huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: For which family was Charles "Lucky" Luciano a lieutenant?
Answer: Masseria family
Question: What was Johnny Torrio's nickname?
Answer: the Fox
Question: What was Charles Luciano's nickname?
Answer: Lucky
Question: Who was a former Chicago South Side Gang boss?
Answer: Johnny "the Fox" Torrio
Question: Which Atlantic City neighborhood became particularly impoverished in the mid-to-late 20th century?
Answer: the "Inlet"
Question: What was the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity?
Answer: cheap, fast jet service
Question: What were two other locations people began to fly to instead of going to Atlantic City?
Answer: Miami Beach and the Bahamas
Question: After the war, what form of transportation became more readily available to many Americans?
Answer: automobile
Question: What two luxuries that people could have at their own homes led to a diminished interest in luxury beach resorts?
Answer: home air conditioning and swimming pools
Question: Who was nominated for President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?
Answer: Lyndon Johnson
Question: Who was nominated for Vice President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?
Answer: Hubert Humphrey
Question: Who was the Governor of New Jersey in 1964?
Answer: Richard J. Hughes
Question: Despite being in the midst of a long period of economic decline many felt that the Convention was only held in Atlantic city because of a friendship between what two men?
Answer: Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes
Question: By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?
Answer: the late 1960s
Question: Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City?
Answer: demolished
Question: When were many of the large hotels demolished?
Answer: 1970s and 1980s
Question: After the Ambassador Hotel was gutted what did it become?
Answer: Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City
Question: Who purchased the old Ambassador Hotel in 1978?
Answer: Ramada
Question: In what year did New Jersey voters pass a referendum approving casino gambling for Atlantic City?
Answer: 1976
Question: The owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel converted it into what?
Answer: Resorts International
Question: What was the name of the first legal casino in the eastern United States?
Answer: Resorts International
Question: What year did Resorts International open?
Answer: 1978
Question: How many casinos are there in Atlantic City today?
Answer: eleven
Question: Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to what failure?
Answer: to diversify away from gaming
Question: Who did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with in 1999?
Answer: Steve Wynn
Question: Why did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with Steve Wynn?
Answer: to develop a new roadway
Question: What was the project involving Steve Wynn nicknamed?
Answer: The Tunnel Project
Question: "The Tunnel Project" was later officially named what?
Answer: Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector
Question: What was the name of Atlantic City's newest casino?
Answer: The Borgata
Question: When did The Borgata open?
Answer: July 2003
Question: In what year was Wynn's plans for development scrapped?
Answer: 2002
Question: The new roadway prompted a partnership between which two companies?
Answer: Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage
Question: When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?
Answer: November 11, 2006
Question: What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed?
Answer: demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion
Question: What did Pinnacle Entertainment intend to replace the Sands Atlantic City with?
Answer: $1.5–2 billion casino resort
Question: Why did many of the proposed mega casinos never get further than the initial planning stages?
Answer: economic conditions and the late 2000s recession
Question: Who purchased the Sands Atlantic City?
Answer: Pinnacle Entertainment
Question: In what year did Morgan Stanley purchase land for a new casino resort?
Answer: 2006
Question: How much land did Morgan Stanley purchase?
Answer: 20 acres
Question: Who was named as the developer for Morgan Stanley's casino resort?
Answer: Revel Entertainment Group
Question: What percentage of ownership did Morgan Stanley hold in Revel Entertainment Group?
Answer: 90%
Question: Who offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits?
Answer: Governor Chris Christie
Question: How long had Atlantic City held a monopoly on casino gambling?
Answer: 40-year
Question: Who said that the state would consider a referendum to end the monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling?
Answer: Governor Christie
Question: When did Governor Christie say that the state would consider a referendum?
Answer: September 2014
Question: How much was casino revenue in 2006?
Answer: $5.2 billion
Question: How much was casino revenue in 2013?
