huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Where is corruption most noticeable?
Answer: countries with the smallest per capita incomes
Question: These countries rely on foreign aid for what?
Answer: health services
Question: In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?
Answer: Local
Question: Which report described this corruption? 
Answer: the 2006 World Bank Report
Question: How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?
Answer: about half
Question: Where were drugs siphoned off to?
Answer: the black market
Question: In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?
Answer: counterfeit drugs
Question: If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?
Answer: money
Question: Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?
Answer: bribed
Question: Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?
Answer: social rights worker protection
Question: When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?
Answer: illegitimate economic advantage
Question: Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?
Answer: Amartya Sen
Question: What can trigger famine conditions?
Answer: drought
Question: While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?
Answer: government action or inaction
Question: Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?
Answer: kleptocracy
Question: How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
Answer: physically diverted
Question: Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
Answer: assessments
Question: Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
Answer: workmanship
Question: What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
Answer: kickbacks
Question: Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
Answer: exclusion
Question: Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?
Answer: forced to give sexual favors
Question: Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
Answer: statistics
Question: Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?
Answer: social relationships
Question: Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?
Answer: anti-doping controls
Question: What needs to stay away from loopholes?
Answer: national anti-corruption initiatives
Question: What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
Answer: a bribe
Question: What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
Answer: two
Question: What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
Answer: culture of corruption
Question: Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?
Answer: harm
Question: What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?
Answer: active and passive bribery
Question: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
Answer: mutual understanding
Question: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?
Answer: accepting
Question: Bribes can be direct or what?
Answer: indirect
Question: Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?
Answer: tri-lateral
Question: In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?
Answer: an accessory
Question: Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?
Answer: distinctive criteria
Question: What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?
Answer: article 12
Question: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?
Answer: Romania
Question: What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?
Answer: nepotism
Question: What is it called when friends are favored over other people?
Answer: cronyism
Question: Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?
Answer: old boy network
Question: Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?
Answer: enemies
Question: False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?
Answer: politically sensitive issues
Question: What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?
Answer: Gombeenism
Question: Parish pump politics is also called what?
Answer: parochialism
Question: Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?
Answer: Irish Banking crisis
Question: Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?
Answer: senior management or committee position
Question: Another term for electoral fraud is what?
Answer: voter fraud
Question: Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?
Answer: intimidation
Question: When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?
Answer: Embezzlement
Question: It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?
Answer: public
Question: One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?
Answer: personal
Question: What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?
Answer: kickback
Question: A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?
Answer: bidder
Question: When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?
Answer: unholy alliance
Question: While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?
Answer: patronage
Question: When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?
Answer: 1920s and 1930s
Question: Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?
Answer: Du Yuesheng
Question: In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?
Answer: a gang boss
Question: What was Noriega's government accused of being?
Answer: narcokleptocracy
Question: What country did Noriega rule?
Answer: Panama
Question: What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?
Answer: United States
Question: What is a narcokleptocracy?
Answer: government profiting on illegal drug trade
Question: What is Noriega's first name?
Answer: Manuel
Question: According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?
Answer: safe
Question: Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?
Answer: Brunetti and Weder
Question: Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?
Answer: Adserà, Boix, and Payne
Question: About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?
Answer: different states in the US.
Question: Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?
Answer: Snyder and Strömberg
Question: What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?
Answer: Cincinnati Post
Question: Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?
Answer: incumbents
Question: Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?
Answer: voter turnout
Question: What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?
Answer: traditional sources of funding
Question: How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?
Answer: a tiny fraction
Question: What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?
Answer: Bribe Payers Index
Question: What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?
Answer: CPI
Question: When was the CPI first released?
Answer: 1995
Question: Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?
Answer: Government Defence Anti-corruption Index
Question: How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?
Answer: over 100,000
Question: How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?
Answer: six
Question: One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?
Answer: Control of Corruption
Question: Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?
Answer: Millennium Challenge Corporation
Question: A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?
Answer: International Budget Partnership
Question: When was the Global Integrity Index first published?
Answer: 2004
Question: Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?
Answer: public surveys
Question: Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?
Answer: in-country experts
Question: Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?
Answer: worldwide
Question: What does Drivers of Change skip?
Answer: numbers
Question: What does Drivers of Change promote?
Answer: understanding corruption
Question: Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?
