huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manzikert?
Answer: Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV
Question: Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks?
Answer: the Fatimids of Egypt
Question: During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia?
Answer: 11th
Question: At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?
Answer: the Council of Clermont
Question: In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?
Answer: 1095
Question: What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade?
Answer: Alexios I Komnenos
Question: In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem?
Answer: 1099
Question: Who took Jerusalem in 1187?
Answer: Saladin
Question: In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?
Answer: 1203
Question: What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?
Answer: Latin Empire of Constantinople
Question: After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?
Answer: Cyprus
Question: Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?
Answer: southern France
Question: Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?
Answer: Marienburg
Question: What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades?
Answer: the Order of the Sword Brothers
Question: In what century did the Northern Crusades begin?
Answer: 12th
Question: What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades?
Answer: 14th
Question: What ancient philosopher was rediscovered, leading to a revival of philosophy?
Answer: Aristotle
Question: When did Peter Lombard die?
Answer: 1164
Question: What was the name of the school of thought that combined theology and philosophy?
Answer: scholasticism
Question: Who authored the Summa Theologica?
Answer: Thomas Aquinas
Question: What does chansons de geste mean in English?
Answer: songs of great deeds
Question: Along with The Song of Ronald, what is a notable chanson de geste?
Answer: The Song of Hildebrand
Question: Who wrote Historia Regum Britanniae?
Answer: Geoffrey of Monmouth
Question: What legendary figure was featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae?
Answer: Arthur
Question: Who was the subject of Gesta Friderici Imperatoris?
Answer: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
Question: What is another name for Roman law?
Answer: Secular law
Question: Where could one study Roman law in 1100?
Answer: Bologna
Question: In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered?
Answer: 11th
Question: Who wrote the Decretum?
Answer: Gratian
Question: What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author?
Answer: Almagest
Question: In what language was Almagest originally written?
Answer: Greek
Question: In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine?
Answer: Salerno
Question: Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century?
Answer: Latin
Question: Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries?
Answer: mechanical clocks
Question: What was invented in approximately 1286?
Answer: Concave spectacles
Question: Near what city were concave spectacles invented?
Answer: Pisa
Question: What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?
Answer: one half
Question: What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?
Answer: two-thirds
Question: What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow?
Answer: the horse collar
Question: What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils?
Answer: the heavy plough
Question: In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen?
Answer: faster
Question: Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?
Answer: houses
Question: What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?
Answer: mortise and tenon
Question: What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period?
Answer: rib and plank
Question: What type of rudder was introduced during this period?
Answer: stern-post
Question: What type of sails were first used during this era?
Answer: lateen
Question: In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder?
Answer: 13th
Question: Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304?
Answer: the English
Question: Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304?
Answer: the Scots
Question: In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used?
Answer: 1320s
Question: What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century?
Answer: The increasing use of crossbows
Question: What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?
Answer: arched stone vaults
Question: Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era?
Answer: C. R. Dodwell
Question: What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century?
Answer: the castle
Question: Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur?
Answer: 1000
Question: Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?
Answer: Nicholas of Verdun
Question: What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?
Answer: 1205
Question: On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?
Answer: west
Question: Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?
Answer: on the barrel-vaulted roof
Question: What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?
Answer: Gloucester Candlestick
Question: In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used?
Answer: 16th
Question: Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located?
Answer: Chartres
Question: What is a notable English Gothic cathedral?
Answer: Salisbury Cathedral
Question: Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?
Answer: French
Question: Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?
Answer: Janetta Benton
Question: What form of art had the most prestige in this era?
Answer: Metalwork
Question: When did Giotto die?
Answer: 1337
Question: What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period?
Answer: ivory
Question: Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period?
Answer: Cimabue
Question: In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?
Answer: 909
Question: In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?
Answer: Mâcon
Question: Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?
Answer: austerity
Question: What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny?
Answer: Cluniac Reforms
Question: When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?
Answer: 1049
Question: What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?
Answer: Pope Gregory VII
Question: In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?
Answer: 1122
Question: What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?
Answer: German princes
Question: What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?
Answer: Cistercians
Question: When did Bernard of Clairvaux die?
Answer: 1153
Question: Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era?
Answer: Monte Gargano
Question: Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages?
