huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What was the yield of the Castle Bravo bombs in kilotons?
Answer: 108,496
Question: Which of the Marshall Islands was destroyed in a United States hydrogen bomb test?
Answer: Elugelab
Question: What was the name of the US study of nuclear fallout on Bikini Atoll?
Answer: Project 4.1
Question: When did the United States begin to pay compensation to Marshall Islanders for nuclear weapon exposure?
Answer: 1956
Question: In millions of dollars, how much money did the United States pay out in nuclear testing compensation to Marshall Island residents between 1956 and 1998?
Answer: 759
Question: In what year did the Marshall Islands receive sovereignty?
Answer: 1986
Question: Where in the Marshall Islands does the United States have a missile testing range?
Answer: Kwajalein Atoll
Question: When did UN Trusteeship over the Marshall Islands end?
Answer: 1990
Question: What Security Council Resolution ended UN Trusteeship over the Marshalls?
Answer: Security Council Resolution 683
Question: On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency?
Answer: Christmas
Question: In meters, how high were the 2008 floods?
Answer: 0.91
Question: What caused the 2008 floods?
Answer: extreme waves and high tides
Question: In what year did waves overcome the walls of the capital city?
Answer: 2013
Question: What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013?
Answer: the northern atolls
Question: How many people were stricken by drought in 2013?
Answer: 6,000
Question: In the drought stricken areas, how many litres of water did residents consume each day?
Answer: 1
Question: Along with pink eye and influenza, what other health issue was caused by the drought?
Answer: diarrhea
Question: What official declared a state of emergency in the Marshall Islands in response to the drought?
Answer: the United States President
Question: As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?
Answer: Tony de Brum
Question: In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place?
Answer: September 2013
Question: What document did Foreign Minister de Brum present at the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit?
Answer: Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership
Question: What environmental issue did the Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership address?
Answer: climate change
Question: Who encouraged de Brum to address climate issues?
Answer: the Obama administration
Question: How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote?
Answer: 18
Question: How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands?
Answer: every four years
Question: What is the name of the Marshall Islands legislature?
Answer: Nitijela
Question: When was the most recent constitution of the Marshall Islands adopted?
Answer: 1979
Question: What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?
Answer: the Council of Iroij
Question: Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?
Answer: twelve tribal chiefs
Question: How many ministers are in the Presidential Cabinet?
Answer: ten
Question: Along with the United Democratic Party, what party currently rules the Marshall Islands?
Answer: the AKA
Question: How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands?
Answer: twenty-four
Question: What document governs the defense of the Marshall Islands?
Answer: Compact of Free Association
Question: What nation is responsible for the defense of the Marshall Islands?
Answer: the U.S.
Question: Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide?
Answer: technical aid
Question: When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
Answer: August 9, 1991
Question: When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN?
Answer: September 17, 1991
Question: What nation does the Marshall Islands vote similarly to in the General Assembly?
Answer: the United States
Question: What Security Council Resolution recommended that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?
Answer: Resolution 704
Question: On what date did the Iranian Navy capture a Marshall Islands ship?
Answer: 28 April 2015
Question: What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran?
Answer: MV Maersk Tigris
Question: Who chartered the captured Marshall Islands ship?
Answer: Rickmers Ship Management
Question: How many crew members were on the MV Maersk Tigris?
Answer: 34
Question: Near what body of water was the Maersk Tigris seized?
Answer: the Strait of Hormuz
Question: What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?
Answer: the Federated States of Micronesia
Question: What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?
Answer: Wake Island
Question: How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?
Answer: 1,900,000
Question: How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?
Answer: 180
Question: How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?
Answer: 29
Question: How large is the Marshall Islands shark sanctuary in square miles?
Answer: 772,000
Question: In what month and year did the Marshall Islands declare the largest shark sanctuary in the world?
Answer: October 2011
Question: In how many square miles of ocean around the world are sharks protected?
Answer: 1,776,000
Question: What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries?
Answer: shark fishing
Question: Who controls Wake Island?
Answer: the United States
Question: In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?
Answer: 1899
Question: What does the Marshall Islands government call Wake Island?
Answer: Enen-kio
Question: In what month does the Marshall Islands wet season end?