Answer: cronyism
Question: What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?
Answer: Complicated
Question: The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?
Answer: privatization and deregulation
Question: What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?
Answer: Nordic
Question: What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?
Answer: rule of law
Question: What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?
Answer: Those with political connections
Question: Where is corruption even more prevalent?
Answer: non-privatized sectors
Question: Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on?
Answer: privatized less
Question: Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?
Answer: principle of subsidiarity
Question: What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?
Answer: embezzlement
Question: Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?
Answer: centralized
Question: What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?
Answer: kleptocracy
Question: What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?
Answer: diamonds and oil
Question: Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?
Answer: foreign aid
Question: Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?
Answer: armaments
Question: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?
Answer: economic and social problems
Question: Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?
Answer: Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko
Question: What did Zaire used to be known as?
Answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Question: What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?
Answer: kleptocracy
Question: Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?
Answer: General Sani Abacha
Question: The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?
Answer: a portion
Question: What is Fidel Castro's official title?
Answer: General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba
Question: Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?
Answer: the African Union
Question: What organization joined at the universal level?
Answer: the United Nations Convention against Corruption
Question: When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?
Answer: 2003
Question: When did indices on corruption first appear?
Answer: 1995
Question: What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?
Answer: the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI
Question: What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?
Answer: executive
Question: What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?
Answer: separation of powers
Question: What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?
Answer: judiciary
Question: What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?
Answer: Africa
Question: Who works against corruption in India?
Answer: the anti-corruption bureau
Question: What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?
Answer: Jan Lokpal Bill
Question: Who started the Programme of Action?
Answer: Ministers of the Council of Europe
Question: What did the Programme of Action issue?
Answer: a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments
Question: What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?
Answer: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption
Question: The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?
Answer: transnational
Question: What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?
Answer: the Classical period
Question: What years are termed the Renaissance period?
Answer: 1400–1600
Question: What years are termed the Baroque period? 
Answer: 1600–1750
Question: From 1804-1910 was called what era?
Answer: Romantic
Question: Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? 
Answer: Western music
Question: Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?
Answer: Western
Question: What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?
Answer: the Classical period
Question: What time period is known at the common practice period?
Answer: between 1550 and 1900
Question: When was the modern era?
Answer: 1890–1930
Question: How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?
Answer: its system of staff notation
Question: What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?
Answer: Western staff notation
Question: What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?
Answer: jazz and blues
Question: Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? 
Answer: complexity
Question: How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?
Answer: its system of staff notation
Question: How long has the system of staff notation been in use?
Answer: since about the 16th century
Question: Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? 
Answer: improvisation
Question: Classic music can a attain a high level of what?
Answer: complexity
Question: When did the term "classical music" appear? 
Answer: the early 19th century
Question: What period is referred to as a "golden age"?
Answer: the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven
Question: What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
Answer: 1836
Question: What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
Answer: Oxford English Dictionary
Question: What term did not appear until the early 19th century?
Answer: classical music
Question: What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?
Answer: golden age
Question: What year was the earliest reference to classical music?
Answer: 1836
Question: In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?
Answer: Oxford English Dictionary
Question: Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?
Answer: solo piano
Question: What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?
Answer: use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works
Question: Through what period did the symphony not exist?
Answer: the entire classical music period
Question: What has become a defining feature of classical music?
Answer: the symphony ensemble
Question: What did not exist through the entire classical music period?
Answer: the symphony
Question: The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?
Answer: classical music
Question: Who sang medieval plainchant?
Answer: monks
Question: J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?
Answer: live improvisation
Question: The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?
Answer: rhythm
Question: What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?
Answer: written notation
Question: Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?
Answer: J.S. Bach's
Question: The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?
Answer: perform a historical work
Question: In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? 
Answer: the Baroque era
Question: Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?
Answer: the human voice
Question: What are fermatas?
Answer: held notes
Question: Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?
Answer: improvisation
Question: In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?
Answer: organ performers
Question: Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?
Answer: instrumental performers
Question: Who was noted for his complex improvisations?
Answer: J.S. Bach
Question: What was Mozart noted for?
Answer: his ability to improvise melodies in different styles
Question: Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?
Answer: the mid-19th century
Question: What is the most widely known medium for classical music?
