Assistant Professor
What was the position of Ben Shneiderman from 1973 to 1980?
Ben Shneiderman Ben Shneiderman ( born August 21 , 1947 ) is an American computer scientist , a Distinguished University Professor in the University of Maryland Department of Computer Science , which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer , Mathematical , and Natural Sciences at the University of Maryland , College Park , and the founding director ( 1983-2000 ) of the University of Maryland Human-Computer Interaction Lab . He conducted fundamental research in the field of human–computer interaction , developing new ideas , methods , and tools such as the direct manipulation interface , and his eight rules of design . Biography . Born in New York , Shneiderman , attended the Bronx High School of Science , and received a BS in Mathematics and Physics from the City College of New York in 1968 . He then went on to study at the State University of New York at Stony Brook , where he received an MS in Computer Science in 1972 and graduated with a PhD in 1973 . Shneiderman started his academic career at the State University of New York at Farmingdale in 1968 as instructor at the Department of Data Processing . In the last year before his graduation he was instructor at the Department of Computer Science of Stony Brook University ( then called State University of New York at Stony Brook ) . In 1973 he was appointed Assistant Professor at the Indiana University , Department of Computer Science . In 1976 he moved to the University of Maryland . He started out as Assistant Professor in its Department of Information Systems Management , and became Associate Professor in 1979 . In 1983 he moved to its Department of Computer Science as Associate Professor , and was promoted to full professor in 1989 . In 1983 he was the Founding Director of its Human-Computer Interaction Lab , which he directed until 2000 . Shneiderman was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1997 , a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2001 , a Member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010 , an IEEE Fellow in 2012 and a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors in 2015 . He is an ACM CHI Academy Member and received their Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001 . He received the IEEE Visualization Career Award in 2012 and was inducted into the IEEE VIS Academy in 2019 . In 2002 his book Leonardos Laptop : Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies was Winner of an IEEE-USA Award for Distinguished Contributions Furthering Public Understanding of the Profession . His 2016 book , The New ABCs of Research : Achieving Breakthrough Collaborations , encourages applied and basic research to be combined . In 2019 , he published Encounters with HCI Pioneers : A Personal History and Photo Journal . He received Honorary Doctorates from the University of Guelph ( Canada ) in 1995 , the University of Castile-La Mancha ( Spain ) in 2010 , Stony Brook University in 2015 , the University of Melbourne in 2017 , Swansea University ( in Wales , UK ) in 2018 , and the University of Pretoria ( in South Africa ) in 2018 . Work . Nassi–Shneiderman diagram . In the 1973 article Flowchart techniques for structured programming presented at a 1973 SIGPLAN meeting Isaac Nassi and Ben Shneiderman argued : The new model technique for structured programming they presented has become known as the Nassi–Shneiderman diagram ; a graphical representation of the design of structured software . Flowchart research . In the 1970s Shneiderman continued to study programmers , and the use of flow charts . In the 1977 article Experimental investigations of the utility of detailed flowcharts in programming Shneiderman et al . summarized the origin and status quo of flowcharts in computer programming : Flowcharts have been a part of computer programming since the introduction of computers in the 1940s . In 1947 Goldstein and von Neumann [ 7 ] presented a system of describing processes using operation , assertion , and alternative boxes . They felt that coding begins with the drawing of flow diagram . Prior to coding , the algorithm had been identified and understood . The flowchart represented a high level definition of the solution to be implemented on a machine . Although they were working only with numerical algorithms , they proposed a programming methodology which has since become standard practice in the computer programming field . Furthermore , Shneiderman had conducted experiments which suggested that flowcharts were not helpful for writing , understanding , or modifying computer programs . At the end of their 1977 paper , Shneiderman et al . concluded : Although our original intention was to ascertain under which conditions detailed flowcharts were most helpful , our repeated negative results have led us to a