hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gluon
A gluon (/ˈɡluːɒn/ GLOO-on) is a type of massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. Gluons are massless vector bosons, thereby having a spin of 1. Through the strong interaction, gluons bind quarks into groups according to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), forming hadrons such as protons and neutrons.

Gluons carry the color charge of the strong interaction, thereby participating in the strong interaction as well as mediating it. Because gluons carry the color charge, QCD is more difficult to analyze compared to quantum electrodynamics (QED) where the photon carries no electric charge.

The term was coined by Murray Gell-Mann in 1962 for being similar to an adhesive or glue that keeps the nucleus together. Together with the quarks, these particles were referred to as partons by Richard Feynman.

Deep inelastic scattering
In particle physics, deep inelastic scattering is the name given to a process used to probe the insides of hadrons (particularly the baryons, such as protons and neutrons), using electrons, muons and neutrinos. It was first attempted in the 1960s and 1970s and provided the first convincing evidence of the reality of quarks, which up until that point had been considered by many to be a purely mathematical phenomenon. It is an extension of Rutherford scattering to much higher energies of the scattering particle and thus to much finer resolution of the components of the nuclei.

Henry Way Kendall,  Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor were joint recipients of the Nobel Prize of 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the School of Physical Sciences. The laboratory was opened in 1874 on the New Museums Site as a laboratory for experimental physics and is named after the British chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish. The laboratory has had a huge influence on research in the disciplines of physics and biology.

The laboratory moved to a new site in West Cambridge in 1974.  In 2025 it moved again to the Ray Dolby Centre, still in West Cambridge.

As of 2019, 30 Cavendish researchers have won Nobel Prizes. Notable discoveries to have occurred at the Cavendish Laboratory include the discovery of the electron, neutron, and structure of DNA.

Pyotr Kapitsa
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza FRS (Russian: Пётр Леонидович Капица, Romanian: Petre Capița; 9 July [O.S. 26 June] 1894 – 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet Russian physicist and Nobel laureate, whose research focused on low-temperature physics.
Nagy-Küküllő County
Nagy-Küküllő (Romanian: Comitatul Târnava-Mare) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). Nagy-Küküllő is the Hungarian name for the river Târnava Mare. The capital of the county was Segesvár (present-day Sighișoara).

Olt (river)
The Olt (Romanian and Hungarian; German: Alt; Latin: Aluta or Alutus, Turkish: Oltu, Ancient Greek: Ἄλυτος Alytos) is a river in Romania. It is 615 km (382 mi) long, and its basin area is 24,050 km2 (9,290 sq mi). It is the longest river flowing exclusively through Romania. Its average discharge at the mouth is 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s). It originates in the Hășmaș Mountains of the eastern Carpathian Mountains, near Bălan, close to the headwaters of the river Mureș. The Olt flows through the Romanian counties of Harghita, Covasna, Brașov, Sibiu, Vâlcea, and Olt. The river was known as Alutus or Aluta in Roman antiquity. Olt County and the historical province of Oltenia are named after the river.

Sfântu Gheorghe, Râmnicu Vâlcea and Slatina are the main cities on the river Olt. The Olt flows into the Danube river near Turnu Măgurele.
Gerard Malanga
Gerard Joseph Malanga (born March 20, 1943) is an American poet, photographer, filmmaker, actor, curator, and archivist.

Malanga worked for pop artist Andy Warhol from 1963 to 1970. The New York Times referred to him as "Andy Warhol's most important associate." He began as Warhol's studio assistant, helping him with the silkscreening of his paintings. Later, he was appointed as a founding editor of Warhol's Interview magazine. As a Warhol superstar, he also appeared in a number of underground films.

His photography spans over four decades and includes portraits, nudes, and the urban documentation of "New York's Changing Scene." Malanga, who is primarily a poet, considered his portraits to be "poetry on film." He has directed several films and written books.

In 2024, Malanga was elected as a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture.

