hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bird migration
Bird migration is a seasonal movement of some birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year. It is typically from north to south or from south to north. Migration is inherently risky, due to predation and mortality.

The Arctic tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses, such as albatrosses, circle the Earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, while longer ones are not. The shorter migrations include altitudinal migrations on mountains, including the Andes and Himalayas.

The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the Sun and stars, the Earth's magnetic field, and mental maps.

Great crested grebe
The great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The bird is characterised by its distinctive appearance, featuring striking black, orange-brown, and white plumage, and elaborate courtship display that involves synchronised dances and displays.
Argentina women's national volleyball team
The Argentina women's national volleyball team represents Argentina in international women's volleyball and is controlled by the Argentine Volleyball Federation (Federación del Voleibol Argentino in Spanish, and abbreviated "FeVA").

It participates in the Summer Olympics, the world championships, and other international tournaments.

Bulgaria women's national volleyball team
The Bulgaria women's national volleyball team represents Bulgaria in international women's volleyball competitions and is controlled by the Bulgarian Volleyball Federation. The team's successes includes winning the Balkan Championship in 1982, and runners-up at the 1970 Summer Universidade along with bronze at the 1980 Summer Olympics. The national team's biggest success came in 1981, winning the European title at home in Sofia.
Albia, Iowa
Albia is a city in and the county seat of Monroe County, in southern Iowa, United States. The population was 3,721 at the 2020 census.

The city of Albia was a past center for coal mining in southern Iowa, and is now known for its historic square, and collection of Victorian homes. Albia is also renowned for its annual “Restoration Days” celebration, which commemorates the refurbishment of the town square, which commenced in the mid-1960s.

Iowa Highway 5
Iowa Highway 5 is a highway in southern Iowa.  It is a north–south highway with a length of 105 miles (169 km).  It is the northernmost segment of a three-state "Highway 5" also involving Missouri Route 5 and  Arkansas Highway 5.  Portions of the highway are freeway and expressway.  It had previously been designated Iowa Highway 60.  The southern terminus of Iowa Highway 5 is at the Missouri border southwest of Cincinnati.  Its northern terminus is at Interstate 35 at West Des Moines.
Birdwatching
Birdwatching, or birding, is the observing of birds, either as a recreational activity or as a form of citizen science. A birdwatcher may observe by using their naked eye, by using a visual enhancement device such as binoculars or a telescope, by listening for bird sounds, watching public webcams, or by viewing smart bird feeder cameras.

Most birdwatchers pursue this activity for recreational or social reasons, unlike ornithologists, who engage in the study of birds using formal scientific methods.

Pacific Flyway
The Pacific Flyway is a major north–south flyway for migratory birds in the Americas, extending from Alaska to Patagonia. Every year, migratory birds travel some or all of this distance both in spring and in fall, following food sources, heading to breeding grounds, or travelling to overwintering sites.

Any given bird species travels roughly the same route every year, at almost the same time. Ornithologists and birdwatchers can often predict to the day when a particular species will show up in their area.
Transvaal (province)
The Province of Transvaal (Afrikaans: Provinsie van Transvaal), commonly referred to as the Transvaal (/ˈtrɑːnsvɑːl, ˈtræns-/; Afrikaans: [transˈfɑːl]), was a province of South Africa from 1910 until 1994, when a new constitution subdivided it following the end of apartheid. The name "Transvaal" is from the Latin prefix trans, which means across from, or on the other side. Hence, Transvaal refers to the province's geographical location to the north of the Vaal River. Its capital was Pretoria, which was also the country's executive capital.

Conservative Party (South Africa)
The Conservative Party (Afrikaans: Konserwatiewe Party) was a far-right South African political party that sought to preserve many aspects of apartheid in the system's final decade, and formed the official opposition in the white-only House of Assembly in the last seven years of minority rule. It declined quickly after apartheid ended, before being merged with the Freedom Front in 2004.
Masuria
Masuria (Polish: Mazury [maˈzurɨ] ⓘ; Masurian: Mazurÿ; German: Masuren [maˈzuːʁən] ⓘ) is an ethnographic and geographic region in northern and northeastern Poland, known for its 2,000 lakes. Masuria occupies much of the Masurian Lake District. Administratively, it is part of the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship (administrative area/province). Its biggest city, often regarded as its capital, is Ełk. The region covers a territory of some 10,000 km2 which approximately 500,000 people inhabit.

Masuria is bordered by Warmia, Powiśle and Chełmno Land in the west, Mazovia in the south, Podlachia and Suwałki Region in the east, and Lithuania Minor in the north.

University of Königsberg
The University of Königsberg (German: Albertus-Universität Königsberg) was a university in Königsberg, East Prussia. It was founded in 1544 as the world's second Protestant academy (after the University of Marburg) by Duke Albert of Prussia and received the royal privilege by King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland in 1560. The university was commonly known as the Albertina.

