hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
American Historical Association
The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world with 11,000 members as of 2025. Founded in 1884, AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional standards, and support scholarship and innovative teaching. It publishes The American Historical Review four times annually, which features scholarly history-related articles and book reviews.

AHA is the major learned society for historians working in the United States, while the Organization of American Historians is a field society for historians who study and teach about the United States. The AHA's congressional charter of 1889, established it "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history, and of history in America."

Archaeological Institute of America
The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) is North America's oldest learned society and largest organization devoted to the world of archaeology. AIA professionals have carried out archaeological fieldwork around the world and AIA has established research centers and schools in seven countries. As of 2019, the society had more than 6,100 members and more than 100 affiliated local societies in the United States and overseas. AIA members include professional archaeologists and members of the public.

The AIA has established many archaeological organizations and protected many historical sites in the world. The AIA has hosted an annual meeting every year for over 120 years, where archaeologists present their latest work. The institute also has established scholarships for students and awarded archaeologists for their contributions to archaeology.

The institute publishes a scholarly journal, the American Journal of Archaeology (AJA) and the magazine Archaeology.
2022 CS Lombardia Trophy
The 2022 CS Lombardia Trophy was held on September 16–18, 2022, in Bergamo, Italy. It was the second event of the 2022–23 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, and ice dance.

2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy
The 2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy was held on September 21–24, 2022, in Oberstdorf, Germany. It was the third event of the 2022–23 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance.
Fred Upton
Frederick Stephen Upton (born April 23, 1953) is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative from Michigan from 1987 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party, he represented Kalamazoo and much of southwestern Michigan for 18 terms before retiring in 2023.

A former chairman of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Upton has played a major role in shaping post-Obamacare health care legislation. He is the only person in American history to vote to impeach two presidents; he voted for the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998 and the second impeachment of Donald Trump in 2021, as one of ten Republicans who voted to impeach Trump. After Sander Levin retired at the end of the 115th Congress, Upton became the dean of Michigan's congressional delegation.

Brian Fitzpatrick (American politician)
Brian Kevin Fitzpatrick (born December 17, 1973) is an American politician, attorney, and former FBI agent who has served as a U.S. representative from Pennsylvania since 2017. His district, which was numbered the 8th district during his first term and the 1st district since 2019, includes all of Bucks County, a mostly suburban county north of Philadelphia, as well as a sliver of Montgomery County.

A moderate Republican similar to his brother Mike, Fitzpatrick was elected in 2016. After a court-mandated redistricting of Pennsylvania's congressional districts in 2018, Fitzpatrick has since been reelected to the redrawn 1st district.  He won re-election to a fifth term in 2024.

Fitzpatrick represents the wealthiest congressional district in the state of Pennsylvania.
Conservation biology
Conservation biology is the study of the conservation of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.

The conservation ethic is based on the findings of conservation biology.

Species reintroduction
Species reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival. The goal of species reintroduction is to establish a healthy, genetically diverse, self-sustaining population to an area where it has been extirpated, or to augment an existing population. Species that may be eligible for reintroduction are typically threatened or endangered in the wild. However, reintroduction of a species can also be for pest control; for example, wolves being reintroduced to a wild area to curb an overpopulation of deer. Because reintroduction may involve returning native species to localities where they had been extirpated, some prefer the term "reestablishment".

Humans have been reintroducing species for food and pest control for thousands of years. However, the practice of reintroducing for conservation is much younger, starting in the 20th century.
Krishna Das (singer)
Krishna Das (IAST: Kṛṣṇa dāsa; born Jeffrey Kagel; May 31, 1947) is an American vocalist known for his performances of Hindu devotional music known as kirtan (chanting the names of God). He has released seventeen albums since 1996. He performed at the 2013 Grammy Awards, where his album Live Ananda (2012) was nominated for the 2013 Grammy Award for Best New Age Album. He has been described by the New York Times as "the chant master of American yoga".

Snatam Kaur
Snatam Kaur Khalsa /səˈnɑːtəm ˈkɔːr/ (born June 19, 1972 in Trinidad, Colorado), is an American singer, songwriter and author.  Kaur performs new age Indian devotional music, kirtan, and tours the world as a peace activist. The surname "Kaur", meaning "princess", is shared by all female Sikhs.
Minister for Education and Youth
The Minister for Education and Youth (Irish: An tAire Oideachais agus Óige) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Education and Youth. The current Minister for Education and Youth is Hildegarde Naughton, TD.

She is assisted by one Minister of State:

Michael Moynihan, TD – Minister of State for special education and inclusion

Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage
The Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage (Irish: An tAire Tithíochta, Rialtais Áitiúil agus Oidhreachta) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage.

The Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage since January 2025 is James Browne, TD.

