hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Office of Public Sector Information
The Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) is the body responsible for the operation of His Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) and of other public information services of the United Kingdom. The OPSI is part of the National Archives of the United Kingdom and is responsible for Crown copyright.

The OPSI announced on 21 June 2006 that it was merging with the National Archives. The merger took place in October 2006. The OPSI continues to discharge its roles and responsibilities from within the structure of the National Archives.

Cyril Falls
Cyril Bentham Falls CBE (2 March 1888 – 23 April 1971) was a British military historian, journalist, and academic, noted for his works on the First World War. He was born in Ireland and spent most of his life in England.
Second Battle of Rappahannock Station
The Second Battle of Rappahannock Station took place on November 7, 1863, near the village of Rappahannock Station (now Remington, Virginia), on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad.

It was between Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. Jubal Early and Union forces under  Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick as part of the Bristoe Campaign of the American Civil War.

The battle resulted in a victory for the Union.

Battle of Cedar Mountain
38°24′05″N 78°03′57″W﻿ / ﻿38.4014°N 78.0658°W﻿ / 38.4014; -78.0658

The Battle of Cedar Mountain, also known as Slaughter's Mountain or Cedar Run, took place on August 9, 1862, in Culpeper County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War. Union forces under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks attacked Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson near Cedar Mountain as the Confederates marched on Culpeper Court House to forestall a Union advance into central Virginia. After nearly being driven from the field in the early part of the battle, a Confederate counterattack broke the Union lines resulting in a Confederate victory. The battle was the first combat of the Northern Virginia campaign.
Codex Regius (New Testament)
Codex Regius is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. It is designated by siglum Le or 019 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε56 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 8th century. The manuscript has several gaps. Textual critic Frederick H. A.  Scrivener described it as "by far the most remarkable document of its age and class.": 137

Codex Monacensis (X 033)
Codex Monacensis (X 033) is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels written on parchment. Its designation is X or 033 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and A3 in the von Soden numbering. The manuscript contains commentary from several church fathers. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 9th or 10th century. The manuscript has several lacunae, and has been rebound at least once.

The Codex's version of John's Gospel omits the account of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery (John 7:53–8:11): evidence that this story may not have originally formed part of the Gospel of John.
Crested porcupine
The crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata), also known as the African crested porcupine, is a species of rodent in the family Hystricidae native to Italy, North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Alongside the Cape porcupine, it is one of the largest porcupine species in the world. It is the only species of porcupine found in Europe.

Egyptian mongoose
The Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), also known as ichneumon (/ɪkˈnjuːmən/), is a mongoose species native to the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands of Africa and around the Mediterranean Basin in North Africa, the Middle East and the Iberian Peninsula. Whether it is introduced or native to the Iberian Peninsula is in some doubt. Because of its widespread occurrence, it is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.
Chinese unification
Chinese unification, also known as Cross-strait unification or Chinese reunification, is the potential unification of territories currently controlled, or claimed, by the People's Republic of China ("China" or "Mainland China") and the Republic of China ("Taiwan") under one political entity, possibly the formation of a political union between the two republics. Together with full Taiwan independence, unification is one of the main proposals to address questions on the political status of Taiwan, which is the central focus of Cross-strait relations.

Taiwan Solidarity Party
The Taiwan Solidarity Party (TSP) is a political party in Taiwan which advocates Taiwan independence, and is affiliated with the Taiwanese localization movement. It was officially founded on 12 August 2001 as the Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU) and is considered part of the Pan-Green Coalition. Unlike the Democratic Progressive Party, its larger companion party in the Pan-Green Coalition, the TSP actively campaigns for the creation of a de jure Republic of Taiwan.
Teuvo Tulio
Theodor Antonius Tugai (23 August 1912 – 8 June 2000), better known as Teuvo Tulio, was a Finnish film director and actor. Beginning his career as an actor at the end of the silent era, Tulio turned to directing and producing in the 1930s. His films are noted for their extremely melodramatic style.

Regina Linnanheimo
Axa Regina Elisabeth Linnanheimo  (until 1924 Leino, since 1948 Regina Mörner, 7 September 1915, Helsinki – 24 January 1995) was a Finnish actress and screenwriter. Her sisters Ragnhild Peitsalo (1896–1931), Elli Ylimaa (1900–1982), and Rakel Linnanheimo (1908–2004) were also actresses. Linnanheimo was married to Count Carl Robert Mörner 1948–1952, until his death. After she ended her film career in 1956, she started to work as a translator for the Finnish Broadcasting Company using the name Regina Mörner.
Bratslav
Bratslav (Ukrainian: Брацлав, IPA: [ˈbrɑtslɐu̯]; Yiddish: בראַסלעװ) is a rural settlement in Ukraine, located in Tulchyn Raion of Vinnytsia Oblast, by the Southern Bug river. It is a medieval European city and a regional center of the Eastern Podolia region (see Bracław Voivodeship) founded by government of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, which dramatically lost its importance during the 19th–20th centuries. Population: 4,872 (2022 estimate)

