huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Bilaterians are animals that have what?
Answer: symmetric body shape
Question: The Cambrian period was how long ago?
Answer: 485-540 million years ago
Question: A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?
Answer: a ganglion
Question: What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?
Answer: leeches
Question: A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what?
Answer: acoelomorphs
Question: Some bilaterians without a brain are what?
Answer: echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs
Question: Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains?
Answer: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods
Question: Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what?
Answer: parallel nerve cords
Question: The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals?
Answer: octopus and squid
Question: Which brains are easier to work on, vertebrates or invertebrates?
Answer: invertebrate
Question: How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear?
Answer: over 500 million years ago
Question: During which scientific period did vertebrates appear?
Answer: Cambrian period
Question: Sharks appeared at about how many Mya?
Answer: 450 Mya
Question: The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what?
Answer: (the telencephalon
Question: At how many mya did mammals first appear in time?
Answer: 200 Mya
Question: In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what?
Answer: 0.75
Question: Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts?
Answer: primates
Question: The midbrain during development is known as what?
Answer: mesencephalon
Question: The hindbrain during development is known as what?
Answer: rhombencephalon
Question: Which group of animals does the forebrain grow the largest?
Answer: mammals
Question: During development, the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what?
Answer: neural tube;
Question: The color of the brain inside is what?
Answer: white
Question: Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues?
Answer: meninges
Question: Meninges separate what structure from the brain?
Answer: the skull
Question: The blood-brain barrier is made up of what?
Answer: cells in the blood vessel walls
Question: People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what?
Answer: Neuroanatomists
Question: The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?
Answer: telencephalon
Question: The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?
Answer: diencephalon
Question: The midbrain region of the brain is known as what?
Answer: mesencephalon
Question: Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain?
Answer: thalamus and hypothalamus
Question: The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes?
Answer: teleost fishes
Question: Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species?
Answer: forebrain area
Question: A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size?
Answer: twice as large
Question: A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size?
Answer: ten times
Question: The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what?
Answer: size.
Question: What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?
Answer: The cerebral cortex
Question: The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?
Answer: pallium
Question: Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?
Answer: neocortex or isocortex
Question: The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?
Answer: neocortex
Question: The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates?
Answer: visual
Question: The larger part of the cerebellum in mammals is called what?
Answer: (the neocerebellum
Question: The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain?
Answer: cerebral cortex
Question: Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what?
Answer: encephalization quotient (EQ)
Question: What is the average EQ of a person?
Answer: 7-to-8 range
Question: Primates have an EQ in what range?
Answer: 2-to-3
Question: Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas?
Answer: 30
Question: The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates?
Answer: more than half
Question: Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area?
Answer: prefrontal cortex
Question: The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals?
Answer: primates
Question: The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates?
Answer: the neural plate
Question: The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center?
Answer: fluid-filled ventricle
Question: The forebrain splits during development into vesicles called what?
Answer: telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon
Question: The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one?
Answer: telencephalon
Question: The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle?
Answer: the diencephalon
Question: A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what?
Answer: protoplasm
Question: What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development?
Answer: dendrites and an axon
Question: The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain?
Answer: neurons
Question: The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?
Answer: sense of smell
Question: What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories?
Answer: dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
Question: Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?
Answer: Glial cells
Question: Neurogenesis is the process of what?
Answer: neurons continue to be generated throughout life
Question: The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what?
Answer: neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses
Question: What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another?
Answer: electrochemical
Question: Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain?
Answer: synapses
Question: What do neurotransmitters attach to?
Answer: receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell
Question: Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule?
Answer: Dale's principle
Question: GABA is the abbreviation for what?
Answer: gamma-aminobutyric acid
Question: Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory?
Answer: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Question: The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what?
Answer: glutamate,
Question: Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters?
Answer: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Question: Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?
Answer: Raphe nuclei
Question: Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?
Answer: Serotonin
Question: Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?
