huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What are Nanjing people called by others?
Answer: 'Nanjing big radish'
Question: What does calling someone 'Nanjing big radish' mean they are like?
Answer: they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative
Question: Generally, what types of teams call Nanjing home?
Answer: many professional sports teams
Question: What is the name of the football club in Nanjing?
Answer: Jiangsu Sainty
Question: What building is home to Jiangsu Sainty?
Answer: Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
Question: What is the name of the major basketball team in Nanjing?
Answer: Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club
Question: What is the name of China's highest level basketball league?
Answer: CBA
Question: Which sports center started in 1952?
Answer: Wutaishan Sports Center
Question: How many major sports centers are located in Nanjing?
Answer: two
Question: What type of sports centers are Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center considered to be?
Answer: comprehensive sports centers
Question: What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center, from a historical perspective?
Answer: it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.
Question: Both Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center contain a stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, and what other facility?
Answer: tennis court
Question: Why was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?
Answer: in order to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China
Question: How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's stadium hold?
Answer: 60,000
Question: How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's gymnasium hold?
Answer: 13,000
Question: How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's natatorium hold?
Answer: 3,000
Question: When was Nanjing announced as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games?
Answer: 10 February 2010
Question: What was the theme for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
Answer: “Share the Games, Share our Dreams”
Question: How many types of sports were performed in the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
Answer: 28
Question: What type of spirit does the Youth Olympic Games hope to spread?
Answer: the Olympic spirit
Question: When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?
Answer: from 16 to 28 August
Question: Nanjing is considered one of the most pretty cities in what region?
Answer: mainland China
Question: How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year?
Answer: thousands
Question: What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing?
Answer: historical buildings
Question: List three natural attractions of Nanjing.
Answer: lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains
Question: What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital?
Answer: many structures were built
Question: Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around?
Answer: some of them still remain
Question: The structures that still remain are open to whom?
Answer: tourists
Question: How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China?
Answer: more than 1700 years
Question: How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing?
Answer: 75
Question: What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories?
Answer: third
Question: What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines?
Answer: third
Question: What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about?
Answer: some of the most prominent
Question: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?
Answer: Jim Foster
Question: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?
Answer: 1987
Question: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?
Answer: third
Question: In yards, how large is an arena football field?
Answer: 68
Question: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?
Answer: half
Question: How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?
Answer: 12
Question: What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?
Answer: Spokane Shock
Question: What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?
Answer: IFL
Question: Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?
Answer: National Conference
Question: As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?
Answer: four
Question: As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?
Answer: 16
Question: How long is the AFL regular season?
Answer: 18-week
Question: In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?
Answer: March
Question: What month did the 2015 AFL season end?
Answer: August
Question: What is the name of the AFL championship game?
Answer: ArenaBowl
Question: When did the AFL development league begin?
Answer: 2000
Question: When was the first AFL season played?
Answer: 1987
Question: What Arena Football League season was cancelled?
Answer: 2009
Question: In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?
Answer: Chicago, Illinois
Question: Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?
Answer: the National Football League
Question: What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?
Answer: an indoor soccer match
Question: Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?
Answer: Madison Square Garden
Question: In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?
Answer: 1981
Question: What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?
Answer: NBC
Question: What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?
Answer: Chicago Blitz
Question: When did the USFL shut down?
Answer: 1985
Question: On what date was the arena football test game played?
Answer: April 27, 1986
Question: What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?
Answer: executive vice-president
Question: In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?
Answer: Rockford, Illinois
Question: At what venue did the test game occur?
Answer: Rockford MetroCentre
Question: Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?
Answer: Chicago Politicians
Question: On what date did the second test game take place?
Answer: February 26, 1987
Question: The second test game was played in what arena?
Answer: Rosemont Horizon
Question: Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?
Answer: Washington Commandos
Question: What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?
Answer: executive director of football operations
Question: What was Darrell Davis' nickname?
Answer: Mouse
Question: Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?
Answer: Davis
Question: On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?
Answer: June 19, 1987
Question: Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?
Answer: Gladiators
Question: How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?
Answer: 12,117
Question: On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?
Answer: June 20, 1987
Question: At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?
Answer: the Rosemont Horizon
Question: On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?
