University of Leipzig
Where was E. Morton Jellinek educated between Oct 1913 and May 1914?
E . Morton Jellinek Elvin Morton Bunky Jellinek ( 15 August 1890 – 22 October 1963 ) , E . Morton Jellinek , or most often , E . M . Jellinek , was a biostatistician , physiologist , and an alcoholism researcher , fluent in nine languages and able to communicate in four others . The son of Markus Erwin Marcel Jellinek ( 1858-1939 ) and Rose Jellinek ( 1867-1966 ) , née Jacobson ( a.k.a . the opera singer Marcella Lindh ) , he was born in New York City and died at the desk of his study at Stanford University on 22 October 1963 . Academic career . Jellinek studied biostatistics and physiology at the University of Berlin from 1908 to 1910 . He then studied philosophy , philology , anthropology , and theology for two years at the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble . He was also enrolled , apparently concurrently , at the University of Leipzig from 25 November 1911 to 29 July 1913 , and from 22 November 1913 to 2 December 1914 for classes in languages , linguistics and cultural history . During the 1920s , he conducted research in Sierra Leone and at Tela , Honduras . In the 1930s he returned to the U.S.A . and worked at the Worcester State Hospital , Worcester , Massachusetts , from whence he was commissioned to conduct a study for the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol . The eventual outcome of his study was the 1942 book , Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism . From 1941 to 1952 , he was Associate Professor of Applied Physiology at Yale University . In 1941 he was managing editor of the newly established Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol ( now the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ) . In 1950 he was engaged by the World Health Organization in Geneva as a consultant on alcoholism , and made significant contributions to the work of the Alcoholism Sub-committee of the W.H.O.s Expert Committee on Mental Health . The Second Report of the Alcoholism Subcommittee , published in August 1952 , have reproduced in its 2nd Annex , the text of an important communication that Jellinek gave to the first European Seminar on Alcoholism in Copenhagen in October 1951 . In that conference , he exposed his work on the Phases of alcoholic addiction and he presented a detailed Chart ( page 30 ) exposing the progressive nature of alcoholism . That chart is considered as the 1st version of the future Jellineks Curve that some other people will eventually draw from his work . Upon his retirement from the W.H.O . in the late 1950s , he returned to the USA . In 1958 he joined the Psychiatry Schools of both the University of Toronto and the University of Alberta , and in 1962 , he moved to Stanford University in California , where he remained until his death . Works . Addiction researcher Griffith Edwards ( 2002 , p . 98 ) holds that , in his opinion , Jellineks The Disease Concept of Alcoholism was a work of outstanding scholarship based on a careful consideration of the available evidence . Disease concept of alcoholism . In 1849 , the Swedish Physician Magnus Huss ( 1807–1890 ) was the first to systematically classify the damage that was attributable to alcohol ingestion . Huss coined the term alcoholism and used it to label what he considered to be a chronic , relapsing disease . Jellinek coined the expression the disease concept of alcoholism , and significantly accelerated the movement towards the medicalization of drunkenness and alcohol habituation . Jellinek’s initial 1946 study was funded by Marty Mann and R . Brinkley Smithers ( Falcone , 2003 ) . It was based on a narrow , selective study of a hand-picked group of members of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) who had returned a self-reporting questionnaire . Valverde opines that a biostatistician of Jellinek’s eminence would have been only too well aware of the unscientific status of the dubiously scientific data that had been collected by AA members . In his 1960 book he identified five different types of alcoholism , and defined them in terms of their abnormal physiological processes : - Alpha alcoholism : the earliest stage of the disease , manifesting the purely psychological continual dependence on the effects of alcohol to relieve bodily or emotional pain . This is the problem drinker , whose drinking creates social and personal problems . Whilst there are significant social and personal problems , these people can stop if they really want to ; thus , argued Jellinek , they have not lost control , and as a consequence , do not have a disease . - Beta alcoholism : polyneuropathy , or cirrhosis of the liver from alcohol without physical or psychological dependence . These are the heavy drinkers that drink a lot , almost every day . They do not have physical addiction and do not suffer withdrawal symptoms . This group do not have a disease . - Gamma alcoholism : involving acquired tissue tolerance , physical dependence , and loss of control . This is the AA alcoholic , who is very much out of control , and does , by Jellineks classification , have a disease . - Delta alcoholism : as in Gamma alcoholism , but with inability to abstain , instead of loss of control . - Epsilon alcoholism : the most advanced stage of the disease , manifesting as dipsomania , or periodic alcoholism . The Jellinek curve is derived from this classification of Jellinek , and it was named out of respect for Jellinek’s work . Jellinek later completely dissociated himself from this charts representations ; however it is still known as the Jellinek curve . Recognition of placebo effect . In post-war 1946 , various pharmaceutical chemicals were in short supply for making medicines . A headache remedy manufacturer found that supplies of one of its remedy’s three constituent chemicals was running out . They asked Jellinek , then at Yale , to test whether the absence of that particular chemical would affect the drug’s efficacy in any way . Jellinek set up a complex trial – with 199 subjects , divided randomly into four test groups – involving various permutations of the three drug constituents , with a placebo as a scientific control . Each group took a test remedy for two weeks at a time . The trial lasted eight weeks , by the end of which each group had taken each of the test drugs , albeit in a different sequence . Over the entire population of 199 subjects , 120 of the subjects ( ~60% ) responded to the placebo , and 79 did not . The trial also demonstrated that the chemical in question significantly contributed to the remedys efficacy . In the process of examining the data produced by his trial , Jellinek discovered that there was a significant difference in responses to the active chemicals between the 120 who had responded to the placebo and the 79 who did not . He ( 1946 , p . 90 ) described the former group as being reactors to placebo , and this seems to be the first time that anyone had spoken of either placebo reactions or placebo responses . Jellinek Award . The Jellinek Memorial Award , or Jellinek Award , is an award presented annually by the Jellinek Memorial Fund in Jellineks honor . It is given to a scientist who has made an outstanding contribution to research on alcohol or alcoholism . Winners receive a cash prize of $5,000 USD , as well as a bust of Jellinek with a personalized inscription . Selected publications . - Haggard , H . W . & Jellinek , E . M. , Alcohol Explored , Doubleday , Doran & Company , Inc. , ( Garden City ) , 1942 . - Jellinek , E . M . ( ed ) , Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism , Yale University Press , ( New Haven ) , 1942 . - Jellinek , E . M . Clinical Tests on Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesic Drugs , Biometrics Bulletin , Vol.2 , No.5 , ( October 1946 ) , pp . 87–91 . - Jellinek , E . M. , Phases in the Drinking History of Alcoholics : Analysis of a Survey Conducted by the Official Organ of Alcoholics Anonymous , Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , Vol.7 , ( 1946 ) , pp . 1–88 . - Jellinek , E . M. , The Disease Concept of Alcoholism , Hillhouse , ( New Haven ) , 1960 .