president of the National Academy of Sciences
What organization or association or team did Marcia McNutt join in 2016?
Marcia McNutt Marcia Kemper McNutt ( born February 19 , 1952 ) , , is an American geophysicist and the 22nd president of the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) of the United States . Previously , she served as editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed journal Science from 2013 to 2016 . McNutt holds a visiting appointment at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography . She is a member of the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine advisory committee for the Division on Earth and Life Studies and the Forum on Open Science . McNutt chaired the NASEM climate intervention committee who delivered two reports in 2015 . McNutt was the 15th director of the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) ( the first woman to hold the post ) as well as science adviser to the United States Secretary of the Interior . Before working for USGS , McNutt was president and chief executive officer of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute ( MBARI ) , an oceanographic research center in the United States , professor of marine geophysics at the Stanford University School of Earth Sciences and professor of marine geophysics at University of California , Santa Cruz . Family and education . McNutts father was a small business owner and her mother was a college-educated homemaker . In an interview with the National Academy of Sciences , McNutt said that in their household , womens education was a tradition and a norm , and that her parents encouraged McNutt and her sisters academically . She was valedictorian of her class at the Northrop Collegiate School ( now The Blake School ) in Minneapolis , graduating in 1970 . She received a bachelors degree in physics summa cum laude , Phi Beta Kappa , from Colorado College in 1973 . As a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellow , she then studied geophysics at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography where she earned a PhD in earth sciences in 1978 . Her dissertation was titled Continental and Oceanic Isostasy . McNutt is a National Association of Underwater Instructors ( NAUI ) -certified scuba diver and she trained in underwater demolition and explosives handling with the Underwater Demolition Team ( UDT ) of the United States Navy and the United States Navy SEALs . Marcia Kemper McNutt was married first to Marcel Hoffmann , who died in 1988 . They had three daughters : Meredith McNutt Hoffmann and identical twins Dana and Ashley Hoffmann . Ashley Hoffmann was Miss Rodeo California in 2009 . Marcia McNutt is also a horse enthusiast and enjoys barrel racing on her mare Lulu . McNutt is one of six women scientists featured in the 1995 PBS ( WGBH-TV ) series , Discovering Women . How she excelled in science with a household of young daughters and the help of housekeeper Ann and her daughter is described by Jocelyn Steinke in A portrait of a woman as a scientist : breaking down barriers created by gender-role stereotypes . McNutt and Ian Young , an MBARI ships captain , were married in 1996 . Early years . After a brief appointment at the University of Minnesota , McNutt worked for three years on earthquake prediction at the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park , California . In 1982 , she became assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) and in 1988 was appointed Griswold Professor of Geophysics . She previously served as director of the Joint Program in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and Engineering , a cooperative effort of MIT and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Research . She participated in 15 major oceanographic expeditions and served as chief scientist on more than half of them . She published about 100 peer-reviewed scientific articles . Her research has included studies of ocean island volcanism in French Polynesia , continental break-up in the Western United States , and uplift of the Tibet plateau . McNutt has made notable contributions to the understanding of the rheology and strength of the lithosphere . She showed that young volcanoes could flex the lithosphere , influencing the elevation of nearby volcanoes , and used a 3-D analysis of topography and gravity data to show that the Australian plate could be strong on short time scales and weak on long scales . She also showed how subducting ocean plates could weaken and identified a large topographic feature called the South Pacific superswell . Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute . McNutt was president and CEO of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute ( MBARI ) from 1997 to 2009 . During that time the RV Western Flyer , MBARIs research vessel , made expeditions from Canada to Baja California and the Hawaiian Islands . MBARI built the Monterey Accelerated Research System ( MARS ) , the first deep-sea cabled observatory in the continental United States . U.S . Geological Survey . Appointment . In July 2009 , McNutt was announced as President Obamas nominee to be the next director of the United States Geological Survey and science adviser to the United States Secretary of the Interior . The Senate unanimously approved her nomination on October 21 . She was the first woman to lead the USGS since its establishment in 1879 . Secretary Ken Salazar endorsed McNutt for the position . In a television interview following Obamas announcement , McNutt said : BP oil spill . During her first year , four major events impacted USGS in quick succession : a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in Haiti , an 8.0 earthquake in Chile , the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull and the BP oil spill . In May 2010 , McNutt headed the Flow Rate Technical Group which attempted to measure the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . Preliminary reports from the group said that the rate of the oil spill was at least twice and possibly up to five times as much as previously acknowledged . Subsequent estimates , based on six independent methodologies , were four times the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill . A refined estimate based on new pressure readings , data , and analysis , released by the United States Secretary of Energy Steven Chu and McNutt in August , said that 4.9 million barrels ( with uncertainty of plus or minus approximately 10 percent ) of oil had leaked from the well until it was capped on July 15 . The disaster was the largest ever accidental spill of oil into marine waters . In a two-day deposition during October 2012 , McNutt was questioned by lawyers for BP , for the Justice Department , for plaintiffs , and for the Gulf states . Subject to approval by U.S . federal courts , BP agreed to a settlement in November 2012 in which the company pleaded guilty to felony charges of misconduct or neglect concerning eleven deaths at the explosion site . The company agreed to pay US$4.5 billion including US$1.256 billion in criminal fines . As of 2012 , BP may still be liable for US$5.4 to US$31 billion in civil fines under the Clean Water Act and Oil Pollution Act . Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility . Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility ( PEER ) filed a lawsuit against the Department of the Interior and a complaint about a NOAA scientist in the Flow Rate Technical Group which McNutt led . The group felt that government scientists understated the flow rate of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . USGS peer review process . McNutt participated in the reversal of a 2006 USGS policy that required agency scientists to submit their work to two internal reviewers and obtain a sign-off from a higher level official before submitting their work to external journals who then applied their own peer-review process . Scientists can now have both internal and external reviews simultaneously and the internal process is reduced to one internal review plus sign-off by the USGS Office of Science Quality and Integrity . Afghan mineral wealth . In September 2011 , a USGS team including Jack H . Medlin , Said Mirzad , Stephen G . Peters and Robert D . Tucker published a report which they presented at the Afghan embassy in Washington , DC , detailing 57 information packages about Areas of Interest ( AOIs ) that total at least 1,000,000 metric tons of untapped mineral deposits they have found in Afghanistan . Scientific American speculated that replacing opium and Taliban strongholds with a mining bonanza could change U.S . foreign policy and world stability . This report , which points to resources that The New York Times said in 2010 were worth 1 trillion , was put into the public domain . McNutt said at the time : Map of Jupiters moon Io . In 2011 and online in 2012 , USGS released a geologic surface map of Jupiters moon Io , which is the most volcanically active body in our solar system , about twenty-five times more active than earth . David Williams of Arizona State University was the project lead . The maps are made of the best images from NASAs Voyager 1 and 2 missions ( acquired in 1979 ) as well as the spacecraft Galileo ( 1995–2003 ) named for Galileo Galilei who discovered Jupiters moons in 1610 . McNutt said : Animal extinction and disease . In 2012 , USGS declared the blue-tailed skink named Emoia impar extinct because none have been observed in their home the Hawaiian Islands since the 1960s . McNutt , quoted by John Platt for Scientific American , said : In a press release , McNutt introduced a lecture by David Blehert , a USGS research scientist , speaking on white nose syndrome which may afflict six species of North American bats and may have far-reaching ecological consequences : McNutt commented on work by lead researcher Carol Meteyer and others from the USGS National Wildlife Health Center and the National Institutes of Health in November 2012 : Federal Big Data initiative . McNutt spoke on a panel of leaders of US agencies ( OSTP , NSF , NIH , DOE , DOD , DARPA and USGS ) who rolled out the Obama administrations Big Data Research and Development Initiative . Tom Kalil of the Office of Science and Technology Policy said , By improving our ability to extract knowledge and insights from large and complex collections of digital data , the initiative promises to help accelerate the pace of discovery in science and engineering , strengthen our national security , and transform teaching and learning . USGS announced the