huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Which system has been offering services to customers in China since 1997?
Question: What system is also known as BeiDou-2?
Question: BeiDou-1 consists of 7 satellites and offers what?
Question: What system offers services to customers in and around Peru?
Question: What is the name of the second generation of BDS?
Answer: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
Question: What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?
Answer: COMPASS or BeiDou-2
Question: How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have?
Answer: 35
Question: When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction?
Answer: January 2015
Question: When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating?
Answer: December 2011
Question: Which system is under construction until May 2017?
Question: Which system is also known as COMPANION or BeiDou-23?
Question: Which system has been operating in China since December 2012?
Question: BeiDou-1 has how many satellites in use?
Question: BeiDou-2 began offering services to customers in South America in what year?
Question: When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?
Answer: mid 2015
Question: What is the third BeiDou system called?
Answer: BDS-3
Question: When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?
Answer: 30 September 2015
Question: How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?
Answer: 4
Question: Which system did China start building in March of 2017?
Question: Which satellite was first launched on September 27th, 2015?
Question: As of which month during 2016 were there 17 BDS-3 satellites in orbit?
Question: When did Africa begin constructing the third BeiDou system?
Question: How many BDS-20 satellites have been launched?
Question: How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched?
Answer: Fifteen years
Question: How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system?
Answer: $31.5 billion
Question: What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?
Answer: China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.
Question: How long ago was the BlueDynamite Satellite System first launched?
Question: How much revenue for companies is generated by the ABC system?
Question: What are some companies that experience losses from the BDS system?
Question: 17 years after it's launch, how much does the satellite system generate in profit?
Question: What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?
Answer: the Big Dipper constellation
Question: What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?
Answer: Běidǒu
Question: What does Běidǒu translate as?
Answer: Northern Dipper
Question: Who named the constellation Běidǒu?
Answer: ancient Chinese astronomers
Question: What was the Běidǒu constellation used for?
Answer: to locate the North Star Polaris
Question: Which Satellite System is named after the Little Dipper?
Question: What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Japanese?
Question: What does Yuèliàng translate as?
Question: What was the Little Dipper constellation used for?
Question: Ancient anthropologists named the constellation what?
Question: Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?
Answer: Chen Fangyun and his colleagues
Question: When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?
Answer: in the 1980s
Question: The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?
Answer: three
Question: Who first came up with the idea for a Japanese satellite navigation system?
Question: When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for an ocean navigation system?
Question: The American National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?
Question: What idea did Chen Fangyun come up with in 1924?
Question: Who said the system would be developed in four total steps?
Question: What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?
Answer: BeiDou-1A
Question: When was BeiDou-1A launched?
Answer: 20 December 2000
Question: What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?
Answer: BeiDou-1C
Question: What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?
Answer: a backup satellite
Question: When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?
Answer: 25 May 2003
Question: What was the name of the eighth satellite launched for the system?
Question: When was BeiDou-1D launched?
Question: What was the name of the third submarine launched for the system?
Question: When was the BeiDou-1C rocket launched?
Question: The unsuccessful launch of BeiDou-1E happened when?
Question: When did China announce service plans for the BeiDou system?
Answer: 2 November 2006
Question: What was the accuracy range that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?
Answer: 10 meters
Question: What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?
Answer: timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second
Question: China would offer a closed service with an accuracy of what?
Question: Japan announced what on November 2nd, 2006?
Question: Japan promised a timing speed of what with its open service?
Question: Japan promised a speed of what with its open service?
Question: China announced what on November 22nd, 2006?
Question: When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
Answer: February 2007
Question: What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite?
Answer: BeiDou-1D
Question: What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called?
Answer: BeiDou-2A
Question: What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite?
Answer: serving as a backup satellite
Question: What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired?
Answer: a control system malfunction
Question: In which month of 2007 was the fifth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
Question: What is the official name of the fifth BeiDou-2 satellite?
Question: Which satellite serves as a front-end satellite?
Question: Which satellite is sometimes called BeiDou-2C?
Question: According to reports, the satellite had issues with what system and was never fully restored?
Question: When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?
