huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?
Answer: the Netherlands
Question: In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?
Answer: 15th
Question: In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?
Answer: 17th
Question: What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?
Answer: commercial breweries
Question: After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?
Answer: the Glorious Revolution
Question: What people introduced gin to England?
Answer: the Dutch
Question: In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?
Answer: 1688
Question: How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?
Answer: six times
Question: In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?
Answer: half
Question: What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?
Answer: William Hogarth
Question: What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?
Answer: The Gin Act 1736
Question: When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? 
Answer: 1742
Question: What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?
Answer: The Gin Act 1751
Question: What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?
Answer: Sketches by Boz
Question: Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?
Answer: 1835–1836
Question: What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?
Answer: "Gin Palaces"
Question: In what British city did gin houses first appear?
Answer: London
Question: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?
Answer: low alcohol content
Question: What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?
Answer: gin
Question: What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?
Answer: reducing public drunkenness
Question: What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?
Answer: £168
Question: What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?
Answer: beer or cider
Question: On what day were beer houses closed?
Answer: Sundays
Question: Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?
Answer: jugs
Question: What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?
Answer: spirits and fortified wines
Question: How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?
Answer: 400
Question: How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?
Answer: 46,000
Question: In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?
Answer: 1869
Question: By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?
Answer: 19th
Question: Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?
Answer: corners or road junctions
Question: What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?
Answer: real ale micro-brewers
Question: Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?
Answer: The Red Lion
Question: What is an example of a name for a beer house?
Answer: Smith's Beer House
Question: In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?
Answer: ale
Question: In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?
Answer: 17th
Question: What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?
Answer: the crown
Question: In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?
Answer: 19th
Question: In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?
Answer: 1960s
Question: What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?
Answer: Local Authorities
Question: What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?
Answer: Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869
Question: At what locations were public house licenses granted?
Answer: special Licensing Sessions courts
Question: Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?
Answer: ex-servicemen or ex-policemen
Question: What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?
Answer: Occasional Licences
Question: Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?
Answer: owner
Question: In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?
Answer: August 1914
Question: Along with the period 6:30 pm–9:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?
Answer: 12 noon–2:30 pm
Question: What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?
Answer: Pembrokeshire
Question: What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?
Answer: the police
Question: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?
Answer: 10:30 pm
Question: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?
Answer: 11 pm
Question: What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?
Answer: Carlisle
Question: In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?
Answer: 1973
Question: On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?
Answer: Sundays
Question: Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?
Answer: 11 pm
Question: What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?
Answer: 10:30 pm
Question: How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?
Answer: 24
Question: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?
Answer: 12 noon
Question: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?
Answer: 11 am
Question: What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?
Answer: Scotland's and Northern Ireland's
Question: When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?
Answer: 24 November 2005
Question: After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?
Answer: the local council
Question: Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?
Answer: 11.30 pm
Question: How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?
Answer: 207,800
Question: How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?
Answer: 1,121
Question: What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?
Answer: "lock-in"
Question: What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?
Answer: Licensing Act 2003
Question: A law of what year prompted the existence of the "lock-in"?
Answer: 1915
Question: What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?
Answer: allowing smoking
Question: In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?
Answer: March 2006
Question: When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?
Answer: April 2007
Question: What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?
Answer: July 2007
Question: What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?
Answer: Carlsberg and Heineken
Question: What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?
Answer: Wetherspoon
Question: What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?
Answer: Balls Pond Road
Question: On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?
Answer: City Road
Question: What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?
Answer: The Eagle
Question: What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?
Answer: weasel
Question: In what century did saloons become established?
Answer: 18th
Question: Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?
Answer: stand-up comedy
Question: Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?
Answer: juke boxes
Question: What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?
Answer: middle-class
Question: What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?
Answer: working class
Question: In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?
Answer: 4
Question: What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?
Answer: spit and sawdust
Question: What is another name for the lounge bar?
Answer: saloon
Question: In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?
