researchers solve mystery of historic 1952 london fog and current chinese hazenov 16 2016few americans may be aware of it but in 1952 a killer fog that contained pollutants covered london for five days causing breathing problems and killing thousands of residents the exact cause and nature of the fog has remained mostly unknown for decades but an international team of scientists that includes several texas a&m university-affiliated researchers believes that the mystery has been solved and that the same air chemistry also happens in china and other localestexas a&m researcher renyi zhang university distinguished professor and the harold j haynes chair of atmospheric sciences and professor of chemistry along with graduate students yun lin wilmarie marrero-ortiz jeremiah secrest yixin li jiaxi hu and bowen pan and researchers from china florida california israel and the uk have had their work published in the current issue of proceedings of the national academy of sciences (pnas) in december of 1952 the fog enveloped all of london and residents at first gave it little notice because it appeared to be no different from the familiar natural fogs that have swept over great britain for thousands of years but over the next few days conditions deteriorated and the sky literally became dark visibility was reduced to only three feet in many parts of the city all transportation was shut down and tens of thousands of people had trouble breathing by the time the fog had lifted on dec 9 at least 4 000 people had died and more than 150 000 had been hospitalized thousands of animals in the area were also killed recent british studies now say that the death count was likely far higher – more than 12 000 people of all ages died from the killer fog it has long been known that many of those deaths were likely caused by emissions from coal burning but the exact chemical processes that led to the deadly mix of fog and pollution have not been fully understood over the past 60 years the 1952 killer fog led to the passage of the clean air act in 1956 by the british parliament and is still considered the worst air pollution event in the european history through laboratory experiments and atmospheric measurements in china the team has come up with the answers people have known that sulfate was a big contributor to the fog and sulfuric acid particles were formed from sulfur dioxide released by coal burning for residential use and power plants and other means zhang says but how sulfur dioxide was turned into sulfuric acid was unclear our results showed that this process was facilitated by nitrogen dioxide another co-product of coal burning and occurred initially on natural fog another key aspect in the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfate is that it produces acidic particles which subsequently inhibits this process natural fog contained larger particles of several tens of micrometers in size and the acid formed was sufficiently diluted evaporation of those fog particles then left smaller acidic haze particles that covered the city the study shows that similar chemistry occurs frequently in china which has battled air pollution for decades of the 20 most polluted cities in the world china is home to 16 of them and beijing often exceeds by many times the acceptable air standards set by the us environmental protection agency the difference in china is that the haze starts from much smaller nanoparticles and the sulfate formation process is only possible with ammonia to neutralize the particles zhang adds in china sulfur dioxide is mainly emitted by power plants nitrogen dioxide is from power plants and automobiles and ammonia comes from fertilizer use and automobiles again the right chemical processes have to interplay for the deadly haze to occur in china interestingly while the london fog was highly acidic contemporary chinese haze is basically neutral zhang says china has been working diligently over the past decade to lessen its air pollution problems but persistent poor air quality often requires people to wear breathing masks during much of the day chinas explosive industrial and manufacturing growth and urbanization over the past 25 years have contributed to the problem a better understanding of the air chemistry holds the key for development of effective regulatory actions in china he adds the government has pledged to do all it can to reduce emissions going forward but it will take time he notes we think we have helped solve the 1952 london fog mystery and also have given china some ideas of how to improve its air quality reduction in emissions for nitrogen oxides and ammonia is likely effective in disrupting this sulfate formation process the study was funded by the national natural science foundation of china the robert a welch foundation the ministry of science and technology of china a us national science foundation fellowship a nasa earth and space science fellowship and a collaborative research grant between texas a&m and china ### about research at texas a&m university: as one of the worlds leading research institutions texas a&m is in the vanguard in making significant contributions to the storehouse of knowledge including that of science and technology research conducted at texas a&m represented annual expenditures of more than $8666 million in fiscal year 2015 texas a&m ranked in the top 20 of the national science foundations higher education research and development survey (2014) based on expenditures of more than $854 million in fiscal year 2014 that research creates new knowledge that provides basic fundamental and applied contributions resulting in many cases in economic benefits to the state nation and world to learn more visit http://researchtamuedu media contact: renyi zhang at (979) 845-7656 or renyi-zhang@tamuedu or keith randall news & information services at (979) 845-4644 or keith-randall@tamuedu dr renyi zhang university distinguished professor and the harold j haynes chair of atmospheric sciences and professor of chemistry