternative to crafting an occupational identity one can live with
Question: The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?
Answer: significant others
Question: What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?
Answer: benign
Question: What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?
Answer: malign
Question: Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?
Answer: defensive contra-identification
Question: What does the formation of one's family identity occurs through?
Question: Disassociating from others what is benign?
Question: Aspiring to others what is malign?
Question: When does formation family occur identity?
Question: What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments?
Answer: relative weakness or relative strength
Question: What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment?
Answer: identity diffusion
Question: What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?
Answer: identity foreclosure
Question: What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit?
Answer: identity moratorium
Question: What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices?
Answer: identity achievement
Question: What is both relatively weak or relatively strong?
Question: What is the permutation when a person embraces exploration and commitment?
Question: What is a permutation when a person is not ready to make a commitment?
Question: What is a permutation when a person cannot make an identity choice wants to commit to them?
Question: What is it impossible to do with identity?
Answer: define it empirically
Question: Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?
Answer: category of analysis
Question: What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?
Answer: their own preconceptions of identity
Question: Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?
Answer: human social self-expression
Question: The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? 
Answer: the idea of identification
Question: What is it possible to do with identity?
Question: What discussion has an abiding sameness
Question: How does Cooper suggest treating identity?
Question: What do some scholars say is made up of different components that are identified in interpreted by groups?
Question: The direction of what is achieved by group choice regarding who and what to associate with?
Question: What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?
Answer: Gender identity
Question: What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?
Answer: identity
Question: Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?
Answer: cognitive psychology
Question: What type of identity is less important in psychology?
Question: What what does not dictate to a significant degree how one views oneself?
Question: What other aspects of identity are more important than gender?
Question: What refers to capacity for self reflection and awareness of others?
Question: Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?
Answer: Erik Erikson
Question: What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self?
Answer: ego identity
Question: The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what?
Answer: the personal identity
Question: What are the 3 names for the collection of a person's social roles?
Answer: the social identity or the cultural identity
Question: In what tradition is Erikson's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime?
Answer: the psychodynamic tradition
Question: Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?
Answer: Laing's
Question: One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?
Answer: metaperspective of self
Question: The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?
Answer: self/identity
Question: Whose definition of identity closely follows Liang's
Question: What concept is one person's perception of their own perception and example?
Question: What term includes characteristics displayed towards others?
Question: What components of the experience itself did Erickson emphasize?
Question: What is help others view you an important part of?
Question: Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator, pastiche personality and the relational self?
Answer: Kenneth Gergen
Question: In what classification is a person who regards all experiences are role play and becomes alienated from his or her social self?
Answer: The strategic manipulator
Question: In what classification is a person who gives up the chance for a true self and adopts social perceptions of him or herself?
Answer: The pastiche personality
Question: In what classification is a person who gives up their exclusive sense of self and defines him or herself only in terms of social engagement?
Answer: the relational self
Question: The strategic manipulator, pastiche personality, and relational self are linked to the rise of what culture?
Answer: postmodern culture
Question: Who formulated all new classifications?
Question: What classifications did Kenneth Gregen eliminate?
Question: What type of person sees all of life is a role-playing exercise?
Question: What type of person embraces all aspirations towards a true or essential identity?
Question: What perspective embraces individual self and abandoned social engagements?
Question: What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?
Answer: the concept of boundaries
Question: What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?
Answer: identity
Question: Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?
Answer: other social beings
Question: What do markers help create?
Answer: boundaries
Question: Markers can be used to exert what on other people?
Answer: influence
Question: What concept helps people define boundaries of people's experiences?
Question: What things make identity less evident?
Question: Whose recognition is identity depended on
Question: What do boundaries help create?
Question: What can cause misinterpretations of the significance of specific markers?
Question: What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?
Answer: fourth
Question: What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?
Answer: Abundance of perennial rivers
Question: What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?
Answer: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture
Question: What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?
Answer: Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan
Question: What is the third fastest growing economy in Delhi?
Question: What is Rajasthan ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?
Question: What dies Punjab sell to other states?
Question: What are three things that Delhi's economy is dependent on?
Question: What is the economy like in Rajasthan?
Question: When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?
Answer: 15 April 1948
Question: When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed?
Answer: 18 December 1970
Question: When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union?
Answer: 25 January 1971
Question: When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory?
Answer: 1 November 1956
Question: Why did the  Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?
Answer: as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states
Question: On what date did western Himalaya become a union territory?
