huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What type of equipment did Somalia already have?
Question: When did Somalia's national postal service restart?
Question: Where is the Universal Postal Union located?
Question: What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?
Answer: Somali and Italian
Question: What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?
Answer: Russian assistance
Question: What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?
Answer: home service
Question: When was the colonial period?
Question: Who originally opened Radio Mogadishu?
Question: When was the Transitional National Government in power?
Question: What is the total number of internet news located in Somalia?
Question: When did Radio Mogadishu begin broadcasting in Italian again?
Question: In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?
Answer: 2010
Question: How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?
Answer: one
Question: Who won the 2009 award for Media of the Year?
Question: How many FM radio stations broadcast in the central region?
Question: What prize did RSF win?
Question: When did the short-wave and FM radio stations begin broadcasting?
Question: Which two short-wave stations broadcast from the capital?
Question: About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?
Answer: six
Question: What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?
Answer: Radio Free Somalia
Question: Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?
Answer: Galkayo
Question: What province is Galkayo located in?
Answer: Mudug province
Question: How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?
Answer: one
Question: How many radio stations does the southeastern region have?
Question: What is the name of the government-operated radio station?
Question: How many public radio stations does northeast Puntland have?
Question: When did Radio Gaalkacyo receive its new name?
Question: How many government radio stations does Puntland have?
Question: What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?
Answer: Somali National Television
Question: Where is Somali National Television located?
Answer: Mogadishu
Question: What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?
Answer: 2011
Question: When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?
Answer: April 4, 2011
Question: Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?
Answer: 24
Question: What is Somalia's main international broadcaster?
Question: When was the Somali National Television station first launched?
Question: How many national public service broadcasters does Somalia have?
Question: How many days a week does SNTV broadcast?
Question: How long has SNTV been broadcasting?
Question: What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?
Answer: private television networks
Question: Where does SBC TV broadcast from?
Answer: Bosaso
Question: What is the commercial capital of Puntland?
Answer: Bosaso
Question: Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?
Answer: one
Question: How many private television networks does Somalia have?
Question: What are two public television networks?
Question: What is the commercial capital of Somalilnand?
Question: How many government-run TV channels are there in Somalia?
Question: What TV station broadcasts ABC?
Question: Where was The Mogadishu Times published?
Answer: Mogadishu
Question: What year did free media outlets begin to expand?
Answer: 2003
Question: Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?
Answer: radio and online commercials
Question: Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?
Answer: Issa Farah
Question: When is the National Somali Printing Press being reopened?
Question: How many newspapers were published in Somalia?
Question: Why did advertisers prefer print ads?
Question: When did Xog Doon shut down?
Question: When did Issa Farah stop working for Dalka?
Question: As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?
Answer: internet blocking or filtering
Question: What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?
Answer: content standards online
Question: When did Somalia begin internet filtering?
Question: Who wrote Somalia's content standards?
Question: What type of internet blocking did Somalia use?
Question: When did the IST apply content standards to Somalia?
Question: When did Somalia stop filtering the internet?
Question: Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?
Answer: Africa
Question: In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?
Answer: 53%
Question: The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?
Answer: internet commerce and telephony
Question: Who was the first African country to get internet?
Question: What year did Somalia reach 70% internet coverage?
Question: Which act brought the first ISP to Africa?
Question: What percentage of Somalia's capital has internet connection?
Question: What is Somalia's largest national business?
Question: What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?
Answer: 200
Question: What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?
Answer: 106,000
Question: Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?
Answer: rise
Question: What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?
Answer: 512,682
Question: What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?
Answer: 6.1 million
Question: In what year did Somalia first reach 50,000 internet users?
Question: Who is responsible for the rise in internet users?
Question: When did Somalia first get the internet?
Question: Why is the number of mobile subscribers rising faster than the number of internet connected users?
Question: How many mobile users were there in 2011?
Question: What sector does the STC oversee?
Answer: ICT sector
Question: In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?
Answer: STA
Question: How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?
Answer: 22
Question: How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?
Answer: 234
Question: How many non-established ISPs were in Somalia in 2006?
Question: How many restaurants had internet connectivity?
Question: When was STA founded?
Question: What is the ICT?
Question: What percentage of the population had internet services?
Question: As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?
Answer: 2009
Question: What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?
