huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?
Answer: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance
Question: When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?
Answer: July 23, 1996
Question: What does ATSC stand for?
Answer: Advanced Television Systems Committee
Question: When was SDTV introduced in the US?
Question:  Who made SDTV official in 1993?
Question:  AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 50's?
Question:  When did the last public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?
Question:  What does STSC stand for?
Question: When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?
Answer: 1990
Question: What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?
Answer: FIFA World Cup
Question: When did Europe abandon standard transmission?
Answer: mid-1990s
Question: Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?
Answer: 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain
Question: When did the first SDTV transmissions happen in Europe?
Question:  When did Europe not abandon standard transmission?
Question:  Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in SDTV?
Question: What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?
Answer: Vienna New Year's Concert
Question: The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?
Answer: HD1
Question: When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?
Answer: September 2003
Question: Which European company launched HD1?
Answer: Euro1080
Question: When did non-regular broadcasts start in Europe?
Question:  What event was first broadcasted on March 1, 2004?
Question:  The New Year's Day broadcast officially did not launch which channel?
Question:  When did test transmissions of SDTV begin in Europe?
Question: Which European company launched SD1?
Question: Euro1080 was a division of what former company?
Answer: Alfacam
Question: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?
Answer: "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..."
Question: What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?
Answer: HDTV interest in Europe
Question: How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?
Answer: free-to-air
Question: What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?
Answer: a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule
Question: Euro180 was a division of what former company?
Question: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Asia1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?
Question: What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting SDTV channels?
Question:  How much did viewers have to pay for the SD1 channel?
Question:  What was on SD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?
Question: What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
Answer: 1080i format
Question: What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
Answer: MPEG-2
Question: What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?
Answer: DVB-S
Question: What compression did Euro1080 later change to?
Answer: MPEG-4/AVC
Question: What signal did Euro1080 later change to?
Answer: DVB-S2
Question: What format did the first European SDTV broadcast use?
Question:  What compression did the first Asian HDTV broadcast use?
Question:  What signal did the first European SDTV broadcast use?
Question:  What compression did Euro1180 later change to?
Question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?
Answer: 185 million
Question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts? 
Answer: 20 million
Question: How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?
Answer: £60 million
Question: What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?
Answer: 27%
Question: The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?
Answer: risen steadily
Question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many SD capable TV's were sold in Europe?
Question:  According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching SD broadcasts?
Question: How many pounds were spent in Europe on SD capable TVs in 2010?
Question: What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching SD broadcasts in 2010?
Question: The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first SDTV broadcasts?
Question: Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?
Answer: the United Kingdom
Question: When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?
Answer: December 2009
Question: What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?
Answer: DVB-T2
Question: What does DTG stand for?
Answer: Digital TV Group
Question: Which European country first deployed SD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?
Question: When did the UK deploy SD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?
Question: What transmission standard did the US start using in December 2009?
Question:  What does DTD stand for?
Question: How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?
Answer: 10
Question: When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?
Answer: October 2012
Question: Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?
Answer: Freeview HD
Question: How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?
Answer: region by region
Question: How many SD channels did the Freeview SD service contain as of December 2013?
Question:  When was the digital switchover process completed in the US?
Question: Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2022?
Question: How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the US?
Question: What are the three HDTV parameters?
Answer: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate]
Question: Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context?
Answer: frame size or frame rate
Question: When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped?
Answer: if its value is implied from context
Question: When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?
Answer: the scanning system
Question: What are the three SDTV parameters?
Question: Which two parameters can't be dropped if its value is implied from context?
Question: When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be not dropped?
Question: When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified last, followed by what?
Question: What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame?
Answer: 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high
Question: The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
Answer: 25
Question: The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
Answer: 25
Question: The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
Answer: 30
Question: The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?
Answer: 60
Question: What size is each 120x180p25 frame?
Question: The 580i25 or 1380i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
Question: The 1030i25 or 1480i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?
Question: The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per minute?
Question: The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per minute?
Question: What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support?
Answer: 50i, 25p and 50p
Question: Which system suports 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p
Answer: 60 Hz
Question: SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what?
Answer: whole numbers
Question: Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what?
Answer: ambiguity
Question: What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product?
Answer: the frame rate
Question: What does 24p mean?
