Which employer did Jean-Michel Oughourlian work for from 1971 to 1972?
Jean-Michel Oughourlian Jean-Michel Oughourlian ( born 20 August 1940 ) is an Armenian-French neuropsychiatrist and psychologist as well as a writer and philosopher recognized both in France and the United States for his collaboration with René Girard and his work on the mimetic theory of desire . Since the early 1970s he has devoted both his clinical work and his research to applying and developing Girards theories in the fields of psychiatry , psychology , and psychopathology . He is the author of several books ( see below ) , in which he developed clinical points of view around mimetic theory of desire . He is currently the President of the Association of Doctors of the American Hospital of Paris , as well as an honorary member of the Association Recherches Mimétiques , whose goal is to structure research linked to René Girards mimetic theory and to make the theory more widely known in French-speaking countries . Jean-Michel Oughourlian is Ambassador of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to Armenia . He is involved in the fight against poverty , exclusion , and sickness through the defense of the physical , psychological , and spiritual integrity of individuals . Life and career . Jean-Michel Oughourlian was born on 20 August 1940 in Beirut , Lebanon , to an Armenian father who fled the 1915-1922 genocide and a Colombian mother . He arrived in France at the age of ten . His university studies covered multiple disciplines : - Doctor of Medicine in June 1966 - Doctorate in Psychology from the University Paris-Descartes in June 1973 . - Bachelors Degree in Philosophy from the Sorbonne in June 1975 - Doctorate in Letters and Human Sciences in April 1981 - University Professor in March 1993 Jean-Michel Oughourlians teaching activities include : - Psychology , Assistant in the Laboratory of Pathological Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1970 to 1974 , then Head Assistant between 1975 and 1985 , then Lecturer in Clinical Psychopathology at the Institute of Psychology at the University of Paris V between 1985 and 1993 . - Psychiatry , Certified Lecturer on Psychiatry , Hospital Psychiatrist in December 1972 , Honorary Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the International College of Medicine and Surgery , which includes the American Hospital of Paris , Columbia University and Cornell University , since 1998 . - Psychopolitics , Adjunct Professor of Political Science at the University of Southern California ( USC ) from 1975 to 1977 and Professor at Stanford in collaboration with René Girard since 1981 . His clinical career unfolded over the following stages : - Intern at Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1966 to 1967 - Resident Doctor of the Psychiatric Hospitals of Paris from 1968 to 1970 . - Specialist of Electroencephalography in the Service of Functional Explorations of the Nervous System at the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center from 1970 to 1990 . - Attaché of the Hospitals of Paris from 1971 to 1975 - Psychiatrist in the Service of General Surgery of the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center from 1972 to 1992 . - Head of Psychiatry at the American Hospital of Paris from 1981 to 2007 . - Neuro-psychiatrist of the American Hospital of Paris since 1974 . His work as a writer and philosopher includes : - His first book , La personne du toxicomane , published in 1974 , was one of the first books published in France on drug addiction . He adopted the anthropology of mimetic desire developed by René Girard and used it to enrich his own work in psychiatry . In 1978 he co-authored Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World with René Girard . - In 1982 , he wrote Un mime nommé désir ( The Puppet of Desire ) , a book on the phenomena of trances , hysteria , and possession that broke with the Freudian currents of the time and created a new psychology based on mimetic desire as the motor of relationships and the foundation of the self . - From 2000 to 2006 , he was particularly involved in studying manic-depression and bi-polarity and in encouraging people with these illnesses to seek treatment . - In 2007 , he published Genèse du désir ( The Genesis of Desire ) , which relates the psychotheraputic methods employed by the author for helping couples during his three decades at the American Hospital of Paris as head of psychiatry . - In 2010 , he published Psychopolitique , which analyzes current affairs from the perspective of Girardian theory and suggests a way out of the postmodern crisis by sketching the portrait of the leader of tomorrow . Oughourlians thought . Very early on , Jean-Michel Oughourlians clinical research led him to become interested in the work of Milton Erickson , Jay Haley , and Ernset Rossi , and the Phoenix Group , as well as in the work of Paul Watzlawick and the Palo Alto School . He then became interested in the anthropology of mimetic desire developed by René Girard and used it to enrich his own work in psychiatry . In all of these disciplines he has sought to track down the motivations of human behavior and the mechanisms of which men and women are unwittingly the plaything . His contribution to psychological and psychiatric theory consists in questioning the Freudian primacy of the unconscious and affirming that the unconscious is the other , that is to say , the concrete other person , whose desire serves as a model for our desires , making us into conscious apprentices or blinded marionettes . In The Puppet of Desire , he explains the story of the Loudon possessions , which he deciphers with the help of the mimetic theory , showing that at bottom it is the mother superior of the convent , infatuated with a young prelate , who draws the other sisters along with her by transmitting her Madame Bovary-like desire to them , plunging all of them into a generalized hysteria . Neuroses and even psychoses are interpreted as being so many strategies of the self for hiding the truth about the reality of desire , whose fundamental alterity people refuse to recognize . The clinical manifestation of mimetic desire is rivalry , says Oughourlian . Insofar as imitation is , of all human weaknesses , the one that people have the most trouble admitting , it never presents itself as such . The patient accuses his model of wanting to steal his job , wife , or identity , betraying against the grain the surreptitious alterity that moves through him . Pulling oneself out of the rivalrous impasse implies becoming fully conscious of ones proper dependency and admitting ones debt toward the others desire . This is a difficult undertaking , which requires on the psychotherapists part an acute understanding of psychology and psychopolitics and on the patients part the gradual overcoming of his pride . Appreciated in the United States by psychologists and psychiatrists of the ¨relational¨ school , Jean-Michel Oughourlian has participated actively since it was founded in the Colloquium on Violence and Religion ( COVR ) , an association of researchers who are interested in René Girards mimetic theory of founding violence and the scapegoat mechanism . He also has ties with the Association Recherches Mimétiques ( ARM ) , for which he has led seminars . He participated in a work group organized by Dr . Scott Garrels of the Fuller School of Psychology ( Pasadena , California ) on imitation and the most recent discoveries in developmental psychology and neuroscience ( mirror neurons ) . The group , which included Vittorio Gallese and Andre Meltzoff , met at Stanford University and in Paris at the Ecole Normale Supérieure ( ENS ) Paris rue d´Ulm . Bibliography . This section only lists book-length publications that wrote or edited . - 1978 . . Paris : Grasset . . ( English translation : Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World : Research undertaken in collaboration with René Girard and G . Lefort . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1987 ) - 1991 . The Puppet of Desire , The Psychology of Hysteria , Possession and Hypnosis , Translated with an introduction by Eugene Webb . Stanford University Press , 1 vol. , 263 pages . - 2007 . The Genesis of Desire , trans . Eugene Webb , Michigan State University Press . - 2010 . Psychopolitique , with René Girard and Trevor Cribben Merrill , Paris , Ed . Francois Xavier de Guibert . - 2012 . , Paris , Ed . Albin Michel , Collection Entretiens / Clés , ( English translation:Your brain does not stop amazing you ) Honours and awards . - Ambassador of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to Armenia .