Answer: $2.9 billion
Question: When did "Superstorm Sandy" strike Atlantic City?
Answer: October 29, 2012
Question: "Superstorm Sandy" produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of what?
Answer: 943 mb
Question: Although "Superstorm Sandy" left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas it did cause what two other things to occur?
Answer: flooding and power-outages
Question: What was the source of the misinformation concerning damage to the city's boardwalk?
Answer: photograph
Question: Why was there a photo of the Boardwalk if it wasn't actually damaged in the storm?
Answer: the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm
Question: According to the United States Census Bureau, what is the total area in square miles?
Answer: 17.037 square miles
Question: What is the area of land?
Answer: 10.747 square miles
Question: What is the area of water?
Answer: 6.290 square miles
Question: What percentage of the city is made up of water?
Answer: 36.92%
Question: What organization provided data detailing the size of the city?
Answer: United States Census Bureau
Question: Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
Answer: Venice Park
Question: Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
Answer: Great Island
Question: Besides Chelsea, Venice Park, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
Answer: City Island
Question: Besides Venice Park, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
Answer: Chelsea
Question: Besides localities and place names, what else is located partically or completely within the city?
Answer: Unincorporated communities
Question: What is the daily average temperature in July?
Answer: 75.6 °F
Question: Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month?
Answer: September
Question: What is the average temperature for January in Atlantic City?
Answer: 35.5 °F
Question: How many days long is the growing season?
Answer: 239 days
Question: What is the extreme low temperature of Atlantic City?
Answer: −9 °F
Question: What is the average number of inches of snow received at the airport annually?
Answer: 16.5 inches
Question: Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its location in South Jersey and its proximaty to which body of water?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean
Question: Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location where?
Answer: South Jersey
Question: Atlantic City is different from the northern and western parts of the state in the winter due to its tendency to receive which type of precipitation?
Answer: rain
Question: How many people were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
Answer: 39,558
Question: How many housing units were in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
Answer: 20,013
Question: During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was Hispanic or Latino?
Answer: 30.45%
Question: During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was White?
Answer: 26.65%
Question: How many families were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
Answer: 8,558
Question: How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
Answer: 15,504
Question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them?
Answer: 27.3%
Question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City were comprised of non-families?
Answer: 44.8%
Question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals?
Answer: 37.5%
Question: What percentage of the population was under the age of 18?
Answer: 24.6%
Question: What percentage of the population was 65 years of age or older?
Answer: 12.7%
Question: What was the median age?
Answer: 36.3 years
Question: How much was the median household income according to the American Community Survey?
Answer: $30,237
Question: How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey?
Answer: $35,488
Question: How much was the median income for males according to the American Community Survey?
Answer: $32,207
Question: What percentage of the population was below the poverty line?
Answer: 25.3%
Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, how many people were living in Atlantic City?
Answer: 40,517
Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, what was the population density?
Answer: 3,569.8 people per square mile
Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, how many housing units were there in Atlantic City?
Answer: 20,219
Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were Hispanic or Latino?
Answer: 24.95%
Question: According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were white?
Answer: 26.68%
Question: How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them?
Answer: 27.7%
Question: How many households were there in Atlantic City?
Answer: 15,848
Question: How many households were made up of individuals?
Answer: 37.2%
Question: What was the average household size in Atlantic City?
Answer: 2.46
Question: What was the average family size in Atlantic City?
Answer: 3.26
Question: For every 100 females, how many males were there?
Answer: 96.1
Question: For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?
Answer: 93.2
Question: What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was under the age of 18?
Answer: 25.7%
Question: What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was 65 years of age or older?
Answer: 14.2%
Question: What was the median income for a household in the city?
Answer: $26,969
Question: What was the median income for a family in the city?
Answer: $31,997
Question: What was the per capita income for the city?
Answer: $15,402
Question: What percentage of families in the city were living below the poverty line?
Answer: 19.1%
Question: What percentage of the population in the city were living below the poverty line?