Answer: The symphony orchestra
Question: A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?
Answer: brass
Question: What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?
Answer: a string section
Question: What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?
Answer: vocal
Question: What was an early version of the fiddle called?
Answer: vielle
Question: What was an early version of the trombone called? 
Answer: sackbut
Question: Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?
Answer: singly
Question: Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?
Answer: bas
Question: What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?
Answer: liturgical
Question: What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?
Answer: Polyphonic vocal genres
Question: When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?
Answer: during the high medieval era
Question: What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?
Answer: monophonic
Question: What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?
Answer: authentic instruments
Question: Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?
Answer: percussion
Question: Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?
Answer: the Renaissance
Question: Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?
Answer: the hurdy-gurdy
Question: The virginal is what type of instrument?
Answer: Keyboard instruments with strings
Question: The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?
Answer: Percussion
Question: The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?
Answer: Woodwind
Question: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?
Answer: polyphonic style
Question: What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?
Answer: masses
Question: Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?
Answer: opera
Question: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?
Answer: Baroque
Question: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?
Answer: fell into disuse
Question: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?
Answer: Percussion
Question: The serpent is what type of instrument?
Answer: Brass
Question: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?
Answer: theorbo
Question: What was less standardized during the Baroque era?
Answer: the types of instruments used in ensembles
Question: Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?
Answer: a classical era string quartet
Question: Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?
Answer: clavichord
Question: What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?
Answer: a lute
Question: From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?
Answer: Haydn
Question: Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?
Answer: the early 1830s
Question: The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?
Answer: the Medieval era
Question: The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?
Answer: rackett
Question: The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?
Answer: the violin
Question: What did the Baroque trumpet become?
Answer: the regular valved trumpet
Question: The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?
Answer: viola
Question: The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?
Answer: Woodwinds
Question: What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?
Answer: the harpsichord
Question: What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?
Answer: the ophicleide
Question: PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?
Answer: Symphony No. 5
Question: How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?
Answer: several decades
Question: What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?
Answer: timbral "palette"
Question: A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?
Answer: sunshine
Question: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?
Answer: fortepiano
Question: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?
Answer: two
Question: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?
Answer: the standard orchestral palette
Question: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?
Answer: sound
Question: What is a celestes?
Answer: a bell-like keyboard instrument
Question: When do saxophones first appear in scores?
Answer: the late 19th century
Question: Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?
Answer: Symphonic Dances
Question: How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?
Answer: as a member of the orchestral ensemble
Question: The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?
Answer: "tenor tuba"
Question: Who wrote The Planets?
Answer: Gustav Holst
Question: What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?
Answer: The Wagner tuba
Question: Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?
Answer: Symphony No. 7 in E Major
Question: Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?
Answer: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Question: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?
Answer: freelance musicians
Question: What Debussy piece features a cornet?
Answer: La Mer
Question: What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?
Answer: Electric
Question: What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?
Answer: popular
Question: What type of instrument is the gamelan?
Answer: electronic
Question: In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?
Answer: early classical music,
Question: What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?
Answer: the acoustic guitar
Question: Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?
Answer: popular
Question: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?
Answer: equal temperament
Question: When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?
Answer: the 18th century
Question: What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?
Answer: meantone temperament
Question: What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?
Answer: individual lessons from professors
Question: To what level is training for classical music often required?
Answer: postgraduate
Question: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?
Answer: sight-reading
Question: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?
Answer: harmonic
Question: Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?
Answer: classical music
Question: Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?
Answer: classical
Question: Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?
Answer: commercial
Question: What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?
Answer: male
Question: Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?
Answer: harpist
Question: What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?
Answer: 1997
Question: Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?
Answer: the Berlin Philharmonic
Question: Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?
Answer: Dieter Flury
Question: In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?
Answer: 1997
Question: Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?
Answer: Anna Lelkes
Question: What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?
Answer: harp
Question: How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?
Answer: six
Question: Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?
Answer: Albena Danailova
Question: The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?
Answer: male
Question: What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?
Answer: 'blind' auditions
Question: In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men?
Answer: violin
Question: Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?
Answer: complexity
Question: What is usually written in song forms?
Answer: popular styles
Question: The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?
Answer: sophisticated
Question: How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?
Answer: four
Question: What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?
