hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
American frontier
The American frontier, also known as the Old West, and popularly known as the Wild West, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of American expansion in mainland North America that began with European colonial settlements in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last few contiguous western territories as states in 1912. This era of massive migration and settlement was particularly encouraged by President Thomas Jefferson following the Louisiana Purchase, giving rise to the expansionist attitude known as "manifest destiny" and historians' "Frontier Thesis". The legends, historical events and folklore of the American frontier, known as the frontier myth, have embedded themselves into United States culture so much so that the Old West, and the Western genre of media specifically, has become one of the defining features of American national identity.

Shotgun messenger
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a shotgun messenger was a private "express messenger" and guard, especially on a stagecoach but also on a train, in charge of overseeing and guarding a valuable private shipment, such as particularly the contents of a strongbox (on a stagecoach) or safe (on a train).
Golden Liberty
Golden Liberty (Latin: Aurea Libertas; Polish: Złota Wolność [ˈzwɔ.ta ˈvɔl.nɔɕt͡ɕ], Lithuanian: Auksinė laisvė), sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka or Złota wolność szlachecka) was a political system in the Kingdom of Poland and, after the Union of Lublin (1569), in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Under that system, all nobles (szlachta), regardless of rank, economic status or their ethnic background were considered to have equal legal status and enjoyed extensive legal rights and privileges. The nobility controlled the legislature (the Sejm—the parliament) and the Commonwealth's elected king.

Rokosz
A rokosz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈrɔkɔʂ]) originally was a gathering of all the Polish szlachta (nobility), not merely of deputies, for a sejm.  The term was introduced to the Polish language from Hungary, where analogous gatherings took place at a field called Rákos. With time, "rokosz" came to signify an armed, semi-legal rebellion by the szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the king, in the name of defending threatened liberties. The nobles who gathered for a rokosz formed a "confederation".

The institution of the rokosz, in the latter sense, derived from the medieval right to resist royal power. The rokosz took its authority from the right to refuse obedience to the king, as stipulated in the Privilege of Mielnik (przywilej mielnicki, signed October 23, 1501) and later in the Henrician Articles of 1573.

Two of the best-known rokoszes are the 17th-century Zebrzydowski Rebellion and the 16th-century Chicken War.
Liverpool Echo
The Liverpool Echo is a local newspaper published by Reach plc and is based in Liverpool, England. It is published Monday through Sunday, and is Liverpool's daily newspaper. Until January 13, 2012, it had a sister morning paper, the Liverpool Daily Post. Between July and December 2025, it had an average daily circulation of 7,645.

Historically, the newspaper was published by the Liverpool Daily Post & Echo Ltd. Its office is in St Paul's Square, Liverpool, having downsized from Old Hall Street in March 2018.

Western Mail (Wales)
The Western Mail is a daily newspaper published by Media Wales Ltd in Cardiff, Wales owned by the UK's largest newspaper company, Reach plc. The Sunday edition of the newspaper is published under the title Wales on Sunday.

It describes itself as "the national newspaper of Wales" (originally "the national newspaper of Wales and Monmouthshire"), although it has a very limited circulation in north Wales. The paper was published in broadsheet format until 2004, when it became a compact. It has an average circulation of 6,119 in 2022.
Raid on Wells (1692)
The Raid on Wells occurred during King William's War when French and Wabanaki Confederacy forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Wells, Maine, a frontier town on the coast below Acadia. The principal attack (1692) was led by La Brognerie, who was killed. Commander of the garrison, Captain James Converse, successfully repelled the raid despite being greatly outnumbered.