Kamianets-Podilskyi
Kamianets-Podilskyi (Ukrainian: Кам'янець-Подільський, IPA: [kɐmjɐˈnɛtsʲ poˈd⁽ʲ⁾ilʲsʲkɪj] ⓘ; Polish: Kamieniec Podolski) is a city on the Smotrych River in western Ukraine, to the north-east of Chernivtsi. Formerly the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Oblast, the city is now the administrative center of Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Kamianets-Podilskyi urban hromada.

Kamianets-Podilskyi is a historical center of Podillia region, serving as a capital of the Duchy of Podolia, Podolian Voivodeship, Podolia Eyalet, Podolia Governorate, and Podolian District. During the Ukrainian–Soviet War, the city officially served as the temporary capital of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1919 to 1920.
Hydro-Man
Hydro-Man (Morris "Morrie" Bench) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Dennis O'Neil and artist John Romita Jr., the character first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #212 (January 1981). Hydro-Man is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Spider-Man.

Once an ordinary crewman, Morris Bench was accidentally knocked overboard while stationed on his ship during a battle between Spider-Man and Namor, and fell into the ocean, where a powerful experimental generator was being tested. This led to his transformation into Hydro-Man who, blaming Spider-Man for what happened to him, turned to a life of crime while seeking revenge against the web-slinger.

The character has appeared in several media adaptations over the years, including animated series and video games. A creature based on "Hydro-Man" appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019).

Speed Demon (Marvel Comics)
Speed Demon (James Sanders) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Sal Buscema, the character made his first appearance in The Avengers #69 (October 1969) as a member of the Squadron Sinister known as the Whizzer.
Khalistan Commando Force
The Khalistan Commando Force (KCF) is a pro-Khalistan militant organisation operating in the state of Punjab, India with prominent members based in Canada, United Kingdom and Pakistan. Its objective is the creation of a Sikh state of Khalistan through armed struggle. It is also responsible for many assassinations in India, including the 1995 assassination of Beant Singh, Chief Minister of Punjab, India. It is designated as a terrorist organisation by the Government of India.

Sukhdev Singh Dasuwal
Sukhdev Singh Dasuwal (9 August 1955 − 9 August 1992), known as Sukhdev Singh Babbar, was an Indian militant, Sikh separatist, and co-leader of Babbar Khalsa International (BKI), a Sikh militant organisation involved in the pursuit of creating a Sikh nation named as "Khalistan" and generally believed responsible for the 1985 bombing of Air India Flight 182. BKI was founded by Talwinder Singh Parmar, himself, and Amarjit Kaur. He commanded BKI continuously for 14 years until he was killed in 1992. Sukhdev was wanted in multiple cases of murder, extortion, kidnapping, and sexual assault. He served as a key planner of militant attacks and the biggest supplier of weapons and bombs to militants from Pakistan.
Eve Best
Emily "Eve" Frances Finlay Best (born 31 July 1971) is an English actress and director. She is known for her television roles as Dr Eleanor O'Hara in the Showtime series Nurse Jackie (2009–2015), First Lady Dolley Madison in the American Experience television special (2011), Monica Chatwin in the BBC miniseries The Honourable Woman (2014) and Princess Rhaenys Targaryen in HBO's House of the Dragon (2022–2024). She also played Wallis Simpson in the 2010 film The King's Speech.

Best won the 2006 Olivier Award for Best Actress for playing the title role in Hedda Gabler. She made her Broadway debut in the 2007 revival of A Moon for the Misbegotten, winning the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play, and receiving the first of two nominations for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play; the second was for the revival of The Homecoming in 2008. She returned to Broadway in the 2015 revival of Old Times.

Bethany Antonia
Bethany Antonia (born 25 December 1997) is a British actress, and singer from Birmingham.

Antonia began her career aged 14, appearing in the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust short film adaptation of The Tempest.

Antonia made her television debut aged 18, in 2016 as a guest star in BBC One soap opera, Doctors.

As of 2022 Antonia plays Lady Baela Targaryen in Seasons 1-4 of HBO fantasy series House of the Dragon, a Game of Thrones prequel and adaptation of George R. R. Martin fictional history book Fire and Blood.