Answer: 23.6%
Question: As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area had one of the highest rates in the country of what?
Answer: unemployment
Question: What was the unemployment rate for the greater Atlantic City area, as of September 2014?
Answer: 13.8%
Question: As of September 2014, what was the overall size of the labor force of the greater Atlantic City area?
Answer: 141,000
Question: Out of a labor force of about 141,000 what was the unemployment rate?
Answer: 13.8%
Question: In 2010, who stated that a state takeover of the city and local government of Atlantic City was imminent?
Answer: Governor Chris Christie
Question: What item were the regulations in Atlantic City compared to?
Answer: antique car
Question: What was the name of the district that would encompass the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field?
Answer: Atlantic City Tourism District
Question: According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters opposed the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?
Answer: 43%
Question: According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters favored the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?
Answer: 29%
Question: What year were the boundaries for the state-run tourism district finally set?
Answer: 2011
Question: What were the three major things that the district would include?
Answer: The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements
Question: Who would oversee all functions of the new district?
Answer: The CRDA
Question: Who would make the changes within the district to attract new businesses and attractions?
Answer: The CRDA
Question: What two qualities were mentioned in regards to new construction?
Answer: would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain
Question: What place is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium?
Answer: Gardner's Basin
Question: What place was originally left off of the tourism district?
Answer: Gardner's Basin
Question: Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district?
Answer: Chelsea
Question: Who cast the lone "no" vote on the creation of the district citing Bader Field's inclusion?
Answer: mayor Lorenzo Langford
Question: How many large casinos are located in Atlantic City?
Answer: eight
Question: Approximately how many people did New Jersey casinos employ in 2011?
Answer: 33,000
Question: Approximately how many people visited New Jersey's casinos in 2011?
Answer: 28.5 million
Question: What two entities regulate New Jersey's casino?
Answer: New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement
Question: How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?
Answer: four
Question: What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?
Answer: Trump Plaza
Question: What year did Trump Plaza originally open?
Answer: 1984
Question: What was the name of Atlantic City's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014?
Answer: Revel
Question: What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014?
Answer: Atlantic Club
Question: What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?
Answer: Trump Taj Mahal
Question: What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?
Answer: selling
Question: In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?
Answer: 2013
Question: Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?
Answer: winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business
Question: Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?
Answer: Executives
Question: What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?
Answer: Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's
Question: What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?
Answer: Chapter 11
Question: What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?
Answer: 2015
Question: Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?
Answer: casino operating unit
Question: What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?
Answer: Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall
Question: What is the Boardwalk Hall?
Answer: an arena
Question: In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?
Answer: 1997
Question: How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center?
Answer: 500,000 sq ft
Question: What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center?
Answer: Sheraton hotel
Question: The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?
Answer: Monopoly
Question: Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?
Answer: Ruth Hoskins
Question: What location was originally featured in the  Monopoly game? 
Answer: Indianapolis
Question: Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?
Answer: a group of local Quakers
Question: What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?
Answer: Marvin Gardens
Question: What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?
Answer: Marven Gardens
Question: Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?
Answer: Charles Darrow
Question: In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?
Answer: 1995
Question: Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?
Answer: Charles Darrow
Question: Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?
Answer: both health and diseases
Question: Name three types of immunological disorders?
Answer: autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection
Question: Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?
Answer: in vitro, in situ, and in vivo
Question: What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?
Answer: organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology
Question: What are the major organs of the immune system?
Answer: thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver
Question: Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?
Answer: early physicians
Question: How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
Answer: surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive
Question: Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?
Answer: thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues
Question: The structure of immune system components can be described as what?
Answer: typically cellular in nature
Question: Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?
Answer: not associated with any specific organ
Question: What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?
Answer: embedded
Question: What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?
Answer: circulating
Question: Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?
Answer: epidemiology and medicine
Question: Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?
Answer: the body systems, pathogens, and immunity
Question: When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?
