hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Siphon (mollusc)
A siphon is an anatomical structure which is part of the body of aquatic molluscs in three classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda (members of these classes include saltwater and freshwater snails, clams, octopus, squid and relatives).

Siphons in molluscs are tube-like structures in which water (or, more rarely, air) flows. The water flow is used for one or more purposes such as locomotion, feeding, respiration, and reproduction. The siphon is part of the mantle of the mollusc, and the water flow is directed to (or from) the mantle cavity.

A single siphon occurs in some gastropods. In those bivalves which have siphons, the siphons are paired. In cephalopods, there is a single siphon or funnel which is known as a hyponome.

Hectocotylus
A hectocotylus (pl.: hectocotyli) is one of the arms of male cephalopods that is specialized to store and transfer spermatophores to the female. Structurally, hectocotyli are muscular hydrostats. Depending on the species, the male may use it merely as a conduit to the female, analogously to a penis in other animals, or he may wrench it off and present it to the female.

The hectocotyl arm was first described in Aristotle's biological works. Although Aristotle knew of its use in mating, he was doubtful that a tentacle could deliver sperm. The name hectocotylus was devised by Georges Cuvier, who first found one embedded in the mantle of a female argonaut. Thinking it to be a parasitic worm, in 1829 Cuvier gave it a generic name (Hectocotyle),
which is a New Latin term combining the Greek words for "hundred" (hec(a)to(n)) and for "hollow thing, cup" (cotyle).
International Boxing Federation
The International Boxing Federation (IBF) is one of four major organizations recognized by the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF) which sanctions professional boxing bouts. The others are the World Boxing Association (WBA), World Boxing Council (WBC) and World Boxing Organization (WBO).

Henry Maske
Henry Maske (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛnʁi ˈmaskə], audioⓘ; born 6 January 1964) is a German former professional boxer and one of Germany's most popular sports figures. He held the IBF light heavyweight title from 1993 until 1996.
United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina
The United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina (in case citations, W.D.N.C.)  is a federal district court which covers the western third of North Carolina.

Appeals from the Western District of North Carolina are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

North Carolina Attorney General
The attorney general of North Carolina is a statewide elected office in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The attorney general is a constitutional officer responsible for representing state agencies in legal matters, supplying other state officials and prosecutors with legal advice, and leading the North Carolina Department of Justice. The incumbent attorney general, Jeff Jackson, assumed office on January 1, 2025. The position of attorney general dates back to North Carolina's colonial history. North Carolina's 1776 constitution established the office as an official appointed by the North Carolina General Assembly. The state's 1868 constitution made the attorney general an elected executive official with their duties prescribed by law. Since 1971, the officer has sat on the North Carolina Council of State.
Groupama–FDJ
Groupama–FDJ (UCI team code: GFC) is a French cycling team at UCI WorldTeam level. The team is managed by Marc Madiot, a former road bicycle racer and winner of the Paris–Roubaix classic in 1985 and 1991. The team is predominantly French.

St. Michel–Preference Home–Auber93 (men's team)
St. Michel–Preference Home–Auber93 (UCI team code: AUB) is a UCI Continental cycling team based in France. The team is managed by Stephane Javalet with the help of Stéphan Gaudry.

The team was founded in 1994 as Aubervilliers 93–Peugeot, a name they had until 1997 when they turned into BigMat–Auber 93. The team has participated in the Tour de France in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2001. In 2004 the name changed to Auber 93, reverting to the current name in 2010. In 2015, BigMat once again stopped sponsoring the team.

The team is sponsored by French biscuit maker Saint-Michel and property developer Preference Home. Auber93 references the founding of the team in Aubervilliers, Île-de-France in 1993.
East of England
The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of ITL for statistical purposes.  It consists of the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. The northern part of the region, consisting of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, is known as East Anglia. The latter region has been considered an informal region in its own right due to its differing cultural identity.

The population of the East of England in 2024 was 6,576,306. Bedford, Luton, Basildon, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Chelmsford and Cambridge are the most populous settlements. Peterborough is the largest city in the East of England at 215,000. The southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt.

Witham railway station
Witham railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML) in the East of England, serving the town of Witham, Essex. It is situated about half a mile (1 km) from the north of the town centre and is 38 miles 48 chains (62.1 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street. On the GEML, Witham is situated between Hatfield Peverel to the west and Kelvedon to the east. It is the junction for the Braintree Branch Line to the north-west, which opened in 1848; between 1848 and 1964, it was also the junction for a south-east-facing branch line to Maldon. Its three-letter station code is WTM.

