huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?
Answer: high strength fabrics
Question: In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?
Answer: modify wood
Question: Along with sculptures, what type of art have people been making out of wood for centuries?
Answer: carvings
Question: What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers?
Answer: totem poles
Question: What type of tree was often used for totem poles?
Answer: Western Red Cedar
Question: What city in Scotland would you visit to see the Millennium clock tower?
Answer: Edinburgh
Question: What museum exhibits the Millennium clock tower?
Answer: National Museum of Scotland
Question: What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?
Answer: ripple sycamore
Question: What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?
Answer: tonewoods
Question: What's the common name for Picea abies?
Answer: European spruce
Question: Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?
Answer: tone
Question: What type of instruments with a misleading name aren't always made completely out of wood?
Answer: woodwind instruments
Question: What are woodwind instrument's reeds often made out of?
Answer: Arundo donax
Question: Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant?
Answer: monocot
Question: What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments?
Answer: reeds
Question: Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?
Answer: Major League Baseball
Question: What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?
Answer: parquetry
Question: What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?
Answer: maple
Question: Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?
Answer: fragile
Question: What pieces of equipment for shooting arrows used to be wooden?
Answer: archery bows
Question: Which pieces of ice hockey equipment were once made out of wood?
Answer: sticks
Question: When the golf club called the "wood" was actually made out of it, what type of wood was used?
Answer: persimmon
Question: What is the golf club known as the "wood" usually made out of today?
Answer: synthetic materials
Question: What other modern material has joined composites, carbon fiber, titanium, and aluminum to replace wood in the manufacture of sporting equipment?
Answer: fiberglass
Question: What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?
Answer: cellulose
Question: What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?
Answer: Symbiotic
Question: What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?
Answer: sunken
Question: How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?
Answer: over a year
Question: What bacteria starting with the letter "F" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?
Answer: Flavobacteria
Question: What language family is Somali a part of?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic
Question: What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?
Answer: Cushitic
Question: What is the majority religion of Somalis?
Answer: Sunni Muslim
Question: How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?
Answer: 12.3 million
Question: What country has the second largest Somali population?
Answer: Ethiopia
Question: From whom are several Somali clans descended?
Answer: Irir Samaale
Question: From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?
Answer: soo and maal
Question: What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?
Answer: go and milk
Question: What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?
Answer: dhawamaal
Question: What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?
Answer: livestock
Question: What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
Answer: Berbera
Question: What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
Answer: Po-pa-li
Question: In what century was the term 'Somali' first used?
Answer: 15th
Question: Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?
Answer: the Abyssinian Emperor
Question: Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located?
Answer: Zeila
Question: How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created?
Answer: 5000 years
Question: Where are the most notable rock paintings located?
Answer: the Laas Geel complex
Question: Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel?
Answer: human figures
Question: Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist?
Answer: the northern Dhambalin region
Question: In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found?
Answer: northern
Question: Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?
Answer: the Doian culture
Question: What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?
Answer: Inscriptions
Question: During what period did the Doian culture thrive?
Answer: the Stone age
Question: In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located?
Answer: Somalia
Question: From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date?
Answer: 4th millennium BC
Question: At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found?
Answer: the Jalelo site
Question: In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found?
Answer: northern
Question: What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?
Answer: commerce
Question: Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?
Answer: frankincense
Question: Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?
Answer: Mycenaeans
Question: What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?
Answer: Land of Punt
Question: What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?
Answer: Pharaonic Egypt
Question: Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?
Answer: Hatshepsut
Question: Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?
Answer: pyramidal structures
Question: Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia?
Answer: Damo
Question: Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis?
Answer: Sabaeans
Question: What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for?
Answer: Indo-Greco-Roman
Question: What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?
Answer: Red Sea
Question: In what location was Islam born?
Answer: the Arabian Peninsula
Question: What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?
Answer: Berberi
Question: What was another name for Mogadishu?
Answer: the City of Islam
Question: The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?
Answer: gold
Question: What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat?
Answer: the Walashma dynasty
Question: What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat?
Answer: Zeila
Question: Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?
Answer: Djibouti
Question: According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have?
Answer: 15,000
Question: Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located?
Answer: the Red Sea
Question: What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?
Answer: the Ajuran Sultanate
Question: What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?
