University of Washington Medical School
Which school did Eloise Giblett go to between Jun 1947 and Jun 1948?
Eloise Giblett Eloise Elo R . Giblett ( January 17 , 1921 – September 16 , 2009 ) was a pioneering genetic scientist and hematologist who discovered the first recognized immunodeficiency disease , adenosine deaminase deficiency . Giblett was a Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle and Executive Director of the Puget Sound Blood Center in Seattle . The author of over 200 research papers , she also wrote an esteemed textbook on genetic markers , Genetic Markers in Human Blood , published in 1969 . She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 . Gibletts numerous accomplishments include discovering the first immunodeficiency disease : adenosine deaminase deficiency . She identified and characterized numerous blood group antigens ( including the ‘Elo’ antigen , named after her ) . Her work paved the way for safe red blood cell transfusions . She also applied her understanding of red blood cell protein polymorphisms to genetic linkage analyses , was senior author on the paper that demonstrated the feasibility of unrelated marrow transplantation for leukemia , and was an early supporter of bone marrow donation . Early Childhood . Giblett was born in Tacoma , Washington in 1921 . Her family moved to Spokane , Washington for her fathers job as an insurance salesman . Giblett received her early education in Spokane and was trained in singing , dancing and the violin . Her Mother , Rose , held a secret desire that Giblett would become the next Shirley Temple of the era . Education . Giblett graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in 1938 . She was only 16 when she earned a scholarship to Mills College in Oakland , California . After two years , she transferred to the University of Washington in Seattle where she earned a degree in bacteriology ( now microbiology ) in 1942 . From 1944 to 1946 , she served in the Navy WAVES . Through this program , she worked as a technician at the clinical laboratory of the U.S . Naval Hospital in San Diego , California . In 1947 , she returned to the University of Washington to earn her Master of Science in microbiology . Her masters thesis focused on physiology of fungi in the genus Microsporum . After completing her masters degree , Giblett attended the University of Washington Medical School . One of five women in her year , she graduated first in her class in 1951 . From 1951 to 1953 , Giblett served as an intern , then resident in Internal Medicine , at King County Hospital ( now Harborview Hospital ) . Early career . In 1953 , Giblett was awarded a two year fellowship for post-doctoral research in hematology . During this time , Giblett worked under Clement Finch , a renowned hematologist interested in iron metabolism . Giblett primarily assisted with his research on erythrokinetics , the dynamic study of the production and destruction of red blood cells . In her first year working for Finch , Giblett published five papers , including a highly-cited paper describing red blood cell lifetime and hemolysis . Giblett also worked with geneticist Arno Motulsky studying erythrokinetics in splenomegaly , kicking off a decades-long collaboration . After completing her fellowship , Giblett traveled to London to train under Patrick Mollison at the Medical Research Council’s Blood Transfusion Research Unit . In this research unit , Giblett gained the laboratory experience necessary to co-direct Puget Sound Blood Center ( then King County Blood Bank ) , a position she assumed upon her return to Seattle in 1955 . Giblett remained at the Blood Center as Associate Director until her promotion to Executive Director in 1979 . She retired in 1987 . Scientific Discoveries . Giblett focused the majority of her career on academic research . In 1955 , she was appointed Clinical Associate in Medicine at the University of Washington . Gibletts lab focused on studying blood groups , with particular attention to genetic markers in human blood . She identified several blood group antigens . Her research assisted in refuting the standard practice at the time of segregating blood donations based on the race of the donor . In 1958 , Giblett began research studying polymorphisms of the human plasma proteins haptoglobin and transferrin using starch gel electrophoresis . As a result of her studies on genetic variation , Giblett documented the first case of a mosaic individual conceived from dispermic fertilization of two eggs followed by cell fusion . Giblett actively collaborated with Arno Motulsky , a fellow professor at the University of Washington . Giblett analyzed blood samples from a population study Motulsky carried out in the Congo in 1960 . The resulting paper , published in 1966 , described many novel genetic variants . Decades later , scientists discovered that one of these samples contained first known case of HIV . The viral sequence from this sample is still used to date in studies of HIV . Starting in 