Answer: Compostela
Question: Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages?
Answer: Carthusians
Question: Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century?
Answer: Franciscans
Question: What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders?
Answer: poverty
Question: How did the mendicant orders make a living?
Answer: begging
Question: What was the crusade against the Cathars called?
Answer: the Albigensian Crusade
Question: Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period?
Answer: the Waldensians
Question: In what years did the Great Famine occur?
Answer: 1315–17
Question: What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures?
Answer: the Little Ice Age
Question: What period preceded the Little Ice Age?
Answer: the Medieval Warm Period
Question: Along with 1317–21, what span saw extreme rains in Europe?
Answer: 1313–14
Question: In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease?
Answer: 14th
Question: How many million people died from the Black Death?
Answer: 35
Question: What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?
Answer: the jacquerie
Question: What English popular revolt took place during this period?
Answer: the Peasants' Revolt
Question: What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?
Answer: Florence
Question: By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?
Answer: 50
Question: At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?
Answer: 90
Question: In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period?
Answer: Eastern
Question: Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period?
Answer: cash rents
Question: What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period?
Answer: chivalry
Question: What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?
Answer: 1306
Question: Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to?
Answer: Poland
Question: In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain?
Answer: 1492
Question: Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to?
Answer: Holland
Question: Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?
Answer: Portugal
Question: Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?
Answer: Paying for the wars
Question: What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation?
Answer: Parliament
Question: What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?
Answer: Estates General
Question: What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?
Answer: the peasantry
Question: What was the nickname of Edward III's son Edward?
Answer: the Black Prince
Question: When did the reign of Edward III begin?
Answer: 1327
Question: Along with Poitiers, what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III's England over the French?
Answer: Crécy
Question: What decade saw the victories of Joan of Arc?
Answer: 1420s
Question: Along with Poland and Hungary, what Eastern European state grew in power?
Answer: Bohemia
Question: During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion?
Answer: 15th
Question: What nation lost the Hundred Years' War?
Answer: England
Question: What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor?
Answer: Henry VII
Question: Along with Denmark and Sweden, what country was part of the Union of Kalmar?
Answer: Norway
Question: Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261?
Answer: Palaeologi
Question: Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands?
Answer: Venice
Question: What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia?
Answer: Ottomans
Question: In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans?
Answer: 1366
Question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo?
Answer: Serbia
Question: During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?
Answer: 1305–78
Question: What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?
Answer: Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
Question: When did the Great Schism end?
Answer: 1418
Question: How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?
Answer: two
Question: Who was made pope in 1417?
Answer: Martin V
Question: In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?
Answer: 1415
Question: Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?
Answer: the laity
Question: What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?
Answer: Hussitism
Question: How did Jan Hus die?
Answer: burned at the stake
Question: In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass?
Answer: the clergy
Question: When did Thomas à Kempis die?
Answer: 1471
Question: In what year did the Church condemn witches?
Answer: 1484
Question: In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published?
Answer: 1486
Question: What was the Malleus Maleficarum?
Answer: handbook for witch-hunters
Question: What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?
Answer: scholasticism
Question: Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by?
Answer: customary law
Question: What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law?
Answer: England
Question: Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages?
Answer: Lithuania
Question: What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus?
Answer: universals
Question: Along with rhetoric and logic, what constituted the trivium?
Answer: grammar
Question: About what percentage of European men were literate in 1500?
Answer: ten
Question: In 1500, approximately what percent of European women could read?
Answer: one
Question: Along with their family, who typically taught a child letters and numbers?
Answer: a village priest
Question: Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century?
Answer: Petrarch
Question: When did Chaucer die?
Answer: 1400
Question: Who was a notable female French author of this period?
Answer: Christine de Pizan
Question: In what language was most religious literature of this period written?
Answer: Latin
Question: Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period?
Answer: Meister Eckhart
Question: Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?
Answer: Portugal
Question: What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?
Answer: Prince Henry the Navigator
Question: What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?
Answer: Vasco da Gama
Question: What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?
Answer: the Americas
Question: What English monarch financed John Cabot?
Answer: Henry VII
Question: Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: infantry
Question: What troops were uniquely successful in English service?
Answer: longbowmen
Question: What influenced the increasing development of armor?
