huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Who has power over the exception?
Answer: the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome
Question: What type of relationship did the pope have with suburbicarian sees?
Question: Who had powers of governance over suburbicarian sees?
Question: In what year did cardinal bishops have the powers of governance over suburbicarian sees?
Question: Who is the bishop of Ostia?
Question: Which does each see not have with the exception of Ostia?
Question: Who is a junior ecclesiastical leader in the Holy Roman Church?
Question: What are the cardinals of the church not collectively known as?
Question: What duties do cardinals not perform?
Question: What is a priest's primary duty?
Question: Who does not oversee the day-to-day governance during the sede vacante?
Question: Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?
Answer: the pope
Question: What does the privilege of democracy guarantee cardinals and popes?
Question: Who is forbidden to judge cardinals in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction?
Question: What does the pope either decide or delegates the decision to the the College of Cardinals?
Question: What are cardinals not subject to like everybody else?
Question: Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?
Answer: the pope
Question: What does the pope give to each retiring cardinal?
Question: What does the silver ring symbolize?
Question: What is traditionally kissed by Athiests when greeting a cardinal?
Question: What includes the cardinal's coat of arms?
Question: What image did Pope John Paul II depict on the outside of the ring?
Question: What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?
Answer: a galero.
Question: In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?
Answer: 1969
Question: What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?
Answer: scarlet biretta
Question: What was the name of the hat bestowed upon a pope upon his naming?
Question: What custom was discontinued in 1959?
Question: What do cardinals not have the right to display in their cathedral?
Question: What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies?
Question: What is officially part of a cardinals apparel?
Question: What do Western Catholic cardinals continue to wear?
Question: What do Western Catholic cardinals sometimes line?
Question: What color are Western style cassocks made entirely of?
Question: What traditional dress do eastern Catholic deacons continue to wear?
Question: What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?
Answer: willingness to die for his faith
Question: Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?
Answer: rochet
Question: The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?
Answer: the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture
Question: When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?
Answer: 1460s
Question: What color is worn by popes when in choir dress?
Question: What does the blood like red not symbolize for a cardinal?
Question: What was customary for cardinals to wear until the 1700's?
Question: What is not distinctive about the biretta of a cardinal?
Question: What color ferrailo does a pope occasionally wear?
Question: What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?
Answer: the cardinalate expires
Question: What does the Pope do if conditions do not change?
Question: What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore and the president dies?
Question: Whose identity is not revealed if the pope dies?
Question: Who ranks secondary to those raised in the cardinalate at the time of his appointment?
Question: Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?
Answer: Pope Martin V
Question: How were many Cardinals created during the Eastern Schism>?
Question: What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V?
Question: What did Pope Pious V begin using?
Question: What position was not being contended during the Western Schism?
Question: What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?
Answer: marry
Question: In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?
Answer: 1917
Question: What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?
Answer: only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
Question: What was a lay cardinal not allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?
Question: Who was among the first lay cardinal?
Question: What year did Pope Benedict X revise the Code of Canon Law?
Question: Who may not be appointed cardinals according the revision of Code of Cannon Law?
Question: A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what?
Answer: perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination
Question: Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?
Answer: 1962
Question: What is a cardinal who is a bishop entitles to wear and use?
Question: What six items make up the episcopal regalia?
Question: What may a cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" do?
Question: What year were cardinals were were bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80?
Question: In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?
Answer: 1917
Question: In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?
Answer: 1962
Question: What was possible for someone to become who was not a priest, but only in major orders?
Question: Who was enrolled only in the order of cardinal laymen?
Question: What year did Pope John XX set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops?
Question: What canon does not require that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment?
Question: What year did the practice of allowing nuns to become Cardinals stop?
Question: In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?
Answer: collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals
Question: What four entities make up the Apostolic Camera?
Question: Who has functions that are not limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy?
Question: Who does nor collate information about the financial situation of all dependent administrations of the Holy See?
Question: Who does not have the responsibility of presenting results to the College of Cardinals?
Question: Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?
Answer: from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State
Question: Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?
Answer: Pope John Paul I
Question: Who does not have the privilege of announcing a new pope's election?