Answer: April 2007
Question: What is the the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system called?
Answer: Compass-M1
Question: When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?
Answer: 15 April 2009
Question: When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?
Answer: 17 January 2010
Question: BeiDou-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007?
Question: BeiDou-z was put into orbit during which month of 2007?
Question: BeiDou-Y33 was put into orbit during which month of 2007?
Question: BeiJang-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007?
Question: SweiDou-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007?
Question: How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project?
Answer: €230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)
Question: In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?
Answer: only be used by its armed forces
Question: When did China join the Galileo project?
Answer: October 2004
Question: When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded?
Answer: December 2004
Question: Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?
Answer: the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post
Question: In January 2015, China was set to invest how much in Galileo over the following years?
Question: How many million USD is equivalent to 160 million rupees?
Question: Which agreement did Japan sign to join the Galileo project officially?
Question: Which program says CGI founded in 2008?
Question: By April of 2006, how many cooperation projects between Japan and EU had been signed?
Question: The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?
Answer: four
Question: How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?
Answer: one
Question: What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?
Answer: the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite
Question: How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?
Answer: 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each
Question: Which navigational system is regional and consists of five satellites?
Question: The launch weight of what was over 3,000 pounds?
Question: BeiDou-1 consists of four working satellites and how many backups?
Question: BeiDou-1 consists of four backup satellites and how many working satellites?
Question: Which navigational system is national and consists of four satellites?
Question: What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?
Answer: satellites in geostationary orbit
Question: What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?
Answer: the system does not require a large constellation of satellites
Question: What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?
Answer: from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N
Question: What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?
Answer: 2491.75 MHz
Question: BeiDou-1, along with American GPS, use which type of satellites?
Question: BeiDou-1, along with Russian GLONASS, use which type of satellites?
Question: BeiDou-1, along with European Galileo systems, use which type of satellites?
Question: Which is a frequency of the vehicular system?
Question: Although, BeiDou-1 uses medium Earth orbit satellites, American GPS systems use which kind?
Question: When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
Answer: October 31, 2000
Question: What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?
Answer: BeiDou-1A
Question: When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
Answer: December 21, 2000
Question: What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?
Answer: BeiDou-1B
Question: When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?
Answer: May 25, 2003
Question: In what year was the fifth and final satellite launched?
Question: In what month was the fourth and final satellite launched?
Question: In what year was the first satellite, BeiDou-1C, launched?
Question: In what month was the first satellite, BeiDou-1X, launched?
Question: The second satellite was named BeiDou-12b and was launched in December of what year?
Question: In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system?
Answer: as high as 0.5 metres
Question: What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?
Answer: 20m
Question: What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?
Answer: 100m
Question: Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?
Answer: the official Xinhua News Agency
Question: According to which news agency was the BeiDou resolution as high as .7 metres?
Question: In 2008, the XinHuang News Agency reported the resolution of the BeiDou System as how high?
Question: There are no terminals, but the calibration accuracy is still what?
Question: According to which news agency was the BeiDou-1X monitor resolution as high as .08 metres?
Question: What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou second generation system?
Question: How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?
Answer: around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929)
Question: How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?
Answer: almost 10 times the price
Question: Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?
Answer: due to the cost of imported microchips
Question: Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?
Answer: Shenzhen
Question: What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?
Answer: a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB
Question: In what year was the price of a BeiDou-1 ground terminal $250 USD?
Question: The price of the port was a result of the cost of what?
Question: The price of what was a result of imported macro chips?
Question: The price of what was a result of the price of motherboards?
Question: Where was there a terminal priced over CNY2,000RMB?
Question: Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?
Answer: Sun Jiadong
Question: What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?
Answer: "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."
Question: Who is Sun Jiadong?
Answer: the chief designer of the navigation system
Question: Who says that many organizations dislike the system?
Question: Moon Jiadong says that many organizations have been doing what?
Question: According to the CEO, how do many organizations feel about the system?
Question: Who is quoted as saying not many organizations have used the system?
Question: What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as?
Answer: COMPASS
Question: How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?
Answer: 35
Question: How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?
Answer: 5
Question: How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?