Following World War II, the city of Königsberg (renamed Kaliningrad) was transferred to the Soviet Union under the terms of the 1945 Potsdam Agreement. The Albertina was closed and the remaining German population was expelled. Today, the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University claims to maintain the traditions of the Albertina.
Joseph Santley
Joseph Mansfield Santley (born Joseph Ishmael Mansfield; January 10, 1890 – August 8, 1971) was an American actor, singer, dancer, writer, director, and producer of musical theatrical plays motion pictures and television shows. He adopted the stage name of his stepfather, actor Eugene Santley.

Olive Cooper
Olivette "Olive" Cooper (1892–1987) was a prolific American screenwriter known for movies like Cocoanut Grove, Bandit King of Texas and Three Little Sisters. She wrote many of the screenplays for Roy Rogers and Gene Autry vehicles.
Anglican Diocese of Southwark
The Diocese of Southwark (/ˈsʌðərk/ ⓘ SUDH-ərk) is one of the 42 dioceses of the Church of England, part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The diocese forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. It was created on 1 May 1905 from part of the ancient Diocese of Rochester that was served by a suffragan bishop of Southwark from 1891 to 1905. Before 1877, most of the area was part of the ancient Diocese of Winchester, with a small part near the southern end of the London Bridge being part of the ancient Diocese of London.

The cathedral parish is the 13th century, gothic Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St Saviour and St Mary Overie.

Diocese of St Albans
51°45′07″N 0°20′20″W﻿ / ﻿51.752°N 0.339°W﻿ / 51.752; -0.339

The Diocese of St Albans forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England and is part of the wider Church of England, in turn part of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

The diocese is home to more than 1.6 million people and comprises the historic Counties of Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire, or in terms of local government areas, Bedfordshire, Luton, Hertfordshire and parts of the London Borough of Barnet. It therefore ranges from small rural communities in villages and hamlets to major urban centres like Luton, Bedford, Watford and Hemel Hempstead, and includes suburban areas on London's outer reaches.
Wreck of the Old 97
The Wreck of the Old 97 was an American rail disaster involving the Southern Railway mail train, officially known as the Fast Mail (train number 97), while en route from Monroe, Virginia, to Spencer, North Carolina, on September 27, 1903. Travelling at an excessive speed in an attempt to maintain schedule, the train derailed at the Stillhouse Trestle near Danville, Virginia, where it careened off the side of the bridge, killing 11 on-board personnel and injuring seven others. The wreck inspired a famous railroad ballad, which was the focus of a copyright lawsuit and became seminal in the genre of country music.

G. B. Grayson
Gilliam Banmon Grayson (November 11, 1887 – August 16, 1930) was an American old-time fiddle player and singer. Mostly blind from infancy, Grayson is chiefly remembered for a series of sides recorded with guitarist Henry Whitter between 1927 and 1930 that would later influence numerous country, bluegrass, and rock musicians. Grayson wrote much of his own material, but was also instrumental in adapting several traditional Appalachian ballads to fiddle and guitar formats. His music has been recorded or performed by musicians such as Bob Dylan, Doc Watson, Mick Jagger, the Kingston Trio, and dozens of bluegrass artists, including the Stanley Brothers and Mac Wiseman.
Ermelo, South Africa
Ermelo (/əməloʊ/) is the educational, industrial and commercial town of the 7,750 km2 Gert Sibande District Municipality in Mpumalanga province, Republic of South Africa. It is both a mixed agriculture and mining region. It is located 210 km east of Johannesburg.

Piet Retief, South Africa
Piet Retief, officially eMkhondo, is a town situated in a timber-growing region in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. It is the seat of the Mkhondo Local Municipality. It is located just west of the Eswatini border.
Champions (2016 team)
The Champions are a team of teenaged superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team first appears in Champions (vol. 2) #1 (October 2016) and was created by writer Mark Waid and artist Humberto Ramos.

Nadia van Dyne
Nadezhda "Nadia" van Dyne (née Pym) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Mark Waid and Alan Davis, the character first appeared in Free Comic Book Day 2016 Civil War II (July 2016), and was loosely based on the Marvel Cinematic Universe character Hope van Dyne, played by Evangeline Lilly.

The daughter of Hank and Maria Pym, Nadia was raised as an assassin of the Red Room before escaping with the use of her father's Pym Particles and becoming the Unstoppable Wasp. Like her predecessor and stepmother, Janet van Dyne, Nadia is depicted as having the ability to shrink to a height of several centimeters, fly by means of insectoid wings, and fire bioelectric energy blasts, while like her biological father, she has bipolar disorder. She is a founding member of G.I.R.L. as well as a longtime leader of the organization.
Lake District
The Lake District, also known as the Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region and national park in Cumbria, North West England. It is famous for its landscape, including its lakes, coast, and mountains, and for its literary associations with Beatrix Potter, John Ruskin, Arthur Ransome, and the Lake Poets.