Question: When was the Chief Commissioner's Act passed?
Question: When was the state of Nalagarh tehsil formed?
Question: What is the rank of Simla in the state of India's union?
Question: Why did Lohara come into being in 15 April 1948?
Question: When did Congress secure an absolute majority?
Answer: In the assembly elections held in November 2012
Question: How many seats did Congress win?
Answer: 36 of the 68 seats
Question: Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?
Answer: Virbhadra Singh
Question: Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?
Answer: Governor Urmila Singh
Question: Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?
Answer: historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla
Question: What did the BJP secure in November 2012?
Question: What was Shimla sworn in as for a 6th term?
Question: At what location did congress secure an absolute majorty in the election?
Question: What did Virbhadra Singh administer at an open ceremony?
Question: How many seats did Himachal Pradesh win to gain an absolute majority?
Question: Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?
Answer: Himachal
Question: How much hydroelectric power can be generated?
Answer: 20,300MW
Question: What has rapidly spread due to economic increase?
Answer: Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut
Question: What is current GDP estimated at?
Answer: ₹ 254 billion
Question: What are luxury hotels extremely rich in?
Question: What has International Entrepreneurship rapidly allowed every family to achieve?
Question: What is the increase of franchisees of recognised brands estimated to be in billions?
Question: By what percentage has business increased in the state?
Question: What percentage of franchisees of recognised brands have been opened recently?
Question: The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?
Answer: pit-loom
Question: What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?
Answer: Wool
Question: What is Kullu famous for?
Answer: shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours
Question: What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?
Answer: Kangra miniature paintings
Question: What is Pashmina well known for?
Question: What product is in demand in Kangra as well as all over the country?
Question: What did ritual cloth in Himchali cause?
Question: What does every household in Dharamshala own?
Question: What is desar considered as when used as ritual cloth?
Question: What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats
Question: What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?
Answer: between 2250 and 1750 BCE
Question: Who conquered Kangara?
Answer: Mahmud Ghaznavi
Question: When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?
Answer: 10th century
Question: Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?
Answer: Timur and Sikander Lodi
Question: During what period did Dagis exist, and then become conquered by the Gupta Empire?
Question: What tribes lived in the area that is now Janapada?
Question: During what time period did King Harshavardhana rule?
Question: Who conqurered the Indus valley in 1750 BCE?
Question: Who did the Dhali Sultanate pay tribute to?
Question: What handcrafts do they include?
Answer: woolen and pashmina shawls
Question: Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?
Answer: increased
Question: What declined under competition?
Answer: aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts
Question: Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?
Answer: within and outside the country
Question: What does Kangra have a rich heritage of?
Question: What are three examples of handicrafts from Gompa?
Question: Why did the production of woolen and pashmina shawls decline?
Question: What has happened to the sale of grass shoes in Kangra?
Question: Has the demand for horese-hair bangles increased or decreased?
Question: Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate
Question: Who maintains law and order?
Answer: Superintendent of Police
Question: Who assists the Superintendent of Police?
Answer: the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.
Question: Who is in charge of the Indian Administrative Service?
Question: Who maintains town municipalities of the district?
Question: What is the Indian Administrative Service comprised of?
Question: What group does a panchayat officer belong to?
Question: What is each geographical unit divided into and governed by a district?
Question: When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: 1948
Question: How much was allocated?
Answer: ₹ 52.7 million
Question: What kind of plan was it?
Answer: five-year plan
Question: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?
Answer: fourth
Question: What was more than 50% used on?
Answer: road construction
Question: When did the era of road construction start in India?
Question: How much was allocated for developing far away areas?
Question: How much of the expense was for the planning process?
Question: Where does India rank regarding per capita income?
Question: What would happen without a proper five-year plan?
Question: Who was 22nd of chart?
Answer: Tripura
Question: Who was top ranked in population strength?
Answer: Kangra district
Question: Who was last in population strength?
Answer: Lahaul Spiti
Question: Where on the population chart is the Shimla district census wise, after being followed by Tripura?
Question: What place was Sirmaur district, that followed the state?
Question: Was place is Lahaul Spiti on the population chart, even though it came first?
Question: What percentage of the population does Kullu district have, being top ranked?
Question: If Hamirpur district is top ranked, what is its population?
Question: Who are mainly Buddhists?
Answer: Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti
Question: What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: slightly 2.18%
Question: Where do Sikhs mostly live?