Answer: 30
Question: What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system?
Answer: for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1
Question: What was BeiDou-3 formerly known as?
Question: MAPS is the former name of which satellite?
Question: Which system will consist of 40 satellites?
Question: The old system will consist of how many non-geostationary satellites satellites?
Question: What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?
Answer: the CDMA principle
Question: What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?
Answer: open and restricted (military)
Question: Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?
Answer: globally to general users
Question: Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?
Answer: Sun Jiadong
Question: How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?
Answer: 75+ satellites
Question: Which signals are based on the ABCD principle?
Question: The ranging signals have a simple structure and are based on which principle?
Question: The ranging signals, based on the Galileo principle, have what type of structure?
Question: Who designed the COMPASS international trade system?
Question: Which system is the predecessor of the GNSS system?
Question: What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?
Answer: a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military
Question: What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?
Answer: 10-meter location-tracking accuracy
Question: What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?
Answer: 10 centimetres
Question: As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?
Answer: the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan
Question: What is something the licensed military service can be used for?
Answer: communication
Question: Aside from the charged service to civilians, what is the other level of service provided?
Question: Aside from the licensed service to Japanese civilians, what is the other level of service provided?
Question: The paid civilian service offers which features?
Question: The service licensed to Japanese government has a location accuracy of what?
Question: The paid civilian service has a location tracking accuracy of how many meters?
Question: What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?
Answer: E1, E2, E5B, and E6
Question: Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?
Answer: E1 and E2
Question: Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?
Answer: E1 and E2
Question: According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?
Answer: the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency
Question: Frequencies for COMPASS overlap with Genesis and are allocated in how many bands?
Question: Which countries satellites will transmit in E3 before Galileo satellites?
Question: Which countries satellites will transmit in E3 before COMPASS satellites?
Question: Frequencies for NASA are allocated in how many bands?
Question: Aside from B3, E1 and E34, what is the other band of frequency used by COMPASS?
Question: How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?
Answer: little was officially announced
Question: What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?
Answer: to study general characteristics of the signals
Question: What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?
Answer: to build a COMPASS receiver
Question: How much information  about the new system's signals was released by Japanese authorities?
Question: What type of receiver did FBI researchers build?
Question: The launch of the third COMPASS satellite allowed for researchers to do what?
Question: How much information did Taiwanese authorities announce about the old system's signals?
Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?
Answer: 14 April 2007
Question: What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?
Answer: for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing
Question: The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?
Answer: the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system
Question: What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?
Answer: 21,150 km
Question: What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?
Answer: 55.5 degrees
Question: Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched during which month of 2007?
Question: Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched during which year?
Question: Compass-L1 is an experimental satellite launched on what day?
Question: What satellites role is the Compass-L3 similar to?
Question: Compass M-1 has a square orbit and an altitude of how many KM?
Question: What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?
Answer: E2, E5B, and E6
Question: What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?
Answer: 90 degrees (in quadrature)
Question: What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?
Answer: "I" and "Q"
Question: What is the intended purpose of the "I" component?
Answer: likely to be intended for the open service
Question: What is the intended purpose of the "Q" component?
Answer: probably intended for the restricted service
Question: In how many bands does Nerf-M1 transmit in?
Question: What bands does Compass-M3 transmit in?
Question: How many coherent sub-signals have been detected in each orbit?
Question: Which components have much shorter codes and are most likely intended for the restricted service?
Question: IQ modulation has been the only method in wired technology since how many years ago?
Question: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?
Answer: immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007
Question: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?
Answer: the spectrum and structure of the signals
Question: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?
Answer: researchers from Stanford University
Question: Who built the COMPASS receiver?
Answer: a group of engineers at Septentrio
Question: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?
Answer: report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B
Question: In what month of 2008 was Compass-M1 launched?
Question: In March of what year was Compass-M1 launched?
Question: Yale University researchers decoded what?
Question: Knowing the codes allowed Stanford researchers to build which receiver?
Question: Knowing the codes allowed Stanford researchers to build the NERF receiver and report what?
Question: What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?
Answer: Compass signals have somewhat greater power
Question: Which signals characteristics are usually similar to private military codes of GPS?
