Dorothea Tanning
Who was Max Ernst 's spouse after Sep 1964?
Max Ernst Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976 ) was a German ( naturalised American in 1948 and French in 1958 ) painter , sculptor , graphic artist , and poet . A prolific artist , Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism . He had no formal artistic training , but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images—and grattage , an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He is also noted for his novels consisting of collages . Biography . Early life . Max Ernst was born in Brühl , near Cologne , the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family . His father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter , a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian . He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority , while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting . In 1909 , Ernst enrolled in the University of Bonn to read philosophy , art history , literature , psychology and psychiatry . He visited asylums and became fascinated with the art work of the mentally ill patients ; he also started painting that year , producing sketches in the garden of the Brühl castle , and portraits of his sister and himself . In 1911 , Ernst befriended August Macke and joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists , deciding to become an artist . In 1912 , he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne , where works by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced him . His work was exhibited that year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group , at Galerie Feldman in Cologne , and then in several group exhibitions in 1913 . In his paintings of this period , Ernst adopted an ironic style that juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside Cubist and Expressionist motifs . In 1914 , Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne . The two became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years . After Ernst completed his studies in the summer , his life was interrupted by World War I . Ernst was drafted and served both on the Western and the Eastern Fronts . The effect of the war on Ernst was devastating ; in his autobiography , he wrote of his time in the army thus : On the first of August 1914 M [ ax ] .E [ rnst ] . died . He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918 . For a brief period on the Western Front , Ernst was assigned to chart maps , which allowed him to continue painting . Several German Expressionist painters died in action during the war , among them August Macke and Franz Marc . Dada and surrealism . In 1918 , Ernst was demobilised and returned to Cologne . He soon married art history student Luise Straus , whom he had met in 1914 . In 1919 , Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico . The same year , inspired by de Chirico and mail-order catalogues , teaching-aide manuals and similar sources , he produced his first collages ( notably Fiat modes , a portfolio of lithographs ) , a technique which would dominate his artistic pursuits . Also in 1919 , Ernst , social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld and several colleagues founded the Cologne Dada group . In 1919–20 , Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as Der Strom , die Schammade and organised Dada exhibitions . Ernst and Luises son Ulrich Jimmy Ernst was born on 24 June 1920 ; he also became a painter . Ernsts marriage to Luise was short-lived . In 1921 , he met Paul Éluard , who became a lifelong friend . Éluard bought two of Ernsts paintings ( Celebes and Oedipus Rex ) and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection Répétitions . A year later the two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels and then with André Breton , whom Ernst met in 1921 , on the magazine Littérature . In 1922 , unable to secure the necessary papers , Ernst entered France illegally and settled into a ménage à trois with Éluard and his wife Gala in Paris suburb Saint-Brice , leaving behind his wife and son . During his first two years in Paris , Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint . In 1923 , the Éluards moved to a new home in Eaubonne , near Paris , where Ernst painted numerous murals . The same year his works were exhibited at Salon des Indépendants . Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois , Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair . In 1924 , he abruptly left , first for Monaco and then for Saigon . He soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him ; both had to sell paintings to finance the trip . Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold a large number of his works to a long-time friend , Johanna Ey , owner of gallery Das Junge Rheinland . After a brief time together in Saigon , the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul . The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September , while Ernst followed them some months later , after exploring more of South-East Asia . He returned to Paris in late 1924 and soon signed a contract with Jacques Viot that allowed him to paint full-time . In 1925 , Ernst established a studio at 22 , rue Tourlaque . In 1925 , Ernst invented a graphic art technique called frottage ( see Surrealist techniques ) , which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images . He also created the grattage technique , in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He used this technique in his famous painting Forest and Dove ( as shown at the Tate Modern ) . The next year he collaborated with Joan Miró on designs for Sergei Diaghilev . With Mirós help , Ernst developed grattage , in which he trowelled pigment from his canvases . He also explored with the technique of decalcomania , which involves pressing paint between two surfaces . Ernst was also active , along with fellow Surrealists , at the Atelier 17 . Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work . His alter ego in paintings , which he called Loplop , was a bird . He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans . He said that one night when he was young , he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died ; a few minutes later , his father announced that his sister was born . Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists work , such as Loplop presents André Breton . Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses : André Breton , Paul Éluard , and the Painter . In 1927 , Ernst married and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of The Kiss and other works of that year . Ernst appeared in the 1930 film LÂge dOr , directed by the Surrealist Luis Buñuel . Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with Alberto Giacometti . In 1938 , the American heiress and artistic patron Peggy Guggenheim acquired a number of Max Ernsts works , which she displayed in her new gallery in London . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946 . World War II and later life . In September 1939 , the outbreak of World War II caused Ernst to be interned as an undesirable foreigner in Camp des Milles , near Aix-en-Provence , along with fellow Surrealist , Hans Bellmer , who had recently emigrated to Paris . He had been living with his lover and fellow Surrealist painter , Leonora Carrington who , not knowing whether he would return , saw no option but to sell their house to repay their debts and leave for Spain . Thanks to the intercession of Paul Éluard and other friends , including the journalist Varian Fry , he was released a few weeks later . Soon after the German occupation of France , he was arrested again , this time by the Gestapo but managed to escape and flee to America with the help of Peggy Guggenheim , a member of a wealthy American art collecting family , and Fry . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and were married at the end of the year . Along with other artists and friends ( Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall ) who had fled from the war and lived in New York City , Ernst helped inspire the development of Abstract expressionism . His marriage to Guggenheim did not last and in Beverly Hills , California in October 1946 , in a double ceremony with Man Ray and Juliet P . Browner , he married Dorothea Tanning . The couple made their home in Sedona , Arizona from 1946 to 1953 , where the high desert landscapes inspired them and recalled Ernsts earlier imagery . Despite the fact that Sedona was remote and populated by fewer than 400 ranchers , orchard workers , merchants and small Native American communities , their presence helped begin what would become an American artists colony . Among the monumental red rocks , Ernst built a small cottage by hand on Brewer Road and he and Tanning hosted intellectuals and European artists such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Yves Tanguy . Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists and for Ernst , who compiled his book Beyond Painting and completed his sculptural masterpiece Capricorn while living there . As a result of the book and its publicity , Ernst began to achieve financial success . From the 1950s he lived mainly in France . In 1954 he was awarded the Grand Prize for painting at the Venice Biennale . He died at the age of 84 on 1 April 1976 in Paris and was interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery . Legacy . Ernsts son Jimmy Ernst , a well-known German/American abstract expressionist painter , who lived on the south shore of Long Island , died in 1984 . His memoirs , A Not-So-Still Life , were published shortly before his death . Max Ernsts grandson Eric and his granddaughter Amy are both artists and writers . Max Ernsts life and career are examined in Peter Schamonis 1991 documentary Max Ernst . Dedicated to the art historian Werner Spies , it was assembled from interviews with Ernst , stills of his paintings and sculptures , and the memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy . The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment . The Max Ernst Museum opened in 2005 in his home town Brühl , Germany . It is housed in a late-classicist 1844 building integrated with a modern glass pavilion . The historic ballroom was once a popular social venue visited by Ernst in his youth . The collection spans 70 years of his career including paintings , drawings , frottages , collages , nearly the entire lithographic works , over 70 bronze sculptures . and more than 700 documents and photographs by Man Ray , Henri Cartier-Bresson , Lee Miller , and others . The core of the collection dates back to 1969 with works donated to the City of Brühl by the artist . Thirty-six paintings , gifts from the artist to his fourth wife Dorothea Tanning , are on permanent loan from the Kreissparkasse Köln . Some noteworthy works include the sculptures The King playing with the Queen ( 1944 ) and Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers ( 1967 ) . The museum also host temporary exhibitions