hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Valence bond theory
In chemistry, valence bond (VB) theory is one of the two basic theories, along with molecular orbital (MO) theory, that were developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to describe chemical bonding. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine to give individual chemical bonds when a molecule is formed. In contrast, molecular orbital theory has orbitals that cover the whole molecule.

Molecular geometry
Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom.

Molecular geometry influences several properties of a substance including its reactivity, polarity, phase of matter, color, magnetism and biological activity. The angles between bonds that an atom forms depend only weakly on the rest of a molecule, i.e. they can be understood as approximately local and hence transferable properties.
Robin Söderling
Robin Bo Carl Söderling (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈrɔ̌bːɪn ˈsø̌ːdɛɭɪŋ]; born 14 August 1984) is a Swedish former professional tennis player. He was ranked world No. 4 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) in November 2010. Söderling won ten singles titles on the ATP Tour, and career highlights include reaching two consecutive finals at the French Open in 2009 and 2010, and a Masters title at the 2010 Paris Masters. He was the first player to defeat Rafael Nadal at the French Open. Söderling played his last professional match at only age 26 after contracting a lingering bout of mononucleosis.

Simone Bolelli
Simone Bolelli (Italian pronunciation: [siˈmoːne boˈlɛlli]; born 8 October 1985) is an Italian professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP ranking in doubles of World No. 6 achieved on 13 January 2025 and in singles of No. 36 achieved on 23 February 2009. Bolelli is a Grand Slam champion, having won the 2015 Australian Open doubles event with Fabio Fognini, together becoming the first male all-Italian pair to win a Major in the Open Era. He also reached three other major finals with Andrea Vavassori at the 2024 and the 2025 Australian Open, and at the 2024 French Open. He is also the Italian player who has won the highest number of Davis Cups for his national team, marking a record of three times in a row: in 2023, 2024 and 2025. He has won 18 ATP Tour doubles titles. He was a bronze medalist at the 2005 Mediterranean Games.
Russo-Turkish wars
The Russo-Turkish wars or the Russo-Ottoman wars began in 1568 and continued intermittently until 1918. They consisted of twelve conflicts in total, making them one of the longest series of wars in the history of Europe. All but four of these wars ended in losses for the Ottoman Empire, which was undergoing a period of stagnation and decline. Conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of the Russian Empire as a significant European power after Peter the Great oversaw extensive modernization efforts in the early 18th century. Ultimately, however, the end of the Russo-Turkish wars came about with the dissolution of the two belligerents' respective states as a consequence of World War I: the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917 and was ultimately succeeded by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922; while the Ottoman Empire was partitioned between 1918 and 1922 and succeeded by the Republic of Turkey in 1923.

Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia, also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.

From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, wars with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian conquest of Siberia, to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire. During the Great Northern War, he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire after victory over Sweden in 1721.
Wenatchee River
The Wenatchee River is a river in the U.S. state of Washington, originating at Lake Wenatchee and flowing southeast for 53 miles (85 km), emptying into the Columbia River immediately north of Wenatchee, Washington. On its way it passes the towns of Plain, Leavenworth, Peshastin, Dryden, Cashmere, Monitor, and Wenatchee, all within Chelan County. The river attracts kayaking and river rafting enthusiasts and tourism.

Tributaries include the Chiwawa River, Nason Creek, Peshastin Creek, and Icicle Creek. Its drainage basin is 1,333 square miles (3,450 km2) in area.

North Cascades
The North Cascades are a section of the Cascade Range of western North America. They span the border between the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. state of Washington and are officially named in the U.S. and Canada as the Cascade Mountains.  The portion in Canada is known to Americans as the Canadian Cascades, a designation that also includes the mountains above the east bank of the Fraser Canyon as far north as the town of Lytton, at the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers.