Answer: 24 progressive scan frames per second
Question: What does 50i mean?
Answer: 25 interlaced frames per second
Question: When naming a commercial HDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what?
Answer: a resolution
Question: What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an SDTV product?
Question:  What does 54p mean?
Question:  What does 10i mean?
Question: When naming a commercial SDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what?
Question: Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space?
Answer: YUV
Question: Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what?
Answer: a RGB color space
Question: When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what?
Answer: 8-bit RGB channels
Question: What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?
Answer: it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen
Question: Is there a single standard for SDTV color support?
Question: Before being converted to RGB, colors are not usually broadcasted using what color space?
Question: Colors are typically broadcast using UUV and then converted to what?
Question: When transmitted over the internet,  black and white are typically to what?
Question: What assumption is made with colors being transmitted not over the internet?
Question: At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV?
Answer: twice
Question: HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what?
Answer: letterboxing or anamorphic stretching
Question: What does SDTV stand for?
Answer: standard-definition television
Question: HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching?
Answer: 16:9
Question: At least how many times more linear resolution does SDTV have?
Question:  HDTV increases the effective image resolution by using what?
Question:  What does HDTV stand for?
Question: SDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching?
Question: If more bandwith is required than is available, a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what?
Answer: fidelity
Question: The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high?
Answer: distort the received picture
Question: A very high resolution source may require more of what?
Answer: bandwidth
Question: If more bandwidth is required than is available, a very low resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what?
Question:  The compression used in all SDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high?
Question:  A very low resolution source may require more of what?
Question: A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?
Answer: the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics
Question: For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source? 
Answer: transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate
Question: For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what? 
Answer: those of the source
Question: The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?
Answer: The optimum format for a broadcast
Question:  A broadcasts optimum format depends on what three things?
Question: For best fidelity to the source, what five things should match the source?
Question: For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should not match what?
Question: The type of videographic recording medium didn't use and the image's characteristics determine what?
Question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?
Answer: analogue standard
Question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?
Answer: digital or high definition
Question: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
Answer: 25/50 Hz
Question: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
Answer: 30/60 Hz
Question: PEL, CAM, and ETSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?
Question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do apply to what broadcasts?
Question: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does SDTV operate at?
Question:  In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does SDTV operate at?
Question: At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected?
Answer: 24 frames per second
Question: To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film scanned?
Answer: 25 frame/s
Question: The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, is called what?
Answer: 3:2 Pulldown
Question: The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames?
Answer: 1/12 of a second
Question: What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames?
Answer: the correct average film frame rate
Question: At what rate is standard 50mm photographic film exposed and projected?
Question: To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film not scanned?
Question: The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, isn't called what?
Question:  The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for five frames?
Question: What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/15 of a second for two frames?
Question: What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?
Answer: 720p or 1080i
Question: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?
Answer: 720p
Question: Most computer monitors operate in what mode?
Answer: progressive-scan
Question: 1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc. 
Answer: Blu-ray
Question: What two formats are typically used to record cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?
Question: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of SD video?
Question: No computer monitors operate in what mode?
Question:  1080i, 1080p, and 720p are never used on what kind of disc.
Question: In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?
Answer: ATSC
Question: Laws regarding antennas were upated before what?
Answer: the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts
Question: Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas?
Answer: home owners' associations and city government
Question: Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what?
Answer: the installation of antennas
Question: Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner?
Answer: 2009
Question: In the UK, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?
Question:  Laws regarding antennas weren't updated before what?
Question: Who do these laws allow the installation of antennas?
Question: Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from allowing what?
Question: HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?
Answer: an external box
Question: Without using an external box, cable-ready TVs can display what?
Answer: HD content
Question: What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box?
Answer: a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD
Question: What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?
Answer: QAM
Question: What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?
Answer: CableCARD
Question: SD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?
Question:  Without using an internal box, cable-ready TVs can display what?
Question:  What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an internal box?
Question: What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an intenal box?
Question: What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?
Question: Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV are examples of what?
Answer: High-definition image sources
Question: Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what?
Answer: High-definition image sources
Question: Digital cable and Roku are examples of what?
Answer: High-definition image sources
Question:  Roku and AppleTV aren't examples of what?
Question: Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV aren't examples of what?
Question: Digital cable and Roku aren't examples of what?
