hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grammatical modifier
In linguistics, a modifier is an optional element in phrase structure or clause structure which modifies the meaning of another element in the structure. For instance, the adjective "red" acts as a modifier in the noun phrase "red ball", providing extra details about which particular ball is being referred to. Similarly, the adverb "quickly" acts as a modifier in the verb phrase "run quickly". Modification can be considered a high-level domain of the functions of language, on par with predication and reference.

Agreement (linguistics)
In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated agr) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates. It is an instance of inflection, and usually involves making the value of some grammatical category (such as gender or person) "agree" between varied words or parts of the sentence.

For example, in Standard English, one may say I am or he is, but not "I is" or "he am". This is because English grammar requires that the verb and its subject agree in person. The pronouns I and he are first and third person respectively, as are the verb forms am and is. The verb form must be selected so that it has the same person as the subject in contrast to notional agreement, which is based on meaning.
2000–01 Taça de Portugal
The 2000–01 Taça de Portugal was the 61st edition of the Portuguese football knockout tournament, organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The 2000–01 Taça de Portugal began in September 2000. The final was played on 10 June 2001 at the Estádio Nacional.

Porto were the previous holders, having defeated Sporting CP 2–0 in the previous season's final in cup final which went to a replay. Porto defeated Marítimo, 2–0 in the final to win their eleventh Taça de Portugal. As a result of Porto winning the domestic cup competition, they faced Boavista in the 2001 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira.

1997–98 Taça de Portugal
The 1997–98 Taça de Portugal was the 58th edition of the Portuguese football knockout tournament, organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The 1997–98 Taça de Portugal began in September 1997. The final was played on 24 May 1998 at the Estádio Nacional.

Boavista were the previous holders, having defeated Benfica 3–2 in the previous season's final. Defending champions Boavista were eliminated in the quarter-finals by second division side União de Leiria. Porto defeated Braga, 3–1 in the final to win their ninth Taça de Portugal. As a result of Porto winning both the league and cup in the same season, cup finalists Braga would play the Dragões in the 1998 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira.
PubMed
PubMed is an openly accessible, free database which includes primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval.

From 1971 to 1997, online access to the MEDLINE database was provided via computer, using phone lines primarily through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home- and office-based MEDLINE searching. It was released alongside "Internet Grateful Med" (web-version of Grateful Med). In 2001 Grateful Med was deleted and entirely replaced by PubMed. The PubMed system was offered free to the public starting in June 1997.

International Journal of Nursing Studies
The International Journal of Nursing Studies (IJNS) is a monthly peer-reviewed nursing journal published by Elsevier. It publishes original research and scholarship about health-care delivery, organisation, management, workforce, policy and research methods relevant to in the fields of nursing, midwifery and related health professions.
Perciformes
Perciformes (/ˈpɜːrsɪˌfɔːrmiːz/), also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. Perciformes means "perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters (Percidae), and also sea basses and groupers (Serranidae). This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also extremophiles that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.

Myctophiformes
The Myctophiformes /ˈmɪktəfɪfɔːrmiːz/ are an order of ray-finned fishes consisting of two families of deep-sea marine fish, most notably the highly abundant lanternfishes (Myctophidae). The blackchins (Neoscopelidae) contain six species in three genera, while the bulk of the family belongs to the Myctophidae, with over 30 genera and some 252 species.

The scientific name  ultimately derives from Ancient Greek myktér (μυκτήρ, "nose") + óphis (ὄφῖς, "serpent") + Latin forma ("external form"), the Greek part in reference to the long, slender, and heavy-headed shape of these fishes.
Channapatna
Channapattana or Chennapattana is a city located on the banks of Kanva river and taluk headquarters in Bengaluru South district. Channapatna is approximately 60 km from Bangalore and 75 km from Mysore.  Channapatna toys are popular all over the world and have geographical indication tag.

Maddur, Mandya
Maddur (also pronounced as Maddūru) is one of the taluks of Mandya district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It lies on the banks of the river Shimsha. It is 82 kilometers from the state capital Bangalore and 60 kilometers from Mysore. Madduru derived from Maddu (in Kannada) a term referring to chemicals used for explosives and also for plant based ancient medicine. Maddur vada is a popular cuisine.
Fritz Reiner
Frederick Martin Reiner (Hungarian: Reiner Frigyes; December 19, 1888 – November 15, 1963) was an American conductor of opera and symphonic music in the twentieth century.  Hungarian born and trained, he emigrated to the United States in 1922, where he rose to prominence as a conductor with several orchestras. He reached the pinnacle of his career while music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the 1950s and early 1960s.

