Count of Tripoli
What was the noble title of Bohemond IV of Antioch from 1189 to 1201?
Bohemond IV of Antioch Bohemond IV of Antioch , also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed ( ; 1175–1233 ) , was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233 , and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233 . He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch . The dying Raymond III of Tripoli offered his county to Bohemonds elder brother , Raymond , but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187 . Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria , conquered the county , save for the capital and two fortresses , in summer 1188 . Raymond died in early 1197 , leaving a posthumous son , Raymond-Roupen . Raymond-Roupens mother , Alice , was the niece of Leo I of Cilicia who persuaded the Antiochene noblemen to acknowledge Raymond-Roupens right to succeed his grandfather . However , the Latin and Greek burghers proclaimed Bohemond heir to his father . After his father died in April 1201 , Bohemond seized Antioch with the support of the burghers , the Knights Templar and Hospitallers , and the Italian merchants . Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi , the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo , and Kaykaus I , the Seljuq sultan of Rum , who often invaded Cilicia during the following years , to prevent Leo I from attacking Antioch . Conflicts between Bohemond and the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond-Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216 , but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219 . After Leo Is death , Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son , Philip , but Constantine of Baberon , who had administered Cilicia during the previous years , imprisoned Philip in 1224 . Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I , sultan of Rum , but he could not prevent Philips murder in 1225 . Early life . Bohemond was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch by his first wife , Orgueilleuse of Harenc . He was born around 1175 . His mother was last mentioned in a charter issued in 1175 . Bohemonds widowed father married a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos , Theodora , but he repudiated her shortly after Manuels death in 1180 . He married Sybil , an Antiochene noblewoman , described as a prostitute or sorcerer by 12th-century authors . She was a spy of Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria . Aimery of Limoges , Latin Patriarch of Antioch , excommunicated Bohemonds father for his third marriage . Reign . Count of Tripoli . The childless Raymond III of Tripoli decided to bequeath his county to his godson , Raymond , who was Bohemonds elder brother . Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli , because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states . Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond . The dying count , who was a member of the House of Toulouse , also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse , Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him . Raymond died in late 1187 . Charters issued during the first years of Bohemonds rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while . After Saladin conquered almost the whole Kingdom of Jerusalem in the second half of 1187 , Queen Sibylla sought shelter in Tripoli , which became a center of her supporters . The noblemen who condemned her husband , Guy of Lusignan , for the fall of the kingdom , joined Conrad of Montferrat at Tyros . Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria . He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188 , but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town . After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala ( present-day Tartus and Jableh in Syria ) in July , only Tripoli , Krak des Chevaliers , and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county . Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife . Guy , Sybilla , and their supporters left Tripoli and laid siege to Acre in August 1189 . The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive . Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade , but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192 . Taking advantage of the crusade , Bohemonds father made a ten-year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192 . The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli . Bohemonds stepmother , Sybil , wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son , William . Leo , Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions . With her assistance , he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194 . Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him , but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town . The commune proclaimed Bohemond IIIs elder son , Raymond , regent . Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother , compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia . Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia . Raymond died in early 1197 . His widow , Alice , was Leo of Cilicias niece and heir . Bohemond III sent Alice and her posthumous son , Raymond-Roupen , to Leo , implying that he wanted to disinherit his grandson . Leo of Cilicia persuaded the papal legate , Conrad of Wittelsbach , Archbishop of Mainz , to visit Antioch . On the archbishops demand , Bohemond III declared Raymond-Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy . Raymond-Roupen was the only son of the first-born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture , but Bohemond was Bohemond IIIs closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood . In early 1198 , Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants , promising new grants to them . The commune also acknowledged his claim to rule , because the burghers feared that the Armenians influence would increase if Raymond-Roupen succeeded his grandfather . Bohemond returned to Tripoli shortly after his claim was confirmed , because Leo of Cilicia broke into the principality to restore Bohemond III . Bohemond styled himself son of Prince Bohemond of Antioch and by the grace of God count of Tripoli to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch . War of Succession . Bohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201 . The commune confirmed his right to rule . The military orders also supported him , but the noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia . Leo of Cilicia besieged Antioch to assert Raymond-Roupens claim . Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi , the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo , and Kaykaus I , the Seljuq sultan of Rum , who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia . Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond , promising to unite the Armenian Church with Rome . Pope Innocent III sent Cardinal Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203 . Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate , stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers . Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers , but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement , because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality . In 1203 , Renoart of Nephin , Bohemonds vassal , married Isabel the heiress of Gibelcar , without his authorization . The High Court of Tripoli ordered the confiscation of Renoarts fiefs . However , he decided to resist and gained the support of Leo and Aimery , the king of Cyprus and Jerusalem . Bohemond traveled to Acre in summer 1204 to meet Marie of Champagne . Her husband , Baldwin I , had been recently crowned emperor in Constantinople . He did homage to her , acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin emperors over Antioch . Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia , but she died in August . Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204 . Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town . He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery died in April 1205 . He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year , forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus . Before long , Bohemond returned to Antioch . Bohemond had already been on bad terms with the Latin patriarch of Antioch , Peter of Angoulême . Taking advantage of a conflict between the patriarch and the papal legate , Peter Capuano , Bohemond restored the Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Antioch , Symeon II , in early 1206 or 1207 . Peter of Angoulême and the papal legate were reconciled and the patriarch excommunicated Bohemond , Symeon and the commune with the approval of the Holy See . He also imposed an interdict on Antioch , but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches . Peter of Angoulême helped Raymond-Roupens supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207 . Surprised by the coup , Bohemond sought refuge in the citadel . Although Leo of Cilicia also entered the town , Bohemond was able to muster his troops and defeat his enemies . He captured and imprisoned the Latin patriarch who refused to acknowledge him as the lawful prince . After Peter of Angoulême died of thirst , Pope Innocent III ordered Albert Avogadro , the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem , to excommunicate Bohemond . Bohemond continued to support the Eastern Orthodox patriarch and did not allow Peter of Ivrea , the new Latin patriarch of Antioch , to visit his see . He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch , stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin emperors of Constantinople . The Hospitallers made raids against Hama , Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemonds realms . Al-Adil I , the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt , blamed Bohemond for the knights actions . Al-Adil broke into the County of Tripoli , forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209 . Az-Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209 . Cilician soldiers who tried to seize a caravan wounded the grand master of the Knights Templar Guillaume de Chartres , in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211 . Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia . Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch , allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see . John of Brienne , King of Jerusalem , sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians . Leo dispatched Raymond-Roupen to attack the Templars domains in Bohemonds principality in 1212 . A group of Assassins murdered Bohemonds eldest son , Raymond , in 1213 . At the time , the Assassins were tributaries to the Hospitallers and Bohemond suspected the Hospitallers had been involved in the murder . After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi , the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemonds old ally , Az-Zahir Ghazi . Az-Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al-Adil , although they had been enemies . Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az-Zahir Ghazi . Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch . Peter of Ivrea , the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin , who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune , started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond-Roupen . They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216 . The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond-Roupen was installed as prince . Duke Leopold VI of Austria , who landed at Acre in late summer 1217 , invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade . Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre . However , the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command . Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218 . Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hughs half-sister Melisende in Tripoli . During the same year , Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli . Conflicts . In 1219 , a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond-Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicias support . Their leader , William Farabel , urged Bohemond to come to Antioch . Raymond-Roupen sought refuge in the citadel , but he was forced to leave Antioch . He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers . Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality . The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance . Before long , Bohemond granted Jabala ( which was still to be conquered ) to the Templars although Raymond-Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers . The papal legate , Cardinal Pelagius , brokered an agreement between the military orders , dividing the town between them . However , Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers . After he confiscated their property in Antioch , Pelagius excommunicated him . Constantine of Baberon , the regent for Isabella of Cilicia , offered her hand to Bohemonds son , Philip , because he needed Bohemonds assistance against Kayqubad I , Sultan of Rum . Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222 . Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia . Philips blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him . Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224 . Bohemond tried to ensure his sons liberation through negotiations . He appealed to Pope Honorius III , but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him . Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia . Although Bohemonds son had already been poisoned , Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia . Shortly after Bohemonds departure , Shihab ad-Din Toghril , atabeg of Aleppo , broke into the Principality of Antioch . After learning of his sons death and Toghrils invasion , Bohemond hurried back . The Holy Roman Emperor , Frederick II , summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus . Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228 . Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond , but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin . Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229 , but Bohemonds realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al-Kamil , sultan of Egypt , on 18 February 1229 . At the Hospitallers request , Pope Gregory IX repeated the excommunication of Bohemond in March 1230 . He authorized Gerald of Lausanne , Patriarch of Jerusalem , to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers . With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins , Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231 . Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch . The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them . Before long , Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See . John of Ibelin , who was the leader of Emperor Fredericks opponents in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus , tried to convince Bohemond to support their cause . John sent his son , Balian , to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond , but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict . Bohemond died in March 1233 , a few weeks before the popes confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli . He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries . Family . Bohemonds first wife , Plaisance , was the daughter of Hugh III Embriaco , Lord of Jabala , and Stephanie of Milly . The marriage secured Bohemonds position in the County of Tripoli . Raymond , the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance , was murdered at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa in 1213 at the age of 18 . Bohemond was succeeded by his second son , Bohemond , in both Antioch and Tripoli . Bohemonds and Plaisances third son , Philip , who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia , ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224 . He died in prison . Bohemonds youngest son , Henry , married Isabella of Cyprus ; their son , Hugh inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268 . Bohemonds second wife , Melisende de Lusignan , was the youngest daughter of Aimery , King of Cyprus and Jerusalem , and Isabella I of Jerusalem . Their daughter , Mary , laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew , Hugh , in 1268 . She died after 1307 .