He is assisted by three Ministers of State:

John Cummins, TD – Minister of State for local government and planning

Christopher O'Sullivan, TD – Minister of State for nature, heritage and biodiversity

Kieran O'Donnell, TD – Minister of State for housing
SM Entertainment
SM Entertainment Co., Ltd. (Korean: SM엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean multinational entertainment agency established in 1995 by Lee Soo-man. It is one of South Korea's largest entertainment companies and has been responsible for fostering and popularizing the careers of many K-pop stars garnering huge global fanbases. The company operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management and concert production company, and music publishing house. SM Entertainment is known for having led the worldwide K-pop phenomenon and the musical side of "Hallyu", also known as the "Korean Wave", with early overseas successes such as H.O.T., S.E.S., and BoA.

The label currently represents K-pop artists such as Kangta, TVXQ, Super Junior, Girls' Generation, Shinee, Exo, Red Velvet, NCT, Aespa, Riize, Naevis, and Hearts2Hearts.

Chung Ha
Kim Chung-ha (Korean: 김청하; born Kim Chan-mi, February 9, 1996), known mononymously as Chung Ha (stylized in all caps), is a South Korean singer, dancer and choreographer. She finished fourth in Mnet's girl group survival show Produce 101, becoming a member of the resulting girl group I.O.I. Following the dissolution of I.O.I in 2017, Chung Ha debuted as a solo artist with the extended play Hands on Me.
Suzuki
Suzuki Motor Corporation (Japanese: スズキ株式会社, Hepburn: Suzuki Kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational mobility manufacturer headquartered in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka. It manufactures automobiles, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), outboard marine engines, wheelchairs and a variety of other small internal combustion engines. In 2016, Suzuki was the eleventh biggest automaker by production worldwide.
Suzuki has over 45,000 employees and has 35 production facilities in 23 countries, and 133 distributors in 192 countries. The worldwide sales volume of automobiles is the world's tenth largest, while domestic sales volume is the third largest in the country.

Suzuki's domestic motorcycle sales volume is the third largest in Japan.

Michel Fabrizio
Michel Fabrizio (born 17 September 1984) is a former professional motorcycle road racer. From 2006 to 2015, he raced in the Superbike World Championship.

In 2021, Fabrizio competed in the Supersport World Championship aboard a Kawasaki ZX-6R, before retiring on September 26 from motorsport as a sign of protest after Dean Berta Viñales' fatal crash in Jerez.
Stephen Johnson Field
Stephen Johnson Field (November 4, 1816 – April 9, 1899) was an American jurist. He was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from May 20, 1863, to December 1, 1897, the second longest tenure of any justice. Prior to this appointment, he was the fifth Chief Justice of California.

Henry Billings Brown
Henry Billings Brown (March 2, 1836 – September 4, 1913) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1891 to 1906.

Although a respected lawyer and U.S. District Judge before ascending to the high court, Brown is harshly criticized for writing the majority opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson, an opinion widely regarded as one of the most ill-considered decisions ever issued by the Court, which upheld the legality of racial segregation in public transportation. Plessy legitimized existing state laws establishing racial segregation, and provided an impetus for later segregation statutes. Legislative achievements won during the Reconstruction Era were erased through Plessy's "separate but equal" doctrine.
Doctor of Juridical Science
A Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD; Latin: Scientiae Juridicae Doctor), or a Doctor of the Science of Law (JSD; Latin: Juridicae Scientiae Doctor), is a terminal research doctorate degree in law that is equivalent to a Ph.D. degree. In most countries (including the United States), it is the most advanced law degree that can be earned, higher than both a Juris Doctor (J.D.) and a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.).

Notre Dame Law School
Notre Dame Law School is the law school of the University of Notre Dame.  Established in 1869, it is the oldest continuously operating Catholic law school in the United States.

The school enrolls about 600 students and in addition to the J.D. degree it also offers dual JD–MBA and several a dual J.D. and Masters combined degrees (including JD/MS, JD/MA, JD/M.Eng.). It also offers the only American Bar Association–approved, year-long, study-abroad program, which is based in London.
Nam Theun
Nam Theun (also known as Khading), is a river in Laos, in Khammouane and Bolikhamsai Provinces. Together with its tributaries Nam One, Nam Noy, and Nam Theun it has total length of 138 km (86 mi) and drains an area of 2,800 km2 (1,100 sq mi). "Nam Theun" is also three options for large dams on the same river, called Nam Theun 1, Nam Theun 1-2 and Nam Theun 2. Nam Theun 2, which was considered the most economic of the three options, is in operation.

Part of the river corridor is a 62,000 hectare national preserve that is one of the protected areas of Laos.