Answer: 430 BCE
Question: Which Greek historian made that notation?
Answer: Thucydides
Question: When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?
Answer: 19th and 20th centuries
Question: What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?
Answer: innate immune system
Question: Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
Answer: acquired or adaptive immune system
Question: What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
Answer: humoral (or antibody)
Question: Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
Answer: cell-mediated
Question: The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
Answer: molecular and cellular components
Question: Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?
Answer: antibodies and antigens
Question: What are antibodies comprised of?
Answer: specific proteins
Question: What cells produce antibodies?
Answer: B lymphocytes
Question: The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?
Answer: "anti"body "gen"erators
Question: Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?
Answer: cellular response
Question: What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
Answer: non-classical models of immunity
Question: The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
Answer: cells, organs and systems
Question: These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
Answer: not previously associated with the immune system
Question: What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?
Answer: failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth
Question: Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?
Answer: cellular elements
Question: What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?
Answer: diseases of other systems
Question: Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?
Answer: immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features
Question: What are some examples of hypersensitivities?
Answer: asthma and other allergies
Question: What characterizes a hypersensitivity?
Answer: respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.
Question: What kind of disease is AIDS?
Answer: an immunodeficiency
Question: Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?
Answer: CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
Question: What virus specifically suppresses those cells?
Answer: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Question: What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?
Answer: person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area
Question: Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?
Answer: both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed
Question: Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?
Answer: low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas
Question: What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?
Answer: phagocytic
Question: Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?
Answer: activate T cells
Question: Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
Answer: breast milk
Question: For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
Answer: up to 18 months
Question: At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?
Answer: glycoproteins
Question: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
Answer: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules
Question: What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?
Answer: 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)
Question: Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?
Answer: testosterone
Question: Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?
Answer: increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity
Question: Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?
Answer: detect sex hormones in the system
Question: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
Answer: "cellular" and "humoral"
Question: Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
Answer: phagocytes
Question: Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
Answer: soluble components (molecules)
Question: Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?
Answer: the organism’s “humors”
Question: What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?
Answer: Frank Burnet
Question: What triggers an immune response according to CST?
Answer: self/nonself distinction
Question: In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?
Answer: "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)
Question: What property of T cells caused modification of CST?
Answer: the complex "two-signal" activation
Question: When was clonal selection theory first proposed?
Answer: In the mid-1950s
Question: Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?
Answer: bioscience
Question: The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?
Answer: humans and animals
Question: The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?
Answer: research
Question: What two conditions apply to good immunological study?
Answer: effective yet consistent research
Question: Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?
Answer: AAI courses
Question: What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?
Answer: Icahn School of Medicine
Question: AAI immunology courses include what two components?
Answer: Introductory Course and an Advance Course
Question: What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?
Answer: gives students an overview of the basics of immunology
Question: The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?
Answer: New York University
Question: Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?
Answer: an introduction to the basic principles of immunology
Question: Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?
Answer: clinically-oriented lecture series
Question: What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?
Answer: a background of the principles of immunology
Question: How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?
Answer: two years of study
Question: What program requires an additional two years of study?
Answer: a doctoral programme
Question: What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?
Answer: MP3
Question: What kind of audio is the coding format for?
Answer: digital
Question: Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?
Answer: consumer audio streaming
Question: What does MP3 use to format it's data?
Answer: lossy data compression
Question: Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?
Answer: digital audio players
Question: What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?
Answer: sound like a faithful reproduction
Question: What kind of compression is used?
Answer: created
Question: If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?
Answer: 1/11
Question: How many total bit/s would a CD have?
Answer: 1,411,200
Question: How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?
Answer: 128,000
Question: The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?
Answer: auditory resolution
Question: What is this method commonly referred to as?
Answer: perceptual coding
Question: What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?
Answer: psychoacoustic
Question: These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?
Answer: less audible
Question: What was the first standard that this group had?
Answer: MPEG-1
Question: The first standard later developed into which standard?
