Hermann von Siemens
Who was the director or manager of Fraunhofer Society from 1955 to 1964?
Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( , Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research ) is a German research organization with 72institutes spread throughout Germany , each focusing on different fields of applied science ( as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ) . With some 28,000 employees , mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.8billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe . Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state ( the German public , through the federal government together with the states or Länder , owns the Fraunhofer Society ) , but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work , either for government-sponsored projects or from industry . It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who , as a scientist , an engineer , and an entrepreneur , is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society . The organization has seven centers in the United States , under the name Fraunhofer USA , and three in Asia . In October 2010 , Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America . Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , in Glasgow , Scotland , in March 2012 . The Fraunhofer model . The so-called Fraunhofer model has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the societys continuing growth . Under the model , the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects . The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state ( Land ) government grants and is used to support preparatory research . Thus the size of the societys budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions . This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes . This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Societys strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible , autonomous , and entrepreneurial approach to the societys research priorities . The institutes are not legally independent units . The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results , scientific impact and above all for their own funding . On the one hand , this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus , distribution of resources , project acquisition , and in project management . On the other hand , this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation . In this sense , the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research , innovation , and entrepreneurship . Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes . The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields , i.e . microelectronics , information and communication technology , life sciences , materials research , energy technology or medical technology . One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process . In 2018 , the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions . This corresponds to about three inventions per working day . Of these , 612 developments were registered for patents . The number of active property rights and property right applications increased to 6881 . Institutes . The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 72 institutes and research units . These are Fraunhofer Institutes for : - Algorithms and Scientific Computing – SCAI - Applied Information Technology – FIT - Applied and Integrated Security – AISEC - Applied Optics and Precision Engineering – IOF - Applied Polymer Research – IAP - Applied Solid State Physics – IAF - Biomedical Engineering – IBMT - Building Physics – IBP - Cell Therapy and Immunology - IZI - Ceramic Technologies and Systems – IKTS - Chemical Technology – ICT - Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics – FKIE - Computer Graphics Research – IGD - Digital Media Technology – IDMT - Digital Medicine - MEVIS - Electron Beam and Plasma Technology – FEP - Electronic Nano Systems – ENAS - Energy Economics and Energy System Technology - IEE - Environmental , Safety and Energy Technology – UMSICHT - Embedded Systems and Communication - ESK - Experimental Software Engineering – IESE - Factory Operation and Automation – IFF - High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques – FHR - High-Speed Dynamics ( Ernst-Mach-Institut ) – EMI - Industrial Engineering – IAO - Industrial Mathematics – ITWM - Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction – IRB - Integrated Circuits – IIS - Integrated Systems and Device Technology – IISB - Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems – IAIS - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology – IGB - International Management and Knowledge Economy - IMW - Laser Technology – ILT - Machine Tools and Forming Technology – IWU - Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research – IFAM - Manufacturing Engineering and Automation – IPA - Material and Beam Technology – IWS - Material Flow and Logistics – IML - Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies – IWKS - Mechanics of Materials – IWM - Microelectronic Circuits and Systems – IMS - Microstructure of Materials and Systems – IMWS - Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT - EMFT - Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology – IME - Non-Destructive Testing – IZFP - Optronics , System Technologies and Image Exploitation – IOSB - Open Communication Systems – FOKUS - Photonic Microsystems – IPMS - Physical Measurement Techniques – IPM - Process Engineering and Packaging – IVV - Production Systems and Design Technology – IPK - Production Technology – IPT - Reliability and Microintegration – IZM - Secure Information Technology – SIT - Silicate Research – ISC - Silicon Technology – ISIT - Solar Energy Systems – ISE - Structural Durability and System Reliability – LBF - Surface Engineering and Thin Films – IST - Systems and Innovation Research – ISI - Technological Trend Analysis – INT - Telecommunications , Heinrich-Hertz-Institut – HHI - Toxicology and Experimental Medicine – ITEM - Transportation and Infrastructure Systems – IVI - Wind Energy Systems – IWES - Wood Research , Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut – WKI Fraunhofer USA . In addition to its German institutes , the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA : - Coatings and Diamond Technologies – CCD - Experimental Software Engineering – CESE - Laser Applications – CLA - Manufacturing Innovation – CMI - Digital Media Technologies – DMT Fraunhofer Singapore . In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia : - Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing , Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction , Cyber- and Information Security , Visual Immersive Mathematics Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd . At the invitation of the UK Government , Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UKs first Fraunhofer Centre , Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems . The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation . Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government , Scottish Enterprise and the University of Strathclyde . Notable projects . - The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS . Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005 . - The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute ( HHI ) was a significant contributor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard , a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009 . This includes the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library . - As of May 2010 , a metamorphic triple-junction solar cell developed by Fraunhofers Institute for Solar Energy Systems holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1% , nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell . - Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at IKEA stores , which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled , digital adaptation of their room . - E-puzzler , a pattern-recognition machine , which can digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers . The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner , automatically reconstructing original documents . - OpenIMS , an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions ( CSCFs ) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server ( HSS ) , which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP , 3GPP2 , ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative . - Powerpaste , a magnesium and hydrogen -based gel , that releases hydrogen fuel suitable for fuel cell consumption when it reacts with water has been developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials ( IFAM ) History . The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26 , 1949 , by representatives of industry and academia , the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952 , the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape ( alongside the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) and the Max Planck Institutes ) . Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was , however , the subject of a long-running dispute . From 1954 , the Societys first institutes developed . By 1956 , it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense . In 1959 , the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965 , the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research . In 1968 , the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research . By 1969 , Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes . The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time , a commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society ( FhG ) . The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success . This would later come to be known as the Fraunhofer Model . The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973 . In the same year , the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established , and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years . In 1977 , the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research . By 1984 , the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988 , defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society . By 1989 , the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes , with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991 , the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society . In 1993 , the Fraunhofer Societys total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994 , the Society founded a US-based subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA , Inc. , to extend the outreach of Fraunhofers R&D network to American clients . Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented , nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research . In 1999 , Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture , a technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes . Between 2000 and 2001 , the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD ( Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology ) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research . The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) : MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed . For many years afterward , MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio . In 2002 , ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH ( HHI ) , which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e . V . ( GWL ) , was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society . With this integration the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time . In 2003 , the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired values and guidelines of the societys culture . Amongst these , the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential . In 2004 , the former Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) gained the status of an independent institute . It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT . New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions . In 2005 , two new institutes , the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology ( IZI ) , and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded . In 2006 , the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems ( IAIS ) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems ( AIS ) , and the Institute for Media Communication ( IMK ) . In 2009 , the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes , amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR . In 2012 , the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the Application Center model started . The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and leads to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in the late 2011 . Presidents . - Walther Gerlach ( 1949–1951 ) - ( 1951–1955 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1955–1964 ) - Franz Kollmann ( 1964–1968 ) - Christian Otto Mohr ( 1968–1974 ) - Heinz Keller ( 1974–1982 ) - ( 1982–1993 ) - ( 1993–2002 ) - Hans-Jörg Bullinger ( 2002–2012 ) - Reimund Neugebauer ( 2012–present )