Isabelle Collin Dufresne
Isabelle Collin Dufresne (6 September 1935 – 14 June 2014), known professionally as Ultra Violet, was a French-American artist, actress and writer. Before becoming a Warhol superstar and appearing in several of his underground films, she studied and worked with surrealist artist Salvador Dalí.
Roy Chapman Andrews
Roy Chapman Andrews (January 26, 1884 – March 11, 1960) was an American explorer, adventurer, and naturalist who became the director of the American Museum of Natural History. He led a series of expeditions through the politically disturbed China of the early 20th century into the Gobi Desert and Mongolia. The expeditions made important discoveries and brought the first-known fossil dinosaur eggs to the museum. Chapman's popular writing about his adventures made him famous.

George Kruck Cherrie
George Kruck Cherrie (August 22, 1865 – January 20, 1948) was an American naturalist and explorer. He collected numerous specimens on nearly forty expeditions that he joined for museums and several species have been named after him.
Arista Records
Arista Records (/ˈærɪstə/ ARR-ist-ə) is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate Sony. The label was previously a division of Columbia Pictures and later Bertelsmann Music Group, the North American division of German conglomerate Bertelsmann. Founded in November 1974 by Clive Davis and deactivated in 2011, Arista was re-established in 2018. Along with RCA Records, Columbia Records, and Epic Records, it is one of Sony Music's four flagship record labels.

Affection (Lisa Stansfield album)
Affection is the debut solo album by British singer-songwriter and actress Lisa Stansfield, released by Arista Records on 20 November 1989. Stansfield co-wrote all songs with Ian Devaney and Andy Morris. Devaney and Morris also produced the album, except for "This Is the Right Time" which was produced by Coldcut. Affection received critical acclaim from music critics and was commercially successful. It reached top ten on the charts in many countries and has sold over five million copies worldwide. The album spawned a hit song, "All Around the World", and four other successful singles: "This Is the Right Time", "Live Together", "What Did I Do to You?" and "You Can't Deny It". Affection was rereleased as a deluxe 2CD + DVD set in the United Kingdom on 10 November 2014 and in Europe on 21 November 2014.
Sunn O)))
Sunn O))) (pronounced "sun") is an American drone metal band formed in 1998 in Seattle, Washington. The band is known for its distinctive visual style and slow, heavy sound, which blends diverse genres including doom metal, drone, black metal, and dark ambient, as well as for their extremely loud live performances.

The band's core members are Stephen O'Malley (also of Khanate and Burning Witch) and Greg Anderson (of Goatsnake and Engine Kid).

Hydra Head Records
Hydra Head Records was an independent record label specializing in extreme metal music, founded in New Mexico by Aaron Turner (the frontman of Isis) in 1993. It had another imprint, Hydra Head Noise Industries, which specialized in experimental and noise music. Turner announced he was winding the label down in 2012. In 2020, the label removed its catalog from Spotify and returned its album rights back to several artists.
York, Pennsylvania
York is a city in York County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. Located in South Central Pennsylvania, the city's population was 44,800 at the time of the 2020 census, making it the tenth-most populous city in Pennsylvania. The city has an urban area population of 238,549 and has a metropolitan area population of 456,449.

Founded in 1741, York served as the temporary base for the Continental Congress from September 1777 to June 1778, during which the Articles of Confederation were drafted. It is the largest city in the York–Hanover metropolitan area, which is also included in the larger Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area of the Susquehanna Valley.

Trinity Thomas
Trinity Lemyra Thomas (born April 7, 2001) is an American artistic gymnast and a four-time National Team member (2016–20). She was a member of the gold medal-winning team at the 2018 Pan American Gymnastics Championships, where she also won silver medals in the individual all-around and on the uneven bars, as well as the bronze medalist on balance beam and floor exercise at the 2017 national championships. She was a member of the Florida Gators women's gymnastics team. One of the most successful NCAA gymnasts in history, Thomas finished her collegiate career with a record-tying 28 perfect-10 scores and a record-breaking five Gym Slams (scores of perfect 10 on every apparatus).
Showrunner
A showrunner is the top-level executive producer of a television series. The position outranks other creative and management personnel, including episode directors, in contrast to feature films, in which the director has creative control over the production, and the executive producer's role is limited to investing. In scripted comedy and drama TV shows, the showrunner also usually serves as the head writer (or its most prolific writer). The role of a showrunner is not present on all television series, especially outside the United States; this article describes the nature of the role where it is present.