Xe Bang Fai River
The Xe Bang Fai River (Nam Xebangfai) is a river in Laos. It originates in the Annamite Range on the border between Laos and Vietnam at 17°3′1″N 106°20′54″E﻿ / ﻿17.05028°N 106.34833°E﻿ / 17.05028; 106.34833﻿ (Xe Bang Fai). It flows through Khammouane Province and Savannakhet Province.
Hyrynsalmi
Hyrynsalmi is a municipality in Finland and is part of the Kainuu region.

The municipality has a population of 1,998 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,521.38 square kilometres (587.41 sq mi) of which 100.32 km2 (38.73 sq mi) is water. The population density is 1.41 inhabitants per square kilometre (3.7/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

The world championships in swamp football is held annually in Hyrynsalmi.

Ristijärvi
Ristijärvi (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈristiˌjærʋi]) is a municipality of Finland. It is part of the Kainuu region. The municipality has a population of 1,162 (30 June 2025),  which makes it the smallest municipality in Kainuu in terms of population. It covers an area of 897.93 square kilometres (346.69 sq mi) of which 62.31 km2 (24.06 sq mi) is water. The population density is 1.39 inhabitants per square kilometre (3.6/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

The municipality was founded in 1867, while the wooden church, designed by Gustaf af Sillén, dates back to 1807. The municipality was named after the Ristijärvi lake (lit. 'Cross Lake') referring to the shape of the lake.
Pacifism
Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence. The word pacifism was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ahimsa (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound.

In modern times, interest was revived by Leo Tolstoy in his late works, particularly in The Kingdom of God Is Within You. Mahatma Gandhi propounded the practice of steadfast nonviolent opposition which he called "satyagraha", instrumental in its role in the Indian independence movement. Its effectiveness served as inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr., James Lawson, Mary and Charles Beard, James Bevel, Thích Nhất Hạnh, and many others in the civil rights movement.

Mihály Károlyi
Count Mihály Ádám György Miklós Károlyi de Nagykároly (Hungarian: gróf nagykárolyi Károlyi Mihály Ádám György Miklós; English: Michael Adam George Nicholas Károlyi; or in short simple form: Michael Károlyi; 4 March 1875 – 19 March 1955) was a Hungarian politician who served as a leader of the short-lived and unrecognized First Hungarian Republic from 1918 to 1919. He served as prime minister between 1 and 16 November 1918 and as president between 16 November 1918 and 21 March 1919.
Gennady Strekalov
Gennady Mikhailovich Strekalov (Russian: Генна́дий Миха́йлович Стрека́лов; 26 October 1940 – 25 December 2004) was an engineer, cosmonaut, and administrator at Russian aerospace firm RSC Energia. He flew into space five times and lived aboard the Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and Mir space stations, spending over 268 days in space. The catastrophic explosion of a Soyuz rocket in 1983 led to him being one of only four people to use a launch escape system. He was decorated twice as Hero of the Soviet Union and received the Ashoka Chakra from India.

Soyuz T-8
Soyuz T-8 was a crewed mission to the Salyut 7 Soviet space station in 1983. Shortly into the mission, the spacecraft failed to dock with the space station due to an incident involving an antenna being torn off the craft by the protective launch shroud. After a fuel-consuming attempt made in darkness for an optical rendezvous with Salyut 7 resulted in an abort in order to avoid collision, it was decided to de-orbit T-8 two days into the mission in order to ensure that the spacecraft had a sufficient amount of propellant for the de-orbit maneuver. After de-orbiting, landing of the craft occurred normally.
2007 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship
The 2007 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship was the 21st edition of the FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship. The cities of Ierapetra, Rethymno and Heraklion, in Greece, hosted the tournament. Serbia won the trophy for the first time since the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro. Slovenia and Portugal were relegated to Division B.

Serbia men's national under-16 basketball team
The Serbia men's national under-16 basketball team (Serbian Cyrillic: Кошаркашка репрезентација Србије до 16 година) is the boys' basketball team, administered by Basketball Federation of Serbia, that represents Serbia in international under-16 men's basketball competitions, consisting mainly of the FIBA U16 EuroBasket. The event was originally referred to as the FIBA Europe Championship for Cadets.

The national team played as FR Yugoslavia from 1993 to 2003, and as Serbia and Montenegro from 2004 to 2006.
Liepāja
Liepāja (pronounced [liepaːja] ⓘ) (formerly: Libau) is a state city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea. It is the largest city in the Courland region and the third-largest in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. It is an important ice-free port.

In the 19th and early 20th century, it was a favourite place for sea-bathers and travellers, with the town boasting a fine park, many pretty gardens and a theatre. Liepāja is however known throughout Latvia as the "City where the wind is born", likely because of the constant sea breeze. A song of the same name (Latvian: "Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš") was composed by Imants Kalniņš and has become the anthem of the city. Its reputation as the windiest city in Latvia was strengthened with the construction of the largest wind farm in the nation (33 Enercon wind turbines) nearby.

Liepāja is chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2027.