Answer: towns and cities
Question: HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?
Answer: 1.16%
Question: What percentage of the Una District is Buddhist?
Question: What is the Sikh population of Himachal Pradesh?
Question: Where are most Sikh refugees from?
Question: Where do Muslims mainly live in?
Question: What percentage of Muslims are in Shimla, the state capital?
Question: Where did the Gurkhas come into power?
Answer: Nepal
Question: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?
Answer: Amar Singh Thapa
Question: In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?
Answer: Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,
Question: Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?
Answer: rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami
Question: In what year did Kangra come to power in Nepal?
Question: What were the Chamba doing with territory in Nepal?
Question: Who led the Dhami when they laid siege to Kangra?
Question: Who was in control of Lahore Darbar in 1809?
Question: When was the first Bilaspur war for independence against the British?
Question: What is the climate like?
Answer: varies from hot and subhumid tropical
Question: What three seasons does Himachal experience?
Answer: summer, winter, and rainy season
Question: How long does summer last?
Answer: mid-April till the end of June
Question: How long does winter last?
Answer: late November till mid March.
Question: Why is there variation in the climate conditions of Lahaul?
Question: What three seasons are in Spiti?
Question: How long does summer last in Dharamsala?
Question: How does the climate vary in the trans-Himalayan region?
Question: How are most parts of Lahaul except in Spiti?
Question: What does the Himachal legislature consist of?
Answer: elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members
Question: Who presides over meetings?
Answer: the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence
Question: Who is the Judiciary system made up of?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.
Question: Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?
Answer: The Governor
Question: How long are the terms of office?
Answer: 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term
Question: How many members are there in the Council of Ministers?
Question: For how many years does a judiciary member serve?
Question: Who is the head of state appointed by the lower courts?
Question: Who is appointed as the Chief Minister by the President of India?
Question: Who are appointed by the MLA with advice from the President of India?
Question: What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?
Answer: UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar
Question: What are the other railways being proposed in the state?
Answer: Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.
Question: What is being conducted to extend the railway?
Answer: survey
Question: What is the total length of the railways?
Answer: 259 kilometres (161 mi)
Question: What is Bilaspur-Manali-Leh railway famous for?
Question: What are the two tunnels in Railway Himachal?
Question: What other railways are being proposed by UNESCO?
Question: What is the total length of the Una district railway?
Question: What is being done to extend the railway line to Delhi?
Question: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?
Answer: 1814–1816
Question: What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?
Answer: snow
Question: What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: In the lap of Himalayas
Question: Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma
Question: What was Pradesh declared in 1950?
Question: What is  one thing Britain is famous for?
Question: What came into power after the war between Himachal and Sanskrit?
Question: When did the Himalayas become part of the Punjab Province of British India?
Question: Who was responsible for naming the Punjab Province of British India?
Question: What are the newspapers famous for?
Answer: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states
Question: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?
Answer: All major English daily newspapers
Question: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?
Answer: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal
Question: What has grown significantly?
Answer: Radio and TV
Question: What has an active community that reads the Ujala daily newspaper?
Question: What are Divya's accomplishments?
Question: What is available in Faisla and Aapka?
Question: What has grown in a remote part of the country?
Question: What are the names of newspapers read widely in English?
Question: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?
Answer: Virbhadra Singh
Question: How many seats did the BJP win?
Answer: 41 of the 68 seats
Question: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Prem Kumar Dhumal
Question: When was he sworn in?
Answer: 30 December 2007
Question: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?
Answer: December 2007
Question: In 2003, what did the Bharatiya Party win?
Question: What was Prem Kumar Dhumal elected as in 2003?
Question: When were the Indian National Congress elections held?
Question: When did the Indian National Congress win by a landslide?
Question: When was Virbhadra Singh sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh?
Question: What type of agriculture is in the state?
Answer: seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig
Question: Where is seed potato mostly grown?
Answer: Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas
Question: Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?
Answer: Solan
Question: What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?
Answer: growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state
Question: What is the state deficient in?
Answer: food grains
Question: What is Shimla deficient in?
Question: In what areas is ginger mostly grown?
Question: What is the largest fig producing district in the state?
Question: What is the Kullu district also famous for producing?
Question: What is Solan making a special effort to produce?
Question: What has made the state change very rapidly?
Answer: technological advancements
Question: Himachal is?
Answer: multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states
Question: What are the common languages spoken?
Answer: Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri
Question: Who makes up the tribal populations?
