What was the working location for Charles Borromeo from 1563 to 1584?
Charles Borromeo Charles Borromeo ( ; ; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584 ) was the Archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584 and a cardinal of the Catholic Church . He was a leading figure of the Counter-Reformation combat against the Protestant Reformation together with Ignatius of Loyola and Philip Neri . In that role he was responsible for significant reforms in the Catholic Church , including the founding of seminaries for the education of priests . He is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church , with a feast day on November 4 . Early life . Borromeo was a descendant of nobility : the Borromeo family was one of the most ancient and wealthy in Lombardy , made famous by several notable men , both in the church and state . The family coat of arms included the Borromean rings , which are sometimes taken to symbolize the Holy Trinity . Borromeo father Gilbert was Count of Arona . His mother Margaret was a member of the Milan branch of the House of Medici . The third son in a family of six children , he was born in the castle of Arona on Lake Maggiore 36 miles from Milan on 2 October 1538 . Borromeo received the tonsure when he was about twelve years old . At this time his paternal uncle Giulio Cesare Borromeo turned over to him the income from the rich Benedictine abbey of Sts . Gratinian and Felin , one of the ancient perquisites of the family . Borromeo made plain to his father that all revenues from the abbey beyond what was required to prepare him for a career in the church belonged to the poor and could not be applied to secular use . The young man attended the University of Pavia , where he applied himself to the study of civil and canon law . Due to a slight impediment of a speech , he was regarded as slow but his thoroughness and industry meant that he made rapid progress . In 1554 his father died , and although he had an elder brother , Count Federico , he was requested by the family to take the management of their domestic affairs . After a time , he resumed his studies , and on 6 December 1559 , he earned a doctorate in canon and civil law . Rome period . On 25 December 1559 Borromeos uncle Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Medici was elected as Pope Pius IV . The newly-elected pope required his nephew to come to Rome , and on 13 January 1560 appointed him protonotary apostolic . Shortly thereafter , on 31 January 1560 , the pope created him cardinal , and thus Borromeo as cardinal-nephew was entrusted with both the public and the privy seal of the ecclesiastical state . He was also brought into the government of the Papal States and appointed a supervisor of the Franciscans , Carmelites and Knights of Malta . During his four years in Rome Borromeo lived in austerity , obliged the Roman Curia to wear black , and established an academy of learned persons , the Academy of the Vatican Knights , publishing their memoirs as the Noctes Vaticanae . Borromeo organized the third and last session of the Council of Trent , in 1562-63 . He had a large share in the making of the Tridentine Catechism ( Catechismus Romanus ) . In 1561 , Borromeo founded and endowed a college at Pavia , today known as Almo Collegio Borromeo , which he dedicated to Justina of Padua . On 19 November 1562 , his older brother , Federico , suddenly died . His family urged Borromeo to seek permission to return to the lay state ( laicization ) , to marry and have children so that the family name would not become extinct , but he decided not to leave the ecclesiastic state . His brothers death , along with his contacts with the Jesuits and the Theatines and the example of bishops such as Bartholomew of Braga , were the causes of a conversion of Borromeo towards a more strict and operative Christian life , and his aim became to put into practice the dignity and duties of the bishop as drafted by the recent Council of Trent . Archbishop of Milan . Borromeo was appointed an administrator of the Archdiocese of Milan on 7 February 1560 . After his decision to put into practice the role of bishop , he decided to be ordained priest ( 4 September 1563 ) and on 7 December 1563 he was consecrated bishop in the Sistine Chapel by Cardinal Giovanni Serbelloni . Borromeo was formally appointed archbishop of Milan on 12 May 1564 after the former archbishop Ippolito II dEste waived his claims on that archbishopric , but he was only allowed by the pope to leave Rome one year later . Borromeo made his formal entry into Milan as archbishop on 23 September 1565 . Reform in Milan . After the death of his uncle , Pius IV ( 1566 ) , Borromeo contributed materially to suppressing the cabals of the conclave . Before Borromeo went to Milan , while he was overseeing reform in Rome , a nobleman remarked that the latter city was no