Minister of Labour , Employment and Vocational Training
What was the position of Martine Aubry from May 1991 to Mar 1993?
Martine Aubry Martine Louise Marie Aubry ( ; née Delors ; born 8 August 1945 ) is a French politician . She was the First Secretary of the French Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste , or PS ) from November 2008 to April 2012 , and has been the Mayor of Lille ( Nord ) since March 2001 ; she is also the first female to hold this position . Her father , Jacques Delors , served as Minister of Finance under President François Mitterrand and was also President of the European Commission . Aubry joined the PS in 1974 , and was appointed Minister of Labour by Prime Minister Édith Cresson in 1991 , but lost her position in 1993 after the Right won the legislative elections . However , she became Minister of Social Affairs when Lionel Jospin was appointed Prime Minister in 1997 . She is mostly known for having pushed the popular 35-hour workweek law , known as the Loi Aubry , reducing the nominal length of the normal full-time working week from 39 to 35 hours , and the law that created Couverture maladie universelle ( Universal health care coverage ) . Aubry stepped down from her Cabinet post in 2001 to be elected Mayor of Lille in place of Pierre Mauroy . Aubry subsequently lost her seat in the National Assembly in the general election of 2002 . In March 2008 , she was re-elected Mayor of Lille , with 66.55% of the votes . In November 2008 , Aubry was elected to lead the Socialist Party , narrowly defeating Ségolène Royal . While Royal disputed the results , the Socialist Party declared on November 25 , 2008 , that Aubry had won the contested election . On 28 June 2011 , Martine Aubry announced she would seek the Socialist nomination to run in the 2012 presidential election , ultimately losing to François Hollande , her predecessor as First Secretary . Biography . Early life and education . Born in Paris , Aubry is the daughter of Jacques Delors , French Minister of Finance ( 1981–1985 ) and European Commission President ( 1985–1995 ) , and his wife Marie . Aubry was educated at the lycée Notre-Dame-des-Oiseaux and the lycée Paul-Valéry ( in Paris ) . She holds a degree in economic science from Panthéon-Assas University . She did additional studies , gaining a diploma from the Institut des Sciences Sociales du Travail , and one from the Institut dÉtudes Politiques de Paris ( or Sciences Po ) in 1972 . Between 1973 and 1975 , Aubry studied at the École nationale dadministration ( ÉNA , National School of Administration ) . Professional career . In 1975 Aubry became a civil administrator at the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs ( Ministère du Travail et des Affaires sociales ) . During this period , she was active within the French Democratic Confederation of Labour ( CFDT ) . She became a professor at ÉNA in 1978 . In addition , she was seconded to the State Council between 1980 and 1981 . Following the election of François Mitterrand to the French presidency in 1981 , Aubry successively held several posts at the Ministry of Social Affairs , in the cabinets of Jean Auroux and Pierre Bérégovoy . In 1984 , she investigated French asbestos policy for the Comité Permanent Amiante ( Permanent Asbestos Committee , an informal public-private working group formed to manage the health problems of workers affected by asbestos ) . The groups deputy director , Jean-Luc Pasquier , testified before the courts to account for the groups members actions . After the defeat of the socialists in the French legislative election of 1986 , Aubry was named Master of Requests at the State Council . From 1989-91 she worked as Assistant Director at Pechiney , working with Jean Gandois . She was involved with the opening of a plant at Dunkerque and the closure of the aluminium works at Noguères . Political career . Minister of Labour , Employment and Vocational Training : 1991–1993 . Aubry was named Minister of Labour , Employment and Vocational Training by Édith Cresson , and carried on in this capacity in the Bérégovoy ministry until March 1993 . According to Jean-Luc Pasquier , she supported the controlled use of asbestos whilst all other members of the EEC supported an outright ban . She caused the French veto of a European decree against the use of asbestos . France did not ban asbestos until 1997 . In January 2010 , a public health judge charged with investigating former government measures on asbestos had Aubry interrogated by gendarmes in Lille . When the Right came into power at the French legislative election in 1986 , Aubry started the Fondation Agir Contre lExclusion ( FACE , the Act Against Exclusion Foundation ) . In 1995 , Pierre Mauroy named her as the first deputy to the Mayor of Lille , thus giving her a foothold in the department of Nord . Lionel Jospin , who became the socialist candidate as French President in 1995 , made her his campaign spokesman during the presidential campaign . Upon his defeat , Jospin became first secretary of the Socialist Party , and offered her the number two spot , which Aubry refused . Aubry had good relations with part of the establishment , especially with her former Pechiney boss , Jean Gandois , and the Parti communiste francais . But she did not get on well with the unions , in particular with Nicole Notat , the former General Secretary of the CFDT Aubry has been described as hard and demanding . She counters , Je dis les choses en face , je ne suis pas faux-cul . Mais je crois être bien moins dure que beaucoup de gens en politique . Je suis même peut-être trop sensible . ( Im up-front , and Im not a hypocrite . But I think Im much less hard than many politicians . I may even be too sensitive. ) Minister of Employment and Solidarity : 1997–2000 . Elected as a member of the National Assembly , Aubry was appointed in 1997 as Minister of Employment and Solidarity , the most important minister after the Prime Minister . The same year , to fight unemployment , she created a new employment contract for young people ( Emplois-jeunes ) with financial help from the government . In 1998 , a law establishing the 35-hour workweek was adopted . In 1999 , the Couverture maladie universelle ( CMU ) , a program that reimburses medical expenses through social security for everyone , was voted through . Furthermore , for people on low incomes , the CMU offers complementary health coverage of 100% , which is added to standard Social Security payments ; this avoids the necessity for additional private ( top-up ) insurance . 2012 Presidential candidacy . On June 28 , 2011 , Aubry said in a televised address from the former train station of Lille-Saint-Sauveur : I have decided to propose my candidacy to the presidential election . Following the first round of the citizens primary , she faced François Hollande in the second round of voting on October 16 in a two-way runoff . In the final round of voting , Hollande won the nomination with 56.6% of the vote . After Aubrys defeat in the primaries , she became one of the main supporters of the Francois Hollande presidential campaign . Aubrys name had been mentioned as a potential prime minister for François Hollande . But , after Hollande was elected President , he chose Jean-Marc Ayrault as Prime Minister ; Aubry refused to join his cabinet . From 2014 : statements of divergence . On several occasions , Aubry expressed criticism of the Manuel Valls government , including the fact that he was chosen . In October 2014 , she asked for a reorientation of the economic policy . During a press conference held September 23 , 2015 , where Aubry confirmed the choice of Pierre de Saintignon as the head of list for the next coming Regional Elections , she said that the bad polls of the list are partly caused by some choices of the government . She was criticising Emmanuel Macron , Minister of Economy since 2014 . Macron ? How to tell it.. . The cup is full , she said . Political positions held . - Governmental functions - Minister of Labor , Employment and Training 1991–1993 - Minister of Employment and Solidarity 1997–2000 ( resignation ) - Electoral mandates - National Assembly of France - Member of the National Assembly of France for Nord ( 5th constituency ) : elected in 1997 , but became minister in June - Municipal Council - Mayor of Lille since 2001 . Reelected in 2014 - Deputy-mayor of Lille : 1995–2001 - Municipal councillor of Lille since 1995 . Reelected in 2001 , 2008 - Urban community Council - President of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole since 2008 - Vice-president of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole 1995–2008 . Reelected in 2001 - Member of the Urban Community of Lille Métropole since 1995 . Reelected in 2001 , 2008 - Political