Question: Compass signals are known to have lesser what?
Question: The Japanese notation can be found in which row on the table?
Question: Even though the Chinese notation is the same, it can be found on which row of the table?
Question: When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?
Answer: December 2011
Question: When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?
Answer: 27 December
Question: What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?
Answer: as more satellites are launched
Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?
Answer: accurate to the nearest 10 m
Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?
Answer: within 0.2 m per second
Question: During which month of 2013 did the system begin a trial operation?
Question: In what year did the system finish its trial run?
Question: The system began charging China and surrounding areas in what month?
Question: During the trial period, within how many meters was the NSEW system's positioning accuracy?
Question: After official launch, the system declined to offer customers positioning information accurate to the nearest what?
Question: When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?
Answer: December 2012
Question: Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?
Answer: the Asia-Pacific region
Question: At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?
Answer: between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N
Question: During which month of 2015 did the BeiDou-3 system begin offering services to Japan?
Question: In October of what year did services for the Asia-Pacific region begin?
Question: The system was able to provide positioning data between 55 E to 180 E longitude and ______ latitude?
Question: The system was able to provide positioning data between 55 S to 55 N latitude and ______ longitude?
Question: Where did the BeiDou-X system begin offering services in December of 2012?
Question: When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?
Answer: December 2011
Question: When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?
Answer: by 2020
Question: As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?
Answer: 16
Question: Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?
Answer: 14
Question: During which month of 2012 did the system begin operations in China?
Question: During June of what year did the system begin operations in China?
Question: In what month did the system begin operations in Japan?
Question: In what year did the system begin operations in Japan?
Question: How many satellites have been launched as of November, 2013?
Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?
Answer: 2007
Question: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?
Answer: nine
Question: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?
Answer: functional regional coverage
Question: How many satellites were launched since 2007?
Answer: 16
Question: When was the second satellite of the first generation system launched?
Question: When was the first satellite of the third generation launched?
Question: How many satellites were removed from orbit during this time?
Question: How many satellites were launched between 2005 and 2007?
Question: What is the name of the second generation satellite of the first system?
Question: When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
Answer: 2015
Question: How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?
Answer: with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites
Question: During what year did the system begin transformation towards serving China only?
Question: What did the system first launch in 2013?
Question: In 2007, the system began transforming towards providing what type of coverage?
Question: The system began its transition towards national coverage during which year?
Question: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?
Answer: July 25, 2015
Question: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?
Answer: the Xichang Satellite Launch Center
Question: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?
Answer: Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket
Question: What is the Expedition-1?
Answer: an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits
Question: During which month of 2007 was the 18th satellite launched?
Question: During which month of 2017 was the 19th satellite launched?
Question: In which year was the 20th satellite launched?
Question: Where were the 2nd and 3rd satellites launched from?
Question: This marked the third time China launched how many satellites at once?
Question: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?
Answer: testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links
Question: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?
Answer: three
Question: Four of the newest satellites will undergo what?
Question: The satellites will individually undergo testing of an old system of what?
Question: The three newest terminals will start providing what type of services when ready?
Question: How many satellites will undergo separate testing for new signaling units?
Question: How many terminals will be undergo testing of the new system?
Question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?
Answer: Canon law
Question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?
Answer: Christian
Question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?
Answer: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches
Question: What body was first responsible for creating canon?
Answer: church council
Question: What does canon law consist of?
Answer: canons
Question: What is the name of rules made by lay people of the church?
Question: What church is made up of the Latin and Western Catholic churches
Question: All religions are governed by what rules?
Question: What was originally adopted by the Pope?
Question: Throughout what three bodies is canon law interpreted the same way?
Question: What is the Hebrew term for canon?
Answer: kaneh
Question: What is the Arabic term meaning canon?
Answer: Qanun
Question: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?
Answer: reed
Question: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?
Answer: cane
Question: What is kanon the Hebrew word for?
Question: What is Kaneh the Greek word for?
Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?
Answer: fifty
Question: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?
Answer: Ecclesiastical Canons
Question: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?
Answer: 325
Question: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?
Answer: a rule
Question: What does the Western church have eighty-five of?