Question: Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility?
Answer: because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player
Question: In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox 360 also features what?
Answer: Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace
Question: What high definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release?
Answer: The Wii U
Question: The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has inspired developers to do what?
Answer: port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics
Question: Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive SD compatibility?
Question: In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox One also features what?
Question: What low definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release?
Question: The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has not inspired developers to do what?
Question: Sky HD's set-top box, TiVo's Series 3, and Dish Network's VIP 622 are examples of what?
Answer: an HDTV-capable digital video recorder
Question: Some cable boxes are capable of doing what?
Answer: receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format
Question: What restriction does W-VHS recordings have?
Answer: analog only
Question: What does D-VHS stand for?
Answer: Digital-VHS or Data-VHS
Question: Sky HD's set-top box, TiVo's Series 3, and Dish Network's VIP 622 aren't examples of what?
Question:  Some cable boxes can't be capable of doing what?
Question:  What restriction does W-VHS recordings not have?
Question:  What does DVD stand for?
Question: When was the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder introduced?
Answer: 2008
Question: How does the Personal Video Recorder store content?
Answer: in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file
Question: Recent systems can record a broadcast HD program in what format?
Answer: 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray
Question: What uncompressed storage option was introduced in 2008?
Answer: the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder
Question: When was the Hauppauge 1212 NonPersonal Video Recorder introduced?
Question:  How doesn't the Personal Video Recorder store content?
Question: Recent systems can record a broadcast SD program in what format?
Question:  What uncompressed storage option wasn't introduced in 2008?
Question: W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals?
Answer: analog HD
Question: What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market?
Answer: Analog tape
Question: In the secondary market, analog tape recorders are considered what?
Answer: expensive and scarce
Question: W-VHS recorders aren't capable of recording what kinds of signals?
Question: What kind of recorder is still produced for the consumer market?
Question:  In the secondary market, analog tape recorders arent considered what?
Question: Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?
Answer: a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request
Question: When were boxes with "functional" FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate?
Answer: July 2004
Question: Content is now protected by what encryption?
Answer: 5C
Question: What can 5c encryption prevent?
Answer: duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted
Question: Prior to 2006, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?
Question: When were boxes with "functional" FireWire included in the FCC mandate?
Question:  Content is not protected by what encryption?
Question:  What can 5c encryption not prevent?
Question: In addition to being used to build things, what has wood been used for over thousands of years?
Answer: fuel
Question: What kind of strong fibers are part of the composite of wood?
Answer: cellulose
Question: What's the matrix in wood made up of?
Answer: lignin
Question: What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant?
Answer: support
Question: What does wood convey to leaves, roots, and other tissues of a woody plant in addition to water?
Answer: nutrients
Question: How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet?
Answer: 434 billion
Question: What percentage of the Earth's stock forest is commercial?
Answer: 47%
Question: In addition to buildings, what is wood often used to make?
Answer: furniture
Question: About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest's wood were harvested in 1991?
Answer: 3.5
Question: In addition to being carbon neutral, what other adjective describes wood that makes it compelling as a renewable energy source?
Answer: abundant
Question: In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found?
Answer: New Brunswick
Question: If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood?
Answer: carbon dating
Question: How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick?
Answer: 395 to 400
Question: What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel?
Answer: construction material
Question: What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people?
Answer: houses
Question: For clues about the climate of a place, we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing?
Answer: tree-ring widths
Question: What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers?
Answer: weapons
Question: What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to?
Answer: furniture
Question: What forms in a tree to increase its diameter?
Answer: woody layers
Question: What is the process of trees growing out to get bigger around called?
Answer: secondary growth
Question: What do many places have four of that would cause growth rings in a tree?
Answer: seasons
Question: If a place has annual seasons, what are the growth rings on the trees there called?
Answer: annual rings
Question: If a growth ring has differences over one season, would the part nearest the tree's center be narrower or wider?
Answer: wider
Question: What name, besides springwood, is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season?
Answer: earlywood
Question: If the opposite of springwood is summerwood, what's the opposite of earlywood?
Answer: latewood
Question: Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season?
Answer: lighter
Question: Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring?
Answer: outer
Question: What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called?
Answer: knot
Question: What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it?
Answer: strength
Question: In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around?
Answer: longitudinally
Question: Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood?
