Frank E . Loy
Who was the director or manager of German Marshall Fund from 1981 to 1995?
German Marshall Fund The German Marshall Fund of the United States ( GMF ) is a nonpartisan American public policy think tank and grantmaking institution dedicated to promoting cooperation and understanding between North America and Europe . Founded in 1972 through a gift from the West German government on the 25th anniversary of the Marshall Plan , GMF contributes research and analysis on transatlantic and global issues ; convenes policy and business leaders at international conferences ; provides exchange opportunities for emerging American and European leaders ; and supports initiatives to strengthen democracies . GMF focuses on policy , leadership , and civil society . GMF is headquartered in Washington , D.C. , and has offices in several European cities . Current programs . Among its programs and initiatives are : the Alliance for Securing Democracy , the Brussels Forum , Atlantic Dialogues , Transatlantic Academy , and the Transatlantic Trends Survey . GMFs policy programs include : Asia , the European Union , Europes East and Russia , Foreign and Security Policy , Energy Security , NATO , Trade and Investment and Urban and Regional Policy . GMFs leadership programs include the Manfred Wörner Seminar , the Marshall Memorial Fellowship , the Transatlantic Inclusion Leaders Network , Marshall Seminar , the Transatlantic Leadership Seminar , the Congress Bundestag Forum and the Young Transatlantic Network . GMFs civil society projects include the Balkan Trust for Democracy , the Black Sea Trust for Regional Cooperation , and the Fund for Belarus Democracy . Leadership . The president of GMF is Karen Donfried , who joined in April 2014 . Donfried was previously special assistant to President Barack Obama . Past presidents of GMF include Benjamin H . Read ( 1973–1977 ) , Robert Gerald Livingston ( 1977–1981 ) , Frank E . Loy ( 1981–1995 ) , and Craig Kennedy ( 1996–2014 ) History . Foundation . GMF was founded as a permanent memorial to Marshall Plan assistance through a grant from the West German government . It was founded by Guido Goldman , who was the director of Harvards West European Studies program in the early 1970s . Goldman , an American whose family had fled Germany in 1940 , lobbied the West German government , particularly Finance Minister Alex Möller for an endowment to promote European and U.S . relations on the 25th anniversary of Marshall Plan aid . Working with a planning group that was to constitute the Funds initial Board of Trustees – including physicist Harvey Brooks , diplomat Robert Ellsworth , journalist Max Franke , economist Richard N . Cooper , and educator Howard Swearer – Goldman eventually received an agreement to support an independent institution in 1971 . German Chancellor Willy Brandt , announced the creation of GMF in a speech on June 5 , 1972 , at Harvard , saying that it would help increase U.S.-European cooperation and mutual understanding . Brandt wrote four years later : Other charter members of the Board of Trustees included economist Carl Kaysen , judge Arlin Adams , and businessman Donald M . Kendall . The first president , selected in 1973 , was Benjamin H . Read , who was later to become U.S . Under Secretary of State for Management . Early days ( 1972–1989 ) . In the 1970s and 1980s , GMF dispersed grants in accordance with its mission , including to academic researchers and to the Public Broadcasting Service and National Public Radio . It also provided the initial funding for the Institute for International Economics , now the Peterson Institute for International Economics . By 1977 , the organization had spent more than $7 million on nearly 100 projects involving the United States , West Germany , France , Britain , Italy , Sweden , Belgium , Denmark , the Netherlands , Norway , Switzerland , Japan and Canada . Academic Michael Naumann has said that GMF was one of the first think tanks to focus on the importance of soft power at a time when most academic focus was on military issues . In addition to grants , GMF also began a U.S.-Europe parliamentary exchange program and the Marshall Memorial Fellowship , which has since funded the exchange of over 3000 young leaders across the Atlantic . 