longer a place to enjoy oneself or to make a fortune . Carlo Borromeo has undertaken to remake the city from top to bottom , he said , predicting that the reformers enthusiasm would lead him to correct the rest of the world once he has finished with Rome . Subsequently , he devoted himself to the reformation of his diocese which had deteriorated in practice owing to the 80-year absence of previous archbishops . Milan was the largest archdiocese in Italy at the time , with more than 3,000 clergy and 800,000 people . Both its clergy and laity had drifted from church teaching . The selling of indulgences and ecclesiastical positions was prevalent ; monasteries were full of disorder ; many religious were lazy , ignorant , and debauched . Borromeo made numerous pastoral visits , and restored dignity to divine service . He urged churches to be designed in conformity with the decrees of the Council of Trent , which stated that sacred art and architecture lacking adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited , as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art . He divided the nave of the church into two compartments to separate the sexes at worship . He extended his reforms to the collegiate churches , monasteries and even to the Confraternities of Penitents , particularly that of St . John the Baptist . This group was to attend to prisoners and those condemned to death , to give them help and support . Borromeo believed that abuses in the church arose from ignorant clergy . Among his most important actions , he established seminaries , colleges , and communities for the education of candidates for holy orders . His emphasis on Catholic learning greatly increased the preparation of men for the priesthood and benefited their congregations . In addition , he founded the fraternity of Oblates of St . Ambrose , a society of secular men who did not take orders , but devoted themselves to the church and followed a discipline of monastic prayers and study . They provided assistance to parishes where ordered by the church . The new archbishops efforts for catechesis and the instruction of youth included the initiation of the first Sunday School classes and the work of the Confraternity for Christian Doctrine . Borromeo diocesan reforms faced opposition from several religious orders , particularly that of the Humiliati ( Brothers of Humility ) , a penitential order which , although reduced to about 170 members , owned some ninety monasteries . Some members of that society formed a conspiracy against his life , and a shot was fired at him in the archiepiscopal chapel . His survival was considered miraculous . In 1576 there was famine at Milan due to crop failures , and later an outbreak of the plague . The citys trade fell off , and along with it the peoples source of income . The Governor and many members of the nobility fled the city , but the bishop remained , to organize the care of those affected and to minister to the dying . He called together the superiors of all the religious communities in the diocese and won their cooperation . Borromeo tried to feed 60,000 to 70,000 people daily . He used up his own funds and went into debt to provide food for the hungry . Finally , he wrote to the Governor , and successfully persuaded him to return . Influence on English affairs . Borromeo had also been involved in English affairs when he assisted Pius IV . Many English Catholics had fled to Italy at this time because of the persecutions under Queen Elizabeth I . He gave pastoral attention to English Catholics who fled to Italy to escape the new laws against the Catholic faith . Edmund Campion , a Jesuit , along with Ralph Sherwin visited him at Milan in 1580 on their way to England . They stayed with him for eight days , talking with him every night after dinner . A Welshman , Griffith Roberts , served as his canon theologian , and an Englishman , Thomas Goldwell , as vicar-general . The archbishop carried on his person a small picture of John Fisher , who , with Thomas More , had been executed during the reign of Henry VIII , and for whom he held a great veneration . During the nineteenth-century Catholic restoration in England , Cardinal Wiseman was to institute an order of Oblates of St Charles , led by Henry Edward Manning , as a congregation of secular priests directly supporting the Archbishop of Westminster . Persecution of religious dissidents . Though the Diet of Ilanz of 1524 and 1526 had proclaimed freedom of worship in the Republic of the Three Leagues , Borromeo repressed Protestantism in the Swiss valleys . The Catholic Encyclopedia relates : In November [ 1583 ] he began a visitation as Apostolic visitor of all the cantons of Switzerland and the Grisons , leaving the affairs of his diocese in the hands of Monsignor Owen Lewis , his vicar-general . He began in the Mesoleina Valley ; here not only was