hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Henry Tizard
Sir Henry Thomas Tizard GCB AFC FRS (23 August 1885 – 9 October 1959) was an English chemist, inventor and Rector of Imperial College, who developed the modern "octane rating" used to classify petrol, helped develop radar in World War II, and led the first serious studies of UFOs.

Frisch–Peierls memorandum
The Frisch–Peierls memorandum was the first technical exposition of a practical nuclear weapon. It was written by expatriate German-Jewish physicist Rudolf Peierls and Austrian-Jewish physicist Otto Frisch in March 1940 while they were both working for Mark Oliphant at the University of Birmingham in Britain during World War II.

The memorandum contained some of the first calculations about the size of the critical mass of fissile material needed for an atomic bomb. It revealed that the amount required might be small enough to incorporate into a bomb that could be delivered by air. It also anticipated the strategic and moral implications of nuclear weapons.

It helped send both Britain and America down a path which led to the MAUD Committee, the Tube Alloys project, the Manhattan Project, and ultimately the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Djerba
Djerba (/ˈdʒɜːrbə, ˈdʒɛərbə/; Arabic: جربة, romanized: Jirba, IPA: [ˈʒɪrbæ] ⓘ; Italian: Meninge, Girba), also transliterated as Jerba or Jarbah, is a Tunisian island and the largest island of North Africa at 514 square kilometers (198 sq mi), in the Gulf of Gabès, off the coast of Tunisia. Administratively, it is part of Medenine Governorate. The island had a population of 139,544 at the 2004 census, which rose to 163,726 at the 2014 census. Citing its long and unique history, Tunisia has sought UNESCO World Heritage status protections for the island, and, in 2023, Djerba was officially designated a World Heritage Site.

Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya (Arabic: إفريقية, romanized: Ifrīqya, lit. 'Africa') was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania (roughly western Libya), particularly the region between the sea and the edges of the Sahara. It included all of what had previously been the Byzantine province of Africa Proconsularis and extended beyond it, but did not include the Mauretanias.

Ifriqiya is bordered to the west by the Central Maghreb, with which the borders are fluid depending on the chroniclers and the era. For most of its early history, the capital of Ifriqiya was Qayrawan (Kairouan), but in some periods it moved to Mahdiya (Mahdia) and later it remained at Tunis.
National Film Board of Canada
The National Film Board of Canada (NFB; French: Office national du film du Canada, ONF) is a Canadian public film and digital media producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes documentary films, animation, web documentaries, and alternative dramas. In total, the NFB has produced over 43,000 productions since its inception, which have won over 5,000 awards. The NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage. It has bilingual production programs and branches in English and French, including multicultural-related documentaries.

Universe (1960 film)
Universe (Notre univers) is a 1960 black-and-white documentary short film made in 1960 by Roman Kroitor and Colin Low for the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). The NFB writes: "[The film] creates on the screen a vast, awe-inspiring picture of the universe as it would appear to a voyager through space. Realistic animation takes you into far regions of space, beyond the reach of the strongest telescope, past Moon, Sun, and Milky Way into galaxies yet unfathomed."

This visualization is grounded in the nightly work of Dr. Donald MacRae, an astronomer at the David Dunlap Observatory in Richmond Hill, Ontario. Using the technology of his era, MacRae prepares his largely manually operated equipment and then photographs, by long exposure, one star. He actually strikes an arc between iron electrodes and makes a simultaneous exposure, which he can compare to the star's spectrum to determine its movement relative to Earth.
Concurrency (road)
In a road network, a concurrency is an instance of one physical roadway bearing two or more different route numbers. The practice is often economically and practically advantageous when multiple routes must pass between a single mountain crossing or over a bridge, or through a major city, and can be accommodated by a single right-of-way. Each route number is typically posted on highways signs where concurrencies are allowed, while some jurisdictions simplify signage by posting one priority route number on highway signs. In the latter circumstance, other route numbers disappear when the concurrency begins and reappear when it ends. In most cases, each route in a concurrency is recognized by maps and atlases.

Oklahoma State Highway 99
State Highway 99 (SH-99) is a north–south state highway through central Oklahoma. It runs from the Texas state line at Lake Texoma to the Kansas state line near Lake Hulah. It is 241.5 miles (388.7 km) long. The highway overlaps U.S. Highway 377 (US-377) for over half its length.

SH-99 continues as K-99 after crossing the border into Kansas. This road continues for 233 miles (375 km) to the Nebraska border, where it becomes Nebraska Highway 99, which lasts an additional 14 miles (23 km). Thus, SH-99 is part of a triple-state highway numbered "99", which lasts a total of 488 miles (785 km).