Answer: darker
Question: The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood?
Answer: 90
Question: Other than the base of a side branch, what tree feature causes a knot?
Answer: a dormant bud
Question: What shape is the knot formed by a side branch's base?
Answer: conical
Question: What measurement of a stem determines a knot's inner tip placement?
Answer: diameter
Question: Because a knot's shape is conical, what shape does a cross-section of it have?
Answer: circular
Question: For what length of time can a dead lower limb stay attached to a tree?
Answer: years
Question: Rather than being joined to the limb that died, where do subsequent layers grow?
Answer: around it
Question: Are the knots that dead tree limbs form attached or not attached?
Answer: not attached
Question: A detached knot will probably drop out of the wood when someone saws it into what?
Answer: boards
Question: Along with firmness, soundness, and form, what property of a knot is classified?
Answer: size
Question: What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect?
Answer: firmness
Question: Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected?
Answer: stiffness
Question: What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects?
Answer: sound wood
Question: What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it?
Answer: parallel
Question: What term is used to describe what knots can do to affect the finish of things made from wood even when they've been painted?
Answer: bleed
Question: Is bleed easy or difficult to control?
Answer: difficult
Question: The stain from a knot bleeding is usually brownish or what other color?
Answer: yellow
Question: In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness?
Answer: preparation
Question: What is heartwood naturally resistant to?
Answer: decay
Question: How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed?
Answer: spontaneously
Question: What adjective describes fully formed heartwood?
Answer: dead
Question: Despite being considered dead, what can heartwood have one chemical reaction to?
Answer: decay organisms
Question: In what part of a tree's cross-section is heartwood visible?
Answer: growth rings
Question: What simple color distinction can heartwood have that makes it stand out from living wood in a tree?
Answer: darker
Question: Along with insect infestation, what process can discolor wood and make it look like heartwood?
Answer: decay
Question: What kind of plants never form heartwood?
Answer: woody
Question: What is the living wood in a tree called?
Answer: sapwood
Question: Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?
Answer: younger
Question: What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree?
Answer: water
Question: How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life?
Answer: All
Question: Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest?
Answer: thicker
Question: If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick?
Answer: thin
Question: What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?
Answer: position
Question: Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood?
Answer: thick
Question: Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer?
Answer: Thin
Question: Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree?
Answer: thick
Question: What part of a tree is the cross-sectional area of the sapwood approximately proportional to?
Answer: crown
Question: Are more rings necessary if they're narrow or wide?
Answer: narrow
Question: As a tree grows bigger, if the sapwood layer doesn't increase in volume, what will it become?
Answer: thinner
Question: In what part of the tree trunk is the sapwood layer thinnest?
Answer: near the base
Question: Along with the smaller diameter of the upper trunk, what factor leads to thinner sapwood higher up a tree?
Answer: age
Question: What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood?
Answer: knots
Question: In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?
Answer: heartwood
Question: What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?
Answer: Subsequent growth
Question: Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?
Answer: sapwood
Question: What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?
Answer: decay
Question: Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?
Answer: the trunk
Question: What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?
Answer: larvae
Question: What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?
Answer: inner heartwood
Question: What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?
Answer: tunnels
Question: As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower?
Answer: narrower
Question: What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures?
Answer: crown
Question: Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages?
Answer: lessened
Question: Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for?
Answer: light
Question: When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?
Answer: differ
Question: In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?
Answer: heartwood
Question: If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?
Answer: sapwood
Question: Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?
Answer: mature
Question: When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?
Answer: heartwood
Question: What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?
Answer: chemical substances
Question: Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?
Answer: conspicuous
Question: What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?
Answer: mechanical
Question: Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?
Answer: chemical
Question: What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries?
Answer: Longleaf Pine
Question: What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood?
Answer: fat lighter
Question: What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites?
Answer: rot
Question: If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased?
Answer: strength
Question: Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for?
Answer: kindling
Question: Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?
Answer: density
Question: What category of trees show this difference greatly?
Answer: coniferous
Question: What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?
Answer: ring-porous
Question: With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?
Answer: no indication
Question: What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?
Answer: unsoundness
Question: What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?
Answer: insect attacks
Question: What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?
Answer: birds
Question: What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?
Answer: spalting
Question: Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?