Answer: 12.5%
Question: What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?
Answer: $10 per month
Question: What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?
Answer: Global Internet Company
Question: Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?
Answer: Global Internet Company
Question: Who was the first ISP provider in Somalia?
Question: How quickly is the wireless service growing in Somalia?
Question: Which Somali telecom operators designed the policies responsible for dial up's growth?
Question: What is Somalia's second largest ISP?
Question: How much did telecom operators charge for text messaging?
Question: Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?
Answer: major cities
Question: What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?
Answer: Mogadishu
Question: Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?
Answer: Mogadishu
Question: What is another name for Dalcom?
Answer: Wanaag HK
Question: What wireless services were offered to cities on the outskirts?
Question: What was the price for limited internet access?
Question: How many subscribers did Mogadishu have locally?
Question: How many wireless internet services did Mogadishu headquarter?
Question: Who did not use the wireless services?
Question: What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?
Answer: 10% to 15% per year
Question: Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?
Answer: satellite
Question: Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?
Answer: internet cafes
Question: As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?
Answer: gradually began to fall
Question: Who provided broadband wireless access?
Question: What did national bandwidth providers cost?
Question: How many terminals linked to North America?
Question: How many teleports were there in Europe and Asia?
Question: When did Dalkom Somalia begin providing internet over satellite?
Question: Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?
Answer: Tri-Band 3G
Question: Who was the 3G service for?
Answer: internet and mobile clients
Question: what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?
Answer: Tri-Band 3G
Question: What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?
Answer: faster and more secure
Question: what does 3G stand for?
Answer: third generation
Question: When was the first generation mobile telecommunications released?
Question: What was Somalia's first mobile service?
Question: What does Tri-Band stand for?
Question: When was Hormuud Telecom founded?
Question: Who owns Hormuud Telecom?
Question: in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?
Answer: broadband
Question: How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?
Answer: 10,500 mile
Question: How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?
Answer: more affordable
Question: Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?
Answer: Mogadishu
Question: When did Somalia first get internet?
Question: How long is Hormuud's cable network?
Question: What does the EASSy cable stand for?
Question: When did Dalkom Somalia and WIOCC begin talks for their deal?
Question: Where is Hormuud Telecom building a 1000 square mile data center?
Question: What type of language is Catalan?
Answer: Romance language
Question: What is Catalan called in Valencia?
Answer: Valencian
Question: Where is Catalan the only official language?
Answer: Andorra
Question: What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?
Answer: Catalan
Question: What is the most used language in Catalonia?
Answer: Spanish
Question: What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?
Answer: native
Question: What group spends money to promote the language?
Answer: The Generalitat of Catalunya
Question: What language is promoted in Catalonia?
Answer: Catalan
Question: In what area did Catalan develop?
Answer: eastern Pyrenees
Question: When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?
Answer: 9th century
Question: When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?
Answer: Low Middle Ages
Question: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
Answer: 1479
Question: What has this official language state done for Catalan?
Answer: increased prestige
Question: Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?
Answer: Europe
Question: Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?
Answer: mass media
Question: What is the basic difference between the dialects?
Answer: pronunciation
Question: What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: different varieties
Question: What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?
Answer: the same language
Question: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
Answer: two standard varieties
Question: What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?
Answer: many traits
Question: Where is Catalonia located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula
Question: What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?
Answer: Spanish and Portuguese
Question: Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?
Answer: pronunciation
Question: What are these similar Latin derived languages called?
Answer: Gallo-Romance
Question: What numbers does Catalan have?
Answer: singular, plural
Question: What style of grammar does Catalan have?
Answer: inflectional
Question: What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? 
Answer: consonants
Question: What is the Latin for Calalunya?
Answer: Gathia Launia
Question: Where did the Catalan  people originate?
Answer: March of Gothia
Question: What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?
Answer: Gothia
Question: When did the reference Catelaner first appear?
Answer: mid 14th century
Question: What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?
Answer: Catellain
Question: What language is the source of the term Catellain?
Answer: French
Question: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?
Answer: English
Question: Since what year has this term been used?
Answer: 1652
Question: What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?
Answer: the same language
Question: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
Answer: dialects
Question: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?
Answer: 9th century
Question: Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?
Answer: Hispania Tarraconensis
Question: Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?
Answer: Catalan counts
Question: When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?