by other artist . The Menil Collection , in Houston , Texas houses a significant collection of surrealist art including well over 100 pieces by Max Ernst . Notable paintings include In Praise of Freedom ( 1926 ) , Loplop Presents Loplop ( 1930 ) , Day and Night ( 1941–1942 ) , Surrealism and Painting ( 1942 ) , Euclid ( 1945 ) , A Swarm of Bees in the Palais de Justice ( 1960 ) , The Marriage of Heaven and Earth ( 1964 ) . Ernsts work in the Menil Collection is typically exhibited a few pieces at a time along with other surrealist art in the collection on a rotating basis . Exhibitions , retrospectives , and honors . - Venice Biennale , Venice ( 1954 ) , received Grand Prize for Painting - Musée National dArt Moderne Paris ( 1959 ) , awarded the Grand Prix national des arts - Museum of Modern Art , New York ( 1961 ) - Tate Gallery , London ( 1962 ) - Kunsthaus Zürich ( 1963 ) - Moderna Museet , Stockholm ( 1969 ) - A retrospective of 104 works spanning the years 1920–1968 , drawn entirely from the Menil Collection , toured Europe from 1970 to 1972 ( Hamburger Kunsthalle , Kestnergesellschaft , Frankfurter Kunstverein , Academy of Arts , Berlin , Kunsthalle , Cologne , Musée de lOrangerie , Musée Cantini , Maison de la Culture de Grenoble , Ancienne Douane ( Strasbourg ) , Musée dArts de Nantes ) and later the US ( Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art , Fogg Art Museum , The Art Institute of Chicago , Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum ) . The opening of the exhibition in Paris was augmented with 44 pieces from various collations and opened on 2 April 1971 , Max Ernsts 80th birthday . - In 2005 , Max Ernst : A Retrospective opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and included works such as Celebes ( 1921 ) , Ubu Imperator ( 1923 ) , and Fireside Angel ( 1937 ) , which is one of Ernsts few definitively political pieces and is sub-titled The Triumph of Surrealism depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolises the wave of fascism that enveloped Europe . The exhibition also includes Ernsts works that experiment with free association writing and the techniques of frottage , created from a rubbing from a textured surface ; grattage , involving scratching at the surface of a painting ; and decalcomania , which involves altering a wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away . - Dada is Dada retrospective group exhibition at Bildmuseet , Umeå University , Sweden , running from 17 November 2017 to 20 May 2018 . Documentary images Ernst in modern culture . - Many of Ernsts works from Une Semaine de Bonté are used in albums by American rock group The Mars Volta . Also , Barefoot in the Head , a collaboration between guitarist Thurston Moore and saxophonists Jim Sauter and Don Dietrich of Borbetomagus , features a collage from this same book . - American rock group Mission of Burma titled two songs after the artist : Max Ernst was the b-side of their first 1980 single ( now included on the CD of Signals , Calls and Marches ) , mentioning two of Ernsts paintings ( The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus and Garden Airplane-Trap ) and ending with the words Dada dada dada .. . repeated many times and distorted via tape loop ; their 2002 album OnOffOn features Max Ernsts Dream . - Writer J . G . Ballard makes numerous references to the art works of Max Ernst in his breakthrough novel The Drowned World ( 1962 ) and the experimental collection of short stories The Atrocity Exhibition ( 1970 ) . - Europe After the Rain was used by musician John Foxx as the title for the opening track of his 1981 album The Garden . - Max Ernst himself , and some of his work , is mentioned in William Gibsons novel Count Zero ( 1986 ) , the second novel of the Sprawl trilogy , an influential set of books which established the cyberpunk subgenre of science-fiction - ( The ) Eye of Silence was used by musician Cavestar ( Kevin Crosslin ) as the title of a track from his 1997 album Cavestar . - The first edition of the Penguin paperback edition of James Blishs A Case of Conscience uses details from The Eye of Silence as cover art . - Ernsts alter-ego Loplop appears in China Miévilles 1998 debut novel King Rat , the Garden Aeroplane Trap also ( literally ) appears in Mievielles The Last Days of New Paris . - German experimental electronic musician Thomas Brinkmann has made numerous references to Max Ernst and Loplop in his productions and record labels . Selected works . Prints , collages , and illustrations . - Illustrations for books by Paul Éluard : Répétitions ( 1922 ) , Les malheurs des immortels ( 1922 ) , Au défaut du silence ( 1925 ) - Histoire Naturelle ( ca . 1925–1926 ) , a set of 34 collotypes after frottages - La femme 100 têtes ( 1929 , graphic novel ) - Rêve dune petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel ( 1930 , graphic novel ) - Une Semaine de Bonté ( 1934 , graphic novel ) - Illustrations for editions of works by Lewis Carroll : Symbolic Logic ( 1966 , under the title Logique sans peine ) , The Hunting of the Snark ( 1968 ) , and Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn ( 1970 , an anthology of texts ) - Deux Oiseaux ( 1970 , lithograph in colours ) - Aux petits agneaux ( 1971 , lithographs ) - Paysage marin avec capucin ( 1972 , illustrated book with essays by various authors ) - Maximiliana : the illegal practice of astronomy : hommage à Dorothea Tanning ( 1974 , art book ) - Oiseaux en peril ( 1975 , etchings with aquatint in colours ; published posthumously )