Answer: November
Question: Typhoons sometimes begin as what whether event in the Marshalls?
Answer: tropical storms
Question: Along with the Marianas, where do typhoons that begin in the Marshalls sometimes terminate?
Answer: the Philippines
Question: What feature makes the Marshalls susceptible to harm due to rising sea levels?
Answer: its very low elevation
Question: Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world?
Answer: the president of Nauru
Question: Why are the Marshall Islands the most endangered nation on Earth?
Answer: flooding from climate change
Question: How many millimeters of rain do the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands receive?
Answer: 1,300
Question: What is the main source of fresh water for the Marshall Islands?
Answer: rainfall
Question: What is the Marshall Islands often threatened with?
Answer: drought
Question: How much more rain do the southern atolls get compared to the northern?
Answer: twice
Question: What body did the Marshall Islands join in 2007?
Answer: the International Labour Organization
Question: What is the significance of the Marshall Islands joining the International Labour Organization?
Answer: its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks
Question: What may see benefits from the Marshalls joining the International Labour Organization?
Answer: business conditions
Question: How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?
Answer: US$57.7 million
Question: How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?
Answer: US$62.7 million
Question: What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?
Answer: the Amended Compact of Free Association
Question: What will be established in 2023?
Answer: a trust fund
Question: On what atoll is a missile test facility based?
Answer: Kwajalein Atoll
Question: Who is the missile test facility named after?
Answer: Ronald Reagan
Question: What is the official name of the missile test facility?
Answer: Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site
Question: What organization operates the missile test site?
Answer: United States Army
Question: Along with coconuts, tomatoes and melons, what crops are notably grown in the Marshalls?
Answer: breadfruit
Question: Where does most agricultural production take place?
Answer: small farms
Question: How many people worked at the tuna loining plant?
Answer: 400
Question: In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down?
Answer: 2005
Question: Before it shut down, what was the tuna loining plant attempting to produce?
Answer: tuna steaks
Question: What was the amount of the loan to the tuna loining plant that the Marshall Islands government was responsible for?
Answer: $2 million
Question: Who did Witon Barry work for?
Answer: the Tobolar Copra processing plant
Question: Where was the Tobolar Copra plant located?
Answer: Majuro
Question: What is copra?
Answer: the meat of the coconut
Question: How many coconuts are required to produce 1 liter of coconut oil?
Answer: 6 to 10
Question: How many kilowatts of power are produced by the solar plant built in 2009?
Answer: 57
Question: About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862?
Answer: 10,000
Question: How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960?
Answer: 15,000
Question: As of July 2011, how many people resided on the Marshall Islands?
Answer: 72,191
Question: On what atoll is Ebeye located?
Answer: Kwajalein Atoll
Question: What town hosts the largest number of Marshall Islanders outside the Marshall Islands?
Answer: Springdale, Arkansas
Question: From what continent did the Marshallese originate?
Answer: Asia
Question: What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?
Answer: one-half
Question: What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have?
Answer: Japanese
Question: From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent?
Answer: several thousand years ago
Question: What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God?
Answer: 24.2%
Question: What percentage of Marshall Islands residents are Mormons?
Answer: 8.3%
Question: What percentage of Marshall Islanders worship at the Assembly of God Part Two?
Answer: 2.2%
Question: When did the first mosque in Majuro open?
Answer: September 2012
Question: What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands?
Answer: Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)
Question: Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands?
Answer: College of the Marshall Islands
Question: What airfield operates in Kwajalein?
Answer: Bucholz Army Airfield
Question: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
Answer: King Casimir III the Great
Question: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?
Answer: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland
Question: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?
Answer: 1569–1795
Question: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. 
Answer: Ducal Prussia
Question: Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.
Answer: obscurity and mystery
Question: Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth.
Answer: late 18th century
Question: WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.
Answer: political and legal privileges
Question: When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. 
Answer: 1772 to 1795
Question: What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.
Answer: Russian Empire
Question: When was the March constitution implemented.
Answer: 1921
Question: What did the Mach constitution do?
Answer: legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished
Question: In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges. 
Answer: Second Polish Republic
Question: What ethnic saying is this traditional from?
Answer: Polish saying
Question: Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles?
Answer: regardless of their financial status
Question: What german word does the term szlachta come from?
