hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eusebius
Eusebius of Caesarea (c. AD 260/265 – 30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius, was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist from the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima.

Together with Pamphilus, Eusebius was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity. He wrote the Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. His work Onomasticon is an early geographical lexicon of places in the Holy Land mentioned in the Bible. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was Augustus between AD 306 and AD 337.

Christian theology
Christian theology is the theology – the systematic study of the divine and religion – of Christian belief and practice. It concentrates primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and of the New Testament, as well as on Christian tradition. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis and argument. Theologians may undertake the study of Christian theology for a variety of reasons, such as in order to:

help them better understand Christian tenets

make comparisons between Christianity and other traditions

defend Christianity against objections and criticism

facilitate reforms in the Christian church

assist in the propagation of Christianity

draw on the resources of the Christian tradition to address some present situation or perceived need

education in Christian philosophy, especially in Neoplatonic philosophy
Permutation matrix
In mathematics, particularly in matrix theory, a permutation matrix is a square binary matrix that has exactly one entry of 1 in each row and each column with all other entries 0.: 26  An n × n permutation matrix can represent a permutation of n elements. Pre-multiplying an n-row matrix M by a permutation matrix P, forming PM, results in permuting the rows of M, while post-multiplying an n-column matrix M, forming MP, permutes the columns of M.

Every permutation matrix P is orthogonal, with its inverse equal to its transpose: .: 26   Indeed, permutation matrices can be characterized as the orthogonal matrices whose entries are all non-negative.

Convex combination
In convex geometry and vector algebra, a convex combination is a linear combination of points (which can be vectors, scalars, or more generally points in an affine space) where all coefficients are non-negative and sum to 1. In other words, the operation is equivalent to a standard weighted average, but whose weights are expressed as a percent of the total weight, instead of as a fraction of the count of the weights as in a standard weighted average.
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna (UK: /ɪˌmiːliə roʊˈmɑːnjə/, US: /eɪˌ-/, both also /ɛˌ-/, Italian: [eˈmiːlja roˈmaɲɲa]) is an administrative region of northern Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna. Its capital is Bologna. It has a population of over 4.4 million in an area of 22,509.67 km2 (8,691 sq mi).

Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest gross domestic product per capita in Italy. It is also a cultural center, being the home of the University of Bologna, the oldest university in the world. Some of its cities, such as Modena, Parma, Ferrara, and Ravenna, are UNESCO heritage sites. It is a center for food and automobile production (such as Ferrari, Lamborghini, and Maserati). It has coastal resorts such as Cervia, Cesenatico, and Rimini. In 2018, the Lonely Planet guide named Emilia-Romagna as the best place to see in Europe.

Province of Mantua
The province of Mantua (Italian: provincia di Mantova; Mantuan, Lower Mantuan: pruvincia ad Mantua; Upper Mantuan: pruinsa de Mantua) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Mantua. It is bordered to the north-east by the province of Verona, to the east by the province of Rovigo, to the south by the province of Ferrara, province of Modena, province of Reggio Emilia, and province of Parma, to the west by the province of Cremona, and to the north-west by the province of Brescia.
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) (Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב, Universitat Ben-Guriyon baNegev) is a  public research university in Beersheba, Israel. Named after Israeli national founder David Ben-Gurion, the university was founded in 1969 and currently has five campuses; three in Beersheba, one in Sede Boqer and one in Eilat.

Ben-Gurion University has about 20,000 students. Some of its research institutes include the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research with the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, and the Ben-Gurion Research Institute for the Study of Israel and Zionism.

University of Johannesburg
The University of Johannesburg, colloquially known as UJ, is a public university located in Johannesburg, South Africa. The University of Johannesburg was established on 1 January 2005 as the result of a merger between the Rand Afrikaans University (RAU), the Technikon Witwatersrand (TWR) and the Soweto and East Rand campuses of Vista University. Prior to the merger, the Daveyton and Soweto campuses of former Vista University had been incorporated into RAU. As a result of the merger of Rand Afrikaans University (RAU), it is common for alumni to refer to the university as RAU.

The institution is one of the largest comprehensive contact universities in South Africa from the 26 public universities that make up the higher education system. UJ has a student population of more than 50,000, of whom more than 3,000 are international students from 80 countries.
Vevelstad Municipality
Vevelstad is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland traditional region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Forvik. The municipality is relatively small and isolated, with no road connections to the rest of Norway. It is only accessible by ferry, despite much of the municipality being located on the mainland.

The 539-square-kilometre (208 sq mi) municipality is the 198th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vevelstad Municipality is the 352nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 480. The municipality's population density is 0.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (2.3/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 3% over the previous 10-year period.