Question: What is the junior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals also known as?
Question: Who announced Pope John Paul I coronation in 1976?
Question: What Cardinal protodeacon's privilege was continued after the election of Pope John Paul I?
Question: What position does Renato Raffaele Martinez currently hold?
Question: How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Masses?
Question: How are Cardinal deacons recognized at Ecumenical Meetings?
Question: How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings?
Question: What do nuns wear in addition to the simple white mitre?
Question: How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?
Answer: 10 years
Question: How many churches are recognized as cardinalatial deaconries in 2000?
Question: How many cardinals were there in the order of popes?
Question: What have Cardinal deacons not had the right to do?
Question: Who may not take a vacant title?
Question: Who may opt for the order of cardinal priests after they have been deacons for 30 years?
Question: In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?
Answer: third
Question: Where are priests that are elevated to the diaconal order mainly officials of?
Question: How many Cardinals were French in 1939?
Question: How many Cardinals were French in 1994?
Question: How many cardinals were members of the curia in 1929?
Question: What year did Pope Sixtus I fix the maximum size of the College of Cardinals?
Question: What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?
Answer: seven deacons in the Papal Household
Question: Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from?
Question: Who is originally from the six deacons in the Papal Household?
Question: Who does not supervise the Church's works in the districts of Rome?
Question: Who did not provide all social services in Rome during the early Middle Ages?
Question: Who is not given title to one of these seven deacons?
Question: What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals?
Question: What position do cardinal deacons not hold?
Question: What do bishops become that are without diocesan responsibilities?
Question: What are cardinals who are not elevated to the diaconal order?
Question: Who can become the cardinal protopriest?
Answer: The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests
Question: Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?
Answer: Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil
Question: What title is given to the newest member of the order of cardinal priests?
Question: What position does Paulo Evaristo Arns of Columbia currently hold?
Question: Whose ceremonial duties in the conclave continued after the age of 80?
Question: Who was accepted into the conclave after the age of 80?
Question: In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?
Answer: the Pope
Question: Who does not need the approval of the Pope?
Question: What is the Dean of the College of Humanities also known as?
Question: Who does not act as the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals?
Question: Who approves the appointment of the Cardinal-dean by the Pope?
Question: What position belonged by right to the shortest-serving of the cardinal bishops?
Question: Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?
Answer: a suburbicarian see
Question: What did Pope Paul VI decree in 1965 about the patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches?
Question: Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees?
Question: What title did patriarch cardinals receive?
Question: How many Western Patriarchs are currently cardinal bishops?
Question: Who can elect the dean or become dean?
Question: Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?
Answer: cardinal deacons
Question: Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?
Answer: cardinal bishops
Question: Which rank has the most cardinals?
Answer: Cardinal priests
Question: Who are the highest ranking priests in the Catholic church?
Question: Who are the most numerous of the four orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church?
Question: Who is the lowest ranking priest in the Catholic Church?
Question: What are those named cardinal popes today generally bishops of?
Question: What position do some popes currently hold?
Question: What name was interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of popes?
Question: What does the name "cardinal popes" originally refer to?
Question: What is the name of the important nuns that are chosen by the pope to advice him?
Question: Who holds the title Cardinal of Rome?
Question: What term did not gradually become exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the pope?
Question: What does every cardinal priest not have?
Question: What has not been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia?
Question: What did Pope Paul V abolish?
Question: What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights?
Question: What are cardinals not expected to do?
Question: In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?
Answer: 1587
Question: What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?
Answer: 70
Question: Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
Answer: Pope John XXIII
Question: Who had a large number from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance?
Question: What happened to the College of the Cardinals in the 3rd century?
Question: Who sought to cap the number of the College at 50?
Question: Who upheld the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
Question: What were long-serving cardinal priests entitled to do ending in the mid-fifteenth century?
Question: What are cardinal deacons of eight years standing still entitled to become?
Question: Who has not been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment?
Question: How have cardinals been advance to cardinal priests?
Question: Who filled vacancies that arose among the cardinal priests?
Question: Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church?
Question: What does the cardinal named pectore know?
Question: What can a cardinal in pectore continue to function as?
Question: What is done to cardinals that does not protect them or their congregations?