Answer: slahta
Question: What does slahta mean?
Answer: "(noble) family"
Question: What is the polish name for knight?
Answer: rycerz
Question: German name for knight?
Answer: Ritter
Question: Where does the word her derive from in german?
Answer: Erbe
Question: What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?
Answer: German "schlachten"
Question: What does schlachtan mean in german?
Answer: ("to slaughter" or "to butcher")
Question: What German word is also suggestive deriving from  szlachta?
Answer: Schlacht
Question: What does schlacht mean?
Answer: battle
Question: The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?
Answer: legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech
Question: What is the singular version of magnates?
Answer: magnat
Question: What is another name referring polish nobles?
Answer: możny
Question: What is the plural version of mozny?
Answer: możni
Question: What other country  besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?
Answer: Lithuania
Question: What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth?
Answer: szlachta
Question: What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta?
Answer: formalized, hereditary
Question: Who is referred to as nobilitas?
Answer: hereditary szlachta
Question: What is the legal status of nobilitas?
Answer: equivalent in legal status of the English nobility
Question: What were the non noble land owners referred too as?
Answer: szlachta
Question: Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term?
Answer: by courtesy or error
Question: What does szlachta mainly denote?
Answer: old-Commonwealth nobility
Question: Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?
Answer: included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals
Question: Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?
Answer: szlachta
Question: What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?
Answer: to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.
Question: Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?
Answer: no
Question: What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?
Answer: retained all their constitutional prerogatives
Question: Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?
Answer: obscure
Question: What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?
Answer: odwieczna
Question: What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?
Answer: descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians
Question: What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?
Answer: Alexander the Great
Question: What was important and unique about regional leaders?
Answer: had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens
Question: WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?
Answer: Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):
Question: In this theory, what was the upper class?
Answer: was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants
Question: WHen did they find the polish kingdom?
Answer: about the fifth century.
Question: WHat caste system does the hindu society have?
Answer: military caste
Question: Who shares the same caste system as Hindu?
Answer: The szlachta
Question: WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?
Answer: documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure
Question: WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?
Answer: Middle Ages and in the early modern period
Question: The polish anem and cry ritualized what?
Answer: the ius militare,
Question: In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?
Answer: define knightly status
Question: Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?
Answer: Around the 14th century
Question: What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas?
Answer: defend the country
Question: What was governing the polish tribes?
Answer: wiec
Question: What was the wiec?
Answer: an assembly of free tribesmen
Question: When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?
Answer: an elected prince
Question: What was the governing position limited to?
Answer: elites
Question: What did the clans people all have in common?
Answer: theoretically descending from a common ancestor
Question: What gave them a sense of solidarity? 
Answer: related by blood or marriage
Question: What were stronghold called?
Answer: grόd
Question: What was the territory occupied by a single tribe?
Answer: opole
Question: WHo established an elite knightly retinue?
Answer: Mieszko I of Poland
Question: How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?
Answer: (c. 935 – 25 May 992)
Question: Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?
Answer: preserving the unity of his state
Question: Who also established this retinue as well?
Answer: Mieszko I's successors
Question: WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?
Answer: rycerz
Question: What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?
Answer: knight
Question: What people did the rycerstwo class represent?
Answer: wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes
Question: What positive did the szlachta class receive?
Answer: gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.
Question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?
Answer: could serve as officials in state administration.
Question: WHen was the period of Division?
Answer: A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314
Question: What stemmed the period of division?
Answer: Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons
Question: What tribe was the prior social structure from?
Answer: Polish
Question: WHen did the Piast dynasty appear?
Answer: 850 A.D.
Question: Polish nation ruled by what dynasty?
Answer: Piast dynasty,
Question: What did some Mozni regard themselves with?
Answer: co-proprietors of Piast realms
Question: What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?
Answer: attempted to deprive them of their independence
Question: Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority?
Answer: możni
Question: What were the nobles named in lithuanian?
Answer: ponai
Question: What were the higher nobility named?
Answer: kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'
Question: The kunigai were subordinate to who?
Answer: King of Lithuania.
Question: What word is used to denominate nobility?
Answer: бояре
Question: What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?
Answer: Polish szlachta
Question: What did the polish szlachta become more of?
Answer: polonized
Question: What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?