Answer: September 30, 1987
Question: When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?
Answer: March 27, 1990
Question: On what date was the expiration of Foster's patent?
Answer: September 30, 2007
Question: With whom did Foster file his patent?
Answer: the United States Patent and Trademark Office
Question: In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?
Answer: midnight
Question: What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?
Answer: Arena Bowl XII
Question: In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?
Answer: 1998
Question: On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?
Answer: Wide World of Sports
Question: Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?
Answer: Joe Haering
Question: What day of the week was July 23, 1989?
Answer: Saturday
Question: Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?
Answer: Jim Foster
Question: What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL?
Answer: USA Today
Question: In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23, 1989?
Answer: Arco Arena
Question: Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?
Answer: Joe Louis Arena
Question: In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?
Answer: 1988
Question: Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period?
Answer: Mike Ilitch
Question: What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive?
Answer: Detroit Tigers
Question: Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?
Answer: 1994
Question: What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?
Answer: Storm
Question: What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise?
Answer: Orlando Predators
Question: What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers?
Answer: San Jose SaberCats
Question: What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993?
Answer: first All-Star Game
Question: In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur?
Answer: Des Moines, Iowa
Question: What AFL team would be based in Des Moines?
Answer: Iowa Barnstormers
Question: What conference lost the first All-Star Game?
Answer: American Conference
Question: How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game?
Answer: 64
Question: What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford?
Answer: New England Sea Wolves
Question: What city did the Sea Wolves move to?
Answer: Toronto
Question: How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York?
Answer: two
Question: How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford?
Answer: two seasons
Question: How many seasons did the Toronto Phantoms last?
Answer: two
Question: Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?
Answer: Super Bowl XXXIV
Question: What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?
Answer: St. Louis Rams
Question: What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?
Answer: TNN
Question: What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?
Answer: VooDoo
Question: In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?
Answer: 2005
Question: In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location?
Answer: 2005
Question: What year introduced the free substitution rule?
Answer: 2007
Question: What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the "jack" linebacker?
Answer: 2008
Question: Who was the commissioner of the Arena Football League for the first half of 2008?
Answer: David Baker
Question: For how many years did David Baker serve as commissioner of the AFL?
Answer: 12
Question: On what date did Baker step down as commissioner of the AFL?
Answer: July 25, 2008
Question: What Arena Football League event occurred two days after Baker's resignation?
Answer: ArenaBowl XXII
Question: Who temporarily served in the commissioner's post after Baker's departure?
Answer: Ed Policy
Question: What team shut down in October 2008?
Answer: New Orleans VooDoo
Question: Who made the announcement that the VooDoo were shutting down?
Answer: Tom Benson
Question: What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL?
Answer: Platinum Equity
Question: How large a stake did Platinum Equity want to buy in the AFL?
Answer: $100 million
Question: What publication announced the Platinum Equity business deal?
Answer: Sports Business Journal
Question: On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur?
Answer: December 2
Question: To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed?
Answer: December 3
Question: After the second delay, when was the dispersal draft schedule to occur?
Answer: December 9
Question: When was free agency first scheduled to begin?
Answer: December 4
Question: When was free agency scheduled to begin after the delay?
Answer: December 11
Question: What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?
Answer: tenth
Question: In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?
Answer: December 2008
Question: What National Hockey League season was cancelled?
Answer: 2004-05
Question: What led the National Hockey League to cancel the 2004-2005 season?
Answer: a lockout
Question: Who owned the Columbus Destroyers in 2008?
Answer: Jim Renacci
Question: After Ed Policy resigned, what franchise closed?
Answer: Los Angeles Avengers
Question: How many weeks after Policy's resignation did the Avengers fold?
Answer: Two
Question: How long after the shuttering of the Avengers did the league fail to ratify the new collective bargaining agreement?
Answer: One month
Question: What reason did Policy give for his resignation?
Answer: the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league
Question: On what date was it reported that the AFL was considering bankruptcy?
Answer: July 20, 2009
Question: What publication reported that the Arena Football League was thinking about filing bankruptcy?
Answer: Sports Business Journal
Question: How much debt was the AFL reported to have as of July 20, 2009?