They are predominantly non-volcanic, but include the stratovolcanoes Mount Baker, Glacier Peak and Coquihalla Mountain, which are part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.
Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Oshkosh (/ˈɒʃkɒʃ/ ⓘ) is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is located on the western shore of Lake Winnebago, adjacent to the much less populous Town of Oshkosh in the north. The population was 66,816 at the 2020 census, making it the ninth-most populous city in Wisconsin. The Oshkosh metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Winnebago County, had 171,730 residents. Oshkosh is included in the greater Fox Cities region of Wisconsin.

U.S. Route 41 in Wisconsin
U.S. Highway 41 (US 41) is a north–south highway United States Numbered Highway in eastern Wisconsin. It runs from Pleasant Prairie on the Illinois border north to Marinette on the Michigan border. Most of the route is concurrent with Interstate 41 in the state, with the exception of the portion between Howard, a suburb of Green Bay,  and Marinette.
Dawn Upshaw
Dawn Upshaw (born July 17, 1960) is an American soprano. She is the recipient of several Grammy Awards and has released a number of Edison Award-winning discs; she performs both opera and art song, and her repertoire spans Baroque to contemporary. Many composers, including Henri Dutilleux, Osvaldo Golijov, John Harbison, Esa-Pekka Salonen, David Bruce, John Adams, and Kaija Saariaho, have written for her. In 2007, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. In 2006, she founded the Graduate Vocal Arts Program at Bard College Conservatory in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, serving as artistic director until 2019. She currently serves as head of the Vocal Arts Program at the Tanglewood Music Center in Lenox, Massachusetts.

Gil Shaham
Gil Shaham (Hebrew: גיל שחם; born February 19, 1971) is an American violinist. His accolades include a Grammy Award in 1999, and he has performed as a soloist with such orchestras as the New York Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, Vienna Philharmonic, Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Russian National Orchestra, Academy of St Martin in the Fields, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, and the Orchestre de Paris.
Hits Radio South Yorkshire
Hits Radio South Yorkshire, formerly Hallam FM, is an Independent Local Radio station based in Sheffield, England, owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK as part of the Hits Radio network. It broadcasts to South Yorkshire and Chesterfield.

As of September 2024, the station has a weekly audience of 330,000 listeners according to RAJAR.

Doncaster Radio
Doncaster Radio, formerly known as TX1 Radio, is an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to the Doncaster and Bassetlaw districts of South Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire, England. It launched on September 14, 2020 following the re-branding of Trax FM and other stations as Greatest Hits Radio. It has a sister station, Rotherham Radio.
Kartuzy
Kartuzy (Polish: [karˈtuzɨ] ⓘ; Kashubian: Kartuzë, Kartëzë or Kartuzé; former German: Karthaus) is a town in northern Poland, located in the historic Eastern Pomerania (Pomerelia) region. It is the capital of Kartuzy County in Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Puck, Poland
Puck (Polish pronunciation: [put͡sk] ⓘ; Kashubian: Pùckò, Pùck, Pëck, formerly German: Putzig, pronounced [ˈpʊtsɪç] ⓘ) is a town in northern Poland with 11,350 inhabitants. It is in Gdańsk Pomerania on the south coast of the Baltic Sea (Bay of Puck) and part of Kashubia with many Kashubian speakers in the town. Previously in the Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998), Puck has been the capital of Puck County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999.
Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
The Chamber of Deputies (Italian: Camera dei deputati) is the lower house of the bicameral Italian Parliament, the upper house being the Senate of the Republic. The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. The Chamber of Deputies has 400 seats, of which 392 are elected from Italian constituencies, and 8 from Italian citizens living abroad. Deputies are styled The Honourable (Italian: Onorevole) and meet at Palazzo Montecitorio.

2017 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election
The 2017 Democratic Party leadership election was an open primary election held on 30 April 2017. The three candidates were Matteo Renzi, former Prime Minister and party secretary until February 2017, Michele Emiliano, President of Apulia, and Andrea Orlando, the Minister of Justice. Renzi was elected by a landslide 70%, and appointed Maurizio Martina as his deputy secretary.
Aleppo Eyalet
Aleppo Eyalet (Arabic: إيالة حلب; Ottoman Turkish: ایالت حلب, romanized: Eyālet-i Ḥaleb) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman conquest it was governed from Damascus, but by 1534 Aleppo was made the capital of a new eyalet. Its reported area in the 19th century was 8,451 square miles (21,890 km2). Its capital, Aleppo, was the third largest city of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th and 17th century.