Answer: they were of Roman extraction
Question: What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility?
Answer: šlėkta
Question: Who forbid the use of the word slekta?
Answer: Lithuanian linguists
Question: WHo was first invloved in the polonization?
Answer: the highest members of the nobility
Question: Who imposed various sanction on the people?
Answer: Russian Empire
Question: What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?
Answer: removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas
Question: What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?
Answer: "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism"
Question: What language was banned from printing on books?
Answer: Lithuanian language.
Question: What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards?
Answer: Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Question: What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?
Answer: multicultural and multilingual
Question: What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania?
Answer: principalities of Halych and Volhynia
Question: What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian?
Answer: intermarried
Question: What social pressure was pressing down the people?
Answer: convert to Catholicism
Question: What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. 
Answer: Union of Brest
Question: What year was the union of brest
Answer: 1596
Question: Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?
Answer: by monarch
Question: What right was reversed by sijm?
Answer: ennoblement
Question: What would be given to the enobled one?
Answer: undifferentiated coat of arms
Question: After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?
Answer: sejm
Question: What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
Answer: szlachta clan
Question: Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?
Answer: between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,
Question: What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.
Answer: two ennoblements per year
Question: What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?
Answer: heraldic sources
Question: What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth
Answer: 1,600
Question: When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?
Answer: 14th century onward
Question: When were most ennoblements implemented?
Answer: final years of the late 18th century
Question: vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?
Answer: bajorai
Question: What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?
Answer: Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors
Question: What is an example of noble family name?
Answer: Goštautai,
Question: Who gave the coat of arms to others?
Answer: Union of Horodlo
Question: Who defined the significant legislative changes?
Answer: Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries
Question: What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?
Answer: 1374 exemption from the land tax,
Question: What did the 1425 requirement entail? 
Answer: requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms
Question: What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
Answer: rights of commoners
Question: Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?
Answer: really usurpers, being commoners,
Question: Who denounced many nobles?
Answer: Hieronim Nekanda Trepka
Question: When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?
Answer: first half of the 16th century
Question: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?
Answer: owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer
Question: THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what?
Answer: many rights
Question: What was the nobilities commonwealth?
Answer: Poland
Question: WHo elected the king?
Answer: not of the king or the ruling dynasty
Question: WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on?
Answer: the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty
Question: The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom?
Answer: dynasty's female-line descendants.
Question: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?
Answer: at the time of their election to the throne
Question: What specified the kings privileges?
Answer: king-elect's Pacta conventa
Question: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?
Answer: ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax
Question: What did nobles get in from the king during election?
Answer: privileges
Question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
Answer: 1355
Question: who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? 
Answer: Buda King Casimir III the Great
Question: WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?
Answer: Louis I of Hungary
Question: What was promised by Buda King Casimer?
Answer: the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes
Question: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
Answer: the king and the court
Question: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?
Answer: 1374
Question: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?
Answer: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga
Question: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?
Answer: exempted the entire class from all but one tax
Question: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?
Answer: abolished
Question: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?
Answer: King to pay indemnities
Question: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
Answer: King Władysław II Jagiełło
Question: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?
Answer: 1422
Question: What happened to the right to mint coinage?
Answer: ceded
Question: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
Answer: at Kraków in 1433
Question: WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?
Answer: Brześć Kujawski privilege
Question: What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?
Answer: nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest
Question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
Answer: warrant from a court of justice
Question: What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? 
Answer: King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon
Question: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?
Answer: the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks
Question: THe nobility was protected from what?
Answer: judicial abuses
Question: Whos power was curbed?
Answer: magnates
Question: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?
Answer: their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.
Question: What was different about later elections then first free election?
Answer: no restrictions on the choice of candidates.
Question: Who only voted in the election of 1492?
Answer: senators
Question: Who won the election of 1492?
Answer: John I Albert
Question: What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?
Answer: Jagiellonian Dynasty
Question: Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?
Answer: On April 26, 1496
Question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
Answer: increasing
Question: Who was allowed to leave the village?
Answer: one son (not the eldest)
Question: What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?
Answer: owning land
Question: When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?
Answer: 23 October 1501
Question: Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?
Answer: Union of Mielnik
Question: Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?
Answer: Union of Mielnik
Question: What did the actof of milno do?