Question: What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?
Answer: Indo-Iranian languages
Question: What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?
Answer: Indo-European language family
Question: When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?
Answer: 400 BCE
Question: What is an example of a Sassanid language?
Answer: Middle Persian
Question: What stage of Iranian languages from 400 BCE to 900 CE includes old Persian?
Question: What stage of Iranian language was in use until 400 BCE and included Parthian and Bactrian?
Question: When did the change from old Iranian to new Iranian occur?
Question: Where are the old Iranian languages Parthian and Bactrian from?
Question: In what year were there hundred and 50 to 200 Iranian languages
Question: What are some of the largest among the 200 Iranian languages?
Question: What were their 86 million of in 2008
Question: From what languages does the word Aryao come?
Answer: Persian and Sanskrit
Question: What is any language that descends from ancestral Persian?
Question: What word is derived from Sanskrit and Arya?
Question: Arya is derived from what ancestral language?
Question: Who first used the term Iranian language?
Answer: Christian Lassen
Question: Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?
Answer: Robert Needham Cust
Question: When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?
Answer: 1878
Question: When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian?
Question: What term did Christian Lassen using 1878?
Question: What did George Abraham Grierson and Christian Lassen contrast?
Question: What scholars have revived the term Irano-Aryan
Question: What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?
Answer: Central Asia
Question: What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?
Answer: Andronovo
Question: When did the Andronovo culture exist?
Answer: 2000 BC
Question: What other language did most Iranian languages descend from?
Question: What other language besides Nuristani this proto-Iranian descent from?
Question: What language does Proto-Indo Iranian descent from?
Question: What languages are believed to have originated in central India?
Question: What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?
Answer: Indo-European
Question: What Indo-European groups belong to the Satem language family?
Question: What language family originated in the mountains of Russia?
Question: Where did early Iranian people establish societies?
Answer: southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia
Question: What language came sometime after the breakup of Proto-Iranian?
Question: What language broke up after the second millennium BCE?
Question: When did the middle Iranian language begin to break off?
Question: What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?
Answer: linguistic diversity
Question: How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?
Answer: two
Question: What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers?
Question: How many middle Iranian languages are still spoken today?
Question: What languages were spoken by a limited number of people?
Question: In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?
Answer: the Behistun inscription
Question: When was the Behistun inscription written?
Answer: 520 BC
Question: During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?
Answer: 4th century BC
Question: What dialect was spoken in northwestern Iran
Question: What official purpose was Middle Persian being used for in the fourth century BC?
Question: What inscription was composed in the 4th Century BC.
Question: In which document composed in 520 BC was old Persian grammatically incorrect?
Question: During what century was the change from old to middle Persian just beginning?
Question: What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?
Answer: Avestan
Question: What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?
Answer: Zoroastrianism
Question: What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?
Answer: Rigvedic Sanskrit
Question: What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?
Answer: Old Persian
Question: What dialect is the Avesta language from?
Question: How many dialects of the Avesta language or there?
Question: What religion is vohu daena the contemporary name for?
Question: Why did old Persian retained its old characteristics long after the old Iranian languages
Question: What language shows the same level of development as old Avestan
Question: What language did Herodotus invent a name for?
Answer: Scythian
Question: What language to Kurdish become?
Question: What cannot be inferred from the impact on a neighboring language?
Question: What kind of substrate is Middle Iranian?
Question: Who reported vocabulary for old Persian?
Question: Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?
Answer: Old Persian
Question: Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?
Answer: Avestan
Question: What languages are grouped into northern and southern branches?
Question: What language is associated with the Western branch of old Persian?
Question: What language is associated with the Eastern branch of Avestan?
Question: What were the centers of imperial power in Persia?
Question: What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?
Answer: *ć and *dź
Question: What type of letters are *ć and *dź?
Answer: first-series palatal consonants
Question: What Iranian dialects did not follow the Western and Eastern blocks?
Question: What type of valves are c and dz?
Question: What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?
Answer: *ćw and *dźw
Question: What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw?
Answer: consonant clusters
Question: What is contrary to the state of affairs in the Nuristani languages?
Question: What other elements of early Iranian language support the East-West division?