more skeptical opinion of the utility of detailed flowcharts under modern programming conditions . We repeatedly selected problems and tried to create test conditions which would favor the flowchart groups , but found no statistically significant differences between the flowchart and non-flowchart groups . In some cases the mean scores for the non-flowchart groups even surpassed the means for the flowchart groups . We conjecture that detailed flowcharts are merely a redundant presentation of the information contained in the programming language statements . The flowcharts may even be at a disadvantage because they are not as complete ( omitting declarations , statement labels , and input/output formats ) and require many more pages than do the concise programming language statements . Designing the User Interface , 1986 . In 1986 , he published the first edition ( now on its sixth edition ) of his book Designing the User Interface : Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction . Included in this book is his most popular list of Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design , which read : 1 . Strive for consistency . Consistent sequences of actions should be required in similar situations .. . 2 . Enable frequent users to use shortcuts . As the frequency of use increases , so do the users desires to reduce the number of interactions .. . 3 . Offer informative feedback . For every operator action , there should be some system feedback .. . 4 . Design dialog to yield closure . Sequences of actions should be organized into groups with a beginning , middle , and end .. . 5 . Offer simple error handling . As much as possible , design the system so the user cannot make a serious error .. . 6 . Permit easy reversal of actions . This feature relieves anxiety , since the user knows that errors can be undone .. . 7 . Support internal locus of control . Experienced operators strongly desire the sense that they are in charge of the system and that the system responds to their actions . Design the system to make users the initiators of actions rather than the responders . 8 . Reduce short-term memory load . The limitation of human information processing in short-term memory requires that displays be kept simple , multiple page displays be consolidated , window-motion frequency be reduced , and sufficient training time be allotted for codes , mnemonics , and sequences of actions . These guidelines are frequently taught in courses on Human-Computer Interaction . The Craft of Information Visualization : Readings and Reflections , 2003 . In 2003 , Ben Bederson and Ben Shneiderman coauthored the book The Craft of Information Visualization : Readings and Reflections . Included in Chapter 8 : Theories for Understanding Information Visualization in this book are five goals of theories for HCI practitioners and researchers , which read : The typical goals of theories are to enable practitioners and researchers to : 1 . Describe objects and actions in a consistent and clear manner to enable cooperation 2 . Explain processes to support education and training 3 . Predict performance in normal and novel situations so as to increase the chances of success 4 . Prescribe guidelines , recommend best practices , and caution about dangers 5 . Generate novel ideas to improve research and practice . These goals are frequently taught in courses on Human-Computer Interaction and cited in works by authors such as Yvonne Rogers , Victor Kaptelinin , and Bonnie Nardi . Direct manipulation interface . Shneidermans cognitive analysis of user needs led to principles of direct manipulation interface design in 1982 : ( 1 ) continuous representation of the objects and actions , ( 2 ) rapid , incremental , and reversible actions , and ( 3 ) physical actions and gestures to replace typed commands , which enabled designers to craft more effective graphical user interfaces . He applied those principles to design innovative user interfaces such as the highlighted selectable phrases in text , that were used in the commercially successful Hyperties . Hyperties was used to author the worlds first electronic scientific journal issue , which was the July 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM with seven papers from the 1987 Hypertext conference . It was made available as a floppy disk accompanying the printed journal . Tim Berners-Lee cited this disk as the source for his hot spots in his Spring 1989 manifesto for the World Wide Web . Hyperties was also used to create the worlds first commercial electronic book , Hypertext Hands-On ! in 1988 . Direct manipulation concepts led to touchscreen interfaces for home controls , finger-painting , and the now ubiquitous small touchscreen keyboards . The development of the Lift-off strategy by University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab ( HCIL ) researchers enabled