Answer: the Sultanate of Adal
Question: What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?
Answer: Ahmed Gurey
Question: What state did Adal conquer?
Answer: the Ethiopian Empire
Question: What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?
Answer: Sultan Ahmed Yusuf
Question: What states supported the Dervish State?
Answer: the Ottoman and German empires
Question: In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?
Answer: 1920
Question: What was the capital of the Dervish State?
Answer: Taleex
Question: In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?
Answer: 1927
Question: In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?
Answer: 1941
Question: Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?
Answer: Italian Somaliland
Question: At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?
Answer: the Potsdam Conference
Question: Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?
Answer: Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali
Question: How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? 
Answer: ten
Question: In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?
Answer: 1960
Question: Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?
Answer: the Ogaden
Question: In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?
Answer: 1948
Question: The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?
Answer: Emperor Menelik
Question: In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?
Answer: 1956
Question: What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?
Answer: Somali
Question: What was Djibouti called in 1958?
Answer: French Somaliland
Question: In what year did Somalia become independent?
Answer: 1960
Question: What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?
Answer: Vice President of the Government Council
Question: When did Djibouti achieve independence?
Answer: 1977
Question: Who was the first president of Djibouti?
Answer: Hassan Gouled Aptidon
Question: On what date did British Somaliland gain independence?
Answer: 26 June 1960
Question: What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence?
Answer: the State of Somaliland
Question: What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland?
Answer: the Trust Territory of Somalia
Question: On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite?
Answer: 1 July 1960
Question: Who was the first President of the Somali Republic?
Answer: Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
Question: On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated?
Answer: 15 October 1969
Question: Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke?
Answer: one of his own bodyguards
Question: On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur?
Answer: 21 October 1969
Question: Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?
Answer: Mohamed Siad Barre
Question: What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank?
Answer: Major General
Question: Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council?
Answer: Salaad Gabeyre Kediye
Question: What was Jama Korshel's title?
Answer: Chief of Police
Question: What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye?
Answer: Lieutenant Colonel
Question: What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia?
Answer: the Somali Democratic Republic
Question: Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take?
Answer: suspended the constitution
Question: What international body did the new government join?
Answer: the Arab League
Question: In what year did the new government enter the Arab League?
Answer: 1974
Question: What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become?
Answer: the African Union
Question: What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase?
Answer: literacy
Question: Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?
Answer: Ethiopia
Question: In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?
Answer: northeastern
Question: What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?
Answer: Pan-Somalism
Question: Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?
Answer: Cuba
Question: What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?
Answer: the Ogaden War
Question: In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?
Answer: 2005
Question: What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic
Question: What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?
Answer: E1b1b1a
Question: Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?
Answer: Egypt/Libya
Question: What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?
Answer: 77%
Question: Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?
Answer: Ethiopians
Question: On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?
Answer: Asia
Question: Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?
Answer: Holden
Question: What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic
Question: According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages?
Answer: Ethio-Somali
Question: According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis?
Answer: Somalis
Question: According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries?
Answer: at least 23,000 years ago
Question: According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate?
Answer: the Near East
Question: From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?
Answer: the Quraysh
Question: Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?
Answer: Sunni
Question: What is the majority religion in Somalia?
Answer: Islam
Question: A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?
Answer: Shia
Question: What is another name for a Qur'anic school?
Answer: dugsi
Question: What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?
Answer: 40
Question: What government body regulates Qur'anic education?
Answer: the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs
Question: Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?
Answer: Toronto
Question: What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?
Answer: the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque
Question: Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?
Answer: droughts
Question: Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?
Answer: schools
Question: Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential?
Answer: the Arabian Peninsula
Question: In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?
Answer: northern
Question: Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?
Answer: Hawiye
Question: According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?
Answer: 3
Question: According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?
Answer: 55
Question: To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?
Answer: Darod
Question: What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?
Answer: 4.3%
Question: What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property?
Answer: 1975 Somali Family Law
Question: What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed?
Answer: the Somali Democratic Republic
Question: In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage, what did the Somali Family Law give them?
Answer: equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce
Question: What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis?
Answer: 85%
Question: During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis?
Answer: 20th
Question: Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?
Answer: their seafaring tradition
Question: Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?
Answer: Kenya
Question: What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country?
