hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Courtship display
A courtship display is a set of display behaviors in which an animal, usually a male, attempts to attract a mate; the mate exercises choice, so sexual selection acts on the display. These behaviors often include ritualized movement ("dances"), vocalizations, mechanical sound production, or displays of beauty, strength, or agonistic ability.

Precociality and altriciality
Precocial (/prɪˈkəʊʃəl/) species in birds and mammals are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. They are normally nidifugous, meaning that they leave the nest shortly after birth or hatching. Altricial species are those in which the young are underdeveloped at the time of birth, but with the aid of their parents mature after birth. These categories form a continuum, without distinct gaps between them.

In fish, this often refers to the presence or absence of a stomach: precocial larvae have one at the onset of first feeding whereas altricial fish do not. Depending on the species, the larvae may develop a functional stomach during metamorphosis (gastric) or remain stomachless (agastric).
City of Glen Eira
The City of Glen Eira is a local government area in Victoria, Australia. It is located in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of 39 square kilometres (15.06 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 153,858 (51.6% female and 48.4% male).

The local government area was formed in 1994 from the merger of the City of Caulfield and parts of the City of Moorabbin, and takes its name from two local landmarks—Glen Eira Road and Glen Eira Mansion. The local government area was originally planned to be named "City of Gardiner" from the merger of City of Caulfield and parts of the City of Malvern.

City of Bayside
The City of Bayside is a local government area in Victoria, Australia. It is within the southern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of 36 square kilometres and in 2018 had a population of 105,718 people.
David Cox (artist)
David Cox (29 April 1783 – 7 June 1859) was an English landscape painter, one of the most important members of the Birmingham School of landscape artists and an early precursor of Impressionism.

He is considered one of the greatest English landscape painters, and a major figure of the Golden age of English watercolour.

Although most popularly known for his works in watercolour, he also painted over 300 works in oil towards the end of his career, now considered "one of the greatest, but least recognised, achievements of any British painter."

His son, known as David Cox the Younger (1809–1885), was also a successful artist.

Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
The Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours (RI), initially called the New Society of Painters in Water Colours, is one of the societies in the Federation of British Artists, based in the Mall Galleries in London.
Haveri district
Haveri district is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,597,668, out of which 20.78% were urban residents. The district headquarters is Haveri. Ranebennur is the biggest city in Haveri district with population and the commercial city and business headquarters and seeds production hub.

Name of the place Haveri is derived from two Kannada words "Havu" which means snake and "keri" which means lake or Village/Locality so  people called it "Havu-keri" meaning "Village of snakes.

Ballari district
Ballari district, formerly Bellary district (pronounced [ˈbəɭɭari]), is a major district in Karnataka. It is located in the northeastern part of Karnataka. This district belongs to Kalyana-Karnataka. This district was one of the biggest districts in Karnataka until the Vijayanagara district was carved out of Ballari district in 2021 officially.

This district has the highest deposits of iron ore in India.

Historical sites, farm land, and rich minerals characterise Ballari district. Recently making headlines within the mining industry, Ballari, the district's capital, is known as Steel City and Gani Nadu (City of Mining).
Keith Johnstone
Donald Keith Johnstone (21 February 1933 – 11 March 2023) was a British-Canadian educator and theatre director. A pioneer of improvisational theatre, he was best known for inventing the Impro System, part of which are the Theatresports. He was also an educator, playwright, actor and theatre director.

Royal Court Theatre
The Royal Court Theatre, at different times known as the Court Theatre, the New Chelsea Theatre, and the Belgravia Theatre, is a non-commercial theatre in Sloane Square, London, England, opened in 1870; the current building was completed in 1888. The capacity of the theatre has varied between 728 seats and today's 380 seats (with a smaller upstairs theatre opened in 1969). In 1956 it was acquired by and remains the home of the English Stage Company, which focuses on contemporary theatre and won the Europe Prize Theatrical Realities in 1999.
Bansud
Bansud, officially the Municipality of Bansud (Tagalog: Bayan ng Bansud),  is a municipality in the province of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 44,396 people.

Bongabong
Bongabong, officially the Municipality of Bongabong (Tagalog: Bayan ng Bongabong),  is a municipality in the province of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 77,540 people.

It is known for its organic method of farming with its vast land area for farming, dubbed as the organic farming capital of the province.
Welsh Marches
The Welsh Marches (Welsh: Y Mers) is an imprecisely defined area along the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom.  The precise meaning of the term has varied at different periods.