Answer: Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis
Question: Why was Dogri untouched by external customs?
Question: What has caused rapid changes in Gojri?
Question: What aspects does Mandeali have like other Indian states?
Question: What are some languages spoken in Gaddis?
Question: What groups comprise the tribal populations in Dogri?
Question: When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?
Answer: 2006 at Sundernagar
Question: What are a few pioneer universities in the state?
Answer: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)
Question: What is the most renowned argricultural institues?
Answer: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur
Question: What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?
Answer: unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines
Question: What is the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi known for in the world?
Question: What recognition has IEC University earned?
Question: Why has IEC University earned distinction?
Question: When did IEC University start in Sundernagar?
Question: What is one of the most renowned IT institutes?
Question: What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?
Answer: Dial-up access
Question: What is available in few cities?
Answer: Private FM stations
Question: Who are the cellular phone operators available?
Answer: BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel
Question: What is All India Radio?
Answer: public radio station
Question: What is the name of the state-owned radio station?
Question: What language does BSNL provide programs in?
Question: What are some of the available dial-up providers?
Question: What is available in a few cities like Nepal?
Question: What do Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom provide only to certain cities and towns?
Question: Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: villages and towns
Question: No single house is without?
Answer: a toilet
Question: What are the villages well connected to?
Answer: roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband
Question: What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?
Answer: second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala
Question: What are the most visited places in the country?
Answer: The hill stations
Question: How is Lokmitra kendra ranked after the government regarding corruption?
Question: What are the most visited places in Shimla?
Question: What has the government done to meet maximum urban population standards?
Question: What products does Shimla forbid the use of?
Question: What is no health center without in Himachal Pradesh?
Question: What is nonverbal communication?
Answer: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages
Question: What is one example of nonverbal communication?
Answer: body language
Question: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
Answer: shaking a hand
Question: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
Answer: sweating
Question: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?
Answer: 55%
Question: What is an example of paralanguage?
Question: Dopamine levels can show what type of communication?
Question: Improper communication establishes what?
Question: What percentage of human communication occurs through foot tapping?
Question: What is verbal communication?
Question: How do fungi communicate with insects?
Answer: through biochemicals of biotic origin
Question: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?
Answer: five
Question: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?
Answer: interpretation processes
Question: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?
Answer: similar molecules without biotic content
Question: There are four primary signalling molecules that are known to organize what?
Question: What can't differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages or irrelevant messages?
Question: How many secondary signalling molecules are known to coordinate?
Question: What substance always triggers the fungal organism to react the same way every time?
Question: What 'noise' can't be filtered out?
Question: What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?
Answer: channel (through which medium)
Question: Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?
Answer: Wilbur Schram
Question: What acts are included in communication between parties?
Answer: confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions
Question: The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?
Answer: abilities of the group communicating
Question: What is one target of communication?
Answer: another person or being
Question: What is described as having many major dimensions?
Question: The destination or target is thought to be the medium of what?
Question: Who didn't think a message would have any impact on the receiver?
Question: Together, communication content, intent and form make messages that are sent where?
Question: Transferring knowledge and experiences are the only types of what?
Question: When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?
Answer: during human childhood
Question: How many human languages are there?
Answer: thousands
Question: What do human languages use to communicate with others?
Answer: patterns of sound or gesture for symbols
Question: What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?
Answer: programming languages
Question: When does language learning not occur most intensively?
Question: The combination and patterns of letters and gestures are the basis for thousands of what?
Question: An example of a language that is restricted to properties of human language is what?
Question: Listening skills are not a factor of important interpersonal skills in what type of communication?
Question: Grammars are not used in manipulating the symbols of what?
Question: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?
Answer: family rules, family roles or family dialectics
Question: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?
Answer: marriage, parenthood or divorce
Question: What does trusted communication in a family lead to?
Answer: a well constructed family
Question: Family roles were found to have no affect on communication between whom?
Question: The death of a family member was looked at in what?
Question: Family members developed theories to understand what?
Question: It is important for researchers to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a what?
Question: Family rules was not a topic that was covered in what?
Question: How is animal communication defined?
Answer: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal
Question: What is the study of animal communication called?
Answer: zoo semiotics
Question: What is the study of human communication called?
Answer: anthroposemiotics
Question: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?
Answer: animal emotions, animal culture and learning
Question: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?
Answer: vibrational communication
Question: Anthroposemiotics is the study of animal what?