Answer: Civil strife
Question: Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s?
Answer: Europe
Question: Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population?
Answer: Toronto
Question: As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?
Answer: 69th
Question: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?
Answer: 78%
Question: As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?
Answer: 57,906
Question: In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?
Answer: 38,413
Question: How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?
Answer: 16,721
Question: About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago?
Answer: 20,000
Question: What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis?
Answer: Cedar-Riverside
Question: What is hawala?
Answer: money transfer services
Question: What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis?
Answer: halal
Question: In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population?
Answer: the United Arab Emirates
Question: What is another name for the city center of Dubai?
Answer: Deira
Question: People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis?
Answer: Iranians
Question: What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?
Answer: Star African Air
Question: How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?
Answer: three
Question: Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside?
Answer: Khartoum
Question: In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live?
Answer: north
Question: Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan?
Answer: students
Question: In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?
Answer: Eastleigh
Question: In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?
Answer: Western Cape
Question: What language family does the Somali language belong to?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic
Question: What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?
Answer: Cushitic
Question: Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?
Answer: Afar
Question: Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?
Answer: Somali
Question: Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?
Answer: 1900
Question: About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?
Answer: 7.78 million
Question: In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?
Answer: 12.65
Question: Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?
Answer: the Somali diaspora
Question: Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?
Answer: Benaadir
Question: What dialect is Standard Somali based on?
Answer: Northern Somali
Question: What is another name for Benaadir?
Answer: Coastal Somali
Question: What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?
Answer: Benaadir
Question: In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?
Answer: southern
Question: What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?
Answer: the Somali alphabet
Question: Who introduced the Somali alphabet?
Answer: Mohamed Siad Barre
Question: In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?
Answer: October 1972
Question: Who created the Somali alphabet?
Answer: Shire Jama Ahmed
Question: Who invented the Osmanya script?
Answer: Osman Yusuf Kenadid
Question: To what language family does Arabic belong?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic
Question: In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language?
Answer: Djibouti
Question: What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to?
Answer: the Arab League
Question: For how long has Somalia had connections to the Arab world?
Answer: centuries
Question: Civilizations from what geographic part of Africa influenced Somali culture?
Answer: Northeast
Question: Civilizations from what geographic part of Asia influenced Somali culture?
Answer: Southeast
Question: What Asian country notable influenced Somali culture?
Answer: India
Question: Along with Northeast Africa, Southeast Asia and India, what locale had a significant influence on Somali culture?
Answer: the Arabian Peninsula
Question: Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?
Answer: monumental architecture
Question: Who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
Answer: Margaret Laurence
Question: Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
Answer: Canadian
Question: What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a "Nation of Bards"?
Answer: novelist
Question: Along with sport, games, literature, dress and festivals, what is a notable Somali cultural tradition?
Answer: martial arts
Question: How many notes are in a hepatonic scale?
Answer: seven
Question: What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale?
Answer: the major scale
Question: Along with Arabia and Ethiopia, what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia?
Answer: Sudan
Question: What does midho mean in English?
Answer: lyricists
Question: In what decade were the first Somali feature films made?
Answer: 1960s
Question: In what year was the SFA founded?
Answer: 1975
Question: Who was the representative of the Somali Film Agency in Rome?
Answer: Ali Said Hassan
Question: What are riwaaydo?
Answer: popular musicals
Question: What was the name of Said Salah Ahmed's first feature?
Answer: The Somali Darwish
Question: Along with wood carving, architecture and pottery, what is a notable Somali artistic tradition?
Answer: music
Question: In what geographic region of Somalia are ancient rock paintings located?
Answer: northern
Question: What animals are depicted on the Mogadishan canopies?
Answer: birds
Question: In what area of Somalia can one find the tombs decorated with plants?
Answer: southern
Question: What do Somali women wear on their feet during Eid?
Answer: henna
Question: Along with triangular shapes, what are common henna designs in Somalia?
Answer: flower motifs
Question: What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes?
Answer: kohl
Question: From what ancient region did kuul application come?
Answer: Land of Punt
Question: What activity is often held before Somali weddings?
Answer: Henna parties
Question: What is the name of the Somali national football team?
Answer: Ocean Stars
Question: In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics?