Battle of Falmouth (1690)
The Battle of Falmouth (also known as the Battle of Fort Loyal) (May 16–20, 1690) involved Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière and Baron de St Castin leading troops as well as the Wabanaki Confederacy (Mi'kmaq and Maliseet from Fort Meductic) in New Brunswick to capture and destroy Fort Loyal and the English settlement on the Falmouth neck (site of present-day Portland, Maine), then part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The commander of the fort was Captain Sylvanus Davis. After two days of siege, the settlement's fort, called Fort Loyal (sometimes spelled "Loyall"), surrendered. The community's buildings were burned, including the wooden stockade fort and its people were either killed or taken prisoner. The fall of Fort Loyal (Casco) led to the near depopulation of Europeans in Maine. Native forces were then able to attack the New Hampshire frontier without reprisal.
A Bigger Bang Tour
A Bigger Bang was a worldwide concert tour by the Rolling Stones which took place between August 2005 and August 2007, in support of their album A Bigger Bang. At the time, it was the highest-grossing tour of all time, earning $558,255,524, before being surpassed by U2's 2009–11 U2 360 Tour, and eventually Taylor Swift's 2023–24 Eras Tour. The tour was chronicled on the video release The Biggest Bang, compiling full performances, several recordings from shows and documentaries. Notable concerts on the tour included a two-night stand in the autumn of 2006 at the Beacon Theatre filmed by Martin Scorsese for Shine a Light, and their half-time performance at Super Bowl XL.

50 & Counting
50 & Counting was a concert tour by the Rolling Stones to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the band, which started in October 2012 with two secret club gigs in Paris, and ended in July 2013 with two major shows at Hyde Park.
Ottoia
Ottoia is a stem-group archaeopriapulid worm known from Cambrian fossils. Although priapulid-like worms from various Cambrian deposits are often referred to Ottoia on spurious grounds, the only clear Ottoia macrofossils come from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, which was deposited 508 million years ago. Microfossils extend the record of Ottoia throughout the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, from the mid- to late- Cambrian. A few fossil finds are also known from China.

Louisella
Louisella is a genus of worm known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. It was originally described by Charles Walcott in 1911 as a holothurian echinoderm, and represents a senior synonym of Miskoia, which was originally described as an annelid. 48 specimens of Louisella are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise < 0.1% of the community.  It has been stated to have palaeoscolecid-like sclerites, though this is not in fact the case.

It's also been interpreted as an annelid and a sipunculan, (neither on particularly compelling grounds) and a pripaulid, but it is more conservatively considered to represent an ecdysozoan worm; deep ecdysozoan relationships are not yet well resolved, making a more precise affiliation challenging.
Daventry
Daventry (/ˈdævəntri/ DAV-ən-tree, historically /ˈdeɪntri/ DAYN-tree) is a market town and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England, close to Northamptonshire's border with Warwickshire. At the 2021 Census, Daventry had a population of 28,123, making it the sixth-largest town in Northamptonshire.

Dodford, Northamptonshire
Dodford is a village in West Northamptonshire, England. Prior to local government changes in 2021 it was within the Weedon Ward of Daventry District. The village is just north of the A45 road 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) west of Weedon. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 Census was 203. It is 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) east of Daventry and 10 miles (16 km) west of Northampton. It is also close to junction 16 of the M1 motorway. The parish consists of some 1,384 acres (560 ha) and is bounded on the east by the A5 trunk road which is the old Roman road of Watling Street. Most of the village and parish sits astride the valley of an east-flowing stream which is a tributary of the River Nene.
Stonehouse railway station
Stonehouse railway station serves the town of Stonehouse in Gloucestershire, England. The station is a stop on the Golden Valley Line between Swindon and Gloucester; it is located 104 miles 74 chains (168.9 km) down the line from London Paddington.

Kemble railway station
Kemble railway station serves the village of Kemble, in Gloucestershire, England. It is a stop on the Swindon to Gloucester Golden Valley line, 90 miles 79 chains (146.4 km) down the line from London Paddington. Despite its rural location, Kemble station has a high number of passengers due mainly to the proximity of Cirencester.
Plymouth railway station
Plymouth railway station serves the city of Plymouth, Devon, England. It is on the northern edge of the city centre, close to the North Cross roundabout. It is the third busiest station in the county of Devon and the largest of the six surviving stations in Plymouth.