Answer: MPEG-2
Question: When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?
Answer: 1991
Question: When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?
Answer: 1995
Question: What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?
Answer: auditory masking
Question: Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.
Answer: Alfred M. Mayer
Question: When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?
Answer: 1959
Question: The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?
Answer: critical bandwidths
Question: What was first proposed in 1979?
Answer: The psychoacoustic masking codec
Question: Which country were the researchers located in?
Answer: United States
Question: Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?
Answer: Krasner
Question: What does LPC stand for?
Answer: linear predictive coding
Question: What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?
Answer: audio compression algorithms
Question: What does OCF stand for?
Answer: Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain
Question: What does PXFM stand for?
Answer: Perceptual Transform Coding
Question: What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?
Answer: ASPEC
Question: Which competition did ASPEC win?
Answer: quality
Question: What was the first practical implementation based on?
Answer: Motorola 56000 DSP chips
Question: When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?
Answer: early 1980s
Question: Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?
Answer: Erlangen-Nuremberg
Question: Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?
Answer: Fraunhofer Society
Question: When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?
Answer: 1993
Question: What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?
Answer: Tom's Diner
Question: Who was the artist of the first song used?
Answer: Suzanne Vega
Question: Who adjusted the song?
Answer: Karlheinz Brandenburg
Question: The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?
Answer: scheme
Question: What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?
Answer: subtlety
Question: Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?
Answer: Musicam
Question: The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?
Answer: Netherlands
Question: Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?
Answer: error robustness
Question: What was the Musican format based on?
Answer: sub-band coding
Question: What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?
Answer: filter bank
Question: Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?
Answer: Professor Musmann
Question: Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I?
Answer: Leon van de Kerkhof
Question: Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II?
Answer: Gerhard Stoll
Question: What did the joint proposal provide?
Answer: the highest coding efficiency
Question: Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?
Answer: AT&T Bell Laboratories
Question: What did the working group take ideas from?
Answer: ASPEC
Question: Where was the filter bank taken from?
Answer: Layer 2
Question: What did the working group eventually create?
Answer: MP3
Question: What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s?
Answer: MP2 at 192 kbit/s
Question: When were the approved algorithms finalized?
Answer: 1992
Question: What was the first started suite by MPEG?
Answer: MPEG-1
Question: What was the official name of the internation standard?
Answer: ISO/IEC 11172-3
Question: When was the international standard published?
Answer: 1993
Question: Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?
Answer: second suite
Question: What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?
Answer: MPEG-2
Question: At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?
Answer: half
Question: Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?
Answer: bitrate
Question: Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?
Answer: MPEG-2 Part 3
Question: As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?
Answer: MPEG-2.5 audio
Question: Where was this extension developed?
Answer: Fraunhofer IIS
Question: The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?
Answer: human speech
Question: What is not an ISO recognized standard?
Answer: MPEG-2.5
Question: As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?
Answer: proprietary
Question: Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?
Answer: input
Question: What does CD stand for?
Answer: Compact Disc
Question: What can CD parameters be used as references for?
Answer: compression ratios
Question: Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?
Answer: Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP
Question: What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine?
Answer: the MP3 compression algorithm
Question: What word describes the nature of the song used?
Answer: monophonic
Question: As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what?
Answer: The mother of MP3
Question: Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats?
Answer: EBU V3/SQAM
Question: Which language was the reference simulation software written in?
Answer: C
Question: When was the reference software approved?
Answer: March 1994
Question: When did the reference software become an international standard?
Answer: 1998
Question: What could the reference software demonstrate?
Answer: real time hardware decoding
Question: When was the first software MP3 encoder released?
Answer: 7 July 1994
Question: What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder?
Answer: l3enc
Question: What was the filename extension?
Answer: .mp3
Question: What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player?
Answer: WinPlay3
Question: What was the average high end hard drive size?
Answer: 1000 MB
Question: Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?
Answer: Australian
Question: What did the hacker use to acquire the software?
