Rome
Jacques Callot worked in  which location from 1608 to 1611?
Jacques Callot Jacques Callot ( ; – 1635 ) was a baroque printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine ( an independent state on the north-eastern border of France , southwestern border of Germany and overlapping the southern Netherlands ) . He is an important person in the development of the old master print . He made more than 1,400 etchings that chronicled the life of his period , featuring soldiers , clowns , drunkards , Gypsies , beggars , as well as court life . He also etched many religious and military images , and many prints featured extensive landscapes in their background . Life and training . Callot was born and died in Nancy , the capital of Lorraine , now in France . He came from an important family ( his father was master of ceremonies at the court of the Duke ) , and he often describes himself as having noble status in the inscriptions to his prints . At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a goldsmith , but soon afterward travelled to Rome where he learned engraving from an expatriate Frenchman , . He probably then studied etching with Antonio Tempesta in Florence , where he lived from 1612 to 1621 . More than 2,000 preparatory drawings and studies for prints survive , but no paintings by him are known , and he probably never trained as a painter . During his period in Florence he became an independent master , and worked often for the Medici court . After the death of Cosimo II de Medici during 1621 , he returned to Nancy where he lived for the rest of his life , visiting Paris and the Netherlands later during the decade . He was commissioned by the courts of Lorraine , France and Spain , and by publishers , mostly in Paris . Although he remained in Nancy , his prints were distributed widely through Europe ; Rembrandt was a keen collector of them . Technical innovations : échoppe , new hard ground , stopping-out . His technique was exceptional , and was helped by important technical advances he made . He developed the échoppe , a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the end , which enabled etchers to create a swelling line , as engravers were able to do . He also seems to have been responsible for an improved recipe for the etching ground that coated the plate and was removed to form the image , using lute-makers varnish rather than a wax-based formula . This enabled lines to be etched more deeply , prolonging the life of the plate in printing , and also greatly reducing the risk of foul-biting , such that acid gets through the ground to the plate where it is not intended to , producing spots or blotches on the image . Previously the risk of foul-biting had always been present , preventing an engraver from investing too much time on a single plate that risked being ruined by foul-biting . Now etchers could do the very detailed work that was previously the monopoly of engravers , and Callot made good use of the new possibilities . He also made more extensive and sophisticated use of multiple stoppings-out than previous etchers had done . This is the technique of letting the acid dissolve lightly over the whole plate , then stopping-out those parts of the work which the artist wishes to keep shallow by covering them with ground before bathing the plate in acid again . He achieved unprecedented subtlety in effects of distance and light and shade by careful control of this process . Most of his prints were relatively small – as much as about six inches or 15 cm on their longest dimension . One of his devotees , the Parisian Abraham Bosse spread Callots innovations all over Europe with the first published manual of etching , which was translated into Italian , Dutch , German and English . Miseries of War . His most famous prints are his two series of prints each on the Miseries and Misfortunes of War . These are known as Les Grandes Misères de la guerre , consisting of 18 prints published during 1633 , and the earlier and incomplete Les Petites Misères – referring to their sizes , large and small ( though even the large set are only about 8 x 13 cm ) . These images show soldiers pillaging and burning their way through towns , country and convents , before being variously arrested and executed by their superiors , lynched by peasants , or surviving to live as crippled beggars . At the end the generals are rewarded by their monarch . During 1633 , the year the larger set was published , Lorraine had been invaded by the French during the Thirty Years War and Callots artwork is still noted with Francisco Goyas Los Desastres de la Guerra ( The Disasters of War ) , which was influenced by Callot – ( Goya owned a series of the prints ) , as among the most powerful artistic statements of the inhumanity of war . Grotesque Dwarves . Callots series of Grotesque Dwarves were to inspire Derby porcelain and other companies to create pottery figures known as Mansion House Dwarves or Grotesque Dwarves . The former title comes from a father and son who were paid to wander around the Mansion House in London wearing oversized hats that contained advertisements . Varie Figure Gobbi – Series of 21 etchings , 1616 Other notable works . - A large series depicting commedia dellarte figures called Balli di Sfessania , in a simple , caricature-like style , from his years in Florence . - Series on the Lives of Christ and Mary . - Series on the story of the Prodigal Son . - The Giant Tifeo beneath Mount Ischia ( 1617 ) . - The Fair at Impruneta ( 1620 ) . - The Fair at Gondreville ( 1624 ) . - The Temptation of St Anthony ( 1635 , Fitzwillaim Museum ) .Temptation of Saint Anthony References . - A Hyatt Mayor , Prints and People , Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton , 1971 , nos 455–460. . - DP Becker in KL Spangeberg ( ed ) , Six Centuries of Master Prints , Cincinnati Art Museum , 1993 , no 74 ( Large Miseries of War ) , . External links . - Bodkin Prints – Links to over 1,000 Callot prints ( see section B ) - Jacques Callot on the Internet from Artcyclopedia . - Brief bio of Callot from Web Gallery of Art - Prints & People : A Social History of Printed Pictures , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art ( fully available online as PDF ) , which contains material on Jacques Callot ( see index ) - , Getty Research Institute , Los Angeles , Accession No . 890027 .