huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?
Answer: UNESCO
Question: In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?
Answer: Ipoh
Question: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?
Answer: 60,840
Question: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?
Answer: 87,440
Question: What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?
Answer: University of Technology, Mauritius
Question: What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?
Answer: technology
Question: What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?
Answer: New Zealand
Question: What does UCOL stand for?
Answer: Universal College of Learning
Question: In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?
Answer: 1989
Question: In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?
Answer: 1990s
Question: What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?
Answer: Central Institute of Technology
Question: What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?
Answer: North Island
Question: What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?
Answer: Auckland University of Technology
Question: In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?
Answer: 10th
Question: What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?
Answer: trades
Question: How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?
Answer: three
Question: What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?
Answer: F.Sc
Question: What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?
Answer: Politechnika
Question: What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?
Answer: bacharelatos
Question: What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?
Answer: Bologna Process
Question: What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?
Answer: Millennia Institute
Question: How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?
Answer: three
Question: What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?
Answer: queen Maria Theresa
Question: What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?
Answer: 1735
Question: The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?
Answer: silver and gold
Question: What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?
Answer: 1764
Question: What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?
Answer: teaching
Question: What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?
Answer: 1993
Question: When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?
Answer: 2004
Question: Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?
Answer: technical colleges
Question: What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?
Answer: bachelor's degrees
Question: What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?
Answer: Pathumwan Institute of Technology
Question: What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?
Answer: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
Question: What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?
Answer: Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
Question: What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?
Answer: Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
Question: What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?
Answer: Suranaree University of Technology
Question: What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?
Answer: 1989
Question: What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?
Answer: Mahanakorn University of Technology
Question: What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?
Answer: Bursa Technical University
Question: When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: six
Question: What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?
Answer: Ankara and Trabzon
Question: What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?
Answer: 1970
Question: What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?
Answer: the UK Council for National Academic Awards
Question: What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?
Answer: Central Institutions
Question: What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?
Answer: Royal Polytechnic Institution
Question: How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?
Answer: two
Question: What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?
Answer: Loughborough University of Technology
Question: In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?
Answer: 1960s
Question: What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?
Answer: the Further and Higher Education Act 1992
Question: The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?
Answer: CNAA
Question: If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?
Answer: university colleges
Question: What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?
Answer: 20th century
Question: A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?
Answer: high school
Question: In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?
Answer: 1824
Question: Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?
Answer: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Question: When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?
Answer: 1950s
Question: Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?
Answer: Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
Question: Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?
Answer: World Wide Web
Question: Which company made the Wayback Machine?
Answer: Internet Archive
Question: Where is Internet Archive headquartered?
Answer: San Francisco
Question: What individuals founded Internet Archive?
Answer: Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
Question: What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?
Answer: three dimensional index
Question: Where does the information stored on the Internet Archive come from?
Question: Which company made the World Wide Web?
Question: Where is Bruce Gillat headquartered?
Question: What individuals founded the World Wide Web?
Question: What is the term used by the World Wide Web to describe the Wayback Machine?
Question: When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?
Answer: if the content has changed
Question: What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?
Answer: to archive the entire Internet
Question: What operating system is used on the internet's servers?
Question: When does the internet save a copy of a website?
Question: What is the ultimate aim of the visitors?
Question: Where can sites be captured by Linux clusters?
Question: What Linux nodes are hoped to be captured?
Question: What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?
Answer: The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
Question: Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?
Answer: Mr. Peabody and Sherman
Question: What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?
Answer: WABAC machine
Question: What TV show served as inspiration for WABAC's name?
Question: Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed the to travel through WABAC?
Question: What was the machine used by Rocky named?
Question: What was used to alter events in a plot?
Question: What was chosen as a droll reference to alter Mr. Peabody?
Question: When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?
Answer: 1996
Question: What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?
Answer: crawlers
Question: What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?
Answer: robots exclusion standard
Question: What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?
Answer: Archive-It.org
Question: When was the program necessary to include all information available on the interet created?
Question: What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the board system they find?
Question: What rule do web sites abide by when determining sites to record?