Answer: Norepinephrine
Question: Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?
Answer: locus coeruleus
Question: MEG of the brain is an abbreviation of what?
Answer: magnetoencephalography
Question: What type of test is used to tell that a brain is active even during sleep?
Answer: EEG
Question: What type of brain waves are seen in mammals during sleep?
Answer: large slow delta waves
Question: What type of brain waves are sen when a creature is awake, but inattentive?
Answer: faster alpha waves
Question: What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism?
Answer: Glial cells
Question: Glial cells control what inside the brain?
Answer: chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons
Question: Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body?
Answer: glucose (i.e., blood sugar
Question: The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage?
Answer: 20–25%
Question: Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what?
Answer: ketones
Question: Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain?
Answer: 2% and 8%
Question: The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what?
Answer: provide coherent control over the actions of an animal
Question: Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?
Answer: cybernetics
Question: Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?
Answer: John von Neumann's
Question: When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?
Answer: 1958
Question: The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?
Answer: 1959
Question: Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move?
Answer: David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
Question: What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain?
Answer: the Human Brain Project
Question: What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense?
Answer: snakes
Question: The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what?
Answer: birds
Question: The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what?
Answer: fish
Question: Light-receptive neurons are located in what part of the eye?
Answer: retina
Question: Vibration-sensitive neurons are found in what part of the ear?
Answer: cochlea
Question: Signals are sent from the thalamus to what part of the brain?
Answer: cerebral cortex
Question: What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain?
Answer: the eye,
Question: All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what?
Answer: spinal cord and hindbrain
Question: Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing?
Answer: the medulla and pons,
Question: At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord, are what areas?
Answer: the medulla and pons
Question: The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body?
Answer: coordinating movements of the arms and legs
Question: A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what?
Answer: primary motor cortex
Question: The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what?
Answer: pyramidal tract.
Question: The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body?
Answer: autonomic nervous system
Question: What system in the body controls heart rate?
Answer: autonomic nervous system
Question: What system in the body controls salivation?
Answer: autonomic nervous system
Question: Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what?
Answer: not under direct voluntary control
Question: Which system in the body controls urination?
Answer: The autonomic nervous system
Question: The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what?
Answer: suprachiasmatic nucleus
Question: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?
Answer: the hypothalamus
Question: Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock?
Answer: the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Question: The RHT is an abbreviation for what?
Answer: retinohypothalamic tract
Question: THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what?
Answer: the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT
Question: A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?
Answer: the reticular formation
Question: Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?
Answer: the thalamus
Question: Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?
Answer: state of coma
Question: The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?
Answer: sleep-wake cycles.
Question: There are two types of sleep called what?
Answer: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM
Question: What type of sleep involves dreaming?
Answer: REM sleep
Question: The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?
Answer: REM, light NREM and deep NREM
Question: Slow wave sleep is also known as what?
Answer: deep NREM sleep
Question: During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?
Answer: slow wave sleep
Question: Homeostasis is defined as what?
Answer: The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body
Question: Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase?
Answer: "standing still"
Question: The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist?
Answer: Claude Bernard
Question: Homeostasis is like what household tool?
Answer: a thermostat.
Question: The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?
Answer: the forebrain
Question: In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?
Answer: the hypothalamus,
Question: A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?
Answer: the hypothalamus,
Question: The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?
Answer: the pituitary gland
Question: The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?
Answer: the bloodstream
Question: A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what?
Answer: basal ganglia
Question: The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made?
Answer: decisions
Question: Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse?
Answer: dopamine
Question: Which of the two systems, reward or punishment is better understood?
Answer: The reward mechanism
Question: In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?
Answer: 1971
Question: BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?
Answer: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Question: Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom?
Answer: Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Question: What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system?
Answer: neuroscience
Question: What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior?
Answer: Psychology
Question: What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system?
Answer: neurology
Question: Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what?
Answer: study, prevent, and treat mental disorders
Question: Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields?