1977 was also the first year GMF organized a parliamentary exchange between the United States and Europe , with 12 young European parliamentarians visiting the U.S . Congress in Washington . In 1980 , GMF opened its first European office in Bonn . In 1985 , the West German government renewed its grant to GMF . In 1987 , George Kennan gave the keynote address at a conference organized in West Berlin by GMF to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Marshall Plan . Also in the 1980s , GMF supported programs such as a National Governors Association initiative to tackle acid rain , and began to work actively with the democracy movements of Central and Eastern Europe through the funding of small grants . GMF expansion ( 1989–present ) . After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 , GMF was among the first U.S . organizations to establish a presence in what had been East Berlin , in 1990 . It moved its Bonn operations to Berlin in 1992 . In 2006 , GMF acquired its current headquarters in Washington , DC , a building that until 1963 had housed the West German chancery , and that had hosted such figures as John F . Kennedy , Konrad Adenauer , Lyndon B . Johnson , and George C . Marshall . German Chancellor Angela Merkel dedicated the new building . GMF rapidly expanded its work in Central and Eastern Europe and played an instrumental role during the 1990s in assisting with the transitions to democracy in this region . In the 2000s , GMF established an office in Bratislava for activities in Central and Eastern Europe , the Balkan Trust for Democracy in Belgrade , the Black Sea Trust in Bucharest , and an office in Warsaw . In 2001 , GMF established a center in Brussels and an office in Paris . GMF also began to expand its public policy activities . In 2002 , GMF conducted its first survey , along with the Chicago Council on Global Affairs . The next year , it was renamed Transatlantic Trends , and became an annual indicator of public opinion on both sides of the Atlantic . GMF established its Transatlantic Fellows program to enable permanent resident expertise on global public policy issues . It also founded the Transatlantic Academy for visiting scholars , and initiated the Transatlantic Take commentary series . GMF’s exchange programs also expanded with the addition of American Marshall Memorial Fellows , the initiation of the Manfred Worner Seminar for defense specialists , and the establishment of the Congress-Bundestag Forum . By the mid-2000s , GMF established itself as a major convener on transatlantic issues . In 2004 , GMF organized a major conference in Istanbul in the run up to the NATO Summit , which led to the opening of an office in Ankara . In 2005 , GMF hosted President George W . Bush in Brussels , where he delivered the first foreign speech of his second term . The next year , 2006 , saw the first Brussels Forum , now the preeminent conference on transatlantic relations . GMFs convening continued to grow every year and began hosting expert dialogues on Turkey , China , India , and the Mediterranean , as well as events alongside international climate change summits in Copenhagen and Cancun . In 2012 , GMF added a second annual event , The Atlantic Dialogues , in Morocco . Speakers at GMF events have included John Kerry , Robert Gates , Madeleine Albright , Recep Tayyip Erdogan , Catherine Ashton , Condoleezza Rice , Wolfgang Schauble , Gordon Brown , and Zbigniew Brzezinski , among many other European and U.S . heads of state and government , cabinet ministers , and legislators . Major conferences . Brussels Forum . Brussels Forum is an annual high-level meeting of influential U.S. , European , and global political , corporate , and intellectual leaders in Brussels . Participants include heads of state and government , senior officials from the European Union institutions and the member states , U.S . Cabinet officials , Congressional representatives , parliamentarians , academics , and media . Atlantic Dialogues . The Atlantic Dialogues is an annual event in Morocco that brings together around 300 high-level public- and private-sector leaders from around the Atlantic Basin – including Africa and Latin America – for discussion on cross-regional issues ranging from security to economics , migration to energy . Stockholm China Forum . Stockholm China Forum is a bi-annual , trilateral conversation between European , U.S . and Chinese officials , academics , business leaders and other influencers . The forum has run since 2007 , when it was established to create an informal , off-the-record space to foster transatlantic cooperation on China policy , and trilateral cooperation on areas of agreement and mutual interest . Leadership programs . - Marshall Memorial Fellowship - Transatlantic Inclusion Leadership Network - Manfred Wörner Seminar - The Policy Designers Network ( PDN )