Plymouth is a principal stop on the Exeter-Plymouth line and Cornish Main Line; it is located 245 miles 75 chains (245.94 mi; 395.8 km) from London Paddington, via Box. It is also the usual terminus for the Tamar Valley Line services from Gunnislake. The station is served by Great Western Railway and CrossCountry; it is also managed by the former.

Southampton Central railway station
Southampton Central (originally Southampton West and later known simply as Southampton) is a main line railway station serving the city of Southampton in Hampshire, southern England. It is on the South West Main Line and also serves the Wessex Main Line and the West Coastway Line. The station is approached from the London direction by passing through Southampton Tunnel and is 79 miles 19 chains (127.5 km) measured from London Waterloo. It is the busiest station in Hampshire.

The station is managed by South Western Railway who operate the majority of services, including frequent trains between here and London Waterloo, Weymouth and Portsmouth & Southsea. Other operators are CrossCountry (providing services between here and Bournemouth, Birmingham New Street and Manchester Piccadilly), Great Western Railway (between here and Portsmouth Harbour, Bristol Temple Meads and Cardiff Central) and Southern (linking Southampton with Havant, Chichester, Worthing and Brighton).
Kick the Dust Up
"Kick the Dust Up" is a song written by Ashley Gorley, Dallas Davidson, and Chris DeStefano and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It was released in May 2015 as the first single from Bryan's 2015 album, Kill the Lights. It is also Bryan's thirteenth number one single, and his tenth consecutive charttopper.

Strip It Down
"Strip It Down" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It was first released to digital retailers as the first promotional single from his fifth studio album, Kill the Lights (2015), on July 17, 2015 and was released to radio on August 4, 2015 as the album's second official single. The song was written by Bryan, Jon Nite and Ross Copperman, and produced by Jeff and Jody Stevens.
SSM-N-8 Regulus
The SSM-N-8A Regulus, also known as the Regulus I and RGM-6, was a  nuclear-capable turbojet-powered second generation cruise missile operated by the US Navy between 1955 and 1964. Its development was an outgrowth of U.S. Navy tests conducted with the German V-1 missile at Naval Air Station Point Mugu in California. Its barrel-shaped fuselage resembled that of numerous fighter aircraft designs of the era, but without a cockpit. Test articles of the Regulus were equipped with landing gear and could take off and land like an airplane. When the missiles were deployed they were launched from a rail launcher, and equipped with a pair of Aerojet JATO bottles on the aft end of the fuselage.

USS Halibut (SSGN-587)
USS Halibut (SSGN-587), a unique nuclear-powered guided missile submarine-turned-special operations platform, later redesignated as an attack submarine SSN-587, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named after the halibut.
Mayor of Tbilisi
The Mayor of Tbilisi is an elected politician in Tbilisi. Before 2005 the mayors used to be appointed by the central government. In 2006 first mayoral elections were held in the history of the Republic of Georgia. The first elected mayor of Tbilisi is Giorgi (Gigi) Ugulava who was re-elected in 2006 after one year of being on the position of an appointed Mayor of Tbilisi.

Tbilisi City Assembly
The Tbilisi Sakrebulo (Georgian: თბილისის  საკრებულო, romanized: tbilisis  sak'rebulo), is a representative body in the city government of Tbilisi, Georgia.  It is also known in English as the Tbilisi City Council or Tbilisi Assembly.
Gouda, South Holland
Gouda (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣʌudaː] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the west of the Netherlands, between Rotterdam and Utrecht, in the  province of South Holland. Gouda has a population of 75,000 and is famous for its Gouda cheese, stroopwafels, many grachten, smoking pipes, and its 15th-century city hall. Its array of historic churches and other buildings makes it a very popular day-trip destination.

In the Middle Ages the Van der Goude family founded a settlement at the location of the current city and built a fortified castle alongside the banks of the Gouwe River, from which the family and the city took their names. Locals long called the settlement Ter Goude, or Tergou or Tergouw for short.
The area, originally marshland, developed over the course of two centuries. By 1225, a canal was linked to the Gouwe and its estuary became a harbour. In 1272 Floris V, Count of Holland granted the city city rights.