Question: What site was created to mitigate issues with Bruce Gilliat?
Question: When did Brewster Kate and Bruce Gilliat develop software to download crawlwers?
Question: Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?
Answer: researchers and scientists
Question: At what milestone was the archive made public?
Answer: fifth anniversary
Question: Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?
Answer: University of California, Berkeley
Question: What medium was originally used to keep California's data?
Question: Who were sometimes permitted to attend the Archive's public ceremony?
Question: At what milestone was the archive made clunky?
Question: Where was the event launching the digital tape held?
Question: Who allowed researchers and scientists to tap into Berkeley?
Question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?
Answer: six months
Question: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?
Answer: variable
Question: What are the saved versions of an update called?
Question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for recording?
Question: What term characterizes the rate at which intervals of websites are made?
Question: How many months can it take for intervals to become available?
Question: How long are intervals between cases?
Question: When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?
Answer: After August 2008
Question: Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?
Answer: Jeff Kaplan
Question: When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?
Answer: November 2010
Question: When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in Kaplan?
Question: Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Kaplan was reindexed?
Question: When did Kaplan make comments about the status of Open Directory sites?
Question: Why were sites listed on the Internet Archive after August 2008?
Question: When did Kaplan make comments about the Open Directory?
Question: In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?
Answer: three petabytes
Question: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?
Answer: 12 terabytes/month
Question: Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?
Answer: PetaBox rack systems
Question: Who makes PetaBox rack systems?
Answer: Capricorn Technologies
Question: In 2009, what size did the data saved by rate systems reach?
Question: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by rate systems?
Question: Where does Wayback Machine keep its technologies stored?
Question: Who makes rate systems?
Question: What is stored on Petabox petabyte systems?
Question: Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?
Answer: Sun Open Storage
Question: Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?
Answer: Sun Microsystems' California campus
Question: When did Internet Archive chance its platform for California?
Question: Which campus did Internet Archive adopt 2009?
Question: Where does Internet archive run a sun storage center?
Question: When did the Internet Archive leave California?
Question: What state is home to the first data center?
Question: When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?
Answer: 2011
Question: When was an upgrade of the game released for testing?
Question: What did the Wayback Machine keep the same?
Question: What was closed for testing?
Question: What used the same index of archived content?
Question: When was the Wayback Machine retired?
Question: When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?
Answer: March 2011
Question: The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?
Answer: 2008
Question: The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?
Answer: 2010
Question: When were details of the final version of the released?
Question: Past what year did the older version of Wayback Machine had  much new data?
Question: In what year was the oldest version of the Wayback Machine?
Question: When did the Wayback Forum talk about the predecessor to the Wayback Machine?
Question: What only has a little bit of material past 2007?
Question: What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?
Answer: Save a Page
Question: When was Save a Page made available?
Answer: October 2013
Question: What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a URL of a site?
Question: When was a URL available?
Question: What became a threat of theft?
Question: When did the company announce "Save a Binary"?
Question: What did "Save a Company" host?
Question: What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?
Answer: Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
Question: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?
Answer: Chordiant
Question: What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?
Answer: the robots.txt file
Question: What 2009 court battle involved Netbula's robots?
Question: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for robots?
Question: What did the Wayback Machine request that the court deactivate on Netbulas website?
Question: What did the Wayback Machine believe would support its case?
Question: Who filed a motion to compel the Wayback Machine to disable the robots.txt file?
Question: Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?
Answer: Internet Archive
Question: Which party did Internet Archive side with?
Answer: Chordiant
Question: Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its expenses?
Question: Which party did Netbula side with?
Question: Who objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Chordiant's web site?
Question: What would producing web pages have caused Netbula?
Question: Who filed a sworn statement supporting Netubla's motion?
Question: Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?
Answer: Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd
Question: In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?
Answer: Northern District of California, San Jose Division
Question: Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?
Answer: Chordiant
Question: Which judge presided over the California v. Chordiant case?
Question: In what jurisdiction was the California v. Chordiant case tried?
Question: Which party won its argument regarding California's robots.txt file?