Semperoper
The Semperoper (German pronunciation: [ˈzɛmpɐˌʔoːpɐ] ⓘ) is the opera house of the Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden (Saxon State Opera) and the concert hall of the Staatskapelle Dresden (Saxon State Orchestra). It is also home to the Semperoper Ballett. The building is located on the Theaterplatz near the Elbe River in the historic centre of Dresden, Germany.

The opera house was originally built by the architect Gottfried Semper in 1841. After a devastating fire in 1869, the opera house was rebuilt, partly again by Semper, and completed in 1878. The opera house has a long history of premieres, including major works by Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.
Romain Bardet
Romain Bardet (French pronunciation: [ʁɔmɛ̃ baʁdɛ]; born 9 November 1990) is a former French professional racing cyclist who rode for UCI WorldTeam Team Picnic–PostNL. Bardet is known for his climbing and descending abilities, which make him one of the top general classification contenders in Grand Tours.

So far in his career, his best results have primarily come on home soil. He has won a total of four stages in the Tour de France in four separate years, running from 2015 to 2017 and then in 2024; he placed in the top ten overall for five consecutive years (from 2014 to 2018) and finished on the podium twice: second overall in 2016 and third overall in 2017. He has also worn the Young rider classification jersey, and won the Mountains classification jersey in 2019 as well as the overall Combativity Award in 2015. Outside of France, he won a stage at the 2021 Vuelta a España, and won the general classification at the 2022 Tour of the Alps.

Richard Carapaz
Richard Antonio Carapaz Montenegro (born 29 May 1993) is an Ecuadorian professional road racing cyclist who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam EF Education–EasyPost. Carapaz won the 2019 Giro d'Italia, becoming the first Ecuadorian rider to win the race. In July 2021, he won the gold medal in the road race at the 2020 Summer Olympics, becoming the first Ecuadorian cyclist to win a medal and only the second Ecuadorian in any sport to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games. In doing so, he became the first cyclist to achieve an Olympic road race gold medal and a podium finish in each of the three Grand Tours.
Rick Renick
Warren Richard Renick (March 16, 1944 – January 31, 2026) was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach. Renick had a 14-year (1965–1978) professional playing career, including all or part of five seasons (1968–1972) in Major League Baseball as a third baseman, left fielder and shortstop for the Minnesota Twins. He threw and batted right-handed and was listed as 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and 188 pounds (85 kg).

Eddie Rosario
Eddie Manuel Rosario, Jr. (born September 28, 1991) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball left fielder who is a free agent. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, Washington Nationals, and Los Angeles Dodgers.

Rosario was selected by the Minnesota Twins in the fourth round of the 2010 MLB draft. After the 2013 season, he received a 50-game suspension for using a banned substance, which he served at the start of the 2014 season. Rosario made his MLB debut with the Twins in 2015, hitting a home run, on the first pitch of his first career at bat. He was named National League Championship Series MVP and won the World Series with the Braves in 2021. Rosario has represented Puerto Rico in the 2013, 2017, and 2023 editions of the World Baseball Classic, winning a silver medal in his first two appearances.
Population density
Population density is a measurement of population size per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key concept in population geography.
In botany and agronomy, it's known as plant density.

Chita District
Chita (知多郡, Chita-gun) is a district located in southwestern Aichi Prefecture, Japan, on Chita Peninsula.

As of October 1, 2019, the district had an estimated population of 160,542 with a density of 968 persons per km2. Its total area was 165.84 km2.
Accretion (geology)
In geology, accretion is a process by which material is added to a tectonic plate at a subduction zone, frequently on the edge of existing continental landmasses. The added material may be sediment, volcanic arcs, seamounts, oceanic crust or other igneous features.

Igneous rock
Igneous rock (igneous from Latin  igneus 'fiery'), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in a terrestrial planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses.

Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust.
Perro Aguayo
Pedro Aguayo Damián (18 January 1946 – 3 July 2019), better known as "(El) Perro Aguayo" (Aguayo the dog) and El Can de Nochistlan (The Nochistlan Dog), was a Mexican wrestler through the 1970s to the 1990s.

Aguayo was the first person crowned the WWF Light Heavyweight Champion, though pre-1997 title reigns are not included in WWE's official history for that title. In 2012, Aguayo was inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame. Aguayo was notably the last major rival of El Santo. Often prone to blading, Aguayo has been described by American pundits as a cross between Terry Funk and Bruno Sammartino (for his willingness to brawl and overpower opponents). One of the biggest box office attractions in lucha libre history, prominent professional wrestling journalist and historian Dave Meltzer described Aguayo as "one of the hardest working and most charismatic wrestlers ever".

Aguayo's son also wrestled as Perro Aguayo Jr. or El Hijo del Perro Aguayo ("The Son of Perro Aguayo").