Answer: 1972
Question: Along with Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim, who is a notable Somali football player?
Answer: Mohammed Ahamed Jama
Question: Along with the Somalia Cup, what is an important Somali football competition?
Answer: the Somalia League
Question: When did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?
Answer: 15–23 December 1981
Question: Who hosted the 1981 FIBA African Championship?
Answer: Somalia
Question: In what city did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?
Answer: Mogadishu
Question: For what nation did Hussein Ahmed Salah compete?
Answer: Djibouti
Question: Who did Mohammed Ahmed compete for in the Olympics?
Answer: Canada
Question: Who came in fourth in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?
Answer: Mohamed Deq Abdulle
Question: What medal did Faisal Jeylani Aweys win in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?
Answer: silver
Question: Where did the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup take place?
Answer: Tongeren
Question: Along with Thai Boxing, in what has Mohamed Jama won a European title?
Answer: K1
Question: What do Somali men wear when they aren't wearing Western clothing?
Answer: the macawis
Question: Where is the macawis worn?
Answer: around the waist
Question: What piece of clothing is the macawis similar to?
Answer: sarong
Question: Aside from the koofiyad, what do Somali men wear on their head?
Answer: turban
Question: Along with jellabiyad, what is the jellabiya called in Somali?
Answer: qamiis
Question: In what region do men commonly wear the jellabiya?
Answer: the Arab world
Question: What is the regular garment of Somali women?
Answer: the guntiino
Question: What is the guntiino normally made from?
Answer: alandi
Question: What is the usual formal attire for Somali women?
Answer: the dirac
Question: Along with silk, saree fabric or chiffon, what might the dirac be made out of?
Answer: taffeta
Question: What is the underskirt of the dirac called?
Answer: the gorgorad
Question: What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?
Answer: shaash
Question: What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?
Answer: garbasaar
Question: Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?
Answer: the jilbab
Question: Along with anklets, what pieces of jewelry are traditionally worn by Somali women?
Answer: necklaces
Question: What type of jewelry do Somali women wear at their weddings?
Answer: gold
Question: Who devised the Somali flag?
Answer: Mohammed Awale Liban
Question: What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession?
Answer: scholar
Question: What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?
Answer: Star of Unity
Question: How many points does the Star of Unity have?
Answer: five
Question: What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?
Answer: all food is served halal
Question: What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?
Answer: pork
Question: What beverage is not halal?
Answer: alcohol
Question: Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?
Answer: blood
Question: What is bariis in English?
Answer: rice
Question: What is the most popular variety of bariis?
Answer: basmati
Question: When is the latest a Somali might eat dinner during Ramadan?
Answer: 11 pm
Question: After what event during Ramadan is dinner served?
Answer: Tarawih prayers
Question: Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?
Answer: Eid celebrations
Question: What do the Somalis call frankincense?
Answer: lubaan
Question: What is the English word for cunnsi?
Answer: incense
Question: What do the Somalis call incense burners?
Answer: dabqaad
Question: When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?
Answer: 1972
Question: Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?
Answer: Nuruddin Farah
Question: In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?
Answer: 1998
Question: Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?
Answer: Farah Mohamed Jama Awl
Question: Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?
Answer: Nadifa Mohamed
Question: In what region did the Xeer system develop?
Answer: the Horn of Africa
Question: What fact about Somali legal terms implies that Xeer developed locally?
Answer: devoid of loan words
Question: What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?
Answer: jurists
Question: What does the Xeer system call attorneys?
Answer: garxajiyaal
Question: By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system?
Answer: murkhaatiyal
Question: What does the Xeer system call cops?
Answer: waranle
Question: Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?
Answer: Western designs
Question: Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?
Answer: medieval
Question: What material was used to make Somali cities?
Answer: stone
Question: What were taalo used for?
Answer: burial
Question: What were ancient Somali houses made out of?
Answer: dressed stone
Question: Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country?
Answer: Egypt
Question: What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia?
Answer: the Wargaade Wall
Question: Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?
Answer: Persia
Question: In the medieval period, what buildings were notably built atop older ruins?
Answer: mosques
Question: Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?
Answer: limestone
Question: Before Islam was introduced, what was a common building material in Somalia?
Answer: drystone
Question: What is the academic study of the Somali people called?
Answer: Somali Studies
Question: Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?