their heresy to be fought , but also witchcraft and sorcery , and at Roveredo it was discovered that the provost or rector , was the foremost in sorceries . During his pastoral visit to the region , 150 people were arrested for practicing witchcraft . Eleven women and the provost were condemned to be burned alive . Reacting to the pressure of the Protestant Reformation , Borromeo encouraged Ludwig Pfyffer in his development of the Golden League , but did not live to see its formation in 1586 . Based in Lucerne , the organization ( also called the Borromean League ) linked activities of several Swiss Catholic cantons of Switzerland , which became the center of Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts . This organization was determined to expel heretics and burned some people at the stake . It created severe strains in the civil administration of the confederation , and caused the break-up of Appenzell canton along religious lines . Controversy and last days . Borromeo was described by a biographer as an austere , dedicated , humorless and uncompromising personality . Charged with implementing the reforms dictated by the Council of Trent , his uncompromising stance brought him into conflict with secular leaders , priests , and even the Pope . He met with much opposition to his reforms . The governor of the province and many of the senators addressed complaints to the courts of Rome and Madrid . In 1584 , during his annual retreat at Monte Varallo , he fell ill with intermittent fever and ague , and on returning to Milan grew rapidly worse . After receiving the Last Sacraments , he died quietly on 4 November at the age of 46 . Veneration . Following his death , popular devotion to Borromeo arose quickly and continued to grow . The Milanese celebrated his anniversary as though he were already a saint , and supporters in a number of cities collected documentation to support his canonization . In 1602 Clement VIII beatified Borromeo . In 1604 his case was sent on to the Congregation of Rites . On 1 November 1610 , Paul V canonized Borromeo . Three years later , the church added his feast to the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 4 November . Along with Guarinus of Palestrina and perhaps Anselm of Lucca , he is one of only two or three cardinal-nephews to have been canonized . Charles Borromeo is the patron saint of bishops , catechists and seminarians . Iconography . Borromeos emblem is the Latin word humilitas ( humility ) , which is a portion of the Borromeo shield . He is usually represented in art in his robes , barefoot , carrying the cross as archbishop , a rope around his neck , one hand raised in blessing , thus recalling his work during the plague . Sources . Borromeo biography was originally written by three of his contemporaries : Agostino Valerio ( afterwards cardinal and Bishop of Verona ) and Carlo Bascape ( General of the Barnabites , afterwards Bishop of Novara ) , who wrote their contributions in Latin , and Pietro Giussanno ( a priest ) , who wrote his in Italian . Giussannos account was the most detailed of the three . Legacy . Borromeos correspondence shows his influential position in Europe during his lifetime . The popes under whom he served sought his advice . The Catholic sovereigns of Europe – Henry III of France , Philip II of Spain , Mary , Queen of Scots – and others showed how they valued his influence . Cardinal Valerio of Verona said of him that Borromeo was to the well-born a pattern of virtue , to his brother cardinals an example of true nobility . Cardinal Baronius styled him a second Ambrose , whose early death , lamented by all good men , inflicted great loss on the Church . Late in the sixteenth or at the beginning of the seventeenth century , Catholics in England circulated among themselves a Life of St . Charles . Monuments . - Contrary to Borromeos last wishes , the Duomo di Milano created a memorial crypt to honor him at the church . - His relative Federico Borromeo and admirers commissioned a statue 20 m high that was erected on the hill above Arona , as they regarded him an important leader of the Counter-Reformation . Writings . - Besides the Noctes Vaticanae , to which he appeared to have contributed , Borromeos written legacy consisted only of some homilies , discourses and sermons , with a collection of letters . Borromeos sermons have been translated into many languages . Churches . A large number of churches dedicated to St . Charles Borromeo exist , including : - Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church , Toronto , Ontario , Canada - Saint Charles Borromeo Catholic Church , North Hollywood , California - St . Charles Parish , Spokane , Washington - St . Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Oratory , North Kelvinside , Glasgow , Scotland - Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo , California - Karlskirche , Vienna - St Charles Borromeo Church , Sheffield - St Charles Borromeo Church , Hadfield , England - Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo , California - Our Lady and St Charles Borromeo Catholic Church , Wisbech , England - San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane , Rome - St . Charles Borromeo Church , Antwerp - St . Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church , Vienna - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church , Aš , part Mokřiny - St . Charles Borromeo Church ( Destrehan , Louisiana ) - St . Charles Borromeo Church ( New York City ) - St . Charless Church ( Staten Island , New York ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Nederland , Texas ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church and Academy ( Pt . Loma , California ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church in St . Charles , Missouri - Church of St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ] in Minneapolis , Minnesot - St . Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church , Pancevo , Vojvodina , Serbia - St . Charles Church in Arlington , Virginia - St . Charles Borromeo Church ( Parma , Ohio ) - St . Charles Borromeo ( Lima , Ohio ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Kettering , Ohio ) - Church of St . Charles Borromeo ( Warsaw , Poland ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Gretna , Nebraska ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Skillman , New Jersey ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Syracuse , New York ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Ahoskie , North Carolina ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Drexel Hill , Pennsylvania ) - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Woburn , Massachusetts ) - St . Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church , est . 1846 , Woonsocket , Rhode Island - St . Charles Borromeo in Pikesville , Maryland - St . Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church in Greece , New York - St . Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church in Hampshire , Illinois - St . Charles Borromeo Catholic Church ( Oakes , North Dakota ) Seminaries . - St Charles Borromeo Seminary of the Archdiocese of Košice , in Košice , Slovakia - St . Charles Borromeo Seminary of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States - San Carlos Seminary of the Archdiocese of Manila in Makati , Philippines - Colegio San Carlos , a recognized primary and secondary school in Bogotá , Colombia , and home for a Benedictine community of priests - Saint Charles Borromeo Major Seminary of Nyakibanda in Rwanda - St Charles Seminary in Perth , Australia - Borromeo Seminary in Wickliffe , Ohio - St . Charles Seminary in Carthagena , Ohio , now a retirement home - St . Charles Seminary ( Staten Island , New York ) , closed and slated for private homes - St . Charles Seminary ( SVD ) , Goden Rock , Trichy , Tamil Nadu , India St Charles Borromeo Minor Seminary Senior High School , Tamale , Ghana Other . - His nephew , Federico Borromeo ( 1564–1631 ) , was archbishop of Milan from 1595 and founded the Ambrosian Library in that city . He donated his collection of art and literature to the library . He appeared as a character in Alessandro Manzonis novel The Betrothed ( I promessi sposi ) . - Sint . Carolus hospital , first Catholic hospital in Indonesia founded by Perkumpulan Perhimpunan St . Carolus Vereeniging ( PPSC ) . It is managed by Kongregasi Suster-Suster Cinta Kasih St . Carolus Borromeus ( Sisters of Mercy of St . Borromeo ) since the foundation in 1913 . - Borromeo was crucial in furthering the career of composer Orfeo Vecchi . - Borromeo is one of four people mentioned at the beginning of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , as responsible for the Council of Trent , which gave way to the modern day catechism . The others are Peter Canisius , Turibius of Mongrovejo and Robert Bellarmine . - Saint Charles Preparatory School , a former college seminary now a four-year Catholic college preparatory school in Columbus , Ohio - St . Charles , Missouri - St . Charles , Illinois - St . Charles , Minnesota - São Carlos , Brazil - Saint-Charles-Borromée , Quebec , Canada - The San Carlos de Borromeo Fortress on Margarita Island , state of Nueva Esparta , Venezuela , completed in 1684 , intended to help protect settlements in the Bay of Pampatar area against the constant threat of piracy - University of San Carlos in Cebu City , Philippines - Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala in Guatemala , originally named Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo Music . - Marc-Antoine Charpentier has composed a dramatic motet , Pestis Mediolanensis H.398 & H.398 a , for soloists , double chorus , two flutes , double string orchestra , and continuo ( 1670? )