hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transcontinental railroad
A transcontinental railroad or transcontinental railway is contiguous railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass and has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks may be via the tracks of a single railroad, or via several railroads owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express.
Transcontinental railroads helped open up interior regions of continents not previously colonized to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases, they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. Many of them continue to have an important role in freight transportation, and some such as the Trans-Siberian Railway even have passenger trains going from one end to the other.

Kapuskasing Lake
Kapuskasing Lake is a lake in Algoma District and Sudbury District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is in the James Bay drainage basin and is the source of the Kapuskasing River. The majority of the lake is in geographic Kapuskasing Township, Algoma District, with just the southern tip in geographic Sherlock Township, Sudbury District.

The primary inflow at the southwest is the Chapleau River. The primary outflow is the Kapuskasing River at the northeast, of which the lake is the source. The Kapuskasing River flows via the Mattagami River and the Moose River to James Bay.

The settlement of Elsas is at the northern end of the lake, and the railway point of Agate is just northwest of the lake. Both settlements are on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental railway main line, completed in 1915 as the Canadian Northern Railway, which follows the northern shore of the lake. The line is served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains which stop at Elsas railway station.
University of California, San Diego
The University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego, or UCSD) is a public land-grant research university in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, United States. Established in 1960, it is the southernmost of the ten campuses of the University of California. It occupies 2,178 acres (881 ha) near the Pacific coast.

UC San Diego consists of 12 schools and has 8 undergraduate residential colleges.  It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". The university offers over 200 undergraduate and graduate degree programs, enrolling 35,442 undergraduate and 10,736 graduate students, tied with UCLA for the largest student housing capacity in the nation.

Chapman University
Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California, United States. Encompassing eleven colleges, the university is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The school maintains its founding affiliations with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the United Church of Christ, but is a secular university.
Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually legislation, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinct and clearly articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each branch. To put this model into practice, government is divided into structurally independent branches to perform various functions (most often a legislature, a judiciary and an administration, sometimes known as the trias politica). When each function is allocated strictly to one branch, a government is described as having a high degree of separation; whereas, when one person or branch plays a significant part in the exercise of more than one function, this represents a fusion of powers. When one branch holds unlimited state power and delegates its powers to other organs as it sees fit, as is the case in communist states, that is called unified power.

Constitution of Belgium
The Constitution of Belgium (Dutch: Belgische Grondwet; French: Constitution belge; German: Verfassung Belgiens) dates back to 1831. Since then Belgium has been a parliamentary monarchy that applies the principles of ministerial responsibility for the government policy and the separation of powers.

The most recent major change to the constitution was the introduction of the Court of Arbitration, whose competencies were expanded by a special law of 2003, to include Title II (Articles 8 to 32), and the Articles 170, 172 and 191 of the Constitution. The Court developed into a constitutional court; in May 2007 it was formally redesignated as the Constitutional Court. This court has the authority to examine whether a law or a decree is in compliance with Title II and Articles 170, 172 and 191.
County cricket
Inter-county cricket matches have been played since the early 18th century, involving teams that are representative of the historic counties of England and Wales.

Two county championship competitions have existed since the late 19th century at different levels: the County Championship, a first-class competition which involves 18 clubs, of which 17 are English and one is from Wales; and the National Counties Championship, with 19 English clubs and one club representing several Welsh counties.

County clubs have also played limited-overs competitions since the 1960s. The first edition of the Gillette Cup in 1963 was the world's first List A cricket tournament. The Sunday League existed from 1969 to 2009, mostly as a 40-overs-per-side league. The 2003 Twenty20 Cup was the world's first Twenty20 tournament. Currently, the main limited-overs county competitions are the One-Day Cup, Women's One-Day Cup, T20 Blast and Women's T20 Blast.

Loughborough MCC University
Loughborough MCC University (previously known as Loughborough University Centre of Cricketing Excellence) is a cricket coaching centre based at Loughborough University in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England, and the name under which the university's cricket team plays.