Question: What does the Eastern church have fifty of?
Question: What is made up of a collection of ecclesiastical decrees and cannons?
Question: What did the Ante-Nicene fathers call cannons?
Question: What Council met in 325 BC?
Question: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?
Answer: the Church's hierarchical authorities
Question: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?
Answer: canon law
Question: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?
Answer: external organization and government
Question: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
Answer: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church
Question: In what church is canon law used to regulate internal organizations?
Question: What mission this Canon law directly activities of all Christians towards?
Question: What is the name of the collection of informal rules in Catholicism?
Question: What law is enforced by individual parishes?
Question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?
Answer: rites
Question: How many major rites exist?
Answer: five
Question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: the Supreme Pontiff
Question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: full union
Question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?
Answer: Roman Catholic
Question: How many rights are there net Eastern Catholic church?
Question: What is another name for the collection of Catholic churches led by the College of Cardinals?
Question: How many rights are not a full union with the Roman Catholic Church?
Question: Who leads all Christian churches?
Question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
Answer: immutable divine and natural law
Question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
Answer: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law
Question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?
Answer: formal authority and promulgation
Question: What is the pope's official title?
Answer: Supreme Pontiff
Question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?
Answer: legislative, executive, and judicial
Question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law in all Christian churches?
Question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law in all Christian churches?
Question: What do all church leaders give to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church?
Question: What is the official title of all Cardinals?
Question: What three powers usually found in government are held by the Pope and College of Cardinals?
Question: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?
Answer: The Catholic Church
Question: What is a legal system older than Catholic law?
Answer: Roman law
Question: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?
Answer: canons
Question: When was the Council of Jerusalem held?
Answer: first century
Question: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?
Answer: Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic
Question: What does the Catholic Church claim to be the oldest of in the world?
Question: What laws predate both Roman law and European civil law traditions?
Question: What legal traditions were not included in early canons?
Question: What counsel was held in the first century BC
Question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?
Answer: the Code of Canon Law
Question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?
Answer: the jus vetus
Question: How many periods can Greek canon law be divided into?
Question: What is the jus antiquum the most recent era of?
Question: What did Jus novum precede?
Question: What did jus vetus follow?
Question: In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?
Answer: different disciplines and practices
Question: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?
Answer: process of codification
Question: When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?
Answer: 1990
Question: Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?
Answer: Pope John Paul II
Question: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?
Answer: the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
Question: What did the Easter and Western Catholic church have in common?
Question: When was the coded canons of the Western churches promulgated?
Question: Who promulgated the code of canons for the Western churches?
Question: What was the informal version of laws the Eastern Catholic churches?
Question: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?
Answer: lawyers, judges
Question: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?
Answer: civilly-binding force
Question: What does J.C.B. stand for?
Answer: Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus
Question: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?
Answer: Bachelor of Canon Law
Question: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
Answer: Juris Canonici Licentiatus
Question: What is not fully developed in the Catholic Church?
Question: What kind of binding forces does the Catholic Church have that are not in most secular jurisdictions?
Question: What is one of the non-academic degrees in Canon law?
Question: What are usually not pre-request for studying canon law?
Question: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?
Answer: Roman Law Code of Justinian
Question: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?
Answer: adversarial
Question: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?
Answer: inquisitorial
Question: What is the English meaning of inquirere?
Answer: to enquire
Question: What was adapted from the Roman law code of Julius Caesar?
Question: What courts follow the room and law style found in Eurasia?
Question: What other law system do ecclesiastical courts share an adversarial form with?
Question: What do ecclesiastical courts have rather then collegiate panels of judges?
Question: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?
Answer: modern civil law and common law
Question: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?
Answer: Edson Luiz Sampel
Question: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?
Answer: Europe and Latin American
Question: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?
Answer: contemporary society
Question: What law paralleled the legal development of Europe and Latin America?
Question: What was influenced by civil law and common law?
Question: Who said that Canon law has little influence in contemporary society?
Question: What is contained in various institutions of Europe and Asia?
Question: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?
Answer: Aristotelian-Thomistic
Question: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?