SH-99 began as SH-48, a short highway connecting Ada to Holdenville. This highway was gradually expanded until it became a border-to-border route. In 1938, it was renumbered to match K-99, which was renumbered from K-11 the same day.
Sartène
Sartène (French: [saʁtɛn]; Corsican: Sartè [sarˈtɛ]; Italian: Sartena [sarˈtɛːna] or Sartene [sarˈtɛːne]) is a commune in the department of Corse-du-Sud on the island of Corsica, France.

Its history dates back to medieval times and granite buildings from the early 16th century still line some of the streets. One of the main incidents in the town's history was an attack by pirates from Algiers in 1583, after which 400 people were taken away. These attacks continued into the 18th century.

The town is centred on the Place de la Liberation (previously the Place Porta), at the edge of which is the church of Sainte Marie. The town allows good views across the valley. Sartène wine is appreciated by wine connoisseurs for its good quality.

Sartène has given its name to one of the southern Corsican dialects a variety of which is the Gallurese spoken in North Sardinia.

Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud
Bonifacio (/ˌboʊniˈfɑːtʃoʊ/ BOH-nee-FAH-choh, Italian: [boniˈfaːtʃo], French: [bɔnifasjo]; Corsican: Bunifaziu [buniˈfatsju], Bonifaziu [bɔniˈfatsju], or Bonifaciu [bɔniˈfatʃu]; Bonifacino: Bunifazziu; Gallurese: Bunifaciu) is a commune in the southern tip of the island of Corsica, in the French department of Corse-du-Sud.

Bonifacio is the setting of Guy de Maupassant's short story "A Vendetta".
Scout Commissioner
In the Scout Movement, a commissioner is the volunteer whose role it is to deliver a Scout association's programs and support Scouting's units, usually within a particular geographic area. Commissioners are the volunteers who work with Scout Executives. In some Scout associations, the term Executive Commissioner is used to refer to a paid staff member

Scouting in Greater London
Scouting in the region of Greater London is largely represented by The Scout Association of the United Kingdom and some Groups of traditional Scouting including the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association.

The Scout Association has defined Greater London as a Scout Region with a Regional Commissioner, Richard Williams.

The Greater London Scout Region web site is londonscouts.net

There is a single member of the national Student Scout and Guide Organisation (SSAGO) covering all the universities in Greater London.
List of captains regent of San Marino
The Captains Regent (Italian: Capitani Reggenti; sg.: Capitano Reggente) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino. They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, the country's legislative body. Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term. The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year. This tradition dates back at least to 1243.

The practice of dual heads of government (diarchy) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic, equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome.

Filippo Tamagnini
Filippo Tamagnini (born 30 January 1972) is a Sammarinese politician serving as Captain Regent with Gaetano Troina for the October 2023 to April 2024 political term. He previously served from April to October 2011, sharing the post with Maria Luisa Berti.
Soy sauce
Soy sauce (sometimes called soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, traditionally made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds. It is recognized for its saltiness and pronounced umami taste.

Soy sauce was created in its current form about 2,200 years ago during the Western Han dynasty of ancient China. Since then, it has become an important ingredient in East and Southeast Asian cooking as well as a condiment worldwide.

Pancit
Pancit (Tagalog pronunciation: [panˈsɪt] pan-SIT), also spelled pansit, is a general term referring to various traditional noodle dishes in Filipino cuisine. There are numerous types of pancit, often named based on the noodles used, method of cooking, place of origin or the ingredients. Most pancit dishes are  served with calamansi, which adds a citrusy flavor.

Noodles were introduced to the Philippines by Chinese immigrants. They have been fully adopted and nativized into the local cuisine, also incorporating Spanish influences. There are numerous regional types of pancit throughout the Philippines, usually differing on the available indigenous ingredients. Some variants do not use noodles at all, but instead substitute it with strips of coconut, young papaya, mung bean sprouts, bamboo shoots, 'takway' ("pansit ng bukid") or seaweed.
Helicarrier
The Helicarrier is a fictional airborne aircraft carrier appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the aircraft first appeared in Strange Tales #135 (August 1965).

The Helicarrier is depicted as the crucial mobile command center, forward operations platform, and signature capital ship of the fictional intelligence/defense agency S.H.I.E.L.D. It has survived multiple redesigns while rarely straying from its originally depicted role as a mobile headquarters of S.H.I.E.L.D. until recent years.

Life Model Decoy
A Life Model Decoy (also known by the abbreviation LMD) is a fictional android appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, LMDs first appeared in the short story "The Man For the Job!" featured in the anthology book Strange Tales #135 (August 1965). LMDs are android doppelgängers designed to be indistinguishable from real humans. Primarily used by S.H.I.E.L.D., especially Nick Fury, they serve as synthetic bodyguards and decoys to protect against assassination attempts. These androids can be mass-produced, often creating multiple copies of the same individual. Over various storylines, some LMDs have gained sentience or even assumed the identities of their originals.

