Minister of Economy and Finance
Which position did Pedro Pablo Kuczynski hold between Aug 2001 and Nov 2001?
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard ( ; born 3 October 1938 ) , also known simply as PPK ( ) , is a Peruvian economist , politician and public administrator who served as President of Peru from 2016 to 2018 . He was previously the Prime Minister of Peru from 2005 to 2006 . His administration ended abruptly on 23 March 2018 , following his address to the nation two days earlier , announcing his resignation from the presidency . Since 10 April 2019 he has been in pretrial detention , due to an ongoing investigation on corruption , money laundering , and connections to Odebrecht , a public works company accused of paying bribes . Kuczynski was born in the Miraflores District of Lima to a Polish Jewish father and a Swiss mother of French descent . Kuczynskis parents fled from Germany after the Nazis came to power . Kuczynski worked in the United States before entering Peruvian politics . He held positions at both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund before being designated as the general manager of Perus Central Reserve Bank . He later served as Minister of Energy and Mines in the early 1980s under President Fernando Belaúnde Terry , and as Minister of Economy and Finance and Prime Minister under President Alejandro Toledo in the 2000s . Kuczynski was a presidential candidate in the 2011 presidential election , placing third . His opponents Ollanta Humala and Keiko Fujimori went on to the 5 June 2011 runoff election , in which Humala was elected . Kuczynski went on to stand in the 2016 election , where he narrowly defeated Fujimori in the second round . He was sworn in as president on 28 July 2016 . Kuczynski held U.S . citizenship until November 2015 ; he renounced it to be able to run for Perus presidency . On 15 December 2017 , the Congress of Peru , which is controlled by the opposition Popular Force , initiated impeachment proceedings against Kuczynski , after he was accused of lying about receiving payments from a scandal-hit Brazilian construction firm Odebrecht in the mid-2000s . However , on 21 December 2017 , the Peruvian congress lacked the majority of votes needed to impeach Kuczynski . After further scandals and facing a second impeachment vote , Kuczynski resigned the presidency on 21 March 2018 following the release of videos showing alleged acts of vote buying , presenting his resignation to the Council of Ministers . He was succeeded as president by his First Vice President Martín Vizcarra . Kuczynski is a polyglot . Aside from his native Spanish , Kuczynski also speaks , with varying degrees of fluency , English , German , and French . Early life and education . Kuczynski was born in Miraflores , Lima , Peru , as the first son of Madeleine ( née Godard ) and Maxime Hans Kuczyński , one of the earliest public health leaders in Peru . His parents fled Germany in 1933 to escape from Nazism . His father , born in Berlin , then capital city of the German Empire , was a German Jew of distant Polish origin , and his mother was Protestant , of Swiss-French descent . Entering Peru in 1936 , Maxime Kuczyński sent his son to receive his early education at Markham College in Lima , and the Rossall School ( Lancashire , England ) , where he was a pupil in the Maltese Cross House between 1953 and 1956 . He won a foundation scholarship to study at Exeter College , Oxford , and graduated with a degree in politics , philosophy and economics in 1960 . Later , he received the John Parker Compton fellowship to study public affairs at Princeton University in the United States , where he received a masters degree in 1961 . He began his career at the World Bank in 1961 as a regional economist for six countries in Central America , Haiti and the Dominican Republic . In 1967 , Kuczynski returned to Peru to work at the countrys central bank during the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde . Kuczynski went into exile in the United States in 1969 due to political persecution after Belaundes government fell to the military dictatorship of General Juan Velasco Alvarado in a coup détat . The newly installed government accused Kuczynski of funnelling about $18 million ( equivalent to $115 million in 2016 ) to Nelson Rockefeller’s International Petroleum Company . He joined the World Bank as the chief economist managing the northern countries of Latin America , moving on to become Chief of Policy Planning . From 1973 to 1975 , he was a partner of Kuhn , Loeb & Co. , the international investment bank headquartered in New York City . In 1975 , he returned to Washington , D.C . to become chief economist for the International Finance Corporation , the private finance arm of the World Bank . Subsequently , he was appointed President of Halco Mining in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , an international consortium mining company with operations in West Africa . From 1983 to 1992 , he was co-chairman of First Boston in New York City , an international investment bank . In 1992 , he founded , with six other partners , the Latin American Enterprise Fund ( LAEF ) in Miami , Florida , a private equity firm that focused on investments in Mexico , Central and South America . The institutional investors in LAEF included more than 15 of the worlds largest university endowments , foundations , and pension funds . in 1983 , he was a founding member of the Inter-American Dialogue and remained a member until 1997 . Early political career . Involvement in politics . In 1980 , following the election of Fernando Belaúnde Terry as president , Kuczynski was invited to return to Peru to serve as Minister of Energy and Mines . In this position , he sponsored law 23231 which , through tax exemptions and other incentives , promoted oil and gas exploration and exploitation after a period of relative neglect . Kuczynski resigned in 1982 and returned to the private sector in the United States . During the second round of the 2016 presidential campaign , he claimed that he had left Peru due to the threats and attacks from the Shining Path insurgent group : Lets remember that the terrorists not only hung my effigy on the zanjón ( a local denomination for Paseo de La República avenue in Lima ) and in San Martín square , but they attacked my apartment . Just as 3 million Peruvians , I left the country . This was in response to an attack by election opponent Keiko Fujimori ( daughter of then-imprisoned former president Alberto Fujimori and main rival of PPK in the second round of elections ) who claimed that Kuczynski did not have moral authority to speak of terrorism . During the rest of the 1980s and 1990s , Kuczynski was mainly involved in the private-equity fund-management business in the United States . He made small personal donations to the presidential campaigns of George H.W . Bush and of George W . Bush and to the state-senator campaign of his wifes cousin in Wisconsin . He additionally made donations to New York Senator Chuck Schumer and New Jersey Senator Bill Bradley In 2000 , Kuczynski joined the presidential campaign of Alejandro Toledo , then an economics professor at the ESAN University in Lima . After Toledo was elected president in the 2001 Peruvian general election , Kuczynski served as Minister of Economy and Finance from July 2001 to July 2002 , and again from February 2004 to August 2005 . In August 2005 , he was appointed as Prime Minister , a position he held until the end of Toledos presidential term in 2006 . In 2007 , Manuel Dammert , a sociologist and politician , alleged that Kuczynski was involved in facilitating the activities , in various projects in Peru , of a financial entity known as First Capital Partners , in particular in relation to the Olmos diversion project , the Jorge Chávez International Airport , the Transportadora de Gas , and the Conrisa consortium . Former partners of Kuczynski in the Latin American Enterprise Fund had reportedly inaccurately listed Kuczynski as a founding partner of First Capital but corrected the error shortly afterwards . In consequence , Kuczynski sued Dammert for defamation and falsification of documents . Kuczynski prevailed at the first and second instance , but , on appeal , Perus Supreme Court upheld Dammerts right to ask questions on matters of public interest , without ruling on the merits of Dammerts claims . These claims have been denied extensively by Kuczynski . After working with the Toledo administration , Kuczynski founded Agua Limpia , a Peruvian non-governmental organization that provides drinking water systems to communities in Peru . Agua Limpia is supported by the Inter-American Development Bank , Scotia Bank of Canada and others . He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2011 , but later went on to win the 2016 Peruvian general election against Keiko Fujimori , becoming the 66th President of Peru until March 2018 . Central Reserve Bank of Peru . Kuczynski returned to Peru in 1966 to support the government of Fernando Belaúnde Terry , as an economic adviser . He was appointed manager of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru . After the coup détat against President Belaúnde on October 3 , 1968 , BCR managers Carlos Rodríguez Pastor Mendoza , Richard Webb Duarte and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski were accused of granting foreign currency certificates to the International Petroleum Company , allowing this company to remit $115 million of current profits to Standard Oil , its parent company in the United States . Due to this Kuczynski was forced to take refuge in the United States . After a judicial process that lasted eight years , the Supreme Court of Justice of Peru acquitted Kuczynski , and other BCR officials , of all charges . Minister of Energy and Mines . In 1980 , Kuczynski returned to Peru and collaborated in the election campaign of Belaúnde Terry , who was elected at his second and last non-consecutive term , and appointed Kuczynski as the Minister of Energy and Mines . As Minister , he promoted Law No . 