What organization did Georges Duby join in Oct 1986?
Georges Duby Georges Duby ( 7 October 1919 – 3 December 1996 ) was a French historian who specialised in the social and economic history of the Middle Ages . He ranks among the most influential medieval historians of the twentieth century and was one of Frances most prominent public intellectuals from the 1970s to his death . Born to a family of Provençal craftsmen living in Paris , Duby was initially educated in the field of historical geography before he moved into history . He earned an undergraduate degree at Lyon in 1942 and completed his graduate thesis at the Sorbonne under Charles-Edmond Perrin in 1952 . He taught first at Besançon and then at the University of Aix-en-Provence before he was appointed in 1970 to the Chair of the History of Medieval Society in the Collège de France . He remained attached to the Collège until his retirement in 1991 . He was elected to the Académie française in 1987 . Impact of the Mâconnais book . Although Duby authored dozens of books , articles and reviews during his prolific career—for academic as well as popular audiences—his reputation and legacy as a scholar will always be attached to his first monograph , a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the Mâconnais region ) . La société exerted a profound influence on medieval scholarship in the second half of the twentieth century , placing the study of medieval feudal society on an entirely new footing . Working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian monastery of Cluny , as well as the dioceses of Mâcon and Dijon , Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the Mâconnais region , charting a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000 . Duby argued that in early eleventh century , governing institutions—particularly comital courts established under the Carolingian monarchy—that had represented public justice and order in Burgundy during the ninth and tenth centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong-arm tactics and threats of violence . The emergence of this new , decentralized society of dynastic lords could then explain such later eleventh-century phenomena as the Peace of God , the Gregorian reform movement and the Crusades . Following upon this , Duby formulated a famous theory about the Crusades : that the tremendous response to the idea of holy war against the Muslims can be traced to the desire of disinherited ( but well-armed ) second and third sons of this French parvenue aristocracy to make their fortunes by venturing abroad and settling in the Levant . While Dubys theory had long-lasting influence , later scholars such as Jonathan Riley-Smith have done much to discredit it , arguing that there was no large-scale shortage of land in Western Europe at the time , that knights actually lost money going on crusade , and that lay religious sentiment was their primary motivation . Dubys intensive and rigorous examination of a local society based on archival sources and a broad understanding of the social , environmental and economic bases of daily life became a standard model for medieval historical research in France for decades after the appearance of La société . Throughout the 1970s and 80s , French doctoral students investigated their own corners of medieval France , Italy and Spain in a similar way , hoping to compare and contrast their own results with those of Dubys Mâconnais and its thesis about the transformation of European society at the end of the first millennium . Although he was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre that came to be known as the Annales School , Duby was in many ways the most visible exponent of the Annaliste tradition , emphasizing the need to place people and their daily lives at the center of historical inquiry . Histoire des mentalités . Duby was also a pioneer in what he and other Annaliste historians in the 1970s and 80s came to call the history of mentalities , or the study of not just what people did , but their value systems and how they imagined their world . In books like The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined and The Age of Cathedrals , Duby showed how ideals and social reality existed in dynamic relationship to one another . His distilled biographical essay on William Marshal set the knights career in the context of feudal loyalties , honour and the chivalric frame of mind . Dubys interest in the idea of historical mentalities extended to thinking about the position of contemporary society vis-a-vis its past . In Le Dimanche de Bouvines ( 1973 ) on the pivotal 1214 battle of Bouvines , Duby chose not to analyze the battle itself , but the ways it had been represented and remembered over time and the role its memory had played in the formation of French ideas about its medieval past . The book remains a classic of Annales-style historiography , eschewing the great man and event-oriented theories of political history in favor of asking questions about the evolution of historical perceptions and ideas over the long term , the longue durée . Duby also wrote frequently in newspapers and popular journals and was a regular guest on radio and television programs promoting historical awareness and support for the arts and social sciences in France . He served as the first director of Société dédition de programmes de télévision ( aka La Sept ) , a French broadcast network dedicated to educational programming . His last book , Lhistoire continue ( History Continues ) ( 1991 ; Engl . trans . 1994 ) , is an intellectual autobiography . In it , Duby stresses the importance of the historian as a public figure who can make the past relevant and exciting to those in the present . Honours and awards . Honours . - Commandeur of the Legion of Honour . - Grand officier of the National Order of Merit . - Commandeur of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques . - Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . - Chevalier of the Order of Agricultural Merit . - Officier of the Order of Orange-Nassau . Awards . - Grand prix Gobert ( 1977 ) - Prix des Ambassadeurs ( France , 1973 ) - Lauréat du concours général ( France ) Acknowledgement . - Member of the Académie Française - Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres - Member of the British Academy - Member of the Medieval Academy of America - Member of the Royal Academy of Science , Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium - Member of the Accademia dei Lincei - Member of the Academia Europaea - Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Member of the Royal Spanish Academy - Member of the Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona - Member of the American Philosophical Society - Member of the Royal Historical Society Honorary degrees . - University of Cambridge - University of Oxford - University of Amsterdam - Université catholique de Louvain - University of Liège - Université de Montréal - American University of Paris - University of Granada - University of Santiago de Compostela - John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Selected bibliography . - A History of French Civilization ( with Robert Mandrou ) ( New York : Random House ) 1964 - The Making of the Christian West : 980–1140 ; The Europe of the Cathedrals : 1140–1280 ; Foundations of a New Humanism : 1280–1440 ( Geneva : Skira ) 1966–67 - Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West ( ( Columbia : University of South Carolina Press ) 1968 - The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( Ithaca : Cornell ) University Press ) 1974 - La Société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise ( portions translated in The Chivalrous Society ( 1978 ; repr . 1981 ) ) - Le Dimanche de Bouvines ( 1973 ) ( Translated in English as The Legend of Bouvines ( 1990 ) ) - The Year 1000 ( 1974 ) . - The Early Growth of the European Economy : Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press ) , 1974 . - The Age of the Cathedrals : Art and Society 980–1420 ( 1976 ) . - The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press ) 1981 . - Dialogues , with Guy Lardreau , Paris , Flammarion , 1981 , repr . Les petits Platons , 2013 . - The Knight , The Lady , and the Priest : The Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France ( New York : Pantheon ) 1981 . - Guillaume le Maréchal ( Paris : Fayard ) , 1983 , tr . as William Marshal : The Flower of Chivalry ( 1984 ) . - Lhistoire continue ( 1991 ) External links . - George Duby profile ; accessed 19 June 2015 . - Catalogue des ouvrages : « Fonds Georges DUBY » - Dubys personal research library - Pour une révision du « mâle » Moyen Âge de Georges Duby ( États-Unis ) , books.google.com ; accessed 19 June 2015 .