Since their original introduction in comics, Life Model Decoys have been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, television series, and films.
Valeriya Solovyeva
Valeriya Alexandrovna Solovyeva (Russian: Валерия Александровна Соловьёва; born 3 November 1992) is a Russian former professional tennis player.

Solovyeva won two doubles titles on the WTA Tour, and in addition three singles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 27 May 2013, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 163. On 15 July 2013, she peaked at No. 67 in the doubles rankings.

Playing for Russia in the Fed Cup, Solovyeva has a win–loss record of 1–1. She made her debut in February 2014, partnering Irina Khromacheva in doubles, losing the dead rubber in straight sets to Ashleigh Barty and Casey Dellacqua.

Chan Hao-ching
Chan Hao-ching (Chinese: 詹皓晴; pinyin: Zhān Hàoqíng;  Taiwanese  Mandarin: [tsán.xâu.tɕʰǐŋ]; born September 19, 1993), also known as Angel Chan, is a Taiwanese professional tennis player. She is primarily a doubles specialist, having won twenty-one WTA Tour, two WTA Challenger and six ITF titles in that discipline. Chan reached the final of the mixed-doubles competition at Wimbledon with Max Mirnyi in 2014, her first major final. She reached two more finals in 2017, the Wimbledon women's doubles with Monica Niculescu, and the US Open mixed doubles with Michael Venus.
Lavandula
Lavandula (common name lavender) is a genus of 47 known species of perennial flowering plants in the sage family, Lamiaceae. It is native to the Old World, primarily found across the drier, warmer regions of the Mediterranean, with an affinity for maritime breezes.

Lavender is found on the Iberian Peninsula and around the entirety of the Mediterranean coastline (including the Adriatic coast, the Balkans, the Levant, and coastal North Africa), in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa and the Middle East, as well as in South Asia and on the Indian subcontinent.

Many members of the genus are cultivated extensively in temperate climates as ornamental plants for garden and landscape use, for use as culinary herbs, and also commercially for the extraction of essential oils. Lavender is used in traditional medicine and as an ingredient in cosmetics.

Geranium
Geranium is a genus of 422 species of annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as geraniums or cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, with the greatest diversity in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region.

The palmately cleft leaves are broadly circular in form. The flowers have five petals and are coloured white, pink, purple, or blue, often with distinctive veining. Geraniums will grow in any soil as long as it is not waterlogged. Propagation is by semiripe cuttings in summer, by seed, or by division in autumn or spring.

Geraniums are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including brown-tail, ghost moth, and mouse moth. At least several species of Geranium are gynodioecious. The species Geranium viscosissimum (sticky geranium) is considered to be protocarnivorous.
Tsentralny District, Saint Petersburg
Tsentralny District (Russian: Центра́льный райо́н) is a district of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 214,625; down from 236,856 recorded in the 2002 Census.

2010 Russian census
The 2010 Russian census (Russian: Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2010 го́да) was the second census of the Russian Federation population after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Preparations for the census began in 2007 and it took place between October 14 and October 25.
Empress Suiko
Empress Suiko (推古天皇, Suiko-tennō) (554 – 15 April 628) was the 33rd monarch of Japan, and the country's first and longest-reigning empress regnant, according to the traditional order of succession.

Suiko reigned from 593 until her death in 628.

Twelve Level Cap and Rank System
The Twelve Level Cap and Rank System (冠位十二階, Kan'i Jūnikai), established in 603 AD, was the first of what would be several similar cap and rank systems established during the Asuka period of Japanese history. It was adapted from similar systems that were already in place in Sui dynasty China, Paekche and Goguryeo. The officials wore silk caps that were decorated with gold and silver, and a feather that indicated the official's rank. The ranks in the twelve level cap and rank system consisted of the greater and the lesser of each of the six Confucian virtues: virtue (徳, toku), benevolence (仁, jin), propriety (禮, rei), sincerity (信, shin), justice (義, gi) and knowledge (智, chi).

The twelve cap system was replaced in 647.
Columbia Records
Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Music Group, an American subsidiary of multinational conglomerate Sony. Founded on January 15, 1889, Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the recorded sound business, and the second major company to produce records. It is one of Sony Music's four flagship record labels, along with Epic Records, former longtime rival RCA Records, and Arista Records. RCA and Arista were originally owned by BMG until Sony's acquisition at the end of their merger in 2008.