Answer: 988
Question: When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?
Answer: 11th century
Question: When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?
Answer: by 1080
Question: To what language did Catalan display similarities?
Answer: Gallo-Romance
Question: What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?
Answer: Old Occitan
Question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
Answer: 11th and 12th centuries
Question: When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?
Answer: 13th century
Question: When Catalan reach Sardinia?
Answer: 14th century
Question: Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?
Answer: Murcia
Question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
Answer: 15th century
Question: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?
Answer: city of Valencia
Question: What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?
Answer: Catalan
Question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
Answer: 17th
Question: Who called Catalan one of the great languages?
Answer: Costa Carreras
Question: What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?
Answer: chivalry
Question: To what does Matorell's work show a transition?
Answer: Renaissance values
Question: What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? 
Answer: Metge
Question: In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?
Answer: movable type
Question: After 1479, what language became more valued?
Answer: Spanish
Question: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?
Answer: 16th century
Question: What language began to supersede Catalan?
Answer: Spanish
Question: At this time what classes became bilingual?
Answer: urban and literary
Question: What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?
Answer: northern part
Question: Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?
Answer: Treaty of the Pyrenees
Question: What language began to influence Catalan?
Answer: French
Question: When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?
Answer: 1700
Question: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?
Answer: French Revolution
Question: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?
Answer: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque
Question: What are French non standard languages called?
Answer: patois
Question: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?
Answer: Northern Catalonia and Minorca
Question: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?
Answer: patuet
Question: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?
Answer: around 100,000
Question: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?
Answer: 1962
Question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
Answer: in public life and education
Question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?
Answer: General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales
Question: What language does the General Council want to promote?
Answer: Catalan
Question: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Answer: Catalan
Question: Where did Catalan experience defeat?
Answer: War of Spanish Succession
Question: When was the war of Spanish Succession?
Answer: 1714
Question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?
Answer: Spanish
Question: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?
Answer: Catalan
Question: What is Renaixenca?
Answer: Catalan literary revival
Question: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
Answer: 1833
Question: When did this revival period begin?
Answer: 1833
Question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
Answer: early 20th
Question: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
Answer: in all schools
Question: Since the transition, what is the official language?
Answer: Catalan
Question: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
Answer: mass media
Question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?
Answer: 1993
Question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?
Answer: Andorranization policies
Question: What is an Andorran school policy?
Answer: Catalan medium education
Question: What is the only language of Andorra?
Answer: Catalan
Question: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
Answer: language shift processes
Question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
Answer: 60 or older
Question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
Answer: 2004
Question: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
Answer: 30%
Question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
Answer: Catalan
Question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
Answer: Spanish
Question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?
Answer: Italian
Question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?
Answer: ingrained diglossic attitudes
Question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
Answer: diglossic attitudes
Question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
Answer: Catalan
Question: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?
Answer: Occitano-Romance
Question: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?
Answer: linguists
Question: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?
Answer: Spanish ones
Question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
Answer: varying degrees
Question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
Answer: differences
Question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
Answer: many traits
Question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
Answer: closely related
Question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula
Question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
Answer: Ibero-Romance group
Question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
Answer: Spanish and Portuguese
Question: To what group is Catalan most closely related?
Answer: Occitan
Question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
Answer: 85%
Question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
Answer: 80%
Question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?
Answer: 76%
Question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
Answer: 75%
Question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
Answer: Francoist
Question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
Answer: rest of Roman Hispania
Question: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
Answer: Occitan
Question: What is Occitan a branch of?
Answer: Western Romance
Question: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?
Answer: Germanic
Question: What is the origin of some Spanish words?
Answer: Latin origin
Question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?
Answer: Germanic superstrate
Question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
Answer: Arabic loanwords
Question: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
Answer: Spanish
Question: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?
Answer: of Arabic origin
Question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
Answer: Latin origin
Question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
Answer: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance
Question: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
Answer: unique
Question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
Answer: lexical
Question: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
Answer: enyorar
Question: What is that determination based on?
Answer: cultural affinity and common heritage
Question: What status does Catalan Countries have?
Answer: no official status
Question: What is the interpretation of the term?
Answer: Various interpretations
Question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?
Answer: Països Catalans
Question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?
