Aldine Press was managed or directed by whom from 1533 to 1561?
Aldine Press The Aldine Press was the printing office started by Aldus Manutius in 1494 in Venice , from which were issued the celebrated Aldine editions of the classics ( Latin and Greek masterpieces plus a few more modern works ) . The first book that was dated and printed under his name appeared in 1495 . The Aldine Press is famous in the history of typography , among other things , for the introduction of italics . The press was the first to issue printed books in the small octavo size , similar to that of a modern paperback , and like that intended for portability and ease of reading . According to Curt F . Bühler , the press issued 132 books during twenty years of activity under Aldus Manutius . After Aldus’s death in 1515 the press was continued by his wife , Maria and her father , Andrea Torresani ( ) , until his son , Paulus Manutius ( 1512–1574 ) took over . His grandson Aldus Manutius the Younger then ran the firm until his death in 1597 . Today , the antique books printed by the Aldine Press in Venice are referred to as Aldines . The press enjoyed a monopoly of works printed in Greek in the Republic of Venice , effectively giving it copyright protection . Protection outside the Republic was more problematic , however . The firm maintained an agency in Paris , but its commercial success was affected by many counterfeit editions , produced in Lyons and elsewhere . Beginnings . Aldus Manutius , the founder of the Aldine Press , was originally a humanist scholar and teacher . Manutius met Andrea Torresani , who had acquired publishing equipment from Nicholas Jensons widow . The Aldine Press was originally owned half by Pier Francesco Barbarigo , the nephew of the current doge of the time , Agostino Barbarigo , and the other half by Andrea Torresani . Manutius owned one fifth of Torresanis share . Manutius mainly was in charge of the scholarship and editing , leaving financial and operating concerns to Barbarigo and Torresani . In 1496 , Aldus established his own location in a building called the Thermae in the Sestiere di San Polo on the campo SantAgostin today numero civico ( house number ) 2343 San Polo on the calle della Chiesa ( alley of the Church ) , now the location of the restaurant Due Colonne . Though there are two commemorative plaques on the building numero civico 2311 Rio Terà Secondo , historians regard them to be erroneously placed based on contemporaneous letters addressed to Manutius ; the first erroneous plaque had been placed by Abbot don Vincenzo Zenier in 1828 . Manutius lived and worked in the Thermae to produce published books from the Aldine Press . This was also the location of the New Academy , where a group of Manutius friends , associates , and editors came together to translate Greek and Latin texts . In 1505 , Manutius married Maria , the daughter of Andrea Torresani of Asola . Torresani and Manutius were already business partners , but the marriage combined the two partners shares in the publishing business . After the marriage , Manutius lived at Torresanis house . Shrinking in popularity , in 1506 the Aldine Press was moved to Torresanis house in the parish of San Paternian . It was demolished in 1873 and now covered by a bank building in the Venice square , Campo Manin . Accomplishments of the Aldine Press . The press was started by Manutius based on his love of classics and the need of preservation of Hellenic studies . At first the press printed new copies of Plato , Aristotle , and other Greek and Latin classics . The first edition of Platos works , known as Aldine edition , was dedicated to Pope Leo X and included a poem of Marcus Musurus and the life of Plato by Diogenes Laertius , which were also included in the first two editions of Platos works printed in Basel . The two Basel editions were introduced by a Latin preface written by the Greek scholar Simon Grynaeus who dedicated the work to the humanist Thomas More . Manutius also printed dictionaries and grammars to help people interpret the books , used by scholars wanting to learn Greek to employ learned Greeks to teach them directly . Historian Elizabeth Eisenstein claimed that the fall of Constantinople in 1453 had threatened the importance and survival of Greek scholarship , but publications such as those by the Aldine Press secured it . Erasmus was one of the scholars learned in Greek with whom the Aldine Press partnered in order to provide accurately translated text . The Aldine Press also expanded into current languages , mainly Italian and French . Humanist typefaces . Aldus Manutius hired Francesco Griffo to create a typeface designed to reproduce the written hand of the humanists . This resulted in the first adapted and known today as italic type . It was first used to print Cardinal Pietro Bembos De Aetna in 1495 . Before this time print publishing used block letters , the look of handwriting as print was a new phenomenon and , try as he might to prevent it , Manutius typeface was illegally copied , spreading through Europe . Aldus Manutius the Elders portable books . In 1505 Manutius produced plain texts in useful form , using the term enchiridion , meaning a manual or small , hand-held weapon . The octavo was the first appearance of the editio minor , a straightforward text , established as well as the editor can manage . Although these new , portable books were not cheap , the books of the Aldine Press did not force upon their buyers a substantial investment that large volumes of text and commentary demanded during this era . The editio minor , instead , brought financial and logistical benefits to those interested in the classics . An individual didnt have to go to the book , rather now the book came along with them . Imprint and motto . In 1501 , Aldus used as his publishers device the image of a dolphin wrapped around an anchor . The dolphin and anchor device owed its origins most immediately to Pietro Bembo . Aldus was to tell Erasmus six years later that Bembo had given him a silver coin minted under the Emperor Vesparian and bearing an image of this device The image of the dolphin and anchor on the coin came with a saying , Festina Lente , meaning make haste slowly . This would become the motto for the Aldine Press . The Aldine Press after 1515 . Aldus Manutius the Elder died on February 6 , 1515 . After his death the firm was run by Andrea Torresani and his daughter , Maria , the widow of Aldus Manutius . The Aldine Press was named in 1508 as In the House of Aldus and Andrea Torresano which kept this name until 1529 . In 1533 , Paulus Manutius managed the firm , starting it up again and changing its name to Heirs of Aldus and Andrea Torresano . In 1539 the imprint changed to Sons of Aldo Manuzio . In 1567 Aldus Manutius the Younger continued the business until his death . Publications . A partial list of publications from the Aldine Press cited from Aldus Manutius : A Legacy More Lasting than Bronze . - Musarum Panagyris Aldus Manutius , after March 1487 and before March 1491 . - Erotemata cum interpretatione Latina Constantine Lascaris , 8 March 1495 . - Opusculum de Herone et Leandro , quod et in Latinam Linguam ad verbum tralatum est Musaeus , before November 1495 ( Greek text ) and 1497/98 ( Latin text ) . - Dictionarium Graecum Johannes Crastonus , December 1497 . - Institutiones Graecae grammatices Urban Valeriani , January 1497 . - Rudimenta grammatices latinae linguae Aldus Manutius , June 1501 . - Poetae Christiani veteres , June 1502 . - Institutionum grammaticarum libri quatuor Aldus Manutius , December 1514 . - Suda , February 1514 . Works published from the Greeks . Manutius printed thirty editiones principes of Greek texts , allowing these texts to escape the fragility of the manuscript tradition . - Eclogae triginta.. . Theocritus , February 1496 . - Theophrastus de historia plantarum.. . Aristotle , 1 June 1497 . - De mysteriis Aegyptiorum , Chaldaeorum , Assyriorum.. . Iamblichus , September 1497 . - Aristophanis Comoediae novem Aristophanes , 15 July 1498 . - Omnia opera Angeli Politiani.. . Angeloa Ambrogini Poliziano , July 1498 . - Herodoti libri novem quibus musarum indita sunt nomina Herodotus , September 1502 . - Omnia Platonis opera Plato , May 1513 . - Oratores Graeci , May 1513 . - Deipnosophistae Athenaeus , August 1514 . Latin works - Scriptores astronomici veteres Firmicus Maternus , 17 October 1499 . - Petri Bembi de Aetna ad Angelum Chabrielem liber Pietro Bembo , February 1496 . - Diaria de Bello Carolino Alessandro Benedetti , 1496 ( the first published work of the Aldine Press using the humanist typeface ) . - Libellus de epidemia , quam vulgo morgum Gallicum vocant Niccolò Leoniceno , June 1497 . - Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Francesco Colonna , December 1499 . - Epistole devotissime de Sancta Catharina da Siena St . Catherina of Siena , 19 September 1500 . - Opera Publius Vergilius Maro , April 1501 . - Opera Quintus Horatius Flaccus , May 1501 . - Rhetoricorum ad C . Herennium...libri Marcus Tullius Cicero , March 1514 . Libelli Portatiles - Le cose volgari de Messer Francesco Petrarcha Francesco Petrarca , July 1501 . - Opera Catullus , Tibullus , and Propertius , January 1502 . - Epistolae ad familiares Marcus Tullius Cicero , April 1502 . - Le terze rime Dante Alighieri , August 1502 . - Pharsalia Marcus Annaeus Lucanus , April 1502 . - Tragaediae septem cum commentariis Sophocles , August 1502 . - Tragoediae septendecim Euripides , February 1503 . - Fastorum...libri , de tristibus... , de ponto Publius Ovidius Naso , February 1503 . - Florilegium diversorum epigrammatum in septem libros Greek Anthology , November 1503 . - Opera Homer , after 31 October 1504 . - Urania sive de stellis Joannes Jovianus Pontanus , May & August 1505 . - Vita , et Fabellae Aesopi.. . Aesop , October 1505 . - Epistolarum libri decem Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus , November 1508 . - Commentariorum de Bello Gallico libri Gaius Julius Caesar , December 1513 . - Odes Pindar , January 1513 . - Sonetti et Canzoni . Triumphi Francesco Petrarca , August 1514 . Archives . The most nearly complete collection of Aldine editions ever brought together was in the Althorp library of the 2nd Earl Spencer , now in the John Rylands Library , Manchester . In North America , the most substantial Aldine holdings can be found in the Ahmanson-Murphy Aldine Collection at University of California , Los Angeles , at the Harry Ransom Center at University of Texas at Austin , and at the Harold B . Lee Library at Brigham Young University . Bibliography . - Barolini , Helen . Aldus and His Dream Book : An Illustrated Essay . New York : Italica Press , 1992 . - Braida , L . ( 2003 ) Stampa e cultura in Europa . Roma-Bari : Laterza - Davies , Martin ( 1995 ) Aldus Manutius : printer and publisher of Renaissance Venice . London : British Library - Febvre , L . & Martin , H . ( 2001 ) La nascita del libro . Roma-Bari : Laterza - Fletcher , H . G. , III ( 1988 ) New Aldine Studies : documentary essays on the life and work of Aldus Manutius . San Francisco - Lowry , Martin ( 1984 ) Il mondo di Aldo Manuzio – Affari e cultura della Venezia del Rinascimento . Roma : Il Veltro , pp . 441 ( Translated from : The World of Aldus Manutius : Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice , Basil Blackwell , Oxford , 1979 ) . II edizione , con aggiornamento bibliografico , Roma 2000 . - Renouard , A . A . ( 1834 ) Annales de limprimerie des Aldes , ou lhistoire des trois Manuce et de leurs éditions ; 3ème édition . Paris ( the standard bibliography ) - Soave , Fiammetta ( 1991 ) Bibliotheca Aldina : a collection of one hundred publications of Aldus Pius Manutius and the Aldine Press , including some valuable Aldine conterfeits . Rome : F . Soave External links . - Aldus Manutius exhibition at UCLA - 1502 , Venice : ALDUS MANUTIUS - Rylands Aldine collection