Dønna Municipality
Dønna is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland region. The administrative centre of the island municipality is the village of Solfjellsjøen. Other villages include Bjørn, Dønnes, Hestad, Sandåker, and Vandve. The main island of Dønna is connected to the neighboring Herøy Municipality to the south by the Åkviksundet Bridge.

The 193-square-kilometre (75 sq mi) municipality is the 305th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Dønna Municipality is the 305th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,427. The municipality's population density is 7.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (19/sq mi) and its population has increased by 0.5% over the previous 10-year period.
FM broadcasting
FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting that uses frequency modulation (FM) to modulate the carrier wave. In November 1919, Hans Idzerda began broadcasts, using narrow-band FM, over station PCGG, located at The Hague in the Netherlands. However, most early broadcasting stations instead employed Amplitude Modulation (AM) transmissons.

In 1933, American engineer Edwin Armstrong invented wide-band FM, which is used worldwide to transmit high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM broadcasting offers higher fidelity—more accurate reproduction of the original program sound—than other analog broadcasting techniques, such as AM broadcasting. It is also less susceptible to common forms of interference, having less static and popping sounds than are often heard on AM, but with a more limited broadcast distance. Therefore, FM is used for most broadcasts of music and general audio (in the audio spectrum). FM radio stations use the very high frequency range of radio frequencies.

KDFC
KDFC (90.3 FM; "Classical California KDFC") is a non-commercial radio station in San Francisco, California, that broadcasts classical music 24 hours daily. It is owned by the University of Southern California. KDFC is the radio home of the San Francisco Symphony and the San Francisco Opera. The station's live stream is available on the Internet and through the station's mobile app.
Rallying
Rallying is a wide-ranging form of motorsport with various competitive motoring elements such as speed tests (sometimes called "rally racing" in United States), navigation tests, or the ability to reach waypoints or a destination at a prescribed time or average speed. Rallies may be short in the form of trials at a single venue, or several thousand miles long in an extreme endurance rally.

Depending on the format, rallies may be organised on private or public roads, open or closed to traffic, or off-road in the form of cross country or rally-raid. Competitors can use production vehicles which must be road-legal if being used on open roads or specially built competition vehicles suited to crossing specific terrain.

In most cases rallying distinguishes itself from other forms of motorsport by not running directly against other competitors over laps of a circuit, but instead in a point-to-point format in which participants leave at regular intervals from one or more start points.

Touring car
Touring car and tourer are both terms for open cars (i.e. cars without a fixed roof). "Touring car" is a style of open car built in the United States which seats four or more people. The style was popular from the early 1900s to the 1930s. The cars used for touring car racing in various series since the 1960s, are unrelated to these early touring cars, despite sharing the same name.

"Tourer" is used in British English for any open car. The term "all-weather tourer" was used to describe convertibles (vehicles that could be fully enclosed). A popular version of the tourer was the torpedo, with the hood/bonnet line level at the car's waistline giving the car a straight line from front to back.
Alexander Herzen
Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (Russian: Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен, romanized: Aleksándr Ivánovich Gértsen; 6 April [O.S. 25 March] 1812 – 21 January [O.S. 9 January] 1870) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the precursor of Russian socialism and one of the main precursors of agrarian populism (being an ideological ancestor of the Narodniki, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Trudoviks and the agrarian American Populist Party). With his writings, many composed while exiled in London, he attempted to influence the situation in Russia, contributing to a political climate that led to the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. He published the important social novel Who is to Blame? (1845–46). His autobiography, My Past and Thoughts (written 1852–1870), is often considered one of the best examples of that genre in Russian literature.

Land and Liberty (Russia)
Land and Liberty (Russian: Земля и воля, romanized: Zemlya i volya or Zemlia i volia; also sometimes translated Land and Freedom) was a Russian clandestine revolutionary organization in the period 1861–1864, and was re-established as a political party in the period 1876–1879. It was a central organ of the Narodnik movement.
2nd Armored Division (United States)
The 2nd Armored Division ("Hell on Wheels") was an armored division of the United States Army. The division played important roles during World War II in the invasions of Germany, North Africa, and Sicily and in the liberation of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. During the Cold War, the division was primarily based at Fort Hood, Texas, and had a reinforced brigade forward stationed in Garlstedt, West Germany. After participation in the Persian Gulf War, the division was deactivated in 1995.

