What was the noble title of Arnulf of Carinthia after Sep 895?
Arnulf of Carinthia Arnulf of Carinthia ( 850 – December 8 , 899 ) was the duke of Carinthia who overthrew his uncle , Emperor Charles the Fat , became the Carolingian king of East Francia from 887 , the disputed King of Italy from 894 and the disputed Holy Roman Emperor from February 22 , 896 until his death at Regensburg , Bavaria . Early life . Illegitimacy and early life . Arnulf was the illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria , and Liutswind , who may have been the sister of Ernst , Count of the Bavarian Nordgau Margraviate in the area of the Upper Palatinate , or perhaps the burgrave of Passau , according to other sources . After Arnulfs birth , Carloman married , before 861 , a daughter of that same Count Ernst , who died after 8 August 879 . As it is mainly West-Franconian historiography that speaks of Arnulfs illegitimacy , it is quite possible that the two females are actually one and the same person and that Carloman married Arnulfs mother , thus legitimizing his son . Arnulf was granted the rule over the Duchy of Carinthia , a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Carantania by his father Carloman , after Carloman reconciled with his own father , King Louis the German and was made king in the Duchy of Bavaria . Arnulf spent his childhood in Mosaburch or Mosapurc , which is widely believed to be Moosburg in Carinthia , a few miles away from one of the Imperial residences , the Carolingian Kaiserpfalz at Karnburg ( Krnski grad ) , which had been the residence of the Carantanian princes . Arnulf kept his seat here and from later events it may be inferred that the Carantanians , from an early time , treated him as their own Duke . Later , after he had been crowned King of East Francia , Arnulf turned his old territory of Carinthia into the March of Carinthia , a part of the Duchy of Bavaria . Regional ruler . After King Carloman was incapacitated by a stroke in 879 , Louis the Younger inherited Bavaria , Charles the Fat was given the Kingdom of Italy and Arnulf was confirmed in Carinthia by an agreement with Carloman . However , Bavaria was more or less ruled by Arnulf . Arnulf already ruled Bavaria during the summer and autumn of 879 while his father arranged his succession and he himself was granted Pannonia , in the words of the Annales Fuldenses , or Carantanum , in the words of Regino of Prüm . The division of the realm was confirmed in 880 after Carlomans death . When Engelschalk II of Pannonia in 882 rebelled against Aribo , Margrave of Pannonia and ignited the Wilhelminer War , Arnulf supported him and accepted his and his brothers homage . This ruined Arnulfs relationship with his uncle the Emperor and put him at war with Svatopluk of Moravia . Pannonia was invaded , but Arnulf refused to give up the young Wilhelminers . Arnulf did not make peace with Svatopluk until late 885 , by which time the Moravian ruler was loyal to the emperor . Some scholars see this war as destroying Arnulfs hopes of succeeding Charles the Fat . King of East Francia . Arnulf took the leading role in the deposition of his uncle , Emperor Charles the Fat . With the support of the Frankish nobles , Arnulf called a Diet at Tribur and deposed Charles in November 887 , under threat of military action . Charles peacefully agreed to this involuntary retirement , but not without first chastising his nephew for his treachery and asking for a few royal villas in Swabia , which Arnulf granted him , on which to live out his final months . Arnulf , having distinguished himself in the war against the Slavs , was then elected king by the nobles of East Francia ( only the eastern realm , though Charles had ruled the whole of the Frankish Empire ) . West Francia , the Kingdom of Burgundy and the Kingdom of Italy at this point elected their own kings from the Carolingian family . Like all early Germanic rulers , he was heavily involved in ecclesiastical disputes . In 895 , at the Diet of Tribur , he presided over a dispute between the Episcopal sees of Bremen , Hamburg and Cologne over jurisdictional authority , which saw Bremen and Hamburg remain a combined see , independent of the see of Cologne . Arnulf was a fighter , not a negotiator . In 890 he was successfully battling Slavs in Pannonia . In early/mid-891 , Vikings