Van Eyalet
The Van Eyalet (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت وان, romanized: Eyālet-i Vān) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. The capital was Van. It was formed in 1548 as one of the Beylerbeyliks of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was 9,616 square miles (24,910 km2).

It included territory in Western Armenia (now the Eastern Anatolia region in Turkey) as well as a small part of present-day Iran (the Sanjak of Sero, today in Urmia County).
J-, K- and N-class destroyer
The J, K and N class consisted of 24 destroyers built for the Royal Navy beginning in 1938. They were a return to a smaller vessel, with a heavier torpedo armament, after the Tribal class that emphasised guns over torpedoes. The ships were built in three flotillas or groups, each consisting of eight ships with names beginning with "J", "K" and "N". The flag superior of the pennant numbers changed from "F" to "G" in 1940.

The ships were modified throughout their wartime service, particularly their anti-aircraft (AA) guns; they were also fitted with radar.

Fuze Keeping Clock
The Fuze Keeping Clock (FKC) was a simplified version of the Royal Navy's High Angle Control System analogue fire control computer. It first appeared as the FKC MkII in destroyers of the 1938 Tribal class, while later variants were used on sloops, frigates, destroyers, aircraft carriers and several cruisers. The FKC MkII was a non-tachymetric anti-aircraft fire control computer. It could accurately engage targets with a maximum speed of 250 knots (460 km/h; 290 mph).
Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora, the Marmara Sea or Propontis /prəˈpɒntɪs/ (ancient Greek: Προποντίς /pro.ponˈdis/), is a small inland sea entirely within the borders of Turkey. It links the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea via the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, separating Turkey's European and Asian sides. It has an area of 11,350 km2 (4,380 sq mi), and its dimensions are 280 km × 80 km (174 mi × 50 mi). Its greatest depth is 1,370 m (4,490 ft).

Pull-apart basin
In geology, a basin is a region where subsidence generates accommodation space for the deposition of sediments. A pull-apart basin is a structural basin where two overlapping (en echelon) strike-slip faults or a fault bend create an area of crustal extension undergoing tension, which causes the basin to sink down. Frequently, the basins are rhombic or sigmoidal in shape.  Dimensionally, basins are limited to the distance between the faults and the length of overlap.
Comilla District
Comilla District, officially known as Cumilla District, (Bengali: কুমিল্লা জেলা) is a district located in southeastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. It lies about 100 kilometres (60 mi) southeast of Dhaka. Comilla is bordered by Brahmanbaria and Narayanganj districts to the north, Noakhali and Feni districts to the south, Tripura state of India to the east and Munshiganj and Chandpur districts to the west.

Comilla Victoria Government College
Comilla Victoria Government College (Bengali: কুমিল্লা ভিক্টোরিয়া সরকারি কলেজ, romanized: Cumilla Victoria Shorkari College), mostly known as Comilla Victoria College, is a public college in Comilla, Bangladesh. It is one of the oldest and prestigious colleges in Comilla as well as in the Chittagong Division. The higher secondary branch of the college is located in Kandirpar area of the comilla city and the degree and honours branch of the college is located in Dharmapur area of Comilla. The college was named after Queen Victoria, once the Queen of United Kingdom and British Raj.
Infantry
Infantry, or infantryman are a type of soldier who specialize in ground combat, typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadly encompasses a wide variety of subspecialties, including light infantry, irregular infantry, heavy infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry, mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and naval infantry. Other subtypes of infantry, such as line infantry and mounted infantry, were once commonplace but fell out of favor in the 19th century with the invention of more accurate and powerful weapons.

52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division
The 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was originally formed as the Lowland Division, in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It later became the 52nd (Lowland) Division in 1915. The 52nd (Lowland) Division fought in the First World War before being disbanded, with the rest of the Territorial Force, in 1920.