Answer: stolen credit card
Question: The hacker re-wrote which element of the program?
Answer: user interface
Question: How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?
Answer: free
Question: Which audio player was released in 1997?
Answer: Winamp
Question: Who released the audio player?
Answer: Nullsoft
Question: What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?
Answer: MPMan
Question: In which country was the first portable audio player developed?
Answer: South Korea
Question: How many MP3s were offered for free by the website?
Answer: thousands
Question: What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s?
Answer: peer-to-peer
Question: How did people come into possession of MP3s?
Answer: ripped from CDs
Question: Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network?
Answer: Napster
Question: What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing?
Answer: music piracy
Question: Who was the target of the record companies?
Answer: Napster
Question: What happened to Napster?
Answer: shut down and later sold
Question: Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?
Answer: authorized
Question: What kind of music is sold by these companies?
Answer: unrestricted
Question: Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally?
Answer: MP3
Question: What is a sequence of MP3 frames called?
Answer: elementary stream
Question: What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header?
Answer: dard
Question: How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used?
Answer: two
Question: MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta?
Answer: ID3
Question: Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?
Answer: MPEG-1
Question: Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?
Answer: non-normative
Question: What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise?
Answer: their own algorithms
Question: It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor?
Answer: Comparisons are widely available
Question: An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what?
Answer: lower bit rates
Question: Domain samples are transformed into what?
Answer: frequency-domain samples
Question: When are 192 samples taken instead of 576?
Answer: there is a transient
Question: When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what?
Answer: temporal spread
Question: What accompanies a transient?
Answer: quantization noise
Question: Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse?
Answer: pre-echo problems
Question: What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for?
Answer: time/frequency
Question: Combining two filter banks' outputs creates what kind of problem?
Answer: aliasing
Question: The need to code excess energy in the frequency domain decreases what kind of efficiency?
Answer: coding
Question: What are most decoders?
Answer: bitstream compliant
Question: The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards?
Answer: specified degree of rounding tolerance
Question: Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?
Answer: computationally efficient
Question: The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?
Answer: CPU time
Question: What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?
Answer: LAME
Question: Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what?
Answer: seamless playback
Question: For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?
Answer: overall delay
Question: A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?
Answer: sound quality of the result
Question: What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?
Answer: creating an MP3 file
Question: Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file?
Answer: the creator
Question: What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?
Answer: how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio
Question: If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what?
Answer: larger
Question: If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?
Answer: compression artifacts
Question: Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?
Answer: compression artifacts
Question: Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?
Answer: compress
Question: Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?
Answer: ringing
Question: What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?
Answer: A sample of applause
Question: Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?
Answer: quality of the encoder
Question: The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding?
Answer: encoding algorithms
Question: As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same?
Answer: bit rates
Question: An example shown has a low range quality score of what value?
Answer: 2.22
Question: To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what?
Answer: 5
Question: How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?
Answer: one
Question: What does CBR stand for?
Answer: Constant Bit Rate
Question: What does VBR stand for?
Answer: Variable Bit Rate
Question: Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?
Answer: music containing only a few instruments
Question: What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?
Answer: quality setting
Question: Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?
Answer: sound cards
Question: Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality?
Answer: Perceived quality
Question: Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?
Answer: Music Professor Jonathan Berger
Question: Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?
Answer: Stanford University
Question: Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?
Answer: risen each year
Question: What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?
Answer: sizzle
Question: What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire?
Answer: The Ghost in the MP3
Question: What did the study aim to isolate?
Answer: sounds lost during MP3 compression
Question: What is the track "moDernisT" an anagram of?
Answer: Tom's Diner
Question: Where was an account of the study published?
Answer: International Computer Music Conference
Question: Which year was the study published?
Answer: 2014
Question: In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?
Answer: less than half
Question: What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?
Answer: imperfect filters
Question: Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?
Answer: 4 kHz
Question: A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?
Answer: 48
Question: What sampling rate is used for CD audio?