Question: Who rejected California's arguments?
Question: Why was California allowed to disable the robots.txt blockage?
Question: What is EchoStar's platform?
Answer: the Dish Network
Question: Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?
Answer: Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys
Question: Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?
Answer: district Court Judge Ronald Guzman
Question: What does Telewizja Polska intend to offer?
Question: What is Romand Guzmans platform?
Question: Which judge denied Echostar's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?
Question: Which judge overturned Polska's ruling?
Question: Who rejected Echostar's assertion of hearsay?
Question: What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?
Answer: authoritative statement of the archivist
Question: When are Internet Archive timestamps harmful for patent offices?
Question: What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices on the Web?
Question: What are used to determine if a patent is available?
Question: What will accept date stamps from the public?
Question: What does the patent offices require before they accept applications for employment?
Question: The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?
Answer: underlying links
Question: What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?
Answer: forms
Question: What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?
Answer: e-commerce
Question: What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of the Wayback Machine?
Question: The omission of what element in Wayback Machines can make them unreliable as evidence?
Question: What elements of webpages are not used by site archives?
Question: What kind of sites contain information that the screen shots do not record?
Question: When is it possible for opposing parties to misuse e-commerce?
Question: What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?
Answer: copyright laws
Question: What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?
Answer: delete pages from its system
Question: In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?
Answer: FAQ
Question: What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in the FAQ?
Question: What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on robots.txt files?
Question: In what part of Europe are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?
Question: What may be found in the robots.txt files section of the site?
Question: Who can decide when pages are deleted from Europe?
Question: Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?
Answer: Scientology
Question: Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?
Answer: the site owner
Question: Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?
Answer: Church of Scientology
Question: Web pages that contained content critical of what religious movement were taken off of the Wayback Machine in 2002?
Question: Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Wayback Machine?
Question: Who was the actual party that requested the Wayback Machine to be taken down?
Question: When did the Church of Scientology remove files?
Question: Who did not want the Wayback Machine removed?
Question: Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?
Answer: Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey
Question: Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?
Answer: Healthcare Advocates
Question: Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?
Answer: Internet Archive
Question: What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?
Answer: the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Question: Which law firm leveaged the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to protect their client in 2003?
Question: Which company filed suit against Harding Early Follmer & Frailey?
Question: Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a plaintiff?
Question: What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Early Follmer & Frailey of having broken?
Question: What should Early Follmer & Frailey have removed?
Question: What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Answer: Robots.txt
Question: If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?
Answer: Robots.txt
Question: What kind of protocol is the Internet Archive?
Question: What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Internet Archive?
Question: If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is rendered unavailable?
Question: What does the Healthcare Advocates respect?
Question: Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?
Answer: Internet Archive
Question: Who asserts that they will respond to direct contracts requesting material be removed from Web sites?
Question: What are owners not interested in?
Question: What do Web site owners do with requests?
Question: How does the Internet Archives contact owners?
Question: Who is interested in preserving Web sites of persons who do not want their materials in the collection?
Question: What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?
Answer: profane-justice.org
Question: In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?
Answer: Northern District of California
Question: In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?
Answer: District of Colorado
Question: Who sued Internet Archive in 2004?
Question: What was the URL owned by the Internet Archive?
Question: In what jurisdiction was Suzanne Shell's counterclaims filed?
Question: In what jurisdiction were claims nullified by the court?
Question: When did Suzanne Shell file a declaratory judgment action?
Question: When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
Answer: April 25, 2007
Question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?
Answer: Internet Archive
Question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?
Answer: Suzanne Shell
Question: When did Wayback Machine's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
Question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate the values of Suzanne Shell?
Question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Wayback Machine?
Question: Who regretted the inclusion of Wayback Mountain's Web site?
Question: Who never intended to interfere with Suzanne Shell's goal?
Question: What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?
Answer: DMCA requests
Question: What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?
Answer: Federal Court of Canada
Question: What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get the DMCA taken down?
Question: What legal actions did the actor use after filing pornographic images?
Question: When did a pornographic actor send multiple requests to DMCA?