Question: Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?
Answer: Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian
Question: What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?
Answer: Old Parthian
Question: What was not in use at the time?
Question: What is the ancestor of old Iranian?
Question: c parallel the development of what other two letters?
Question: Scythian was the ancestor of what other languages?
Question: When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?
Answer: 9th century
Question: What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?
Answer: Western and Eastern
Question: What era began in the ninth century?
Question: What language was divided into a northern and southern division?
Question: Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?
Answer: Eastern
Question: Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?
Answer: Avestan
Question: Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?
Answer: Aramaic
Question: What did the Bactrian language use for writing?
Answer: Greek script
Question: What family includes party on an Old Persian?
Question: What family includes Bactrain, Sogdian and old Iranian?
Question: Where did the alphabet used by Western languages come from?
Question: What script was used for Persian rating?
Question: When did Middle Persian start being u sed?
Answer: 3rd century CE
Question: What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?
Answer: Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian
Question: What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?
Answer: Syriac script
Question: Underwood dynasty was old Persian the official language?
Question: What language was in use in Iran before the third century?
Question: What are three spoken languages use by the Manchaeans?
Question: Latin and Chinese writing were similar to what texts?
Question: The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?
Answer: Islam
Question: What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?
Answer: Dari
Question: What was the first dynasty to use Dari?
Answer: Saffarid
Question: When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?
Answer: 875 CE
Question: What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?
Answer: Khorasan
Question: What religion slowed the spread of the Iranian language?
Question: What language do middle Iranian displace is the court's official language?
Question: What was the last Dynasty to use Dari
Question: Who stopped using Dari in 875 CE?
Question: What was the official dialect of the royalty itself?
Question: What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?
Answer: Arabic script
Question: When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?
Answer: second half of the 8th century
Question: What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?
Answer: Tajik script
Question: When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?
Answer: the 1930s
Question: Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?
Answer: the Soviet government
Question: The spread of what religion introduce the Persian script?
Question: When did the use of middle Persian script begin?
Question: When was Arabic script converted to Latin?
Question: What's began the conversion of Arabic script to Cyrillic?
Question: What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?
Answer: Sogdian and Bactrian
Question: By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?
Answer: 6th century AD
Question: Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?
Answer: Zarafshan valley
Question: Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?
Answer: Saka
Question: What language writing to some parts of eastern Iran?
Question: What two languages grew alongside Arabic?
Question: By what century had the area inhabited by pre-Slavic people been absorbed by the Sarmations?
Question: What small area still speaks Sogdian?
Question: What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?
Answer: Daylighting
Question: What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?
Answer: positive
Question: Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?
Answer: energy consumption
Question: Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?
Answer: artificial light sources
Question: The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?
Answer: Lighting or illumination
Question: What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?
Answer: Daylighting
Question: Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?
Answer: Lighting
Question: What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?
Answer: positive
Question: What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?
Answer: energy consumption
Question: What is the used to achieve a practical effect?
Answer: Lighting or illumination
Question: What is considered a key part of interior design?
Answer: Indoor lighting
Question: What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?
Answer: lighting
Question: What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?
Answer: light fixtures
Question: What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?
Answer: lighting
Question: What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?
Answer: Recessed lighting
Question: Peking man kindled fire as early as?
Answer: 400,000 BCE
Question: Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?
Answer: birds and fish
Question: What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?
Answer: campfires or torches
Question: The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?
Answer: 15,000 years
Question: When did gas powered street lights became economically available.
Answer: early 1800s
Question: What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?
Answer: Lighting fixtures
Question: Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?
Answer: visual glare
Question: Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?
Answer: lumen per watt
Question: What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?
Answer: incandescent bulb
Question: It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?
Answer: blue-white
Question: A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?
Answer: Lower color temperature
Question: A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?
Answer: light produced by the fixture.
Question: What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.
Answer: master transformer
Question: What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?
Answer: cable lighting
Question: How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?
Answer: 12 or 24 volts
Question: Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? 
Answer: task lighting
Question: What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?
Answer: illuminated ceiling
Question: Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?
Answer: accent lighting
Question: What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?
Answer: small lights
Question: What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?
Answer: LED based versions
Question: What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?