Answer: more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility
Question: What right was given to the nobles?
Answer: disobey the King or his representatives
Question: When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen?
Answer: 3 May 1505
Question: Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"?
Answer: King Alexander I Jagiellon
Question: What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do
Answer: forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility
Question: What happened to the notabilities political position?
Answer: greatly strengthened
Question: What has happened to the legislative power?
Answer: legislative power from the king to the Sejm.
Question: What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?
Answer: "executionist movement
Question: What were the intentions of executionists movement?
Answer: seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country
Question: what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do?
Answer: return many leased crown lands to the king,
Question: WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?
Answer: 1605
Question: What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?
Answer: movement lost its political force.
Question: Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?
Answer: Sigismund II Augustus
Question: What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?
Answer: monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family
Question: After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?
Answer: any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood
Question: How many documents should the new elected king sign?
Answer: two documents
Question: What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?
Answer: basic laws of the Commonwealth
Question: Who created the crown tribunal?
Answer: king Stefan Batory
Question: What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?
Answer: reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court
Question: Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal?
Answer: the nobility class
Question: WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?
Answer: Lithuanian Tribunal
Question: What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?
Answer: gain legal privileges over their peers
Question: What were most szlachtas class?
Answer: Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates
Question: What is another name for magnates?
Answer: Crimsons
Question: A proper magnates own what?
Answer: own at least 20 villages or estates.
Question: Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?
Answer: magnates
Question: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
Answer: 1%
Question: Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? 
Answer: 200–300
Question: Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?
Answer: 30–40
Question: What significantly increased the magnates wealth?
Answer: Magnates
Question: What terms were these gifts given?
Answer: temporary leases
Question: What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts?
Answer: never returned
Question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?
Answer: magnates
Question: When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?
Answer: late 16th century
Question: What did the right to create ordynacja's entail?
Answer: ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this
Question: What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?
Answer: often rivalled
Question: What was an important power basis for the magnates?
Answer: estates of the king
Question: Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?
Answer: Partitions of Poland
Question: UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?
Answer: szlachta
Question: Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?
Answer: Nicholas I
Question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
Answer: 62.8%
Question: When and who abolished the serfdom?
Answer: Russian Poland on February 19, 1864
Question: Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?
Answer: only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta
Question: How much land was held by the peasants? 
Answer: 48.9%
Question: What was different between the polish nobility and others?
Answer: European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy
Question: What happened to nobility at expense of the king?
Answer: actually gained power
Question: What did the political system eventually evolve into?
Answer: oligarchy
Question: What did the ruler strive for?
Answer: absolute monarchy
Question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?
Answer: 10–12%
Question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
Answer: 8%
Question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
Answer: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania
Question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
Answer: 1–3%
Question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
Answer: March Constitution of Poland
Question: Who could rise into polish ennoblement?
Answer: Many low-born individuals
Question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?
Answer: enormous influence
Question: WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?
Answer: any nobleman
Question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
Answer: liberum veto
Question: What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?
Answer: special services to the state
Question: WHo could naturalize a polish noble?
Answer: Polish king
Question: What is another name for ennoblement? 
Answer: nobilitacja
Question: WHat is another name for polish noble?
Answer: indygenat
Question: Was was unique about the dignities?
Answer: not hereditary
Question: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?
Answer: ritual
Question: Nobles held land form whom?
Answer: other lords were only peers "de iure"
Question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
Answer: (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo
Question: Did all hold title of nobility?
Answer: no
Question: What kind of system was the coats of arms?
Answer: heraldic system
Question: how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries?
Answer: differing in many ways
Question: Where did polish knightshood originate?
Answer: Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany
Question: What is the most notable difference between countries?
Answer: minorities would be given the noble title
Question: Coat of arms would be shared with who else?
Answer: most families sharing origin
Question: How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan?
Answer: on the basis of similarity of arms
Question: Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall?
Answer: low and did not exceed 200
Question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
Answer: Poland
Question: Where did men get their coat of arms usually?
Answer: their fathers
Question: Where did the name sarmatism originate?
Answer: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians
Question: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
Answer: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility
Question: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
Answer: peace and pacifism
Question: What languages were freely mixed?
Answer: Polish and Latin
Question: What was the minority group in the polish nobility?
