Mongolian
What citizenship did Bogd Khan hold from 1911 to 1924?
Bogd Khan The Bogd Khan ( , ; ; – 20 May 1924 ) was the ruler ( khan ) of the Bogd Khaganate of Mongolia from 1911 to 1924 , following the countrys independence from the Qing dynasty of China after the Xinhai Revolution . Born in Tibet , he was the third most important person in the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy as the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu , below only the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama , and therefore also known as the Bogdo Lama . He was the spiritual leader of Outer Mongolias Tibetan Buddhism . His wife Tsendiin Dondogdulam , the Ekh Dagina ( Dakini Mother ) , was believed to be a manifestation of White Tara . Life . The future Bogd Khan was born in 1869 in Lithang , Kham , in a family of a Tibetan official . He was born as Agvaanl Uvsanchoijinyam Danzan Vanchüg . His father , Gonchigtseren , was an accountant at the 12th Dalai Lamas court . The boy was officially recognized as the new incarnation of the Bogd Gegen in Potala in the presence of the 13th Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama . The new Bogd Gegen arrived in Urga , the capital of Outer Mongolia , in 1874 . After this he lived only in Mongolia . According to one eyewitness , ...he did not become a puppet in the hands of the lamas but , on the contrary , took them in hand . Since his young years he wanted to restore the great Mongolian kingdom of Genghis Khan or , at least , to liberate Mongolia from the Chinese and make it self-dependent . Local princes feared him , but the masses liked him.. . An independent and clever first hierarch and ruler was unacceptable neither for Tibet , nor for the Chinese . As a result , from his young years the 8th Bogd Gegen was the subject of intrigues of Qing officials in Urga . Later he became the subject of propaganda campaigns organised by Mongolian Communists , which attacked him by alleging that he was a prolific poisoner , a paedophile , and a libertine , which was later repeated in belles-lettres and other non-scientific literature ( e.g . James Palmer ) . However , analysis of documents stored in Mongolian and Russian archives does not confirm these statements . As a monk , the Bogd had limited access to physical means of imposing power , though some enemies were executed for blasphemy . The Polish traveller Ferdinand Ossendowski recorded that he knew every thought , every movement of the Princes and Khans , the slightest conspiracy against him , and the offender is usually kindly invited to Urga , from where he does not return alive . Ossendovskys claims for his acquaintance with the Bogd Gegen were not confirmed by comparative analysis of his book and manuscripts . By the spring of 1911 , some prominent Mongolian nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence . The Khutukhtu consented . To avoid suspicion , he used as a pretext the occasion of a religious festival , at which time the assembled leaders would discuss the need to reapportion taxes among the khoshuuns . The meeting occurred on July 10 and the Mongolians discussed whether it would be better to submit to or resist the will of the Qings . The assembly became deadlocked , some arguing for complete , others for partial , resistance . Eighteen nobles decided to take matters into their hands . Meeting secretly in the hills outside of Urga , they decided that Mongolia must declare its independence . They then persuaded the Khutuktu to send a delegation of three prominent representatives—a secular noble , an ecclesiastic , and a lay official from Inner Mongolia—to Russia for assistance. [ 10 ] The particular composition of the delegation—a noble , a cleric , and a commoner—may have been intended to invest the mission with a sense of national consensus . On December 1 , the Provisional Government of Khalkha issued a general proclamation announcing the end of Qing rule and the establishment of a theocracy under the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu . On December 29 , the Khutuktu was formally installed as the Bodg Khaan of the new Mongolian state . The Bogd Gegen lost his power when Chinese troops occupied the country in 1919 . The Tusiyetu Khan Aimaks Prince Darchin Chin Wang was a supporter of Chinese rule while his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter of Ungern-Sternberg . When Baron Ungerns forces failed to seize Urga in late 1920 , the Bogd was placed under house arrest ; then he was freed and reinstated by Ungern shortly before he took Urga in 1921 . After the revolution in 1921 led by Damdin Sükhbaatar , the Bogd Khan was allowed to stay on the throne in a limited monarchy until his death in 1924 , a year after that of his wife . After his death . The government took control of the Bogd Khans seal after his death according to the 26 November 1924 Constitution of the Mongolian Peoples Republic . It was proposed that Zhang Zuolins domain ( the Chinese Three Eastern Provinces ) take Outer Mongolia under its administration by the Bogda Khan and Bodo in 1922 after pro-Soviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Outer Mongolia . After his death , the Mongolian Revolutionary government , led by followers of the Soviet Communists , declared that no more reincarnations were to be found and established the Mongolian Peoples Republic . However , rumors about a reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu appeared in northern Mongolia in that same year . No traditional determination of the supposed incarnation was conducted . Another rumor appeared in 1925 . In November 1926 the 3rd Great Khural of Mongolian Peoples Republic approved a special resolution that searches for reincarnations of the Bogd Gegen should not be allowed . A final prohibition was approved by the 7th Congress of the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party and the 5th Peoples Great Khural in 1928 . Nevertheless , the next reincarnation of Bogd Gegen was found in Tibet as a boy born in 1932 in Lhasa . This was not announced until the collapse of the USSR and democratic revolution in Mongolia . The 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu was formally enthroned in Dharamsala by Tenzin Gyatso , the 14th Dalai Lama in 1991 , and in Ulaanbaatar in 1999 . The Winter Palace of the Bogd Khan has been preserved and is a tourist attraction in Ulaanbaatar .