Answer: $14 million
Question: What type of bankruptcy was the league reportedly thinking about filing in July 2009?
Answer: Chapter 11
Question: On what date did the AFL announce that it was not shutting down?
Answer: August 4
Question: What percent of af2 was owned by the AFL?
Answer: 50.1
Question: On what date was af2 regarded as disbanded?
Answer: September 8, 2009
Question: What legal entity was created by af2 league owners?
Answer: Arena Football 1
Question: Along with the Orlando Predators, what former Arena Football League team joined af2?
Answer: Arizona Rattlers
Question: What Arena Football League season was suspended?
Answer: 2009
Question: When was an auction announced for the Arena Football League's assets?
Answer: November 11, 2009
Question: When did the auction for the Arena Football League's assets take place?
Answer: November 25, 2009
Question: Who won the auction for the AFL's assets?
Answer: Arena Football 1
Question: What was the purchase price for the Arena Football League's assets?
Answer: $6.1 million
Question: On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League?
Answer: February 17, 2010
Question: What television network was contracted to show Arena Football League games in 2010?
Answer: NFL Network
Question: How many expansion teams were announced in 2010?
Answer: two
Question: Along with the Dallas Vigilantes, what expansion team was announced in 2010?
Answer: Jacksonville Sharks
Question: Along with the New Orleans VooDoo, Kansas City Brigade, Philadelphia Soul and Georgia Force, what former team returned for the 2011 season?
Answer: San Jose SaberCats
Question: Along with the Grand Rapids Rampage, Colorado Crush, Columbus Destroyers and Los Angeles Avengers, what team did not return for the 2011 season?
Answer: New York Dragons
Question: What expansion team joined the league in 2011?
Answer: Pittsburgh Power
Question: For what NFL team did Lynn Swann play?
Answer: Pittsburgh Steelers
Question: What was the former name of the Tampa Bay Storm?
Answer: Pittsburgh Gladiators
Question: What anniversary did the Arena Football League celebrate in 2012?
Answer: 25th
Question: What was the first day of the 2015 AFL season?
Answer: March 9, 2012
Question: To what city did the Tulsa Talons relocate?
Answer: San Antonio
Question: Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012?
Answer: Jeffrey Vinik
Question: What event resulted in the postponement of the AFL free agency period?
Answer: Hurricane Sandy
Question: On what date did the AFL announce its title sponsorship deal?
Answer: December 12, 2012
Question: What business was the title sponsor of the AFL?
Answer: NET10 Wireless
Question: What was the league renamed after the title sponsorship deal?
Answer: NET10 Wireless Arena Football League
Question: When did the AFL title sponsorship deal come to an end?
Answer: 2014
Question: How many years did the AFL title sponsorship deal last?
Answer: two
Question: What was the name of the Los Angeles-based team added in 2013?
Answer: Kiss
Question: Along with Paul Stanley, who owned the Los Angeles Kiss?
Answer: Gene Simmons
Question: Other than the Los Angeles Kiss, what expansion team entered in the league in 2013?
Answer: Portland Thunder
Question: Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons are members of what musical group?
Answer: Kiss
Question: What band was Vince Neil a part of?
Answer: Mötley Crüe
Question: What was the name of the Las Vegas team owned by Vince Neil?
Answer: Outlaws
Question: What was the original intended home field of the Las Vegas Outlaws?
Answer: MGM Grand Garden Arena
Question: Where did the Outlaws play their home games?
Answer: the Thomas & Mack Center
Question: Along with the Las Vegas Gladiators, what prior AFL team played its home games at the Thomas & Mack Center?
Answer: Las Vegas Sting
Question: What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?
Answer: commissioner
Question: Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz?
Answer: Scott Butera
Question: Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner?
Answer: Foxwoods
Question: What was Scott Butera's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner?
Answer: CEO
Question: On what date was it reported that the Las Vegas Outlaws were shutting down?
Answer: August 9, 2015
Question: Who first reported the closure of the New Orleans VooDoo?
Answer: ESPN
Question: On what date did the Spokane Shock leave the AFL?
Answer: September 1, 2015
Question: What rival league did the Spokane Shock join?
Answer: IFL
Question: What was the name of the Spokane Shock after they joined the IFL?