Answer: slow
Question: A movement broken up further is called what?
Answer: sections
Question: The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?
Answer: Allegro
Question: What years dictate the Baroque period?
Answer: 1600–1750
Question: How have periods been reckoned Since 1900?
Answer: by calendar century
Question: What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?
Answer: the contemporary/postmodern musical era
Question: The years 1804-1910 marked what era?
Answer: Romantic
Question: Haydn is classified as typical of what era?
Answer: Classical
Question: Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?
Answer: Beethoven
Question: Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?
Answer: Brahms
Question: Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?
Answer: era
Question: A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?
Answer: neo
Question: What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?
Answer: 20th-century
Question: Who wrote Pulcinella?
Answer: Stravinsky's
Question: What era is Pulcinella similar to?
Answer: Classical
Question: Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?
Answer: Burgh
Question: What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?
Answer: early Christian liturgical music,
Question: Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?
Answer: ancient Greeks
Question: Who helped codify musical notation?
Answer: Pythagoras
Question: What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?
Answer: Monophonic chant
Question: What does Polyphonic mean? 
Answer: multi-voiced
Question: When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?
Answer: 1100
Question: Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?
Answer: motets
Question: What era was from 1400 to 1600? 
Answer: Renaissance
Question: The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?
Answer: Renaissance
Question: What became widespread in the Renaissance era?
Answer: Social dancing
Question: Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?
Answer: Renaissance
Question: The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?
Answer: staff
Question: How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?
Answer: oral
Question: What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?
Answer: change
Question: What can a musical scored be performed without?
Answer: the composer's presence
Question: When was the movable-type printing press invented?
Answer: the 15th century
Question: The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument?
Answer: the oboe
Question: Where were the first pipe organs confined to?
Answer: churches
Question: When had the viol emerged by?
Answer: the 16th century
Question: What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments?
Answer: Printing
Question: When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?
Answer: The common practice period
Question: What began with the Baroque era?
Answer: The common practice period
Question: What era did the classical era follow?
Answer: Baroque era
Question: When did the classical era end?
Answer: around 1820
Question: When did the romantic era end?
Answer: about 1910
Question: Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music? 
Answer: Baroque
Question: What does basso continuo mean? 
Answer: a continuous bass line
Question: What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?
Answer: more complex
Question: What form began to take shape during the Baroque era? 
Answer: the sonata form
Question: Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
Answer: tonalities
Question: The violin family is what type of instrument?
Answer: stringed
Question: Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?
Answer: staged musical drama
Question: What became more common during the Baroque era?
Answer: vocal forms
Question: What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?
Answer: embellishments
Question: What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?
Answer: a wider range of chromatic possibilities
Question: What did Bach not use?
Answer: equal temperament
Question: A modern piano is generally what?
Answer: tuned
Question: What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?
Answer: meantone
Question: What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?
Answer: the piano
Question: What became more standardized during the classical era?
Answer: The basic forces required for an orchestra
Question: How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?
Answer: 10
Question: What is an opera buffa?
Answer: a form of comic opera
Question: What is the single reed family called?
Answer: the clarinet family
Question: What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?
Answer: double reeded
Question: Who expanded the single reeds role?
Answer: Mozart
Question: When did the Romantic era end?
Answer: the early 20th century
Question: Free-form pieces like nocturnes and preludes were a break from what era?
Answer: Classical
Question: Tensions about what increased during the Romantic era?
Answer: key signatures
Question: What is a name for an art song?
Answer: Lied
Question: Composers and musicians began to construct lives independent of what in the 19th century?
Answer: the nobility
Question: What class increased it's interest in music during the 19th century?
Answer: middle classes
Question: What instrument became widely popular in the middle class in the 19th century?
Answer: The piano
Question: The 19th century marks the foundation of many what?
Answer: symphony orchestras
Question: What size of choirs have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?
Answer: over 400
Question: What size orchestras have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?
Answer: over 150
Question: What allowed Brass instruments to play a wider range of notes?
Answer: rotary valves
Question: What array of instrument grew wider?
Answer: percussion
Question: What type of music rose toward the end of the era?
Answer: nationalism
Question: What did nationalism in music sometime echo?
Answer: political sentiments of the time
Question: Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions?
Answer: traditional music of their homelands
Question: What style does 20th century classical music encompass?