23231 , which promoted energy and oil exploitation ; However , the so-called Kuczynski Law was not exempt from controversy because of the tax exemptions granted to foreign oil companies . In December 1985 it was repealed . Minister of Economy and Finance . During the presidential campaign of Alejandro Toledo , Kuczynski worked as the head of government planning team . He was later appointed as the Minister of Economy and Finance . As such , he made numerous agreements with the International Monetary Fund to help fulfill the goals in the neoliberal economic policies outlined by Peru . However , he was criticized on countless occasions by Alan García , the main leader of opposition to the government . Prime Minister . After the increase in social protests in Arequipa due to the privatization of electric companies , he resigned on July 11 , 2002 . He returned to office on February 16 , 2004 , and was appointed as the President of the Council of Ministers of Peru before the resignation of Carlos Ferrero Costa . Pedro Pablo Kuczynski appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs on August 16 , 2005 and appointed Fernando Zavala as the Minister of Economy . He remained in the premier until July 2006 . 2011 presidential election . On 1 December 2010 , Kuczynski announced that he would stand as a candidate for President of Peru in the upcoming elections . Kuczynski ran for President of Peru in the general election , though he did not pass into the run-off as head of the Alianza por el Gran Cambio ( Alliance for the Great Change ) , formed by the Christian Peoples Party , the Alliance for Progress , the Humanist Party and the National Restoration Party . He took third place in the vote , his opponents Ollanta Humala and Keiko Fujimori went to the second round of elections on June 5 , 2011 , in which Humala was elected president of the country . 2016 presidential campaign . In 2015 , he announced that he would again be running for president , but now with a political party which he had built himself ( Peruanos Por el Kambio , PPK ) . Kuczynski won 21% of the popular vote in Perus general elections on April 10 , 2016 , to qualify for a runoff vote against Keiko Fujimori , in which he narrowly triumphed with 50.12% of the vote to Fujimoris 49.88% , a margin of just thirty-nine thousand votes out of nearly eighteen million cast . Barely a week before the second round of voting , when trailing Keiko , Kuczynski received an important endorsement from third-place finisher Verónika Mendoza ( 18.82% ) , Perus leading left-wing candidate , in an effort to defeat Fujimori . Keikos party , Fuerza Popular , has an absolute majority in Congress with 73 of the 130 seats ; PPK trails with 18 . Presidency . Kuczynski was sworn in as president on 28 July 2016 . At age 77 , he was the oldest President to take office . As part of the recent push in Peru to recognize and integrate indigenous peoples into national life , Kuczynskis government supported the use of indigenous languages in Peru , with the state-run TV station starting to broadcast in December 2016 a daily news program in Quechua and in April 2017 one in Aymara . The Presidents state-of-the-union address was simultaneously translated into Quechua in July 2017 . Almost immediately after winning the election , Kuczynski , despite previous public statements in support of social conservatism , appointed nearly all his ministers from the left ( including many of Toledos ex-ministers ) , and his government quickly became known for its promotion of feminism , abortion rights , and LGBT rights . This did not please the conservatives who had previously supported him , which led to the censure of two of his education ministers by the opposition-controlled congress , and a no-confidence vote for his entire cabinet in 2017 . Foreign policies . Kuczynski opposed the government of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela , and welcomed Venezuelan expatriates . Nearly 200,000 Venezuelans settled in Peru , others moved to Peru , then later to Chile or Argentina . Kuczynski was one of the first leaders of the Latin American faction that asks for the democratization of Venezuela . Peru revoked Venezuelas invitation to the 8th Summit of the Americas because of Maduros plan to hold an early presidential election , as the major opposing parties were banned from it . Controversies . First impeachment . On 15 December 2017 , the Congress of the Republic initiated impeachment proceeding against Kuczynski , with the congressional opposition stating that he had lost the ″moral capacity″ to lead the country after he admitted receiving advisory fees from scandal-hit Brazilian construction company Odebrecht while he was Perus Minister of Economy and Finance between 2004 and 2005 . Kuczynski had previously denied receiving any payments from Odebrecht , but later confessed that his company , Westfield Capital Ltd , had been receiving money from Odebrecht for advisory services , while still denying that irregularities existed in the payments . Pardon of Alberto Fujimori . On 24 December 2017 , three days after surviving the impeachment vote , Kuczynski pardoned former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori . Second impeachment , Kenjivideos and resignation . After further scandals broke out surrounding Kuczynski , a second impeachment vote was to be held on 22 March 2018 . Two days before the vote , Kuczynski stated that he would not resign and