what the sea floor holds the metals of interest are found in deposits sitting on the seafloor in formations known as polymetallic nodules which are roughly tennis ball shape and size the research team will collect nodules from the seafloor using a large underwater harvester connected to a ship on the surface about 4 300 meters above by riser pipes and a tether on the ship the ore is then separated from seawater and sediment and the altered seawater and sediment is then discharged back into the ocean at intermediate depths yet to be determined a critical understanding of the biological geological and chemical processes taking place from beneath the seafloor all the way up to the surface is essential to assess the potential impacts of this kind of operation fitzsimmons role in the research will be assessing the potential chemical effects of the redeposited discharge plume of sediment and seawater on the water column another potential concern is the resuspended sediment that is kicked up in the wake of the harvester on the seafloor there is a strong debate in the international community of what depth to release the separated sediment and water after harvesting the nodules fitzsimmons says if released at the surface it could affect organisms that live at the surface and if released on the bottom it could heat-shock any remaining organisms living there this heat-shock would occur because the water is warmed during processing while the ocean bottom waters where it would be released are near-freezing determining the optimal depth for redepositing the plume will be just one of multiple parts of fitzsimmonss research she will also investigate nutrients toxins and ph effects in the water column their first baseline (pre-mining) research expedition to the ccz is planned to launch in february 2021 with follow-up expeditions in october 2021 to assess seasonal variability in the region under normal conditions investigations into the impacts from mining operations could begin in 2022 foundations for future research and development one of fitzsimmonss colleagues at texas a&m dr jason sylvan explains that the recent increased interest in deep sea mining for these rare earth metals is due to the shortage of such resources on land rare earth metals are regularly used in electronics like computers cell phones and more recently electric vehicle (ev) batteries most funding agencies are not going to fund this type of project that is connected to industry sylvan says they are essentially studying a very normal environment which i think is valuable for getting that baseline data deepgreen metals inc has created an opportunity for scientists to study large areas of open ocean that have not been well studied in the past the potential for these resources to be used in the production of green technologies like ev and green energy batteries is also a point of emphasis for the company its exciting for texas a&m because fitzsimmons and the department by association is doing work that is interesting scientifically but also socially and economically sylvan says its important work and im glad shes doing it the transparency and independence of this research is important to fitzsimmons and her colleagues fitzsimmons also expresses appreciation for the opportunity to conduct science that can have impacts on policy decisions that can directly affect society other researchers also involved in this project are dr jeffrey drazen (lead investigator) dr glenn carter dr sara ferrón dr erica goetze dr christopher measures dr brian popp and dr angelicque white from university of hawaii mānoa (soest); dr mariko hatta and dr dhugal lindsay from jamstec for more on the planned impacts assessments read the announcements from deepgreen soest at the university of hawaii at manoa florida state university and heriot-watt university by justin agan ‘18