Answer: translucent tube
Question: What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?
Answer: photovoltaic luminaires
Question: What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?
Answer: Floodlights
Question: What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?
Answer: Entry lights
Question: What color are headlamps on a vehicle?
Answer: white or selective yellow
Question: When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?
Answer: late 1950s
Question: What color are reversing indicator lamps?
Answer: White
Question: What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?
Answer: turn signals
Question: What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?
Answer: light bulbs
Question: What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?
Answer: electrical energy
Question: Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.
Answer: 60 w
Question: How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?
Answer: 800 lumens
Question: Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?
Answer: kno
Question: What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?
Answer: Radiance
Question: Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?
Answer: tabular
Question: What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.
Answer: Daylight factor calculation.
Question: What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?
Answer: light paint
Question: Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?
Answer: stage lighting
Question: What is the SI unit for lumiance?
Answer: cd/m2
Question: What is the CGS unit of lumiance?
Answer: stilb
Question: What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? 
Answer: lumen (lm)
Question: What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?
Answer: Lux
Question: What does CRI stand for?
Answer: color rendering index
Question: What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?
Answer: CRI
Question: What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"?
Answer: CCT
Question: The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?
Answer: GAI
Question: Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?
Answer: ano
Question: A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?
Answer: circadian light meter
Question: What type of light stimulates the circadian system?
Answer: short-wavelength light
Question: What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? 
Answer: Specification of illumination requirements
Question: What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? 
Answer: Lighting control
Question: What is the name of one type of control system used? 
Answer: ZigBee
Question: Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?
Answer: no
Question: What does a passive infrared sensor react to? 
Answer: changes in heat
Question: What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?
Answer: Ultrasonic sensors
Question: Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?
Answer: no
Question: Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?
Answer: not
Question: What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?
Answer: nonimaging optics
Question: Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? 
Answer: Alzheimer's Disease
Question: The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?
Answer: 24
Question: What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?
Answer: disrupt the natural circadian cycle
Question: Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?
Answer: Robert Ulrich
Question: Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?
Answer: no
Question: Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?
Answer: no
Question: What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?
Answer: University of Toronto Scarborough
Question: What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?
Answer: Northwestern University
Question: What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?
Answer: Dr. Abraham Gesner
Question: What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? 
Answer: 1849
Question: What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?
Answer: coal-gas methods
Question: Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?
Answer: not
Question: How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?
Answer: 10%
Question: What is the average lifetime of a CFL?
Answer: 50,000 hours
Question: How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?
Answer: 70%
Question: What causes sharp shadows around buildings? 
Answer: glare
Question: In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? 
Answer: searchlights and flares
Question: The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? 
Answer: light
Question: Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? 
Answer: infrared cameras
Question: What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?
Answer: laser-guided and GPS weapons
Question: What does the IESNA stand for? 
Answer: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
Question: Who else publishes along with IESNA? 
Answer: ANSI and ASHRAE
Question: What defines photo metric data?
Answer: distribution of light released
Question: What does IALD stand for?
Answer: The International Association of Lighting Designers
Question: What was the PLDA formerly known as?
Answer: ELDA
Question: What does NCQLP stand for?
Answer: The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions
Question: Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?
Answer: LC
Question: What other national examinations are available?
Answer: CLEP and CLMC
Question: What does PLASA stand for? 
Answer: The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
Question: Where is PLASA based?
Answer: UK
Question: How many individuals does PLASA represent?
Answer: 500+
Question: What does RoHS stand for?
Answer: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
Question: Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?
Answer: Separation of powers
Question: How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?
Answer: three
Question: What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?
Answer: United States Constitution
Question: What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?
Answer: checks and balances
Question: What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?
Answer: separation of powers
Question: What originates in the writings of the Legislative powers?
Question: Who urged for a government with four individual branches?
Question: In which doctrine did the US call for three separate branches of government?
Question: Which philosophy was a great influence on the Legislative branch of government?
Question: Which document was greatly influenced by the idea of a constitutional government?
Question: Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?
Answer: John Locke
Question: Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes
Question: Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?
Answer: Montesquieu
Question: Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?
Answer: the framers of the United States Constitution
Question: Who was an advocate of separation of powers?