Answer: the 1960s and 1970s
Question: What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?
Answer: removal of the dividing wall or partition
Question: What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?
Answer: higher
Question: Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?
Answer: the parish priest
Question: What were the windows in the snug made out of?
Answer: frosted glass
Question: How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?
Answer: 50,000
Question: According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?
Answer: very few
Question: In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?
Answer: bring the beer out to the table
Question: Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?
Answer: taproom
Question: What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?
Answer: gin houses
Question: In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?
Answer: Brierley Hill
Question: What do the locals call The Vine?
Answer: The Bull and Bladder
Question: At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?
Answer: Swindon station pub
Question: What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?
Answer: engineer and railway builder
Question: What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?
Answer: British
Question: What is the function of a "beer engine"?
Answer: to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar
Question: In what city was the beer pump invented?
Answer: London
Question: In what country was John Lofting born?
Answer: Netherlands
Question: What was the death year of John Lofting?
Answer: 1742
Question: When was John Lofting born?
Answer: 1659
Question: In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?
Answer: London Gazette
Question: On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?
Answer: 17 March 1691
Question: How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?
Answer: 20 to 30
Question: What location did John Lofting live near?
Answer: St Thomas Apostle London
Question: In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?
Answer: Islington
Question: What was William Tillcar's profession?
Answer: Turner
Question: What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?
Answer: Sun Tavern
Question: What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?
Answer: handpump
Question: Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?
Answer: gas
Question: What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?
Answer: a Free house
Question: In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?
Answer: 18th
Question: What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?
Answer: landlord
Question: What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?
Answer: Shepherd Neame
Question: What London breweries each own many pubs?
Answer: Young's and Fuller's
Question: What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?
Answer: Greene King
Question: What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?
Answer: The Beer Orders
Question: In what year were the Beer Orders passed?
Answer: 1989
Question: Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?
Answer: O'Neill's
Question: What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?
Answer: PubCo
Question: Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?
Answer: PubCo
Question: In what country was Punch Taverns established?
Answer: the UK
Question: When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?
Answer: renamed
Question: What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?
Answer: closed down
Question: What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?
Answer: A brewery tap
Question: If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?
Answer: the nearest pub
Question: What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?
Answer: brewpub
Question: What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?
Answer: serving travellers as coaching inns
Question: Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?
Answer: the last thirty
Question: What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?
Answer: providing seating facilities for the consumption of food
Question: Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?
Answer: drinking
Question: What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?
Answer: theme pubs
Question: What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?
Answer: Irish pubs
Question: What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?
Answer: rock pubs
Question: What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?
Answer: strip pubs
Question: In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?
Answer: karaoke bars
Question: Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?
Answer: Richard II
Question: In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?
Answer: 1393
Question: What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?
Answer: John
Question: What was John Shakespeare's profession?
Answer: inspectors
Question: If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?
Answer: forfeit his ale
Question: In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?
Answer: the Middle Ages
Question: From where did pubs without written names derive their names?
Answer: the illustration on the pub's sign
Question: Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?
Answer: The Cross
Question: What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?
Answer: the coat of arms
Question: What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?
Answer: hops
Question: Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?
Answer: farming
Question: What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?
Answer: Trafalgar
Question: What town is The Crow and Gate located in?
Answer: Crowborough
Question: What county is home to The Crow and Gate?
Answer: East Sussex
Question: Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?
Answer: royal
Question: What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?
Answer: the name of the pub
Question: What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?
Answer: directing potential customers to their door
Question: What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?
Answer: Slug and Lettuce
Question: What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?
Answer: comic
Question: What is the purpose of a pub name?
Answer: to identify and differentiate each pub
Question: What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?
Answer: pictorial signs
Question: After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?
Answer: John Manners, Marquess of Granby
Question: Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?
Answer: John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland
Question: What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?
Answer: general
Question: In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?
Answer: 18th
Question: What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?
Answer: the Royal George
Question: The pub "The Bag o'Nails" was a corruption of what word?