Pieter Pourbus
Pieter Jansz. Pourbus (c. 1523–1584) was a Flemish Renaissance painter, draftsman, engineer and cartographer who was active in Bruges during the 16th century.  He is known primarily for his religious and portrait paintings.
Groveland, Massachusetts
Groveland is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is thirty-four miles north of Boston. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 6,752. The town is divided into two precincts, Groveland and South Groveland.

Lawrence, Massachusetts
Lawrence is a city located in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, on the Merrimack River. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 89,143. Surrounding communities include Methuen to the north, Andover to the southwest, and North Andover to the east. Lawrence and Salem were the county seats of Essex County, until the state abolished county government in 1999. Lawrence is part of the Merrimack Valley.

Manufacturing products of the city include electronic equipment, textiles, footwear, paper products, computers, and foodstuff. Lawrence was the residence of the poet Robert Frost for his early school years; his essays and poems were first published in the Lawrence High School newspaper. Lawrence is also the birthplace of composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein in 1918, and singer Robert Goulet in 1933.
CSM Unirea Alba Iulia
Clubul Sportiv Municipal Unirea Alba Iulia, commonly known as Unirea Alba Iulia (Romanian pronunciation: [uˈnire̯a ˌalba ˈjuli.a]), is a Romanian professional football club based in Alba Iulia, Alba County, founded in 1924 and currently playing in the Liga III.

The team from Cetatea Marii Uniri (lit. 'The Citadel of Great Union') plays in black and white, and its home ground is Cetate Stadium (lit. 'Citadel'), which has a capacity of 18,000 seats. Among the club’s greatest achievements are a 6th-place finish in the Romanian top division at the end of the 2003–04 season, and reaching the semi-finals in 1990–91 and the quarter-finals in 2024–25 of the Romanian Cup.

CS Minaur Baia Mare (football)
Minaur Baia Mare, known also as Minerul Baia Mare, is a Romanian football club, based in Baia Mare, Maramureș County, northern Romania, founded in 1947. It currently plays in Romania's third division, Liga III. It played for seven seasons in Romania's first league, Liga I, last in 1995.
Deportivo Toluca F.C.
Deportivo Toluca Fútbol Club S.A. de C.V., simplified as Toluca FC, is a Mexican professional football club based in Toluca, State of Mexico. It competes in Liga MX, the top division of Mexican football, and plays its home matches at the Estadio Nemesio Díez. Founded in 1917 as Club Deportivo Toluca, it is one of seven Mexican clubs that have never been relegated.

Domestically, Toluca FC is one of the most successful Mexican clubs, winning 12 Liga MX titles, two Copa MX titles and 5 Campeón de Campeones. Internationally, it has won two CONCACAF Champions Cup titles and also finished as runners-up in the 1969 Copa Interamericana. Subregionally, it has won one Campeones Cup.

The club's top goalscorer is José Saturnino Cardozo, who played from 1995 to 2005 and scored 249 goals in 332 appearances.

Toros Neza
Neza Fútbol Club, simplified as Neza FC, is a Mexican football club based in Nezahualcóyotl, State of Mexico. It competes in Liga Premier, the third level division of Mexican football, and plays its home matches at the Estadio Municipal Claudio Suárez. Founded in 1991 as Toros UTN, then the club was moved to Pachuca, Hidalgo and played the 1993–94 season as Toros Hidalgo, the following year the club returned to its original hometown, and changed its name to Toros Neza. After the club's dissolution in 2002, the club returned under its current name in 2011.

The club returned for the Clausura 2011 tournament in the Liga de Ascenso de México, taking the place of Atlante UTN who had been purchased by Grupo Salinas. An earlier Toros Neza side played in the Primera División de México in the 1990s.
William Sancroft
William Sancroft (30 January 1617 – 24 November 1693) was the 79th Archbishop of Canterbury, and was one of the Seven Bishops imprisoned in 1688 for seditious libel against King James II, over his opposition to the king's Declaration of Indulgence. Deprived of his office in 1690 for refusing to swear allegiance to William and Mary, he later enabled and supported the consecration of new nonjuring bishops leading to the nonjuring schism.