Answer: anthropology
Question: Along with chronicles and records, what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies?
Answer: oral literature
Question: What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars?
Answer: the International Congress of Somali Studies
Question: When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin?
Answer: 1980
Question: What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?
Answer: 15th
Question: What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?
Answer: the collapse of the Western Roman Empire
Question: Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?
Answer: Age of Discovery
Question: What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?
Answer: Antiquity
Question: Along with the movement of peoples, invasion and depopulation, what event started in Late Antiquity and continued into the Middle Ages?
Answer: deurbanisation
Question: In what state did barbarian invaders establish kingdoms?
Answer: the Western Roman Empire
Question: What empire was North Africa previously a part of?
Answer: the Eastern Roman Empire
Question: In what century did the Caliphate conquer North Africa?
Answer: 7th
Question: In what year did Italians discover the Code of Justinian?
Answer: 1070
Question: What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?
Answer: the Medieval Warm Period
Question: What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?
Answer: Manorialism
Question: What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?
Answer: feudalism
Question: In what year did the Crusades begin?
Answer: 1095
Question: In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?
Answer: Late
Question: What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?
Answer: a third
Question: What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: the early modern period
Question: Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: heresy
Question: Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history?
Answer: the Modern Period
Question: How many major periods is European history divided into?
Answer: three
Question: What is another name for Antiquity?
Answer: classical civilisation
Question: Along with the Six Ages, what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history?
Answer: Four Empires
Question: What writer referred to the Christian period as new?
Answer: Petrarch
Question: Who wrote the History of the Florentine People?
Answer: Leonardo Bruni
Question: When was the History of the Florentine People published?
Answer: 1442
Question: Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?
Answer: Christoph Cellarius
Question: Who was the first writer to date the Middle Ages from 476?
Answer: Bruni
Question: When is the Middle Ages generally considered to have ended?
Answer: 1500
Question: In what year did the Turks conquer Constantinople?
Answer: 1453
Question: When did Ferdinand II die?
Answer: 1516
Question: In what century did the Roman Empire achieve its greatest extent?
Answer: the 2nd century AD
Question: In what century did the revival of Persia occur under the Sassanids?
Answer: 3rd century
Question: How much did the size of the Roman army increase in the 3rd century?
Answer: doubled
Question: What did the need for increased revenue to pay for the Roman army lead to an increase in?
Answer: taxes
Question: What is another term for the Roman landowning class?
Answer: curial
Question: When was the Roman Empire split into western and eastern administrative divisions?
Answer: 286
Question: What was the name of the city previously located on the site of Constantinople?
Answer: Byzantium
Question: During what century was the Roman conversion to Christianity considered complete?
Answer: 5th
Question: When did the rule of Constantine end?
Answer: 337
Question: In what year did the Ostrogoths settle in the Roman Empire?
Answer: 376
Question: Who invited the Ostrogoths to settle in the Roman Empire?
Answer: Valens
Question: In what province did the Ostrogoths settle?
Answer: Thracia
Question: At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed?
Answer: the Battle of Adrianople
Question: When did the Battle of Adrianople occur?
Answer: 9 August 378
Question: When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end?
Answer: 476
Question: What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Question: What Eastern Roman Emperor reconquered Italy?
Answer: Justinian
Question: When did Justinian's reign end?
Answer: 565
Question: What year saw the death of Gundobad?
Answer: 516
Question: What notable Roman figure died in 408?
Answer: Stilicho
Question: The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?
Answer: tax revenue
Question: Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?
Answer: land or rents
Question: In what century did the Ostrogoths arrive in Italy?
Answer: 5th
Question: What Ostrogothic leader led his people into Italy?
Answer: Theoderic
Question: Who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in 436?
Answer: the Huns
Question: In what part of Europe did the Burgundians settle?
Answer: Gaul
Question: Who was the first notable king of the Franks?
Answer: Childeric
Question: People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?
Answer: Slavic
Question: In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?
Answer: north-east
Question: What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin?
Answer: Romance languages
Question: What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?
Answer: Greek
Question: What languages were spoken by the Slavs?
Answer: Slavonic
Question: In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end?
Answer: 7th
Question: In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies?
Answer: 5th
Question: Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place?
