hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis (often denoted ) is the claim in scientific research that the effect being studied does not exist.  The null hypothesis can also be described as the hypothesis in which no relationship exists between two sets of data or variables being analyzed. If the null hypothesis is true, any experimentally observed effect is due to chance alone, hence the term "null". In contrast with the null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis (often denoted or ) is developed, which claims that a relationship does exist between two variables.

Multiple comparisons problem
Multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when many statistical tests are performed on the same dataset. Each test has its own chance of a Type I error (false positive), so the overall probability of making at least one false positive increases as the number of tests grows. In statistics, this occurs when one simultaneously considers a set of statistical inferences or estimates a subset of selected parameters based on observed values.

The probability of false positives is measured through the family-wise error rate (FWER). The larger the number of inferences made in a series of tests, the more likely erroneous inferences become.  Several statistical techniques have been developed to compensate for the number of inferences being made—for example, by requiring a stricter significance threshold for individual comparisons.
Generalfeldmarschall
Generalfeldmarschall (German: [ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal] ⓘ; from Old High German marahscalc, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; often abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire, (Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall); in the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was the equivalent to Großadmiral (English: Grand Admiral) in the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine, a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.

Major (Germany)
Major (German pronunciation: [maˈjoːɐ]) is the lowest staff officer rank in the German Army, German Air Force. The rank is rated OF-3 in NATO. The rank insignia is a silver oakleaf cluster with a silver pip (star).

The OF-3 equivalent of the German Navy is the Korvettenkapitän.
Don Giovanni
Don Giovanni (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdɔn dʒoˈvanni]; K. 527; full title: Il dissoluto punito, ossia il Don Giovanni, literally 'The Rake Punished, or Don Giovanni') is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to an Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. Its subject is a centuries-old Spanish legend about a libertine, Don Juan, as told by playwright Tirso de Molina in his 1630 play El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra. It is a dramma giocoso blending comedy, melodrama and supernatural elements (although the composer entered it into his catalogue simply as opera buffa). It was premiered by the Prague Italian opera at the National Theatre (of Bohemia), now called the Estates Theatre, on 29 October 1787. Don Giovanni is regarded as one of the greatest operas of all time and has proved a fruitful subject for commentary in its own right; critic Fiona Maddocks has described it as one of Mozart's "trio of masterpieces with librettos by Da Ponte".

Christof Loy
Christof Loy (born 5 December 1962) is a German stage director especially for opera, whose work received several awards. A freelance director, he has staged operas from Baroque to premieres of new works at major European opera houses and festivals. He is known for directing works by Mozart.
Finnish mythology
Finnish mythology commonly refers to the folklore of Finnish paganism, of which a modern revival is practiced by a small percentage of the Finnish people. It has many shared features with Estonian and other Finnic mythologies, but also with neighbouring Baltic, Slavic and, to a lesser extent, Norse mythologies.

Finnish mythology survived within an oral tradition of mythical poem-singing and folklore well into the 19th century.

Of the animals, the most sacred was the bear, whose real name was never uttered out loud, which was thought to be unfavorable to the hunt. The bear (Finnish: karhu) was seen as the embodiment of the forefathers, and for this reason it was called by many circumlocutions: mesikämmen 'mead-paw', otso 'browed one', kontio 'dweller of the land', metsän kultaomena 'the golden apple of the forest'. It was not strictly seen as a god.

Sámi shamanism
Traditional Sámi spiritual practices and beliefs are based on a type of animism, polytheism, and what anthropologists may consider shamanism. The religious traditions can vary considerably from region to region within Sápmi.

Traditional Sámi religion is generally considered to be Animism. The Sámi belief that all significant natural objects (such as animals, plants, rocks, etc.) possess a soul, and from a polytheistic perspective, traditional Sámi beliefs include a multitude of spirits. Sámi traditional beliefs and practices commonly emphasizes veneration of the dead and of animal spirits. The relationship with the local animals that sustain the people, such as the reindeer, are very important to the kin-group.
Gaming computer
A gaming computer, also known as a gaming PC, is a specialized personal computer designed for playing PC games at high standards. They typically differ from mainstream personal computers by using high-performance graphics cards, a high core-count CPU with higher raw performance and higher-performance RAM. Gaming PCs are also used for other demanding tasks such as video editing. While often in desktop form, gaming PCs may also be laptops or handhelds.