The Lakeland fells, or mountains, include England's highest: Scafell Pike (978 m; 3,209 ft), Helvellyn (950 m; 3,120 ft) and Skiddaw (931 m; 3,054 ft). The region also contains sixteen major lakes. They include Windermere, which with a length of 11 miles (18 km) and an area of 5.69 square miles (14.73 km2) is the longest and largest lake in England, and Wast Water, which at 79 metres (259 ft) is the deepest lake in England.

The Lake District National Park was established in 1951, and covers an area of 2,362 km2 (912 square miles), the bulk of the region. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2017.

Haycock (Lake District)
Haycock is a mountain in the western part of the English Lake District. It rises between Scoat Fell and Caw Fell to the south of Ennerdale and the north of Wasdale. Haycock is an imposing dome-shaped fell, its popularity with walkers diminished somewhat by its remoteness. It can be climbed from either valley and offers fine mountain views.
Huangpu River
The Huangpu (pronunciationⓘ), formerly romanized as Whangpoo, is a 113 km-long (70 mi) river flowing north through Shanghai. The Bund and Lujiazui are located along the Huangpu River.

The Huangpu is the biggest river in central Shanghai, with the Suzhou Creek being its major tributary. It is on average 400 m (1,312 ft) wide and 9 m (30 ft) deep, and divides the city into two regions: Puxi ("west of Huangpu"), the traditional city center, and Pudong ("east of Huangpu").

Nanpu Bridge
The Nanpu Bridge (simplified Chinese: 南浦大桥; traditional Chinese: 南浦大橋; pinyin: Nánpǔ Dàqiáo), in Shanghai, China, sister bridge to the Yangpu Bridge, is one of the main bridges in Shanghai, forming part of Shanghai's elevated inner ring road.

The cable-stayed bridge was designed by the Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute, Shanghai Urban Construction College, and Shanghai Urban Construction Design Institute, with assistance from Holger S. Svensson. The engineering of the bridge is noted as the start of modern long span cable-stayed bridge construction in China. The construction cost amounted to RMB 820 million.

It has a main span of 428 meters (1,388 ft), shorter than its sister bridge. It is the 57th longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, opened to the public in 1991.

The bridge's double spiral approach on the Puxi side was listed as the world's largest, with a diameter of 180 meter and a total distance of 7.5 km.
Yunnan clique
The Yunnan clique (Chinese: 滇系; pinyin: Diān Xì) was one of several mutually hostile warlord cliques that split from the Beiyang Government in the Republic of China's warlord era. It was named for Yunnan Province. The two most prominent leaders were Cai E and Long Yun, with Cai E declaring independence and Long Yun governing Yunnan during World War 2.

National Protection War
The National Protection War (simplified Chinese: 护国战争; traditional Chinese: 護國戰爭; pinyin: Hù guó zhànzhēng), also known as the Anti-Monarchy War, or the Third Revolution, was a civil war that took place in China from December 1915 to July 1916. Following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty three years previously, the Republic of China was established in its place. The war was caused by President Yuan Shikai's proclamation of the Empire of China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor.

In Yunnan, military leaders, including Tang Jiyao, Cai E and Li Liejun, declared their independence and launched military expeditions against Yuan Shikai. Yuan's Beiyang Army experienced several defeats and fractured, which led other provinces in the south to declare independence as well. Eventually, under immense pressure from the entire nation, Yuan Shikai was forced to abdicate. He resumed his rule as president and died a few months later.
Japanese cruiser Myōkō
Myōkō (妙高) was the lead ship of the four-member Myōkō class of heavy cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), which were active in World War II. She was named after Mount Myōkō in Niigata Prefecture. The other ships of the class were Nachi, Ashigara, and Haguro.

Takeo Takagi
Takeo Takagi (高木 武雄, Takagi Takeo; 25 January 1892 – 8 July 1944) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He was the commander of the IJN 6th Fleet, which oversaw the deployment of all submarines.
Limbang
Limbang is a border town and the capital of Limbang District in the Limbang Division of northern Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. This district area is 3,978.10 square kilometres, and population (year 2020 census) was 56,900. It is located on the banks of the Limbang River (Sungai Limbang in Malay), between the two halves of Brunei.

Mukah
Mukah (muːkəh), historically known as Muka, is a coastal town which has served as the capital and the administrative center of the Mukah Division since 1 March 2002.

The district also covers an area of 2,536 square kilometres (979 sq mi) with a population about 49,900 in the Mukah town and 18,800 in the Dalat administrative town of Dalat District.