Art Barr
Arthur Leon Barr (October 8, 1966 – November 23, 1994) was an American professional wrestler. While he wrestled briefly for World Championship Wrestling, he found his greatest success in Mexico's Asistencia Asesoría y Administración promotion.
2003 WGC-World Cup
The 2003 WGC-World Cup took place November 13–16 at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course in Kiawah Island, South Carolina, U.S. It was the 49th World Cup and the fourth as a World Golf Championship event. 24 countries competed and each country sent two players. The prize money totaled $4,000,000 with $1,400,000 going to the winning pair. The South African team of Rory Sabbatini  and Trevor Immelman won. They won by four strokes stroke over the English team of Paul Casey and Justin Rose.

1998 World Cup of Golf
The 1998 World Cup of Golf took place 19–22 November at the Gulf Harbor Country Club in Auckland, New Zealand. It was the 44th World Cup. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event (32 teams) with each team consisting of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. Individuals also competed for the International Trophy. The prize money totaled $1,500,000 with $400,000 going to the winning pair and $100,000 to the top individual. The English team of David Carter and Nick Faldo won by two strokes over the Italian team of Massimo Florioli and Costantino Rocca. American Scott Verplank took the International Trophy by one stroke over Faldo and Rocca.
Finder (software)
The Finder is the default file manager and graphical user interface shell used on all Macintosh operating systems. Described in its "About" window as "The Macintosh Desktop Experience", it is responsible for the launching of other applications, and for the overall user management of files, disks, and network volumes. It was introduced with the Macintosh 128K—the first Macintosh computer—and also exists as part of GS/OS on the Apple IIGS. It was rewritten completely with the release of Mac OS X in 2001.

In a tradition dating back to the Classic Mac OS of the 1980s and 1990s, the Finder icon is the smiling screen of a computer, known as the Happy Mac logo.

List of built-in macOS apps
This is a list of built-in apps and system components developed by Apple for macOS that come bundled by default or are installed through a system update. Many of the default programs found on macOS have counterparts on Apple's other operating systems, most often on iOS and iPadOS.

Apple has also included versions of iWork, iMovie, and GarageBand for free with new device activations since 2013. However, these programs are maintained independently from the operating system itself. Similarly, Xcode is offered for free on the Mac App Store and receives updates independently of the operating system despite being tightly integrated.
Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase (/ˈkaɪneɪs, ˈkɪneɪs, -eɪz/) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups to substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation.  Typically ATP is the phosphate donor. Kinases are pervasive, the human genome codes for about 500 of these enzymes.

Kinases are part of the larger family of phosphotransferases. Kinases should not be confused with phosphorylases, which catalyze the addition of inorganic phosphate groups to an acceptor, nor with phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups (dephosphorylation). The phosphorylation state of a molecule, whether it be a protein, lipid or carbohydrate, can affect its activity, reactivity and its ability to bind other molecules. Therefore, kinases are critical in metabolism, cell signalling, protein regulation, cellular transport, secretory processes and many other cellular pathways, which makes them very important to physiology.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (also known as MAP2K, MEK, MAPKK) is a dual-specificity kinase enzyme which phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).

MAP2K is classified as EC 2.7.12.2.

There are seven genes:

MAP2K1 (a.k.a. MEK1)

MAP2K2 (a.k.a. MEK2)

MAP2K3 (a.k.a. MKK3)

MAP2K4 (a.k.a. MKK4)

MAP2K5 (a.k.a. MKK5)

MAP2K6 (a.k.a. MKK6)

MAP2K7 (a.k.a. MKK7)

The activators of p38 (MKK3 and MKK6), JNK (MKK4 and MKK7), and ERK (MEK1 and MEK2) define independent MAP kinase signal transduction pathways. The acronym MEK derives from MAPK/ERK Kinase.
Helmond Sport
Helmond Sport (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛlmɔnt ˈspɔrt]) is a Dutch professional football club based in Helmond, North Brabant.

Founded in 1967 following the acquisition of the professional license of RKSV Helmondia '55, the club achieved promotion to the top-tier Eredivisie in 1982. After two seasons in the Eredivisie, Helmond Sport was relegated and has since remained a consistent presence in the second-tier Eerste Divisie. The club's most notable achievement came in the 1984–85 KNVB Cup, where they finished as runners-up after a narrow defeat to FC Utrecht in the final.

Helmond Sport has played its home matches at GS Staalwerken Stadion since 2025.

Jong Ajax
Jong Ajax (Dutch pronunciation: [jɔŋ ˈaːjɑks]; lit. 'Young Ajax'), also referred to as Ajax II or Ajax 2, is the reserve team of Ajax. Based at the club's training complex, Sportpark De Toekomst, in Amsterdam, it has competed in the Eerste Divisie, the second tier of Dutch professional football, since 2013.