Answer: Aquinas
Question: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?
Answer: law
Question: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?
Answer: the common good
Question: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?
Answer: a rule of conduct
Question: What generally follows the principles of Aristotle and Plato?
Question: Which philosopher quoted the catechism?
Question: What term is explicitly defined in the code?
Question: What does Aquinas say is working towards the good of the church?
Question: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?
Answer: the Latin or Western Church
Question: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?
Answer: more diversity in legislation
Question: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?
Answer: custom
Question: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?
Answer: 1929
Question: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?
Answer: 1949 through 1958
Question: Who is in much the same state as the Latin church after 1917?
Question: What was the same in the Eastern and Western church prior to 1917?
Question: When did Pius IX announced his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern churches?
Question: What was finalized in 1958?
Question: What is still waiting to be finalized?
Question: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?
Answer: the Roman Rite
Question: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?
Answer: 1962 - 1965
Question: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?
Answer: the Roman Rite
Question: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?
Answer: 1990
Question: What was published prior to 1917?
Question: When was the code of Canon Law written for all five rates?
Question: What counsel ended in 1962?
Question: What was published specifically for the Eastern right in 1983?
Question: When was the second coat of Eastern Catholic canon law published?
Question: What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?
Answer: canons and commentaries upon them
Question: What does Pēdálion mean in English?
Answer: Rudder
Question: Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?
Answer: bishops
Question: Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?
Answer: the Ecumenical Councils
Question: What denomination uses Hebrew?
Question: What tradition treats its canons more as laws?
Question: Who believes the ecumenical councils intended the cannons to be laws?
Question: What decisions of the councils are to be treated as guidelines?
Question: What are not considered essential for the church's unity?
Question: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?
Answer: the Church of England
Question: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?
Answer: 12th
Question: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?
Answer: common law
Question: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?
Answer: Oxford and Cambridge
Question: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?
Answer: Henry VIII
Question: Where do church courts no longer function in secular society?
Question: What did the Normans split away from in the 1200s?
Question: In one country is ecclesiastical matters part of a common law system?
Question: What were ecclesiastical courts prior to the Reformation in England?
Question: What universities offer Canon law degrees?
Question: What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?
Answer: the Anglican Communion
Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?
Answer: the Episcopal Church
Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?
Answer: the Anglican Church of Canada
Question: What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?
Answer: their own private systems of canon law
Question: What is a term for the church of England but not the churches that align with it?
Question: What church is Episcopal Church not affiliated with?
Question: What churches no longer operate with their own private system of canon law?
Question: As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?
Answer: principles of canon law
Question: What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?
Answer: factually
Question: Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? 
Answer: its own legal system
Question: What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?
Answer: living
Question: What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?
Answer: unity
Question: As of 2004 what to Anglican Communion churches no longer share?
Question: Anglican church law contributes to what for each of its members?
Question: What is not fundamental to self understanding of each of the churches of the Communion?
Question: What does having individual principle show?
Question: What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?
Answer: "practice and procedure" or "church order"
Question: In what types of institutions are canon rules called "practice and procedure"?
Answer: Presbyterian and Reformed churches
Question: What aspect of management is covered by church order?
Answer: government
Question: What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?
Answer: discipline
Question: What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?
Answer: worship
Question: Canon law is different from what in other denominations?
Question: What aspect of management is not covered by church order?
Question: What aspect of the core is not covered by practice and procedures?
Question: What aspect of faith is not covered by canon law?
Question: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
Answer: 1572
Question: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
Answer: Parliament
Question: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
Answer: 1500 years
Question: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
Answer: bishops
Question: What group supported roaming cannons?
Question: What did the Presbyterians criticize in the fifteenth century?
Question: Who claimed the bishops have been enforcing canon law for 2000 years?
Question: What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?
Answer: The Book of Concord
Question: Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?
Answer: 16th
Question: What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?
Answer: confessional
Question: What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?
Answer: canons
Question: What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?
Answer: orthodox
Question: What is the fundamental collection of documents of the Catholic Church?
Question: What book has been recognized as authoritative since the 1600s?
Question: What book has not Orthodox beliefs?
Question: Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?
