hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Doctrine of lapse
The doctrine of lapse was a policy of annexation initiated by the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent for the princely states, and applied until the year 1858, the year after Company rule was succeeded by the British Raj under the British Crown.

The policy is associated with James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie.

Elements of the doctrine of lapse continued to be applied by the post-independence Indian government to derecognise individual princely families until 1971, when the recognition of former ruling families was discontinued under the 26th Amendment to the Indian constitution by the Indira Gandhi government.

Kittur
Kittur or Kitturu, historically known as Kittoor, is a town and a taluk in the Belagavi district of the Indian state of Karnataka. It was part of Bailhongal taluka but was declared as an independent taluka on 23 October 2012 by the Chief Minister of Karnataka on the inauguration of Kittur Utsav. It is 177th Taluk of Karnataka State. It is a place of historical importance because of the armed rebellion of Kittur Chennamma (1778–1829), Rani of the State of Kittur against the British East India Company, during which a British Commissioner, St John Thackeray was killed.

At the 2011 census, it was a village under Sampagaon C D Block with a location code number 598110.
TOM'S
TOM'S Inc. (株式会社トムス, Kabushiki-gaisha Tomusu) is an automotive aftermarket parts manufacturer and tuner of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, as well as a factory-backed racing team. The TOM'S head office is located in Tokyo, Japan.

TOM'S most prominently produces aftermarket parts for current Toyota vehicles, and has also created its own special edition of certain current Lexus models.

In motorsport, the company is currently heavily involved with Super GT, Super Formula and Super Formula Lights. TOM'S Racing has won the Japanese Formula 3 Championship 21 times, the Super GT series 11 times, the Super Formula Championship six times, and the Super Formula Lights series four times.

Toyota 88C
The Toyota 88C was a racing car entered by Toyota from 1988 to 1989.  It is the successor to the Toyota 87C and the predecessor to the Toyota 88C-V.  Like other Toyota-powered sports prototypes of the era, it was designed and built by Dome. The 88C is an evolution of the 87C, both models sharing the same chassis number designation. The 88Cs competed in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, the World Sports-Prototype Championship, and the North American Camel GT Championship.
Thrippunithura
Thrippunithura or Tripunithura (Malayalam:തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ) is a prominent historical and residential region in the city of Kochi in Kerala, India. Located about 7 km (4 mi) from the city centre, Tripunithura was the capital of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin. The descendants of the Cochin royal family still live here. The Hill Palace situated in Tripunithura was the palace of Maharaja of Cochin, the ruler of Kingdom of Cochin. Tripunithura is also well known for its historical cultures  and worldwide famous because of Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple and the annual festival Vrishchikoltsawam that takes place at the temple.

In local administration, it is a municipality named Tripunithura Municipality. In the state administrative structure, Tripunithura is part of the Ernakulam District in the state of Kerala.

Kalamassery
Kalamassery ([kɐɭɐmɐʃːeːɾi]) is a major industrial region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India. It is located around 9 km (5.6 mi) northeast of the city centre.

Kalamassery is a major hub for industrial and IT activities in Kochi. In local administration it is a municipality. The Kalamassery Industrial Estate set up by the Government of Kerala is home to many major companies. Kalamassery is also home to educational institutions such as the National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Ernakulam Medical College, and the Cochin University of Science and Technology. The area's location along the NH 66 and proximity to the IT centres in Kakkanad has enabled it to see a large spurt in economic development since the 1980s.
Mott Haven, Bronx
Mott Haven is a primarily residential neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of the Bronx. It is generally bounded by East 149th Street to the north, the Bruckner Expressway to the east and south, and the Harlem River to the west, although these boundaries are not precise. East 138th Street is the primary east–west thoroughfare through Mott Haven.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 1, and is located within ZIP Codes 10451, 10454, and 10455. Mott Haven is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 40th Precinct.

The local subway line is the IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>​ trains), operating along East 138th Street. The local buses are the Bx1, Bx2, Bx17, Bx19, Bx21, Bx32, Bx33, M125. Mott Haven is served by the Triborough Bridge, the Third Avenue Bridge, the Madison Avenue Bridge, the 145th Street Bridge, and the Willis Avenue Bridge. The closest Metro-North Railroad stops are Harlem – 125th Street and Yankees – East 153rd Street.

West Farms, Bronx
West Farms is a residential neighborhood in The Bronx, New York City.  Its boundaries are Bronx Park to the north, the Bronx River to the east, the Cross Bronx Expressway to the south, and Southern Boulevard to the west. East Tremont Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through West Farms.