Asus
ASUSTEK Computer Inc. (/ˈeɪsuːs/, /eɪˈsuːs/, /ɑːˈ-/, /əˈ-/;), doing business as ASUS, is a Taiwanese multinational computer, phone hardware and electronics manufacturer headquartered in Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan. Its products include desktop computers, laptops, netbooks, mobile phones, networking equipment, monitors, Wi-Fi routers, projectors, motherboards, graphics cards, optical storage, multimedia products, peripherals, wearables, servers, workstations and tablet PCs. The company is also an original equipment manufacturer (OEM).

As of 2024, Asus is the world's fifth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales. Asus has a primary listing on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the ticker code 2357 and formerly had a secondary listing on the London Stock Exchange under the ticker code ASKD.
The Hummingbirds
The Hummingbirds were an Australian indie pop and jangle pop band from Sydney, who formed in 1986 from Bug Eyed Monsters. They were one of the most highly regarded outfits to emerge from Sydney's inner-city scene during the late 1980s and were an early signing to the rooArt label. The Hummingbirds' single "Blush" peaked at No. 19 on the ARIA singles charts in 1989. They left rooArt in 1992, and disbanded in 1993.

Indie pop
Indie pop (also typeset as indie-pop or indiepop) is a music genre and subculture that combines guitar pop with a DIY ethic in opposition to the style and tone of mainstream pop music. It originated from British post-punk in the late 1970s and subsequently generated a thriving fanzine, label, and club and gig circuit. Compared to its counterpart, indie rock, the genre is more melodic, less abrasive, and relatively angst-free. In later years, the definition of indie pop has bifurcated to also mean bands from unrelated DIY scenes/movements with pop leanings. Subgenres include chamber pop and twee pop.
England national under-20 football team
England national under-20 football team, also known as England Under-20s or England U20(s), represents England in association football at an under-20 age level and is controlled by the Football Association, the governing body for football in England.

England were champions of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, after defeating Venezuela in the final of the 2017 tournament.

From October 2023, the squad was rebranded as the England Men's Elite League Squad to reflect their participation in the Under 20 Elite League. This reverted back to England U20s in August 2025.

Turkey national under-20 football team
The Turkey national under-20 football team (Turkey national under-19 football team) is the national under-20 football team of Turkey and is controlled by the Turkish Football Federation. The team competes in the FIFA U-20 World Cup, which is held every two years. To qualify for this tournament (which is held in odd years), the team must finish in the top six of the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship from the previous year (unless acting as host).
Northern Province, Sierra Leone
The Northern Province (Krio: Nɔtan Prɔvins) (commonly referred to as Northern Sierra Leone or simply the North) is one of the five provincial divisions of Sierra Leone. It is located in the Northern geographic region of Sierra Leone. It comprises the following four Districts: Bombali, Falaba, Koinadugu and Tonkolili. The Northern Province has been divided into two Provinces Northwestern Province and Northern Province, today Northern Province covers an area of 22,538 km2 (8,702 sq mi) with a population of 1,316,831, based on the 2021 Sierra Leone national census. It is by far the largest Province of Sierra-Leone and also the least densely populated Province of the country Its administrative and economic center is Makeni. The North borders the North West Province to the West, the Republic of Guinea to the north-east, the Eastern Province and Southern Province to the south-east.

Kambia District
Kambia District is a district in the North West Province of Sierra Leone. Its capital and largest city is the town of Kambia. As of the 2015 census, The District had a population of 343,686.  Kambia District borders the Republic of Guinea to the north, Port Loko District to the south and Karene District to the east. The district provides an important trade route to or from the Sierra Leonean capital Freetown to the Guinean capital Conakry.

The district occupies a total area of 3,108 km2 (1,200 sq mi) and is divided into seven chiefdoms.

Kambia District is overwhelmingly  Muslim majority.   The population of the district is ethnically diverse. Kambia District is home to the largest population of ethnic Susu in Sierra Leone. Most of the Susu people in Sierra Leone live in Kambia District. The Susu along with the Temne form one of the largest ethnic groups in the district.
Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen
Field Marshal Paul Sanford Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, DL (1 September 1845 – 30 October 1932) was a British Army officer. He served in the Third Anglo-Ashanti War in 1873 and then in the expedition of Sir Charles Warren to Bechuanaland in the mid-1880s. He took a prominent role as General Officer Commanding the 1st Division in the Second Boer War. He suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Magersfontein, during which he failed to carry out adequate reconnaissance and accordingly his artillery bombarded the wrong place leading to the Highland Brigade taking heavy casualties. He was later captured by the Boers at Tweebosch. After the war, he became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief in South Africa in 1908, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Natal in 1910 and then Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta in 1915.