Answer: the increasing power of crossbows
Question: What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry?
Answer: pikes
Question: Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against?
Answer: hand-held guns
Question: What invention replaced laces on clothing?
Answer: buttons
Question: What new type of windmill was invented in this period?
Answer: the tower mill
Question: In what country did the blast furnace first appear?
Answer: Sweden
Question: Where did patent law originate?
Answer: Venice
Question: What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style?
Answer: the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
Question: Along with the Trecento, what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: Early Renaissance
Question: Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery?
Answer: Mudéjar potters
Question: What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate?
Answer: the Royal Gold Cup
Question: Along with being carved, how were altarpieces often decorated in this period?
Answer: Painted
Question: When did Rogier van der Weyden die?
Answer: 1464
Question: Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck?
Answer: Netherlandish
Question: What does incunabula refer to?
Answer: works printed before 1500
Question: Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged?
Answer: Enlightenment
Question: What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to?
Answer: the Classical world
Question: How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages?
Answer: as a time of ignorance and superstition
Question: What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason?
Answer: faith
Question: Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church?
Answer: David Lindberg
Question: According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century?
Answer: 18th
Question: During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat?
Answer: 19th
Question: Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade?
Answer: dissections
Question: According to a misconception, what did the rise of Christianity destroy?
Answer: ancient science
Question: According to another misconception, what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to?
Answer: natural philosophy
Question: Along with Lindberg, who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages?
Answer: Ronald Numbers
Question: What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology? 
Answer: phonemes
Question: The study of sign language is a part of what?
Answer: Phonology
Question: What is articulator a branch of?
Question: What kind of systems are the traditional focus of linguistics?
Question: What is the study of branches a part of?
Question: What is a branch of levels?
Question: What kind of systems did branches focus on?
Question: What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?
Answer: the phonological system
Question: What is another term for phonological system?
Answer: sound system
Question: Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language?
Answer: vocabulary
Question: What sort of language system is phonology?
Answer: fundamental
Question: What part of a language can vocabulary as a word also refer to?
Question: What is another term for vocabulary?
Question: Aside from syntax and the phonological system what else comprises words?
Question: What sort of language system is vocabulary?
Question: What is an example of vocabulary?
Question: What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of?
Answer: descriptive
Question: Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline?
Answer: linguistics
Question: When was the phonome's modern concept developed?
Answer: mid 20th century
Question: What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics? 
Answer: speech perception
Question: What branch of linguistics is laboratory distinguished from?
Question: What kind of linguistics is laboratory considered to be a part of?
Question: Laboratory is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline?
Question: When was the laboratory's modern concept developed?
Question: What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with laboratory?
Question: What Greek word is -logy derived from?
Answer: lógos
Question: Who in 1939 defined phonology?
Answer: Nikolai Trubetzkoy
Question: A distinction was drawn between language and what?
Answer: speech
Question: When did Lass write about phonology?
Answer: 1998
Question: What language does speech as a word come from?
Question: What Greek word is speech derived from?
Question: Who in 1939 defined speech?
Question: A distinction was drawn between phonology and what?
Question: When did Lass write about speech?
Question: What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar?
Answer: Ashtadhyayi
Question: Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi?
Answer: Pāṇini
Question: During what time period did Panini do his work?
Answer: 4th century BC
Question: What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi?
Answer: the Shiva Sutras
Question: What type of grammar were phenomes first a part of?
Question: What is the name of ancient phenome grammar?
Question: Who first composed the Sanskrit language?
Question: During what time period did the Sanskrit language begin?
Question: What other text was related to morphology?
Question: Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student?
Answer: Mikołaj Kruszewski
Question: What nationality was de Courtenay?
Answer: Polish
Question: What was de Courtenay's profession?
Answer: scholar
Question: Who was influenced by  Jan Baudouin de Courtenay?
Answer: Ferdinand de Saussure
Question: When was allophony as a concept introduced?
Question: Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's father?
Question: What nationality was Kruszewski?
Question: What was Kruszewski's profession?
Question: Who was influenced by Mikolaj Kruszewski?
Question: What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication?
Answer: Principles of Phonology
Question: When was Principles of Phonology published?