The former Loughborough University Centre of Cricketing Excellence played 27 first-class matches from 2001 to 2009. As Loughborough Marylebone Cricket Club University, the team has played fourteen first-class matches from 2010 to 2015.
Union Stockyards (Omaha)
The Union Stockyards of Omaha, Nebraska, were founded in 1883 in South Omaha by the Union Stock Yards Company of Omaha. A fierce rival of Chicago's Union Stock Yards, the Omaha Union Stockyards were third in the United States for production by 1890.  In 1947 they were second to Chicago in the world.  Omaha overtook Chicago as the nation's largest livestock market and meat packing industry center in 1955, a title which it held onto until 1971. The 116-year-old institution closed in 1999.  The Livestock Exchange Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Railroads in Omaha
Railroads in Omaha, Nebraska, have been integral to the growth and development of the city, the state of Nebraska, the Western United States and the entire United States. The convergence of many railroad forces upon the city was by happenstance and synergy, as none of the Omaha leaders had a comprehensive strategy for bringing railroads to the city.
Rosenheim
Rosenheim (German pronunciation: [ˈʁoːzn̩ˌhaɪm] ⓘ) is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is an independent city located in the centre of the district of Rosenheim in Upper Bavaria, and is also the seat of its administration. It is located on the west bank of the Inn at the confluence of the rivers Inn and Mangfall, in the Bavarian Alpine Foreland. It is the third-largest city in Upper Bavaria with over 64,000 inhabitants. Rosenheim is the economic centre and the busiest place in the region.

Mühldorf
Mühldorf am Inn (German pronunciation: [ˈmyːldɔʁf ʔam ʔˈɪn] ⓘ, lit. 'Mühldorf on the Inn'; Central Bavarian: Muihdorf am Inn) is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the district Mühldorf on the river Inn. It is located at 48°14′30″N 12°31′30″E﻿ / ﻿48.24167°N 12.52500°E﻿ / 48.24167; 12.52500, and had a population of about 17,808 in 2005.  The 2022 census counted 21,917 residents.
Philip Melanchthon
Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems.

He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and shaper of Protestantism.

University of Königsberg
The University of Königsberg (German: Albertus-Universität Königsberg) was a university in Königsberg, East Prussia. It was founded in 1544 as the world's second Protestant academy (after the University of Marburg) by Duke Albert of Prussia and received the royal privilege by King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland in 1560. The university was commonly known as the Albertina.

Following World War II, the city of Königsberg (renamed Kaliningrad) was transferred to the Soviet Union under the terms of the 1945 Potsdam Agreement. The Albertina was closed and the remaining German population was expelled. Today, the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University claims to maintain the traditions of the Albertina.
Standard-definition television
Standard-definition television (SDTV; also standard definition or SD) is a digital television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high or enhanced definition. Standard refers to offering a similar resolution to the analog broadcast systems used when it was introduced.

YPbPr
YPbPr or , also written as YPBPR, is a color space used in video electronics, in particular in reference to component video cables. Like YCBCR, it is based on gamma corrected RGB primaries; the two are numerically equivalent but YPBPR is designed for use in analog systems while YCBCR is intended for digital video. The EOTF (gamma correction) may be different from common sRGB EOTF and BT.1886 EOTF. Sync is carried on the Y channel and is a bi-level sync signal, but in HD formats a tri-level sync is used and is typically carried on all channels.

YPBPR is commonly referred to as component video by manufacturers; however, there are many types of component video, most of which are some form of RGB. Some video cards come with video-in video-out (VIVO) ports for connecting to component video devices.
Llano County, Texas
Llano County (/ˈlænoʊ/) is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 21,243. Its county seat is Llano, and the county is named for the Llano River.

Coryell County, Texas
Coryell County (/ˈkɔːrjɛl/ KOR-yel) is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 83,093.  The county seat is Gatesville. The county is named for James Coryell, a frontiersman and Texas Ranger who was killed by Caddo Indians.

Coryell County is part of the Killeen–Temple metropolitan statistical area.
Monoplane
A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple planes.

A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing configuration and is the simplest to build. However, during the early years of flight, these advantages were offset by its greater weight and lower manoeuvrability, making it relatively rare until the 1930s. Since then, the monoplane has been the most common form for a fixed-wing aircraft.

Stagger (aeronautics)
In aviation, stagger  is the relative horizontal fore-aft positioning of stacked wings in a biplane, triplane, or multiplane.

An aircraft is said to have positive stagger, or simply stagger, when the upper wing is positioned forward of the lower (bottom) wing, Examples include the de Havilland Tiger Moth or Stearman. Conversely, an aeroplane is said to have negative stagger in unusual cases where the upper wing is positioned behind the lower wing, as in the Sopwith Dolphin or Beech Model 17 Staggerwing. An aircraft with the wings positioned directly above each other is said to have unstaggered wings, as in the Sopwith Cuckoo or Vickers Vildebeest.
Coppa Italia
Coppa Italia (lit. 'Italy Cup') is the annual domestic cup of Italian football. The knockout competition was organized by the DDS and the Lega Calcio until the 2009–10 season and by Lega Serie A ever since.