On television, she is known for her roles in House of the Dragon, the BBC iPlayer teen series Get Even (2020), the Netflix crime drama Stay Close (2021), and the ITV biopic Nolly (2023).
Lot-et-Garonne
Lot-et-Garonne (French pronunciation: [lɔt e ɡaʁɔn] ⓘ, Occitan: Òlt e Garona) is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the rivers Lot and Garonne, it had a population of 331,271 in 2019. Its prefecture and largest city is Agen.

Haute-Vienne
Haute-Vienne (French: [ot vjɛn]; Occitan: Nauta Vinhana or Nauta Viena), also translated as Upper Vienne, is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwest-central France. Named after the Vienne River, it is one of the twelve départements that together constitute Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The prefecture and largest city in the department is Limoges, the other towns in the department each having fewer than twenty thousand inhabitants. Haute-Vienne had a population of 372,359 in 2019.
Keegan Bradley
Keegan Hansen Bradley (born June 7, 1986) is an American professional golfer who competes on the PGA Tour. He has won eight tour events, most notably the 2011 PGA Championship. He is one of six golfers to win in his major debut, along with Ben Curtis, Fred Herd, Willie Park, Sr., Francis Ouimet and Horace Rawlins. He was the 2011 PGA Tour Rookie of the Year and has briefly featured in the top ten of the Official World Golf Ranking. He captained Team USA in the 2025 Ryder Cup.

John Huh
John Chan-su Huh (/ˈhʌ/; Korean: 허찬수, romanized: Heo Chan-su; born May 21, 1990) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. His sole victory on the PGA Tour came at the 2012 Mayakoba Golf Classic.
Ray Price (rugby)
Raymond Alan Price OAM (born 4 March 1953) is an Australian former dual-code international rugby union and rugby league footballer. He was nicknamed “Mr Perpetual Motion” for his hard, intimidating style of play in league at lock forward. Price played rugby league for Sydney's Parramatta Eels club, with whom he won four NSWRL premierships, a Dally M Medal and a Rothmans Medal. He also played in State of Origin for New South Wales.

Ron Hilditch
Ron Hilditch (born 13 August 1953) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer and coach. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative forward, he played club football for the Parramatta Eels with whom he won the 1981 NSWRFL Premiership.
Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, also known as Aba (Tibetan: རྔ་བ་བོད་རིགས་དང་ཆང་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ།, Wylie: rnga ba bod rigs cha'ang rigs rang skyong khul; Qiang: Rrmeabba Shbea Rrmea Nyujwju Gvexueaj Legea; simplified Chinese: 阿坝藏族羌族自治州; traditional Chinese: 阿壩藏族羌族自治州), is an autonomous prefecture of northwestern Sichuan, bordering Gansu to the north and northeast and Qinghai to the northwest. Its seat is in Barkam, and it has an area of 83,201 km2 (32,124 sq mi). The population was 895,200 by 2022.

The county of Wenchuan in Ngawa is the site of the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, in which over 20,000 of its residents died and 40,000 were injured.

Lhasa Tibetan
Lhasa Tibetan or Standard Tibetan is a standardized dialect of Tibetan spoken by the people of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan). In terms of mutual intelligibility, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot. Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become tonal and do not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters, which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan.
Valgipes
Valgipes is an extinct genus of scelidotheriid ground sloth, endemic to intertropical Brazil and Uruguay during the Late Pleistocene. Thought to have been a forest-dwelling browser, Valgipes is a monotypic genus with a complex and long taxonomic history, and is a close relative of Catonyx and Proscelidodon.

Pampatherium
Pampatherium (from the Pampas Plain, and Ancient Greek θηρίον (theríon), meaning "beast") is an extinct genus of xenarthran cingulates that lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene. Some species went extinct right at the Pleistocene-Holocene border.
The Sweeney
The Sweeney is a British police drama television series focusing on two members of the Flying Squad, a branch of the Metropolitan Police specialising in tackling armed robbery and violent crime in London. It stars John Thaw as Detective Inspector Jack Regan and Dennis Waterman as his partner, Detective Sergeant George Carter. It was produced by the Thames Television subsidiary Euston Films for broadcast on the ITV network in the United Kingdom from 2 January 1975 to 28 December 1978.

The programme's title comes from the Cockney rhyming slang term "Sweeney Todd", a fictitious demon barber which rhymes with "Flying Squad", shortened to "The Sweeney" and used by London's criminal fraternity in the mid 20th century to refer to the Police.

The popularity of the series in the UK led to two feature films –  Sweeney! (1977) and Sweeney 2 (1978) –  both starring Thaw and Waterman, and a later film, The Sweeney (2012), starring Ray Winstone as Regan and Ben Drew as Carter.

Pie in the Sky (TV series)
Pie in the Sky is a British police comedy drama starring Richard Griffiths and Maggie Steed, created by Andrew Payne and first broadcast in five series on BBC1 between 13 March 1994 and 17 August 1997, as well as being syndicated on other channels in other countries.