Answer: neuroscience and psychology
Question: What do neuroanatomists study?
Answer: the large-scale structure of the brain
Question: What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?
Answer: neuroanatomy
Question: Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?
Answer: the middle of the 20th century,
Question: What do neurophysiologists study?
Answer: the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain
Question: The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?
Answer: drugs and recording devices
Question: What type of receptors does the brain lack?
Answer: pain receptors
Question: Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies?
Answer: the scalp
Question: The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?
Answer: the blood–brain barrier
Question: The two main structures that protect the brain are what?
Answer: the skull and meninges
Question: What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain?
Answer: strokes
Question: What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?
Answer: rats
Question: Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?
Answer: the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation.
Question: How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?
Answer: over 5,000 years old
Question: The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?
Answer: 12 to 14-year-old
Question: The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?
Answer: girl
Question: The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?
Answer: brain or heart.
Question: Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?
Answer: the heart
Question: Who invented the atomic theory of matter?
Answer: Democritus,
Question: The "father of medicine" is a name given to whom in history?
Answer: Hippocrates
Question: What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?
Answer: Democritus
Question: What period in history was anatomical  studies of nerves greatly increased?
Answer: the Renaissance
Question: Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?
Answer: The Roman physician Galen
Question: Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?
Answer: animal spirits
Question: Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?
Answer: Luigi Galvani
Question: The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?
Answer: the Golgi stain
Question: What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?
Answer: Spanish
Question: Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?
Answer: Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley
Question: Which decade in history was officially called the "Decade of the Brain"?
Answer: the 1990s
Question: Multielectrode recording allows what?
Answer: the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;
Question: Genetic engineering allows what?
Answer: molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;
Question: What does genomics allow the study of?
Answer: variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging.
Question: During what century was multielectrode recording invented?
Answer: the 21st century,
Question: Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century?
Answer: the 21st century,
Question: What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia?
Answer: Near East (French: Proche-Orient)
Question: The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire?
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Question: The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language?
Answer: English
Question: What has replaced the term Near East?
Answer: Middle East
Question: Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?
Answer: The Encyclopædia Britannica
Question: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?
Answer: Afghanistan
Question: What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?
Answer: the National Geographic Society
Question: What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire
Question: When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace?
Answer: 1914
Question: The rise of what saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria?
Answer: the rise of Balkan nationalism
Question: Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?
Answer: 1912
Question: When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?
Answer: the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13
Question: How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?
Answer: as the sick man of Europe
Question: The Balkan states were primarily what religion? 
Answer: Christian
Question: When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?
Answer: 1894
Question: What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?
Answer: the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people
Question: What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?
Answer: The Hamidian Massacres
Question: When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?
Answer: middle of the 19th century
Question: In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area
Answer: the East Indies
Question: "Near East" applied to this mainly known area
Answer: the Levant
Question: What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in? 
Answer: the Ottoman Porte
Question: What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean? 
Answer: permits from the Ottoman Empire
Question: What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?
Answer: North Africa west of Egypt
Question: Where were the piratical kingdoms from? 
Answer: Barbary Coast
Question: Why was Iran included in the collection of regions? 
Answer: because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia
Question: What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?
Answer: the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia
Question: The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East" 
Answer: of the sick man of Europe
Question: The terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what? 
Answer: the opposites of far and near
Question: When do the terms "Near East" and "Far East" appear together in journals? 
Answer: the mid-19th century
Question: The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what? 
Answer: the near or far east of a field, village or shire.
Question: The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?
Answer: the Greeks
Question: Usually the terms were given when referencing what?  
Answer: a geographic feature
Question: "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where? 
Answer: In the north
Question: "India on this side of the Ganges" is located where? 
Answer: To the south
Question: "Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where? 
Answer: In the north
Question: Where did Asia begin? 
Answer: on the coast of Anatolia
Question: What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become? 
Answer: the East Indies
Question: China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what? 
Answer: "the East Indies"
Question: What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?