Race record
Race records is a term for 78-rpm phonograph records marketed to African Americans between the 1920s and 1940s. They primarily contained race music, comprising various African-American musical genres, blues, jazz, and gospel music, rhythm and blues and also comedy. These records were, at the time, the majority of commercial recordings of African American artists in the U.S., and few African American artists were marketed to white audiences. Race records were marketed by Okeh Records, Emerson Records, Vocalion Records, Victor Talking Machine Company, Paramount Records, and several other companies.  From 1945 to 1949 American music industry magazine The Billboard published a Race Records music chart, a precursor to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart of today.
Värmland
Värmland (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈvæ̌rmland] ⓘ) is a landskap (historical province) in west-central Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Dalsland, Dalarna, Västmanland, and Närke, and is bounded by Norway in the west.

List of hundreds of Sweden
A hundred is a geographic division formerly used in northern Germanic countries and related colonies, which historically was used to divide a larger region into smaller administrative divisions.  The equivalent term in Swedish is härad (in Uppland also known as hundare during the early Middle Ages); in Danish and Norwegian, herred; in Finnish, kihlakunta; and in Estonian, kihelkond. The Scanian hundreds were Danish until the Treaty of Roskilde of 1658.
Mount Barker, South Australia
Mount Barker is a city in South Australia. Located approximately 33 kilometres (21 miles) from the Adelaide city centre, it is home to 25,026 residents (2021). It is the seat of the District Council of Mount Barker, the largest town in the Adelaide Hills. It is part of Greater Adelaide, alongside being one of the fastest-growing areas in the state.

Mount Barker lies at the base of a local eponymous peak called the Mount Barker summit. It is 50 kilometres from the Murray River. Mount Barker was traditionally a farming area. Many of the lots just outside the town area are farming lots, although some of them have been replaced with new subdivisions in recent times.

Wellington, South Australia
Wellington is a township in South Australia, Australia on the Murray River (River Murray in South Australia) just upstream of where it empties into Lake Alexandrina. Its postcode is 5259. Wellington is in the Rural City of Murray Bridge. At the 2006 census, Wellington had a population of 295.
Teachta Dála
A Teachta Dála (/ˌtjɒxtə ˈdɔːlə/ TYOKH-tə DAW-lə; Irish: [ˌtʲaxt̪ˠə ˈd̪ˠaːlˠa] ⓘ; plural Teachtaí Dála), abbreviated as TD (plural TDanna in Irish, TDs in English), is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas, the parliament of Ireland. The official English translation of the term is "Dáil Deputy". An equivalent position would be a Member of Parliament (MP) in the UK or Member of Congress in the US.

Limerick County (Dáil constituency)
Limerick County is a parliamentary constituency that has been represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, since the 2016 general election. The constituency elects three deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Big-eared opossum
The big-eared opossum (Didelphis aurita), also known as a saruê, or the gambá, is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.

This species, which was considered a population of the common opossum (D. marsupialis) for some time, was originally described as D. azarae by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1824, but this name was incorrectly given to the white-eared opossum (D. albiventris) for over 160 years. As such, the name azarae has been abandoned.

Due to carrying offspring, female big-eared opossums tend to stay in smaller areas and reduce their movements.

Northern red-sided opossum
The northern red-sided opossum or the Guianan short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis brevicaudata, is an opossum species from South America. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil. French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela.
Novosibirsk Oblast
Novosibirsk Oblast (Russian: Новосиби́рская о́бласть, romanized: Novosibirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk, the third-largest city in the country. As of the 2021 Census, Novosibirsk Oblast had a population of 2,797,176 with the majority, 1.63 million, lives in Novosibirsk.

Rostov Oblast
Rostov Oblast (Russian: Росто́вская о́бласть, romanized: Rostovskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [rɐˈstofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast has an area of 100,967 square kilometers (38,984 sq mi) and a population of 4,200,729 (2021 Census), making it the sixth most populous federal subject in Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Rostov-on-Don, which also became the administrative center of the Southern Federal District in 2002.
Military Cross
The Military Cross (MC) is the third-level (second-level until 1993) military decoration awarded to officers and (since 1993) other ranks of the British Armed Forces, and formerly awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries.

The MC is granted in recognition of "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land" to all members of the British Armed Forces of any rank. In 1979, Queen Elizabeth II approved a proposal that a number of awards, including the Military Cross, could be recommended posthumously.

Anders Lassen
Major Anders Frederik Emil Victor Schau Lassen, VC, MC & Two Bars (22 September 1920 – 9 April 1945) was a Danish military officer who was the only non-Commonwealth recipient of the Victoria Cross during the Second World War. Serving in the British Army, he was posthumously awarded the award for his actions during Operation Roast on 8 April 1945 at Lake Comacchio in Italy in the final weeks of the Italian campaign.

Lassen was ordered to lead a raid that would give the impression that a major landing was being undertaken. Lassen fulfilled his mission by destroying three enemy positions before being mortally wounded. As his men's lives would be endangered in the withdrawal, he refused to be evacuated from the area.