Answer: 16
Question: What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?
Answer: oven-dried
Question: Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else?
Answer: softer
Question: What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content?
Answer: rawhide
Question: What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet?
Answer: paper
Question: When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect?
Answer: greater
Question: What type of action does water create in cloth?
Answer: softening
Question: What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood?
Answer: green
Question: What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?
Answer: spruce
Question: What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?
Answer: crushing
Question: What property of wood is least affected by drying?
Answer: elasticity
Question: Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?
Answer: strength at elastic limit in endwise compression
Question: Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?
Answer: modulus of rupture
Question: Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?
Answer: heterogeneous
Question: What does wood consist of?
Answer: cells
Question: What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?
Answer: walls
Question: What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood?
Answer: cellulose
Question: What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?
Answer: lignin
Question: What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?
Answer: tracheids
Question: Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?
Answer: softwood
Question: What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?
Answer: pores
Question: What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores?
Answer: oak
Question: Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?
Answer: ash
Question: What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?
Answer: vessels
Question: Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?
Answer: large
Question: In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?
Answer: a hand lens
Question: Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?
Answer: diffuse-porous
Question: What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees?
Answer: ring-porous
Question: In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized?
Answer: spring
Question: In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species?
Answer: summer
Question: What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of?
Answer: wood fibers
Question: Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood?
Answer: toughness
Question: What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?
Answer: diffuse-porous
Question: What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?
Answer: Populus
Question: With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?
Answer: cherry
Question: What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?
Answer: water conducting
Question: Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?
Answer: diffuse-porous
Question: What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?
Answer: temperate
Question: Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?
Answer: denser
Question: Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?
Answer: walls
Question: Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?
Answer: thin
Question: What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?
Answer: very small
Question: Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?
Answer: heavy
Question: What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?
Answer: growth rings
Question: What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?
Answer: white pines
Question: Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?
Answer: easy
Question: What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?
Answer: hard pines
Question: Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?
Answer: quality
Question: What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?
Answer: comparative density
Question: What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?
Answer: strength
Question: What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?
Answer: porous
Question: What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?
Answer: character
Question: If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?
Answer: moderate to slow
Question: What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth?
Answer: conifers
Question: What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of?
Answer: latewood
Question: While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it?
Answer: a rule
Question: What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth?
Answer: ring-porous
Question: What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season?
Answer: large
Question: When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from?
Answer: the year before
Question: Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor?
Answer: rate of growth
Question: Is harder, heavier wood indicated by narrower or wider growth rings?
Answer: wider
Question: What kind of wood with a name that starts with "H" is a ring-porous hardwood?
Answer: hickory
Question: If the growth rings are wider, was the growth of the tree slower or more rapid?
Answer: more rapid
Question: What is the only kind of wood that will definitely be harder and stronger when it grows faster?
Answer: ring-porous
Question: Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong?
Answer: latewood
Question: When there is less latewood, what is diminishing?
Answer: breadth of ring
Question: Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous, light wood?
Answer: slow
Question: What kind of oak has just 6-10% volume of large vessels in the log?
Answer: good
Question: What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak, making it very firm?
Answer: thick-walled
Question: Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest?
Answer: open stands
Question: What property is important to manufacturers who use "second-growth" hardwood?
Answer: strength
Question: What specific kind of "second-growth" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes? 
Answer: hickory
Question: What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?
Answer: U.S. Forest Service
Question: What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it?
Answer: diffuse-porous
Question: In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be?
Answer: structure
Question: What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help?
Answer: unaided
Question: What rate of growth in a tree will make the wood from it stronger than trees that grow very slowly or very quickly?
Answer: medium
Question: The capability of diffuse-porous woods to carry what substance is spread out in the growth ring?
Answer: water
Question: What division of trees are diffuse-porous woods more similar in growth rate to than ring-porous woods?
Answer: conifers
Question: Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood?
Answer: little
Question: What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not?
Answer: monocot
Question: What monocot plant produces "wood" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer?
Answer: bamboo
Question: While we call bamboo "wood," what botanical family does it belong to?
Answer: grass
Question: Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called "wood"?
Answer: palms
Question: In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity?
Answer: pulp yield
Question: What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance?
Answer: density
Question: When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density?
Answer: increases
Question: When wood is described as "green," what does "green" mean?