Question: Zoo semiotics is the study of human what?
Question: A special field of animal communication that has not been investigated is what?
Question: What is defined as any one behavior of all animals that affects the current or future behavior of another animal?
Question: Human and animal communication is a rapidly growing field of study in what century.
Question: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?
Answer: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
Question: What did the first model for communication consist of?
Answer: sender, channel, and receiver
Question: What was the sender in the initial model?
Answer: the part of a telephone a person spoke into
Question: What was the channel in the initial model?
Answer: the telephone itself
Question: What was the receiver in the initial model?
Answer: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person
Question: In 1945 the first communication model was introduced for what company?
Question: What had two primary parts of a sender and a receiver?
Question: The channel was where one could hear what?
Question: Shannon and Bell recognized that what interfered with listening to a telephone conversation?
Question: Warren Shannon and Claude Weaver worked for whom?
Question: What kind of message is sent in a simple model?
Answer: a message in natural language
Question: In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?
Answer: spoken language
Question: How is information sent through a simple model?
Answer: from an emisor/ sender/ encoder
Question: What are the strengths of the simple model?
Answer: simplicity, generality, and quantifiability
Question: What are the weaknesses of this model?
Question: Claude Weaver did what based on those elements?
Question: A complex model is a message sent from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a what?
Question: What type of message is sent in a complex model?
Question: Who invented this model?
Question: How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?
Answer: reciprocally
Question: What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?
Answer: constitutive model or constructionist view
Question: What is communication viewed as?
Answer: a conduit
Question: What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?
Answer: different regional traditions
Question: What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?
Answer: communication noise
Question: Code books are represented in what?
Question: The first attitude of communication is referred to as what?
Question: Occasionally instances of communication are called what?
Question: A sender or receiver's what never varies regardless of culture or gender?
Question: A person's age may change a sender or receiver's what?
Question: What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?
Answer: roots
Question: How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?
Answer: the decentralized "nervous system" of plants
Question: What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?
Answer: vegetable fiber
Question: How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?
Answer: via volatiles
Question: The plants leaves communicates with what in the soil?
Question: This centralized system makes plant interactions possible?
Question: The Hebrew word for 'neuron' is what?
Question: During herbivory attack behavior what doesn't allow plants to communicate?
Question: What can't plants overwrite when they are stressed?
Question: What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?
Answer: Theories of coregulation
Question: Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?
Answer: Harold Innis
Question: What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?
Answer: Egypt
Question: What did Harold Innis call papyrus?
Answer: Space Binding
Question: What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?
Answer: transmission of written orders across space, empires
Question: Wark and McKenzie had a theory that people use different types of what to communicate?
Question: Ancient Rome was the famous example of the theory of whom?
Question: Using the media to water, people can change and shape communication where?
Question: Describing communication as a creative but not a dynamic continuous process is the definition of what?
Question: Using the same media for communication will offer possibilities for what?
Question: Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?
Answer: it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills
Question: What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?
Answer: excellent writing ability
Question: What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?
Answer: Companies with limited resources
Question: Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?
Answer: communications
Question: It is not necessary to have critical and strategical thinking abilities to do what job?
Question: All companies or organizations employ a full spectrum of what?
Question: One of the least important qualifications to be a communications professional is what?
Question: Who is always able to master a broad range of skills?
Question: Besides excellent writing abilities and good 'people' skills, all company employees should  have what other skill?
Question: What gene makes grapes purple?
Answer: anthocyanins
Question: What shape do grapes usually resemble?
Answer: prolate spheroid
Question: What type of food are grapes?
Answer: fruit
Question: How many grapes are generally in a cluster?
Answer: 15 to 300
Question: How long ago were grapes first cultivated?
Answer: 6,000–8,000 years ago
Question: What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?
Answer: Yeast
Question: Where is the oldest know winery located?
Answer: Armenia
Question: What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?
Answer: Shiraz
Question: How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?
Answer: hieroglyphics
Question: What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?
Answer: animal fat
Question: What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?
Answer: red wine
Question: What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?
Answer: the French paradox
Question: What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?
Answer: vasodilation
Question: What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?
Answer: Grape juice
Question: What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?
Answer: fermented
Question: What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?
Answer: Concord grapes
Question: What are Sultana grapes known as in California?
Answer: Thompson Seedless
Question: What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?
Answer: Niagara grapes
Question: What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?
Answer: white wine
Question: What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?