1971 , Giblett began researching bone marrow transplants with E . Donnall Thomas . Bone marrow transplantations were a pioneering technique used to treat blood cancers . At the time , if the donor and acceptor were the same sex , doctors could not confirm the success of the graft . Giblett assisted in discovering genetic markers that could confirm graft success , regardless of donor sex , using polymorphic blood proteins . Giblett eventually expanded her research into the activity of polymorphic proteins in human plasma and blood cells , leading to her famous discovery of the first immunodeficiency disease . One polymorphic protein used as a routine a genetic marker for transplants was adenosine deaminase ( ADA ) located in red blood cells . In 1972 , Giblett received samples from a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease ( SCID ) . The patient was a candidate for bone marrow transplantation from her mother ; analysis of blood samples surprisingly revealed that the child exhibited no ADA activity . Giblett soon discovered a second case where ADA deficiency underlaid immune dysfunction , leading her to conclude that the two may be related . Giblett named this disease adenosine deaminase immunodeficiency , and it was recognized as the first official immunodeficiency disease . The discovery of ADA deficiency lead to a breakthrough in understanding immunodeficiency . Based on the function of ADA in purine metabolism , Giblett hypothesized that mutations in other proteins involved in purine metabolism or related pyrimidine metabolism might underlie additional forms of immune dysfunction . Her hypothesis was confirmed in 1975 upon analysis of an immunocompromised patient exhibiting normal ADA activity but defective purine nucleoside phosphorylase ( PNP ) activity . Within several years , ten more cases of immune deficiency linked to PNP mutations were described , leading to the classification of the disorder as purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency . Gibletts other notable discoveries include T cell immunodeficiency . Throughout her career , Giblett collaborated with some of the most notable and talented scientists of her era , including : Oliver Smithies , Alexander Bearn , James Neel , Curt Stern , Victor McKusick , Ernest Beutler , Stanley Gartler , Walter Bodmer , John Cairns , David Weatherall , Henry Kunkel , H . Hugh Fudenberg , and Newton Morton . AIDS Crisis . In 1978 , Giblett closed her research lab to direct the Puget Sound Blood Center . Soon after , in 1981 , HIV/AIDS was discovered . Infectious disease experts at the time realized that the disorder might be transmissible by blood , creating complications for blood transfusions . This discovery led to a crisis in blood banking . Giblett attempted to allay fears about the hazard of giving blood and closely followed the incidence of the disease in previously transfused patients . Before HIV could be detected in blood , Giblett developed a screening policy for blood donors at the center . Retirement . Giblett retired from the Puget Sound Blood Center in 1987 . She devoted her remaining years to playing the violin and contributing to various musical groups , playing in several string quartets . She was a co-founder of the Music Center of the Northwest , and contributed to them until she died . Honors . In 1967 , Giblett was promoted to full professor at the University of Washington . Giblett served as president of the American Society of Human Genetics in 1973 . She was a board member of the American Society of Hematology , the Western Association of Physicians and the New York Blood Center Research Advisory Committee . In 1980 , Giblett was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . The following year , she became a fellow of the National Association for the Advancement of Science . In 1987 , she was the first woman to receive the University of Washington Medical School Alumni Associations Distinguished Alumni Award . Upon her retirement , she was awarded emeritus status at the University of Washington School of Medicine and Puget Sound Blood Center . Legacy . In 1969 , Giblett published Genetic Markers in Human Blood , a reference book aimed to increase the accessibility of information about biochemical variation in blood . The book was described by H . E . Sutton as a remarkable achievement for a single individual . Giblett was a fan of science fiction literature . She is mentioned by name in Robert Heinleins novel The Number of the Beast . In 2010 , the Elo Giblett Endowed Professorship in Hematology was established at the University of Washington . This professorship was created by combining an amount of money left by Giblett to the university and an additional funding from Gibletts niece , Leslie Giblett . The first recipient of this professorship was John Harlan , MD . This professorship is intended to attract talented medical professionals in hematology and keep Gibletts legacy alive . Elo’s unpublished autobiography is property of her niece , Leslie .