decided to face the impeachment process for a second time . The next day on 21 March 2018 , a video was released of Kuczynski allies , including his lawyer and Kenji Fujimori , attempting to buy the vote against impeachment from one official . Following the release of the video , Kuczynski presented himself before congress and officially submitted his resignation to the Congress of the Republic . Kuczynskis first vice president , Martín Vizcarra , was later named President of Peru on 23 March 2018 . Resignation . Kuczynski announced his resignation from the presidency on 21 March 2018 . This came in result of the dissemination of videos and audios , known as Kenjivideos , that evidenced collusion between the executive and the legislature in order to give privileges and illicit profits to MPs in order to knock down the second impeachment process against Kuczynski . The resignation was accepted on 23 March 2018 by the Peruvian Congress and First Vice President Martín Vizcarra took oath immediately before the Congress . Other presidents of Peru who have resigned are Guillermo Billinghurst ( forced resignation ) , Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Alberto Fujimori . The current Peruvian Constitution of 1993 establishes in its article 113 that the Presidency of the Republic is vacated by : 1 . Death of the President of the Republic . 2 . His permanent moral or physical disability , declared by Congress . 3 . Acceptance of his resignation by Congress . 4 . Leaving the national territory without permission of the Congress or not returning to it within the established period . 5 . Dismissal , after having been sanctioned for any of the infractions mentioned in Article 117 of the Constitution . Congressional vote . The Board of Spokesmen of the Congress agreed to accept the resignation . On March 23 it was approved to accept the resignation of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and declare the presidential vacancy with 105 votes in favor , 12 votes against and four abstentions . Post-presidency . Lava Jato Case . On April 10 , 2019 , he was arrested along with his secretary Gloria Kisic Wagner and his ex-driver José Luis Bernaola for an alleged crime of money laundering in the Odebrecht case . In turn , he authorized the Prosecutors Office to search for 48 hours the homes linked to their surroundings in search of documents related to that case . On April 19 , 2019 , Judge Jorge Chávez issued three years of preventive detention against Kuczynski , who received the news at a clinic in Lima where he was hospitalized for a cardiac intervention derived from a hypertension crisis . For Gloria Kisic Wagner and José Luis Bernaola , the judge rejected preventive detention and ordered that both serve a restricted appearance . On May 2 , 2019 , he left the clinic where he was hospitalized and was transferred to his home where he is currently serving 36 months of house arrest . Public image . Kuczynski was very unpopular throughout his presidency , due to the few advances his government was making , but he was considered one of the most renowned economists in America . Family and personal life . His father , Maxime Hans Kuczynski , was born in Berlin , then part of the German Empire . He was a bacteriologist who served in the German Army during World War I on the Balkan front . He was a renowned pathologist and tropical disease specialist , in particular expert on Verruga peruana or Carrions disease . He trained at the Universities of Rostock and Berlin , where he was professor of pathology . An officer in the German Army on the Eastern and Turkish fronts in the First World War , he traveled widely in Russia , China , West Africa , and Brazil . Leaving Germany in 1933 due to his Jewish roots , he was invited to Peru in 1936 by President Óscar R . Benavides to set up the public health service in the interior of the country . Maxime Hans Kuczynski reformed the San Pablo leprosarium on the Amazon at the Brazilian frontier , set up a public health colony on the Perene river , and was later professor of tropical medicine at National University of San Marcos in Lima . Kuczynski is a first cousin of French film director Jean-Luc Godard by his mother , Madeleine Godard , who was the aunt of the film director . Kuczynski has been married twice , first to Jane Dudley Casey , the daughter of Joseph E . Casey , a former member of the United States House of Representatives for the 3rd district of Massachusetts . Their children are businesswoman Carolina Madeleine Kuczynski , the New York Times journalist Alex Kuczynski , and John-Michael Kuczynski . Kuczynski and Casey divorced in 1995 . Kuczynskis second wife is Nancy Lange , an American and the First Lady of Peru until Kuczynskis resignation in 2018 . Lange and Kuczynski , who married in 1997 , have one daughter , Suzanne . Kuczynskis younger brother , Miguel Jorge Kuczynski Godard , is a fellow of Pembroke College , Cambridge . Kuczynskis brother-in-law Harold Varmus was a Nobel Laureate for Medicine for cancer research in 1989 . External links . - Pedro Pablo Kuczynski profile - El Mundo newspaper - PPK on Twitter - Newsweek interview with Kuczynski - Biography by CIDOB