The Territorial Force was later reformed as the Territorial Army and the division was again raised, during the inter-war years, as the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division - a 1st Line Territorial Army Infantry Division - and went on to serve during the Second World War.

By December 1947, the formation amalgamated with 51st (Highland) Infantry Division to become 51st/52nd Scottish Division, but, by March 1950, 51st Division and 52nd Division had been recreated as separate formations. 52nd (Lowland) Division finally disbanded in 1968.
Gorakhpur
Gorakhpur is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, along the banks of the Rapti river in the  Purvanchal region. It is situated 272 kilometres east of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur district, North Eastern Railway Zone and Gorakhpur division. The city is home to the Gorakhnath Math, a Gorakhnath temple. The city also has had an Indian Air Force station since 1963. Gita Press, the world's largest publisher of Hindu religious texts like Ramayana and Mahabharata, has been established here since 1926.

Siddharthnagar
Siddharthnagar also known as Naugarh is a city and the district headquarters of Siddharthnagar in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of the five Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Siddharthnagar district, though the constituency has been renamed to Kapilvastu, and is near Lumbini, Nepal the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. It is north of Siddharthnagar railway station 20 kilometers from India.
Spiritualized
Spiritualized (stylised as Spiritualized®) are an English rock band formed in 1990 in Rugby, Warwickshire, by Jason Pierce (often known as J. Spaceman), formerly of Spacemen 3. The band had fluid personnel in its early years but by 1999 became centred on Pierce (vocals, guitar), Doggen Foster (guitar) and Kevin Bales (drums and percussion), with revolving bassists and keyboardists. Bassist James Stelfox has been playing with the band since 2012.

As of 2023, Spiritualized have released nine studio albums. The best known and most critically acclaimed of these is 1997's Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space, which NME magazine named as their Album of the Year.

The Brian Jonestown Massacre
The Brian Jonestown Massacre is an American rock band founded and led by Anton Newcombe. It was formed in San Francisco in 1990 and has featured a revolving cast of members since forming.

Initially influenced by Shoegaze and Dream Pop on their first two albums, the band would eventually shift towards a sound influenced by 1960s Psychedelic rock and Garage rock on their third album, Take It from the Man!. The collective has released 20 studio albums, six compilation albums, five live albums, 14 EPs and 24 singles, as well as two various-artist compilation albums to date.

The group has gained media notoriety for their tumultuous working relationships as well as the erratic behavior of Newcombe. The group received further notoriety when they were the subject of the 2004 documentary film called Dig!.
Johnny Hodges
John Cornelius Hodges (July 25, 1907 – May 11, 1970) was an American alto saxophonist, best known for solo work with Duke Ellington's big band. He played lead alto in the saxophone section for many years. Hodges was also featured on soprano saxophone, but refused to play soprano after 1940. Along with Benny Carter, Hodges is considered to be one of the definitive alto saxophone players of the big band era.

After beginning his career as a teenager in Boston, Hodges began to travel to New York and played with Lloyd Scott, Sidney Bechet, Luckey Roberts and Chick Webb. When Ellington wanted to expand his band in 1928, Ellington's clarinet player Barney Bigard recommended Hodges. His playing became one of the identifying voices of the Ellington orchestra. From 1951 to 1955, Hodges left the Duke to lead his own band, but returned shortly before Ellington's triumphant return to prominence – the orchestra's  performance at the 1956 Newport Jazz Festival.

Irving Mills
Irving Harold Mills (born Isadore Minsky; January 18, 1894 Odessa, Ukraine – April 21, 1985) was a Ukrainian-American music publisher, musician, lyricist, and jazz promoter. He often used the pseudonyms Goody Goodwin and Joe Primrose.
Hiro Saito
Hiroyuki Saito (斎藤 弘幸, Saitō Hiroyuki; born May 25, 1961 in Kawasaki, Japan) is a Japanese professional wrestler best known by the shortened name of Hiro Saito (ヒロ 斉藤, Hiro Saitō). He was the first AJPW World Junior Heavyweight Champion.