Answer: many monosyllabic words
Question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
Answer: consonant clusters
Question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?
Answer: obstruent
Question: What do many words feature?
Answer: couplets
Question: What is Central Catalan?
Answer: standard pronunciation
Question: What are the descriptions for?
Answer: standard pronunciation
Question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
Answer: section pronunciation
Question: How many stressed phenoms are there?
Answer: seven
Question: Where is this a common feature?
Answer: Western Romance
Question: What is the exception to this common characteristic?
Answer: Spanish
Question: What differs in vowel reduction?
Answer: Dialects
Question: What is the vowel system of Catalan?
Answer: Vulgar Latin
Question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
Answer: seven
Question: Where is this system common?
Answer: Western Romance
Question: What language is the exception?
Answer: Spanish
Question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
Answer: Dialects
Question: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
Answer: three
Question: What vowel stays distinct?
Answer: /i/
Question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
Answer: different
Question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
Answer: section pronunciation
Question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics
Question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics
Question: What is this a subdiscipline of?
Answer: Catalan philology
Question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?
Answer: analyse the relation
Question: What outside affects does this study include?
Answer: other languages in contact
Question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
Answer: other Romance languages
Question: What is high among dialects?
Answer: intelligibility
Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
Answer: 90% to 95%
Question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
Answer: Alguerese
Question: What is the major difference between the two blocks?
Answer: treatment of unstressed a and e
Question: How are a and e in western dialects?
Answer: distinct
Question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
Answer: merged
Question: What two dialects does Western Catalan include?
Answer: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian
Question: How many dialects are in the eastern group?
Answer: four
Question: To what division does Central Catalan belong?
Answer: Eastern block
Question: What other divisions can be made of dialects?
Answer: subdialects
Question: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?
Answer: Western Catalan
Question: Where are the most speakers found?
Answer: Central Catalan
Question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
Answer: Barcelona province
Question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
Answer: eastern half
Question: What is the exception to this reduction?
Answer: Majorcan
Question: Which vowel remains distinct?
Answer: /i/
Question: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
Answer: Eastern Catalan
Question: What other pattern do other vowels follow?
Answer: Western Catalan
Question: What letter remains distinct?
Answer: /u/
Question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
Answer: Western Catalan
Question: Which letters remain distinct?
Answer: /a u i/
Question: Where did this pattern come from?
Answer: Proto-Romance
Question: In what other languages is this pattern found?
Answer: Italian and Portuguese
Question: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
Answer: further reduction
Question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
Answer: Balearic
Question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
Answer: /e/
Question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
Answer: higher incidence
Question: What language  is parlo or temo ?
Answer: Northwestern
Question: What language is parl?
Answer: Balearic
Question: What language form is parli?
Answer: Northern
Question: What letter is lost in some words?
Answer: /n/
Question: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
Answer: homes
Question: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
Answer: joves
Question: What kind of plural words lose /n/?
Answer: proparoxytone
Question: How can you explain differences in the language groups?
Answer: as an archaism
Question: What form is innovative?
Answer: Central Catalan
Question: What are the two blocks of Catalan?
Answer: Eastern and Western
Question: What does an archaism explain?
Answer: lexical divergence
Question: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
Answer: as an archaism
Question: How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
Answer: as an innovative element
Question: What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?
Answer: Eastern and Western
Question: What language has a lexical unity?
Answer: Catalan
Question: What form is excepted by most speakers?
Answer: Standard Catalan
Question: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
Answer: traditional ones
Question: What common Valencian forms are used?
Answer: many verbal forms
Question: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?
Answer: verbal forms
Question: How is the standard used there?
Answer: adapted for the Balearic dialect
Question: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
Answer: non-ending
Question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
Answer: Alghero
Question: What definite article is found rather than el?
Answer: lo
Question: What is -v- used for?
Answer: imperfect tense
Question: What dialect employs many archaic words?
Answer: Alguerese
Question: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
Answer: weak pronouns
Question: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?
Answer: La Franja
Question: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
Answer: 2011
Question: What language is the regulator meant to standardize?
Answer: Catalan
Question: Where is the language to be regulated located?
Answer: La Franja
Question: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
Answer: northwestern varieties
Question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
Answer: Western Catalonia
Question: What forms are mutually intelligible?