List of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power features
The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power is an American fantasy television series developed by J. D. Payne and Patrick McKay for the streaming service Amazon Prime Video. It is based on J. R. R. Tolkien's history of Middle-earth, primarily material from the appendices of the novel The Lord of the Rings (1954–55). The series is set thousands of years before the novel and depicts the major events of Middle-earth's Second Age. It is produced by Amazon MGM Studios in association with New Line Cinema. The series features adaptations of various locations and objects from Tolkien's writings as well as original creations for the series.
Master of Laws
A Master of Laws (M.L. or LL.M.; Latin: Magister Legum or Legum Magister) is a postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree or a professional law degree.

In many jurisdictions, the LL.M. is an advanced professional degree for those already admitted to legal practice.

University of Wisconsin Law School
The University of Wisconsin Law School is the law school of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, a public research university in Madison, Wisconsin. Founded in 1868, the school is guided by a "law in action" legal philosophy which emphasizes the role of the law in practice and society. It offers the Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, and Doctor of Juridical Science degrees; Juris Doctor graduates of the law school receive admission to the Wisconsin bar without taking a traditional bar examination via diploma privilege.
COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom
A series of stay-at-home orders were introduced by the UK and devolved governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
On 23 March 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a nationwide lockdown to curb the widening outbreak of COVID-19. This involved closing many sectors and ordering the public to stay at home. It was an extension of the previous advice to avoid all non-essential contact, which was issued on 16 March 2020. This was incrementally lifted, starting from several weeks later. Similar restrictions were introduced in late 2020 and early 2021 as infections rose. Restrictions applied to certain areas, and then on a larger scale, differing between the four countries of the United Kingdom to which Health is devolved, with the central government being responsible for England.

Tommy Villiers
Thomas George Villiers is an English musician from Saffron Walden. After being introduced to dance music via his brother, he began producing drum and bass tracks and uploading them to SoundCloud. While at the Royal Northern College of Music, he joined See Thru Hands and cofounded Porij, with whom he released one and two EPs respectively. In mid-2020, he formed Piri & Tommy with Piri, with whom he released the mixtape Froge.mp3, which they promoted with Froge.tour, and several singles including "Soft Spot", "Beachin", "On & On", "Feel It", "Updown", and "Nice 2 Me". He also played the anti-hero in the music video for Wet Leg's "Ur Mum" and has released several singles including a remix of LF System's "Afraid to Feel".
2022 Grand Prix de France
The 2022 Grand Prix de France was the third event of the 2022–23 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating: a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Angers IceParc in Angers from November 4–6. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2022–23 Grand Prix Final.

2022 CS Nepela Memorial
The 2022 CS Nepela Memorial was held from September 29 to October 1, 2022, in Bratislava, Slovakia. It was the fourth event of the 2022–23 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, and ice dance.
Prana
In yoga, Ayurveda, and Indian martial arts, prana (प्राण, prāṇa; the Sanskrit word for breath, "life force", or "vital principle") permeates reality on all levels including inanimate objects. In Hindu literature, prāṇa is sometimes described as originating from the Sun and connecting the elements.

Five types of prāṇa, collectively known as the five vāyus ("winds"), are described in Hindu texts. Ayurveda, tantra and Tibetan medicine all describe prāṇa vāyu as the basic vāyu from which the other vāyus arise.