2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)
The 2nd Cavalry Regiment, also known as the Second Dragoons, is an active Stryker infantry and cavalry regiment of the United States Army. The Second Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army Europe and Africa, with its garrison at the Rose Barracks in Vilseck, Germany. It can trace its lineage back to the early part of the 19th century.
Máscara Año 2000
Jesús Reyes González (born 10 March 1958) is a Mexican Luchador, or professional wrestler, best known under the ring name Máscara Año 2000 or Máscara Año Dos Mil. His ring name is Spanish for "Mask of the year 2000", originally referring to the mask Reyes wore while wrestling. Reyes was forced to unmask when he lost a Lucha de Apuesta (bet match) to Perro Aguayo in 1993. Throughout his career Reyes has often teamed with his two brothers Carmelo, who wrestles as Cien Caras and the late Andrés, who wrestled as Universo 2000, the three were collectively known as Los Hermanos Dinamita ("The Dynamite Brothers") or Los Capos ("The Bosses") when they teamed with Apolo Dantés. Reyes has earned the nickname "El Padre de más de 20" ("Father of more than 20") by wrestling commentators even though he does not quite have 20 children.

Mini-Estrella
The term Mini-Estrella (Spanish for "Mini-Star") is used in lucha libre to describe a division of short professional wrestlers or luchadors, some of whom have dwarfism. The Mexican Mini-Estrellas are comparable to midget wrestlers who compete internationally, but with the notable exception that some of the Mini-Estrellas do not have dwarfism but are simply short. Some Mini-Estrellas have later on moved on to work as regular sized competitors. The Mini-Estrellas have been featured in several promotions outside Mexico, most notably World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

Originally the height limit for the Minis division as set by Mexican lucha commissions was 1.53 m (5 ft 0 in) but in recent years wrestlers such as Pequeño Olímpico have worked the Minis division despite being as much as 1.59 m (5 ft 2+1⁄2 in) tall. In the formative years of Mini-Estrella wrestling, the Mini-Estrellas were also referred to as Micro Luchadors, or "Micro Wrestlers".
2008 Michigan Republican presidential primary
The 2008 Michigan Republican presidential primary took place on January 15, 2008. Mitt Romney came in first with 39 percent of the vote, followed by John McCain with 30 percent and Mike Huckabee in third-place with 16 percent. The victory was widely viewed as critical for the Romney campaign, as a loss in Michigan, where his father was governor, would have resulted in a loss of momentum after two losses already in New Hampshire and Iowa.

National delegates determined: 30 out of 60

In accordance with Republican National Committee rules, Michigan was stripped of half its delegates for holding primary contests before February 5, 2008.

2008 Nevada Republican presidential caucuses
The 2008 Nevada Republican presidential caucuses was held on January 19, the same day as the 2008 South Carolina Republican primary, with 31 delegates at stake. Mitt Romney was the winner in Nevada with 51% of the votes, with Ron Paul in second place. Half of Romney's votes came from Mormons, while two-thirds of the independent voters favored Paul. According to the Las Vegas Sun, Republicans crossed over in large numbers to vote Democratic; CNN exit polls indicated that Republican voters made up 4% of the Democratic caucus turnout.
White-toothed shrew
The white-toothed shrews or Crocidurinae are one of three subfamilies of the shrew family Soricidae.

The outer layer of these shrews' teeth is white, unlike that of the red-toothed shrews which possess iron-reinforced enamel. These species are typically found in Africa and southern Europe and Asia. This subfamily includes the largest shrew, the Asian house shrew, Suncus murinus, at about 15 cm in length, and the smallest, the Etruscan shrew, Suncus etruscus, at about 3.5 cm in length and 2 grams in weight. The latter is possibly the world's smallest extant mammal, although some give this title to the bumblebee bat. Crocidura contains the most species of any mammal genus.

When young must be moved before they are independent, mother and young form a chain or "caravan" where each animal hangs on to the rear of the one in front. This behaviour has also been observed in some Sorex species.

Buettikofer's shrew
Buettikofer's shrew (Crocidura buettikoferi) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is found in southern Nigeria and scantly present in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life. A pilgrim (from the Latin peregrinus) is a traveler (literally, one who has come from afar) who is on a journey to a holy place. Typically, this is a physical journey (often on foot) to some place of special significance to the adherent of a particular religious belief system.

St Patrick's Purgatory
St Patrick's Purgatory is an ancient pilgrimage site on Station Island in Lough Derg, County Donegal, Ireland. According to legend, the site dates from the fifth century, when Christ showed Saint Patrick a cave, sometimes referred to as a pit or a well, on Station Island that was an entrance to Purgatory.
Its importance in medieval times is clear from the fact that it is mentioned in texts from as early as 1185 and shown on maps from all over Europe as early as the fifteenth century. It is the only Irish site designated on Martin Behaim's world map of 1492. It is also depicted on the third sheet of the Pinelli–Walckenaer Atlas, an anonymous portolan chart believed to have been created sometime between 1384 and 1410; the name is given as lo Purgatorio.
Giuliano de' Medici
Giuliano de' Medici (28 October 1453 – 26 April 1478) was the second son of Piero de' Medici (the Gouty) and Lucrezia Tornabuoni. As co-ruler of the Florentine Republic, with his brother Lorenzo the Magnificent, he complemented his brother's image as the "patron of the arts" with his own image as the handsome, sporting "golden boy". He was killed in a plot known as the Pazzi conspiracy in 1478.