Answer: Spokane Empire
Question: At what team's game was an announcement by the AFL supposed to happen on October 30?
Answer: San Antonio Spurs
Question: Who worked as an AFL spokesman during this period?
Answer: BJ Pickard
Question: What prior AFL franchise was based in Austin?
Answer: Austin Wranglers
Question: Along with the San Antonio Talons, what AFL franchise did San Antonio host at one time?
Answer: San Antonio Force
Question: Who were the defending champions of the Arena Football League?
Answer: San Jose SaberCats
Question: When was it announced that the SaberCats would be shutting down?
Answer: November 12
Question: What was the reason given for the closing of the SaberCats?
Answer: reasons unrelated to League operations
Question: How many AFL teams are operating as of 2016?
Answer: eight
Question: On what date did the AFL take control of one of its teams?
Answer: January 6, 2016
Question: What team did the league take control of?
Answer: Portland Thunder
Question: Who owned the trademark to the Portland Thunder?
Answer: Terry Emmert
Question: Who owned the Desperados trademarks?
Answer: Jerry Jones
Question: Who is commissioner of the Arena Football League?
Answer: Scott Butera
Question: On what date did the league announce its schedule for 2016?
Answer: December 10, 2015
Question: How many teams are active in the AFL for 2016?
Answer: eight
Question: How many regular season games will each team play in 2016?
Answer: 16
Question: How many weeks will the 2016 regular season last?
Answer: 18
Question: On the weekend of what holiday will all teams have a bye?
Answer: Independence Day
Question: What arena was ArenaBowl XXI played in?
Answer: New Orleans Arena
Question: On what date was ArenaBowl XXI played?
Answer: July 29, 2007
Question: In what month and year did Hurricane Katrina occur?
Answer: August 2005
Question: What team won ArenaBowl XXI?
Answer: San Jose SaberCats
Question: A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?
Answer: NBC
Question: How many games was the regular season in 1996?
Answer: 14
Question: How many games were played in the 2001 regular season?
Answer: 16
Question: How many games long was the 2011 regular season?
Answer: 18
Question: How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season?
Answer: 16
Question: When was the AFL's China project announced?
Answer: August 2012
Question: Who is leading the China American Football League?
Answer: Ron Jaworski
Question: What television network does Ron Jaworski work for?
Answer: ESPN
Question: What team is Ron Jaworski the majority owner of?
Answer: Philadelphia Soul
Question: What company is Martin Judge the founder of?
Answer: the Judge Group
Question: In what year was AFL Global created?
Answer: 2012
Question: In what month was an exhibition game planned for Guangzhou?
Answer: October
Question: Who is the Chief Executive Officer of the China American Football League?
Answer: Gary Morris
Question: When does the CAFL plan on start its first season?
Answer: 2016
Question: When was the abortive first CAFL season supposed to have taken place?
Answer: 2014
Question: How many teams participated in the 2015 CAFL tournament?
Answer: six
Question: In what month did the CAFL tournament occur?
Answer: November
Question: After the TV deal, when was the start of the AFL season moved to?
Answer: February
Question: What days were AFL games traditionally played on before the TV deal?
Answer: Friday or Saturday
Question: When were most of the AFL's games played after the TV deal?
Answer: Sunday
Question: On what date did the business relationship between the AFL and NBC end?
Answer: June 30, 2006
Question: On what date did ESPN buy a minority share of the AFL?
Answer: December 19, 2006
Question: At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?
Answer: 17
Question: On what day would most of the games televised on the ESPN networks be played?
Answer: Monday
Question: What network broadcast ArenaBowl XXI?
Answer: ABC
Question: Under the deal, how many AFL playoff games did ESPN broadcast each year?
Answer: nine
Question: What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?
Answer: FSN
Question: After a hiatus, in what year did the AFL begin operations again?
Answer: 2010
Question: What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?
Answer: NFL Network
Question: On what day would AFL games be shown on NFL Network?
Answer: Friday
Question: What streaming service broadcast AFL games that were not on NFL Network?
Answer: Ustream
Question: What was the cost to watch AFL games on Ustream?
Answer: free
Question: In what year did AFL games temporarily cease to be broadcast on NFL Network?