Jong Ajax is the only reserve side to have won a Dutch professional league title, claiming the 2017–18 Eerste Divisie with a squad that included Noussair Mazraoui, Noa Lang and Danilho Doekhi. Under national regulations, the team cannot be promoted to the Eredivisie or enter the KNVB Cup. Its primary purpose is to develop players for Ajax's senior squad.
Paddington
Paddington is an area in the City of Westminster, in central London, England. A medieval parish then a metropolitan borough of the County of London, it was integrated with Westminster and Greater London in 1965. Paddington station, designed by the engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel opened in 1847. It is also the site of St Mary's Hospital and the former Paddington Green Police Station.

Paddington Waterside aims to regenerate former railway and canal land.  Districts within Paddington are Maida Vale, Westbourne and Bayswater including Lancaster Gate.

Shoreditch
Shoreditch is an area in London, England and is located in the London Borough of Hackney alongside neighbouring parts of Tower Hamlets, which are also perceived as part of the area due to historic ecclesiastical links. Shoreditch lies just north-east of the border with the City of London and is considered to be a part of London's East End.

In the 16th century, Shoreditch was an important centre of the Elizabethan theatre, and it has been an important entertainment centre since that time. Today, it hosts many pubs, bars and nightclubs. The most commercial areas lie closest to the City of London and along the A10 Road, with the rest mostly residential.
Isparta
Isparta is a city in western Turkey. It is the seat of Isparta Province and Isparta District. Its population is 247,580 (2022). Its elevation is 1035 m. It is known as the "City of Roses".
Isparta is well-connected to other parts of Turkey via roads. Antalya lies 130 km to the south and Eskişehir is 350 km to the north.
Süleyman Demirel University has introduced thousands of youths from varied backgrounds to the city's mostly conservative fabric in recent years. The city’s football team, Isparta 32 Spor, was founded in 1976 in Isparta. The club’s colors are green and pink, and the team plays its home matches at the 4,345-seat Isparta Atatürk City Stadium. It currently competes in the TFF Second League.

Uşak
Uşak (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈuʃak]) is a city in the interior part of the Aegean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Uşak Province and Uşak District. Its population is 236,366 (2022).

Uşak is located 210 km (130 mi) from İzmir, the region's principal metropolitan center and port city. Benefiting from its location at the crossroads of the Central Anatolian plateau and the coastal Aegean Region, and from a climate and agricultural production incorporating elements of both of these zones, Uşak has also traditionally had a strong industrial base. Uşak was the first city in Turkey to have an urban electricity network, and the first city where a collective labor relations agreement was signed, during the Ottoman era, between leather industry employees and workers. It was here that the first factory of Republican Turkey, a sugar refinery, was set up through a private sector initiative among local businessmen. The tradition of industriousness continues today around two industrial zones.
Irish Independent
The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper and online publication which is owned by Independent News & Media (INM), a subsidiary of Mediahuis.

The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines.

Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper, it introduced an additional compact size in 2004. Further, in December 2012 (following billionaire Denis O'Brien's takeover) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only.

Bertie Ahern
Bartholomew Patrick "Bertie" Ahern (born 12 September 1951) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach from 1997 to 2008, and as Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1994 to 2008. A Teachta Dála (TD) from 1977 to 2011, he served as Leader of the Opposition from 1994 to 1997. He was also Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1986 to 1987, Tánaiste from November to December 1994, and Minister for Finance from 1991 to 1994.

Fianna Fáil led three coalition governments under Ahern's leadership; he is the second-longest serving Taoiseach, after Éamon de Valera. He resigned as Taoiseach on 6 May 2008, in the wake of revelations made by the Mahon Tribunal over payments received from developers; he was succeeded by Brian Cowen. Fianna Fáil proposed to expel politicians censured by the tribunal, but Ahern resigned his membership prior to the expulsion motion. In 2016, Fianna Fáil announced that it had given Ahern the option of rejoining the party. He rejoined in February 2023.
Oviedo, Florida
Oviedo (/ˌoʊˈviːdoʊ/ oh-VEE-doh) is a city in Seminole County, Florida, United States. As of 2020, the population was 40,059. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Oviedo was known for its historic houses and buildings and agriculture, as well as its population of chickens that roamed the downtown area. Although the city historically has been rural, in recent years it has had an influx of new developments to support its rapid growth, due to its proximity to the University of Central Florida and the Central Florida Research Park.

Florida State Road 426
State Road 426 (SR 426) is a major road in Orange and Seminole counties, entirely north of Orlando. Its length is closely similar to SR 438. East of here, the road continues as County Road 426 (CR 426) as a direct route to Mims and Scottsmoor, the census-designated places of Brevard County, terminating at SR 46.

SR 426 is signed east–west, but takes a diagonal path through the Orlando-Kissimmee, Florida, Metropolitan Statistical Area and rural Seminole County, by the Econlockhatchee River.

This also marks the start of the Cady Way Trail and the end of the Cross Seminole Trail.