Which title was conferred to Vladas Mikėnas in 1942?
Vladas Mikėnas Vladas Mikėnas ( 17 April 1910 – 3 November 1992 ) was a Lithuanian chess player and journalist . He was awarded the titles of International Master and Honorary Grandmaster by FIDE . Early career . Vladas Mikėnas played for Lithuania at first board in five official and one unofficial Chess Olympiads . - In July 1931 , he played at the 4th Chess Olympiad in Prague ( +7 –5 =6 ) . - In July 1933 , he played at the 5th Chess Olympiad in Folkestone ( +5 –3 =6 ) . - In August 1935 , he played at the 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw ( +2 –6 =10 ) . - In August/September 1936 , he played at the unofficial Olympiad in Munich ( +5 –7 =8 ) . - In July/August 1937 , he played at the 7th Chess Olympiad in Stockholm ( +7 –3 =8 ) . - In August/September 1939 , he played at the 8th Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires ( +10 –5 =4 ) . In 1930 , he won the Estonian Championship in Tallinn ( 3rd EST-ch ) . In 1931 , he tied for 2nd–5th at the first Baltic Championship in Klaipėda , which was won by Isakas Vistaneckis . In the same year , Mikenas emigrated from Estonia to Lithuania . In 1934 , he won a match against Povilas Vaitonis ( 6:2 ) . In 1935 , he took 10th in Łódź ( Savielly Tartakower won ) , and drew a match with Vistaneckis ( 8:8 ) . In 1936 , he won the Lithuanian Championship . In 1937 , he won a match against Vaitonis ( 5.5:4.5 ) . In 1937 , he took 10th in Kemeri ; despite his lowly placing , he defeated Alexander Alekhine . In 1937/38 , he took 6th at Hastings ( Samuel Reshevsky won ) . In 1938 , he won a match against Vaitonis ( 9:3 ) . In 1939 , he took 4th in Kemeri–Riga ( Salo Flohr won ) . In September 1939 , he took 3rd in Rosario ( Vladimirs Petrovs won ) . Soviet citizen . On 28 September 1939 , the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . They moved Lithuania into the Soviet sphere of influence . Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940 . In September/October 1940 , Mikėnas tied for 13–16th in Moscow ( 12th USSR-ch ) . In 1941 , he took 3rd ( off contest ) in Kutaisi ( 4th Georgian SSR ch ) . In February/March 1942 , he tied for 3rd–6th in Moscow . In March/April 1942 , he tied for 4–7th in Sverdlovsk . In July/August 1942 , he tied for 3rd–5th in Kuibyshev . In 1943/44 , he took 7th in the 23rd Moscow-ch . In 1944 , he won ( off contest ) in Tbilisi ( 5th Georgian SSR ch ) . In 1944 , he won a classification match against Ljublinsky ( 8:6 ) . In 1944 , he tied for 5–6th in Moscow ( 13th USSR-ch ) . In July 1945 , he won in Kaunas ( 13th LTU-ch ) . In September/October 1945 , he took 7th at Tallinn ( EST-ch , Paul Keres won ) . In October/November 1945 , he won in Riga ( Baltic Chess Championship ) . In June/July 1946 , he took 3rd , behind Yuri Averbakh , and Vistaneckis , in Vilnius ( Baltic Rep.-ch ) . In 1946 , he took 2nd ( off contest ) in Tbilisi ( 7th Georgian SSR ch ) . In 1947 , he took 2nd ( off contest ) in Minsk ( 13th Belarusian Championship ) . In 1948 , he drew a classification match against Rashid Nezhmetdinov ( 7:7 ) . He played several times in Lithuanian SSR championships in Vilnius . He won the 14th LTU-ch in 1947 , won in 1948 , took 3rd in 1949 , took 6th in 1951 , tied for 2nd–4th in 1952 , took 6th in 1953 , took 2nd in 1954 , took 3rd in 1955 , took 2nd in 1957 , tied for 2nd–4th in 1958 , took 3rd in 1959 , tied for 3rd–4th in 1960 , won in 1961 , took 2nd in 1963 , won in 1964 , shared 1st in 1965 , tied for 2nd–3rd in 1967 , and tied for 1st–2nd in 1968 . Meanwhile , in 1954 , he won , ahead of Ratmir Kholmov , Vistaneckis and Viacheslav Ragozin , in Vilnius ( Quadrangular ) . In 1955 , he tied for 3rd–6th in Pärnu ( Keres won ) . In 1959 , he took 2nd , behind Boris Spassky , in Riga . In 1960 , he took 10th in Pärnu ( Baltic Rep . ch , Keres won ) , and shared 4th at Leningrad ( Mark Taimanov won ) . In 1964 , he tied 2nd–3rd , behind Iivo Nei , in Pärnu ( Baltic Rep . ch ) . In 1965 , he won in Palanga ( Baltic Rep . ch ) . In 1971 , he won in Lublin , Poland . Mikenas was awarded the International Master title in 1950 ( the year the title was instituted ) . He was awarded the Honorary Grandmaster title in 1987 . He was the arbiter of the World Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov in 1985 . Contributions . The Mikenas Variation of the Modern Benoni , a sharp attacking line ( 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.e5 ) , is named after him . He also developed the Flohr-Mikenas Variation of the English Opening ; the variation runs 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 . External links . - Vladas Mikėnas chess games at 365Chess.com - Photos