Answer: 2012
Question: Why did the temporary cessation of game broadcasts occur?
Answer: ongoing labor problems
Question: Why did the NFL Network begin to broadcast games again?
Answer: the labor issues were resolved
Question: On what day was an AFL game broadcast live on NFL Network?
Answer: Friday
Question: At what time of day was an AFL game shown on Fridays on NFL Network?
Answer: night
Question: Who was the AFL's 2013 national broadcast partner?
Answer: CBS Sports Network
Question: How many regular season games were shown by CBS Sports Network in 2013?
Answer: 19
Question: How many 2013 playoff games did CBSSN broadcast?
Answer: two
Question: On what channel was the 2013 ArenaBowl broadcast?
Answer: CBS
Question: In 2013, on what day were Arena Football League games usually broadcast on CBS Sports Network?
Answer: Saturday
Question: What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?
Answer: WatchESPN
Question: Along with the ESPN networks, on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast?
Answer: CBS Sports Network
Question: On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live?
Answer: ESPN
Question: For what system was the first Arena Football League video game released?
Answer: the C-64
Question: In what year was the first Arena Football League video game released?
Answer: 1988
Question: On what date was Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed released?
Answer: May 18, 2000
Question: Who made Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed?
Answer: Midway Games
Question: Who wrote War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It?
Answer: Jeff Foley
Question: In what year was War on the Floor released?
Answer: 2001
Question: What team did Jeff Foley play for?
Answer: Albany Firebirds
Question: How many games did Jeff Foley play in?
Answer: three
Question: Along with 1999, in what preseason did Foley play for the Firebirds? 
Answer: 2000
Question: In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model?
Answer: 2010
Question: Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model?
Answer: the league
Question: What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports?
Answer: franchise model
Question: What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?
Answer: 10,000–11,000
Question: Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?
Answer: the September 11, 2001 attacks
Question: What was the average per-game attendance in 2007?
Answer: 12,392
Question: In 2008, what was the average attendance for an AFL game?
Answer: 12,957
Question: During the 2008 season, how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game?
Answer: eight
Question: What was the AFL's average per-game attendance in 2010?
Answer: 8,135
Question: In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game?
Answer: one
Question: What team drew more than 13,000 fans per game in 2010?
Answer: Tampa Bay
Question: From what language does the word diálektos come?
Answer: Greek
Question: What does diálektos mean in English?
Answer: discourse
Question: How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe?
Answer: two
Question: How many distinct ways is the term dialect used?
Answer: two
Question: In how many ways is the word linguistic used to refer to different phenomena?
Question: What language does the word phenomena come from?
Question: From which language does the word distinct originate?
Question: Which term is used in three distinct ways?
Question: What is the common definition of dialect?
Answer: a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers
Question: What is the term dialect most often applied to?
Answer: regional speech patterns
Question: Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect?
Answer: social class
Question: What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class?
Answer: sociolect
Question: What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity?
Answer: ethnolect
Question: What can a region that is associated with a particular social class be called?
Question: What can a region that is associated with a particular ethnic group be called?
Question: What can a ethnolect that is associated with a particular regional dialect be called?
Question: What does any variety of a linguist constitute?
Question: Which use is least common among linguists?
Question: What is the other definition of the term dialect?
Answer: a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language
Question: How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?
Answer: subordinate to the standard language
Question: The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?
Answer: Italy
Question: What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?
Answer: regional Italian
Question: From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?
Answer: Latin
Question: Which variation of Italian are known as national Italian?
Question: Which language spread throughout Italy during the 19th century?
Question: What are 19th century variations of standard Italian known as?
Question: What are 20th century variations of standard English known as?
Question: Which languages of the 19th century evolved from Vulgar Latin?
Question: If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?
Answer: accent
Question: What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary?
Answer: jargons
Question: Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety?
Answer: argots
Question: In which ways do dialects remain undistinguished?
Question: Along with jargon and pronunciation, how is a dialect distinguished?
Question: Along with slang and grammar, how is a dialect distinguished?
Question: What are a few examples of varieties in prosody?
Question: What is the term for differences in slang?
Question: The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?
Answer: institutions
Question: Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?