Prana is divided into ten main functions: The five Pranas – Prana, Apana, Udana, Vyana and Samana – and the five Upa-Pranas – Naga, Kurma, Devadatta, Krikala and Dhananjaya.

Pranayama, one of the eight limbs of yoga, is intended to expand conscious awareness of prana.

Hatha Yoga Pradipika
The Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā (Sanskrit: haṭhayogapradīpikā, हठयोगप्रदीपिका or Light on Hatha Yoga) is a classic fifteenth-century Sanskrit manual on haṭha yoga, written by Svātmārāma. In the text, Svātmārāma traces the lineage of the teachings to Matsyendranath of the Natha tradition. It is among the most influential surviving texts on haṭha yoga, being one of the three classic texts alongside the Gheranda Samhita and the Shiva Samhita.

More recently, eight works of early hatha yoga that may have contributed to the Hatha Yoga Pradipika have been identified.
Bruceploitation
Bruceploitation (a portmanteau of "Bruce Lee" and "exploitation") is an exploitation film subgenre that emerged after the death of martial arts film star Bruce Lee in 1973, during which time filmmakers from Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea cast Bruce Lee look-alike actors ("Lee-alikes") to star in imitation martial arts films, in order to exploit Lee's sudden international popularity. Bruce Lee look-alike characters also commonly appear in other media, including anime, comic books, manga, and video games.

Kung fu film
Kung fu film (Chinese: 功夫片; pinyin: Gōngfu piàn; Jyutping: Gung1fu1pin3) is a subgenre of martial arts films and Hong Kong action cinema set in the contemporary period and featuring realistic martial arts. It lacks the fantasy elements seen in wuxia, a related martial arts genre that uses historical settings based on ancient China. Swordplay is also less common in kung-fu films than in wuxia, and fighting is done through unarmed combat.

Kung fu films are an important product of Hong Kong cinema and the Western world, where it was exported. Studios in Hong Kong produce both wuxia and kung fu films.
Fender Jazzmaster
The Fender Jazzmaster is an electric guitar designed as a more expensive sibling of the Fender Stratocaster. First introduced at the 1958 NAMM Convention, it was initially marketed to jazz guitarists, but found favor among surf rock guitarists in the early 1960s. Its appearance is similar to the Fender Jaguar, though it is tonally and physically different in many technical ways, including pickup design, scale length and controls.

Gibson ES-335
The Gibson ES-335 is a semi-hollow body semi-acoustic guitar introduced by the Gibson Guitar Corporation as part of its ES (Electric Spanish) series in 1958. It has a solid maple wood block running through the center of its body with hollow upper bouts and two violin-style f-holes cut into the top over the hollow chambers. Gibson has released numerous variations and models based on the ES-335.

The ES-335 is manufactured at the Gibson Nashville facility, as of 2024. It was also produced at Gibson Memphis from 2000 until the facility closed in 2019.
Morris County, Kansas
Morris County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat and largest city is Council Grove.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 5,386.  The county was named for Thomas Morris, a U.S. Senator from Ohio and anti-slavery advocate.

Jefferson County, Kansas
Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat and most populous city is Oskaloosa.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 18,368.  The county was named after Thomas Jefferson, the 3rd president of the United States.
An Giang province
An Giang is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the Mekong Delta, in the country's southwestern part.

On June 12, 2025, the National Assembly passed Resolution No. 202/2025/QH15, which took effect the same day, merging Kiên Giang Province into An Giang Province.

District (Vietnam)
Districts (Vietnamese: huyện), also known as rural districts or counties, were one of several types of former second-tier administrative subdivisions of Vietnam, the other types being urban districts (Vietnamese: quận), provincial cities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), municipal cities (thành phố thuộc thành phố trực thuộc trung ương), and district-level towns (thị xã). The districts were subdivisions of the first-tier divisions, namely the provinces and municipalities. Districts were subdivided into third-tier units, namely townships and communes.