Answer: 1939
Question: What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded?
Answer: morphophonology
Question: What school was Trubetzkoy a member of?
Answer: the Prague school.
Question: What was Trubetzkoy's title?
Answer: Prince
Question: What was Baudouin de Courtenay's publication?
Question: When was Principles of Phonology made into a movie?
Question: What is de Courtenay considered to have founded?
Question: What school was de Courtenay a member of?
Question: What was de Courtenay's title?
Question: Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English?
Answer: Morris Halle
Question: Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory?
Answer: emphasis on segments
Question: What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists?
Answer: morphophonology
Question: When were expansion rules published?
Question: Other than Chornsky who else published expansion rules?
Question: Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on expansion rules?
Question: What other discipline was combined with expansion by the generativists?
Question: What are from a universally important syllable?
Question: According to Stampe what is phonology based on?
Answer: a set of universal phonological processes
Question: Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in?
Answer: suppressed
Question: Who is the number two natural phonologist?  
Answer: Patricia Donegan
Question: Who was the founder of natural morphology?
Answer: Wolfgang U. Dressler
Question: Whose publications started the theory of universal input?
Question: According to Stampe what is universal input based on?
Question: Aside from being active what other condition can the natural morphology exist in?
Question: Who is the number two universal processor?
Question: Who was the founder of active utterance?
Question: When did John Goldsmith share his work?
Answer: 1976
Question: What did Autosegmental phonology morph into?
Answer: feature geometry
Question: Who founded operating tiers?
Question: When did John Goldsmith publish his work?
Question: What did operating tiers morph into?
Question: What are no longer seen as operating on lexical phonology?
Question: What became the standard theory of phenomes?
Question: Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology?
Answer: Government
Question: What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?
Answer: restricted variation
Question: When were government principles first seen?
Question: Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of conflict?
Question: What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to government conflict?
Question: What vary according to their selection of government?
Question: What is true of all languages' field parameters?
Question: Where was optimality theory created?
Answer: LSA summer institute
Question: Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology?
Answer: John McCarthy
Question: Who were prominent critics of optimality theory?
Answer: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss
Question: When did Prince and Smolensky develop pronunciation?
Question: Where was dominant theory created?
Question: Aside from Alan Prince who brought dominant theory to morphology?
Question: Who were prominent critics of dominant theory?
Question: Who are proponents of dominant phonology?
Question: Where is government phonology popular?
Answer: the United Kingdom,
Question: What theory is seen more in the US?
Answer: optimality theory
Question: What followed government optimality?
Question: Where is descendant phonology popular?
Question: What government idea is seen more in the UK?
Question: What has a greater following in France?
Question: What began in the United States?
Question: What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology?
Answer: synchronic and diachronic accounts
Question: When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being?
Answer: recent years.
Question: What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take?
Answer: integrated
Question: What is recent diachronic an integrated approach to?
Question: What is combined to sound patterns by recent patterns?
Question: When did  diachronic come into being?
Question: What sort of approach did recent diachronic take?
Question: What was initiated with sound accounts?
Question: What is another word for variations?
Answer: allophones
Question: What is the opposite of aspirated?
Answer: unaspirated
Question: What are the minimal pairs called that minimal phonology studies?
Question: What is another word for phoneme?
Question: What is the opposite of phoneme?
Question: In what languages are there minimal pairs of words for which allophones are the only contrasting feature?
Question: Which speakers treat both sounds as aspirations?
Question: What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes?
Answer: phonological
Question: Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language?
Answer: sound inventory
Question: What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? 
Answer: native
Question: What type of language study involves trying to deduce transcriptions?
Question: Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phnological study of a language tray to find out about minimal pairs?
Question: What kind of transcription data does studying a language phonologically involve examining?
Question: What is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two languages should be assigned to the same phoneme?
Question: What does part of the assigned transcription of a language involve?
Question: With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?
Answer: contrasts
Question: In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English?
Answer: the same phoneme
Question: What kind of linguistics describes how factors of phenomes change in history?
Question: With the passage of phenomes what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?
Question: In the past sounds that now belong to separate phenomes were allophones of what kind  of change in English?
Question: What cannot change over time?
Question: Where is historical change of time described?
Question: How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?