Answer: Bacchanals
Question: What phrase was "The Goat and Compasses" a corruption of?
Answer: God Encompasseth Us
Question: What does Chaton Fidèle mean in English?
Answer: Faithful Kitten
Question: What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?
Answer: Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour
Question: Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?
Answer: Henry VIII
Question: What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?
Answer: pool
Question: Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?
Answer: Nine Men's Morris
Question: Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?
Answer: cards
Question: Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?
Answer: cribbage
Question: What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?
Answer: Table Football
Question: Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?
Answer: video games
Question: What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?
Answer: dance bar
Question: At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?
Answer: sports bar
Question: Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?
Answer: Shove ha'penny
Question: What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?
Answer: Sunday League Football
Question: What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?
Answer: Bowling
Question: Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?
Answer: Pub rock
Question: What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?
Answer: Punk music
Question: In what decade was Pub rock popular?
Answer: the 1970s
Question: Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?
Answer: bar snacks
Question: In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?
Answer: mobile shellfish stalls
Question: In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?
Answer: East End
Question: What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?
Answer: pickled cockles and mussels
Question: During what decade did some British pubs provide "a pie and a pint"?
Answer: 1950s
Question: In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?
Answer: 1960s
Question: What decade saw the popularity of "chicken in a basket"?
Answer: 1960s
Question: What was "chicken in a basket" served in?
Answer: a wicker basket
Question: Along with chicken, what food was included in "chicken in a basket"?
Answer: chips
Question: What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?
Answer: Pub grub
Question: On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?
Answer: Sunday
Question: What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?
Answer: British
Question: During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?
Answer: the 1990s
Question: Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?
Answer: lunches
Question: What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?
Answer: gastropubs
Question: Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?
Answer: dining room
Question: What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?
Answer: pub and gastronomy
Question: In what year was the term gastropub invented?
Answer: 1991
Question: Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?
Answer: Mike Belben
Question: In what city is the Eagle pub located?
Answer: London
Question: In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?
Answer: Clerkenwell
Question: In what city is the George Inn located?
Answer: London
Question: What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?
Answer: Belfast
Question: What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?
Answer: Northern Ireland
Question: What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?
Answer: CAMRA
Question: What pub in England is the highest above sea level?
Answer: the Tan Hill Inn
Question: In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?
Answer: Yorkshire
Question: How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?
Answer: 528
Question: In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?
Answer: Inverie
Question: In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?
Answer: Scotland
Question: What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?
Answer: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks
Question: In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?
Answer: 11th
Question: Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?
Answer: Nottingham
Question: When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?
Answer: 1189
Question: When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?
Answer: 1086
Question: How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?
Answer: 460
Question: When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?
Answer: 560
Question: When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded?
Answer: 905
Question: In what county is the Bingley Arms located?
Answer: Yorkshire
Question: When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to?
Answer: 1240
Question: Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located?
Answer: Nottingham
Question: When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from?
Answer: 1631
Question: What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn?
Answer: Cheshire
Question: What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom?
Answer: the Q Inn
Question: What is the pub with the longest name in the UK?
Answer: The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn
Question: What county is Stalybridge in?
Answer: Cheshire
Question: In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?
Answer: 1982
Question: Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?
Answer: gastro-pubs
Question: What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?
Answer: supermarkets
Question: How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?
Answer: 28,095
Question: In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?
Answer: 2015
Question: What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?
Answer: legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants
Question: In what county was the Swan Inn located?
Answer: Buckinghamshire
Question: What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?
Answer: John Fothergill
Question: In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?
Answer: 1931
Question: What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?
Answer: Chatto & Windus
Question: What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?
Answer: Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese
Question: Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?
Answer: the Cock Tavern
Question: What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?
Answer: Charles Dickens
Question: Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?
Answer: Ye Olde Cock Tavern
Question: What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern?
Answer: 16 Charlotte Street
Question: In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?
Answer: Fitzrovia
Question: In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located?