Answer: textbooks
Question: Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?
Answer: English
Question: Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?
Answer: government
Question: What is the term for a dialect that remains unsupported by institutions?
Question: There may be only one what associated with multiple languages?
Question: Standard British Canadian is an example of a dialect of which language?
Question: Australian Standard English  is an example of a dialect of which language?
Question: Standard British Philippines is an example of a dialect of which language?
Question: What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?
Answer: institutional support
Question: What language is Scouse a dialect of?
Answer: English
Question: What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects?
Answer: The Dialect Test
Question: Who came up with the Dialect Test?
Answer: Joseph Wright
Question: Along with a syntax and grammar, what attribute does a dialect possess?
Answer: vocabulary
Question: Unlike a standard dialect, what does a nonstandard dialect have?
Question: Unlike a nonstandard dialect, what does a standard dialect have?
Question: A nonstandard dialect usually receives what type of support?
Question: What are some examples of standard American English?
Question: Which test was designed by Tyke to compare different English dialects?
Question: On what coast of Costa Rica is Limón Creole English spoken?
Answer: Caribbean
Question: Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from people of what nationality?
Answer: Jamaican
Question: How many universally accepted criterion for distinguishing between two languages from two dialects are there?
Question: Where is Jamaican Creole spoken?
Question: Who speaks Costa Rican Creole?
Question: What does the position which Costa Rican linguists oppose depend on?
Question: What does the position which Jamaican linguists support depend on?
Question: What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects?
Answer: mutual intelligibility
Question: What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible?
Answer: dialect continua
Question: What is the definition of mutual intelligibility?
Answer: if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other
Question: Which is the most uncommon and purely linguistic criterion?
Question: What is the term for two dialects of different languages that are intertwined?
Question: What occurs when dialect A B and C are all mutual intelligible with another?
Question: Which is the most uncommon criterion for being a dialect of the same language?
Question: What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?
Answer: linguistic authority
Question: Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?
Answer: East Franconian German
Question: Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member?
Answer: Middle High German
Question: Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German?
Answer: a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary
Question: A less sociolinguistic notion, what is the term for another criterion for distinguishing dialects?
Question: A more sociolinguistic notion, what is the term for another criterion for distinguishing German dictionarys?
Question: Under what authority would two varieties be considered dialects of different languages if they would refer to the same body with questions about their languages?
Question: In which dictionary would a Yiddish speaker look for questions regarding word usage?
Question: Which language is classified by linguists as being in the Lower High German group?
Question: What do only a few linguists believe people speak?
Question: According to the least used definition, what does everyone speak?
Question: What are used to distinguish between two varieties of different languages only?
Question: What does the criteria believe everybody speaks?
Question: Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?
Answer: Heinz Kloss
Question: In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?
Answer: 1967
Question: What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss?
Answer: politically and/or culturally
Question: In which year did abstand and ausbau develop their framework?
Question: By who was a framework developed in 1960 for describing speech communities?
Question: In what year did Heinz Kloss develop a framework for describing dialects genetically?
Question: Who developed a framework for describing dialects genetically?
Question: What did Heinz Kloss develop a framework for in 1927?
Question: Which terms are always mutually exclusive?
Question: What type of relationship do the terms Pennsylvania and Dutch have?
Question: Which dialect is the language of Germany?
Question: What type of relationship do the terms dialect and Dutch have?
Question: What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?
Answer: variety
Question: Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?
Answer: lect
Question: Which term distinguishes between dialects and languages?
Question: Which term distinguishes between dialects and languages but not variety?
Question: Which is the most uncommon term linguists use to avoid taking a position on the speech of a community?
Question: Which term distinguishes between dialects and languages but not position?
Question: Which term distinguishes between dialects and groups of languages?
Question: What social status is the term "dialect" sometimes associated with?
Answer: low
Question: What is another term for language varieties?
Answer: dialects
Question: In certain context, which term refers to varieties with high social status?
Question: The term proper refers to varieties with what type of social status?
Question: What is another term for secondary sense?
Question: The term variety refers to varieties with what type of social status?
Question: Which term refers to varieties with high social status?
Question: What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?
Answer: Lombardic alpine
Question: What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?