invaded Lotharingia , and crushed an East Frankish army at Maastricht . Terms such as Vikings , Danes , Northmen and Norwegians have been used loosely and interchangeably to describe these invaders . At the subsequent Battle of Leuven ( September 891 ) , in Lotharingia , Arnulf repelled the Vikings , and essentially ended their attacks on that front . The Annales Fuldenses report that there were so many dead Northmen that their bodies blocked the run of the river . After this victory Arnulf built a new castle on an island in the Dijle river ( Dutch : Dijle , English and French : Dyle ) . Intervention in West Francia . Arnulf took advantage of the problems in West Francia after the death of Charles the Fat to secure the territory of Lotharingia , which he converted into a kingdom for his son Zwentibold . In 889 Arnulf supported the claim of Louis the Blind to the kingdom of Provence , after receiving a personal appeal from Louis mother , Ermengard , who came to see Arnulf at Forchheim in May 889 . Recognising the superiority of Arnulfs position , in 888 king Odo of France formally accepted the suzerainty of Arnulf . In 893 Arnulf switched his support from Odo to Charles the Simple after being persuaded by Fulk , Archbishop of Reims , that it was in his best interests . Arnulf then took advantage of the following fighting between Odo and Charles in 894 , harrying some territories of West Francia . At one point , Charles the Simple was forced to flee to Arnulf and ask for his protection . His intervention soon forced Pope Formosus to get involved , as he was worried that a divided and war weary West Francia would be easy prey for the Vikings . In 895 Arnulf summoned both Charles and Odo to his residence at Worms . Charless advisers convinced him not to go , and he sent a representative in his place . Odo , on the other hand , personally attended , together with a large retinue , bearing many gifts for Arnulf . Angered by the non-appearance of Charles , he welcomed Odo at the Diet of Worms in May 895 , and again supported Odos claim to the throne of West Francia . In the same assembly he crowned his illegitimate son Zwentibold as the king of Lotharingia . Wars with Moravia . As early as 880 Arnulf had designs on Great Moravia , and had the Frankish bishop Wiching of Nitra interfere with the missionary activities of the Eastern Orthodox priest Methodius , with the aim of preventing any potential for creating a unified Moravian state . Arnulf had formal relations with the ruler of the Moravian Kingdom , Svatopluk , using them to learn the latters military and political secrets . Later , these tactics were used to occupy the territory of the Greater Moravian state . Arnulf failed to conquer the whole of Great Moravia in wars of 892 , 893 , and 899 . Yet Arnulf did achieve some successes , in particular in 895 , when the Duchy of Bohemia broke away from Great Moravia and became his vassal state . An accord was reached between him and Duke of Bohemia Borivoj I ( reigned 870–95 ) . Bohemia was thus freed from the dangers of Frankish invasion . In 893 or 894 Great Moravia probably lost a part of its territory — present-day Western Hungary — to him . As a reward , Wiching became Arnulfs chancellor in 892 . In his attempts to conquer Moravia , in 899 Arnulf reached out to Magyars who had settled in Pannonia , and with their help he imposed a measure of control over Moravia . King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor . In Italy Guy III of Spoleto and Berengar of Friuli fought over the Iron Crown of Lombardy . Berengar had been crowned king in 887 , but Guy was then crowned in 889 . While Pope Stephen V supported Guy , even crowning him Roman Emperor in 891 , Arnulf threw his support behind Berengar . In 893 the new Pope Formosus , not trusting the newly crowned co-emperors Guy III of Spoleto and his son Lambert II of Spoleto , sent an embassy to Omuntesberch , where Arnulf was meeting with Svatopluk I of Moravia , to request that Arnulf come and liberate Italy , where he would be crowned emperor in Rome . Arnulf met the Primores of the Kingdom of Italy , dismissed them with gifts and promised to assist the pope . Arnulf then sent his son Zwentibold with a Bavarian army to join Berengar of Friuli . They defeated Guy , but were bought off and left in autumn . When Pope Formosus again asked Arnulf