Answer: Soho
Question: What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell's The Moon Under Water?
Answer: The Canonbury Tavern
Question: In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located?
Answer: Canonbury
Question: What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?
Answer: a Division bell
Question: Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?
Answer: Madonna
Question: In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?
Answer: Mayfair
Question: What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?
Answer: The Coleherne
Question: At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966?
Answer: The Blind Beggar
Question: What pub is associated with some of Jack the Ripper's victims?
Answer: The Ten Bells
Question: Outside what pub was David Blakely shot?
Answer: The Magdala
Question: What is the present name of the former Crown and Anchor?
Answer: The Crown Tavern
Question: In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London?
Answer: 1903
Question: At what pub did Thomas Paine write The Rights of Man?
Answer: The Angel
Question: In what district of London is The Angel located?
Answer: Islington
Question: What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings?
Answer: Charles Dickens
Question: What is the present status of the Angel pub?
Answer: a Co-operative Bank
Question: Prior to becoming a pub, what did the Angel serve as?
Answer: a coaching inn
Question: Along with the Eagle and Child, at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet?
Answer: the Lamb and Flag
Question: Where is the Eagle and Child located?
Answer: Oxford
Question: Along with J. R. R. Tolkien, who was a noted member of the Inklings?
Answer: C. S. Lewis
Question: Where is the Eagle pub located?
Answer: Cambridge
Question: On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA?
Answer: 28 February 1953
Question: What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street?
Answer: The Rovers Return
Question: What pub is featured on EastEnders?
Answer: The Queen Vic
Question: What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?
Answer: BBC One
Question: What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale?
Answer: ITV
Question: What pub is featured on Emmerdale?
Answer: the Woolpack
Question: What would be a more accurate classification for many "British" pubs found outside Britain?
Answer: themed bars
Question: What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton?
Answer: Denmark
Question: How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival?
Answer: 56
Question: In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place?
Answer: Copenhagen
Question: About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival?
Answer: 20,000
Question: What does teach tábhairne mean in English?
Answer: tavernhouse
Question: What Irish term means "drinkinghouse"?
Answer: teach óil
Question: Vis-à-vis pubs in Ireland, what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack?
Answer: spirit grocers
Question: What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs?
Answer: New Zealand
Question: Traditionally, what was the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?
Answer: tavern
Question: In what decade did "bar" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?
Answer: 1970s
Question: In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?
Answer: public house
Question: What body often runs pubs on the campuses of Canadian universities?
Answer: the student's union
Question: In what decade could one find an "English looking" pub trend in Canada?
Answer: 1990s
Question: what does an isp do?
Answer: provides services for accessing, using, the Internet
Question: What forms can an isp be organized in?
Answer: commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned
Question: What are the initials for an Internet service proxy?
Question: What kind of service providers are always commercial providers?
Question: What kind of organization are all for profit?
Question: What are some services provided by an isp?
Answer: Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation
Question: What kind of organization blocks Internet access
Question: What are some services not provided by an ISP?
Question: Why was the internet developed?
Answer: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities
Question: when was the internet developed?
Answer: 1980s
Question: what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?
Answer: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet
Question: When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?
Answer: 1995
Question: how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?
Answer: 4 years
Question: What was developed as a way for various universities to communicate with each other?
Question: What process was set up by the early 1980s?
Question: When was the Internet further restricted?
Question: What happened four years after the introduction of the World Wide Web?
Question: where was the first commercial isp in the us located? 
Answer: Brookline, Massachusetts
Question: when was the first commercial isp customer served?
Answer: November 1989
Question: when were the first commercial isps established?
Answer: 1989
Question: what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?
Answer: The World
Question: Where was the first ISP S established in 1999?
Question: What was established in Boston Massachusetts?
Question: What was the name of the first private ISP?
Question: What did the world do in 1999?
Question: What would the absence of net neutrality permit? 
Answer: ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content
Question: what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? 