Answer: complicate
Question: How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words?
Answer: unrecognizable
Question: What does splicing words affect?
Answer: speech perception
Question: How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional spliced words?
Question: How does interchanging phenomes of the same allophone render words?
Question: What does splicing phenomes affect?
Question: What can result in recognizable words?
Question: What complicates the traditional ideas of phonemes being perceived as the same allophones?
Question: What part of a human does language processing?
Answer: brain
Question: The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists?
Answer: allophones
Question: What are assigned to phonemes by different languages?
Question: What part of a human does allophone processing?
Question: The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between phenomes?
Question: Who takes different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to allophones?
Question: Who differs in the extent to which they requires phonemes to be phonetically similar?
Question: When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts?
Answer: early 1960s
Question: On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units?
Answer: abstract
Question: What is a name for the basic morpheme unit?
Answer: morphophonemes
Question: What is the act of analyzing morphophones called?
Answer: morphophonology
Question: What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind?
Answer: theoretical
Question: When did theoretical linguists turn away traditioinal analysis concepts?
Question: On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic approaches?
Question: What is a name for the basic phoneme unit?
Question: What kind of linguists are leaving the old phonemes behind?
Question: When did theoretical linguists move away from the traditional concept of a morpheme?
Question: Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology?
Answer: how sounds alternate
Question: The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline?
Answer: phonology
Question: What do allomorphs differentiate?
Question: Aside from phonemes what is studies by geometry?
Question: The study of accent structure is part of what discipline?
Question: What studies how geometry alternates?
Question: What is another name for syllable?
Question: Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes?
Answer: feeding
Question: Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline?
Answer: Phonology
Question: Stress and intonation are studied under what topic?
Answer: prosody
Question: Under what topic is phonological alternation studied?
Question: Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how suprasegmentals change?
Question: Phonotactics, phonological alternation and stress are topics contained in what discipline?
Question: Stress and rules are studied under what topic?
Question: What includes topics such as sound rules?
Question: Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be?
Answer: general analytical tools
Question: What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to?
Answer: sign languages
Question: What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from?
Answer: modality
Question: In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds?
Answer: sub-lexical units
Question: Instead of being language specific what kind of tool is sign language designed to be?
Question: What other types of language have the speech sound principles been applied to
Question: What are the principles of sign language able to be applied separately from?
Question: In sign laguages what are not represented as instances of analytical tools?
Question: What can be applied depending on modality?
Question: What are the devices called that are from an external source?
Answer: Peripheral devices
Question: What are two things that a computer always has?
Answer: (CPU), and some form of memory
Question: During what war were computers first used for military applications?
Answer: World War II,
Question: In computer terms, what does PC stand for?
Answer: personal computers
Question: During what war were the first digital computers invented?
Answer: World War II
Question: Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers?
Answer: integrated circuits
Question: How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers?
Answer: millions to billions of times
Question: When was the first known use of the word "computer"?
Answer: 1613
Question: In which book, was the term "computer" first used?
Answer: The Yong Mans Gleanings
Question: Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?
Answer: Richard Braithwait
Question: From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today?
Answer: 19th century
Question: Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what?
Answer: (clay spheres, cones, etc.)
Question: When was the Roman abacus first used?
Answer: 2400 BC
Question: Where was the Roman abacus first used?
Answer: Babylonia
Question: In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money?
Answer: a checkered cloth
Question: A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what?
Answer: sums of money
Question: What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer?
Answer: The Antikythera mechanism
Question: The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom?
Answer: Derek J. de Solla Price.
Question: When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered?
Answer: 1901
Question: Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901?
Answer: Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera
Question: Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between?
Answer: Kythera and Crete
Question: Who invented the planisphere?
Answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Question: Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?
Answer: Hipparchus
Question: The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history?
Answer: the planisphere and dioptra
Question: The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when?
Answer: 1235
Question: The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where?
Answer: Persia
Question: The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century?
Answer: 16th century
Question: What is the slide rule used for?
Answer: doing multiplication and division.
Question: What industry are slide rules still used today?
Answer: Aviation
Question: What was the profession of Pierre Jaquet-Droz?
Answer: a Swiss watchmaker
Question: When did Pierre Jaquet-Droz build a mechanical doll that could hold a pen?