Answer: 44.1 kHz
Question: What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?
Answer: CD audio
Question: Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?
Answer: the Internet
Question: The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?
Answer: 11:1
Question: As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?
Answer: 320 kbit/s
Question: What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s?
Answer: Uncompressed audio
Question: What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio?
Answer: 11:1
Question: What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio?
Answer: 9:1
Question: What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio?
Answer: 7:1
Question: What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?
Answer: 640 kbit/s
Question: Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?
Answer: freeformat
Question: The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate?
Answer: 320
Question: Which early MPEG layer used CBR?
Answer: Layer III
Question: The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?
Answer: uniform
Question: What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?
Answer: bit reservoir
Question: What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?
Answer: the complexity of the sound
Question: What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?
Answer: variable bitrate audio
Question: Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?
Answer: layer III
Question: What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality?
Answer: VBR
Question: Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?
Answer: final file size
Question: An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use?
Answer: the user
Question: A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?
Answer: bit reservoir
Question: What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?
Answer: Layer III
Question: A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?
Answer: temporary
Question: What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir?
Answer: encoding delay
Question: A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream?
Answer: constant bitrate
Question: What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to?
Answer: 16 kHz
Question: The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21?
Answer: less efficient storage
Question: What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding?
Answer: wasted bitrate
Question: What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as?
Answer: tag
Question: What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track  number?
Answer: album
Question: What do MP3 standards not define?
Answer: tag formats for MP3 files
Question: What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags?
Answer: a standard container format
Question: Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists?
Answer: ID3v2
Question: What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting?
Answer: APEv2
Question: What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning?
Answer: end
Question: What is important to note about where the tags are stored?
Answer: separate from the actual MP3 frame data
Question: If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them?
Answer: treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data
Question: What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?
Answer: ReplayGain
Question: What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?
Answer: audio normalization
Question: What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?
Answer: the overall playback volume
Question: What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements?
Answer: MP3Gain
Question: MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback?
Answer: ReplayGain capability
Question: Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?
Answer: European Union
Question: What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free?
Answer: expired
Question: When will the technology be patent - free in the United States?
Answer: 31 December 2017
Question: Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire?
Answer: 2007 and 2015
Question: What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?
Answer: legal threats
Question: Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?
Answer: which patents must be licensed
Question: What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?
Answer: patent infringement
Question: At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?
Answer: early stages
Question: What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?
Answer: MPEG-1 standard
Question: When can patents not be filed in most countries?
Answer: after prior art has been made public
Question: How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed?
Answer: 20 years
Question: How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed?
Answer: 12 months
Question: When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries?
Answer: December 2012
Question: How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States?
Answer: 17 years after the publication date
Question: A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what?
Answer: submarine patents
Question: What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States?
Answer: 2017
Question: Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?
Answer: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Question: Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?
Answer: Technicolor
Question: What patent does Technicolor claim to control?
Answer: Layer 3
Question: What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing?
Answer: actively enforcing these patents
Question: When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter?
Answer: September 1998
Question: What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders?
Answer: a license
Question: What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing?
Answer: infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson
Question: What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights?
Answer: the [MPEG Layer-3] standard
Question: Who initially sued to protect their patent rights?
Answer: Sisvel S.p.A.
Question: What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit?
Answer: a license to their patents
Question: When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire?
Answer: 2015
Question: When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire?
Answer: 9. April 2017
Question: What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006?
Answer: MP3 players
Question: At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized?
Answer: IFA
Question: Which company was the Italian patents firm representing?
Answer: Sisvel
Question: What happened after the injunction was successful?
Answer: The injunction was later reversed
Question: The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what?
Answer: bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany
Question: Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007?
Answer: Texas MP3 Technologies
Question: Which court did the lawsuit take place in?
Answer: eastern Texas federal court
Question: What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on?
Answer: infringement of a portable MP3 player patent