Question: What was the DMCA trying to remove?
Question: When was the DMCA trying to remove archived images?
Question: What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?
Answer: the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)
Question: The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?
Answer: from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795
Question: What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?
Answer: Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
Question: What is also known as the Republic of the seventeen United Netherlands?
Question: When did part of Spain separate from the Netherlands?
Question: The Batavian Repulic preceded what other Republic?
Question: What was the Kingdom of the Netherlands later known as?
Question: What year marked the beginning of the existence of the Spanish Republic?
Question: What republics did the Spanish kingdom come before?
Question: What are some other names the Batvian Republic is known by?
Question: During what period was the Kingdom of Holland a republic of Europe?
Question: Name one name the Batvian Republic is also known as?
Question: The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?
Answer: Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
Question: Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: Flanders
Question: What countries were considered part of the low countries after the sixteenth century?
Question: What were ruled by the Roman Empire?
Question: Which Empire ruled the county of Flanders?
Question: What kingdom was a holy Roman empire under?
Question: What three countries were under the Kingdom of France?
Question: What did the Low Countries under the Kingdom of France consist of?
Question: What county was under the Holy Roman Empire?
Question: Until what century was the county of Flanders part of the Low Countries?
Question: Name one type of government the county of Flanders had when under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire?
Question: The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?
Answer: the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg
Question: Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?
Answer: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
Question: In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
Answer: 1568
Question: Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
Answer: high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces
Question: The low countries ruled most of what two houses?
Question: What did Charles V block in 1549?
Question: What further fragment of the seventeen provinces?
Question: When did Philip II conquer the Netherlands?
Question: What war ended with a revolt led by William I
Question: When did the House of Burgundy issue the Pragmatic Sanction?
Question: What did modernizing the government structures do to the Low Countries status?
Question: When did the House of Burgundy revolt against Philip II?
Question: Name two reasons why the Low Countries turned against Philip II?
Question: What event started after the revolt let by King Philip II of Spain?
Question: Who signed the Union of Utrecht?
Answer: a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries
Question: What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration
Question: In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?
Answer: 1581
Question: What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?
Answer: to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
Question: In what year did the provinces of the low countries sign the Union of Utrecht?
Question: Who promised to help each other attack the Spanish army?
Question: Who declared their independence from Philip II in 1579?
Question: Who did the Union of Utrecht declare independence from?
Question: Who did the provinces promise to support with the Act of Abjuration?
Question: In 1581 who signed the Union of Utrecht?
Question: What was the name of the declaration of independence from the Low Countries?
Question: What did Low Country provinces sign promising to support each other against Philip II?
Question: During what year was the declaration of independence from the Spanish signed?
Question: Who promised to support each other while defending against Philip II?
Question: In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?
Answer: 1582
Question: In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?
Answer: 1583
Question: When was William of Orange assassinated?
Answer: 10 July 1584
Question: Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?
Answer: Elizabeth I
Question: In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?
Answer: 1588
Question: In what year did the Duke of Anjou conquered the United provinces?
Question: Who talk Antwerp in 1583?
Question: What two rulers fought over the provinces after the assassination of William of Orange?
Question: What treaty gave England sovereignty over the United provinces?
Question: In what year did the Spanish Empire stopped recognizing the Republic of the Seven United Provinces?
Question: When was the Duke of Anjou assassinated?
Question: When did Henry III leave the Netherlands?
Question: When did the Duke of Anjou decline an offer of soverignty?
Question: Who was sent as governer-general to the Spanish Empire?
Question: What did Henry III do with the United Provinces  after William of Orange was assassinated?
Question: What events created the Batavian Republic?
Answer: a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795
Question: The republican forces fled to which country?
Answer: France
Question: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?
Answer: the Batavian Republic
Question: What republic began with a series of republican revolutions?
Question: What did the Batavian Republic take part in from 1783 to 1795?
Question: During what period did Republican forces loose several major cities of the Netherlands?
Question: What Republic replaced the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland?
Question: Who fled from France to the Netherlands?