Juventus is the competition's most successful club with fifteen wins, followed by Roma and Inter Milan with nine. Juventus has contested the most finals with 22, followed by Roma with 17 finals. The holder can wear a cockade of Italy (Italian: coccarda), akin to the roundels that appear on military aircraft. The winner automatically qualifies for both the UEFA Europa League league phase and the Supercoppa Italiana the following year.

Yugoslav Cup
The Yugoslav Cup (Croatian: Pokal Jugoslavije; Serbian: Куп Југославије, romanized: Kup Jugoslavije; Slovene: Pokal Jugoslavije, Macedonian: Куп на Југославија, romanized: Kup na Jugoslavija), officially known between 1923 and 1940 as the King Alexander Cup (Serbian: Куп краља Александра; Croatian: Kup kralja Aleksandra, and between 1947 and 1991 as the Marshal Tito Cup (Serbian: Куп маршала Тита; Croatian: Kup maršala Tita; Slovene: Pokal maršala Tita; Macedonian: Куп на маршал Тито, romanized: Kup na maršal Tito), was one of two major football competitions in Yugoslavia, the other one being the Yugoslav League Championship. The Yugoslav Cup took place after the league championships when every competitive league in Yugoslavia had finished, in order to determine which teams are ranked as their corresponding seeds. The Marshal Tito Cup trophy was based on a design by Branko Šotra.
Gmina
The gmina (Polish: [ˈɡmina], pl. gminy [ˈɡminɨ]) is the basic unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a municipality. As of 1 January 2019, there were 2,479 gminy throughout the country, encompassing over 43,000 villages. 940 gminy include cities and towns, with 322 among them constituting an independent urban gmina (Polish: gmina miejska) consisting solely of a standalone town or one of the 107 cities, the latter governed by a city mayor (prezydent miasta).

The gmina has been the basic unit of territorial division in Poland since 1974, when it replaced the smaller gromada. Three or more gminy make up a higher level unit called a powiat, except for those holding the status of a city with powiat rights. Each and every powiat has the seat in a city or town, in the latter case either an urban gmina or a part of an urban-rural one.

Żyrardów County
Żyrardów County (Polish: powiat żyrardowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Żyrardów, which lies 43 kilometres (27 mi) south-west of Warsaw. The only other town in the county is Mszczonów, lying 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Żyrardów.

The county covers an area of 532.63 square kilometres (205.6 sq mi). As of 2022 its total population is 75,414, out of which the population of Żyrardów is 38,784, that of Mszczonów is 6,159, that of Wiskitki is 1,421, and the rural population is 29,050.
Muzaffarabad Division
The Muzaffarabad Division (Urdu: مُظفّر آباد ڈِوِژن) is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani–administered territory of Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir. It comprises the portion of the former Muzaffarabad District of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that came under Pakistani control at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.

Mirpur Division
The Mirpur Division (Urdu: میرپور ڈِوِژن) is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani–administered territory of Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir. Mirpur is the largest division by population in Azad Kashmir. It comprises the portion of the former Mirpur District of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that came under Pakistani control at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.
Nominal (linguistics)
In linguistics, the term nominal refers to a category used to group together nouns and adjectives based on shared properties. The motivation for nominal grouping is that in many languages nouns and adjectives share a number of morphological and syntactic properties. The systems used in such languages to show agreement can be classified broadly as gender systems, noun class systems or case marking, classifier systems, and mixed systems. Typically an affix related to the noun appears attached to the other parts of speech within a sentence to create agreement. Such morphological agreement usually occurs in parts within the noun phrase, such as determiners and adjectives. Languages with overt nominal agreement vary in how and to what extent agreement is required.

Suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs.

Suffixes can carry grammatical information (inflectional endings) or lexical information (derivational/lexical suffixes). Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category. Derivational suffixes fall into two categories: class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation.

Particularly in the study of Semitic languages, suffixes are called affirmatives, as they can alter the form of the words. In Indo-European studies, a distinction is made between suffixes and endings (see Proto-Indo-European root).

A word-final segment that is somewhere between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is known as a suffixoid or a semi-suffix (e.g., English -like or German -freundlich "friendly").
1st Armored Division (United States)
The 1st Armored Division, nicknamed "Old Ironsides", is a combined arms division of the United States Army. The division is part of III Armored Corps and operates out of Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas. It was the first armored division of the United States Army to see battle in World War II. Since World War II, the division has been involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Persian Gulf War, Iraq, Afghanistan, and several other operations. The division has also received numerous awards and recognition.