Answer: post-Romantic
Question: When did modernism take place?
Answer: 1890–1930
Question: Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?
Answer: Modernism
Question: Neo-classical music emerged during what era?
Answer: high-modern era
Question: Postmodern music is also know as what?
Answer: contemporary music
Question: Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?
Answer: Musicologist Marcia Citron
Question: Why were women composers deemed not notable?
Answer: did not write many symphonies
Question: Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?
Answer: Clara Shumann
Question: What type of music did women composers typically write?
Answer: art songs
Question: What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?
Answer: modernist
Question: Musical notation is effective for what?
Answer: transmitting classical music
Question: Why is written musical notation effective? 
Answer: contains the technical instructions for performing the work
Question: Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores?
Answer: higher
Question: What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country?
Answer: moderately lower
Question: Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?
Answer: students who used classical during the course of study
Question: Who conducted the research study?
Answer: University of Colorado
Question: What years was the study conducted in?
Answer: 1996–1997
Question: Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?
Answer: Don Campbell
Question: Where was the experiment originally published?
Answer: Nature
Question: How many IQ points of a students' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost?
Answer: 8 to 9 points
Question: How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music?
Answer: $105,000
Question: What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour?
Answer: the commercialization of classical music
Question: Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry?
Answer: Shawn Vancour
Question: Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour? 
Answer: inadequate representation.
Question: Who produced Fantasia?
Answer: Walt Disney
Question: Who starred in Johann Mouse?
Answer: Tom and Jerry
Question: Who produced Rabbit of Seville?
Answer: Warner Bros
Question: Who produced What's Opera, Doc?
Answer: Warner Bros
Question: What does classical music convey in movies and television?
Answer: refinement or opulence
Question: What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence?
Answer: Four Seasons
Question: What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement?
Answer: Eine kleine Nachtmusik
Question: Who wrote William Tell Overture?
Answer: Rossini
Question: Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain?
Answer: Mussorgsky
Question: Interpretations of written score is left to whom?
Answer: performers
Question: Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?
Answer: the work's idiom
Question: When did oral tradition disappear?
Answer: the 20th century
Question: There is still controversy about how to perform works, even though scores provide what?
Answer: key elements of the music
Question: A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what?
Answer: block-rhythms
Question: Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?
Answer: cadenza
Question: What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?
Answer: their virtuoso skills on the instrument
Question: What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?
Answer: authentic performances
Question: An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?
Answer: Da tempeste il legno infranto
Question: TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?
Answer: clichéd
Question: What piece is often used in the horror genre?
Answer: "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana
Question: Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?
Answer: Wagner
Question: Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?
Answer: Edvard Grieg
Question: What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?
Answer: folk music
Question: Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?
Answer: folk
Question: Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?
Answer: Bartók
Question: How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?
Answer: in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer
Question: When did details that composers put in their scores increase?
Answer: the 19th century
Question: Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?
Answer: a better realization of the original intent than the composer
Question: What do classical performers often achieve?
Answer: high reputations for their musicianship
Question: When was improvisation in classical music performance common?
Answer: the Baroque and early romantic eras
Question: When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?
Answer: the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries
Question: What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?
Answer: the cadenzas to their piano concertos
Question: What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?
Answer: come scritto
Question: Who strongly supposed ome scritto?
Answer: soprano Maria Callas
Question: What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?
Answer: student drinking songs
Question: What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?
Answer: jazz
Question: Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?
Answer: Kurt Weill
Question: What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?
Answer: popular
Question: Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?
Answer: the 1970s
Question: What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?
Answer: the musical crossover phenomenon
Question: Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?
Answer: heavy metal
Question: Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?
Answer: electric guitar
Question: What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?
Answer: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.
Question: What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?
Answer: They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.
Question: What was colonised by the East Slavs?
Answer: The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.
Question: What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?
Answer: Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities
Question: Slavic mercenaries settled where?
Answer: Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.
Question: What is the largest ethno group in North Asia?
Question: Who fought against the Byzantines?
Question: What did Slavic mercenaries colonise?
Question: Who colonised the Arabs?
Question: What percentage of Central Asia is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?
Question: West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
Answer: Poles, Czechs and Slovaks
Question: East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
Answer: Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians
Question: South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?