The English term Welsh March (Medieval Latin: Marchia Walliae) was originally used in the Middle Ages to denote the marches between England and the Principality of Wales, in which Marcher lords had specific rights, exercised to some extent independently of the king of England.  In modern usage, "the Marches" is often used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales, particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire, and sometimes adjoining areas of Wales. However, at one time the Marches included all of the historic counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire.

Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
Richard de Clare (c. 1130 – 20 April 1176), the second Earl of Pembroke, also Lord of Leinster and Justiciar of Ireland (sometimes known as Richard FitzGilbert), was an Anglo-Norman nobleman notable for his leading role in the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland. Like his father, Richard is commonly known by his nickname, Strongbow (Anglo-Norman: Arc-Fort).

After his son and heir, Gilbert, died childless before 1189, the earldom passed through Richard's daughter Isabel de Clare and to her husband, William Marshal.
Cambridge, New Zealand
Cambridge (Māori: Kemureti) is a town in the Waipā District of the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand. Situated 24 kilometres (15 mi) southeast of Hamilton, on the banks of the Waikato River, Cambridge is known as "The Town of Trees & Champions". The town has a population of 22,700, making it the largest town in the Waipā District, and the third largest urban area in the Waikato (after Hamilton and Taupō).

Cambridge was a finalist in the 2017 and 2019 New Zealand's Most Beautiful Large Town awards, run by Keep New Zealand Beautiful. It was awarded the title New Zealand's Most Beautiful Large Town in October 2019.

Waitomo
Waitomo, officially Waitomo Caves, is a rural community in the King Country region of New Zealand's North Island. There are several solutional cave systems in the area around the village, which are popular tourist attractions. Restaurants and accommodation are centred in the village to serve visiting tourists.

The word Waitomo comes from the Māori language: wai meaning water and tomo meaning a doline or sinkhole; it can thus be translated to be "water passing through a hole". The caves are formed in Oligocene limestone.

The historic Waitomo Caves Hotel is located in Waitomo Caves village.
Texas Revolution
The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion by Anglo-American immigrants as well as Hispanic Texans (known as Texians and Tejanos respectively) against the centralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. The uprising was part of a larger revolt against the Centralist Republic of Mexico that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States about a decade later.

Colorado River (Texas)
The Colorado River is an approximately 862-mile-long (1,387 km) river in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the 11th longest river in the United States and the longest river with both its source and its mouth within Texas.

Its drainage basin and some of its usually dry tributaries extend into New Mexico. It flows generally southeast from Dawson County through Ballinger, Marble Falls, Lago Vista, Austin, Bastrop, Smithville, La Grange, Columbus, Wharton, and Bay City, before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at Matagorda Bay.
Croatia men's national under-18 ice hockey team
The Croatia men's national under-18 ice hockey team is the men's national under-18 ice hockey team of Croatia. The team is controlled by the Croatian Ice Hockey Federation, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. The team represents Croatia at the IIHF World U18 Championships.

Great Britain men's national under-18 ice hockey team
The Great Britain men's national under-18 ice hockey team is the men's national under-18 ice hockey team of Great Britain. The team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. The team represents Great Britain at the IIHF World U18 Championships.
Dimitri Van den Bergh
Dimitri Barbara P. Van den Bergh (born 8 July 1994) is a Belgian professional darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events, where he is  ranked world number twenty-six; he reached a peak ranking of world number five in 2021. Nicknamed "the Dreammaker", Van den Bergh has won two PDC major titles – the World Matchplay and the UK Open. He defeated Gary Anderson 18–10 in the 2020 World Matchplay final, and defeated Luke Humphries 11–10 in the 2024 UK Open final. He is a one-time World Championship semi-finalist, reaching the last four at the 2023 PDC World Championship. Van den Bergh has won a total of 7 PDC titles in his professional career.

In his youth career, Van den Bergh won the PDC World Youth Championship in both 2017 and 2018, and twelve PDC Development Tours, making him one of the most successful players in the history of the PDC's youth system.

Wessel Nijman
Wessel Nijman (born 26 June 2000) is a Dutch professional darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events, where he is ranked world number twenty-three. He has won four PDC ranking titles in Players Championship events.

Following a match-fixing scandal in 2020 that saw him banned from the sport for two-and-a-half years, Nijman returned to competitive darts in 2023. He finished third on the 2023 PDC Development Tour ranking, which led to him making his PDC World Championship debut at the 2024 edition, as well as earning a PDC Tour Card. Nijman made two European Tour semi-finals in 2025.