Dean of St Paul's
The dean of St Paul's is  dean (head) of the chapter of St Paul's Cathedral, the cathedral church of the diocese of London in the Church of England. Since 1957, the dean of St Paul's is also ex officio the Dean of the Order of the British Empire.

The current dean is Andrew Tremlett, who was installed on 25 September 2022.
Cornelis Tromp
Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp, Count of Sølvesborg (3 September 1629 – 29 May 1691) was a Dutch naval officer who served as lieutenant-admiral general in the Dutch Navy, and briefly as a general admiral in the Royal Danish-Norwegian Navy. Tromp is one of the most celebrated and controversial figures in Dutch naval history due to his actions in the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Scanian War. His father was the renowned Lieutenant Admiral Maarten Tromp.

Edward Spragge
Sir Edward Spragge (c. 1620 – 21 August 1673) was a Royal Navy officer. He was a fiery, brilliantly accomplished seaman who fought in many great actions after the Stuart Restoration of King Charles II of England in 1660.
AC Legnano
Associazione Calcio Dilettantistica Legnano, commonly referred to as Legnano, is an Italian football club based in Legnano, Lombardy.
Founded in 1913, Legnano played three seasons in Serie A and a total of eleven seasons in the top tier of the Italian football league system.

Legnano's most recent appearance in Serie A dates back to 1954, whereas in 1957 the club took part for the last time – to date – in a Serie B championship (the second tier of Italian football).
Since then the club have played at their highest at the third tier of the Italian league.

The team's colours are lilac and white.
After financial struggles and bankruptcy in 2010 the club folded and reformed in 2011 as ASD Legnano Calcio 1913; in 2015 they regained the right to name themselves ACD Legnano Calcio and to merge their history with that of the 97-year-old club which had previously folded.

Calcio Padova
Calcio Padova, commonly referred to as Padova, is an Italian football club based in Padua, Veneto. Founded in 1910, Padova currently play in Serie B, having last been in Serie A in 1996. The team's official colours are white and red.

The team was refounded in 2014 after the sports title was awarded to Biancoscudati Padova for the 2014–15 Serie D season as a phoenix club. The old holder of the title was in the process of liquidation after it was expelled from 2014–15 Lega Pro. The original Padova was renamed Football Padova in order to allow the new iteration of Padova to use the original name of the club, Calcio Padova in 2015.
Tenor
The tenor is a type of male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the contralto and baritone voice types. It is the highest male chest-voice type. Composers typically write music for the tenor in the range from the second B-flat below middle C, to the A above middle C (i.e. B♭2 to A4), or a whole tone higher to B4 in choral music – and from the second B-flat below middle C, to the C above middle C (B♭2 to C5) in operatic music – but the range can extend at either end. Subtypes of the tenor include the sopranist, altino, leggero tenor, lyric tenor, spinto tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor and tenor buffo (also known as the spieltenor).

Francesco Tamagno
Francesco Tamagno (28 December 1850 – 31 August 1905) was an Italian operatic dramatic tenor who sang with enormous success throughout Europe and America. On 5 February 1887, he sang Otello in the first performance of Giuseppe Verdi's opera. He is also the earliest Italian tenor of note to have left a sizeable body of recordings of his voice. He was one of the first international male public figures to admit that he was the single parent and caregiver of a daughter from her birth.
Ambarnath taluka
19°10′33″N 73°10′52″E﻿ / ﻿19.1757163°N 73.1810967°E﻿ / 19.1757163; 73.1810967

Ambernath taluka is a taluka in Thane district of Maharashtra in Konkan division. 
Ambernath taluka consist cities like Ambernath and Badlapur.

Vikramgad taluka
Vikramgad taluka is a taluka in Palghar district of Maharashtra an Indian state.

On 1 August 2014,  the talukas of Mokhada, Jawahar, Talasari, Vikramgad, Wada, Dahanu, Palghar and Vasai were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district Palghar.