Question: What happened that led to the creation of the French Republic?
Question: Who came back to retake the Batavian Republic?
Question: Where did the Prussian forces flee to?
Question: What did the French Republic become under the British?
Question: What Kingdom replaced the monarchist forces under Napoleon?
Question: What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?
Answer: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"
Question: The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?
Answer: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège
Question: When did Belgium regain independence from France?
Question: What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?
Question: What kingdom created a buffer state north of Belgium?
Question: What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?
Question: What did the Southern provinces treaty accomplish for the Netherlands?
Question: What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?
Answer: The County of Holland
Question: When did the country of Holland dominate world trade?
Question: What was the status of the Dutch Golden Age compared to the world?
Question: During the 17th century what did Holland conquer?
Question: What kind of fleet did Holland have in the 17th century?
Question: What trade fleet was the wealthiest and most urbanized?
Question: Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?
Answer: Rotterdam
Question: The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?
Answer: six
Question: Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?
Answer: Amsterdam
Question: When was the oldest stock exchange founded in England?
Question: What court founded the stock exchange in the Netherlands?
Question: Where did the spirit of the time evolve?
Question: Who adopted the modern trading principles that stimulated their economy?
Question: How many cities did the Low Countries inhabit?
Question: The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?
Answer: 1590–1712
Question: The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?
Answer: Africa and the Pacific
Question: What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?
Answer: breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient
Question: From what location did the Portugese operate a slave trade?
Question: When did the Portugese have a strong and fast navy?
Question: What was broken by Africa on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient?
Question: Where was the Dutch navy located?
Question: During what time period did Africa break Portugese influence?
Question: Who were the Generality Lands governed by?
Answer: the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government
Question: The States General was made up of what?
Answer: representatives of each of the seven provinces
Question: In what order was The Hague arranged?
Question: What was a confederation of the federal government?
Question: How many governments did the Dutch Republic consist of?
Question: What was the feudal order made up of?
Question: Where was the federal government seated?
Question: What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?
Answer: the County of Drenthe
Question: Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?
Answer: this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes
Question: The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?
Answer: raadspensionaris
Question: Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?
Answer: the stadtholder
Question: Who commanded the army?
Answer: the stadtholder
Question: What was the State General exempt from?
Question: What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption?
Question: What was each raadspensionaris governed by?
Question: In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have?
Question: Who commanded the representation in the States General?
Question: Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?
Answer: the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent
Question: Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?
Answer: Zeeland and usually Utrecht
Question: What are two things that define the princes in theory?
Question: Who appointed the princes of Orange?
Question: Who had the same princes as Holland?
Question: Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht?
Question: What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as?
Question: What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?
Answer: Orangists
Question: Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?
Answer: Republicans
Question: What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?
Question: What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?
Question: What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?
Question: What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?
Question: What was the nature of the true republican structure?
Question: Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?
Answer: the Peace of Westphalia
Question: The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?
Answer: federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)
Question: What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?
Answer: Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)
Question: In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces?
Question: What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as?
Question: What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces?
Question: When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre?
Question: What was federally-governed Maastricht?
Question: Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?
Answer: The States General of the United Provinces
Question: Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?
Answer: Holland and/or Zeeland
Question: What companies were the shipping expedition in control of?
Question: What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland?
Question: What did the VOC and WIC initiate?
Question: What were Holland and Zeeland in control of?
Question: What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC?
Question: Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?
Answer: The framers of the US Constitution
Question: Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."
Answer: James Madison
Question: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces
Question: Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?
Question: What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?
Question: What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?
Question: What is similar to the Federalist No. 20?
Question: What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution?
Question: What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?
Answer: the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579
Question: What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?
Answer: personal religion
Question: Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?
Answer: William of Orange
Question: What was forbidden in all provinces?
Answer: Catholic services
Question: When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice?
Question: How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland?
Question: What religious questions were forbidden under the union?
Question: What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose?
Question: What group became the strong supporter in the republic?
Question: What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
Answer: the Reformed Church
Question: The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
Answer: the time period and regional or city leaders
Question: What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
Answer: fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city
Question: What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
Answer: personal freedom of religion
Question: What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office?