Answer: Chinese
Question: Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?
Answer: mutual unintelligibility
Question: What is the status of language solely determined by?
Question: Along with alpine dialects, what else is the status of language determined by?
Question: What types of development help to determine the status of Mandarin?
Question: Lombardic is recognized as a language despite being close to which alpine dialect?
Question: Which variations of the Chinese language have mutual intelligibility?
Question: What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?
Answer: the French Revolution
Question: If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?
Answer: its own independent state
Question: What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?
Answer: regional autonomy
Question: Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?
Answer: armed conflict
Question: Since which revolution has Ancient Nationalism especially been developed?
Question: What has failed to make a distinction between the terms language and dialect?
Question: On which basis is the distinction between language and dialect more often made?
Question: What can the distinction between regional autonomy and dialect lead to?
Question: What can the distinction between regional autonomy and the French Revolution lead to?
Question: Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?
Answer: Yiddish
Question: What does "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot" mean in English?
Answer: A language is a dialect with an army and navy
Question: When did Max Weinrich write "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"?
Answer: 1945
Question: In what did the army-navy publish the phrase  "A language is a dialect with an army and navy"?
Question: What is illustrated by the frequency by Max Weinreich published his expression?
Question: Which language is YIVO Bleter a linguist of?
Question: Max Weinreich is what in relation to the YIVO Bleter language?
Question: When is the term 'German dialects' used in regard to the German language?
Answer: traditional regional varieties
Question: What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from?
Answer: the regional varieties of modern standard German
Question: Which term is only used for nontraditional varieties?
Question: Which term is only used for national varieties?
Question: In reference to modern varieties, what term is only used for traditional regional languages?
Question: What does this allow the to remain undistinguished from?
Question: Because of this, what is ancient standard German distinguished from?
Question: What do the German dialects show on a narrow spectrum?
Question: What type of relationship do most German dialects have?
Question: After who does German dialectology name minor dialect groups after?
Question: It is assumed Germanic tribes descended from what?
Question: What type of dialects show have a narrow range of variation?
Question: In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?
Answer: Northern Germany
Question: Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers?
Answer: cities
Question: In what environment are dialects less common?
Answer: public
Question: In what environment are dialects more frequently heard?
Answer: familiar
Question: Where in Southern Germany are dialects less common?
Question: What is more common in Northern German than in the South?
Question: What are more common in Southern German than in the North?
Question: What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?
Answer: standard German
Question: Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German?
Answer: Liechtenstein
Question: In which country is there a situation identical to the rest of the German speaking countries?
Question: What is seldom spoken where German is used as a default everyday language?
Question: Which language do some standard German speakers perceive to be foreign?
Question: The Swiss German dialect is rarely spoken in which two countries?
Question: In which two countries is standard German used everyday?
Question: What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?
Answer: an ausbau language
Question: Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?
Answer: they are roofed by standard German
Question: What is often not included when counting German dialects?
Question: In which country are the Middle Age varieties spoken?
Question: When did High German have a strong tendency towards being an ausbau language?
Question: When did Low German have a weak tendency towards being an ausbau language?
Question: What are High German varieties often included with?
Question: What language are many Italian dialects derived from?
Answer: Vulgar Latin
Question: What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?
Answer: dialects
Question: Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian?
Answer: they are not derived from modern standard Italian
Question: Which country is home to lots of native regional majority languages?
Question: Most of Italy's languages have what kind of base along with shared variants?
Question: What is another German term for dialects?
Question: According to linguistics, most national languages in Italy are not dialects but what?
Question: Rather than an individual languages, what are most regional languages in Italy better referred to as?
Question: What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other?
Answer: they lack mutual intelligibility
Question: From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail?
Answer: Lombardy
Question: What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to?
Answer: Gallo-Italic
Question: What type of language is Sicilian?
Answer: Neapolitan
Question: What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily?
Answer: Sicilian Gallo-Italic
Question: Rather than separate languages, what are the Romance languages better classified as?
Question: Where is Western Lombard spoken?
Question: With who would a Sicilian speaker have a lesser degree of mutual intelligibility?
Question: With who would a Sicilian speaker have a lesser degree of mutual unintelligibility?