Answer: John Locke
Question: Who was an opponent of separation of powers?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes
Question: Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  
Answer: Montesquieu
Question: During which age did Thomas Hobbes advocate the principle in his writing?
Question: During which age did John Locke oppose the principle in his writing?
Question: Who was at the forefront of the opposition towards separating the branches of government?
Question: Who's writings had no influence on the framers of the US constitution?
Question: What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?
Answer: UK
Question: What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?
Answer: parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
Question: What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?
Answer: separate and distinct
Question: What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?
Answer: United Kingdom
Question: In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? 
Answer: a member of the Court of Appeals
Question: Which political structure served as a model for the United Kingdom government?
Question: What body consisted of the House of Lords and the House of Majesty;s government?
Question: What were the Chancellor's Ministers mos often members of?
Question: In which state was the Governor a member of the court of appeals?
Question: In which states did members of the Lord Chancellor's council and judges serve at the same time?
Question: What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?
Answer: Congress
Question: Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?
Answer: Clinton v. City of New York
Question: When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?
Answer: 1998
Question: In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?
Answer: Congress
Question: What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?
Answer: nondelegation doctrine
Question: What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?
Answer: Clinton v. City of New York
Question: What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?
Answer: 1998
Question: Who has shared legislative power in the United States?
Question: Which doctrine says Congress can delegate its powers to whoever it wants?
Question: In which year was the court case Clinton v. Supreme Court held?
Question: Who may delegate lawmaking responsibilities to other agencies as it pleases?
Question: In which country does Congress have shared lawmaking responsibilities?
Question: What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?
Answer: Wayman v. Southard
Question: In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?
Answer: 1825
Question: Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?
Answer: John Marshall
Question: In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?
Answer: the judiciary
Question: What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?
Answer: Wayman v. Southard
Question: Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?
Answer: John Marshall
Question: Where has the Supreme Court been known to be more stringent towards Congress?
Question: What is one of the most recent races regarding limits of non delegation?
Question: When did the Supreme Court hear John Marshall v Southard?
Question: Which case was heard by Congress in regards to non delegation limits?
Question: When was the US Congress Court Wayman v. Southard heard?
Question: When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?
Answer: the 1930s
Question: The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?
Answer: National Recovery Administration
Question: In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?
Answer: 1935
Question: In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?
Answer: 1935
Question: What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?
Answer: Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
Question: What gave Congress less latitude in delegating powers?
Question: During which decade did the Supreme Court hold a delegation of authority as constitutional?
Question: When did Congress make the decision that a delegation of authority is unconstitutional?
Question: In which case was Congress able to authorize the president to formulate codes?
Question: During which year did Congress authorize the presidential formulation of fair competition codes?
Question: Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?
Answer: Army and Navy
Question: Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?
Answer: Senate
Question: What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?
Answer: impeachment
Question: What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?
Answer: quasi-judicial
Question: Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?
Answer: Executive
Question: Who has the authority to make treaties?
Answer: the President
Question: What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?
Answer: impeachment
Question: Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?
Answer: Congress
Question: In whom is Congressional power vested?
Question: What does the Vice President become Commander in Chief of?
Question: By the words it uses, what does the Constitution require the President to do regarding laws?
Question: Laws are made by the President and approved by which body?
Question: Who may the President restrict through impeachment?
Question: What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?
Answer: INS v. Chadha
Question: When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?
Answer: 1983
Question: By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?
Answer: two-thirds
Question: Who often writes laws to restrain Congress to the performance of their duties?
Question: In which case did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?
Question:  Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a which two bodies?
Question: In what year did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?
Question: Who must be presented with every bill passed by the President?
Question: Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?
Answer: president
Question: Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?
Answer: Senate
Question: What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?
Answer: constitutional courts
Question: What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?
Answer: Judicial power
Question: Who appoints a judge?
Answer: the president
Question: Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?
Answer: the Senate
Question: Which type of power is vested in Congress?
Question: Who must be appointed by Supreme Court judges?
Question: What are courts exercising presidential power referred to?
Question: Who appoints judges to the presidency?
Question: What type of power gives the power to decided controversies to the president?
Question: What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?