Answer: In the 1770s
Question: Where is the doll Pierre Jaquet-Droz built today?
Answer: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire
Question: Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located?
Answer: Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Question: When was the tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson invented?
Answer: 1872
Question: Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872?
Answer: Sir William Thomson
Question: What did Sir William Thomson's tide-predicting machine use to function?
Answer: system of pulleys and wires
Question: In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers?
Answer: Lord Kelvin
Question: During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed?
Answer: 1920s
Question: In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers?
Answer: Vannevar Bush
Question: Who is considered the "father of the computer"?
Answer: Charles Babbage
Question: During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage?
Answer: early 19th century
Question: What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible?
Answer: 1833
Question: Who created a simple version of the analytical engine's computing unit?
Answer: Henry Babbage
Question: When was the mill created by Henry Babbage?
Answer: 1888
Question: When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given?
Answer: 1906
Question: Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine?
Answer: Sir William Thomson
Question: When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created?
Answer: 1872
Question: Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876?
Answer: James Thomson
Question: James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure?
Answer: Lord Kelvin
Question: Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen?
Answer: MIT
Question: The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year?
Answer: 1927
Question: The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom?
Answer: H. W. Nieman
Question: Analog computers remain in use in what industries?
Answer: education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule).
Question: Who wrote the paper "On Computable Numbers"?
Answer: Alan Turing
Question: When did Alan Turing write the paper, "On Computable Numbers"?
Answer: 1936
Question: Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931?
Answer: Kurt Gödel
Question: What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine?
Answer: the United States Navy
Question: When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine?
Answer: 1938
Question: What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target?
Answer: trigonometry
Question: Who created the relay computer, the Z2?
Answer: Konrad Zuse
Question: When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2?
Answer: 1939
Question: What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers?
Answer: The Z2
Question: Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality?
Answer: German
Question: When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer?
Answer: 1941
Question: What was the first automatic, digital, programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse?
Answer: the Z3
Question: How many relays did the Z3 contain?
Answer: 2000
Question: What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency?
Answer: about 5–10 Hz
Question: How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3?
Answer: 64
Question: Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s?
Answer: Post Office Research Station
Question: In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s?
Answer: London
Question: The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year?
Answer: 1942
Question: How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use?
Answer: about 300
Question: At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work?
Answer: Iowa State University
Question: When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park?
Answer: 18 January 1944
Question: Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II?
Answer: , the British
Question: Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II?
Answer: Bletchley Park
Question: What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world?
Answer: Colossus
Question: How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain?
Answer: 1500 thermionic valves (tubes)
Question: How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain?
Answer: 2400
Question: The US-buils ENIAC stands for what?
Answer: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Question: What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States?
Answer: ENIAC
Question: What was the limit of its high speed memory?
Answer: ENIAC
Question: ENIAC was constructed by whom?
Answer: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
Question: Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC?
Answer: University of Pennsylvania
Question: When was ENIAC fully operational?
Answer: 1945
Question: The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom?
Answer: Alan Turing
Question: When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer?
Answer: 1936
Question: When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory?
Answer: 1945
Question: The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when?
Answer: 1945.
Question: Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?
Answer: University of Pennsylvania
Question: What was the first stored-program computer in the world?
Answer: The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine
Question: Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built?
Answer: Victoria University of Manchester
Question: Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?
Answer: Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill
Question: When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program?
Answer: 21 June 1948
Question: What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1?
Answer: The Mark 1
Question: What was the first available computer for the public?
Answer: Ferranti Mark 1
Question: When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built?
Answer: 1951
Question: Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed?
Answer: University of Manchester
Question: When was the LEO 1 computer first operational?
Answer: April 1951
Question: When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers?
Answer: 1955
Question: At the University of Manchester, who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves?
Answer: Tom Kilburn
Question: The first transistorised computer was operational in what year?
Answer: 1953
Question: What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms?
Answer: valves
Question: Who built the Harwell CADET?
Answer: electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell
Question: In what year was the Harwell CADET built?
Answer: 1955
Question: The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom?
Answer: Geoffrey W.A. Dummer
Question: Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at?
Answer: Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence
Question: Where created the first practical integrated circuits?
