Ensign in the U.S . Navy Northwestern University
Where was Wayne H. Holtzman educated from 1944 to 1947?
Wayne H . Holtzman Wayne Harold Holtzman ( 16 January 1923 – 23 January 2019 ) was an American psychologist best known for the development of the Holtzman Inkblot Test . Holtzman received a masters degree from Northwestern University and a PhD from Stanford University . He worked at the University of Texas at Austin from 1949 until he retired in 1993 . He developed the Holtzman Inkblot Test in order to overcome deficiencies in the Rorschach test . Early life and education . Holtzman was born in 1923 in Chicago , Illinois where he attended both elementary and high school . His father was an agricultural engineer and his mother was a schoolteacher . He recalled his father taking him on fishing trips from when he was five years old and he developed a love for the North Woods in Wisconsin . He joined the Sea Scouts as a teenager , a favorite activity of his which led to his decision to join the Navy . During his years in high school he worked 20 hours a week at the local cleaner and tailor shop , eventually saving enough money to pay for his first year at Northwestern University , where he was awarded a scholarship in chemistry . He received a BS degree in Chemistry in 1944 before being commissioned as an Ensign in the U.S . Navy . His interest in psychology came after serving as an anti-aircraft gunnery officer aboard the USS Iowa , where he observed first-hand the behaviour of men under stress in life-threatening combat situations . After being discharged from active duty in 1946 , Holtzman took a job at Northwestern University as a laboratory assistant while working on his masters degree , which he completed the following year . Holtzman and his fiancée , Joan King , were married in August of 1947 before moving to Stanford , California . He took a position as a teaching assistant to E . R . ( Jack ) Hilgard at Stanford University where he received a Ph.D . in Psychology and Statistics in 1950 with a dissertation on the Rorschach technique . Career . Holtzman began his career at the University of Texas at Austin in 1949 when he accepted an appointment as assistant professor in the psychology department . From 1950 to 1953 he taught extension courses in statistics and test theory at the School of Aviation Medicine in San Antonio , where he also worked as primary research scientist on an Air Force contract developing new psychiatric screening instruments for the purpose of improving the selection of Air Force pilots . This research highlighted issues with the validity of the Rorschach test although Holtzman continued to believe that the fundamental ideas behind the test still had merit in light of separate research he had recently completed . In 1955 he was appointed the associate director of the University of Texas Hogg Foundation for Mental Hygiene , where he had been a consultant since 1952 . The Foundation had recently enlarged its research and publication program and Holtzmans new position allowed him to work on the development of a new personality test modelled after the Rorschach . He remained in the position of associate director until 1970 when he was appointed as the president of the Hogg Foundation , a position he held until 1993 . In mid-1955 Holtzman was asked by Werner Wolff , Secretary General of the Interamerican Society of Psychology , if he would host the Third Interamerican Congress of Psychology at The University of Texas . Holtzman received strong support from the university and the congress was held in December of 1955 . This led to further international projects spanning several decades , including research projects in Mexico and exchanges of psychology faculty and students from several Mexican universities . He was elected as president of the Texas Psychological Association in 1956 for a one year term . In 1959 he was elected president of the Southwestern Psychological Association and was also promoted to Professor by the University of Texas at Austin the same year . In 1962 Holtzman was added to the list of Whos Who in America . The University of Texas appointed Holtzman dean of the College of Education in 1964 , a position he held until 1970 , and in 1966 Holtzman took the position of editor of the Journal of Educational Psychology , a journal that publishes psychological research pertaining to education across all ages and educational levels . Holtzman was Secretary-General of the International Union of Psychological Science ( IUPsuS ) from 1972 to 1984 and was President from 1984 to 1988 , a role in which he was involved with psychologists internationally and assisted in organising international conferences in order to facilitate the sharing of new ideas and scientific information between psychologists from different nations . Holtzman served a 4-year term on the National Advisory Mental Health Council for the Alcohol , Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration from 1978 . Holtzman retired in 1993 but continued to serve on a part-time basis with the Hogg Foundation . Holtzman Inkblot Technique . In 1961 Holtzman released the Holtzman Inkblot Technique ( HIT ) , also known as the Holtzman Inkblot Test , which he had been developing for the previous ten years . It was designed as a replacement for the Rorschach test which had a number of deficiencies . The HIT was a standardised measurement that was considered to be more reliable than the Rorschach . The test consisted of a series of 45 cards with a single response accepted for each card , as opposed to the Rorschach test which consisted of 10 cards to which multiple responses could be given . However , not all psychologists accept the validity of the HIT . Psychologist H . J . Eysenck stated that a simple 10 minute questionnaire produced better results . Awards and recognitions . In 1979 Holtzman received the annual award for outstanding contributions to the field of mental health from the Psychiatric Outpatient Centers of America as well as the Interamerican Psychology Award from the Interamerican Society of Psychology . As a longtime author , he received the Bruno Klopfer Award in 1988 In 1995 he received the Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology from the American Psychological Association .