huutuan/long_squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Question: Through which act did Jackson attempt to curb presidential power?
Question: Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?
Answer: Grover Cleveland
Question: Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? 
Answer: Grover Cleveland
Question: What did Cleveland's impeachment do to the presidency?
Question: Who's impeachment was perceived as having helped the presidency?
Question: Which body of government because subordinate to the presidency?
Question: After Grover Cleveland, who was the first Democratic President?
Question: Who was the first Republican President after Johnson?
Question: Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?
Answer: Congress
Question: Which presidents have tried to decrease the power of the presidential office?
Question: Who claimed the president was not permitted to do whatever wasn't allowed by law?
Question: Who failed to have considerable power during the Great Depression?
Question: Who had considerable power during the Great Recession?
Question: Who introduced a plan to decrease the number of Supreme Court seats for the president to fill?
Question: Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?
Answer: national security
Question: Who used the Supreme Court as a basis for expansion of power?
Question: Who claimed that executive privilege did not shield him from legislative oversight?
Question: Which president refused to spend money that was appropriated by the Supreme Court?
Question: Into which tapes was there an ongoing civil investigation?
Question: Which president followed Congress' plan for appropriated government programs?
Question: What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
Answer: checks and balances
Question: What does combination of powers mean?
Question: What does not apply to the judicial branch?
Question: What does not apply to any branch of government?
Question: Branches are free to act in which way on all issues?
Question: The Judicial branch of government is the only one to which what is applied?
Question: Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? 
Answer: the Supreme Court
Question: The regulation of Congress is an example of what?
Question: While Supreme Court holds these powers, who does it delegate them to?
Question: In practice, what is delegated to Congress?
Question: What is Congress unable to withdraw?
Question: Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?
Answer: the Florida Supreme Court
Question: In which supreme court is an example of the third view at the State level?
Question: Where is an example of the second view at the National level found?
Question: Which court is the only one able to set rules for procedures in State courts?
Question: Which court is the only one able to regulate attorneys appearing before the Supreme Court?
Question: Which court is the only one able to license attorneys appearing before New Hampshire Supreme Court?
Question: Which branch may be historically claimed to be the strongest of the branches of government?
Question: Which power of the judiciary is explicitly granted in the Constitution?
Question: How many times prior to Dred Scott v. Sandford had the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?
Question: How many times before World War I has the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?
Question: Before the Civil War, the Marbury had exercised its power to strike down what type of acts only twice?
Question: What do many political scientists think is a factor in an unlimited degree in American exceptionalism?
Question: Who claimed that separation of powers deteriorated the unique political structure in the US?
Question: What do many political scientists attribute the large number of active interest groups in the US to?
Question: What does John W. Kingdon attribute the small number of interest groups in the US to?
Question: Who attributes the small number of active interest groups to the separation of powers?
Question: In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?
Answer: Greek
Question: What two words is "architecture" a combination of?
Answer: ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder"
Question: Architecture involves the creation of what?
Answer: buildings and other physical structures
Question: Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?
Answer: as works of art
Question: What can extant architectural works be used to identify?
Answer: Historical civilizations
Question: What is the french word for architecture?
Question:  What is the Italian word for architecture?
Question:  What do you call the destruction of buildings?
Question: What structures never be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?
Question: Civilizations from the past will never be identified by what surviving structures?
Question: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
Answer: Roman architect Vitruvius
Question: When did Vitruvius create these plans?
Answer: 1st century AD.
Question: What are the three principles every plan should consider?
Answer: firmness, commodity and delight.
Question: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
Answer: De architectura
Question: Who was the author of  De architectura?
Answer: Vitruvius
Question: What was Vitruvius' profession?
Answer: architect
Question: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
Answer: firmitas, utilitas, venustas
Question: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
Answer: firmness, commodity and delight
Question: What is the youngest architecture plans that has survived?
Question: Who created the most recent surviving architecture plans?
Question: What was written in the 2nd century AD?
Question:  What was Vitruvius' fourth principles for a well made building?
Question:  What is the commonly seen French translation of the three principles?
Question: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?
Answer: Vasari
Question: By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
Answer: Italian, French, Spanish and English
Question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?
Answer: architect
Question: Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?
Answer: Leon Battista Alberti
Question: What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?
Answer: proportion
Question: What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?
Answer: the Golden mean
Question: In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?
Answer: 16th
Question: What was created in the 17th century?
Question: Who wrote Lives of the Least Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?