It is located on the Borneo island, by the South China Sea, about 2 hours by road from the city of Sibu. Mukah is also accessible by air by MASwings from Kuching and Miri. The duration of both flights is about one hour. There are also speed boats connecting the town of Dalat (about 30 kilometres [19 mi] from Mukah) to Sibu. The speed boat trip takes approximately 2 hours.
Titular bishop
A titular bishop in various churches is a bishop who is not in charge of a diocese.
By definition, a bishop is an "overseer" of a community of the faithful, so when a priest is ordained a bishop, the tradition of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is that he be ordained for a specific place. There are more bishops than there are functioning dioceses. Therefore, a priest appointed not to head a diocese as its diocesan bishop but to be an auxiliary bishop, a papal diplomat, or an official of the Roman Curia is appointed to a titular see.

John Francis Hackett
John Francis Hackett (December 7, 1911 – May 30, 1990) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Hartford in Connecticut from 1953 to 1986.
Minuscule 579
Minuscule 579 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), ε 376 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 13th century. It was formerly labelled as 80e (in the manuscript list of biblical scholar Frederick H.A. Scrivener). The manuscript has some missing portions of text.

Minuscule 1241
Minuscule 1241 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ371 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment, attributed through palaeography to the twelfth century. The text contains most of the New Testament, lacking the Book of Revelation, and is notable for its diversity between Alexandrian and Byzantine textual variants, and for its numerous scribal errors.

It remains housed at Saint Catherine's Monastery, in Egypt, the site of its original discovery.
Gatton, Queensland
Gatton is a rural town and locality in the Lockyer Valley Region, Queensland, Australia. It is the administrative centre of the  Lockyer Valley Region, situated in the Lockyer Valley of South East Queensland. In the 2021 census, the locality of Gatton had a population of 7,851 people.

Main railway line
The Main Line is a railway line in South East Queensland, Australia. It was opened in a series of sections between 1865 and 1867. It commences at Roma St Station in the Brisbane central business district and extends 161 kilometres (100 mi) west  to Toowoomba. It is the first narrow gauge main line constructed in the world. The section of the line from the end of Murphys Creek railway station to the Ruthven Street overbridge, Harlaxton is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register. The Murphys Creek Railway Complex, the Lockyer Creek Railway Bridge (Lockyer), the Lockyer Creek Railway Bridge (Murphys Creek),Swansons Rail Bridge and Bremer River Rail Bridge are also heritage listed.
Pskov Oblast
Pskov Oblast (Russian: Пско́вская о́бласть, romanized: Pskovskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 599,084.

Romanization of Russian
The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using a native Russian keyboard layout (JCUKEN). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout, such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic.
Interactive film
An interactive film is a video game or other interactive media that has characteristics of a cinematic film. In the video game industry, the term refers to a movie game, a video game that presents its gameplay in a cinematic, scripted manner, often through the use of full-motion video of either animated or live-action footage.

In the film industry, the term "interactive film" refers to interactive cinema, a film where one or more viewers can interact with the film and influence the events that unfold in the film.

Japan Amusement Expo
The Japan Amusement Expo (JAEPO) is an annual trade fair for amusement arcade products, such as arcade games, redemption games, amusement rides, vending machines, and change machines. The event is hosted one weekend per year in the Greater Tokyo Area. The event is held at the Makuhari Messe convention center in Chiba.

JAEPO is one of the largest amusement-machine trade fairs in the world. It is organised by the combined efforts of the Japan Amusement Machine and Marketing Association (JAMMA) and the Amusement Machine Operators' Union (AOU). Before 2012, these organisations each produced separate trade fairs in Greater Tokyo: the Amusement Machine (AM) Show and the AOU Show, respectively.
Red Sea State
Red Sea State (Arabic: ولاية البحر الأحمر, Wilāyat al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar) is one of the 18 wilayat (states) of Sudan. It covers an area of about, 218,887 km2 and has an estimated population of 1.48 million. The state borders Egypt to the north, River Nile State to the west, Kassala State to the south, Eritrea to the southeast, and the Red Sea to the east. Its capital and largest city is Port Sudan, which serves as Sudan's main seaport and handles around 90% of the country's international trade, making the state Sudan's only maritime outlet to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Much of Sudan's coastline lies within Red Sea State, giving it strategic and economic importance, and more than half of its population lives in urban areas. Sudan also claims the Halaib Triangle on the northern frontier as part of Red Sea State, although the area is administered by Egypt and remains the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute.

White Nile State
White Nile State (Arabic: النيل الأبيض, romanized: An Nīl al Ābyaḍ) is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 39,701 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 2,493,880 people (2018 est). Since 1994, Rabak has been the capital of the state; other important cities include Kosti and Ed Dueim. On 21 May 2025, the Sudanese Armed Forces said it had cleared White Nile State of the Rapid Support Forces during the civil war.