Answer: Muslims
Question: What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity?
Answer: ennoblement
Question: What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland?
Answer: the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic
Question: What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble?
Answer: Jews
Question: How many major works of literature is Virgil known for?
Answer: three
Question: Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for?
Answer: Aeneid
Question: What is Virgil's full name?
Answer: Publius Vergilius Maro
Question: Which collection of minor poems are sometimes attributed to Virgil?
Answer: Appendix Vergiliana
Question: What work did Virgil write first?
Question: What date did Virgil finish the Aeneid?
Question: When did the Augustan period start?
Question: How many poems by Virgil still exist today?
Question: What is Virgil's most famous work?
Question: How many chapters are in the Aeneid?
Question: What is Virgil's least famous work?
Question: When did Virgil publish his last poem?
Question: What is Virgil's longest book?
Question: What was the first language the Aeneid was translated into?
Question: Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?
Answer: Aeneid
Question: Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?
Answer: Iliad and Odyssey
Question: Who is the main character in the Aeneid?
Answer: Aeneas
Question: What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?
Answer: fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy
Question: Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?
Answer: Virgil
Question: Where was Dante born?
Question: What is Dante's goal in the Divine Comedy?
Question: What era did Dante write The Divine Comedy in?
Question: What is the name of Homer's most famous epic?
Question: Where was Virgil born?
Question: Which of Homer's works is longer, the Iliad or Odyssey?
Question: Where did Virgil write his works?
Question: What was Dante's nationality?
Question: What is the Iliad about?
Question: Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?
Answer: Servius and Donatus
Question: What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?
Answer: inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing
Question: Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?
Answer: problematic
Question: Who edited Donatus' commentaries?
Question: How many people did Virgil write biographies about?
Question: What was Varius most famous for?
Question: Who wrote a biography of Servius?
Question: Who wrote the most about Virgil?
Question: In which cities did Virgil attend schools?
Answer: Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples
Question: What other career did Virgil consider?
Answer: rhetoric and law
Question: Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to?
Answer: equestrian landowning
Question: Does Macrobius believe Virgil's father came from a distinguished or humble background?
Answer: humble
Question: Where was Virgil's father born?
Question: What kind of family did Macrobius have?
Question: What city did Virgil live the longest in?
Question: Where was Macrobius born?
Question: What career did Virgil's father have?
Question: Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy?
Answer: rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy
Question: How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates?
Answer: extremely shy and reserved
Question: What was Virgil's nickname?
Answer: Parthenias
Question: How did Virgil earn his nickname "Parthenias" or "maiden"?
Answer: social aloofness
Question: Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD?
Answer: the Culex
Question: What did Cinna study?
Question: What did his friends think Catullus was like?
Question: What problem did Servius have?
Question: How many stanzas are in the poem the Culex?
Question: Where did Pollio live?
Question: Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry?
Answer: Theocritus
Question: Who tried to pay off veterans with land, some of which possibly belonged to Virgil?
Answer: Octavian
Question: Virgil's loss of his famiyl farm and the attempt to regain his property though poetry was the inferred motive for which work?
Answer: Eclogues
Question: To whom was Eclogue 4 addressed to?
Answer: Asinius Pollio
Question: Which Eclogues discusses homosexual love?
Answer: Ecl. 2
Question: What language was Virgil's work written in?
Question: When did Theocritus publish his last work?
Question: What theme did Virgil write about the most often?
Question: Where did Octavian live?
Question: How many books of poetry did Cornelius Gallus write?
Question: When where the Eclogues likely published?
Answer: before 37 BC
Question: What were Octavian' s agent d'affaires called?
Answer: Maecenas
Question: Which leading literary figure often mentioned Virgin in his poetry?
Answer: Horace
Question: Who invited Virgil to become part of the circle of Maecenas?
Question: Which Roman figure of the time was the most prolific writer?
Question: What was Octavian's favorite hobby?
Question: What work was Virgil the most proud of?
Question: How many poems did Horace write?
Question: Which long didactic hexameter poem did Virgil work on for several years?
Answer: Georgics
Question: To whom was Georgics dedicated to?
Answer: Maecenas
Question: The theme of Georgics is instruction in the methods of what?