Question: By the 16th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
Question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles rejected?
Question:  Who wrote Re Re Aedificatoria?
Question: Who wrote the book Contrasts?
Answer: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
Question: What year was Contrasts written in?
Answer: 1836
Question: What was the name of Pugin's book?
Answer: Contrasts
Question: In what year was Contrasts written?
Answer: 1836
Question: What world did Pugin dislike?
Answer: modern, industrial world
Question: What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?
Answer: Gothic
Question: What book was written in the 18th century?
Question: Who wrote Contrasts in the 17th century?
Question: When did Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin paint the artwork called Contrasts?
Question:  What world did Pugin like?
Question:  What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly non-Christian?
Question: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Answer: John Ruskin
Question: What was Ruskin's career? 
Answer: art critic
Question: When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
Answer: 1849
Question: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
Answer: to his mental health, power, and pleasure
Question:  Who wrote Eight Lamps of Architecture?
Question: When did John Ruskin write the Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Question: What book came out in the 18th century?
Question: What subject did John Ruskin teach in college?
Question: Who said "art which never disposes and adorns the edifices"
Question: What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
Answer: the aesthetic
Question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?
Answer: it is in some way "adorned"
Question: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
Answer: string courses or rustication
Question: Who believes all buildings are works of architecture?
Question:  What was least significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
Question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should never be done to a structure?
Question: What features at maximum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
Question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
Answer: 20th-century
Question: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? 
Answer: Le Corbusier
Question: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
Answer: Architect
Question: When did Le Corbusier live and write?
Answer: 20th-century
Question: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
Answer: heart
Question: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
Answer: I am happy
Question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier born?
Question: Who disagreed on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?
Question: What job did Le Corbusier quit?
Question: Who said "You don't employ stone, wood, and concrete"
Question: Who said "I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture"
Question: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
Answer: aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
Answer: Vitruvius
Question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
Answer: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
Question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
Answer: both popularity and skepticism
Question: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "nonutility"?
Question: What was the term "criteria" replaced by?
Question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function not replace?
Question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the smaller concept of function?
Question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should never come before other concerns?
Question: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
Answer: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Question: Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
Answer: philosophies
Question: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
Answer: their approach to building design
Question: Which philosophy followed structuralism?
Answer: poststructuralism
Question: What are some philosophies that ancient architects use?
Question:  Rationalism and empiricism are not examples of what?
Question:  Which philosophy came before structuralism?
Question:  Aside from the architects what did the rationalism influence?
Question: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
Answer: late 20th century
Question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
Answer: sustainability
Question: To what should a building be friendly?
Answer: environment
Question: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
Answer: non-sustainable power sources
Question: When was the conecept, unsustainable architecture used?
Question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 19th century?
Question: To what should a building be not friendly?
Question: What sort of power sources should a building always overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
Question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
Answer: shelter, security, worship
Question: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
Answer: knowledge
Question: What was building considered?
Answer: a craft
Question: What was the most valued type of building craft called?
Answer: architecture
Question: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
Answer: building materials
Question:  What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be demolished?
Question: Oral traditions disallowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
Question:  What was building never considered?
Question:  What was the least valued type of building craft called?
Question: Aside from skills, what is not required in order to have the means for building?
Question: What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
Answer: vernacular buildings
Question: Why did the economy begin to expand?
Answer: a surplus in production
Question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
Answer: trial and error
Question: What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
Answer: vernacular
Question: In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
Answer: rural
Question: What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
Answer: urbanization
Question: At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
Answer: rapidly
Question: What type of buildings are not built mostly through out the world?
Question:  Why did the economy stop expanding?
Question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were not made?
Question: What is a popular type of architecture that doesn't exist around the planet?
Question:  In what environment were many of the latest human settlements?
Question: What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
Answer: Egypt and Mesopotamia
Question: What are two examples of past civilizations?
Answer: Egypt and Mesopotamia
Question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
Answer: the divine and the supernatural
Question: What does architectural monumentality often represent?
Answer: political power
Question: What civilizations didn't use the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
Question:  What are three examples of past civilizations?
Question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to weren't shown off by their architecture?
Question:  What does architectural monumentality never represent?
Question: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
Answer: China
Question: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
Answer: 7th–5th centuries BCE
Question: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
Answer: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
Question: India produced which early architectural text?
Answer: Shilpa Shastras
Question: Who wrote late Asian writings?
Question:  What country rejected the Kao Gong Ji?
Question: What was written in 4th century BCE?