In his youth career, Nijman found success in the PDC's youth system, winning twelve PDC Development Tours, topping the 2024 Development Tour rankings, and reaching the semi-finals at the 2023 PDC World Youth Championship.
Archdiocese of Cagliari
The Archdiocese of Cagliari (Latin: Archidioecesis Calaritana; Sardinian: Arcidiòtzesi de Casteddu) is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church centred on the city of Cagliari. It holds the Primacy of Sardinia.

Archdiocese of Pisa
The Archdiocese of Pisa (Latin: Archidioecesis Pisana) is a Latin Church metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Pisa, Italy.  It was founded in the 4th century and elevated to the dignity of an archdiocese on 21 April 1092 by Pope Urban II. The seat of the bishop is the cathedral of the Assumption in the Piazza del Duomo.

The archbishop of Pisa presides over the Ecclesiastical Province of Pisa, which includes the dioceses of Livorno, Massa Carrara-Pontremoli, Pescia, and Volterra.

In 2025, Pope Francis nominated Fr. Saverio Cannistrà, OCD, former superior general of the Order of Discalced Carmelites as archbishop of Pisa, replacing Giovanni Paolo Benotto, who has been archbishop since 2008.
Ha Seung-youn
Ha Seung-youn (born May 19, 2000) is a South Korean curler from Uijeongbu. She is the skip of the Chuncheon City Hall curling team. While playing with Kim Min-ji, she won a silver medal at the 2020 World Junior Curling Championships.

Curling at the 2023 Winter World University Games
Curling at the 2023 Winter World University Games took place at the Saranac Lake Civic Center in Saranac Lake, New York, United States. The event ran from Friday, January 13, 2023 to Saturday, January 21, 2023.
Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Novi Grad (Serbian Cyrillic: Нови Град), formerly Bosanski Novi (Serbian Cyrillic: Босански Нови), is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Situated in the far northwest of the country, it lies across the Una from the Croatian town of Dvor. According to the 2013 census, the town has a population of 11,063 while its municipality comprises a total of 27,115 inhabitants.

Known for its scenic quay, Novi Grad lies at the confluence of the Una and Sana rivers.

Oštra Luka
Oštra Luka (Serbian Cyrillic: Оштра Лука) is a village and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the municipality has a population of 2,786 inhabitants, with 782 in Oštra Luka itself.

The municipality is situated in the northwestern part of the Republika Srpska and the central part of the Bosanska Krajina region. It was previously known as Srpski Sanski Most (Српски Сански Мост, "Serbian Sanski Most") and was formed after the Dayton Agreement from part of the pre-war municipality of Sanski Most (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the entity of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
American Viticultural Area
An American Viticultural Area (AVA) is a designated wine grape-growing region in the United States, providing an official appellation for the mutual benefit of wineries and consumers. Winemakers frequently want their consumers to know about the geographic pedigree of their wines, as wines from a particular area can possess distinctive characteristics. Consumers often seek out wines from specific AVAs, and certain wines of particular pedigrees can claim premium prices and loyal customers. If a wine is labeled with an AVA, at least 85% of the grapes that make up the wine must have been grown in the AVA, and the wine must be fully finished within the state where the AVA is located.

List of grape varieties
This list of grape varieties includes cultivated grapes, whether used for wine, or eating as a table grape, fresh or dried (raisin, currant, sultana). For a complete list of all grape species, including those unimportant to agriculture, see Vitis.

The term grape variety refers to cultivars (rather than the botanical varieties that must be named according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants).
Skrull
The Skrulls (/skrʌlz/) are a fictional race of extraterrestrial shapeshifters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They first appeared in Fantastic Four #2 and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. They originated from the planet Skrullos and their empire is located in the Andromeda Galaxy. Their infiltration of Earth was a major event in the Marvel Comics universe as shown in the crossover event Secret Invasion.

The Skrulls have made numerous appearances in animated television and video games before making their live-action cinematic debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain Marvel (2019). Skrulls have also appeared in Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) and the Disney+ series WandaVision, What If...? (both 2021) and Secret Invasion (2023), and the film The Marvels (2023).

Fantastic Four (comic book)
Fantastic Four is the name of several comic book titles featuring the team the Fantastic Four (created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby) and published by Marvel Comics, beginning with the original Fantastic Four comic book series which debuted in 1961.

As the first superhero team title produced by Marvel Comics, it formed a cornerstone of the company's 1960s rise from a small division of a publishing company to a pop culture conglomerate. The title would go on to showcase the talents of comics creators such as Roy Thomas, John Buscema, John Byrne, Steve Englehart, Walt Simonson, Tom DeFalco, Mark Waid, and Jonathan Hickman. The Fantastic Four is one of several Marvel titles originating in the Silver Age of Comic Books that was continuously published through 2015 before returning to monthly publication in 2018.
Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons. It was formed by the merger of John Wiley & Sons Global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing in 2007.