Answer: municipal broadband
Question: how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? 
Answer: a telecommunications service
Question: what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? 
Answer: Title II (common carrier)
Question: what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? 
Answer: telecommunications
Question: What did the implementation of net neutrality permit?
Question: What was net neutrality a solution to?
Question: What yell Law school professor considered to options regarding Internet service?
Question: What did the Democrats present in 2015
Question: What is the FCC expected to oppose with its vote?
Question: When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
Answer: February 2015
Question: How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
Answer: in favor
Question: what did the FCC adopt for the internet? 
Answer: Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934
Question: what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? 
Answer: the First Amendment
Question: what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
Answer: free speech
Question: Who ruled against neutrality in February 2015?
Question: What to ask did FCC rule against?
Question: Who compared his ruling to the fourth amendment?
Question: The telecommunication act of 1934 and the Internet were compared to what?
Question: When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?
Answer: 13 April 2015
Question: When was a general summary of net neutrality released?
Question: When was the first draft of the net neutrality regulations published?
Question: how do isps provide internet access?
Answer: a range of technologies to connect users to their network
Question: what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? 
Answer: television cable (CATV)
Question: what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? 
Answer: wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)
Question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
Answer: telephone lines
Question: Who provides the Internet?
Question: What old technology was unable to be used to connect to the Internet?
Question: What technology is used to connect the Internet through wires?
Question: Computer motherboards are used to do what?
Question: what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? 
Answer: copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)
Question: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
Answer: Fiber To The Home
Question: who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
Answer: users and small businesses
Question: What options were available to large businesses?
Question: What is using fiber optics to providers called?
Question: What modern options are available to users and small businesses?
Question: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? 
Answer: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs
Question: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? 
Answer: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Question: what is high-speed dsl used for? 
Answer: customers with more demanding requirements
Question: what is SONET? 
Answer: synchronous optical networking
Question: What is available to customers with less demanding requirements?
Question: What's the abbreviation for synchronous transfer mode
Question: What are the abbreviations for asynchronous optical networking
Question: What is a mailbox provider? 
Answer: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes
Question: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? 
Answer: A mailbox provider
Question: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? 
Answer: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email
Question: how does a user store electronic mail?
Answer: A mailbox provider
Question: What is an Internet mail service provider?
Question: What online service does not provide storage?
Question: Who allows people to send but not accept in-store mail?
Question: Who invented male domains?
Question: What is IMAP?
Answer: Internet Message Access Protocol
Question: How is access to mail provided? 
Answer: implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.
Question: what are most mailbox providers as well? 
Answer: access providers
Question: who possibly controls their own mail servers? 
Answer: companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals
Question: All mailbox providers were also what?
Question: What are examples of access providers?
Question: What is used by organizations that depend on others to provide mail services?
Question: How is traditional male provided?
Question: What do internet hosting services provide? 
Answer: email, web-hosting, or online storage services
Question: Who provides a virtual server service?
Answer: Internet hosting services
Question: who provides cloud services?
Answer: Internet hosting services
Question: Internet hosting protocols provide what?
Question: Who provides physical servers to customers
Question: Who provides off-line storage services
Question: Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?
Answer: An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP
Question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
Answer: access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to
Question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
Answer: upstream ISPs
Question: What do ISPs pay customers for?
Question: What usually has a small network than a contracting ISP?
Question: What does an upstream ISP provide for customers?
Question: What does the contracting ISP have access to that the upstream ISP does not?
Question: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? 
Answer: transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network
Question: what do transit ISPs provide? 
Answer: large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs
Question: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
Answer: a tier 1 carrier
Question: What is a PoP?
Answer: point of presence
Question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
Answer: Transit ISPs
Question: Who provides minimal amounts of bandwidth for connecting ISPs?
Question: What is a point of protocol abbreviated as?
Question: What has the same connection to an upstream ISP?
Question: What transmits Internet within the home?
Question: What do VISPs resemble? 