Answer: "east"
Question: What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map? 
Answer: 1590
Question: What was Elizabeth primarily interested in? 
Answer: trade with the east
Question: Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?
Answer: English merchants
Question: What was the goal of the first trading companies?
Answer: obtain trading concessions by treaty
Question: What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?
Answer: The East India Company
Question: What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire? 
Answer: The borders
Question: What was the Ottoman Empire created from?
Answer: the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire
Question: How did the last Roman emperor die?
Answer: fighting hand-to-hand in the streets
Question: Where was the Roman emperor's capital?
Answer: Constantinople
Question: The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year? 
Answer: 1688
Question: What created Serbia?
Answer: the Serbian Revolution
Question: When was the Serbian Revolution?
Answer: 1815–1833
Question: When was the Greek War of Independence?
Answer: 1821–1832
Question: When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: 1853
Question: When was the Crimean War?
Answer: 1853–1856
Question: During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire
Question: What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?
Answer: the incursions of the Russian Empire
Question: The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?
Answer: the Balkan region
Question: Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region? 
Answer: 1855
Question: What brought a change in vocabulary?
Answer: The Crimean War
Question: The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire
Question: Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power? 
Answer: the British government
Question: What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?
Answer: the British Empire
Question: When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?
Answer: 1855
Question: Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?
Answer: Thomas Taylor Meadows
Question: What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?
Answer: the suggestion by another interpreter
Question: What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?
Answer: the letter to the Times
Question: What was said must represent usage by that administration?
Answer: Meadows' terminology
Question: Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?
Answer: Duke of Wellington
Question: What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?
Answer: "Near East"
Question: What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?
Answer: "the Nearer East,"
Question: There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: the Biblical lands
Question: What did the Christians see the country as?
Answer: the land of the Old and New Testaments
Question: How did the scholars attempt their definition? 
Answer: on the basis of archaeology
Question: Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?
Answer: The London Review of 1861
Question: Who wrote The London Review of 1861?
Answer: (Telford and Barber
Question: What region has no mention?
Answer: the Balkans
Question: Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?
Answer: regions in their inventory
Question: Hogarth makes no mention of what?
Answer: the classics
Question: How is Hogarth's analysis?
Answer: geopolitical
Question: When did the term "Near East" acquire considerable disrepute?
Answer: the 19th century
Question: The term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?
Answer: English-speaking public
Question: What was the cause of the onus?
Answer: the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians
Question: What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?
Answer: they were Christians
Question: When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?
Answer: 1913)
Question: Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894
Answer: the Far East
Question: What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?
Answer: The Peoples and Politics of the Far East
Question: What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out? 
Answer: 1895
Question: Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?
Answer: New York
Question: When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?
Answer: June, 1896
Question: What magazine did Norman publish his work in?
Answer: Scribner's Magazine
Question: Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states?
Answer: The Russians
Question: Who did Norman say "turned her back"?
Answer: England
Question: What does Norman mean in the article when saying "Near East"?
Answer: the countries where "the eastern question" applied
Question: What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?
Answer: just "the east."
Question: "The East" refers to what?
Answer: The rest of the Ottoman domain
Question: What was William Miller an expert on?
Answer: the Near East
Question: So to speak, what did William Miller do?
Answer: signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires
Question: Where did Miller attend school?
Answer: Oxford
Question: It was considered Europe needed what country?
Answer: Turkey
Question: What was Miller citing?
Answer: the "collective wisdom" of Europe
Question: The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?
Answer: Austro-Hungarian Empire
Question: Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
Answer: the German Empire
Question: Who did the British Empire side with?
Answer: the Russian Empire
Question: The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what?
Answer: World War I
Question: By what year were three empires gone? 
Answer: 1918
Question: What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East?
Answer: 1916
Question: Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?
Answer: Arnold J. Toynbee
Question: Arnold J Toynbee believed what?
Answer: Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms
Question: What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East?