Wiley-Blackwell is now an imprint that publishes a diverse range of academic and professional fields, including biology, medicine, physical sciences, technology, social science, and the humanities.

Society for Experimental Biology
The Society for Experimental Biology is a learned society for animal, cell and plant biologists. It was founded in 1923 at Birkbeck College to "promote the art and science of experimental biology in all its branches". It aims to demonstrate the importance and impact of experimental biology research to the wider public and within the scientific community and to connect and support experimental biologists in their research and career development. The society has an international membership of approximately 1500, more than 20 scientific special interest groups and an outreach, education, and diversity (OED) group.
Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova
The Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Partidul Comuniștilor din Republica Moldova, PCRM) is a communist party in Moldova led by Vladimir Voronin. It is the only communist party to have held a majority government in a post-Soviet state. It has been variously described as communist, Moldovenist, populist, Russophile, and pro-Soviet.

Affiliated with the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it is also a member of the Party of the European Left and the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties.

In contrast to most like-minded left-wing and communist parties, especially in the Western world, the party has a conservative outlook on social issues, reflecting Voronin's views, the country's strong social conservatism, and the influence of the Moldovan Orthodox Church.

President of the Moldovan Parliament
The president of the parliament of Moldova (Romanian: Președintele Parlamentului) is the presiding officer of the parliament of Moldova. The current president of the Parliament is Igor Grosu since 29 July 2021.
Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. Protein biosynthesis is most commonly performed by ribosomes in cells. Peptides can also be synthesized in the laboratory. Protein primary structures can be directly sequenced, or inferred from DNA sequences.

Phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is described as the "transfer of a phosphate group" from a donor to an acceptor or the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule. A common phosphorylating agent (phosphate donor) is ATP and a common family of acceptor are alcohols:

[Adenosyl−O−PO2−O−PO2−O−PO3]4−  +  ROH   →   Adenosyl−O−PO2−O−PO3H]2−  +  [RO−P−O3]2−

This equation can be written in several ways that are nearly equivalent that describe the behaviors of various protonated states of ATP, ADP, and the phosphorylated product.
As is clear from the equation, a phosphate group per se is not transferred, but a phosphoryl group (PO3-).  Phosphoryl is an electrophile.
This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology. Protein phosphorylation often activates (or deactivates) many enzymes.
STS-66
STS-66 was a Space Shuttle program mission that was flown by the Space Shuttle Atlantis. STS-66 launched on November 3, 1994, at 11:59:43.060 am EDT from Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Atlantis landed at Edwards Air Force Base on November 14, 1994, at 10:33:45 am EST.

STS-77
STS-77 was the 77th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th mission of the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The mission began from launch pad 39B from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 19 May 1996 lasting 10 days and 40 minutes and completing 161 revolutions before landing on runway 33.  The defense and aerospace technology company L'Garde was responsible for the design and manufacture of the Antenna in the Inflatable Antenna Experiment, a key component of the STS-77 mission.
Subdistrict (China)
A subdistrict (Chinese: 街道 / 街; pinyin: jiēdào / jiē; lit. 'streets and avenues / streets') is one of the smaller administrative divisions of China. It is a form of township-level division which is typically part of a larger urban area, as opposed to a discrete town (zhèn, 镇) surrounded by rural areas, or a rural township (xiāng, 乡).

In general, urban areas are divided into subdistricts and a subdistrict is sub-divided into several residential communities or neighbourhoods as well as into villagers' groups (居民区/居住区, 小区/社区, 村民小组).

The subdistrict's administrative agency is the subdistrict office (Chinese: 街道办事处; pinyin: jīedào bànshìchù) or simply the jiedao ban (街道办, jiēdào bàn). Because of the influence of the literal meaning of the Chinese word for 'subdistrict' (street [街道, jiedao]), the term is prone to alternative translations like 'street community'.

Chengguan, Lanzhou
Chengguan District (simplified Chinese: 城关区; traditional Chinese: 城關區; pinyin: Chéngguān Qū; lit. 'City Gate District') is one of 5 districts and the municipal seat of the prefecture-level city of Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu Province, China. It is located mostly on the southern side of the Yellow River, and  includes the downtown Lanzhou. Both the Gansu provincial government capitol and that of Lanzhou prefecture-level city are located within the district. The Lanzhou Railway Station is also located in this district.