United States Special Representative for Venezuela
Which position did Elliott Abrams hold from 2019 to 2020?
Elliott Abrams Elliott Abrams ( born January 24 , 1948 ) is an American politician and lawyer , who has served in foreign policy positions for Presidents Ronald Reagan , George W . Bush , and Donald Trump . Abrams is considered to be a neoconservative . He is currently a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations . On January 25 , 2019 , he was appointed as Special Representative for Venezuela . On September 1 , 2020 , he was further appointed to concurrently serve as the U.S . Special Representative for Iran . He is best known for his involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal during the Reagan administration , which led to his conviction in 1991 on two misdemeanor counts of unlawfully withholding information from Congress . He was later pardoned by George H.W . Bush . During George W . Bushs first term , he served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director on the National Security Council for Near East and North African Affairs . At the start of Bushs second term , Abrams was promoted to be his Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy , in charge of promoting Bushs strategy of advancing democracy abroad . In the Bush administration , Abrams was a supporter of the Iraq War . Background . Elliott Abrams was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1948 . His father was an immigration lawyer . Abrams attended the Little Red School House in New York City , a private high school whose students at the time included the children of many of the citys notable left-wing activists and artists . Abrams parents were Democrats . His first cousin is attorney Floyd Abrams . Abrams received his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 1969 , a masters degree in international relations from the London School of Economics in 1970 , and his J.D . from Harvard Law School in 1973 . He practiced law in New York in the summers for his father , and then at Breed , Abbott & Morgan from 1973 to 1975 and with Verner , Liipfert , Bernhard , McPherson and Hand from 1979 to 1981 . Abrams worked as an assistant counsel on the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1975 , then worked as a staffer on Senator Henry Scoop Jacksons brief campaign for the 1976 Democratic Party presidential nomination . From 1977 through 1979 , he served as special counsel and ultimately as chief of staff for the then-new senator Daniel Moynihan . Dissatisfaction with President Carters foreign policy led Abrams to campaign for Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election . Career . Assistant Secretary of State , 1980s . Abrams first came to national prominence when he served as Reagans Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs in the early 1980s and later as Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs . His nomination to Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs was unanimously approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on November 17 , 1981 . Abrams was Reagans second choice for the position ; his first nominee , Ernest W . Lefever , had been rejected by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on June 5 , 1981 . During his time in the post , Abrams clashed regularly with church groups and human rights organizations , including Human Rights Watch . According to an article in The Washington Post , in a 1984 appearance on the program Nightline , Abrams clashed with Aryeh Neier , the Executive Director of Human Rights Watch and with the leader of Amnesty International , over the Reagan administrations foreign policies . They accused him of covering up atrocities committed by the military forces of U.S.-backed governments , including those in El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala , and the rebel Contras in Nicaragua . Abrams accused critics of the Reagan administrations foreign policy towards Latin America of being Un-American and unpatriotic . In an October 1981 memo , weeks prior to his confirmation in the Senate , Abrams asserted , human rights is at the core of our foreign policy . Critics say that Abrams and the Reagan administration misappropriated the term human rights , with Tamar Jacoby writing in 1986 , in a period that more or less coincided with Abrams tenure as assistant secretary of state for human rights , the White House endeavored to appropriate the banner of human rights for itself to use it in battle not only against communist regimes but also , in a more defensive way , against domestic opponents of its human rights policy . The Lawyers Committee , Americas Watch and Helsinki Watch wrote a report in 1985 , charging that Abrams had developed and articulated a human rights ideology which complements and justifies Administration policies and undermined the purpose of the human rights bureau in the State Department . According to American University political scientist William M . LeoGrande , Communist governments were the worst human rights violators in the world , Abrams believed , so virtually anything done to prevent Communists from coming to power ( or to overthrow them ) was justifiable on human rights grounds . This theory fit neatly into the Cold War presumptions that framed Reagans foreign policy and allowed the administration to rationalize supporting murderous regimes so long as they were anti-Communists . In practice , it was little different from Henry Kissingers realpolitik that discounted human rights issues entirely . Abrams was generally considered a skilled and influential bureaucrat in the human rights bureau . Guatemala . As Assistant Secretary of State , Abrams advocated for aid to Guatemala under then dictator Efraín Ríos Montt . Ríos Montt came to power via a coup in 1982 , overcoming the forces of General Fernando Romeo Lucas García . Thirty years later , Ríos Montt was found guilty of overseeing a campaign of mass murder and torture of indigenous people , genocide , in Guatemala . Ríos Montt , who claimed he had no operational control of the forces involved , was convicted of genocide against the Maya-Ixil population . El Salvador . Abrams frequently defended the human rights record of the El Salvador government and attacked human rights groups as communist sympathizers when they criticized the El Salvador government . In early 1982 , when reports of the El Mozote massacre of hundreds of civilians by the military in El Salvador began appearing in U.S . media , Abrams told a Senate committee that the reported number of deaths at El Mozote was not credible , reasoning that the reported number of deaths was greater than the likely population , and that there were survivors . He said that it appears to be an incident that is at least being significantly misused , at the very best , by the guerrillas . The massacre had come at a time when the Reagan administration was attempting to bolster the human rights image of the Salvadoran military . Abrams implied that reports of a massacre were simply FMLN propaganda and denounced U.S . investigative reports of the massacre as misleading . In March 1993 , the Salvadoran Truth Commission reported that over 500 civilians were deliberately and systematically executed in El Mozote in December 1981 by forces affiliated with the Salvadoran government . Also in 1993 , documentation emerged suggesting that some Reagan administration officials could have known about El Mozote and other human rights violations from the beginning . However , in July 1993 , an investigation commissioned by Clinton Secretary of State Warren Christopher into the State Departments activities and conduct with regard to human rights in El Salvador during the Reagan years found that , despite U.S . funding of the Salvadoran government that committed the massacre at El Mozote , individual U.S . personnel performed creditably and occasionally with personal bravery in advancing human rights in El Salvador . Abrams said in 2001 that Washingtons policy in El Salvador was a fabulous achievement . In 2019 he said that the fabulous achievement was that El Salvador has been a democracy . In a 1998 interview , Abrams remarked , While it was important to us to promote the cause of human rights in Central America it was more important to prevent a communist takeover in El Salvador . Nicaragua . When Congress shut down funding for the Contras efforts to overthrow Nicaraguas Sandinista government with the 1982 Boland Amendment , members of the Reagan administration began looking for other avenues for funding the group . Congress opened a couple of such avenues when it modified the Boland Amendment for fiscal year 1986 by approving $27 million in direct aid to the Contras and allowing the administration to legally solicit funds for the Contras from foreign governments . Neither the direct aid , nor any foreign contributions , could be used to purchase weapons . Guided by the new provisions of the modified Boland Amendment , Abrams flew to London in August 1986 and met secretly with Bruneian defense minister General Ibnu to solicit a $10-million contribution from the Sultan of Brunei . Ultimately , the Contras never received this money because a clerical error in Oliver Norths office ( a mistyped account number ) sent the Bruneian money to the wrong Swiss bank account . Iran-Contra affair and convictions . In October 1986 , a plane flown by Eugene Hasenfus , carrying military equipment intended for the Contras , a right-wing rebel group fighting against the socialist Sandinista government of Nicaragua , was shot down over Nicaragua . The Reagan administration publicly denied that Hasenfus sought to arm the Contras as part of a US government mission . However , the State Department was centrally involved in the covert plan to fund the Contras , which violated congressional legislation . In congressional testimony in October 1986 , Abrams repeatedly and categorically denied that the US government was involved in arming the Contras . However , at the time , Abrams knew that [ Oliver ] North was encouraging , coordinating and directing the activities of the contra-resupply operation and that North was in contact with the private citizens who were behind the lethal resupply fights . During investigation of the Iran-Contra Affair , Lawrence Walsh , the Independent Counsel tasked with investigating the case , prepared multiple felony counts against Abrams . In 1991 , Abrams admitted that