Question:  What religious writing came from Sri Lanka?
Question:  India produced which modern architectural text?
Question: Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
Answer: Buddhist architecture
Question: When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
Answer: 3rd century BCE
Question: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
Answer: the macrocosm and the microcosm
Question: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
Answer: the Shastras
Question: What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
Answer: Buddhist
Question: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
Answer: pantheistic religion
Question:  What religion led to architectural changes in many English countries?
Question:  Which cultures architecture showed a lot of similarities?
Question:  When did Muslim temple architecture begin being produced?
Question:  What does Hindu temple architecture try to hide?
Question: What type of architectural is especially known for its non-regional differences
Question: When was Islamic architecture first seen?
Answer: 7th century CE
Question: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
Answer: Byzantium
Question: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
Answer: religious and social needs
Question: What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
Answer: pointed arch
Question: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
Answer: abbeys and cathedrals.
Question: What were the most important buildings of the time?
Answer: abbeys and cathedrals
Question: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
Answer: clerics and tradesmen
Question: What style is Gothic?
Answer: pan-European
Question: What is another pan-European style?
Answer: Romanesque
Question: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
Answer: 900 CE onwards
Question:  What type of buildings were took the least effort to build?
Question:  What were the least important buildings of the time?
Question:  What three groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
Question:  What style is pre-Gothic?
Question:  What is another pre-European style?
Question: When did the Classical learning revival begin?
Answer: 1400 onwards
Question: What continent did this revival take place on?
Answer: Europe
Question: What was the name for the time period?
Answer: Renaissance
Question: What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
Answer: role of the individual
Question: What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
Answer: artist, architect and engineer
Question: What was developed before 1400?
Question:  When did the Classical learning revival ed?
Question:  What state did this revival take place in?
Question:  What was the name for the time period before this?
Question:  What didn't Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
Question: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? 
Answer: functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic
Question: In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
Answer: form, space and ambience
Question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
Answer: pragmatic aspects
Question: What sort of considerations does architectural design never take into account?
Question:  In architecture what aspects are never planned and designed?
Question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture never involve?
Question: Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
Answer: Nunzia Rondanini
Question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
Answer: Through its aesthetic dimension
Question: What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
Answer: social life
Question: What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
Answer: social development
Question: What does architecture share with other sciences?
Answer: functional aspects
Question: Who said that architecture wasn't able extend beyond function?
Question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini not believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
Question: What couldn't, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
Question: What should architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
Question:  How does architecture differ from other sciences?
Question: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
Answer: art for art's sake
Question: What sort of quest lacks purpose?
Answer: quest for perfection or originality
Question: What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
Answer: form
Question: What is a reactionary thing to expand formalism's meaning to?
Question:  What sort of quest defines purpose?
Question:  What ends up being maximized in quality by this quest?
Question: These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
Answer: new building types
Question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
Answer: religious or empirical ones
Question: What owes its development to the Classical orders?
Answer: Architectural "style"
Question:  From what ideals did Classical architecture not come from?
Question:  These civic ideas allowed what to not come into being?
Question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture based on?
Question:  What doesn't owe its development to the Classical orders?
Question: Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
Answer: specific formal prescriptions
Question: What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
Answer: canons
Question: When did Vitruvius write his canons?
Answer: 1st-century BCE
Question: What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
Answer: religious
Question:  When were architectural writings last made?
Question:  Aside from general advice what did the texts not contain?
Question:  What is another term for specific informal prescriptions?
Question: Who wrote canons in 2nd century BCE?
Question:  What is an insignificant early architectural canonical type?
Question: What records of the guilds are still in existence?
Answer: written contracts
Question: What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
Answer: ecclesiastical buildings
Question: What is another term for master mason?
Answer: Magister lathomorum
Question: What organizations were not created by Medieval craftsmen?
Question:  What records of the guilds are no longer in existence?
Question:  What was the least important thing the contracts were had to do with?
Question:  What is another term for trainer mason?
Question: What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?
Answer: proportions and structure
Question: Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
Answer: generalist
Question: What aspects of buildings did engineering not have an effect on?
Question: What aspects of buildings did science not have an effect on?
Question: Who still couldn't handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
Question: What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?
Answer: technical aspects of building design
Question: What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?
Answer: "gentleman architect"
Question: What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?
Answer: context and feasibility
Question: Where did most architects learn their trade?
Answer: in the offices of other architects
Question:  What two fields got closer?
