hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lens
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.

Lenses are used in various imaging devices such as telescopes, binoculars, and cameras. They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia.

Polarizer
A polarizer or polariser is an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other polarizations. It can filter a beam of light of undefined or mixed polarization into a beam of well-defined polarization, known as polarized light. Polarizers are used in many optical techniques and instruments. Polarizers find applications in photography and LCD technology. In photography, a polarizing filter can be used to filter out reflections.

The common types of polarizers are linear polarizers and circular polarizers. Polarizers can also be made for other types of electromagnetic waves besides visible light, such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays.
Yellow-spotted brush-furred rat
The yellow-spotted brush-furred rat (Lophuromys flavopunctatus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. The population in Ethiopia is isolated and can be found at high altitudes up to 4,500 m above sea level.

Gray-bellied pygmy mouse
The gray-bellied pygmy mouse (Mus triton) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found in Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and arable land.
Daniel MacPherson
Daniel MacPherson  is an Australian actor and television presenter, known for his roles as Joel Samuels in Neighbours, PC Cameron Tait in The Bill, Sergeant Samuel Wyatt in Sky and Cinemax's Strike Back,  Whit Carmichael in the Shane Abbess sci-fi film Infini, Arion Elessedil in The Shannara Chronicles and Hugo Crast in the first filmed adaptation of Isaac Asimov's long running Foundation novel series, loosely adapted as Foundation. He also co-hosted Dancing with the Stars for six years while simultaneously starring in a number of Australian dramas such as Wild Boys.

Warren Brown (actor)
Warren Martin Brown (born 11 May 1978) is an English actor, widely known for his roles as Donny Maguire in Shameless and Andy Holt in Hollyoaks, DS Justin Ripley in the BBC crime drama Luther and as Sergeant Thomas "Mac" McAllister in the British-American action television series Strike Back, starting with Strike Back: Retribution.
Offenbach am Main
Offenbach am Main (German pronunciation: [ˈɔfn̩bax ʔam ˈmaɪn] ⓘ, lit. 'Offenbach on the Main') is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the left bank of the river Main. It borders Frankfurt and is part of the Frankfurt urban area and the larger Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area. It has a population of 138,335 (December 2018).

In the 20th century, the city's economy was built on machine-building, leather-making, typography and design, and the automobile and pharmaceutical industries.

Rodgau
Rodgau (German pronunciation: [ˈʁɔtɡaʊ] ⓘ) is a town in the Offenbach district in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany. It lies southeast of Frankfurt am Main in the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region and has the greatest population of any municipality in the Offenbach district. It came into being in 1979 when the greater community of Greater Rodgau was raised to the status of a town, after having been formed through a merger of five formerly self-administering communities in the framework of municipal reform in Hesse in 1977. The current constituent communities’ history reaches back to the 8th century.
Gran Municipality
Granⓘ is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Hadeland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Jaren. Other villages in Gran include Bjoneroa, Brandbu, Egge, Gran, and Ringstad.

The 756.65-square-kilometre (292.14 sq mi) municipality is the 148th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Gran Municipality is the 89th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 13,660. The municipality's population density is 18.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (47/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 0.1% over the previous 10-year period.

Nordre Land Municipality
Nordre Land is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Land. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Dokka. Other villages in the municipality include Vest-Torpa, Nord-Torpa, Aust-Torpa, Fagerlund, and Nordsinni.

The 955.32-square-kilometre (368.85 sq mi) municipality is the 122nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Nordre Land Municipality is the 151st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 6,544. The municipality's population density is 6.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 2.8% over the previous 10-year period.
Aextoxicon
Aextoxicon is a genus of dioecious trees native to southern Chile and Argentina. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Aextoxicaceae, and is itself represented by the olivillo (Aextoxicon punctatum). It is a large evergreen tree native to the forests of the Valdivian temperate rain forests and Magellanic subpolar forests of the Pacific coast of southern Chile, where it forms is a canopy tree in the broadleaf forests. It can reach 15 m tall.

The APG system (1998) and the APG II system (2003) left the family Aextoxicaceae unplaced in the core eudicots. It has since been included in the order Berberidopsidales. The genus was formerly often included in the family Euphorbiaceae.

Daphniphyllum
Daphniphyllum is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Daphniphyllaceae and was described as a genus in 1826. The genus includes evergreen shrubs and trees mainly native to east and southeast Asia, but also found in the Indian subcontinent and New Guinea.