Question: Which language developed in popular Lombard communities in the same place as the Sicilian language?
Question: What language is modern standard Italian derived from?
Answer: Florentine Tuscan
Question: What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?
Answer: Latin
Question: During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?
Answer: 12th
Question: What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?
Answer: upper class
Question: From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?
Answer: Tuscany
Question: What is Florentine Tuscan language based on?
Question: Since when has Giovanni Boccaccio been used in poetry and literature?
Question: Since when has Dadnte Alighieri been used in poetry and literature?
Question: Since when has Niccolo Machiavelli been used in poetry and literature?
Question: Since when has Petrarch been used in poetry and literature?
Question: What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?
Answer: Alessandro Manzoni
Question: During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?
Answer: the Risorgimento
Question: In what decade was Italy unified?
Answer: 1860s
Question: What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?
Answer: 2.5%
Question: When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?
Answer: standard Italian
Question: During what period were proponents of Italian Unification stressing the importance of establishing a uniform national language?
Question: When did Alessandro Manzoni stress the importance of creating an Italian state?
Question: During which decade was Italy de-unified?
Question: When did Risorgimento become the official language of the new Italian state?
Question: During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?
Answer: World War I
Question: Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?
Answer: television
Question: In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?
Answer: lower
Question: Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language?
Answer: outside of one's region
Question: Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language?
Answer: at home with family
Question: What language do many Italians speak today as opposed to their regional language?
Question: What is never associated with being lower class?
Question: What is never associated with being uneducated?
Question: What is never associated with being boorish?
Question: What is never associated with being overly informal?
Question: Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?
Answer: standard Italian
Question: What do Italians in different regions never speak?
Question: What is another term for national Italian dialects?
Question: What dialect is regional Italian heavily influenced by native languages?
Question: What is another term for varieties of standard Italian?
Question: The majority of Italian languages are dialects of what?
Question: What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?
Answer: Italo-Dalmatian
Question: What language are most languages of Italy derived from?
Answer: Latin
Question: Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to?
Answer: Romance
Question: Which family do the least widely spoken languages fall into?
Question: What type of languages are the languages of Italo-Dalmation?
Question: Which languages are primarily Dalmation languages?
Question: Romance languages are the primary language of which family?
Question: Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?
Answer: The Sardinian language
Question: What language is Sassarese closely related to?
Answer: Italian Tuscan
Question: What language family does Gallurese belong to?
Answer: Italo-Dalmatian
Question: What language family does Ligurian belong to?
Answer: Gallo-Romance
Question: Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?
Answer: Sardinian
Question: Which language is considered to be it's only Sardinian language family?
Question: Which language does the Campidanese Sardinian variant include?
Question: Where are Romance, Gallurese and Sassarese also spoken?
Question: Which languages are not considered to be related to the Italian Tuscon language?
Question: Where is the Romance Algherese dialect spoken?
Question: Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?
Answer: American English
Question: What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?
Answer: Serbian and Croatian
Question: Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?
Answer: dialects of a single language
Question: Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?
Answer: distinct languages
Question: Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?
Answer: the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies
Question: What is can be controversial with consistent verdicts?
Question: Which languages are not spoken by political allies?
Question: Which languages are not spoken by military allies?
Question: Serbian and American English are the major variants of which language?
Question: British English and Croatian American are the major variants of which language?
Question: Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?
Answer: Bulgarian
Question: What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?
Answer: South Slavic
Question: What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as?
Answer: a Bulgarian dialect
Question: In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established?
Answer: 1944
Question: In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken?
Answer: Republic of Macedonia
Question: With which language is Macedonian mutually unintelligible?
Question: In what year was there a literary standard of Bulgarian developed?
Question: When was a standard of Serbian developed in Macedonia?
Question: In what year was there a literary standard of Slavic developed?
Question: In what language are Lebanese laws written?
Answer: Arabic
Question: During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?
Answer: Lebanese Arabic
Question: What language is Lebanese closely related to?
Answer: Arabic
Question: What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?
Answer: Latin
Question: Where is Lebanese considered a dialect and not a distinct language?
Question: During which war did Christians us Latin exclusively?
Question: In which form are all Christian laws written?
Question: In which form may Latin script be conducted?