latest awardees for grants it issues through its John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis . Energy : fossil fuels , fracking and biofuel . Reuters reported that USGS released into the public domain a new estimate of the worlds oil and gas resources , the first such report since 2000 . Excluding the U.S . the USGS found : 565 billion barrels of conventional oil and 5,606 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered conventional natural gas in 171 priority geologic provinces of the world . The report said about 75% of the resources are in four places : South America and the Caribbean , sub-Saharan Africa , the Middle East and North Africa , and the North American Arctic . In particular , this assessment underscores the importance of continuing to strengthen our energy partnerships in the Western Hemisphere with nations like Brazil.. . said secretary Salazar . Bloomberg News reported that during her testimony in March 2012 , McNutt told the United States House Committee on Natural Resources that less than 1 percent of wells drilled to dispose of the water after fracking causes induced seismicity . McNutt said more information would reduce the risk of induced earthquakes in a year or two . She said : United Press International reported in March 2012 that USGS has developed a tool that can map grasslands using remote sensing data from satellites . The technique will help if and when global demand for biofuel products increases as an alternative to fossil fuels . McNutt said in a statement that the study : Earthquakes : hazard reduction , drill , research . In cooperation with the Department of Veterans Affairs , USGS continued to monitor and record in detail the performance of veterans hospital buildings during earthquakes . Recently , two buildings were fitted with sensors at the Memphis VA Medical Center which is within the range of the New Madrid Seismic Zone , the most active earthquake zone in the Eastern United States . USGS works with the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program ( NEHRP ) led by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) both to monitor buildings during earthquake events and to help design safer hospitals in the future . On October 18 , 2012 , McNutt , Bill Leith of USGS and Michael Mahoney of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) continued earthquake practice at the ShakeOut at the Langston Hughes Middle School in Reston , Virginia . Participants learn to drop , cover , and hold on to protect themselves during an earthquake . Millions of people have participated since the event started in 2008 . Going through drills makes it second nature for the students in the event of an actual emergency , McNutt said of The Great American Shake-Out event held in February 2013 in eight US states that border on the New Madrid Seismic Zone . USGS promised up to US$7 million in grants for earthquake research in 2013 . The agency has funded about 90 such grants which , for example , cataloged southern California earthquakes to better prepare emergency responders , the public and the media . Projects also provided seismic hazard estimates for safer buildings and roads , and provided data on ground shaking to help minimize damage . Landsat . NASA and USGS launched Landsat 8 on February 11 , 2013 , to continue their 40-year record of providing images for land use and climate change ( about 9 million images as of 2013 ) . McNutt wrote that Landsat 8 enhances USGSs position as land steward for the United States . Departure . McNutt directed USGS from 2009 until 2013 , when she announced her departure to USGS staff members . She said at the time that she would leave after the launch of Landsat 8 and that Suzette Kimball would serve as the acting director . Exit summary . McNutts announcement included a 21-point summary of her tenure which she prepared for Secretary Salazar . Among achievements listed were realignment of USGS management , eight DOI Climate Science Centers , the first national water census on water use and availability , a California prototype of Earthquake Early Warning , publication of the first two of the biological carbon sequestration reports , and various means of advancing US energy independence . Science tenure . Open access : Science Advances . As editor in chief , McNutt led the editorial team at Science in their decision to enter the world of open access publishing . Beginning in 2015 , they expect to publish several thousand articles per year in the online only , open access journal Science Advances ( compared to Science which can publish less than one thousand per year , accepting about 6% of submissions ) . McNutt told Library Journal that they were searching for a solution to licensing , perhaps one license acceptable to all authors or perhaps offering a menu of licenses so each community can choose . Keystone XL . McNutt initially sided with environmentalists who opposed approval of the Keystone Pipeline . In an interview for NPRs Morning Edition in 2014 , she explained why she changed her mind and published an editorial in favor . First , the oil is already being transported for example by truck and train , using more fossil fuels than the pipeline would use . Second , she thinks concessions can be made in exchange for