Question: What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century?
Question: What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?
Question: What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden?
Question: Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning?
Question: What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?
Answer: predestination
Question: The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?
Answer: the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants
Question: What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?
Answer: the Synod of Dort
Question: When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?
Question: Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith?
Question: What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination?
Question: What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as?
Question: In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy?
Question: When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?
Answer: in the 18th century
Question: Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?
Answer: as long as their services took place secretly in private churches
Question: When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches?
Question: During what period did services move to a state of tolerance?
Question: What changed from religious services to private churches?
Question: What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches?
Question: Where was active persecution taking place?
Question: What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?
Answer: lichens
Question: What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?
Answer: German
Question: What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank?
Question: When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens?
Question: When was the the word "symbiosis" discovered?
Question: What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist?
Question: What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define "symbiosis" as "the living together of unlike organisms."?
Question: How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?
Answer: 130 years
Question: How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis?
Question: How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms?
Question: What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis?
Question: What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis?
Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?
Answer: obligate
Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?
Answer: facultative
Question: What is an example of an obligate relationship?
Answer: lichens
Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts?
Question: What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship?
Question: What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship?
Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts?
Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts?
Question: What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?
Answer: disjunctive symbiosis
Question: What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?
Answer: endosymbiosis
Question: What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis?
Question: What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis?
Question: What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis?
Question: What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner?
Question: What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union?
Question: What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?
Answer: Frankia
Question: What endosymbionts live in coral? 
Answer: algae
Question: What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects?
Question: What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae?
Question: What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects?
Question: What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects called?
Question: What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules?
Question: Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.
Answer: lice
Question: What is another name for ectosymbiosis?
Answer: exosymbiosis
Question: What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales?
Question: What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts?
Question: What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract?
Question: What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish?
Question: What is another term for mutualism?
Answer: interspecies reciprocal altruism
Question: Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?
Answer: lifelong
Question: What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit?
Question: Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently?
Question: What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic?
Question: What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis?
Question: What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis?
Question: What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?
Answer: mutualistic
Question: What do coral and algae produce together?
Answer: Coral reefs
Question: How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?
Answer: fix carbon from the air
Question: What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?
Answer: mycorrhyzal
Question: What do herbivores have to digest animal prey?
Question: Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground?
Question: Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air?
Question: What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?
Question: What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on?
Question: What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?
Answer: ocellaris clownfish
Question: What prevents the clownfish from being stung?
Answer: A special mucus
Question: What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?
Answer: mutual symbiosis
Question: What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones?
Question: What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish?
Question: What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect?
Question: What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish?
Question: What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators?
Question: What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?
Answer: the goby fish
Question: What part of the fish is used to signal danger?
Answer: its tail
Question: What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail?
Question: What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish?
Question: What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp?
Question: What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby?
Question: When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to?
Question: What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?
Answer: non-obligate
Question: What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber?
Question: What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth?
Question: What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship?
Question: Where is the cirumrotatory growth in the crab located?
Question: What does the bacteria give the worm?
Answer: nutrition
Question: What land is near the worms' first known location?
Answer: the Galapagos Islands
Question: From where do the host obtain the hydrogen sulfide or methane?
Question: When were the Galapagos Islands discovered?
Question: What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents?
Question: When were the symbiotic bacteria discovered?
Question: Where does the symbiotic bacteria get nutrition from?
Question: What does the host make that affect its genes?
Answer: specialized cells
Question: In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?
Answer: vertical transmission
Question: From where does the endosymbiont gain nutrition?
Question: Who offers a location for the host cell to vertically transmit nutrition?
Question: When the offspring passes the genetic changes via vertical transmission what does the host cell obtain?
Question: When the the host favors the endosymbiont's growth process what takes place?
Question: Where can the specialized cells be found?
Question: What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?
Answer: drastic reduction in its genome size
Question: What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?
Answer: Muller's ratchet phenomenon