All species in the family are dioecious, that is male and female flowers are borne on different plants. In older classifications the genus was treated in the family Euphorbiaceae.

Daphniphyllum species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed (Ectropis sp.).
Eric Carmen
Eric Howard Carmen (August 11, 1949 – March 10, 2024) was an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He was the lead vocalist of the Raspberries, with whom he recorded the hit "Go All the Way" and four albums. He embarked on a solo career in 1975 and had global success with "All by Myself", "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again", "She Did It", "Hungry Eyes", and "Make Me Lose Control". In later years, he toured with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band before reforming the Raspberries in 2004.

Cashbox (magazine)
Cashbox, also known as Cash Box, was an American music industry trade magazine, originally published weekly from July 1942 to November 1996. Ten years after its dissolution, it was revived and continues as Cashbox Magazine, an online magazine with weekly charts and occasional special print issues. In addition to the music industry, the magazine covered the amusement arcade industry, including jukebox machines and arcade games.
Government of New South Wales
The Government of New South Wales, also known as the NSW Government, is the executive state government of New South Wales, Australia. The government comprises 11 portfolios, led by ministerial departments and supported by several agencies. There are also a number of independent statutory bodies that fall under a portfolio but remain at arms-length for political reasons, such as the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Electoral Commission. The Executive Council, which consists of the governor and senior ministers, exercises executive authority through the relevant ministerial portfolios.

The current government is held by the New South Wales Labor Party, led by Premier Chris Minns. Minns succeeded Dominic Perrottet of the Liberal Party on 28 March 2023 following that year’s state election.

North Sydney Council
North Sydney Council is a local government area on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, established on 29 July 1890 through the amalgamation of three boroughs.

The area is bounded by Willoughby to the north and north-west, Northern Beaches to the north-east, Mosman to the east, Lane Cove to the west and Sydney Harbour to the south. It covers an area of approximately 10.9 square kilometres (4.2 sq mi) and as at the 2016 census had an estimated population of 67,658. The administrative seat of North Sydney Council is located in the suburb of North Sydney, approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of the Sydney central business district.

The mayor of North Sydney Council is Cr. Zoë Baker, an independent politician, first elected on 10 January 2022.
Constantine, Algeria
Constantine (Arabic: قسنطينة, romanized: Qusanṭīnah), also spelled Qacentina or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria. During Roman times it was called Cirta and was renamed "Constantina" in honour of Emperor Constantine the Great. Located somewhat inland, Constantine is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) from the Mediterranean coast, on the banks of the Rhumel River.

Constantine is regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the commercial centre of its region and has a population of about 450,000 (938,475 with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after Algiers and Oran. There are several museums and historical sites located around the city. Constantine is often referred to as the "City of Bridges" because of the numerous picturesque bridges connecting the various hills, valleys, and ravines that the city is built on and around.

Constantine was named the Arab Capital of Culture in 2015.

Souk Ahras
Souk Ahras (Arabic: سوق أهراس, romanized: Sūq Ahrās) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Souk Ahras Province. The Numidian city of Thagaste (or Tagaste), on whose ruins Souk Ahras was built, was the birthplace of Augustine of Hippo and a center of Berber culture.
Quaternary
The Quaternary (/kwəˈtɜːrnəri/ kwə-TUR-nər-ee, US also /ˈkwɒtərnɛri/ KWOT-ər-nerr-ee) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the Phanerozoic eon. It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.6 million years ago to the present. The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene (2.6 million years ago to 12 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (12 thousand years ago to today); a proposed third epoch, the Anthropocene, was rejected in 2024 by IUGS, the governing body of the ICS.

The Quaternary is typically defined by the Quaternary glaciation, the cyclic growth and decay of continental ice sheets related to the Milankovitch cycles and the associated climate and environmental changes that they caused.

Terrain
Terrain (from Latin  terra 'earth'), alternatively relief or topographical relief, is the dimension and shape of a given surface of a land. In physical geography, terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns. Bathymetry is the study of underwater relief, while hypsometry studies terrain relative to sea level.
Woodstock, Cape Town
Woodstock is a suburb in Cape Town, South Africa, situated between the docks of Table Bay and the lower slopes of Devil's Peak. One of the city's oldest suburbs, Woodstock is located around 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) east of Cape Town CBD, the city's main economic hub.

The suburb serves as a mixed-use area, with residential, commercial, and light industrial zoning, similar to that of neighboring Salt River.

