prefect of the Seine
Jules Ferry took which position from Nov 1870 to Jun 1871?
Jules Ferry Jules François Camille Ferry ( ; 5 April 183217 March 1893 ) was a French statesman and republican . He was one of the leaders of the Moderate Republicans and served as Prime Minister of France from 1880 to 1881 and 1883 to 1885 . He was a promoter of laicism and colonial expansion . Biography . Early life and family . Ferry was born in Saint-Dié , in the Vosges department , to Charles-Édouard Ferry , a lawyer from a family that had established itself in Saint-Dié as bellmakers , and Adélaïde Jamelet . His paternal grandfather , François-Joseph Ferry , was mayor of Saint-Dié through the Consulate and the First Empire . He studied law , and was called to the bar at Paris in 1854 , but soon went into politics , contributing to various newspapers , particularly to Le Temps . He attacked the Second French Empire with great violence , directing his opposition especially against Baron Haussmann , prefect of the Seine department . A series of his articles in Le Temps was later republished as The Fantastic Tales of Haussmann ( 1868 ) . Political rise . Elected republican deputy for Paris in 1869 , he protested against the declaration of war with Germany , and on 6 September 1870 was appointed prefect of the Seine by the Government of National Defense . In this position , he had the difficult task of administering Paris during the siege , and after the Paris Commune was obliged to resign ( 5 June 1871 ) . From 1872 to 1873 he was sent by Adolphe Thiers as minister to Athens , but returned to the chamber as deputy for the Vosges , and became one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republicans . When the first republican ministry was formed under W . H . Waddington on 4 February 1879 , he was one of its members , and continued in the ministry until 30 March 1885 , except for two short interruptions ( from 10 November 1881 to 30 January 1882 , and from 29 July 1882 to 21 February 1883 ) , first as minister of education and then as minister of foreign affairs . A leader of the Opportunist Republicans faction , he was twice premier ( 1880–1881 and 1883–1885 ) . He was an active Freemason initiated on 8 July 1875 , in La Clémante amitiée lodge in Paris the same day as Émile Littré . He became a member of the Alsace-Lorraine Lodge founded in Paris in 1782 . School reforms . Two important works are associated with his administration : the non-clerical organization of public education , and the major colonial expansion of France . Ferry believed the path to a modernized and prosperous France lay in the triumph of reason over religion . School reforms were a key part of his plan . Following the republican program , he proposed to destroy the influence of the clergy in universities and found his own system of republican schooling . He reorganized the committee of public education ( law of 27 February 1880 ) and proposed a regulation for the conferring of university degrees , which , though rejected , aroused violent polemics because the 7th article took away from the unauthorized religious orders the right to teach . He finally succeeded in passing his eponymous laws of 16 June 1881 and 28 March 1882 , which made primary education in France free , non-clerical ( laïque ) and mandatory . In higher education , the number of professors called the Republics black hussars ( ) because of their Republican support , doubled under his ministry . The education policies establishing French language as the language of the Republic have been contested in the second half of the 20th century insofar as , while they played an important role in unifying the French nation state and the Third Republic , they also nearly caused the extinction of several regional languages . Colonial expansion . After the military defeat of France by Prussia in 1870 , Ferry formed the idea of acquiring a great colonial empire , principally for the sake of economic exploitation . In 1882 Jules Ferry , as Minister of Public Instruction , decided to create a mission to explore the Regency of Tunisia . The expedition was headed by the botanist Ernest Cosson and included the botanist Napoléon Doumet-Adanson and other naturalists . In 1884 a geological section under Georges Rolland was added to the Tunisian Scientific Exploration Mission . Rolland was assisted by Philippe Thomas from 1885 and by Georges Le Mesle in 1887 . In a speech on the colonial empire before the Chamber of Deputies on 28 March 1884 , he declared that it is a right for the superior races , because they have a duty . They have the duty to civilize the inferior races . Ferry directed the negotiations which led to the establishment of a French protectorate in Tunis ( 1881 ) , prepared the treaty of 17 December 1885 for the occupation of Madagascar ; directed the exploration of the Congo and of the Niger region ; and above all , he organized the conquest of Annam and Tonkin in what became Indochina . The last endeavor led to a war with Qing dynasty China , which had a claim of suzerainty over the two provinces . The excitement caused in Paris by the sudden retreat of the French troops from Lạng Sơn during this war led to the Tonkin Affair : his violent denunciation by Clemenceau and other radicals , and his downfall on 30 March 1885 . Although the treaty of peace with the Chinese Empire ( 9 June 1885 ) , in which the Qing dynasty ceded suzerainty of Annam and Tonkin to France , was the work of his ministry , he would never again serve as premier . The desire for a monarchy was strong in France in the early years of the Third Republic – Henri , Count of Chambord having made a bid early in its history . A committed republican , Ferry proceeded to a wide-scale purge by dismissing many known monarchists from top positions in the magistrature , army , and civil and diplomatic service . In the 1890s he visited Algeria and provided a critical report . He predicted that Algeria could not escape a conflict between Indigènes and Europeans : - He was interested in providing education to the Indigènes , while the settlers were skeptical about this topic . - He was given a