Answer: running a farm
Question: Which of Virgil's poet friends committed suicide in 26 BC?
Answer: Gallus
Question: Who was Gallus disgraced by?
Answer: Augustus
Question: Who discovered how to raise crops?
Question: How many poems did Hesiod write?
Question: What did the poet Gallus write about most?
Question: What was Maecenas' profession?
Question: What kind of poems did Hesiod write?
Question: Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at which battle?
Answer: Battle of Actium
Question: When did Octavian return from the Battle of Actium?
Answer: 31 BC
Question: Who took turns with Virgil to read the Georgics to Octavian?
Answer: Maecenas
Question: When were the Georgics published?
Question: Who wrote the Georgics?
Question: Where were the Georgics written?
Question: What did most of Virgil's writing compose of?
Question: Who funded the writing of the Georgics?
Question: Which of Virgil's works is widely considered his finest?
Answer: The Aeneid
Question: Who commissioned the Aeneid according to Propertius?
Answer: Augustus
Question: How many books are included in The Aeneid?
Answer: 12
Question: Which of Homer's works did the first six books of the Aeneid model after?
Answer: Odyssey
Question: Which of Homer's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to?
Answer: Iliad
Question: How old was Virgil when he died?
Question: Which poet published the most work?
Question: Who commissioned the Iliad?
Question: Which of Homer's works was longer, the Iliad or the Odyssey?
Question: Who is Aeneas' enemy throughout the Aeneid?
Answer: Juno
Question: Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid?
Answer: Dido
Question: In which book does Aeneas' father die?
Answer: 5
Question: Who reveals Rome's destiny to Aeneas?
Answer: Anchises
Question: Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?
Answer: Sibyl
Question: Who is Jupiter's enemy in the Aeneid?
Question: Where did Aeneas' father die?
Question: How many days did Aeneas travel through the underworld?
Question: How did Aeneas' wife die?
Question: What did Anchises say Rome's destiny was?
Question: Which King does Aeneas ally with in Book 8 of the Aeneid?
Answer: King Evander
Question: Who had Lavinia already been promised to?
Answer: Turnus
Question: Who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto and Amata Lavinia's mother?
Answer: Turnus
Question: What is the muse's name?
Question: How old was Pallas when he died?
Question: How did Camilla die?
Question: How many years did the war last?
Question: Who promised Lavinia to Turnus?
Question: When did Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Ceopatra VII occur?
Answer: 31 BC
Question: Who is the protagonist of the Aeneid?
Answer: Aeneas
Question: Who is mercilessly slaughtered by Aeneas?
Answer: Turnus
Question: Who is the founder of Rome which some scholars see strong associations with Aeneas?
Answer: Augustus
Question: When was the Aeneid published?
Question: Where did Aeneas defeat Turnus?
Question: Where did Augustus live?
Question: How did Augustus fight at Actium?
Question: What part of the Aeneid is the longest?
Question: What was the title of Jean-Baptiste Wicar's artwork inspired by the Aeneid?
Answer: Virgil Reading the Aeneid
Question: Who did Virgil recite Books 2, 4, and 6 of the Aeneid to?
Answer: Augustus
Question: How many paintings did Jean-Baptiste Wicar base on Virgil's life?
Question: Did critics call the painting "Virgil Reading the Aeneid" a great success or a failure?
Question: How many poems did Augustus commission from Virgil?
Question: What was the name of a scholar that doubted claims that Augustus' sister fainted when Virgil recited the Aeneid?
Question: What book of the Aeneid is the longest?
Question: According to tradition, where did Virgil travel in 19 BC to revise the Aeneid?
Answer: Greece
Question: Where did Virgil die?
Answer: Brundisium harbor
Question: What date did Virgil die?
Answer: September 21, 19 BC
Question: Who were Virgil's literary executors?
Answer: Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca
Question: What wish of Virgil's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard?
Answer: the poem be burned
Question: Where did Augustus die?
Question: What date was the Aeneid published?
Question: What did Augustus die from?
Question: Where was the Aeneid first published?
Question: Exactly how many unfinished lines are in the Aeneid?
Question: Who was one of Virgil's most ardent admirers who referenced Virgil in almost every line of his epic?
Answer: Silius Italicus
Question: .What was the title of Silius Italicus' epic in which Virgil was referenced in almost every line?