West Farms is part of Bronx Community Board 6, and its ZIP Code is 10460. The area is patrolled by the NYPD's 48th Precinct.
Pella, Iowa
Pella is a city in Marion County, Iowa, United States, with a population of 10,464 at the time of the 2020 U.S. census. Founded by immigrants from the Netherlands, it is forty miles southeast of Des Moines. Pella is the home of Central College, as well as several manufacturing companies, including Pella Corporation and Vermeer Manufacturing Company.

Des Moines River
The Des Moines River (/dəˈmɔɪn/ ⓘ) is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the upper Midwestern United States that is approximately 525 miles (845 km) long from its farther headwaters. The largest river flowing across the state of Iowa, it rises in southern Minnesota and flows across Iowa from northwest to southeast, passing from the glaciated plains into the unglaciated hills, transitioning near the capital city of Des Moines in the center of the state. The river continues to flow in a southeastern direction away from Des Moines, flowing directly into the Mississippi River. The Des Moines River forms a short portion of Iowa's border with Missouri between Lee County, Iowa and Clark County, Missouri.

The city of Des Moines, Iowa, was named for the river.
Birch
A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula (/ˈbɛtjʊlə/), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae. The genus Betula contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species. They are typically short-lived pioneer species and are widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern areas of temperate climates and in boreal climates. Birch wood is used for a wide range of purposes.

Pyrus communis
Pyrus communis, the common pear, is a species of pear native to central and eastern Europe, and western Asia.

It is one of the most important fruits of temperate regions, being the species from which most orchard pear cultivars grown in Europe, North America, and Australia have been developed. Two other species of pear, the Nashi pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and the hybrid Chinese white or ya pear (Pyrus × bretschneideri, Chinese: 白梨; pinyin: báilí) are more widely grown in East Asia.
Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral.

Regional Representative Council
The Regional Representative Council (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD; alternatively translatable as the House of Regions or the House of Regional Representatives or the Senate of Indonesia), is one of two parliamentary chambers in Indonesia. Together with the House of Representatives (DPR), it makes up the Indonesian national legislative body, the Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). Under Indonesia's constitution, the authority of the DPD is limited to areas related to regional governments and can only propose and give advice on bills to the DPR. Unlike the DPR, the DPD has no direct law-making power. Its members are referred to as senators on the official DPD X page.
Mutsu Province
Mutsu Province (陸奥国, Mutsu no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [mɯꜜ.tsɯ (no kɯ.ɲi)]) was a province of Japan in what is now Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate and Aomori Prefectures and the municipalities of Kazuno and Kosaka in Akita Prefecture.

Mutsu Province is also known as Ōshū (奥州) or Michinoku (陸奥 or 道奥); the Eastern Old Japanese name varied between Mutu and Miti.

The termis often used to refer to

The combined area of Mutsu and the neighbouring Dewa Province is the Tōhoku region, which was also known as Ōu (奥羽) via on'yomi reading (using Chinese pronunciations of the kanji) used for Mutsu and Dewa.

Edo Five Routes
The Five Routes (五街道, Gokaidō), sometimes translated as "Five Highways", were the five centrally administered routes, or kaidō, that connected the de facto capital of Japan at Edo (now Tokyo) with the outer provinces during the Edo period (1603–1868). The most important of the routes was the Tōkaidō, which linked Edo and Kyoto. Tokugawa Ieyasu started the construction of the five routes to increase his control over the country in 1601, but it was Tokugawa Ietsuna, the 4th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate and Ieyasu's great-grandson, who declared them as major routes. Post stations were set up along the route for travelers to rest and buy supplies. The routes thrived due to the policy of sankin-kōtai, that required the daimyō (regional rulers) to travel in alternate years along the routes to Edo.
Boldklubben 1903
Boldklubben 1903  or B 1903 is a football club founded on 2 June 1903, located in Copenhagen, Denmark. Seven times winner of the Danish championship (introduced 1913) in 1920, 1924, 1926, 1938, 1969, 1970 and 1976 and twice winner of the Danish Cup (introduced 1955) in 1979 and 1986. Best international result: Quarter final in the 1991–92 UEFA Cup after eliminating Aberdeen F.C., Bayern Munich (6–2 and 0–1) and Trabzonspor. In 1992 the club was merged with Kjøbenhavns Boldklub (KB) to form the current club F.C. Copenhagen to which Boldklubben 1903 transferred its license to play in the Danish league. As a note, F.C. Copenhagen won the Danish championship in its first season.