poor image of the settlers because they did not want to pay taxes . - He also noted that the Indigène was contributing to the Communes de plein exercice without profiting of it . - He considered the settlers were poorly chosen , and that they were too numerous - He was in favor of the self-government of Algeria but considered the settler were not enough educated to do so - He considered that the Muslims did not want French citizenship , Military service , French mandatory schools , civil French law . - He considered that the Muslims wanted fewer taxes , taxes more used for their needs , the authority of the cadis , Muslim city councilors involvement in Mayor election - He also considered that the Land laws were a failure . Agreements with Germany . The key to understanding Ferrys unique position in Third Republic history is that until his political critic , Georges Clemenceau became Prime Minister twice in the 20th century , Ferry had the longest tenure as Prime Minister under that regime . He also played with political dynamite that eventually destroyed his success . Ferry ( like his 20th-century equivalent Joseph Caillaux ) believed in not confronting Wilhelmine Germany by threats of a future war of revenge . Most French politicians in the middle and right saw it as a sacred duty to one day lead France again against Germany to reclaim Alsace-Lorraine , and avenge the awful defeat of 1870 . But Ferry realized that Germany was too powerful , and it made more sense to cooperate with Otto von Bismarck and avoid trouble . A sensible policy – but hardly popular . Bismarck was constantly nervous about the situation with France . Although he had despised the ineptness of the French under Napoleon III and the government of Adolphe Thiers and Jules Favre , he had not planned for all the demands he presented the French in 1870 . He only wished to temporarily cripple France by the billion franc reparation , but suddenly he was confronted by the demands of Marshals Albrecht von Roon and Helmut von Moltke ( backed by Emperor Wilhelm I ) to annex the two French provinces as further payment . Bismarck , for all his abilities regarding manipulating events , could not afford to anger the Prussian military . He got the two provinces , but he realized it would eventually have severe future repercussions . Bismarck was able to ignore the French for most of the 1870s and early 1880s , but as he found problems with his three erstwhile allies ( Austria , Russia , and Italy ) , he realized France might one day take advantage of this ( as it did with Russia in 1894 ) . When Ferry came up with a radically different approach to the situation and offered an olive branch , Bismarck reciprocated . A Franco-German friendship would alleviate problems of siding with either Austria or Russia , or Austria and Italy . Bismarck approved of the colonial expansion that France pursued under Ferry . He only had some problems with local German imperialists who were critical that Germany lacked colonies , so he found a few in the 1880s , making certain he did not confront French interests . But he also suggested Franco-German cooperation on the imperial front against the British Empire , thus hoping to create a wedge between the two Western European great powers . It did , as a result , leading to a major race for influence across Africa that nearly culminated in war in the next decade , at Fashoda in the Sudan in 1898 . But by then both Bismarck and Ferry were dead , and the rapprochement policy died when Ferry lost office . As for Fashoda , while it was a confrontation , it led to Britain and France eventually discussing their rival colonial goals , and agreeing to support each others sphere of influence – the first step to the Entente Cordiale between the countries in 1904 . Later life . Ferry remained an influential member of the moderate republican party , and directed the opposition to General Boulanger . After the resignation of Jules Grévy ( 2 December 1887 ) , he was a candidate for the presidency of the republic , but the radicals refused to support him , and he withdrew in favor of Sadi Carnot . On 10 December 1887 , a man named Aubertin attempted to assassinate Jules Ferry , who later died from complications attributed to this wound on 17 March 1893 . The Chamber of Deputies gave him a state funeral . Ferrys 1st Ministry , 23 September 1880 – 14 November 1881 . - Jules Ferry – President of the Council and Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts - Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Jean Joseph Farre – Minister of War - Ernest Constans – Minister of the Interior and Worship - Pierre Magnin – Minister of Finance - Jules Cazot – Minister of Justice - Georges Charles Cloué – Minister of Marine and Colonies - Sadi Carnot – Minister of Public Works - Adolphe Cochery – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs - Pierre Tirard – Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Ferrys 2nd Ministry , 21 February 1883 – 6 April 1885 . - Jules Ferry – President of the Council and Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts - Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Jean Thibaudin – Minister of War - Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau – Minister of the Interior - Pierre Tirard – Minister of Finance - Félix Martin-Feuillée – Minister of Justice and Worship - Charles Brun – Minister of Marine and Colonies - Jules Méline – Minister of Agriculture - David Raynal – Minister of Public Works - Adolphe Cochery – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs - Anne Charles Hérisson – Minister of Commerce Changes - 9 August 1883 – Alexandre Louis François Peyron succeeds Charles Brun as Minister of Marine and Colonies - 9 October 1883 – Jean-Baptiste Campenon succeeds Thibaudin as Minister of War . - 20 November 1883 – Jules Ferry succeeds Challemel-Lacour as Minister of Foreign Affairs . Armand Fallières succeeds Ferry as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts . - 14 October 1884 – Maurice Rouvier succeeds Hérisson as Minister of Commerce - 3 January 1885 – Jules Louis Lewal succeeds Campenon as Minister of War .