Which country did Valladolid belong to from 1229 to 1230?
Valladolid Valladolid ( , ) is a city in Spain and the primary seat of government of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It has a population of 309,714 people ( 2013 est. ) , making it Spains 13th most populous municipality and northwestern Spains biggest city . Its metropolitan area ranks 20th in Spain with a population of 414,244 people in 23 municipalities . The city is situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers before they join the Duero , and located within five winegrowing regions : Ribera del Duero , Rueda , Toro , Tierra de León , and Cigales . Valladolid was originally settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people , and later the Romans themselves . It remained a small settlement until being re-established by King Alfonso VI of Castile as a Lordship for the Count Pedro Ansúrez in 1072 . It grew to prominence in the Middle Ages as the seat of the Court of Castile and being endowed with fairs and different institutions as a collegiate church , University ( 1241 ) , Royal Court and Chancery and the Royal Mint . The city was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain under Phillip III between 1601 and 1606 , before returning indefinitely to Madrid . The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century , and with its industrialisation into the 20th century . The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses , palaces , churches , plazas , avenues and parks , and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums . Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ) , and the Festival of Theatre and Street Arts ( TAC ) . Etymology . There is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid . It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide ( 1092 ) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti ( 1095 ) . One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression , meaning valley of waters , referring to the confluence of rivers in the area . Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( , ) , which means city of al-Walid , referring to Al-Walid I . Yet a third claims that it derives from , meaning valley of the olives ; however , no olive trees are found in that terrain . Instead , in the south part of the city exist an innumerable amount of pine trees . The gastronomy reflects the importance of the ( pine nut ) as a local product , not olives . In texts from the middle ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning sunny valley , and a person from the town is a ( male ) , or ( female ) . The city is also popularly called , a nickname whose origin is not clear , but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc , known as . Another theory is that comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there , the only city in Spain that sold it . Geography . Location . Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level , at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by the Douro river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the later river . The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga , a major right-bank tributary of the Douro . Climate . The city of Valladolid experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ) . Valladolids climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and an inland location . Fog is very typical in the morning during winter . Winters experience snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts . Valladolids climate is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude . Valladolid is drier than Spains northern coastal regions , although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation is and the average annual relative humidity is 64% . In winter , temperatures very often ( almost every second day ) drop below freezing , often reaching temperatures as low as , and snowfall is common , while the summer months see average high temperatures of . The lowest recorded temperature in Valladolid was and the hottest on 19 July 1995 . History . Precedents . The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people with stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero documented in historical times . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city . The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade . Archaeological proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found . During the time of Muslim rule in Spain , the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created a no mans land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests . The area was captured from the Moors in the 10th century . Repopulation and growth . In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area , Ansúrez led the foundation of the city along his wife . By 1084 the project for the foundation of the city was already underway . Ansúrez built a palace ( now lost ) and La Antigua church . Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás . Both co-founded the church of Santa María . Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries , Valladolid grew rapidly , favoured by the commercial privileges granted by the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . Early Modern period . In 1469 , Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon were married in the city ; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile . In 1506 , Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid still convinced that he had reached the Indies in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him . From 1554 to 1559 , Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid , with the latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time . She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II , in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took some hold in the city appearing some Protestant circles presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna . Ensuing autos de fe against the Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid . A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city . During a period of 1550-1551 the town hold the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors . See Valladolid debate . Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596 , also becoming a bishopric seat . In the midst of the reign of by Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as the capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown . Promoted by Lerma , the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a ( double ) real estate speculative scheme , as Lerma had proceeded to buy housing in Madrid once the capital was moved from the city as the prices had plummeted . After a plague epidemics in Valladolid , Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid , earning a hefty profit when the Royal Court went back to Madrid and the prizes went up again accordingly . The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva . Contemporary history . From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre . This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA ( 1950 ) , FASA ( 1954 ) , TECNAUTO ( 1956 ) and SAVA ( 1957 ) were created . The city was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ( Pole for Industrial Development ) in 1964 . During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants , chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces . The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s . In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León ( completed in 1983 ) , Valladolid vied for the condition of regional capital , competing with other cities , most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the from 1983 , Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions ( the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ) . Government and administration . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain . The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with the municipal government and administration . The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors , who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019 . Since 2015 , Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor . He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election . Education . Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on the Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level , both at the university and non-university level . Universities . University of Valladolid . The University of Valladolid ( UVA ) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille . It is one of the oldest universities in the world . It has four campuses around the city ( Huerta del Rey , Centro , Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes ) as well as another three campuses scattered around the wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ) . Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers , about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011 . It also features the 25 centers , a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz , where the rector , and the Museum of the University of Valladolid ( MUVa ) , The House of Students , featuring the other administrative services mainly related to international relations , or CTI ( Center for Information Technology ) ,both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII , next to the old Faculty of Science . Miguel de Cervantes European University . The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC ) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students . It is spread over three faculties : Social Sciences , Law and Economics , Health and the Polytechnic School . It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research . It also has a dental clinic and a library . Primary and secondary schools . Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school , is near Valladolid , in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid . Integral and Superior Education . Integrates Kindergarten , Primary School and High School . Architecture . 12th century romanesque architecture is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ) . The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo ( featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements ) . The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz ( current seat of the rectorate of the University of Valladolid ) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain , was projected by by 1561–62 , following the great fire of 1561 . The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels . The design of the façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets . The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century ( intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668 . Decades later , in 1730 , finished the work on the main front . The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down . There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it . The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city , dates back to 1787 . Architect left a key imprint in the citys outline , authoring many housing projects in the late 19th to early 20th century , with a good number of his buildings still standing . Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque , the and ( defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s ) and the neobaroque new building for the university . The Francoist dictatorship left an example of Imperial Architecture of neo-herrerian ( or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capitals Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes , the Christopher Columbus House-Museum and the house of José Zorrilla . Population . As of 2019 , the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412 , and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 298.412 . The most important municipalities of the urban area are ( after Valladolid itself ) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south , Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west , Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on the north , and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east . After the new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades ( one example would be Covaresa ) the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city , so the population has tended to fall in Valladolid but is growing fast in the rest of the urban area ( for example , Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ) Economy . Valladolid is a major economic center in Spain . The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the citys economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault-branded vehicles , which would later become Renault España . Four years later , in 1957 , Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles . Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with the French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city . Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries , other important industrial sectors are food processing ( with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre ) , metallurgy ( Lingotes Especiales , Saeta die Casting... ) , chemical and printing . In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces , representing 14.0% of total workers . The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment is however the service sector , which employs 111,988 people , representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security . The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007 , representing 10.3% of total workers . Finally , agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people ( 1.5% of the total ) . The predominant crops are wheat , barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were : Renault ( 4 596 ) , Michelin ( 2 670 ) , IVECO ( 1 600 ) , the Valladolid-based supermarket chain Grupo El Árbol ( 849 ) , cheese processing Queserías Entrepinares ( 204 ) , sugar processing Acor ( 201 ) , service group Grupo Norte ( 174 ) , automobile auxiliary company Faurecia-Asientos de Castilla y León ( 143 ) , Sada ( 129 ) and Hipereco ( 108 ) . Transportation . Public transport . Urban transit system was based on the Valladolid tram network from 1881 to 1933 . A public urban bus system started in 1928 , managed by different private tenders until 1982 , when the service was taken over by the municipality . Today the public company AUVASA operates the network , with 22 regular lines and 5 late night lines . High-speed rail . Valladolid-Campo Grande railway station is integrated into the Spanish high-speed network AVE . The Madrid–Valladolid high-speed rail line was inaugurated on 22 December 2007 . The line links both cities , crossing the Sierra de Guadarrama through the namesake tunnel , the fourth longest train tunnel in Europe . Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE lines connecting the north and north-west of Spain with the rest of the country . Trainsets used on this line include S-114 ( max speed 250 km/h ( 155 mph ) ) , S-130 ( Patito , max speed 250 km/h ( 155 mph ) ) and the S102 ( Pato , max speed 320 km/h or 199 mph ) . This line connects the city with Madrid , which can be reached in 56 minutes . Roads . Several highways connect the city to the rest of the country . Airport . The airport serving the city is not located within the municipal limits , but in Villanubla . The airport has connections to Barcelona , Málaga , and the Canary Islands . Local cuisine . Although an inland province , fish is commonly consumed , some brought from the Cantabrian Sea . Fish like red bream and hake are a major part of Valladolids cuisine . The main speciality of Valladolid is , however , lechazo ( suckling baby lamb ) . The lechazo is slowly roasted in a wood oven and served with salad . Valladolid also offers a great assortment of wild mushrooms . Asparagus , endive and beans can also be found . Some legumes , like white beans and lentils are particularly good . Pine nuts are also produced in great quantities . Sheep cheese from Villalón de Campos , the famous pata de mulo ( mules foot ) is usually unripened ( fresh ) , but if it is cured the ripening process brings out such flavour that it can compete with the best sheep cheeses in Spain . Valladolid has a bread to go with every dish , like the delicious cuadros from Medina del Campo , the muffins , the pork-scratching bread and the lechuguinos , with a pattern of concentric circles that resemble a head of lettuce . The pastries and baked goods from the province of Valladolid are well-known , specially St . Marys ring-shaped pastries , St . Claires sponge cakes , pine nut balls and cream fritters . Valladolid is also a producer of wines . The ones that fall under the Designation of Origin Cigales are very good . White wines from Rueda and red wines from Ribera del Duero are known for their quality . Feasts and festivals . Easter . Holy Week ( Semana Santa in Spanish ) holds one of the best known Catholic traditions in Valladolid . The Good Friday processions are considered an exquisite and rich display of Castilian religious sculpture . On this day , in the morning , members of the brotherhoods on horseback make a poetic proclamation throughout the city . The Sermon of the Seven Words is spoken in Plaza Mayor Square . In the afternoon , thousands of people take part in the Passion Procession , comprising 31 pasos ( religious statues ) , most of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries . The last statue in the procession is the Virgen de las Angustias , and her return to the church is one of the most emotional moments of the celebrations , with the Salve Popular sung in her honour . Easter is one of the most spectacular and emotional fiestas in Valladolid . Religious devotion , art , colour and music combine in acts to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ : the processions . Members of the different Easter brotherhoods , dressed in their characteristic robes , parade through the streets carrying religious statues ( pasos ) to the sound of drums and music . Seminci . The city is also host to one of the foremost ( and oldest ) international film festivals , the Semana Internacional de Cine de Valladolid ( Seminci ) , founded in 1956 . Valladolid , through various loopholes in state censorship , was able to present films that would otherwise have been impossible to see in Spain . An award or an enthusiastic reception from the audience and the critics meant , on numerous occasions , that the official state bodies gave the go-ahead to certain films which Francisco Francos regime considered out of line with their ideology . Much the same occurred with distribution on the arts circuit at the end of the 60s : a film could be placed more easily if it had previously done well at Valladolid . Even after the death of Franco in 1975 , Valladolid continued to be the testing ground for films which had been banned . For example , the premiere in Spain of Stanley Kubricks A Clockwork Orange at the 1975 festival is still recalled as a landmark . As one of Europes oldest festivals , Valladolid has always been characterized by its willingness to take risks and to innovate in its programming . It has also been keen to critically examine each new school or movement as it has arisen , whether it be German , Polish , Chinese , Canadian or otherwise . With a genuine concern for the art of cinema , for film-making and film-makers rather than the more obvious commercial or glamorous aspects of the industry , the festival has built up an identity of its own – equally attractive to enthusiasts , professionals and the media . Sports . Valladolids main association football club is Real Valladolid , nicknamed Pucela , who play in the countrys first league , La Liga . Players who went on to play for the Spain national football team include Fernando Hierro , José Luis Caminero and Rubén Baraja . Reals stadium , the Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla , was built as a venue for the 1982 FIFA World Cup and in preparation staged the 1982 Copa del Rey Final . CBC Valladolid is the citys new basketball team since the dissolution of CB Valladolid in 2015 . Arvydas Sabonis and Oscar Schmidt played for the latter team . Currently playing in the Liga LEB Oro , the CBC Valladolid matches are held at the Polideportivo Pisuerga . In handball Valladolid is represented by BM Valladolid of the Liga ASOBAL . They have won 2 Kings Cup , 1 ASOBAL Cup and 1 EHF Cup . They play their games at the Polideportivo Huerta del Rey . Rugby union is a very popular sport in Valladolid . CR El Salvador , current champions of Spains División de Honor de Rugby compete in the European Challenge Cup . They play their matches at Estadio Pepe Rojo . VRAC , current champions of the Kings Cup , also plays in the same stadium . The Plaza de toros de Valladolid , a bullring , opened on 29 September 1890 , and it has a capacity of 11,000 . International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Valladolid is twinned with : - Florence , Italy ( 2007 ) - Lecce , Italy ( 2009 ) - Lille , France ( 1987 ) - Morelia , Mexico ( 1978 ) - Orlando , United States ( 2006 ) Other partnerships . Valladolid cooperates with : - Ahmedabad , India - Boston , United States - Guadalajara , Mexico - Kenitra , Morocco - Lovech , Bulgaria ( 2004 ) Notable people . - Sancho the Brave ( 1258-1295 ) , King of Castile - Juan de Torquemada ( 1388-1468 ) , Bishop and Cardinal - Henry IV of Castile ( 1425-1474 ) , King of Castile and León and brother of Isabella I of Castile - Philip II of Spain ( 1527–1598 ) , King of Spain and Portugal and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland - Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill ( 1572 – 1602 ) , Irish Gaelic chieftain , was buried here . - Philip IV of Spain ( 1605–1665 ) , King of Spain and Portugal - Francis Ferdinand de Capillas ( 1607-1648 ) , protomartyr saint of China - Anne of Austria ( 1601–1666 ) , Queen of France - José Zorrilla ( 1817-1893 ) , writer - Miguel Delibes ( 1920-2010 ) , writer - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ( born 1960 ) , Spanish Prime Minister - Miriam Blasco ( born 1963 ) , judoka - Jesús Cifuentes ( born 1966 ) , singer and founder of Celtas Cortos - Carlos Soto ( born 1968 ) , musician and founder of Celtas Cortos - Goyo Yeves ( born 1968 ) , musician and founder of Celtas Cortos - Alberto García ( born 1970 ) , musician for Celtas Cortos