The protagonist, Henry Crabbe, while still being an on-duty, "semi-retired" policeman (much against his will), is also the head chef at his wife's restaurant "Pie in the Sky", set in the fictional town of Middleton and county of Westershire.
Lambya people
The Lambya are an ethnic and linguistic group based along the border of northwestern Malawi, Ileje and in Momba District of Songwe Region, Tanzania. A minority also exists in Zambia. In 2001, the Lambya population was estimated to number about 85,000 (45,000 in Malawi and 40,000) (from a 1987 estimate)) in Tanzania. The Lambyas in Malawi speak Lambya language mainly by elders in rural areas, but the majority as well as young people speak Chitumbuka, which is the lingua franca of the Northern and some Central parts of Malawi.

The Lambyas in Malawi are ruled by Senior Chief Mwaulambya Chieftaincy. The headquarters of the chief is in Chinunkha, Chitipa district.

Mang'anja
The Mang'anja are a Bantu people of Southern Malawi, particularly around Chikwawa in the Shire River valley of southern Malawi. They speak a dialect of the Nyanja language, and are a branch of the Amaravi people.
County Route 551 (New Jersey)
County Route 551 (CR 551) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends 34.57 miles (55.64 km) from Pennsville-Salem Road (Route 49) in Pennsville Township to Penn Street (Interstate 676 / U.S. Route 30) in Camden.

County Route 544 (New Jersey)
County Route 544 (CR 544) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends 14.94 miles (24.04 km) from Cooper Street (CR 534) in Deptford Township to Taunton Boulevard (CR 623) in Medford.
Duinencross Koksijde
The Duinencross Koksijde ("Cyclo-cross of Dunes") is a cyclo-cross race held in Koksijde, Belgium since 1969. In 2025 it returned to the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup, having previously been that series from 1996-2021, forming part of the Cyclo-cross Trophy series in the gap.

Caubergcross
The Cauberg Cyclo-cross is a cyclo-cross race held in Valkenburg, Netherlands. This race is up and around the famous Cauberg, which is the final of the Amstel Gold Race. Former World Champion Adrie van der Poel designed the parcours and its variations. Since the 2013-2014 season it became a part of the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup. In October 2017 there was no edition held, because the Cyclo-cross World Championships is on the same parcours in February 2018 (shown in the results in red).
Max Petitpierre
Max Petitpierre (26 February 1899 – 25 March 1994) was a Swiss politician, jurist and member of the Swiss Federal Council, heading the Political Department (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) (1945-1961).

He studied law at the universities of Neuchâtel, Zurich, and Munich. He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 14 December 1944 and handed over office on 30 June 1961. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party.

He served as President of the Diplomatic Conference at Geneva of 1949 which adopted the landmark 1949 Geneva Conventions.

During his time in office he held the Political Department (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and was President of the Confederation three times in 1950, 1955 and 1960.

He died at the age of 95.

Rodolphe Rubattel
Rodolphe Rubattel (4 September 1896 – 18 October 1961) was a Swiss politician.

He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 11 December 1947 until 31 December 1954, when he handed over the office to another. 
He has an affiliation to the Free Democratic Party. During his time in office, he held the Federal Department of Economic Affairs.

He was President of the Confederation in 1954.
Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.

A central concept of toxicology is that the effects of a toxicant are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.

Mechanism of action
In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect.  A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor. Receptor sites have specific affinities for drugs based on the chemical structure of the drug, as well as the specific action that occurs there.

Drugs that do not bind to receptors produce their corresponding therapeutic effect by simply interacting with chemical or physical properties in the body. Common examples of drugs that work in this way are antacids and laxatives.

In contrast, a mode of action (MoA) describes functional or anatomical changes, at the cellular level, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance.
Dunmail Raise
Dunmail Raise is the name of a large cairn in the English Lake District, which may have been an old boundary marker. It has given its name to the mountain pass of Dunmail Raise, on which it stands. This mountain pass forms part of the only low-level route through the mountains between the northern and southern sides of the Lake District. According to local tradition, the cairn marked the burial of a king named Dunmail who was slain by Saxons. The place name itself may well be derived from the name of the historical Dyfnwal ab Owain, King of Strathclyde.

A591 road
The A591 is a major road in Cumbria, which lies almost entirely within the Lake District national park. A 2009 poll by satellite navigation firm Garmin named the stretch of the road between Windermere and Keswick as the most popular road in Britain. The 29.8 mile stretch between Kendal and Keswick was also named the UK's best driving road, according to a specially devised driving ratio formulated by car rental firm Avis.