approving the pipeline , for example requiring a limit on carbon emissions when converting the tar sands to liquid for transport in the pipeline , and demanding that the pipeline be the safest ever built . Finally , because the pipeline is the very least expensive mode of transport , she found a potential revenue stream in the money saved by the pipeline which she thinks should be used to fund renewable energy in the U.S . Climate engineering . Several U.S . agencies including the Central Intelligence Agency requested that the U.S . government study climate engineering and so the committee that McNutt chairs was born of the National Academy of Sciences . Ken Caldeira , who also sits on the committee , and David Keith are eager to try out ideas , in part spurred by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory funded by Bill Gates who is an enthusiast of climate engineering research . McNutt cautioned that government-sponsored field tests may not happen . Whether we wind up using these technologies , or someone else does and we suddenly find ourselves in a geo-engineered world , we have to better understand the impacts and the consequences . Meeting with Li Keqiang in China . Premier of the Peoples Republic of China , Li Keqiang requested a meeting with McNutt , as editor in chief of Science , to discuss science as part of her trip to China in January 2014 . The meeting was scheduled for 30 minutes and the rules specified no US reporters present and the topics of science and the economy , not politics . They talked on 13 January at Ziguangge , Zhongnanhai in Beijing . Li answered questions from McNutt about space exploration , Chinas scientific cooperation with other developing countries , climate change , education , and environmental protection . Science published a transcript of the 70 minute meeting . Statistical review . With a goal to improve the reproducibility of its published research , McNutt announced in 2014 that Science had added statistical checks to its peer-review process . Based on collaboration with the American Statistical Association , the journal appointed seven experts to a Statistics Board of Reviewing who are responsible for securing outside statisticians to review potential Science articles . Cover photo and controversies . The cover of the 11 July 2014 issue depicted three transgender sex workers from Indonesia with their heads cropped out . Citing she tricked me and the trans panic defense sometimes used by perpetrators , The Washington Post noted that transgender people are 30 percent more likely than others to be the victims of violence . Numerous people objected in their blogs . Congresswoman Jackie Speier objected in a letter to the publisher . Science CEO and publisher Alan Leshner apologized to Speier and termed the cover regrettable . McNutt apologized on Twitter and in Science for any discomfort that this cover may have caused anyone and gave her : promise that we will strive to do much better in the future to be sensitive to all groups and not assume that context and intent will speak for themselves . The cover ( and unfortunate response from the former editor of ScienceCareers ) and two other columns provoked Aradhna Tripati , Jennifer Glass , Lenny Teytelman , and 600 other scientists to send a letter in 2015 to Science accusing the journal of perpetuating sexist stereotypes . In one column , Alice S . Huang , the former president of Sciences publisher , the American Association for the Advancement of Science , advised a female postdoctoral fellow not to complain about her supervisor , whose habit was trying to look down the womans shirt , as long as the supervisor didnt develop other advances . In another , the chief biochemist at Torontos University Health Network said he was promoted because his wife had given up her career and PhD to support him . McNutt published a formal apology in July 2015 , and said that she thought Science should start an advisory board made up of young scientists who might be in tune with the issues . Support for science . In June 2014 , the US National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) together with Nature Publishing Group and Science held a workshop on the reproducibility and rigor of research findings . More than 30 participants , who all publish preclinical biological research , codified a set of principles that will advance and support research that is reproducible , robust , and transparent . The principles are endorsed by 78 associations , journals and societies who all agreed to them . in January 2015 , the Pew Research Center published a poll representing the public and a sample of scientists connected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) . The public and scientists disagreed quite dramatically on 12 out of 13 issues covered in the survey . On the occasion of Pews publication , writer Joel Achenbach asked McNutt for her input on a National Geographic feature article , Why Do Many Reasonable People Doubt Science? . McNutt neatly gave this definition : Science is not a body of facts . Science is a method for deciding whether what we choose to believe has a basis in the laws of nature or not . Retraction . In May 2015 , McNutt and Science retracted a December 2014 study , When contact changes minds : An experiment on