Danish 1st Division
The 1st Division (1. Division) is the second-highest football league in Denmark, also known as Betinia LIGA for sponsorship reasons. From 1945 to 1991, the 1. Division was the name of the highest level of football in Denmark. With the formation of the Danish Superliga, the 1st Division became the second tier of Danish football. While all the teams in the Superliga are full-time professional the 1. Division has a mixture of full-time professional and semi-professional teams.

The top-ranking teams each year win promotion to the Superliga, while the bottom finishers get relegated to the Danish 2nd Division.

Viaplay broadcasts all matches from the league.
Cuvée
Cuvée (French: [kyve]) is a French wine term that derives from cuve, meaning vat or tank. Wine makers use the term cuvée with several meanings, more or less based on the concept of a tank of wine put to some purpose.

Fermentation in winemaking
The process of  fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation, yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide (as a by-product). In winemaking, the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation. The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage, which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for primary fermentation and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a secondary fermentation. Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks, which is common with many white wines like Riesling, in an open wooden vat, inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines.
Texas A&M University System
The Texas A&M University System is a state university system in Texas and is one of the state's seven independent university systems.

The Texas A&M University System is one of the largest systems of higher education in the United States, with a budget of $7.3 billion. Through a statewide network of 12 universities, 8 state agencies, and the RELLIS Campus, the Texas A&M System educates nearly 170,000 students and makes more than 22 million additional educational contacts through service and outreach programs each year. System-wide, research and development expenditures exceeded $1.6 billion and helped drive the state's economy.

The system's flagship institution is Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. The letters "A&M" (originally A.M.C. for "agricultural and mechanical college") are retained to honor the university's former designation.

Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) is a regional educational accreditor recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. As of 2022, the organization oversees approximately 750 public and private degree-granting educational institutions in the Southern United States. Its headquarters are in North Druid Hills, Georgia, near Decatur, in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

SACS accredits educational institutions in the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, and educational institutions for U.S. students in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America.

There are a number of affiliate organizations within the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. One affiliate organization is the Southern Association of Community, Junior, and Technical Colleges.
Douglas fir
The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family.  It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. menziesii), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. glauca) and Mexican Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. lindleyana).

Despite its common names, it is not a true fir (genus Abies), spruce (genus Picea), or pine (genus Pinus). It is also not a hemlock (genus Tsuga); the genus name Pseudotsuga means "false hemlock".

Spotted owl
The spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) is a species of true owl. It is a resident species of old-growth forests in western North America, where it nests in tree hollows, old bird of prey nests, or rock crevices. Nests can be between 12 and 60 metres (39 and 197 ft) high and usually contain two eggs (though some contain as many as four). It is a nocturnal owl which feeds on small mammals and birds. Three subspecies are recognized, ranging in distribution from British Columbia to Mexico. The spotted owl is under pressure from habitat destruction throughout its range, and is currently classified as a near-threatened species.
European Volleyball Confederation
The European Volleyball Confederation (French: Confédération Européenne de Volleyball or CEV) is the continental governing body for the sports of indoor volleyball, beach volleyball and snow volleyball in Europe. Its headquarters is in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.

Turkish Volleyball Federation
Turkish Volleyball Federation (TVF) (in Turkish: Türkiye Voleybol Federasyonu) is the governing body of volleyball and beach volleyball in Turkey. Formed in 1958, it is based in Ankara. The TVF is a member of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) and the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV).
Lorenzo Milam
Lorenzo Wilson Milam, born on August 2, 1933, in Jacksonville, Florida; died on July 19, 2020, in Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico, was an American writer and activist who was instrumental in starting many of the first listener-supported community radio stations in the United States, beginning with KRAB in Seattle in 1962.

Jeremy Lansman
Jeremy David Lansman (November 25, 1942 – December 28, 2024) was an American radio engineer, station creator, and producer. Lansman contributed to the growth of community radio in the United States by helping establish numerous community radio stations across the United States including KRAB Seattle, KBOO Portland, KDNA St. Louis, KFAT Gilroy, KBDI-TV Broomfield, and KYES-TV Anchorage.
Dublin GAA
The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Dublin and the Dublin county teams. The teams and their fans are known as "The Dubs" or "Boys in Blue". The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park.

The county football team is second to Kerry in its total number of wins of All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

As of 2009, there were 215 clubs affiliated to Dublin GAA – the second highest, ahead of Antrim and Limerick, which each had 108.

1887 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship
The 1887 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship was the inaugural staging of the Dublin Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Dublin County Board.