Answer: mobile virtual network operators
Question: What do visps purchase services from? 
Answer: a wholesale ISP
Question: Who does an ISP purchase services from?
Question: Who do wholesale ISP purchased services from?
Question: What do virtual network operators resemble?
Question: How do VISP's customers access the Internet?
Question: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
Answer: advertisements
Question: What are free ISPs similar to? 
Answer: commercial television
Question: How are freenets run? 
Answer: on a nonprofit basis
Question: What type of ISPs are free of restrictions?
Question: Who accepts donations instead of charging for services?
Question: What kind of television are free ISPs like?
Question: What are for-profit ISPs called?
Question: What technology is part of a WISP?
Answer: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment
Question: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? 
Answer: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands
Question: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
Answer: wireless networking
Question: What is a wired Internet service provider?
Question: What kind of uncommon networking is used for WISPs
Question: What operates unlicensed frequencies?
Question: What is designed to operate under open 900 MHz
Question: W ISP do not operate in what band?
Question: What is peering? 
Answer: multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points
Question: What does peering allow? 
Answer: routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted
Question: Why is peering used? 
Answer: data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP
Question: What are IXs? 
Answer: Internet exchange points
Question: Where do multiple ISPs connect? 
Answer: peering points or Internet exchange points
Question: Who may not engage in peering?
Question: Different networks charge each other for what?
Question: What would've been incurred by data passing through a third upstream ISP?
Question: Nothing to what costs ISPs more money?
Question: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? 
Answer: A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible
Question: What sort of route does data follow? 
Answer: the most efficient route
Question: What trade-off is not possible?
Question: What follows most inefficient route?
Question: What works unreliably?
Question: What ensures upstream connections are not reliable?
Question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
Answer: PRISM
Question: What does PRISM do? 
Answer: provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic
Question: What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? 
Answer: a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment
Question: What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? 
Answer: allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time
Question: What are ISPs not legally required to do?
Question: What this PRISM stopped the national security agency for doing?
Question: Who objects to PRISM
Question: What do ISPs remove from their networks to discourage intelligence agencies?
Question: What do many people say violates the First Amendment?
Question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?
Answer: speech balloons
Question: What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?
Answer: online webcomics
Question: The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?
Answer: narrative pacing
Question: Which form of comics entails the use of autographic images?
Question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics?
Question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the non-dialogue in comics?
Question: What type of comic has taken off in the 20th century?
Question: The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged don't help with what aspect of comics?
Question: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?
Answer: 1830s
Question: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?
Answer: Superman
Question: What is Japanese cartooning known as?
Answer: manga
Question: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create news?
Question: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1983?
Question: Which antihero appeared in comics in 1938?
Question: What is Chinese cartooning known as?
Question: What is Japanese cartooning not known as?
Question: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?
Answer: when it refers to the medium
Question: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?
Answer: recurring characters
Question: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?
Answer: images and text
Question: What are Japanese comics called?
Answer: manga
Question: French comics are not known as what?
Question: When is the term comics considered multiple rather than plural?
Question: The non-historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?
Question: No experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?
Question: What are Japanese comics never called?
Question: Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?
Answer: Rodolphe Töpffer
Question: Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?
Answer: Richard F. Outcault
Question: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?
Answer: 1890s
Question: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?
Answer: satirical
Question: Who is best known for being the last comics creator in Europe?
Question: Who is least known for being the first comics creator in Europe?
Question: Who is considered to be the last comic creator in America?
Question: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in books?
Question: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War I?
Question: In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?
Answer: Lascaux cave paintings
Question: What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
Answer: The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel
Question: In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?
Answer: hieroglyphs
Question: In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
Answer: Trajan's Column
Question: In France, what did historians find that they consider a irrelevant for comics?
Question: What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be irrelevant for comics?
Question: What Donatello work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
Question: In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics?
Question: In Rome, what do scientists consider to be a precedent for comics?