to invade , the duke personally led an army across the Alps early in 894 . In January 894 Bergamo fell , and Count Ambrose , Guys representative in the city , was hung from a tree by the citys gates . Conquering all of the territory north of the Po River , Arnulf forced the surrender of Milan and then drove Guy out of Pavia , where he was crowned King of Italy . Arnulf went no further before Guy died suddenly in late autumn , and a fever incapacitated his troops . His march northward through the Alps was interrupted by Rudolph I of Burgundy , and it was only with great difficulty that Arnulf crossed the mountain range . In retaliation , Arnulf ordered his illegitimate son Zwentibold to ravage Rudolphs kingdom . In the meantime , Lambert and his mother Ageltrude travelled to Rome to receive papal confirmation of his imperial succession , but when Pope Formosus , still desiring to crown Arnulf , refused , he was imprisoned in Castel SantAngelo . In September 895 a new papal embassy arrived in Regensburg beseeching Arnulfs aid . In October Arnulf undertook his second campaign into Italy . He crossed the Alps quickly and again , took Pavia , but then he continued slowly , garnering support among the nobility of Tuscany . First Maginulf , Count of Milan , and then Walfred of Friuli , joined him . Eventually even Adalbert II of Tuscany abandoned Lambert . Finding Rome locked against him and held by Ageltrude , Arnulf had to take the city by force on February 21 , 896 , freeing the pope . Arnulf was then greeted at the Ponte Milvio by the Roman Senate who escorted him into the Leonine City , where he was received by Pope Formosus on the steps of the Santi Apostoli . On February 22 , 896 Formosus led the king into the church of St . Peter , anointed and crowned him as emperor , and saluted him as Augustus . Arnulf then proceeded to the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls , where he received the homage of the Roman people , who swore never to hand over the city to Lambert or his mother Ageltrude . Arnulf then proceeded to exile to Bavaria two leading senators , Constantine and Stephen , who had helped Ageltrude to seize Rome . Leaving one of his vassals , Farold , to hold Rome , two weeks later Arnulf marched on Spoleto , where Ageltrude had fled to join Lambert , but now Arnulf suffered a stroke , forcing him to call off the campaign and return to Bavaria . Rumours of the time made Arnulfs condition to be a result of poisoning at the hand of Ageltrude . Arnulf retained power in Italy only as long as he was personally there . On his way north , he stopped at Pavia where he crowned his illegitimate son Ratold , as sub-King of Italy , after which he left Ratold in Milan in an attempt to preserve his hold on Italy . That same year Pope Formosus died , leaving Lambert once again in power , and both he and Berengar proceeded to kill any officials who had been appointed by Arnulf , forcing Ratold to flee from Milan to Bavaria . For the rest of his life Arnulf exercised very little control in Italy , and his agents in Rome did not prevent the accession of Pope Stephen VI in 896 . The Pope initially gave his support to Arnulf , but eventually became a supporter of Lambert . Final years . After 896 Arnulfs health – besides suffering a stroke he had morbus pediculosis , viz. , infestation of pubic lice of the eyelid – prevented him from effectively dealing with the problems besetting his reign . Italy was lost , raiders from Moravia and Magyars were continually harassing his lands , and Lotharingia was in revolt against Zwentibold . He was also plagued by escalating violence and power struggles among the lower Frankish nobility . On December 8 , 899 , Arnulf died at Ratisbon in present-day Bavaria . He is entombed in St . Emmerams Basilica at Regensburg , which is now known as Schloss Thurn und Taxis , the palace of the Princes of Thurn und Taxis . He was succeeded as the king of East Francia by his only legitimate son from Ota ( died 903 ) , Louis the Child . After Louis death in 911 at age 17 or 18 , the east Frankish branch of the Carolingian dynasty ceased to exist . Arnulf had had the nobility recognize the rights of his illegitimate sons , Zwentibold and Ratold , as his successors . Zwentibold , whom he had made King of Lotharingia in 895 , continued to rule there until his murder in 900 .