Claremont, Cape Town
Claremont is a suburb of Cape Town, South Africa, situated in the Southern Suburbs region of the city. It is a mixed-use area, with both residential properties and economically-important commercial sections.

The suburb contains numerous retail centers, including Cavendish Square, Stadium on Main, and Palmyra Junction.
Ryan Day (snooker player)
Ryan Day (born 23 March 1980) is a Welsh professional snooker player. He is a prolific break-builder, having compiled over 450 century breaks during his career, including four maximum breaks. He is a three-time World Championship quarter-finalist, has been ranked at no. 6 in the world and has won four ranking tournaments.

2014 Wuxi Classic
The 2014 Sports Lottery Cup Wuxi Classic was a professional ranking snooker tournament held between 23 and 29 June 2014 at the Wuxi City Sports Park Stadium in Wuxi, China. It was the first ranking event of the 2014/2015 season.

Neil Robertson defended his title, which he won in 2013, by defeating Joe Perry 10–9 in the final. This was Robertson's 10th ranking title.
NCAA Season 81
NCAA Season 81 was the 2005–06 season of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the Philippines. Colegio de San Juan de Letran was the season's host.

To usher in the new season, Letran and the other NCAA member schools performed the opening ceremonies at the Araneta Coliseum, followed by four basketball games on June 25, 2005. Other disciplines started their own tournaments within the following months, with beach volleyball as the last tournament on mid-March.

De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde won its first General Championship honors for the Seniors division, while the San Sebastian Recoletos High School won its second Juniors General Championship, via tiebreakers, when La Salle Green Hills emerged with an equal number of points.

NCAA Season 83
NCAA Season 83 is the 2007–08 Season of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the Philippines.

José Rizal University is the host of the 2007–2008 season, with this year's theme " Soaring High and Free at 83". NCAA Season 82's commissioner Jun Bernardino was supposed to be the commissioner, if not for his death.

Former Shell Turbo Chargers head coach and Basketball Coaches Association of the Philippines president Chito Narvasa will be this season's commissioner, succeeding Bernardino.
Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture
The Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture (German: Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung, also unofficially known as the "Reich Education Ministry" (German: Reichserziehungsministerium), or "REM") existed from 1934 until 1945 under the leadership of Bernhard Rust and was responsible for unifying the education system of Nazi Germany and aligning it with the goals of Nazi leadership.

Georg Stetter
Georg Carl Stetter  (23 December 1895 – 14 July 1988) was an Austrian-German nuclear physicist. Stetter was Director of the Second Physics Institute of the University of Vienna. He was a principal member of the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club. In the latter years of World War II, he was also the Director of the Institute for Neutron Research. After the war, he was dismissed from his university positions, and he then became involved in dust protection research. After his dismissal was overturned, he became Director of the First Physics Institute of the University of Vienna, and he began research on aerosols. In 1962, Stetter became a full Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. In that same year, the Academy established their Commission for Clean Air, and Stetter served as its chairman until 1985.
Alipurduar district
Alipurduar district (Bengali pronunciation: [alipurduar d͡ʒela]), is one of the 23 districts of the state of West Bengal in India. The district is the part of Jalpaiguri Division. Alipurduar city is the headquarters of the district. It was made a district by bifurcating Jalpaiguri district on June 25, 2014. This is the easternmost district of West Bengal. It is situated in the Western Dooars natural region, in the foothills of the Bengal Himalayas.

Alipurduar railway division
Alipurduar railway division is one of the five railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Northeast Frontier Railway zone of the Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 15 January 1958 and its headquarter is located at Alipurduar in the state of West Bengal.

Katihar railway division, Lumding railway division, Tinsukia railway division and Rangiya railway division are the other four railway divisions under the NFR Zone headquartered at Maligaon, Guwahati.
Janet Waldo
Janet Waldo (born Patricia Waldo; February 4, 1919 – June 12, 2016) was an American radio and voice actress. In animation, she voiced Judy Jetson in various Hanna-Barbera media, Nancy in Shazzan, Penelope Pitstop, Princess from Battle of the Planets, and Josie in Josie and the Pussycats. On radio, she was the title character in Meet Corliss Archer.