he knew more than he acknowledged in his congressional testimony , cooperated with Walsh and entered into a plea agreement in which he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of withholding information from Congress . For failing to cooperate , he would have faced felony charges of perjury over his congressional testimony . He was sentenced to a $50 fine , probation for two years , and 100 hours of community service . Abrams was pardoned by President George H . W . Bush in December 1992 . In 1997 , Abrams was publicly sanctioned by the District of Columbia Bar for giving false testimony to Congress about the Iran-Contra affair . Although several of the courts judges recommended disbarment , the court ultimately declined to disbar Abrams over questions related to the effect of Abrams Presidential pardon for his prior criminal conduct . Bush administration . President George W . Bush appointed Abrams to the post of Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy , Human Rights , and International Operations at the National Security Council on June 25 , 2001 . Abrams was appointed special assistant to the President and the NSCs senior director for Near East and North African Affairs on December 2 , 2002 . Human rights groups and commentators expressed disquiet over his White House appointment owing to his disreputable conduct and conviction in the Iran–Contra affair investigation and his role in overseeing the Reagan administrations foreign policy in Latin America . The Observer wrote that Abrams had advance knowledge of , and gave a nod to , the Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 against Hugo Chávez . The Intercept has reported that Abrams had a key role in disrupting a peace plan proposed by Iran , right after the U.S . invasion to Iraq in 2003 . Abrams office received this plan by fax . They should have passed the plan to Condoleezza Rice . But she never saw it . Later , Abrams’s spokesperson got asked about the plan and he said “he had no memory of any such fax.” On February 2 , 2005 , Bush appointed Abrams deputy national security adviser for Global Democracy Strategy , where he served until the end of his administration on January 20 , 2009 . Abrams accompanied Condoleezza Rice as a primary adviser on her visits to the Middle East in late July 2006 in the course of discussions relating to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict . Post-Bush administration . On May 16 , 2016 , Abrams wrote a historical piece in The Weekly Standard predicting that Donald Trump would fail colossally in the 2016 election to which he drew parallels with the 1972 election . On December 23 , 2016 , Abrams , a strong supporter of Israel , criticized Barack Obama for undermining Israels elected government , prevent its action against Irans nuclear weapons program , and create as much daylight as possible between the United States and Israel . Abrams condemned Obamas decision not to block a UN resolution criticizing Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories . In February 2017 , it was reported that Abrams was Secretary of State Rex Tillersons first pick for Deputy Secretary of State , but that Tillerson was overruled by Trump . Trump aides were supportive of Abrams , but Trump opposed him because of Abrams opposition during the campaign . Abrams is a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations . Additionally , he holds positions on the Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf ( CPSG ) , Center for Security Policy & National Secretary Advisory Council , Committee for a Free Lebanon , and the Project for the New American Century . He is a member of the U.S . Holocaust Memorial Council and maintained a CFR blog called Pressure Points about U.S . foreign policy and human rights . He was on the faculty of Georgetown University . Trump administration . On January 25 , 2019 , Secretary of State Mike Pompeo appointed Abrams as the United States Special Representative for Venezuela . In February 2019 , Rep . Ilhan Omar ( D-Minn. ) questioned whether Abrams was the correct choice because he had been convicted for lying to Congress in the past and given his role in the Iran-Contra affair and support for CIA-backed right-wing dictatorships in Central America in the 1980s . Upon the resignation of Brian Hook , Abrams was selected to succeed him as United States Special Representative for Iran . Both positions were merged into the United States Special Representative for Iran and Venezuela as of September 1 , 2020 . Political views . Abrams is neoconservative and was one of the Bush administrations intellectual architects of the Iraq War . Abrams is also pro-Israel . Abrams originally opposed Trumps candidacy for President , writing an op-ed in The Weekly Standard titled When You Cant Stand Your Candidate . Abrams supported Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio during the Republican primaries for the 2016 presidential election . Personal life . Through Senator Moynihan , Abrams was introduced to Rachel Decter , the stepdaughter of Moynihans friend Norman Podhoretz , editor of Commentary . They were married from 1980 until her death in June 2013 . He has two sons , Jacob and Joseph , and one daughter , Sarah .