Answer: Catalan and Valencian
Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: 90% to 95%
Question: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: as the same language
Question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: as the same language
Question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
Answer: the Valencian Academy of Language
Question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: Valencian Academy of Language
Question: Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?
Answer: use of Valencian
Question: What is the AVL standard based on?
Answer: Norms of Castelló
Question: Who uses this standard?
Answer: everyone who writes
Question: Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?
Answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
Question: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
Answer: different
Question: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
Answer: between 2001 and 2004
Question: Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?
Answer: younger generations
Question: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
Answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
Question: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
Answer: A minority
Question: When did the EU create the European Constitution?
Answer: 2004
Question: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
Answer: Spanish government
Question: What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
Answer: restricted use
Question: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
Answer: 19th century
Question: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
Answer: detriment of others
Question: What kind of choice is now available in word choice?
Answer: greater freedom of choice
Question: Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?
Answer: Greek and Latin
Question: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
Answer: very early
Question: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
Answer: Ramon Llull
Question: When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?
Answer: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
Question: Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?
Answer: Roís de Corella
Question: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
Answer: morphological
Question: What word additive is usually added to verbs?
Answer: Prefixes
Question: What other word changes can occur in derivations?
Answer: sound alternations
Question: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?
Answer: affixes
Question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
Answer: suppletive couplets
Question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?
Answer: French
Question: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?
Answer: Italian and Spanish
Question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
Answer: French
Question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
Answer: Occitan and French
Question: What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?
Answer: bullent/bullenta
Question: What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?
Answer: bullent/bullenta
Question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
Answer: morphological alternations
Question: To what are these morphological changes similar?
Answer: gender inflection
Question: What is an important plural alternation?
Answer: addition of -o-
Question: What is much like the neighboring languages?
Answer: inflection of determinatives
Question: What language does Catalan have more contractions than?
Answer: Spanish
Question: Catalan has less contractions than what language?
Answer: Italian
Question: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?
Answer: article
Question: What other language shares this type of construction?
Answer: Italian
Question: What is an example of an article +stressed forms?
Answer: el meu
Question: What is an example of an unstressed possessive?
Answer: mon
Question: How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?
Answer: 13 distinct forms
Question: How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
Answer: 11
Question: What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?
Answer: 9
Question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
Answer: 65
Question: What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?
Answer: English
Question: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?
Answer: formality
Question: What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? 
Answer: French or Spanish
Question: What do you not need to use in Catalan?
Answer: passive voice
Question: What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?
Answer: French or English
Question: What method does Spanish use to identify the object?
Answer: preposition
Question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
Answer: Suffixation
Question: What plays a secondary part in Catalan?
Answer: morphological alternations
Question: How are vowel alternances in Catalan?
Answer: active
Question: What have many dialects replaced?
Answer: synthetic indicative perfect
Question: What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
Answer: all Western Romance
Question: Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?
Answer: first conjugation
Question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
Answer: 700
Question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
Answer: second
Question: Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
Answer: first
Question: What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?
Answer: joining both surnames
Question: What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?
Answer: in
Question: Which of the United States is Boston located in?
Answer: Massachusetts
Question: How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?
Answer: 48
Question: The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?
Answer: Greater Boston
Question: What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?
Answer: 4.7 million people
Question: What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?
Answer: Boston
Question: What year was Boston founded?
Answer: 1630
Question: What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?
Answer: the Shawmut Peninsula
Question: Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?
Answer: tourists
Question: The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?
Answer: 20 million
Question: Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?
Answer: philanthropy
Question: Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?
Answer: environmental sustainability and investment
Question: Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?
Answer: The city has one of the highest costs of living
Question: How does Boston rank on world livability?
Answer: high
Question: Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?
Answer: colleges and universities
Question: What did Boston's early settlers call the area?
Answer: Trimountaine
Question: What does Trimountaine mean?
Answer: three mountains
Question: What year was the city renamed Boston?
Answer: 1630
Question: Who named the city Boston?
Answer: Puritan colonists from England
Question: What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?
Answer: fresh water
Question: America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?
Answer: 1635
Question: Who was Massachusetts first governor?
Answer: John Winthrop
Question: How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?
Answer: four
Question: Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?
Answer: John Winthrop
Question: Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?
Answer: the American Revolution
Question: What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?