Question:  What three fields began to grow apart?
Question:  What did architects often favor in their pursuit of aesthetics?
Question:  What was a term for an architect who catered to the poor?
Question:  What did 18th century formal architectural training neglect?
Question: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
Answer: ornamented products
Question: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
Answer: Aesthetics
Question: What ended with the Industrial Revolution?
Question:  What became cheap enough for the lower class to buy?
Question:  As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the upper class?
Question:  As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the lower class?
Question: What kind of books did housebuilders use?
Answer: pattern books and architectural journals
Question: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
Answer: current architectural design
Question: What kind of books did housebuilders reject?
Question: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to reject?
Question: At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? 
Answer: 20th
Question: What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
Answer: Modern Architecture
Question: When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?
Answer: 1907
Question: What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?
Answer: to produce better quality machine made objects
Question: In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?
Answer: the Bauhaus school
Question:  At what century's end did revivalist fall into disfavor?
Question: What old type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
Question: When did the Deutscher Werkbund end?
Question: What started in 1970?
Question:  In 1919 what business opened in Weimar, Germany?
Question: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?
Answer: the middle and working classes
Question: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?
Answer: the rapidly declining aristocratic order
Question: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?
Answer: functionalist
Question: What details did Modernists' do away with?
Answer: historical references and ornament
Question: What kind of movement was prehistoric architecture in the beginning?
Question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the ending?
Question:  Who was the old movement meant to suit the needs of?
Question:  What details did Modernists' encourage?
Question: What are two of Wright's designs?
Answer: Robie House and Fallingwater
Question: What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?
Answer: to promote harmony
Question:  Who was instrumental in rejecting Organic architecture?
Question:  Who was instrumental in creating inorganic architecture?
Question:  What are four of Wright's designs?
Question: Wright wanted to promote disharmony in what two groups?
Question: What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?
Answer: the Industrial Revolution
Question: What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?
Answer: steel-frame construction
Question: What style came after Modernism?
Answer: International Style
Question: What is an example of International Style?
Answer: Twin Towers
Question: Who designed the Twin Towers?
Answer: Minoru Yamasaki
Question: What made it impossible to design architecture through new means and methods?
Question:  What old type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?
Question:  What style came before Modernism?
Question:  Who designed the Triplet Towers?
Question:  What is an example of Domestic Style?
Question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?
Answer: decorative richness
Question: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?
Answer: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
Question: What material was used in Brutalist structures?
Answer: unfinished concrete
Question: Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
Answer: postwar generation
Question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find booming in modernist styles?
Question:  Who were three architects who discouraged Brutalism?
Question:  What material was never used in Brutalist structures?
Question:  Who agreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
Question: What school was a response to Brutalism?
Answer: the school of metaphoric architecture
Question: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?
Answer: biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
Question: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?
Answer: nature
Question: What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
Answer: expressionist architecture
Question: What school was a warm aesthetic of modernism
Question:  What are two examples of non-metaphoric architecture?
Question: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture not based after design wise?
Question: What type of architecture does nobody consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
Question: When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?
Answer: the late 1950s and 1960s
Question: What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?
Answer: modernism
Question: What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?
Answer: human experience
Question: Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"?
Answer: Robert Venturi
Question: What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?
Answer: "ducks"
Question: When was the end of the architectural phenomenology movement?
Question: What happened in the early 1950s?
Question:  What was architectural phenomenology not reacting to?
Question:  What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to stay away from?
Question:  Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated building"?
Question: Who can no longer design a large structure?
Answer: one person
Question: What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? 
Answer: Modernism and Postmodernism
Question:  About when did architecture stop specializing?
Question: What happened before the 1980s?
Question: When did complexity of buildings began to decrease?
Question: What two architectural movements have never faced criticism for their focus on individuality?
Question: What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?
Answer: the environment
Question: Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?
Answer: Frank Lloyd Wright
Question: Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?
Answer: Buckminster Fuller
Question: What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?
Answer: The U.S. Green Building Council
Question: What issue has moved to the forefront in past years?
Question:  What do architecture schools look at less and less nowadays?
Question:  Who was the last to design architecture environmentally?
Question:  Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1970s?
Question: What organization's rating system discourages sustainability?
Question: What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?
Answer: New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
Question: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?
Answer: solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
Question: What are three things the new movements try to achieve?
Answer: smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design
Question: What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?
Answer: modernist and globally uniform architecture
Question: What are three old movements that have a focus on sustainability?