Francesco Salviati (bishop)
Francesco Salviati (1443 – 1478) was the archbishop of Pisa from 1474 to 1478. He was one of the organisers of the Pazzi conspiracy, a plot to displace the Medici family as rulers of the Florentine Republic; he was executed after the failure of the plot.
Tracy Smothers
Tracy Stanton Smothers (September 2, 1962 – October 28, 2020) was an American professional wrestler, best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling, Smoky Mountain Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation, and Extreme Championship Wrestling.

Hardcore Justice (2010)
The 2010 Hardcore Justice (stylized HardCORE Justice, and occasionally referred to as Hardcore Justice: The Last Stand) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), which took place on August 8, 2010 at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the sixth event under the Hard Justice chronology and the eighth event of the 2010 TNA pay-per-view schedule.

In October 2017, with the launch of the Global Wrestling Network, the event became available to stream on demand.
Wakefield Trinity
Wakefield Trinity is a professional rugby league club in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. The club play their home fixtures at the DIY Kitchen Stadium, Belle Vue and currently compete in the Super League, the top tier of the British rugby league system.

The club was one of the original twenty-two clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. They have won the League Championship twice and Challenge Cup five times.

Wakefield have local rivalries with Castleford Tigers and Featherstone Rovers as well as Leeds Rhinos. Their traditional kit colours are white with a red or blue V. Between 1999 and 2016 the club was known as Wakefield Trinity Wildcats.

John Etty
John W. Etty (1927 – 29 February 2024) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played between 1944 and 1961. He played at representative level for British Empire XIII and Yorkshire, and at club level for Batley, Oldham and Wakefield Trinity, as a wing or centre.
Staatskapelle Dresden
The Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden (German pronunciation: [ˈzɛksɪʃə ˈʃtaːtskaˌpɛlə ˈdʁeːsdn̩]), or Saxon State Orchestra Dresden, is one of the oldest orchestras in the world, created by order of Maurice, Elector of Saxony in 1548. Under communist East Germany and until 1992 it was called Staatskapelle Dresden; an earlier name was Kurfürstlich-Sächsische und Königlich-Polnische Kapelle, or Electoral Saxon and Royal Polish Orchestra. It is a constituent body of the Semper Opera House, along with two choruses and a ballet troupe, where it plays in the pit for opera and on a platform for its own concert series.

Frankfurt Radio Symphony
The Frankfurt Radio Symphony (German: hr-Sinfonieorchester) is the radio orchestra of Hessischer Rundfunk, the public broadcasting network of the German state of Hesse. Venues are Alte Oper and hr-Sendesaal. Music director is the French conductor Alain Altinoglu. Chief conductors have brought in Russian, Nordic and French influences. The orchestra has been one of the leading Mahler and Bruckner orchestras internationally. The hr-Sinfonieorchester with 108 musicians is the third oldest in the ARD.
The Paris Review
The Paris Review is a quarterly English-language literary magazine established in Paris in 1953 by Harold L. Humes, Peter Matthiessen, and George Plimpton.

The Review's "Writers at Work" series includes interviews with Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, T. S. Eliot, Jorge Luis Borges, Ralph Ellison, William Faulkner, Thornton Wilder, Robert Frost, Pablo Neruda, William Carlos Williams, and Vladimir Nabokov, among hundreds of others. Literary critic Joe David Bellamy wrote that the series was "one of the single most persistent acts of cultural conservation in the history of the world."

The headquarters of The Paris Review moved from Paris to New York City in 1973. Plimpton edited the Review from its founding until his death in 2003.

Travel + Leisure
Travel + Leisure is a travel magazine based in New York City, New York. Published 12 times a year, it has 4.8 million readers, according to its corporate media kit. It is published by People Inc., a subsidiary of IAC, with trademark rights belonging to Travel + Leisure Co., a timeshare company that licenses its trademark to IAC.  Its main competitor is Condé Nast Traveler.
Putney
Putney (/ˈpʌtni/) is an affluent district in southwest London, England, in the London Borough of Wandsworth, five miles (eight kilometres) southwest of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

Tideway
The Tideway is the part of the River Thames in England which is subject to tides. This stretch of water is downstream from Teddington Lock. The Tideway comprises the upper Thames Estuary including the Pool of London.