users to touch the screen , getting feedback as to what will be selected , adjust their finger position , and complete the selection by lifting the finger off the screen . The HCIL team applied direct manipulation principles for touchscreen home automation systems , finger-painting programs , and the double-box range sliders that gained prominence by their inclusion in Spotfire . The visual presentation inherent in direct manipulation emphasized the opportunity for information visualization . Information visualization . His major work in recent years has been on information visualization , originating the treemap concept for hierarchical data . Treemaps are implemented in most information visualization tools including Spotfire , Tableau Software , QlikView , SAS , JMP , and Microsoft Excel . Treemaps are included in hard drive exploration tools , stock market data analysis , census systems , election data , gene expression , and data journalism . The artistic side of treemaps are on view in the Treemap Art Project . He also developed dynamic queries sliders with multiple coordinated displays that are a key component of Spotfire , which was acquired by TIBCO in 2007 . His work continued on visual analysis tools for time series data , TimeSearcher , high dimensional data , Hierarchical Clustering Explorer , and social network data , SocialAction . Shneiderman contributed to the widely used social network analysis and visualization tool NodeXL . Current work deals with visualization of temporal event sequences , such as found in Electronic Health Records , in systems such as LifeLines2 and EventFlow . These tools visualize the categorical data that make up a single patient history and they present an aggregated view that enables analysts to find patterns in large patient history databases . Taxonomy of interactive dynamics for visual analysis , 2012 . In 2012 , Jeffrey Heer and Ben Shneiderman coauthored the article “Interactive Dynamics for Visual Analysis” in Association for Computing Machinery Queue vol . 10 , no . 2 . Included in this article is a taxonomy of interactive dynamics to assist researchers , designers , analysts , educators , and students in evaluating and creating visual analysis tools . The taxonomy consists of 12 task types grouped into three high-level categories , as shown below . Universal usability . He also defined the research area of universal usability to encourage greater attention to diverse users , languages , cultures , screen sizes , network speeds , and technology platforms . Publications . - List of his articles - Shneiderman , Ben . The New ABCs of Research : Achieving Breakthrough Collaborations ; Oxford University Press , 2016 . - Shneiderman , Ben . Software Psychology : Human Factors in Computer and Information Systems ; Little , Brown and Co , 1980 . - Shneiderman , Ben . Designing the User Interface : Strategies for Effective Human–Computer Interaction , 1st edition . Addison-Wesley , 1986 ; 2nd ed . 1992 ; 3rd ed . 1998 ; 4th ed . 2005 ; 5th ed . 2010 ; 6th ed. , 2016 . - Card , Stuart K. , Jock D . Mackinlay , and Ben Shneiderman , eds . Readings in Information Visualization : Using Vision to Think . Morgan Kaufmann , 1999 . - Shneiderman , Ben . Leonardos Laptop : Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies ; MIT Press , 2002 . - Hansen , Derek , Ben Shneiderman , and Marc A . Smith . Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL : Insights from a connected world . Morgan Kaufmann , 2010 . - Johnson , Brian , and Ben Shneiderman . Tree-maps : A space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures . Visualization , 1991 . Visualization91 , Proceedings. , IEEE Conference on . IEEE , 1991 . - Shneiderman , Ben . Tree visualization with tree-maps : 2-d space-filling approach . ACM Transactions on Graphics 11.1 ( 1992 ) : 92–99 . - Ahlberg , Christopher , and Ben Shneiderman . Visual information seeking : tight coupling of dynamic query filters with starfield displays . Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems . ACM , 1994 . - Shneiderman , Ben . The eyes have it : A task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations . Visual Languages , 1996 . Proceedings. , IEEE Symposium on . IEEE , 1996 . - Bederson , B. , Shneiderman , B . 2003 . The Craft of Information Visualization : Readings and Reflections . Morgan Kaufmann . - Heer , J. , Shneiderman , B . 2012 . Interactive Dynamics for Visual Analysis . ACM Queue , 10 ( 2 ) , Issue 2 . - Shneiderman , B . ( 2020 ) . Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence : Reliable , Safe & Trustworthy . International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction , 1-10 . External links . - Ben Shneidermans home page - at the University of Maryland Libraries - Treemap Art Project - Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 7 August 2009 ( video )