Jäger Movement
The Jäger Movement (Finnish: Jääkäriliike) consisted of volunteers from Finland who trained in Germany as Jägers during World War I. Supported by Germany to enable the creation of a Finnish sovereign state, the movement was one of many means by which Germany intended to weaken Russia and to cause Russia's loss of its western provinces and dependencies.
Sonny Boy Williamson II
Alex or Aleck Miller (originally Ford, possibly December 5, 1912 – May 24, 1965), known later in his career as Sonny Boy Williamson, was an American blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter. He was an early and influential blues harp stylist who recorded successfully in the 1950s and 1960s. Miller used various names, including Rice Miller and Little Boy Blue, before calling himself Sonny Boy Williamson, which was also the name of a popular Chicago blues singer and harmonica player. To distinguish the two, Miller has been referred to as Sonny Boy Williamson II.

He first recorded with Elmore James on "Dust My Broom". Some of his popular songs include "Don't Start Me Talkin'", "Help Me", "Checkin' Up on My Baby", and "Bring It On Home".  He toured Europe with the American Folk Blues Festival and recorded with English rock musicians, including the Yardbirds and Animals. "Help Me" became a blues standard, and many blues and rock artists have recorded his songs.

Giorgio Gomelsky
Giorgio Sergio Alessando Gomelsky (28 February 1934 – 13 January 2016) was a filmmaker, impresario, music manager, songwriter (as Oscar Rasputin) and record producer.  He was born in Georgia, grew up in Switzerland, and later lived in the United Kingdom and the United States.

He owned the Crawdaddy Club in London where the Rolling Stones were the house band, and he was involved with their early management.  He hired the Yardbirds as a replacement and managed them.  He was also their producer from the beginning through 1966. In 1967, he started Marmalade Records (distributed by Polydor), which featured Brian Auger, Julie Driscoll and the Trinity, Blossom Toes, and early recordings by Graham Gouldman, and Kevin Godley and Lol Creme, who all became part of 10cc.  The label closed in 1969.  Gomelsky was also instrumental in the careers of Soft Machine, Daevid Allen and Gong, Magma and Material.
Working men's club
Working men's clubs are British private social clubs first created in the 19th century in industrial areas, particularly the North of England,  Midlands, Scotland, Northern Ireland and South Wales Valleys, to provide recreation and education for working-class men and their families.

Working class
The working class is a group of people in a social hierarchy, typically defined by earning wages or salaries through their ability to work. Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour. Most common definitions of "working class" in use in the United States limit its membership to workers who hold blue-collar and pink-collar jobs, or whose income is insufficiently high to place them in the middle class, or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into the category of requiring income from wage labour to subsist; thus, this definition can include almost all of the working population of industrialized economies.
Absenteeism
Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation without good reason. Generally, absenteeism refers to unplanned absences. Absenteeism has been viewed as an indicator of poor individual performance, as well as a breach of an implicit contract between employee and employer. It is seen as a management problem, and framed in economic or quasi-economic terms. More recent scholarship seeks to understand absenteeism as an indicator of psychological, medical, or social adjustment to work.

Job performance
Job performance assesses whether a person performs a job well. Job performance, studied academically as part of industrial and organizational psychology, also forms a part of human resources management. Performance is an important criterion for organizational outcomes and success.  John P. Campbell describes job performance as an individual-level variable, or something a single person does. This differentiates it from more encompassing constructs such as organizational performance or national performance, which are higher-level variables.
W. S. Cox Plate
The W. S. Cox Plate is a Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged three years old and over under Weight for age conditions, over a distance of 2040 metres (approximately 1m 2f), that is held by the Moonee Valley Racing Club at Moonee Valley Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia in late October. The race has a purse of A$6,000,000.

Randwick Guineas
The Randwick Guineas is an Australian Turf Club Group One Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds, run at set weights over a distance of 1600 metres at Randwick Racecourse in Sydney, Australia in March as a part of the Sydney Autumn Carnival. Total prize money for the race is A$1 million.
Katharine Isabelle
Katharine Isobel Murray (born 2 November 1981), known professionally as Katharine Isabelle, is a Canadian actress. She has been described as a scream queen due to her roles in various horror films. She started her acting career in 1989, playing a small role in the television series MacGyver. She gained fame for the role of Ginger Fitzgerald in the films Ginger Snaps, Ginger Snaps 2: Unleashed, and Ginger Snaps Back: The Beginning.

In 2014, Isabelle was awarded the Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Actress for her role as Mary Mason in the Canadian body horror film American Mary.

Mason Verger
Mason R. Verger is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Thomas Harris's 1999 novel Hannibal, as well as its 2001 film adaptation and the second and third seasons of the TV series Hannibal. In the film, he is portrayed by Gary Oldman, while in  the TV series he is portrayed by Michael Pitt and Joe Anderson.