Combat command
A combat command was a combined-arms military organization of comparable size to a brigade or regiment employed by armored forces of the United States Army from 1942 until 1963. The structure of combat commands was task-organized and so the forces assigned to a combat command often varied from mission to mission.
Closed set
In geometry, topology, and related branches of mathematics, a closed set is a set whose complement is an open set. In a topological space, a closed set can be defined as a set which contains all its limit points. In a complete metric space, a closed set is a set which is closed under the limit operation. This should not be confused with closed manifold.

Sets that are both open and closed are called clopen sets.

Locally compact space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space is called locally compact if, roughly speaking, each small portion of the space looks like a small portion of a compact space. More precisely, it is a topological space in which every point has a compact neighborhood.

When locally compact spaces are Hausdorff they are called locally compact Hausdorff, which are of particular interest in mathematical analysis.
Vincent Canby
Vincent Canby (July 27, 1924 – October 15, 2000) was an American film and theatre critic who was the chief film critic for The New York Times from 1969 until the early 1990s, then its chief theatre critic from 1994 until his death in 2000. He reviewed more than one thousand films during his tenure there.

Roger Greenspun
Roger Greenspun (December 16, 1929 – June 18, 2017) was an American journalist and film critic, best known for his work with The New York Times in which he reviewed near 400 films, particularly in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and for Penthouse for which he was the film critic throughout much of the late 1970s and 1980s.
Romanization of Hebrew
The Hebrew language uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel diacritics. The Romanization of Hebrew refers specifically to the use of the Latin alphabet to represent Hebrew words.
For example, the Hebrew name יִשְׂרָאֵל ('Israel') can be Romanized as Yisrael or Yiśrāʼēl in addition to Israel.

Particularly in contexts where the Latin alphabet is the dominant writing system, Romanization and transliteration are often used interchangeably. The actual relationship between the two terms is dependent on the discipline and/or context. However, generally speaking, one can safely define transliteration as the representation of words from one script in a different script. Romanization is a subset of transliteration, specifically referring to the representation of non-Latin or vernacular scripts in the Latin writing system. Transliteration and Romanization can—but do not necessarily—account for vowels even for abjads as Hebrew.

Hebrew Bible judges
The judges (sing. Hebrew: שופט, romanized: šōp̄ēṭ, pl. שופטים šōp̄əṭīm) whose stories are recounted in the Hebrew Bible, primarily in the Book of Judges, were individuals who served as military leaders of the tribes of Israel in times of crisis, in the period before the monarchy was established.
Keighley Cougars
The Keighley Cougars are a professional rugby league club from Keighley in West Yorkshire, England. The club play home games at Cougar Park and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Keighley have never won a major honour. Their main rivals are Bradford Bulls.

Bristol All Golds
Bristol All Golds is a rugby league team based at North Bristol RFC

Bristol All Golds, formerly the University of Gloucestershire All Golds, consist of six different teams, with the first team entering Kingstone Press Championship 1 for the 2013 season and exiting it to join the Southern Conference League in 2017. Below the semi-professional side, there are two student teams that compete in the British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) leagues; the All Golds in the Super 8 national league and the All Blues in the Wales and West Division.

There are also three junior sides that take part in the Midlands Junior League.
The Big Valley
The Big Valley is an American Western television series that originally aired from September 15, 1965, to May 19, 1969, on ABC. The series is set on the fictional Barkley Ranch near Stockton, California.  The one-hour episodes follow the lives of the Barkley family, one of the wealthiest and largest ranch-owning families in Stockton, led by matriarch Victoria Barkley (Barbara Stanwyck), her sons Jarrod (Richard Long) and Nick (Peter Breck), daughter Audra (Linda Evans), and their half-brother Heath (Lee Majors). The series was created by A. I. Bezzerides and Louis F. Edelman and produced by Levy-Gardner-Laven for Four Star Television.

Going My Way (TV series)
Going My Way is an American comedy-drama series starring dancer and actor Gene Kelly. Based on the 1944 film of the same name starring Bing Crosby, the series aired on ABC with new episodes from October 3, 1962, to September 11, 1963. The program was Kelly's first and only attempt at a weekly television series. The series was cancelled after one season of 30 episodes.  The program was also broadcast in England, where the trade publication Sponsor reported that it was "a smash in the London market", rated in the top 10 programs there in 1963.