The station was opened in 1843 by the Eastern Counties Railway. It is currently operated by Greater Anglia, who also operate all trains serving it, as part of the East Anglia franchise.
Judicate of Arborea
The Judicate of Arborea (Sardinian: Judicadu de Arbaree; Italian: Giudicato di Arborea; Latin: Iudicatus Arborensis) or the Kingdom of Arborea (Sardinian: Rennu de Arbaree; Italian: Regno di Arborea; Latin: Regnum Arborensis) was one of the four independent judicates into which the island of Sardinia was divided in the Middle Ages. It occupied the central-west portion of the island, wedged between Logudoro to the north and east, Cagliari to the south and east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. To the northeast of Logudoro was Gallura, with which Arborea had far less interaction. Arborea outlasted her neighbours, surviving well into the 15th century. At its greatest territorial extent it occupied the entire island except the cities of Alghero and Cagliari. The earliest known judicial seat was Tharros, though Oristano served as capital for most of its existence.

Della Gherardesca family
The House of Gherardesca was an ancient Italian noble family of the Republic of Pisa, of Longobard origin. The family likely dates back as early as the 11th century.

They were one of the most prominent families initially in Pisa, then of Volterra and eventually of Florence. They were of Ghibelline sympathies and held the county of Donoratico.
Municipalities of Switzerland
Municipalities (German: Gemeinden, Einwohnergemeinden or politische Gemeinden; French: communes; Italian: comuni; Romansh: vischnancas) are the lowest level of administrative division in Switzerland. Each municipality is part of one of the Swiss cantons, which form the Swiss Confederation. In most cantons, municipalities are also part of districts or other sub-cantonal administrative divisions.

There are 2,110 municipalities as of January 2026. Their populations range between several hundred thousand (Zürich), and a few dozen people (Kammersrohr, Bister), and their territory between 0.32 km² (Rivaz) and 439 km² (Scuol).

Guarda, Switzerland
Guarda is a former municipality in Inn District in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.  On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Ardez, Guarda, Tarasp, Ftan and Sent merged into the municipality of Scuol.

Guarda was awarded the Wakker Prize for the preservation of its architectural heritage in 1975.
Edison Studios
Edison Studios was an American film production organization, owned by companies controlled by inventor and entrepreneur, Thomas Edison. The studio made close to 1,200 films, as part of the Edison Manufacturing Company (1894–1911) and then  Thomas A. Edison, Inc. (1911–1918), until the studio's closing in 1918. Of that number, 54 were feature length, and the remainder were shorts. All of the company's films have fallen into the public domain because they were released before 1928.

Mary Fuller
Mary Claire Fuller (October 5, 1888 – December 9, 1973) was an American actress active in both stage and silent films. She also was a screenwriter and had several films produced. An early major star, by 1917 she could no longer obtain roles in film or on stage. A later effort to revive her career in Hollywood failed in the 1920s after talkies began to dominate film. After suffering a nervous breakdown, she was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC in 1947 and lived there until her death.
New Zealand women's national basketball team
The New Zealand women's national basketball team represents New Zealand in international basketball competitions. They are nicknamed the Tall Ferns. The head coach of the team is Natalie Hurst.

The New Zealand women's national team has taken part in three Olympic Games, and one FIBA Women's World Cup. Since participating at the FIBA Women's Asia Cup in 2017, their top performance is a fourth place finish in 2023. In the past, the Tall Ferns have also competed at the FIBA Oceania Women's Championship.

2017 FIBA Women's Asia Cup
The 2017 FIBA Women's Asia Cup was the qualifying tournament for FIBA Asia and FIBA Oceania at the 2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup in Spain. The tournament was held from 23 to 29 July in Bangalore, India. Before this edition, the tournament was known as the FIBA Asia Championship for Women, and only involved FIBA Asia members. FIBA Oceania teams Australia and New Zealand, as well as Fiji (at Division B) competed in the tournament for the first time.

Japan won their fourth title after defeating Australia 74–73 in the final, while China captured the bronze medal by defeating South Korea 75–51. These four countries qualified for 2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup.
Montclair, New Jersey
Montclair is a township in Essex County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Situated on the cliffs of the Watchung Mountains, Montclair is a commercial and cultural hub of North Jersey and a diverse bedroom community of New York City within the New York metropolitan area. The township is home to Montclair State University, the state's second-largest university.

As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 40,921, an increase of 3,252 (+8.6%) from the 2010 census count of 37,669, which in turn reflected a decline of 1,308 (−3.4%) from the 38,977 counted in the 2000 census. As of 2010, it was the 60th-most-populous municipality in New Jersey.