Answer: judicial power of the United States
Question: Which type of courts are established by Hoboken Land & Improvement CO.?
Question: Which form do legislative courts take?
Question: Which power of the United States may legislative courts exercise?
Question: Which questions are legislative courts not able to adjudicate?
Question: Which type of courts do legislative courts create in the form of judicial agencies?
Question: Who can call congress into emergency session?
Answer: The president
Question: Who serves as president of the Senate?
Answer: The Vice President
Question: How does Congress exercise a check over the President?
Question: Who has the ability to override any veto made by Congress?
Question: Which veto is the only one Congress is able to override with a two thirds majority?
Question: Who settles the dispute when the President and Vice President cannot come to an agreement for a date of adjournment?
Question: Who serves as President of the Senate and is the only member with voting rights?
Question: Who has the power to issue a reprieve? 
Answer: The president
Question: Who appoints the President with the approval of judges?
Question: Who appoints the Senate with the approval of judges?
Question: Who appoints judges with the President's approval?
Question: The president does not have the power to issue pardons or what else?
Question: Other than reprieves, what is the Senate able to issue?
Question: Who has the power to declare ware?
Answer: Congress
Question: Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?
Answer: the Senate
Question: Who is the Commander in Chief of Congress?
Question: Who is the Commander in Chief of laws and regulations?
Question: Who lacks power to command the miliary take action during crises?
Question: Who lacks authority to make laws to govern the armed forces?
Question: Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote?
Question: What is the court case that established judicial review?
Answer: Marbury v. Madison
Question: Through which type of review does the Constitution check the executive and legislative branches?
Question: In which case did the Constitution establish a precedent for judicial review?
Question: Through which type of review does the President check the executive and legislative branches?
Question: In which case did the Supreme Court establish a precedent for Federalist Papers?
Question: What abolished the principle that a court could strike down unconstitutional laws?
Question: Which court is the only one able to determine constitutionality?
Question: Which power are inferior courts unable to exercise?
Question: Which courts' decisions, other than Supreme Court, are binding across the country?
Question: Which is the only court unable to determine constitutionality?
Question: Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?
Answer: the Supreme Court
Question: Who lacks the ability to review the constitutionality of laws?
Question: Who lacks the power to set the jurisdiction of courts?
Question: The Supreme court has power to set jurisdiction of what?
Question: Who has the ability to determine whether a Supreme Court is constitutional or not?
Question: The only constitutional limit on the Supreme Court's power to set jurisdiction relates to which body?
Question: Where does the Chief Justice preside during a Senate impeachment trial?
Question: Which rules grant much authority to the presiding officer?
Question: Who has an unlimited role in this regard?
Question: Where does the president preside during the Chief Justice impeachment trial?
Question: Which rules do not grant authority to the President?
Question: Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?
Answer: James Madison
Question: In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?
Answer: Federalist 51
Question: Who wrote in the Constitution that legislative authority is predominate?
Question: Where did the Constitution write that it's not possible to give each department equal power?
Question: Who wrote that it was possible to give equal power of self defense to each department?
Question: Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the judicial branch of government?
Question: Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the executive branch of government?
Question: Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?
Answer: Congress
Question: Between who and the Senate has dominance of one branch of government been a struggle?
Question: After which war did Republicans hold a minority in Congress?
Question: After which war did Democrats hold a majority in Congress?
Question: Which act was passed to make Congress subordinate to the President?
Question: The Tenure of Office Act says Congress is subordinate to who?
Question: How many bills did James Monroe veto?
Answer: one
Question: How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto
Answer: twelve
Question: Who was the seventh President of the United States?
Answer: Andrew Jackson
Question: Which president vetoed six bills?
Question: Who was the last president to use veto as a political weapon?
Question: How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto to make him the least likely president to veto a bill?
Question: Who stated "Andrew Jackson has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"?
Question: Who defied the Supreme Court by enforcing Supreme Court Removal?
Question: What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?
Answer: Tenure of Office Act
Question: After which war did Congress begin using power to counterbalance the President?
Question: Who vetoed several bills passed by the Radical Democrats?
Question: How many of Johnson's fifteen vetoes did Congress override?
Question: How many of Congress' 29 vetoes did Johnson override?