Answer: the Balkans
Question: What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code?
Answer: 438
Question: Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled?
Answer: Justinian
Question: Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?
Answer: Slavic tribes
Question: What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?
Answer: the Avars
Question: Near what river were the Avars originally based?
Answer: the Danube
Question: During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?
Answer: Heraclius
Question: In what year did the reign of Maurice end?
Answer: 602
Question: In what year did Jerome die?
Answer: 420
Question: In what century did Gregory of Tours live?
Answer: 6th
Question: Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century?
Answer: music
Question: When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris?
Answer: 489
Question: Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite?
Answer: jewels
Question: Along with loyalty and honor, what virtue did the elite value?
Answer: courage
Question: In what society did women have status as abbesses?
Answer: Anglo-Saxon
Question: In what country did Gregory of Tours live?
Answer: Merovingian Gaul
Question: What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?
Answer: military service
Question: In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?
Answer: 9th
Question: Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?
Answer: law codes
Question: What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?
Answer: archaeology
Question: About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?
Answer: 30,000
Question: What new use was found for Roman temples?
Answer: Christian churches
Question: What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?
Answer: Jews
Question: What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era?
Answer: Arab
Question: What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?
Answer: Zoroastrianism
Question: In what yer did Muhammad die?
Answer: 632
Question: In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria?
Answer: 634–635
Question: In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa?
Answer: 7th
Question: In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?
Answer: 732
Question: What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?
Answer: Abbasid
Question: What was the capital of the Abbasid state?
Answer: Baghdad
Question: What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?
Answer: Tulunids
Question: What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?
Answer: the Franks
Question: Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century?
Answer: Rome
Question: What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century?
Answer: Muslim conquests
Question: What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era?
Answer: luxury goods
Question: Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?
Answer: silver
Question: What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?
Answer: penny
Question: What was another name for the denarius?
Answer: denier
Question: In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted?
Answer: Southern Europe
Question: What language did the western church use?
Answer: Latin
Question: When did the eastern and western churches split?
Answer: 1054
Question: Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?
Answer: papal supremacy
Question: What was the eastern church subsequently known as?
Answer: the Orthodox Church
Question: About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy?
Answer: 850
Question: In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence?
Answer: Britain
Question: When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain?
Answer: 597
Question: When did Columbanus die?
Answer: 615
Question: Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?
Answer: Pachomius
Question: Who composed the Benedictine Rule?
Answer: Benedict of Nursia
Question: From what part of England did Bede come?
Answer: northern
Question: What was the title of the leader of a monastery?
Answer: abbot
Question: Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom?
Answer: Burgundy
Question: What dynasty ruled Neustria?
Answer: Merovingian
Question: From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry?
Answer: Clovis
Question: What was the title of Pippin?
Answer: Mayor of the Palace
Question: What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers?
Answer: Charles Martel
Question: In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria?
Answer: 753
Question: Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia?
Answer: Pippin III
Question: When did Stephen II become pope?
Answer: 752
Question: Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin?
Answer: Carloman
Question: On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title?
Answer: Christmas Day 800
Question: Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?
Answer: peasants
Question: About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire?
Answer: 300
Question: In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live?
Answer: small farms
Question: Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade?
Answer: Scandinavia
Question: What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne?
Answer: Carolingian Renaissance
Question: Of what ethnicity was Alcuin?
Answer: English
Question: In what year did Alcuin die?
Answer: 804
Question: What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?
Answer: Medieval Latin
Question: Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813?
Answer: Louis the Pious
Question: How long did Louis the Pious reign?
Answer: 26 years
Question: When did the reign of Louis the Pious end?
Answer: 840
Question: Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious?
Answer: Lothair I
Question: Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious?
Answer: Louis the German
Question: How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last?
Answer: three
Question: Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom?
Answer: the Rhine and Rhone
Question: In what modern country were Louis the German's lands?
Answer: Germany
Question: In what modern country were Charles the Bald's lands?
Answer: France
Question: When did Louis the Child die?
Answer: 911
Question: Who was king of the Franks in 899?
Answer: Charles the Simple
Question: In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle?
Answer: Normandy
Question: What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld?
Answer: Magyar
Question: In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur?
Answer: 955
Question: What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin?