Mary V. Mochary
Mary Veronica Kasser Mochary (born September 2, 1942) is an American attorney, philanthropist, farmer and politician who served as Mayor of Montclair, New Jersey between 1980 and 1984 for the Republican Party as well as Principal Deputy Legal Advisor at the United States Department of State. In 1984, she was the Republican nominee for United States Senate against incumbent Bill Bradley, but lost by a wide margin.
Rodez
Rodez (French pronunciation: [ʁɔdɛs] ⓘ, [ʁɔdɛz] ⓘ, locally: [ʁoˈðɛs]; Occitan: Rodés, [ruˈðes]) is a small city and commune in the South of France, about 150 km (93 mi) northeast of Toulouse. It is the prefecture of the department of Aveyron, region of Occitania (formerly Midi-Pyrénées). Rodez is the seat of the communauté d'agglomération Rodez Agglomération, of the First Constituency of Aveyron as well as of the general Council of Aveyron.

Former capital of the Rouergue, the city is seat of the Diocese of Rodez and Vabres.

Occitania (administrative region)
Occitania (French: Occitanie [ɔksitani] ⓘ; Occitan: Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ]; Catalan: Occitània [uksiˈtaniə]) is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica, located in the south of the country, created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. The Council of State approved Occitania as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, coming into effect on 30 September 2016.

The modern administrative region is named after the larger cultural and historical region of Occitania, which corresponds with the southern third of France. The region of Occitania as it is today covers a territory similar to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th centuries. The banner of arms of the Counts of Toulouse, known colloquially as the Occitan cross, is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol. In 2022, Occitania had a population of 6,080,731.
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. Astronomers study astronomical objects, such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies, by some combination of observation and the application of astrophysical models. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole.

Anders Celsius
Anders Celsius (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈsɛ̌lːsɪɵs]; 27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in 1742 proposed (an inverted form of) the centigrade temperature scale, which was later renamed Celsius in his honour.
Franklin Parish, Louisiana
Franklin Parish (French: Paroisse de Franklin, Spanish: Parroquia de Franklin) is a parish located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020, its population was 19,774. The parish seat and the most populous municipality is Winnsboro. The parish was founded in 1843 and named for Benjamin Franklin.

Concordia Parish, Louisiana
Concordia Parish (Spanish: Parroquia de la Concordia; French: Paroisse de Concordia) is a parish that borders the Mississippi River in eastern central Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 18,687. The parish seat is Vidalia. The parish was formed in 1807.

Concordia Parish is part of the Natchez, MS–LA Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is historically considered part of the Natchez District, devoted to cotton cultivation as a commodity crop, in contrast to the sugar cane crop of southern Louisiana. Other Louisiana parishes of similar character are East and West Carroll, Madison and Tensas, all in this lowlying delta land. On the east side of the Mississippi River is the Natchez District around the city of Natchez, Mississippi.
National Basketball League (Australia)
The National Basketball League (NBL) is a men's professional basketball league in Australasia, currently composed of ten teams: nine in Australia and one in New Zealand. It is the premier professional men's basketball league in Australia and New Zealand. The league was played in the Australian winter until 1998 when it switched to summer seasons beginning with the 1998–99 season. The NBL's regular season runs from September to February, with each team playing 33 games. The league's finals extends into March to April, culminating with the Championship grand final series.

LNB Élite
The LNB Élite, currently known for sponsorship reasons as Betclic Élite, is a professional basketball league in France and is the highest level of the French basketball system. The competition has existed since 1921. Since 1987, the Ligue Nationale de Basket (LNB) has governed the league.

Formerly known as the LNB Pro A, each season consists of 16 teams. The bottom two placed teams from each season are relegated to the second tier level Élite 2. The winner of the play-offs of the league are crowned the French national champions.
Professional wrestling match types
Many types of wrestling matches, sometimes called "gimmick matches" in the jargon of the business, are performed in professional wrestling. Some gimmick matches are more common than others and are often used to advance or conclude a storyline. Throughout professional wrestling's decades-long history, some gimmick matches have spawned many variations of the core concept.

Varsity Club
The Varsity Club was a professional wrestling heel stable in Jim Crockett Promotions and World Championship Wrestling (WCW). The stable was formed in 1987 and lasted until 1989. The stable was resurrected in 1999–2004.
Oglethorpe County, Georgia
Oglethorpe County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,825. The county seat is Lexington.

Oglethorpe County is included in the Athens-Clarke County, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA Combined Statistical Area. It is the largest county in Northeast Georgia.

Hancock County, Georgia
Hancock County is a county located in the East Central part of the  U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,735. The county seat is Sparta. The county was created on December 17, 1793, and named for John Hancock, a Founding Father of the American Revolution.
Novi Ligure
Novi Ligure (Italian: [ˈnɔːvi ˈliːɡure]; Ligurian: Nêuve, Ligurian: [ˈnøːve]; Piedmontese: Neuvi, Piedmontese: [ˈnøʋ]) is a comune (municipality) north of Genoa, in the province of Alessandria, in the Italian region of Piedmont.