Answer: the Republic of Turkey
Question: How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves?
Answer: with the west
Question: Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey?
Answer: Mustafa Kemal
Question: Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer?
Answer: Mustafa Kemal
Question: When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?
Answer: the 19th century
Question: The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?
Answer: archaeology
Question: Where did the "Far East" derive from? 
Answer: Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges."
Question: Where did the Ottoman Empire end?
Answer: the eastern border of Iraq
Question: Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"?
Answer: because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there
Question: Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?
Answer: in British and American diplomatic circles
Question: What was Iran known as to the west?
Answer: Persia
Question: When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish "The Problem of the Middle East"?
Answer: 1900
Question: What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish?
Answer: The Problem of the Middle East
Question: The problem of the Middle East was published by who?
Answer: Thomas Edward Gordon
Question: What threat caused Gordon to publish his article?
Answer: resumption of work on a railway
Question: Who was a diplomat and military officer?
Answer: Gordon
Question: Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications?
Answer: Gordon
Question: Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?
Answer: Alfred Thayer Mahan
Question: What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?
Answer: the naval vulnerability of the trade routes
Question: When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?
Answer: 1902
Question: What did Mahan believe he was innovating?
Answer: the term Middle East
Question: What had already been there to be seen?
Answer: the term Middle East
Question: The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?
Answer: the period following World War I
Question: Who was the colonial officer killed in China?
Answer: Bertram Lenox Simpson
Question: Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'?
Answer: Bertram Lenox Simpson
Question: What was Simpson's pen-name?
Answer: Weale
Question: The great whites were appearing as late as what time?
Answer: the 1920s
Question: In whose works were the great whites appearing?
Answer: James Henry Breasted
Question: What was mainly of interest in America?
Answer: A red wavelength
Question: Where where the yellow?
Answer: the Far East
Question: Where were the black?
Answer: Africa
Question: When did Kenya become independent?
Answer: 1963
Question: The color issue was not settled until when?
Answer: Kenya became independent
Question: Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?
Answer: Charles George Gordon
Question: What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between?
Answer: assignments living among the poor and donating his salary
Question: When did he win Ottoman confidence?
Answer: as a junior officer in the Crimean War
Question: What did he become in his later career?
Answer: a high official in the Ottoman Empire
Question: When did the term "Near and Middle East" hold stage?
Answer: a few years before World War I
Question: What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?
Answer: The term "Near and Middle East,"
Question: When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?
Answer: 1916
Question: Who were the 40th Pathans?
Answer: (troops of British India
Question: In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered?
Answer: "the Middle East.
Question: What prevailed with the disgrace of "Near East"?
Answer: "Middle East"
Question: What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?
Answer: Near East
Question: What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?
Answer: Near East
Question: What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?
Answer: sentiment of unity
Question: What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?
Answer: racial and colonial definitions
Question: What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered?
Answer: no longer considered ideologically sound
Question: When were terms such as "Near East", "Far East", and "Middle East" relegated to the experts?
Answer: the 20th century
Question: Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?
Answer: the new field of political science
Question: Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into?
Answer: the shadow of international relations
Question: What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century?
Answer: independent republics
Question: What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East?
Answer: The United States
Question: What has the state department been most influential in promulgating?
Answer: the Near Eastern regional system
Question: Who has abandoned the term Near East?
Answer: The countries of the former empires of the 19th century
Question: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?
Answer: the United States Department of State
Question: What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?
Answer: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
Question: Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?
Answer: statecraft
Question: Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?
Answer: the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)
Question: What is NESA?
Answer: an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense
Question: What does NESA Teach?
Answer: It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops
Question: What is WINEPS target countries as?
Answer: the Middle East
Question: How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa?
Answer: under "North Africa."
Question: What is the Library of Congress?
Answer: an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government
Question: The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?
Answer: the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library
Question: Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?
Answer: The United Nations
Question: Who recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region?
Answer: UNICEF
Question: The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?