transmission of support for gay equality . Donald Green requested the retraction after asking for and not receiving the study data from his coauthor Michael LaCour . Family of journals expands . In 2015 , Science announced the expansion of its family of journals to include Science Robotics and Science Immunology . Both were expected to begin publication in mid-2016 . The first issue of Science Immunology was published in July 2016 , while the first issue of Science Robotics was published in December 2016 . National Academy of Sciences . In July 2015 , McNutt was nominated to stand for election as president of the National Academy of Sciences . She was elected to a six-year term beginning July 1 , 2016 and ending June 30 , 2022 . Climate intervention . McNutt chaired the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Geoengineering Climate : Technical Evaluation and Discussion of Impacts , whose sixteen scientists published their findings on climate geoengineering in February 2015 . The committee decided to issue two complementary reports , one on mitigating carbon dioxide emissions , and one on albedo modification . They agreed to call the process intervention , which implies an action intended to improve , rather than management or geoengineering which imply control that people dont have . Of the reports six recommendations , the first is that right now we can and should work toward mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and on adapting to the impacts of climate change . This work was supported by the U.S . intelligence community , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) , and the National Academy of Sciences . At the press briefing on the release of the reports , McNutt expressed preference for the first report over the second : mitigation and adaptation are the way forward ( explaining that albedo modification carries unknown environmental and governance risks ) . Workshop with Pope Francis . In May 2014 , McNutt and a group of international scholars and scientists participated in a workshop with Pope Francis organized by the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences . By invitation , McNutt presented a paper , The Risks of Rising Seas to Coastal Populations . In a September editorial in Science , McNutt discussed future habitability and sustainability of this planet and advocated for United Nations Sustainable Development Goals which the group wished to adopt . She was a signatory of the workshop report . In advance of the Laudato si papal encyclical of May–June 2015 , the leadership council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network , of which McNutt is a member , released eight criteria for climate change mitigation , which they hoped would be addressed by the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference . Awards and honors . McNutt was elected a Foreign member of the Royal Society , and a member of the National Academy of Sciences , the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . She is a fellow for the American Geophysical Union , the Geological Society of America , the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the International Association of Geodesy . She is a past president of the American Geophysical Union ( 2000–2002 ) and current president of the National Academy of Sciences ( 2016-2022 ) . She holds honorary doctorates from Indiana University ( 2021 ) , Boston University ( 2019 ) , Worcester Polytechnic Institute ( 2018 ) , Michigan State University ( 2018 ) , Colorado School of Mines ( 2011 ) Monmouth University ( 2010 ) , the University of Minnesota ( 2004 ) , and Colorado College ( 1989 ) . McNutt was also recognized as an Outstanding Alumni in 2004 by the University of California , San Diego . She chaired the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration under President Bill Clinton . McNutt chaired the board of governors of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions which merged to become Consortium for Ocean Leadership for which she was trustee . She serves on evaluation and advisory boards for institutions including the Monterey Bay Aquarium , Stanford University , Harvard University and Science magazine , and the Journal of Science Policy and Governance . In 1988 , McNutt won the Macelwane Medal from the American Geophysical Union , presented for outstanding research by a young scientist , and in 2007 she won the AGUs Maurice Ewing Medal for her contributions to deep-sea exploration and her leadership role in the ocean sciences . In 2002 , Discover magazine named McNutt one of the top fifty women in science . In 2003 she was named Scientist of the Year by the ARCS Foundation . The United States Coast Guard awarded the Meritorious Service Medal to McNutt for her service during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . McNutt is a member of the 2012 USA Science & Engineering Festivals Nifty Fifty , a collection of the most influential scientists and engineers in the United States that are dedicated to reinvigorating the interest of young people in science and engineering . McNutt won the 2017 DRI Nevada Medal . In 2021 , was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering for elucidation of lithosphere geomechanics and leadership in earth resources engineering .