function - First Secretary ( leader ) of the Socialist Party ( France ) 2008–2012 Bibliography . - 1982 : Pratique de la fonction personnel : le management des ressources humaines ; Martine Aubry , Pierre Balloy , Robert Bosquet , Pierre Cazamian.. . [ etc. ] sous la direction de Dimitri Weiss.. . avec la collaboration de Pierre Morin ; Publication : Paris : Éditions dOrganisation , 1982 ; Description matérielle : 644 p . : ill . ; 25 cm ; - 1992 : Le chômage de longue durée : comprendre , agir , évaluer : actes du Colloque Agir contre le chômage de longue durée , les 18 et 19 novembre 1991 à la Maison de la chimie à Paris / [ organisé par le Ministère du travail , Délégation à lemploi et la Mission interministérielle Recherche expérimentation , MIRE ; textes réunis par Patricia Bouillaguet et Christophe Guitton ; préf . par Martine Aubry ; Colloque Agir contre le chômage de longue durée ( 1991 ; Paris ) France . Mission interministérielle recherche-expérimentation ; Publication : Paris : Syros-Alternatives , 1992 ; Description matérielle : 745 p . : graph . ; 24 cm ; - 1994 : Le choix dagir ; Aubry , Martine ; Publication : Albin Michel , 1994 ; - 1995 : Carnet de route dun maire de banlieue : entre innovations et tempêtes ; Picard , Paul ( préf . de Martine Aubry ) ; Publication : Syros , 1995 ; - 1995 : Petit dictionnaire pour lutter contre lextrême droite ; Aubry , Martine ; Duhamel , Olivier ; Publication : Éd . du Seuil , 1995 ; - 1996 : Pauvretés ; sous la dir . de Claire Brisset , préf . de Martine Aubry ; Publication : Hachette , 1996 ; - 1997 : Il est grand temps ; Aubry , Martine ; Publication : A . Michel , 1997 ; - 1997 : La nouvelle Grande-Bretagne : vers une société de partenaires ; Tony Blair ( préf . de Martine Aubry ) ; Publication : La Tour-dAigues : Éd . de lAube , 1997 ; - 1997 : Martine Aubry : enquête sur une énigme politique ; Burel , Paul ; Tatu , Natacha ; Publication : Calmann-Lévy , 1997 ; - 1998 : Il est grand temps ; Aubry , Martine ; Publication : Librairie générale française , 1998 ; - 2002 : Cest quoi la solidarité ? ; Aubry , Martine ; Publication : A . Michel , 2000 ; - 2000 : Emploi et travail [ Texte imprimé ] : regards croisés ; Olivier Bertrand , Denis Clerc , Yves Clot.. . [ et al. ] ; sous la dir . de Jean Gadrey ( préf . par Martine Aubry ) ; Publication : Montréal ( Québec ) : lHarmattan , 2000 ; - 2002 : La Ville à mille temps ; Sous la direction de Jean-Yves Boulin ( préface de Martine Aubry ) ; - 2002 : Notre-Dame de la Treille , du rêve à la réalité ; Frédéric Vienne ( préface de Martine Aubry ) ; - 2003 : Limportant , cest la santé ; coordonné par Martine Aubry ; Publication : La Tour dAigues : Éd . de lAube , 2003 ; - 2004 : Démocratie participative : Promesses et ambiguïté ; Michel Falise ( préface de Martine Aubry ) ; Publication : Aube ( 5 février 2004 ) ; - 2004 : Notre Sébasto...pol : Mémoire dun Théâtre 1903-2003 ; Edgar Duvivier ( préface de Martine Aubry ) ; Publication Publi-Nord ( 1 mars 2004 ) ; - 2004 : Culture toujours : et plus que jamais ! ; coordonné par Martine Aubry ; Publication : La Tour-dAigues : Éd . de lAube , 2004 ; - 2004 : Réduire les fractures nord/sud : Une utopie ? ; sous la direction de Martine Aubry ; Publication : LAube ( 20 août 2004 ) ; - 2004 : Muscler sa conscience du bonheur en trente jours ; Martine Aubry ; Publications : Holoconcept ( 1 septembre 2004 ) ; - 2004 : Quel projet pour la gauche ? ; Martine Aubry ; Publication : LAube ( 19 novembre 2004 ) ; - 2004 : Une vision pour espérer , une volonté pour transformer ; Martine Aubry ; Publication : La Tour-dAigues : Éd . de lAube , 2004 ; - 2005 : Un nouvel art de ville : Le projet urbain de Lille ; Pierre Saintignon ( préface de Martine Aubry ) ; Publication : Editions Ville de Lille ( janvier 1 , 2005 ) ; - 2005 : Le Maître au Feuillage brodé : Primitifs flamands . Secrets dateliers Florence Combert , Didier Martens ( préface de Martine Aubry ) ; Publication : RMN ( 26 mai 2005 ) ; - 2005 : Felice Beato en Chine : Photographier la guerre en 1860 ; Annie-Laure Wanaverbecq ( préface de Martine Aubry ) ; Publication : Somogy ( 22 septembre 2005 ) ; - 2006 : Agir contre les discriminations ; Martine Aubry ; Publication : LAube ( 9 mars 2006 ) ; - 2008 : Et si on se retrouvait.. . ; Martine Aubry , Stéphane Paoli , et Jean Viard ; Publication : LAube ( 21 août 2008 ) ; External links . - CityMayors.com profile