Answer: Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins
Question: West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?
Answer: North Slavs
Question: North Slavs are made up of South slavs and what other slav?
Question: The single group of South slavs are made up of which two other groups?
Question: What forms of diversity are lost in modern nations?
Question: Who always has a sense of hostility?
Question: *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?
Answer: Proto-Slavic
Question: Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?
Answer: Old Church Slavonic
Question: Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?
Answer: Procopius
Question: Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?
Answer: Latin
Question: What is the plural form of Slavic?
Question: What writer wrote in Old Church Slavonic?
Question: During what century were Slavics referred to as "an East Slavic group near Novgorod"?
Question: When did Procopius write in Latin about the Sclaveni?
Question: What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"
Answer: slovo
Question: What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"
Answer: němci
Question: Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?
Answer: Roman Jakobson
Question: Who came up with the Slavic autonym?
Question: What does slovo derive from?
Question: What word did Roman Jakobson use to call Slavics foreign people?
Question: What word did Jackobson use to mean mute?
Question: Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?
Answer: *ḱlew
Question: The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?
Answer: Pericles
Question: What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?
Answer: he word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing")
Question: What does the Latin word "klew" mean?
Question: What is the Latin word for famous?
Question: What does the word "klew" originate from?
Question: What type of root word is Pericles?
Question: What Slavic word means "loud"?
Question: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?
Answer: sclave
Question: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?
Answer: Sklavinoi
Question: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?
Answer: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym
Question: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?
Answer: medieval Arab historiographers
Question: What English word does "sclave" come from?
Question: What Latin word was a misunderstanding?
Question: What word was loaned from Arabic?
Question: Who disputes the origin of the word Saqaliba?
Question: What nationality borrowed the word "Saqaliba"?
Question: Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?
Answer: Lozinski
Question: Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?
Answer: S.B. Bernstein
Question: The suffix -enin indicates what?
Answer: a man from a certain place
Question: Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?
Answer: Henrich Bartek
Question: Who said slava evolved from an ethnonym?
Question: What was the name of the scholar that suggested Slova could be a river name?
Question: When was SB Bernstein born?
Question: When did Bartek argue the Dnieper River was the origin of Slovene?
Question: What suffix indicates a river name?
Question: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?
Answer: River Danube
Question: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?
Answer: Slavic raids
Question: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?
Answer: c. 600 AD
Question: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?
Answer: the Balkans
Question: When did the Slavics raid the River Danube?
Question: When was archaeological evidence of Slavic settlements first discovered?
Question: All archaeological evidence for the Slavics is dated after what year?
Question: Who raided the Slavics?
Question: The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?
Answer: in the early 6th century
Question: The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?
Answer: the Antes and the Sclaveni
Question: According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?
Answer: the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea
Question: Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?
Answer: the Danubian provinces
Question: Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?
Answer: under Justinian I
Question: When do Byzantine records begin?
Question: When did Procopius of Caesarea live?
Question: Where was Jordanes from?
Question: What was another name for Byzantine?
Question: What mountains did the Byzantine people come from?
Question: Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?
Answer: Procopius
Question: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?
Answer: 545
Question: Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?
Answer: Spori
Question: What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?
Answer: their social structure and beliefs
Question: Who did Procopius write about in 545?
Answer: the Sclaveni and the Antae
Question: Who called the Sclaveni Spori in olden times?
Question: In what year were the Sclaveni and Antae called Spori?
Question: What were both Sclaveni and Spori once called?
Question: What did Procopius write about in olden times?
Question: What did the Spori describe in 545?
Question: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?
Answer: Jordanes
Question: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?
Answer: the Sclaveni
Question: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?
Answer: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes
Question: Who wrote that the Sclaveni lived in impenetrable forests?
Question: Where did Jordanes live?
Question: Who could not penetrate the forests and rivers?
Question: When did Sclaveni live in swamps?
Question: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
Answer: Menander Protector
Question: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
Answer: Daurentius
Question: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?
Answer: the Avars
Question: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?
Answer: Daurentius
Question: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?
Answer: Khagan Bayan I
Question: When did Protector live?
Question: What kind of envoy did Khagan Bayan I destroy?
Question: Who did the Slavs ask to accept their suzerainty?