Answer: the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East
Question: The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?
Answer: the Near East
Question: What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government?
Answer: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Question: The CIA appears to have what?
Answer: multiple leadership
Question: Who appoints the director of the CIA?
Answer: the president
Question: Who oversees the operations of the CIA?
Answer: Congress
Question: The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?
Answer: The World Factbook
Question: What does NESA stand for?
Answer: Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis
Question: Whose duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?"
Answer: (NESA)
Question: What does USAID stand for?
Answer: U.S. Agency for International Development
Question: What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?
Answer: USAID
Question: What term does USAID not use?
Answer: the term Near East
Question: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?
Answer: a Middle East and North Africa region
Question: What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?
Answer: Near East
Question: What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?
Answer: Their original Middle East
Question: What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?
Answer: "bilateral relationships"
Question: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?
Answer: Near East
Question: The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?
Answer: Republic of Turkey
Question: What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?
Answer: The Ancient Near East
Question: The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?
Answer: the Ancient Near East
Question: What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?
Answer: Fertile Crescent
Question: When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?
Answer: 1950
Question: Who was a British archaeologist?
Answer: Leonard Woolley
Question: Who excavated ancient Ur?
Answer: Leonard Woolley
Question: What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?
Answer: the collection of resources
Question: What are these resources collected for?
Answer: for scholarship and research
Question: Who founded the CSAD?
Answer: Oxford University
Question: Where is Oxford University?
Answer: Great Britain
Question: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?
Answer: university departments named for the Near East
Question: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?
Answer: Middle East
Question: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?
Answer: Expertise on the modern Middle East
Question: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?
Answer: Near Eastern Languages
Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?
Answer: Anhui
Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?
Answer: Jiangxi
Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?
Answer: Fujian
Question: Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?
Answer: East China Sea
Question: What was Zhejiang never romanized as?
Question:  Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the southwest?
Question:  Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the southeast?
Question:  Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northeast?
Question:  Which body of water is to the west of Zhejiang?
Question: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?
Answer: Zhe River
Question: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?
Answer: Hangzhou Bay
Question: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?
Answer: Crooked
Question: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
Answer: Zhe River
Question: What does the Qiantang River flow past?
Answer: Hangzhou
Question: What is the current name of the Qiantang River?
Question: What is the former name of the Zhe River?
Question:  What does Zhe mean in Japanese?
Question:  Which lake does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
Question:  What does the Qiantang Ocean flow past?
Question: What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?
Answer: Neolithic
Question: Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?
Answer: Zhejiang
Question: What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?
Answer: 2007
Question: Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?
Answer: Liangzhu
Question: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?
Answer: O1
Question:  What kind of culture are the Hemudu and Liangzhu?
Question:  Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures relocated to?
Question: What happened in 2006?
Question: Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples not linked to in the DNA analysis?
Question: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture not reveal?
Question: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?
Answer: Hundred Yue
Question: When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?
Answer: Spring and Autumn Period
Question: Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?
Answer: northern Zhejiang
Question: Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?
Answer: Yu the Great
Question: What does the Sword of Goujian bear?
Answer: bird-worm seal script
Question: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 1st millennium BC?
Question:  When did the kingdom of Yue end?
Question:  Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to new chronicles?
Question:  Who does Shiji reject that its leaders were descended from?
Question:  What does the Sword of Goujian not have on it?
Question: What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?
Answer: Kuaiji Commandery
Question: Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?
Answer: the Han
Question: In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?
Answer: Kuaiji
Question: Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?
Answer: Xiang Yu
Question: Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?
Answer: the Qin Empire
Question: What wasn't the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?
Question:  Who did the kingdom of Chu never fall to?
Question: In early Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?
Question:  Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang with the Qin Empire?
Question:  Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu team up with?
Question: When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?
Answer: 220–280 CE
Question: What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?
Answer: Zhejiang
Question: What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?
Answer: the Kingdom of Wu
Question: Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?
Answer: Jianye
Question: Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?
