Where was Juliet Popper Shaffer educated from 1957 to 1958?
Juliet Popper Shaffer Juliet Popper Shaffer ( born 1932 ) is an American psychologist , statistician and statistics educator known for her research on multiple hypothesis testing . She is a teaching professor emerita at the University of California , Berkeley . Education and career . Juliet Martha Popper was born in Brooklyn , and took four years of mathematics at Midwood High School in Brooklyn , a curriculum that was at that time intended only for boys . She did her undergraduate studies at Swarthmore College , following the lead of classmate Arthur Mattuck , and despite the anti-women and anti-Jewish admission quotas then in place at Swarthmore . After several changes of topic she ended up majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics and philosophy . She graduated in 1953 , married a classmate , and moved to Stanford University for graduate study in psychology . Her marriage broke up during her studies , but she completed her Ph.D . in psychology at in 1957 . She published a modified version of her dissertation , Motivational and social factors in childrens perceptions of height , as Social and personality correlates of childrens estimates of height with Journal Press in 1964 . After postdoctoral studies with William Kaye Estes at Indiana University , she joined the faculty in psychology at the University of Kansas . At Kansas , Popper was involved with local struggles for desegregation , and became the first chair of the universitys Affirmative Action Board . During this time she married her second husband , another faculty member who already had children . She was informed at the time of their marriage that , because of Kansass anti-nepotism rules , only one of her or her husband could win tenure , but this rule was changed when she finally went up for tenure , a year late because having children made her department think she wasnt serious about psychology . The part-time teaching schedule she followed while raising her children delayed her chances for taking a sabbatical , but finally , in 1973 , she was allowed to take a sabbatical at Berkeley , under the supervision of Erich Leo Lehmann . In the same year she divorced her husband . In 1977 she married Lehmann and moved to Berkeley . The psychology department there was not hiring , so she took a visiting position at the University of California , Davis and then a year later became a lecturer in statistics at Berkeley . At Berkeley , she also ran a drop-in consulting service , and by 1981 achieved security of employment , the equivalent of tenure for lecturers . She retired in 1994 , and spent several of the following years as a researcher at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton , New Jersey . Research . Shaffers work in psychology at Kansas involved learning theory , personality , and perception . She also developed experimental designs to test the theories of a colleague , Fritz and Grace Heider , involving the ways in which the personal connection between two people can influence the transmission of a feeling towards another object from one of the two people to the other . Later at Kansas , she became interested in the multiple comparisons problem in statistics , where using the same experiment to make multiple inferences can cause a greater likelihood of erroneous inferences , after observing this effect in student work ; it would become the main research topic of her later career . Lehmann writes that Shaffer became one of the leaders in the field of multiple comparisons , with her two most importance contributions occurring in connection with a psychological experiment in which she observed the non-transitivity of significant differences in multiple comparisons . Of three ordered conditions in the experiment , the smaller and the larger conditions had significantly different outcomes from each other , but neither was significantly different from the middle condition . This paradoxical outcome led Shaffer to classify the allowable patterns of significant differences and to find interpretations of those patterns , and led others to perform follow-up research making her methods more implementable in practice . Another of her results in this area was the observation that , in analyzing multiple comparisons , it is important to include in the analysis type III errors , in which one rejects the null hypothesis but concludes that an effect has the opposite sign to its actual sign . Recognition . In 1988 , Shaffer was elected to be a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the American Psychological Association . She is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute . In 2003 , the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies gave her their Florence Nightingale David Award for her pioneering contributions to statistical methods in education and psychometrics ; for her exceptional role in fostering opportunities for and in support of the advancement of women in the sciences .