Districts and the whole second-tier of administrative subdivisions of Vietnam were eliminated in 2025, following a major governmental reform.
Royal College of Organists
The Royal College of Organists (RCO) is a charity and membership organisation based in the United Kingdom, with members worldwide. Its role is to promote and advance organ playing and choral music, and it offers music education, training and development, and professional support for organists and choral directors.

The college also provides accreditation in organ playing, choral directing and organ teaching; it runs an extensive education and outreach programme across the UK; and it maintains an internationally important library containing more than 60,000 titles concerning the organ, organ and choral music and organ playing.

Royal Canadian College of Organists
The Royal Canadian College of Organists (RCCO), founded in 1909, is a national association of organists and church musicians in Canada, with 28 centres from Victoria, British Columbia to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.  The National Office is in Toronto.

The chief aim of the college is to promote a high standard of organ playing, choral directing, 
church music and composition.  To this end, it holds examinations and grants diplomas, encourages musical events such as workshops and recitals, commissions new works,
affords opportunities for discussion, and provides advice on being a professional musician.
The college holds an annual summer convention.  Recent conventions were held in Montreal QC (2017), Calgary AB (2018) and Halifax NS (2019). The college is registered as a charitable organization in Canada.
Breheimen National Park
Breheimen National Park (Norwegian: Breheimen nasjonalpark) (lit. 'Home of The Glaciers') is a national park that was established in 2009. The park is located in Skjåk Municipality and Lom Municipality in Innlandet county and in Luster Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The park covers 1,671 square kilometres (645 sq mi) of the Breheimen mountain range. The park encompasses some of the wettest and driest terrain in the country, with landscapes shaped over hundreds of thousands of years by glaciers, avalanches and other geological processes. Visitors encounter everything from lush transhumance‑farmed valleys to barren plateaus, soaring peaks and active glaciers.

Mårådalsfjellet
Mårådalsfjellet is a mountain in Skjåk Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,850-metre (6,070 ft) tall mountain is located in the Breheimen mountains and inside the Breheimen National Park, about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) southwest of the village of Grotli and about 24 kilometres (15 mi) east of the village of Oppstryn. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Skridulaupen and Sandåtinden to the northeast, Raudeggi to the north, Kvitlenova to the northwest, Leirvasshøi to the southwest, and Dyringshøi and Søverhøi to the southeast. The Tystigbreen glacier lies just west of the mountain.

The mountain has a secondary peak called Høgkulen, which has an altitude of 1,842 m (6,043 ft) above sea level.
Toronto subway
The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system serving Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), an agency of the City of Toronto. The system is a rail network consisting of five lines: Line 1 Yonge–University, Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, Line 4 Sheppard, Line 5 Eglinton, and Line 6 Finch West.

In 1954, the TTC opened Canada's first underground rail line, then known as the "Yonge subway" and now part of Line 1, under Yonge Street between Union Station and Eglinton Avenue with 12 stations. As of 2026, the network encompasses 109 stations and 99.4 kilometres (61.8 mi) of route. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 331,789,000, or about 1,079,700 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025, making it the busiest rapid transit system in Canada in terms of daily ridership. As of February 2026, there are 21 stations under construction as part of one new line (the Ontario Line) and two extensions to existing lines.

MiWay
MiWay (mai-WEI), formerly known as Mississauga Transit, is the municipal public transport agency serving Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, and responsible to the City of Mississauga's Transportation and Works Department. MiWay services consist of two types of bus routes: MiLocal, local buses that make frequent stops, and MiExpress, express buses between major destinations. MiWay is the primary operator along the Mississauga Transitway, a dedicated east–west bus-only roadway. The system operates over 3,223 stops.

MiWay's routes connect with GO Transit along with Brampton Transit to the north, Oakville Transit to the southwest, Milton Transit to the northwest, Toronto Transit Commission to the east and York Region Transit to the northeast. In 2024, MiWay's annual boardings totalled to 58.4 million passengers, making it the third largest public transit provider in Ontario and seventh largest in Canada.

MiWay is a member of the Canadian Urban Transit Association.