Question: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the old movements not in favor of?
Question:  What are three things the old movements try to achieve?
Question: What older architectural movements do the older movements not go along with?
Question: Which three statistics does the HDI compile?
Answer: life expectancy, education, and income per capita
Question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?
Answer: longer
Question: Who developed the HDI?
Answer: Mahbub ul Haq
Question: What entity publishes the HDI?
Answer: United Nations Development Programme
Question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
Answer: longer
Question:  Which three statistics does the HDI ignore?
Question: Does a low ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?
Question:  Who rejected the HDI?
Question:  What entity rejects the HDI?
Question: Does a low ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
Question: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?
Answer: 2010
Question: What does IHDI stand for?
Answer: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Question: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
Answer: the HDI
Question: What happened in 2001?
Question:  What does IHDI2 stand for?
Question:  Which measures the potential underdevelopment, the HDI or the IHDI?
Question: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?
Answer: 1990
Question: Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?
Answer: Amartya Sen
Question: Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
Answer: people-centered policies
Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Answer: 1990
Question: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq reject the HDI?
Question:  Who was initially agreeing to the idea of creating the HDI?
Question:  Mahbub ul Haq didn't want to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2001 report?
Question: What does MYS stand for?
Answer: Mean years of schooling
Question: What does EYS stand for?
Answer: Expected years of schooling
Question: What does GNIpc stand for?
Answer: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
Question: What does LI stand for?
Question:  What does MIS stand for?
Question:  What does EYES stand for?
Question:  What does GNLpc stand for?
Question: What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?
Answer: the United Nations Development Programme
Question:  What entity makes the defining formula for the HDMI well-known?
Question: What does UNDD stand for?
Question: On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?
Answer: December 14, 2015
Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?
Answer: 2014
Question: What happened on December 15, 2015
Question: On what date was the 2005 Human Development Report released?
Question: On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?
Answer: July 24, 2014
Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
Answer: 2013
Question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
Question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2004 report?
Question: What was released on July 25 2014
Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? 
Answer: the average level
Question:  What does the HIHDI specifically take into account?
Question:  Does the IHDI measure the "unaverage" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?
Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Answer: the average level
Question: Does the IHDI measure the "abnormal" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?
Question: What does the HIDI stand for?
Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Cuba
Question: Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development?
Answer: very high
Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HIDI (but missing HIHDI)?
Question: s the top quartile of HDI considered "low" or "very low" human development?
Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?
Answer: lack of necessary data
Question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?
Answer: North Korea
Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2013 report?
Question: What year were all countries included?
Question: On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?
Answer: March 14, 2013
Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?
Answer: 2012
Question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?
Answer: unavailability of certain crucial data
Question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?
Answer: North Korea
Question: What is not the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?
Question: What is not the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?
Question:  Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2012 report?
Question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
Answer: November 4, 2010
Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
Answer: 2010
Question:  On what date was the 2012 Human Development Report released?
Question: What was released on November 5, 2010?
Question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Question: In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?
Answer: income, life expectancy, and education
Question: In the IHDI, inequality is never factored into what three human development dimensions?
Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?
Answer: unavailability of certain crucial data
Question: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?
Answer: Cuba
Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
Answer: High Human Development country
Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?
Question: Which Caribbean nation agreed with its exclusion from the 2010 report?
Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the complete data was addressed?
Question: On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?
Answer: October 5, 2009
Question: What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: period up to 2007
Question: What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
Question: What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: very high human development
Question: How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
Answer: developed countries
Question:  On what date was the 2008 Human Development Report released?
Question: What period is covered by the 2008 Human Development Report?
Question:  What was another title for the 2008 Human Development Report?
Question: What new category was added in the 2008 Human Development Report?
Question: How does the 2008 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
Question: What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
Answer: being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
Question:  What four reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
Question: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?
Answer: statistical update
Question: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?
Answer: an accompanying Human Development Report
Question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?
Answer: up to 2006
Question:  What type of update was released on December 18, 2004?
Question:  What was the index published on December 18, 2008 complete?
Question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2002?
Question: On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?
Answer: November 27, 2007
Question: What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
Answer: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world
Question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
Answer: 2005
Question: The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?
Answer: 2005
Question: Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
Answer: Brasília, Brazil
Question: On what date was the 2008/2009 Human Development Report released?
Question: What came out on November 26, 2007?
Question: What was the focus of the 2005/2009 Human Development Report?
Question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2008/2009 Human Development Report?