Allan Melvin
Allan John Melvin (February 18, 1923 – January 17, 2008) was an American actor and impressionist, who was cast in hundreds of television episodes from the 1950s to the early 1990s, often appearing in recurring roles on various series. Some of those roles and series include portraying various characters on: The Andy Griffith Show, as real estate salesman Pete Dudley in My Favorite Martian, as Corporal Henshaw on The Phil Silvers Show, Sergeant Hacker on Gomer Pyle, USMC, Alice's boyfriend Sam the Butcher on The Brady Bunch, and as Archie Bunker's friend Barney Hefner on both All in the Family and Archie Bunker's Place. He has also voiced Tyrone the Bulldog, an archvillain (with his aliases The Jester, The Puzzler, Poochquin, Sheriff of Sherwood, and many others) in the live-action/animated series The Secret Lives of Waldo Kitty and was Magilla Gorilla on The Magilla Gorilla Show, as well as Drooper on The Banana Splits.
Rabat Ajax F.C.
Rabat Ajax Football Club is a Maltese football club based in Rabat. The last promotion to the Maltese Premier League was achieved in the 2011–12 season, when they earned promotion after finishing second behind Melita. In the 2020–21 National Amateur League season, the club finished 4th in group B, qualifying for the promotion playoffs. After beating Msida St. Joseph and Marsaskala in the quarter and semi finals respectively, they reached the final against Kirkop United. The Magpies won the final 2–1, securing themselves the fourth and final promotion spot to the following seasons Challenge League.

Balzan F.C.
Balzan Football Club is a Maltese professional football club from the village of Balzan that competes in the Maltese Challenge League, the second tier of Maltese football. The club was founded as Balzan Youths in 1937 and played in the top division between 2010 and 2025. They were renamed Balzan FC in June 2012.

Balzan has qualified for the UEFA Europa League for five consecutive seasons (2015–16 to 2019–20). The club finished as runners-up in the Maltese Premier League in the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons and were finalists of the 2015–16 Maltese FA Trophy, which they lost on penalties to Sliema Wanderers after a goalless draw in the regular time. In May 2019, the club finally won its first major honour, the 2018–19 Maltese FA Trophy, after defeating Valletta on penalties in the final.
Santpoort
Santpoort is a town in North Holland, Netherlands consisting of two parts, with a combined population of 10,610 in 2023:

Santpoort-Noord, a village with a population of 7,270 in 2023

Santpoort-Zuid, a village with a population of 3,385 in 2023

Van Brederode
The Lords of Brederode (Heeren van Brederode) were a noble family from Holland who played an important role during the Middle Ages and the Early modern period. The family had a high noble rank and hold the titles Count of Brederode, Count of Gennep, and furthermore they ruled the souverain Lordship of Vianen, the Viscountship of Utrecht among other feudal titles.
Berkeley, California
Berkeley (/ˈbɜːrkli/ ⓘ BURK-lee) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills. The 2020 census recorded a population of 124,321.

Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California, the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which is managed and operated by the university. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world. Berkeley is considered one of the most socially progressive cities in the United States.

John Galen Howard
John Galen Howard (May 8, 1864 – July 18, 1931) was an American architect and educator who began his career in New York before moving to California. He was the principal architect at several firms in both states and employed Julia Morgan early in her architectural career.
Gary Foley
Gary Edward Foley (born 11 May 1950) is an Aboriginal Australian activist of the Gumbaynggirr people, academic, writer and actor. He is best known for his role in establishing the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra in 1972 and for establishing an Aboriginal Legal Service in Redfern in the 1970s. He also co-wrote and acted in the first Indigenous Australian stage production, Basically Black.

As of August 2022 Foley is Professor, Moondani Balluk Indigenous Academic Unit, at Victoria University.

Denis Walker (activist)
Denis P. Walker (2 December 1947 – 4 December 2017), also known as Bejam Kunmunara Jarlow Nunukel Kabool, was an Aboriginal Australian activist. He was a major figure in the civil rights and land rights movements of the 1970s and continued to fight for a treaty between the Australian Government and Aboriginal nations through the 1990s and until his death.
Intersection (road)
An intersection or an at-grade junction is a junction where two or more roads converge, diverge, meet or cross at the same height, as opposed to an interchange, which uses bridges or tunnels to separate different roads. Major intersections are often delineated by gores and may be classified by road segments, traffic controls and lane design.

This article primarily reflects practice in jurisdictions where vehicles are driven on the right. If not otherwise specified, "right" and "left" can be reversed to reflect jurisdictions where vehicles are driven on the left.

Georgia State Route 197
State Route 197 (SR 197) is a 29.0-mile-long (46.7 km) state highway. It passes through portions of Habersham and Rabun counties and the Chattahoochee National Forest.  Scenic Georgia Highway 197 was used by moonshiners during Prohibition in the United States.