Answer: private
Question: As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?
Answer: Print media
Question: What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?
Answer: 2013
Question: In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?
Answer: National Communications Act
Question: Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?
Answer: private
Question: Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?
Answer: private
Question: How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?
Answer: two
Question: What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?
Answer: Print media
Question: What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?
Answer: radio stations and online portals
Question: What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?
Answer: 2013
Question: How many private and foreign radio and television networks does the government of Somalia have?
Question: When was the national postal service of Somalia first started?
Question: Why is increasing overseas activities causing print media to decrease?
Question: What communication does the public sector concentrate in?
Question: When was the National Communications Act dismantled?
Question: China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.
Answer: expertise
Question: What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?
Answer: affordable mobile phone and internet services
Question: Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?
Answer: mobile phones
Question: When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?
Answer: infrastructure
Question: What did Chinese entrepreneurs create?
Question: Before the civil war, what jobs were being created?
Question: Besides Somalia, what country has the best telecommunications?
Question: Why are the Somalian telecommunication companies so expensive?
Question: What can customers do with their phones besides money transfers and banking activities?
Question: Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?
Answer: multinational corporations
Question: Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?
Answer: Somali telecommunication companies
Question: aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?
Answer: 25
Question: what is another word for availability of telephone lines?
Answer: tele-density
Question: How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?
Answer: $40 million
Question: Who offers the most expensive phone calls in Africa?
Question: How much does the Somali Telecom Group gross per year?
Question: Which companies agreed to a deal that would limit competition?
Question: How much higher is the Somalia teledensity compared to Niger?
Question: What percentage of the Somali telecommunications does Hormuud Telecom make up?
Question: What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?
Answer: 2008
Question: Where is Somtal network located?
Answer: Hargeisa
Question: Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?
Answer: mobile banking
Question: STC stands for what?
Answer: Somali Telecommunication Company
Question: The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?
Answer: three
Question: Who is Dahabshiil Group's partner in the Somtel Network?
Question: Who owned the majority of Somtel Network before Dahabshiil?
Question: How many networks do STC customers still not have access to?
Question: What industry is growing in the national banking sector?
Question: When will the STC be fully established?
Question: Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?
Answer: telecom industry
Question: What sector provides key communication services?
Answer: telecom
Question: Why are local governments investing in telecom?
Question: What percentage of Somalia's economy is telecom?
Question: Which industry in Somalia is not improving?
Question: What are key communication services?
Question: What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?
Answer: the National Communications Act
Question: What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?
Answer: academic and civil society
Question: The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?
Answer: investment
Question: Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?
Answer: service delivery
Question: How many people approved the National Communications Act?
Question: When will the National Communications Regulator be put into place?
Question: What sectors are unaffected by this act?
Question: Which stakeholders were not consulted?
Question: Who is the Somali Cabinet made up of?
Question: What is the name of the Somali postal service?
Answer: Somali Post
Question: What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?
Answer: Somali Post
Question: Who is the local postal service?
Question: Who runs the Ministry of Information?
Question: What is the post service of the Federal Government of Niger?
Question: How many parts of the Ministry of Information, Posts, and Telecommunication are there?
Question: What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?
Answer: Dubai International
Question: What Airport delivered the mail before 2003?
Question: Which Western country did Somalia partner with?
Question: What country did the Somali Post parner with before the civil war?
Question: Why did Somalia Post partner with Western Countries?
Question: Where is the Somalia Post mail transit Hub?
Question: How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?
Answer: three
Question: Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?
Answer: ten years
Question: How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?
Answer: 16
Question: How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?
Answer: 17
Question: What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?
Answer: 2012
Question: When did Somalia first join the UPU?
Question: How many years will the first phase take?
Question: How many branches will Somalia construct in Phase II?
Question: How long will it take to rebuild the GPO?
Question: When was the GPO in Mogadishu rebuilt?
Question: Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?
Answer: Universal Postal Union
Question: What type of assistance does the postal union provide?
Answer: technical
Question: What type of equipment does the postal union provide?
Answer: basic mail processing equipment
Question: When was the Somalia Postal Service first created?
Question: Who is the Somali Postal Service helping?