Answer: Punica
Question: Who bought Virgil's tomb?
Answer: Silius
Question: Which of Virgil's works was later widely interpreted to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ?
Answer: Fourth Eclogue
Question: Which of Virgil's works was the least famous?
Question: Who was the first poet to reference Virgil in his work?
Question: What era did Statius live in?
Question: Who did Silius Italicus buy Virgil's tomb from?
Question: When was the 12 book epic Thebaid written?
Question: Who cautioned "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death"?
Answer: Gregory of Tours
Question: Literate men acknowledged Virgil as a master poet despite what empire collapsing?
Answer: Western Roman
Question: Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet?
Answer: master
Question: What was Gregory of Tours profession?
Question: Where did Gregory of Tours live?
Question: Who related to the fables in Virgil's work?
Question: What language did Gregory of Tours write in?
Question: In which of Dante's works was Virgil a guide through Hell and Purgatory?
Answer: Divine Comedy
Question: Who was the author of the Divine Comedy?
Answer: Dante
Question: Who was Dante's guide through Purgatory and Hell in the Divine Comedy?
Answer: Virgil
Question: How many books did Dante write?
Question: Who was Dante's favorite author?
Question: What was Dante's longest book?
Question: Which poet was more famous, Lucan or Statius?
Question: Which of Virgil's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus' birth?
Answer: Eclogues 4
Question: Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in?
Answer: Christianity
Question: During which time period did Virgil's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy?
Answer: Middle Ages
Question: What did Virgil write about the most?
Question: Who was the first to predict Jesus's birth?
Question: What religion did Virgil follow?
Question: When did Virgil predict Jesus would be born?
Question: Where did the tradition start which regarded Virgil as a great magician?
Answer: Naples
Question: How long did legends of Virgil's magical powers remain popular?
Answer: over two hundred years
Question: What is the modern Welsh word for phramacist?
Answer: fferyllydd
Question: Where did Virgil's name become a generic term for magic-worker?
Answer: medieval Wales
Question: When did Virgil's reputation as a great magician begin?
Answer: 12th century
Question: Where did the tradition of seeing Virgil as a great magician last the longest?
Question: How long did it take for the legends of Virgil's magic powers to spread through Europe?
Question: Where did Virgil write his poetry?
Question: What part of the world did Virgil write the most about?
Question: When were Virgil's works the most popular?
Question: During which time period did the legend of Virgil in his Basket arise?
Answer: Middle Ages
Question: What is the name of the beautiful woman who Virgil enamoured?
Answer: Lucretia
Question: Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel?
Answer: Phyllis riding Aristotle
Question: Which artist made a woodcut and later an engraving of Virgil and his basket?
Answer: Lucas van Leyden
Question: When did Lucas van Leyden live?
Question: What was Phyllis known as?
Question: Who was one of the writers who wrote about Virgil in his Basket?
Question: What form of art did the most artists use to depict Virgil in his Basket?
Question: When did Phyllis ride Aristotle?
Question: During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?
Answer: Middle Ages
Question: In which district is "Virgil's tomb" located?
Answer: Piedigrotta
Question: What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where "Virgil's tomb" is located also called?
Answer: grotta vecchia
Question: Where did Virgil die?
Question: Where did pilgrims pass through on the way to Virgil's tomb?
Question: Where did most of the pilgrims come from?
Question: When were Virgil's books the most widely read?
Question: Besides Virgilius, which other spelling is permitted in modern usage?
Answer: Vergilius
Question: During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius?
Answer: Late Empire and Middle Ages
Question: In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil?
Answer: 19th
Question: Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus?
Answer: Oxford
Question: Why was Virgil called "The Swan of Mantua"?
Question: Who attributed magical powers to Virgil in the middle ages?
Question: When was the Oxford guide to style written?
Question: What language was the Oxford guide to style originally written in?
Question: What country was the Oxford guide to style written in?
Question: How many kilometres do the Alps stretch?
Answer: 1,200 kilometres
Question: How long has it taken for the Alps to form? 
Answer: over tens of millions of years
Question: What is the highest mountain in the Alps?
Answer: Mont Blanc
Question: The Alpine region is also known as what? 
Answer: the "four-thousanders"
Question: What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?
Answer: ibex