William Forbes Gatacre
Lieutenant-General Sir William Forbes Gatacre
KCB DSO KStJ (3 December 1843 – 18 January 1906) was a British Army officer who served in India and in the African continent. He commanded the British Army at the Battle of Omdurman and the 3rd Division during the first months of the Second Boer War, during which time he suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Stormberg.
Member of parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. Members of parliament typically form parliamentary groups, sometimes called caucuses, with members of the same political party. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members often have a different title. The terms congressman (or congresswoman) and deputy are equivalent terms used in other jurisdictions.

Tain Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)
Tain Burghs was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832, sometimes known as Northern Burghs. It was represented by one Member of Parliament (MP).
Fragaria
Fragaria (/frəˈɡɛəri.ə/) is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.

Prunus virginiana
Prunus virginiana, commonly called bitter-berry, chokecherry, Virginia bird cherry, and western chokecherry (also black chokecherry for P. virginiana var. demissa), is a species of bird cherry (Prunus subgenus Padus) native to North America.
Peggy Lee
Norma Deloris Egstrom (May 26, 1920 – January 21, 2002), known professionally as Peggy Lee, was an American jazz and popular music singer, songwriter, and actress whose career spanned seven decades. From her beginning as a vocalist on local radio to singing with Benny Goodman's big band, Lee created a sophisticated persona, writing music for films, acting, and recording conceptual record albums combining poetry and music. Called the "Queen of American pop music", Lee recorded more than 1,100 masters and co-wrote more than 270 songs. She is best known for her role in the Walt Disney classic Lady and the Tramp, where she voiced Darling, Peg, and the Siamese cats, among others. She received an Academy Award nomination for her role in the 1955 film Pete Kelly's Blues.

Ray Brown (musician)
Raymond Matthews Brown (October 13, 1926 – July 2, 2002) was an American jazz double bassist, known for his extensive work with Oscar Peterson and Ella Fitzgerald. He was also a founding member of the group that would later develop into the Modern Jazz Quartet.
Nick O'Hern
Nicholas Simon O'Hern (born 18 October 1971) is an Australian professional golfer. O'Hern has played on both of the world's premier professional golf tours, the European Tour, and the United States–based PGA Tour. His biggest successes, though, have come at home on the PGA Tour of Australasia, where he won the Order of Merit as the leading money winner in 2006.

Tim Herron
Timothy Daniel Herron (born February 6, 1970) is an American professional golfer. He currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions. He was previously a member of the PGA Tour, where he was a four-time winner.
Concurrency (road)
In a road network, a concurrency is an instance of one physical roadway bearing two or more different route numbers. The practice is often economically and practically advantageous when multiple routes must pass between a single mountain crossing or over a bridge, or through a major city, and can be accommodated by a single right-of-way. Each route number is typically posted on highways signs where concurrencies are allowed, while some jurisdictions simplify signage by posting one priority route number on highway signs. In the latter circumstance, other route numbers disappear when the concurrency begins and reappear when it ends. In most cases, each route in a concurrency is recognized by maps and atlases.

Interstate 95 in Florida
Interstate 95 (I-95) is the main Interstate Highway of Florida's Atlantic Coast. It begins at a partial interchange with US Highway 1 (US 1) just south of downtown Miami and heads north through Jacksonville, and to the Georgia state line at the St. Marys River near Becker. The route also passes through the cities of Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Port St. Lucie, Titusville, and Daytona Beach.

I-95 runs for 382 miles (615 km), making Florida's portion the longest of any state the Interstate passes through. The first 12.848 miles (20.677 km), from exits 1 to 12, has an internal unsigned designation as State Road 9A (SR 9A), while the remainder of the route up to the Georgia state line is the unsigned portion of SR 9.
Waupun, Wisconsin
Waupun is a city in Dodge and Fond du Lac counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 11,344 at the 2020 census. Of this, 7,795 were in Dodge County, and 3,549 were in Fond du Lac County. In Fond du Lac County, the Town of Waupun abuts the city of Waupun.

Green Lake, Wisconsin
Green Lake is a city in, and the county seat of, Green Lake County, Wisconsin, United States. The city had a population of 1,001 in the 2020 census. It is located on the north side of Green Lake. The Town of Green Lake is located on the south side of Big Green Lake, opposite the city.
.22 long rifle
The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22 LR or 5.7×15mmR, is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition originating from the United States. It is used in a wide range of firearms including rifles, pistols, revolvers and submachine guns.  It is a well-established small game round, but is not typically used for hunting larger game as it lacks the necessary stopping power.