Question: What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?
Answer: The Glasgow Looking Glass
Question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?
Answer: 1825
Question: In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?
Answer: Punch
Question: Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?
Answer: Ally Sloper
Question: When did Ally Sloper first appear?
Answer: 1884
Question: What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?
Question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end?
Question: In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical?
Question: Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine?
Question: When did Ally Sloper last appear?
Question: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?
Answer: Outcault's The Yellow Kid
Question: Which outlet did comic supplements fail in?
Question: Which outlet did news supplements find success in?
Question: Which outlet didn't comic supplements find success in?
Question: Which strip had no success as a comic strip?
Question: Which strip had a good deal of success as a news article?
Question: What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?
Answer: Mutt and Jeff
Question: When did Mutt and Jeff appear?
Answer: 1907
Question: When did comic books make an appearance?
Answer: 1930s
Question: Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?
Answer: Action Comics
Question: What comic strip did Bud Fisher fail with?
Question: What news column did Bud Fisher have success with?
Question: When did Mutt and Jeff end?
Question: When did news books make an appearance?
Question: Which comic book failed with its first superhero in 1938?
Question: Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?
Answer: Comics Code Authority
Question: When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?
Answer: 1960s
Question: When did the alternative comics movement begin?
Answer: 1980s
Question: Which genre of comic books had children concerned?
Question: Which genre of comic books had parents excited?
Question: Which group was disbanded after a Senate hearing on comic books content?
Question: When did super heroes lose popularity again in comic books?
Question: When did the alternative comics movement end?
Question: How were comics published when serialization became less common?
Answer: as albums
Question: Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?
Answer: L'Association
Question: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?
Answer: print market
Question: Serialization of comics became more popular when?
Question: Serialization of newspapers became less popular when?
Question: How were comics published when serialization became more common?
Question: Which major publisher published in formats that were not traditional?
Question: Comics continue to decline regardless of the decrease in what market?
Question: What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?
Answer: toba-e and kibyōshi picture books
Question: What is ukiyo-e an example of?
Answer: woodblock prints
Question: What picture books from the 16th century show manga origins?
Question: What picture newspapers from the 17th century show manga origins?
Question: What picture books from the 17th century don't show manga origins?
Question: What is ukiyo-e not an example of?
Question: what didn't become popular between the 17th and 20th centuries?
Question: Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?
Answer: Western expatriates
Question: When did Jiji Manga debut?
Answer: 1900
Question: Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?
Answer: Rakuten Kitazawa
Question: When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?
Answer: 1930s
Question: When did comic supplements stop showing up in Japan?
Question: When did comic supplements start showing up in China?
Question: Who never introduced satirical strips to Japan?
Question: When did Jiji Manga end?
Question: Who started the last Japanese comic strip in modern times?
Question: What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?
Answer: Sazae-san
Question: Where were comic strip stories first serialized?
Answer: magazines
Question: What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?
Answer: after World War II
Question: What comic strip was ended by Osamu Tezuka?
Question: What comic strip wasn't created by Osamu Tezuka?
Question: Where were comic strip stories never serialized?
Question: What is considered the end of the modern comics in Japan?
Question: What is considered the start of the ancient comics in Japan?
Question: Where do comics never appear?
Question: What country do weekly strips have normally occupied a single tier?
Question: What country do daily strips have abnormally occupied a single tier?
Question: What country do daily strips have normally occupied a double tier?
Question: while Saturday strips have been given how many tiers?
Question: How often are European serialized comics in magazines?
Answer: monthly or weekly
Question: How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?
Answer: weekly
Question: How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?
Answer: hundreds of pages
Question: Where do non-serialized comics in Japan typically appear?
Question: Where do serialized comics in Japan atypically appear?
Question: How often are American serialized comics in magazines?
Question: How often do serialized comics typically appear in Chinese magazines?
Question: How long is the atypical Japanese comic magazine?
Question: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?
Answer: tankōbon