Answer: seafaring tradition
Question: Boston was the location of many important events of what war?
Answer: the American Revolution
Question: What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?
Answer: The Embargo Act of 1807
Question: What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?
Answer: The Embargo Act of 1807
Question: What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?
Answer: manufacturing
Question: In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?
Answer: 19th century
Question: When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?
Answer: the early 20th century
Question: Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?
Answer: Boston Brahmins
Question: Boston was admired for what kind of life?
Answer: literary life
Question: Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?
Answer: artistic patronage
Question: Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? 
Answer: slave trade
Question: What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?
Answer: the abolitionist movement
Question: What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?
Answer: the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Question: What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?
Answer: Franklin Pierce
Question: What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?
Answer: the Town of Boston
Question: What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?
Answer: 1822
Question: Boston was chartered as what in 1822?
Answer: a city
Question: What was the population of Boston in 1822?
Answer: about 46,226
Question: How many square miles was the city in 1822?
Answer: 4.7 square miles
Question: How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?
Answer: Boston's population grew rapidly
Question: The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?
Answer: the city's ethnic composition
Question: What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?
Answer: about 35,000
Question: What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?
Answer: Roman Catholicism
Question: What is Bostons largest religious group today?
Answer: Catholics
Question: What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?
Answer: the crown of Beacon Hill
Question: What sits on Beacon Hill today?
Answer: State House
Question: What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?
Answer: The Great Boston Fire of 1872
Question: What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?
Answer: as landfill along the downtown waterfront
Question: During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?
Answer: 20th century
Question: Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?
Answer: the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)
Question: How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?
Answer: with vociferous public opposition.
Question: What year did the first community health center in the US open?
Answer: 1965
Question: Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?
Answer: the Dorchester neighborhood
Question: In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?
Answer: Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center
Question: Who bought FleetBoston Financial?
Answer: Bank of America
Question: What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?
Answer: 2004
Question: Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?
Answer: Macy's
Question: What department stores merged to form Macy's?
Answer: Jordan Marsh and Filene's
Question: On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon?
Answer: April 15, 2013
Question: At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded?
Answer: near the finish line
Question: How many fatalities were there at the marathon?
Answer: three
Question: About how many people were injured in the explosion?
Answer: 264
Question: How many square miles of land is Boston?
Answer: 48.4 square miles
Question: How many square miles of water is Boston?
Answer: 41.2 square miles
Question: How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?
Answer: 19 ft
Question: Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?
Answer: oceanic coastline
Question: What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?
Answer: The Charles River
Question: What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?
Answer: To the east
Question: Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?
Answer: Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
Question: How many neighborhoods are in Boston?
Answer: 23 neighborhoods
Question: What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?
Answer: Office of Neighborhood Services
Question: How much of Inner Bostons land area did not exist when the city was founded?
Answer: More than two-thirds
Question: The modern land area was created by the gradual filling in of surrounding what?
Answer: tidal areas
Question: Tremont Street is named after what original hill in Boston?
Answer: Trimountain
Question: A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what?
Answer: the Back Bay
Question: The Boston Public Library is located in what part of Boston?
Answer: the Back Bay
Question: Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?
Answer: 6b
Question: What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?
Answer: Prevailing wind patterns
Question: What is the hottest month in Boston?
Answer: July
Question: What is the coldest month in Boston?
Answer: January
Question: What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?
Answer: Nor'easter
Question: What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?
Answer: 43.8 inches
Question: What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?
Answer: 43.8 inches
Question: When does most snowfall occur?
Answer: December through March
Question: When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston?
Answer: late summer and early autumn
Question: Sea breezes occur during what season?
Answer: late spring
Question: What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston?
Answer: May to September
Question: What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?
Answer: 2,600
Question: About what was the population of Boston in 2010?
Answer: 617,594
Question: How many housing units were there in Boston in 2010?
Answer: 272,481
Question: How many people are in Boston during work hours?
Answer: 1.2 million
Question: What can the population of Boston rech during special events?
Answer: 2 million
Question: What is the density of Boston's population?
Answer: 12,200 persons/sq mile
Question: What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 19 and under?
Answer: 21.9%
Question: What percentage of the City of Boston's population is 20 to 24?
Answer: 14.3%
Question: What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 25 to 44?
Answer: 33.2%
Question: What percentage of the City of Bostons residents are 45 to 64?