The final was played on 17 April 1887 at Elm Park in Dublin, between Metropolitans and Davitts, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Metropolitans won the match by 4–12 to 1–05 to claim their first ever championship title.
Jeļena Ostapenko
Jeļena "Aļona" Ostapenko (born 8 June 1997) is a Latvian professional tennis player. She has been ranked by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) as high as world No. 5 in singles, which she achieved on 19 March 2018, and No. 3 in doubles, attained on 14 July 2025. She is the current No. 1 singles player from Latvia, on both categories.

Ostapenko has won nine WTA Tour-level singles and twelve doubles titles, including a singles major at the 2017 French Open and a doubles major at the 2024 US Open, partnering Lyudmyla Kichenok. She has also won 15 singles titles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit, and the junior singles event at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. She is a member of the Latvia Billie Jean King Cup team.

Emma Navarro
Emma Navarro (born May 18, 2001) is an American professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of No. 8 by the WTA, achieved on September 9, 2024 and a doubles ranking of No. 93, achieved on August 12, 2024. Navarro has won two singles titles on the WTA Tour, and reached a major semifinal at the 2024 US Open.

Navarro played college tennis at the University of Virginia and won the NCAA Singles Championship in 2021. She won her first WTA Tour title in 2024 at the 2024 Hobart International. In 2025, she was part of the United States squad that reached the Billie Jean King Cup final.
UAI Urquiza
Club Deportivo UAI Urquiza (formerly "Club Ferrocarril Urquiza") is an Argentine professional sports club based in Villa Lynch, General San Martín Partido of Greater Buenos Aires. Its men's football team currently plays at Primera B Metropolitana, the third division of the Argentine football league system. However, it is more recognized internationally by its women's side, which has competed in most of the more recent editions of the Copa Libertadores Femenina and became the main source of players for the Argentina women's national team.

Apart from football, other disciplines hosted by UAI Urquiza are artistic gymnastics, basketball, handball, rugby union, and volleyball.

Defensores Unidos
Club Atlético Defensores Unidos (simply known as Defensores Unidos) is an Argentine football club from the Villa Fox district of Zárate, Buenos Aires. The team currently plays in Primera B, the second division of Argentine football league system.
Uniontown, Pennsylvania
Uniontown is the largest city in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. The population was 9,554 at the 2024 census. It is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Pittsburgh.

Fort Necessity National Battlefield
Fort Necessity National Battlefield is a National Battlefield in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States, which preserves the site of the Battle of Fort Necessity.  The battle, which took place on July 3, 1754, was an early battle of the French and Indian War, and resulted in the surrender of British colonial forces under Colonel George Washington, to the French and Indians, under Louis Coulon de Villiers.

The site also includes the Mount Washington Tavern, once one of the inns along the National Road, and in two separate units the grave of British General Edward Braddock, killed in 1755, and the site of the Battle of Jumonville Glen.
Obie Award
The Obie Awards or Off-Broadway Theater Awards are annual awards given since 1956 by The Village Voice newspaper to theater artists and groups involved in off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City. Starting just after the 2014 ceremony, the American Theatre Wing became the joint presenter and administrative manager of the Obie Awards. The Obie Awards are considered off-Broadway's highest honor, similar to the Tony Awards for Broadway productions.

The Band's Visit (musical)
The Band's Visit is a stage musical with music and lyrics by David Yazbek and a book by Itamar Moses, based on the 2007 Israeli film of the same name. The musical opened on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in November 2017, after its off-Broadway premiere at the Atlantic Theater Company in December 2016.

The Band's Visit has received critical acclaim. Its off-Broadway production won several major awards, including the 2017 Obie Award for Musical Theatre, as well the year's New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Musical. At the 72nd Tony Awards, it was nominated for 11 awards and won 10, including Best Musical. The Band's Visit is one of four musicals in Broadway history to win the unofficial "Big Six" Tony Awards, which include Best Musical, Best Book, Best Score, Best Actor in a Musical, Best Actress in a Musical, and Best Direction of a Musical. It won the 2019 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album.
Tamara Jaber
Tamara Jaber (Arabic: تمارا جابر; born 13 August 1982) is an Australian recording artist who rose to fame in the early 2000s as a winner on the hit TV show Popstars. She was a member of the pop group Scandal'us. Following the disbandment of Scandal'us in 2002, Jaber signed to record label King Kyle Records and released two solo singles "Ooh Ahh" and "Hard for Me". In 2007, she became a member of the pop duo Scarlett Belle, before resuming her solo career in 2011. Jaber released her debut extended play Felt, Not Heard through US independent label in November 2012.

ARIA Charts
The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling and streamed songs and albums in various genres in Australia. ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report, which had been Australia's national music sales charts since 1974.