Answer: water-saturated
Question: Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood?
Answer: physiological
Question: Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined?
Answer: one
Question: What author called wood's density "fairly easily measured"?
Answer: Elliott
Question: What should be anticipated because of the many factors that influence wood's density?
Answer: Variation
Question: What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood?
Answer: radial
Question: Which part of a tree can have vertical or horizontal variation in its specific gravity?
Answer: bole
Question: Variation in what measurement is sometimes greater within one tree than from one tree to another?
Answer: density
Question: What tiny object's source plays a role in determining wood density?
Answer: seed
Question: What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees?
Answer: softwood
Question: What kind of wood does an oak tree have?
Answer: hardwood
Question: Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood?
Answer: hardwood
Question: What's an example of a softwood that isn't "soft," and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods?
Answer: yew
Question: What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves?
Answer: dicotyledons
Question: What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?
Answer: strong
Question: What property of wood varies according to species?
Answer: density
Question: What property of wood has a correlation to its density?
Answer: strength
Question: Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?
Answer: hardwood
Question: What hobby is balsa wood often used for?
Answer: model building
Question: What element makes up about 6% of the chemical composition of wood?
Answer: hydrogen
Question: About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen?
Answer: 1%
Question: Which element in wood composes about 42% of its weight?
Answer: oxygen
Question: What element joins potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and sodium to make a combined 1% of the chemical composition of wood?
Answer: magnesium
Question: What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?
Answer: Cellulose
Question: After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?
Answer: hemicellulose
Question: What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?
Answer: conifers
Question: Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?
Answer: cellulose
Question: What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?
Answer: lignin
Question: Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?
Answer: Softwood
Question: Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?
Answer: coniferyl
Question: In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?
Answer: sinapyl
Question: Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?
Answer: Hardwood
Question: What's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood?
Answer: extractives
Question: Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?
Answer: resin
Question: Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids, terpenes, and what other component?
Answer: waxes
Question: What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from?
Answer: insects
Question: Along with tall oil and rosin, what commercial product do we get from wood's extractives?
Answer: turpentine
Question: What type of wood burns quickly and makes more smoke than hardwood?
Answer: softwood
Question: What type of areas use more wood for fuel?
Answer: rural
Question: What benefit besides the cozy atmosphere would a wood-burning fireplace add to a home?
Answer: warmth
Question: What plumbing component was once made out of elm?
Answer: water pipe
Question: Until the late 19th century, what vessels were almost always wooden?
Answer: boats
Question: What significant purpose has wood been used for as long as humans have built shelters?
Answer: construction material
Question: Other than boats, what do people often build with wood?
Answer: houses
Question: Outside of North America, if someone said "lumber," to what would they be referring?
Answer: felled trees
Question: What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building?
Answer: timber
Question: What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?
Answer: oak
Question: For modern solid wood doors, what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar?
Answer: Douglas fir
Question: What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world?
Answer: timber-framed
Question: In addition to residential applications, what type of buildings often have engineered wood components?
Answer: commercial
Question: Along with decorative components, what type of building materials can be engineered from wood?
Answer: structural
Question: What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products?
Answer: construction
Question: What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?
Answer: supporting material
Question: What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?
Answer: roof
Question: Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?
Answer: cladding
Question: Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?
Answer: doors
Question: Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?
Answer: industrial
Question: What requirements do engineered wood products meet?
Answer: application-specific performance requirements
Question: What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in?
Answer: composite structural unit
Question: Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?
Answer: veneers
Question: What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?
Answer: wood structural panels
Question: What's another word for glued laminated timber?
Answer: glulam
Question: What does LVL stand for?
Answer: laminated veneer lumber
Question: If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?
Answer: plywood
Question: About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?
Answer: 100 million
Question: What's the abbreviation for medium-density fiberboard?
Answer: MDF
Question: How is wood broken down into chips and fibers?
Answer: mechanically
Question: What type of flooring can be made from wood derivatives?
Answer: laminate
Question: What widely-used product is almost always made of wood fibers?
Answer: paper
Question: What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with?
Answer: wooden spoon
Question: Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood?
Answer: handles
Question: What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood?
Answer: beds
Question: What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout?
Answer: chopsticks
Question: What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?
Answer: Moisture content
Question: Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?
Answer: glue
Question: Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?
Answer: tire