Answer: Funan
Question:  When was the end of the Three Kingdoms era?
Question:  What wasn't home to the warlord Yan Baihu?
Question:  What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan never establish?
Question: Where was their court in Kuaiji demolished?
Question: Along with Manchuria, where did trade never go to?
Question: When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?
Answer: during the Three Kingdoms
Question: What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?
Answer: Sun Wu
Question: What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?
Answer: Wu
Question: Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?
Answer: Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Question: Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?
Answer: Shu
Question: When was Zhejiang part of the Lu?
Question:  What is another name for Western Wu?
Question:  What was the least developed state among the Three Kingdoms?
Question: Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the worst-equipped, weak navy force?
Question:  Along with Wei, which state did not avoid direct conflict with Wu?
Question: What was the former name of Hangzhou?
Answer: Qiantang
Question: Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?
Answer: Chengdu
Question: What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?
Answer: 589
Question: How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?
Answer: three
Question:  What is Nanjing currently known as?
Question:  What is Jiankang formerly known as?
Question:  What is the current name of Hangzhou?
Question: What happened in 578?
Question: Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?
Answer: Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)
Question: When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?
Answer: this day
Question: What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?
Answer: mountainous
Question: When did Zhuge Liang live from?
Answer: 181–234
Question: What dynasty ended in 265?
Question: What dynasty started in 420?
Question:  What kind of geography is not in Zhejiang?
Question:  When did Zhuge Village expose itself until?
Question: Who died in 181?
Question: What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?
Answer: Zhejiang
Question: Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?
Answer: the Sui dynasty
Question: What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?
Answer: the Zhe River
Question: When did the Five Dynasties end?
Question: What ended in 220?
Question: What started in 579?
Question:  What ocean was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?
Question: When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
Answer: 1127
Question: What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?
Answer: Lin'an
Question: When was the Yuan dynasty established?
Answer: Lin'an
Question: What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?
Answer: Kinsay
Question: What happened in 950?
Question: Who dissolved in 960?
Question: What happened in 1126?
Question: When was the south lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
Question: What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?
Answer: bluish-green
Question: What period did Longquan ceramics decline?
Answer: the Ming
Question: What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?
Answer: Jingdezhen in Jiangxi
Question: What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?
Answer: Middle Eastern
Question: What were blueware ceramics made from?
Question: What were redware ceramics made from?
Question:  What period did Longquan ceramics rise?
Question: What kilns were Longquan kilns not replaced by in popularity and production?
Question:  What decorations are Yuan Longquan non-celadons derived from?
Question: What does 'yoh-hu' mean?
Answer: music people
Question: What does 'si-min' mean?
Answer: small people
Question: What does Tanka mean? 
Answer: egg-people
Question: What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?
Answer: Zhejiang
Question: What do 'mo-min' mean?
Question:  What does 'yoh-hue' mean?
Question:  What does 'se-min' mean?
Question: What does Tonka mean?
Question:  What is 'Keh Chyng' a romanization for?
Question: During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?
Answer: the First Opium War
Question: When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?
Answer: 1843
Question: What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?
Answer: Ningbo
Question: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?
Answer: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Question: When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?
Answer: 1876
Question: During which war did the British navy get beaten by Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?
Question:  When was the Treaty of Nanking rejected?
Question: What did not become one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?
Question: What did much of Zhejiang reject of during the Taiping Rebellion?
Question:  When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's third treaty port?
Question: What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?
Answer: World War II
Question: Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
Answer: Japan
Question: How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?
Answer: 250,000
Question: What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?
Answer: B-25
Question: The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?
Answer: the Reorganized National Government of China
Question:  What war did the Third Sino-Japanese War lead into?
Question: What led into World War I?
Question: Who occupied none of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
Question:  How many estimated civilians were rescued by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?
Question: When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?
Answer: 1949
Question: When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?
Answer: 1955
Question: When was the Cultural Revolution?
Answer: 1966–76
Question: When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?
Answer: 1966–69