Question:  Where was the 2008/2009 Human Development Report launched?
Question:  Which countries experienced an increase in HDI?
Question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country?
Answer: 0.5
Question: On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?
Answer: Africa
Question: What is Gabon's ranking?
Answer: 119th
Question: What is South Africa's ranking?
Answer: 121st
Question: What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
Answer: Gabon and South Africa
Question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "high development" country?
Question: On which continent are all 23 of the low development countries located?
Question:  What is Pabon's ranking?
Question:  What is North Africa's ranking?
Question:  What are the two lowest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
Question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country?
Answer: 0.8
Question: Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
Answer: Brazil
Question: What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
Answer: Russia
Question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "low development" country?
Question: Which North American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
Question: What is the smallest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
Question: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
Answer: red arrows
Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
Answer: green arrows
Question: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?
Answer: Blue dash
Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be not present?
Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will not be present?
Question: If a country's ranking does change, which indicator will be present?
Question: Which country has received the top rank twice?
Answer: Iceland
Question: Which country has been ranked lowest the most number of times?
Question:  Which country has received the bottom rank twice?
Question: The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
Answer: national performance and ranking
Question: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?
Answer: Western
Question: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?
Answer: global
Question: Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
Answer: egalitarianism
Question: The HIDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
Question: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Northern or towards Southern models of development?
Question: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on nondevelopment?
Question:  Critics of the HIDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
Question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?
Answer: three
Question: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
Answer: 2010
Question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?
Answer: The Economist
Question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HIDI?
Question:  In what year did the ULNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
Question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2012?
Question: How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?
Answer: 182
Question: How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?
Answer: 169
Question: How many countries were included in the 2008 HDI?
Question:  How many countries were included in the 2011 HDI?
Question: What represents not changing rank?
Question: What is relative to the HDI list?
Question: What dashes do not represent changes in rank?
Question: What was published in 2001?
Question: What is the abbreviation for "very low human development"
Question: What does HDMI mean?
Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2012 report?
Question: What arrows do not represent changes in rank
Question: What does HIMI stand for?
Question: What's the abbreviation for Human non development index?
Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the bottom quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Question: What arrows do not represent changes in rank?
Question: Why were all countries included?
Question: What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?
Answer: Iberian peninsula
Question: What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?
Answer: Balkan countries
Question: What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?
Answer: southern France
Question: What is the name for the stretch of land on which France and Greece are located
Question: What is another name for northern Europe
Question: What peninsulas are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?
Question: What area of France is considered a part of the Balkan countries?
Question: What countries have the same historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds as the rest of southern Europe?
Question: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?
Answer: political, economic, and cultural attributes
Question: What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?
Answer: geography, climate, and flora
Question: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize natural features?
Question: What are three aspects of the environment of Southern Asia that can be used to distinguish the region?
Question: What can be defined by its industries?
Question: What area is defined by it's genealogy?
Question: What methods can be used to define the southern Mediterranean?
Question: Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
Answer: Western and Southern coastal regions
Question: What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?
Answer: vegetations and landscapes
Question: What climate is that of all of Europe?
Question: What countries have varying vegetations and landscapes?
Question: Which parts of Greece are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
Question: What are two broad categories of similarity among forests which have a Mediterranean climate?
Question: What kind of vegetation grows in the Mediterranean?
Question: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
Answer: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy
Question: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
Answer: north coast of Spain
Question: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
Answer: Atlantic climate
Question: Where do colder areas occur within northern Europe?
Question: Where are dry areas found in southern Europe?
Question: What term can be used to describe the wet area of Northern Europe?
Question: The east coast of Spain experiences what kind of climate?
Question: Where have cooler climates recently began to warm up?
Question: What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?
Answer: phytochoria
Question: Who coined the term phytochoria?
Answer: Armen Takhtajan
Question: Who coined the term Submediterranean?
Question: What is a word that can be used to describe the animal life of southern Europe?
Question: What is found on the southern coast of Bosnia?
Question: In what region are southern Europe's coasts found?
Question: Where are the arctic and subarctic climate regions in Europe found?
Question: What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?
Answer: classical antiquity
Question: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?
Answer: city-states
Question: Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?
Answer: Alexander the Great
Question: What era started when Alexander the Great became a self governing entity?
Question: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Asia?
Question: Who was responsible for bringing Asian culture to the Greek?
Question: Where did Alexander go to spread city-states?
Question: What period began with Alexander the Great?
Question: Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?
Answer: Constantinople