Answer: the Kingdom of Alba
Question: Of what dynasty was Otto I a member?
Answer: Ottonian dynasty
Question: What group did Otto I defeat?
Answer: Magyars
Question: In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor?
Answer: 962
Question: Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries?
Answer: Denmark
Question: Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?
Answer: 907
Question: Along with the kingdom of León, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period?
Answer: Asturias
Question: Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period?
Answer: Russia
Question: During what period did Constantine VII reign?
Answer: 913–959
Question: When did Basil I's rule begin?
Answer: 867
Question: During what century did John Geometres flourish?
Answer: 10th
Question: In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded?
Answer: 680
Question: In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?
Answer: the west end
Question: What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use?
Answer: the basilica
Question: What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?
Answer: transept
Question: How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave?
Answer: perpendicular
Question: What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?
Answer: cavalry
Question: What Scythian weapon was used during this era?
Answer: composite bow
Question: What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow?
Answer: Hunnic composite bow
Question: Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor?
Answer: mail
Question: Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common?
Answer: illuminated manuscripts
Question: What is a notable cross made during this era?
Answer: the Cross of Lothair
Question: Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire?
Answer: Nagyszentmiklós
Question: What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold?
Answer: Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram
Question: Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found?
Answer: Guarrazar
Question: The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era?
Answer: heavy cavalry
Question: What region raised a militia army called the fyrd?
Answer: Anglo-Saxon England
Question: What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages?
Answer: the crossbow
Question: Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period?
Answer: the stirrup
Question: Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages?
Answer: infantry
Question: What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347?
Answer: 80 million
Question: About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000?
Answer: 35
Question: During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants?
Answer: 90
Question: Along with manors, where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live?
Answer: villages
Question: What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands?
Answer: assarting
Question: In what centuries did fiefs become hereditary?
Answer: 11th and 12th
Question: In this period, who usually inherited fiefs?
Answer: the eldest son
Question: What were castles originally built out of?
Answer: wood
Question: What group constituted the lowest nobility?
Answer: Knights
Question: In what century were castles first built?
Answer: 9th
Question: What type of clergy were monks?
Answer: regular clergy
Question: What percentage of the European population consisted of monks?
Answer: less than one per cent
Question: What social class did many members of the regular clergy come from?
Answer: the nobility
Question: From what class were many parish priests?
Answer: the peasant class
Question: In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?
Answer: the 11th and 12th
Question: What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?
Answer: Christianity
Question: In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?
Answer: Eastern
Question: What was the religion of the Slavs?
Answer: pagan
Question: Along with gardening, animal husbandry and child-care, what work did medieval peasant women do?
Answer: taking care of the household
Question: Along with spinning, what income-producing work did peasant women engage in?
Answer: brewing
Question: What did peasant women do when it was time for the harvest?
Answer: help with field-work
Question: What role did women fill in the Church?
Answer: nuns
Question: Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?
Answer: Genoa
Question: Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?
Answer: Marco Polo
Question: What accounting method was utilized in this period?
Answer: double-entry bookkeeping
Question: In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?
Answer: Italy
Question: Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages?
Answer: Hungary
Question: Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary?
Answer: Árpád
Question: When did the papacy of Innocent III begin?
Answer: 1198
Question: Along with France and Spain, the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages?
Answer: England
Question: In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary?
Answer: 900
Question: What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024?
Answer: Salian
Question: When did Henry IV's reign begin?
Answer: 1084
Question: The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict?
Answer: Investiture Controversy
Question: What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa's grandson?
Answer: Frederick II
Question: Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?
Answer: William the Conqueror
Question: During what period did William reign over England?
Answer: 1066–87
Question: When did Robert Guiscard die?
Answer: 1085
Question: What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?
Answer: Kingdom of Sicily
Question: To what dynasty did Henry II belong?
Answer: Angevin
Question: What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims?
Answer: the Reconquista
Question: How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150?
Answer: five
Question: Along with León, Portugal, Aragon and Castile, what major Christian kingdom existed in Iberia around 1150?
Answer: Navarre
Question: What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031?
Answer: the Caliphate of Córdoba
Question: What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia in the 1170s?
Answer: the Almohad Caliphate
Question: During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia?
Answer: 1060s
Question: In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought?
Answer: 1071