Makai Club
Makai Club (魔界倶楽部, Makai Kurabu), originally Puroresu Kessha Makai Club (プロレス結社魔界倶楽部, Puroresu Kessha Makai Kurabu; Pro Wrestling Association Hell Club), was a villainous professional wrestling stable that competed in New Japan Pro-Wrestling. It was led by Tadao Yasuda and managed by Kantaro Hoshino, and its gimmick was that of a group of mixed martial arts fighters and pro wrestlers who worshipped Antonio Inoki as a god.

It also had influence over All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling, where it had an extension called Makai Majo Gundan (魔界魔女軍団, Makai Majo Gundan; Hell Witch Army) which was led by Chiyo Obata.
Sydney Goodsir Smith
Sydney Goodsir Smith (26 October 1915 – 15 January 1975) was a New Zealand-born Scottish poet, artist, dramatist and novelist. He wrote poetry in literary Scots, sometimes referred to as Lallans, and was a major figure of the Scottish Renaissance.

A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle
A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (Scots pronunciation: [ə drʌŋk ˈman luks ət ðə ˈθɪsl̩]) is a long poem by Hugh MacDiarmid written in Scots and published in 1926. It is composed as a form of monologue with influences from stream of consciousness genres of writing. A poem of extremes, it ranges between comic and serious modes and examines a wide range of cultural, sexual, political, scientific, existential, metaphysical and cosmic themes, ultimately unified through one consistent central thread, the poet's affectively charged contemplation, looking askance at the condition of Scotland. It also includes extended and complex responses to figures from European and Russian literature, in particular Fyodor Dostoevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as referencing topical events and personalities of the mid-1920s such as Isadora Duncan or the UK General Strike of 1926. It is one of the major modernist literary works of the 20th century.
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylinositol or inositol phospholipid is a biomolecule. It was initially called "inosite" when it was discovered by Léon Maquenne and Johann Joseph von Scherer in the late 19th century. It was discovered in bacteria but later also found in eukaryotes, and was found to be a signaling molecule.

The biomolecule can exist in nine different isomers. It is a lipid which contains a phosphate group, two fatty acid chains, and one inositol sugar molecule. Typically, the phosphate group has a negative charge (at physiological pH values). As a result, the molecule is amphiphilic.

The production of the molecule is limited to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Protein kinase B
Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription, and cell migration.
Bow Mar, Colorado
Bow Mar is a statutory town located in Arapahoe and Jefferson counties, Colorado, United States. The town population was 853 at the 2020 United States census with 587 residing in Arapahoe County and 266 residing in Jefferson County. Bow Mar is part of the Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The current mayor of Bow Mar is Bryan Sperry.

Columbine, Colorado
Columbine (/kɑːləmbaɪn/ kaa-luhm-bine) is a census-designated place (CDP) in and governed by Jefferson and Arapahoe counties in Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Denver metropolitan area. Located primarily in Jefferson County, Columbine lies immediately south of Denver. The population of the Columbine CDP was 25,229 at the 2020 census. The community lies in ZIP code 80123.

In 2007, Ralph W. Larkin, author of Comprehending Columbine, wrote that the area "is nothing more than a series of residential developments, strip malls, and shopping centers." Larkin concluded that it "has no collective identity."
Erzurum Eyalet
The Erzurum Eyalet (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت ارضروم, romanized: Eyālet-i Erżurūm) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after the conquest of Western Armenia by the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was 11,463 square miles (29,690 km2).

Trebizond Eyalet
Trebizond Eyalet (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت طربزون, romanized: Eyālet-i Ṭrabzōn) or Trabzon Beylerbeyliği was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.

Established in 1598, it remained a primarily Christian region into the 17th century, well after the rest of Anatolia had been converted to Islam. This province has experienced various rebellions, such as the Tuzcuoğlu rebellions. Its reported area in the 19th century was 10,507 square miles (27,210 km2).