Answer: resveratrol
Question: What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?
Answer: Red wine
Question: What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?
Answer: wine grapes
Question: What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?
Answer: Vitis vinifera
Question: What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?
Answer: Table grape
Question: What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?
Answer: approximately 24%
Question: When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?
Answer: Genesis 9:20–21
Question: Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?
Answer: Dionysus
Question: Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?
Answer: Christ
Question: Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?
Answer: Deuteronomy
Question: Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?
Answer: Noah
Question: How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? 
Answer: more than a dozen
Question: What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? 
Answer: Vitis vinifera
Question: What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? 
Answer: cold
Question: What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?
Answer: Vitis vinifera
Question: What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?
Answer: Anthocyanins
Question: What is the main phenolic in white grapes?
Answer: flavan-3-ols
Question: What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? 
Answer: Total phenolic content
Question: What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? 
Answer: Phenolic content
Question: Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?
Answer: anthocyanins
Question: When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration? 
Answer: the Last Supper
Question: Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?
Answer: Canon 924
Question: What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?
Answer: grape juice
Question: What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?
Answer: transubstantiation
Question: What is computer security also known as?
Answer: cybersecurity or IT security
Question: What is the protection of information systems?
Answer: Computer security
Question: What are the ways an operator can malpractice?
Answer: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked
Question: What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?
Answer: Computer security
Question: What is the necessity of having an IT?
Question: What can be caused by neglecting a computer security system?
Question: What does the IT security protect?
Question: How can a computer be attacked?
Question: How does IT security work?
Question: What is the theft or damage to hardware or software?
Question: Protecting a device from harm requires deviating from what procedures?
Question: What does computer security misdirect?
Question: What types of harm can come through network access?
Question: Why would IT security partake in malpractice?
Question: What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?
Answer: Denial of service attacks
Question: What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?
Answer: the victim account to be locked
Question: What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?
Answer: reflection and amplification attacks
Question: What does DDoS stand for?
Answer: Distributed denial of service
Question: How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?
Answer: by adding a new firewall rule
Question: What happens if an attacker enters the wrong password into an account enough times?
Question: What is the point of making network resources unavailable to users?
Question: Why is it difficult to defend against DDos?
Question: Other than being locked out what other methods are used in DDos?
Question: What causes multiple attacks?
Question: What allows a machine to be accessed by its user?
Question: What is done to a password to lock out all users at once?
Question: How is a DDoS from multiple locations defended?
Question: What is an IP address?
Question: What are zombie computers on a botnet?
Question: What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?
Answer: a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system
Question: In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?
Answer: eavesdropping
Question: Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?
Answer: a potential entry point for malware or an attacker
Question: Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?
Answer: disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel
Question: What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?
Answer: the cell phone network
Question: What makes cars a risk for computerized attacks?
Question: How were researchers able to eavesdrop in a car?
Question: Why are cars with more technology at a higher risk for attack?
Question: What increases the likelihood of a car being attacked?
Question: What entry points are viable for malware and attackers?
Question: What does an external controller area network control?
Question: When were self-driving cars built?
Question: What networks prevent malware in connected cars?
Question: What did researchers use to prevent attacks in 2011?
Question: What can voice recognition not be used for?
Question: How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?
Answer: relatively few
Question: What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?
Answer: packet capture appliances
Question: The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?
Answer: firewalls and other automated "detection" systems
Question: What is the source of the quote?
Answer: Reuters
Question: Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what? 
Answer: physical stealing of assets
Question: What do companies rely on too much in order to keep their information safe?
Question: What do even fewer companies have set in place for their defense?
Question: What do companies have to worry about least?
Question: What is needed to catch these data stealing criminals?
Question: What is a common form of theft in companies?
Question: Most organizations have what kind of detection system?
Question: What is the name of the company that has lost more through electronic theft?
Question: What do most companies no longer rely on?
Question: Physical stealing of assets is a bigger problem than what?
Question: What do criminals use to avoid being captured?
Question: Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?
Answer: computer security
Question: What does EAL stand for?
Answer: Evaluation Assurance Levels
Question: What is the standard of EAL4?
Answer: Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed
Question: What is the standard for EAL6?
Answer: Semiformally Verified Design and Tested
Question: What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?
Answer: Integrity-178B
Question: Which system is used by the Airbus A380 and military jets?
Question: How common are the formal verification for the highest levels?
Question: In the 1980s the Department of Defense used which standards?