The town produces food, iron, steel, and textiles. It is an important junction for both road and railroad.

Francavilla Bisio
Francavilla Bisio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Alessandria.

Francavilla Bisio borders the following municipalities: Basaluzzo, Capriata d'Orba, Gavi, Pasturana, San Cristoforo, and Tassarolo.
Eidsvoll
Eidsvoll (pronounced [ˈæ̀ɪdsvɔɫ] ⓘ; sometimes written as Eidsvold) is a municipality in Akershus county, Norway.  It is part of the Romerike traditional region.  The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Sundet.

Convention of Moss
The Convention of Moss (Mossekonvensjonen) was a ceasefire agreement signed on 14 August 1814 between the King of Sweden and the Norwegian government. It followed the Swedish-Norwegian War due to Norway's claim to sovereignty. It also became the de facto peace agreement and formed the basis for the personal union between Sweden and Norway that was established when the Norwegian Stortinget (Parliament) elected Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway on 4 November 1814. The Union lasted until Norway declared its dissolution in 1905.
Coupling reaction
In organic chemistry, a coupling reaction is a type of reaction in which two reactant molecules are bonded together. Such reactions often require the aid of a metal catalyst. In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (where R = organic group, M = main group centre metal atom) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carbon–carbon bond in the product R-R'. The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction.

Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions.

Broadly speaking, two types of coupling reactions are recognized:

Homocouplings joining two identical partners. The product is symmetrical R−R

Heterocouplings joining two different partners. These reactions are also called cross-coupling reactions. The product is unsymmetrical, R−R'.

Kumada coupling
In organic chemistry, the Kumada coupling is a type of cross coupling reaction, useful for generating carbon–carbon bonds by the reaction of a Grignard reagent and an organic halide. The procedure uses transition metal catalysts, typically nickel or palladium, to couple a combination of two alkyl, aryl or vinyl groups. The groups of Robert Corriu and Makoto Kumada reported the reaction independently in 1972.

The reaction is notable for being among the first reported catalytic cross-coupling methods. Despite the subsequent development of alternative reactions (Suzuki, Sonogashira, Stille, Hiyama, Negishi), the Kumada coupling continues to be employed in many synthetic applications, including the industrial-scale production of aliskiren, a hypertension medication, and polythiophenes, useful in organic electronic devices.
Pennsylvania Hospital
Pennsylvania Hospital is a private, non-profit, 515-bed teaching hospital located at 800 Spruce Street in Center City Philadelphia, The hospital was founded on May 11, 1751 by  Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Bond. It was the second public hospital in the United States (after only Bellevue Hospital) and had its first surgical amphitheater. and its first medical library. It is part of the University of Pennsylvania Health System.

The hospital's main building, dating to 1756, is a National Historic Landmark.

Union Fire Company
Union Fire Company, sometimes called Franklin's Bucket Brigade, was a volunteer fire department formed in Philadelphia in 1736 with the assistance of Benjamin Franklin. It was the first firefighting organization in Philadelphia, although it was followed within the year by establishment of the Fellowship Fire Company. The fire company was formed on 7 December 1736 after a series of publications in the Pennsylvania Gazette by Franklin and others pointing out the need for more effective handling of fires in Philadelphia and remained active until approximately 1820. Although modeled after the Mutual Fire Societies of Franklin's native Boston, the Union Fire Company protected all members of the community rather than only the members of the company.
Bodmin
Bodmin (Cornish: Bosvena) is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated south-west of Bodmin Moor.

The extent of the civil parish corresponds fairly closely to that of the town so is mostly urban in character. It is bordered to the east by Cardinham parish, to the southeast by Lanhydrock parish, to the southwest and west by Lanivet parish, and to the north by Helland parish. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 16,909.

Bodmin became the county town of Cornwall in 1838 when the main courts for the county moved there from Launceston. Bodmin gradually lost county town functions to Truro; in 1889 the new Cornwall County Council chose to base itself in Truro, and the county's main courthouse moved to Truro in 1988.

Egloshayle
Egloshayle (Cornish: Eglosheyl, meaning church on an estuary) is a civil parish and village in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The village is beside the River Camel, southeast of Wadebridge. The settlement of Egloshayle itself was removed from the civil parish in 1898 and transferred to the new parish of Wadebridge. Since 1898 the civil parish of Egloshayle has therefore not included the village after which it is named. The civil parish stretches southeast from the village and includes Washaway and Sladesbridge. At the 2021 census the population of the civil parish was 415.