In terms of quantities sold, the .22 Long Rifle is by far the most common ammunition that is currently manufactured and sold in the world. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. Ammunition produced in .22 Long Rifle is effective at short ranges, has little recoil, and is inexpensive to purchase, making it ideal for plinking and marksmanship training.

.303 British
The .303 British (designated as the 303 British by the C.I.P. and SAAMI) or 7.7×56mmR, is a .303-inch (7.7 mm) calibre rimmed tapered bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge. The .303-inch bore diameter is measured between rifling lands as is the common practice in Europe, which follows the traditional black powder convention.

It was first manufactured in Britain as a stop-gap black powder round put into service in December 1888 for the Lee–Metford rifle. From 1891, the cartridge used smokeless powder, which had been the intention from the outset, but the decision on which smokeless powder to adopt had been delayed. It was the standard British and Commonwealth military cartridge for rifles and machine guns from 1889 until it was replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO in the 1950s.
Chartered Management Institute
The Chartered Management Institute (CMI) is a professional institution for management based in the United Kingdom. It was founded as the British Institute of Management (BIM) in 1947 or 1948, merged with the Institution of Industrial Managers (IIM) in 1992 to form the Institute of Management (IM), and gained a royal charter, and its present name, in 2002.

The major membership classes are:

Member

Fellow – Senior most position for those with significant expertise

In addition to supporting its members, the organisation encourages management development, carries out research, produces a wide variety of publications on management interests, and publishes the official members' magazine, Professional Manager.  The institute also engages with government and other public bodies concerning policy on management and business related issues. Professional Manager magazine is circulated to over 80,000 members of the CMI.

Chartered Institute of Management Accountants
The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) is a global professional management accounting body, based in the United Kingdom. CIMA offers training and qualification in management accounting and related subjects. It is focused on accountants working in industry and provides ongoing support and training for members.

CIMA is one of the professional associations for accountants in the UK and Ireland. Its particular emphasis is on developing the management accounting profession. CIMA is the largest and the oldest management accounting body in the world, with over 229,000 members and students worldwide.

The Chartered Global Management Accountant (CGMA) qualification has the academic standing of a master's degree in the UK (recognised at Level 7 by NARIC).
Olivier Rochus
Olivier Rochus (French pronunciation: [ɔlivje ʁɔkys]; born 18 January 1981) is a former Belgian tennis player.
Rochus won two singles titles in his career and in 2004 won the French Open doubles title, partnering fellow Belgian Xavier Malisse. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 24.

Paul-Henri Mathieu
Paul-Henri Mathieu (French pronunciation: [pɔl ɑ̃ʁi matjø]; born 12 January 1982) is a French former professional tennis player. He won four singles titles on the ATP Tour. His best singles performance in an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournament was reaching the semifinals of the 2005 Canadian Open. He achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 12 in April 2008.
Kachori
Kachori, kachodi, katchuri, kachuri or kachauri (pronounced [kətʃɔːɽi]) is a deep-fried, spicy, stuffed pastry originating from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, India. It is made of maida filled with a baked mixture of moong dal or onions (usually, depending on the variation), besan, coriander, red chili powder, salt, and other Indian spices and deep-fried in vegetable oil until crispy golden brown. It is served potato curry and sometimes with hot with sweet and spicy tamarind chutney or occasionally with mint and green chilli chutney.

Originating in India, kachoris have become popular throughout South Asia, each region adding its own local variations.

Peda
Peda, pedha (pronounced [ˈpeːɽa]) or pera is an Indian sweet that originated in the city of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. Traditionally prepared as thick, semi-soft round balls, its main ingredients are khoa, sugar and traditional flavourings including cardamom seeds. It is brown in colour. Variant spellings and names for the dessert include pedha, penda (in Gujarati) and pera.
Polish–Russian War (1654–1667)
The Polish–Russian War of 1654–1667 was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between 1655 and 1660, the Swedish invasion was also fought in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and so the period became known as "The Deluge".

The Commonwealth initially suffered defeats, but it regained its ground and won several decisive battles. However, its plundered economy was not able to fund the long conflict. Facing internal crisis and civil war, the Commonwealth was forced to sign a truce. The war ended with significant Russian territorial gains and marked the beginning of the rise of Russia as a great power in Eastern Europe.

Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev
Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev (Russian: Василий Борисович Шереметев) (1622 - 24 April 1682) was a Russian military commander and state official of Sheremetev family, boyar since 1653, voivode of Smolensk (1656-1658), later of Kiev (1658-1660?).