Answer: Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.
Question: Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?
Answer: Texas Instruments
Question: When was the first functional IC demonstrated?
Answer: 12 September 1958.
Question: What was Kilby's IC made of?
Answer: germanium
Question: Noyce's IC was made up of what material?
Answer: silicon
Question: What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor?
Answer: Intel 4004
Question: Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor?
Answer: Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor
Question: Where did Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor work at?
Answer: Intel.
Question: How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?
Answer: 237 million devices
Question: Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?
Answer: (gigaflops)
Question: When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what?
Answer: the flow of control
Question: What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening?
Answer: the flow of control
Question: A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what?
Answer: the Harvard architecture
Question: A computer's assembly language is known as what?
Answer: basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function
Question: Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what?
Answer: an assembler.
Question: Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what?
Answer: machine language
Question: Programming languages are translated into machine code by what?
Answer: a compiler or an assembler
Question: Programming languages are translated at run time by what?
Answer: an interpreter
Question: An ARM architecture computer can be found in what?
Answer: a PDA or a hand-held videogame
Question: Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer?
Answer: a compiler
Question: What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language?
Answer: provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer
Question: Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what?
Answer: programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design
Question: Who first coined the term "bugs"?
Answer: Admiral Grace Hopper
Question: What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer?
Answer: moth
Question: What type of computer of Grace Hopper's was shorted by a moth?
Answer: Harvard Mark II
Question: When was Grace Hopper's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth?
Answer: September 1947
Question: Input and output devices are known as what term?
Answer: I/O
Question: Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer?
Answer: the control unit, the memory
Question: A circuit in a computer part represents what?
Answer: a bit (binary digit) of information
Question: In positive logic representation a "1" represents when a circuit is what?
Answer: on
Question: In positive logic representation a "0" represents when a circuit is what?
Answer: off
Question: What are other names for a control unit for a computer?
Answer: a control system or central controller)
Question: Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what?
Answer: (decodes
Question: A register of a CPU keeps track of what?
Answer: which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from
Question: What is a component that all CPUs have?
Answer: the program counter
Question: Instructions that change the program counter are called what?
Answer: "jumps"
Question: Loops are defined as what?
Answer: instructions that are repeated by the computer)
Question: A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component?
Answer: CPU
Question: What 3 parts make up the CPU?
Answer: The control unit, ALU, and registers
Question: CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?
Answer: a microprocessor
Question: Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor?
Answer: mid-1970s
Question: The term for whole numbers is what?
Answer: (integers
Question: How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?
Answer: a single number
Question: What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?
Answer: the software's
Question: How many numbers can a byte represent?
Answer: 256 different numbers
Question: What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?
Answer: 0 to 255 or −128 to +127
Question: What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?
Answer: two and one hundred registers
Question: What type of memory can a CPU read and write from?
Answer: RAM
Question: What type of memory is always kept and kept the same?
Answer: ROM
Question: A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what?
Answer: the BIOS
Question: Software stored in ROM is called what usually?
Answer: firmware,
Question: Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?
Answer: peripherals
Question: A mouse is what type of peripheral device?
Answer: input
Question: A printer is what type of peripheral device?
Answer: output
Question: Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?
Answer: input and output
Question: A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?
Answer: input
Question: In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?
Answer: multitasking
Question: A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?
Answer: "time-sharing"
Question: A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?
Answer: an interrupt,
Question: Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?
Answer: more slowly,
Question: What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?
Answer: input/output devices
Question: Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?
Answer: CPUs
Question: What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?
Answer: Supercomputers
Question: What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?
Answer: SAGE system
Question: When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?
Answer: the 1950s
Question: ARPA is now known as what?
Answer: DARPA)
Question: Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?
Answer: ARPA
Question: The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?
Answer: The Church–Turing thesis
Question: Transistors are typically made up of what today?
Answer: photolithographed semiconductors
Question: A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?
Answer: billiard ball computer)
Question: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?
Answer: quantum factoring
Question: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?
Answer: Software
Question: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?
Answer: firmware
Question: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?
Answer: software
Question: What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?
Answer: BIOS set up
Question: Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?
Answer: output devices
Question: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?
Answer: communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,
Question: What is "black people" a term for?
Answer: racial classification or of ethnicity