lycée et collège Victor-Duruy Aix-en-Provence
Marguerite Rouvière was an employee for whom from 1943 to 1947?
Marguerite Rouvière Marguerite Marie Charlotte Rouvière ( 27 June 1889 – 30 January 1966 ) was a French physicist , teacher and translator , a pioneer for women in French science as student , teacher and union member . Biography . She was born in Pertuis , Vaucluse , in the Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur region and was known as Magali to her family . She was the eldest of three daughters of Lucie Marie Joséphine Maurizot and Émile Rouvière , an army administrator with the rank of artillery lieutenant , a former student of one of the Grandes écoles , the École Polytechnique known as lX , and a knight of the Legion of honour . In 1908 , she achieved her ( English : Graduate preparatory certificate ) in physics , chemistry and natural sciences with good honours . In 1910 , she became the first woman to be accepted at another of the Grandes écoles , the highly selective and prestigious École Normale Supérieure of Rue dUlm Street ( ENS ) after her case was discussed and her enrolment confirmed by the . On her behalf , her egalitarian father had asked the director of the ENS - the celebrated historian Ernest Lavisse - to allow her entry . It was agreed , the administration having discussed prior successes of two other young women in mathematics and natural sciences , Liouba Bortniker and Marie Robert respectively ( Rouvières sister , Jeanne , enrolled two years later ) . In 1913 , she followed this by becoming the first female winner of the , a competition for the recruitment of teachers for schools and universities : successful students of the school are regarded as civil servants . She undertook a doctoral scholarship for two years , unencumbered by the wartime obligations of the male students . Her studentship at the ENS had been reported nationally with contrary attitudes . The front page of Le Matin - illustrated with a photograph of Rouvière - bore the headline , La première taupine de France . [ is ENS argot for a student of preparatory science courses , hence the feminine form , taupine ] . It stated that here was a young woman whose drive bypassed the expected frivolities of youth towards transcendental mathematics . Conversely , she was scoffed at in Femina - a conservative and bourgeois-leaning womens magazine - which claimed that out of over a thousand women interviewed , most did not approve of her presence there . Femina included a photograph of the three Rouvière sisters - Marguerite , Jeanne and Madeleine - and commented on her sister , Jeanne , who was aiming to go to the Lycée Buffon , that more than one pupil would find the teacher more attractive than the subjects . ( Jeanne spent two years at Lycée Buffon and afterwards published a translation of Albert Einsteins special and general theories of relativity ) . At the ENS itself , initial surprise among many gave way to curiosity and interest towards a balanced and intelligent girl . She was supported by practising catholics there . However , as an ENS existed for young women at , some considered that she was therefore taking the place of a young man , without having to do national service . A number of teaching staff bemoaned Rouvières inclusion , including Henri Abraham , the professor of Physics ( later to be killed in Auschwitz concentration camp ) who excoriated her about a [ quite accurate ] statement she made on a difficult topic , leaving her in tears . In this environment , she was helped by her colleague , Jean Rivière , whom she later married . She was only able to claim licence holder status as a woman [ statut de boursière de licence ] from her time at the ENS - for example , she could not teach in a boys school or be entitled to a pension until a ministerial decree of 1927 . She translated into French the work of father-and-son Nobel-prize winners William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg , X-Rays and Crystal Structure , and that of the discoverer of the eponymous Lyman series of ultraviolet emission lines Theodore Lyman , The Spectroscopy of the Extreme Ultra-Violet . She was scientific editor of a French translation of Frank E . Westons Practical Manual of Organic Analysis . She married Jean Rivière ( born 18 May 1889 ) on 17 October 1916 . He was the son of a librarian from Douai and became a naval engineer and then a researcher for the French National Centre for Scientific Research ( CNRS ) . She gave up teaching during motherhood . She had three children , Jacques ( 1918 ) , Michel ( 1924 ) and Danielle ( 1927 ) . Jacques enrolled at ENS in 1939 but became ill . Rouvière asked to be reassigned from the Lycée Fénelon , Paris , to Marseille or Grenoble during his recovery ( hed gone to Marseille , where his father worked ) and was finally employed at Aix-en-Provence . When Jacques got better he resumed his studies in Marseille , and Rouvière was reinstated in her Paris job . However , Jacques died in July 1943 , and she was assigned a less demanding role at the Lycée et collège Victor-Duruy . As a teacher , from April to July 1915 , she worked at the Lycée Pasteur ( Neuilly-sur-Seine ) for eight hours per week . Through the remainder of 1915 and 1916 she taught Physics without full teaching status for six hours weekly at Lycée Carnot in Paris . She was a teacher for - that is for the same competitive state scientific environment she succeeded in - at the boys high school in Toulon for entry to the naval school ( from January 1930 , at the request of the management ) . In 1930 , she became the first female member of the ( Accueil | prepas.org ) . In 1933 , she taught science at the girls high school in Toulon . Later she taught at the lycée Fénelon ( 1936-1942 , then 1943 ) , with an interlude at the girls high school in Tournon , Ardèche ( 1939-1940 ) , then Aix-en-Provence ( 1942-1943 ) and finally the lycée et collège Victor-Duruy ( 1943-1955 ) . Her peers described her luminous intelligence and exceptional mastery , without any weakness . She retired in 1955 and settled in Aix-en-Provence . She died on January 30 , 1966 , aged 76 . She was buried in a religious ceremony at Jouques , 25 kilometres north-east of Aix-en-Provence . Jean Rivière was buried in the same plot after his death on 16 June 1975 . Awards . - 1946 : Officer of Public Instruction . - 1948 : Chevalier de la legion dhonneur ( Knight of the Legion of Honour ) . Published works . - Weston , Frank E. : Manuel pratique danalyse organique , Paris , 1921 ( as scientific editor ) - Bragg , William Henry ; Bragg , Wiliam Lawrence : Rayons X et structure cristalline , Paris , Gauthier-Villars , 1921 ( as translator ) - Lyman , Theodore : Lultra-violet , Paris , F . Alcan , 1924 ( as translator ) Further reading . - 1910 | ENS ( photograph of Marguerite Rouvière ) - Brasseur , Roland : Quelques scientifiques ayant enseigné en classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles . Bulletin de l’Union des Professeurs de Spéciales , No.234 , Paris , April 2011