Answer: 20.4%
Question: What percentage of the City of Boston's residents are over 65?
Answer: 10.1%
Question: What is the average family income in Boston?
Answer: $61,035
Question: What is the average income for a full time male worker?
Answer: $52,544
Question: What is the average income for a full time female worker?
Answer: $46,540
Question: What percent of families fall below the poverty line?
Answer: 16.0%
Question: What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?
Answer: 94.7%
Question: In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?
Answer: 49.5%
Question: What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?
Answer: 2000
Question: In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?
Answer: formerly non-white areas
Question: What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?
Answer: 2006
Question: What percentage of the city's population is Irish?
Answer: 15.8%
Question: What is the second largest ethnic group in the city?
Answer: Italians
Question: What percentage of the citys population is italian?
Answer: 8.3%
Question: How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013?
Answer: Over 27,000
Question: How many Jewish people live in the Boston Metro area?
Answer: 227,000
Question: What is the total number of congregations in Boston?
Answer: 22
Question: What adjascent communities also hold a high Jewish population?
Answer: Brookline and Newton
Question: What is the estimated percentage of the population of Brookline and newton that are jewish?
Answer: one-third
Question: What neighborhoos has a high rate of hispanics?
Answer: the East Boston neighborhood
Question: How many hispanics live in the City of Boston?
Answer: 107,917
Question: How many Puerto Rican hispanics live in greater Boston?
Answer: 175,000+
Question: How many Mexican hispanics live in greater Boston?
Answer: 25,000+
Question: How many Colombians live in greater Boston?
Answer: 22,000+
Question: In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian?
Answer: 57%
Question: In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Protestant?
Answer: 25%
Question: In 2014, what percent of the City of Boston was Catholic?
Answer: 29%
Question: In 2014, what percentage of Bostons residents did not claim to belong to any religion?
Answer: 33%
Question: In 2014, other religions mad eup what percentage of the citys population?
Answer: 10%
Question: How many member attended the Catholic Church in the Boston area in 2010?
Answer: two million
Question: How many Catholic churches were in the Boston area in 2010?
Answer: 339
Question: How many Episcopal churches were in the Boston Metro area in 2010?
Answer: 160
Question: What Boston church is one of the oldest congregations in the US?
Answer: Old South Church
Question: What year was Old South Church organized?
Answer: 1669
Question: What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world?
Answer: among the top 30
Question: What is the economy of Boston?
Answer: $363 billion
Question: What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?
Answer: sixth-largest
Question: What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?
Answer: 12th-largest
Question: Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy?
Answer: $4.8 billion
Question: Because of the number of tech companies, the city is a hub for what?
Answer: biotechnology
Question: The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country?
Answer: life sciences cluster
Question: Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where?
Answer: the National Institutes of Health
Question: The city is innovative becaus eit has access to what type of capital?
Answer: venture capital
Question: There is a  high presence of what type of company in the city?
Answer: high-tech companies
Question: Route 128 and Greater Boston are centers for what type of investment?
Answer: venture capital investment
Question: What remains an important sector?
Answer: high technology
Question: How many tourists visited Boston in 2011?
Answer: 21.2 million
Question: How much did tourists spend in Boston in 2011?
Answer: $8.3 billion
Question: What year did the number of Tourists from china and the UK top the list?
Answer: 2014
Question: What Boston investment firm helped make mutual funds popular in the 1980's?
Answer: Fidelity Investments
Question: What helped make Boston one of the top financial cities in the US?
Answer: Fidelity Investments
Question: Boston is the center for what type of capital firms?
Answer: venture capital
Question: In 2016, GE Corporation decided to move its global headquarters to where?
Answer: the Seaport District in Boston
Question: How many schools are in Boston?
Answer: 145 schools
Question: What is the oldest public high school in the US?
Answer: The Boston Latin School
Question: What percentage of Bostons public students are African American?
Answer: 35%
Question: How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?
Answer: 250,000
Question: Who is the citys fourth largest employer?
Answer: Boston University
Question: What small private law school is located in Boston?
Answer: New England School of Law
Question: What was the name of Americas first all female law school?
Answer: New England School of Law
Question: Wher e is Lesley University College of Art and Desighn located?
Answer: Metropolitan Boston