hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wolfpack (naval tactic)
The wolfpack (Rudeltaktik) was a convoy attack tactic employed in the Second World War. It was used principally by the U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic, and by the submarines of the United States Navy in the Pacific War. The idea of a co-ordinated submarine attack on convoys had been proposed during the First World War but had had no success. In the Atlantic during the Second World War, the Germans had considerable successes with their wolfpack attacks but were ultimately defeated by the Allies of World War II. In the Pacific, the American submarine force was able to devastate the Japanese merchant marine, though this was not solely due to the wolfpack tactic. Wolfpacks fell out of use during the Cold War as the role of the submarine changed.

8th U-boat Flotilla
The 8th U-boat Flotilla (German 8. Unterseebootsflottille) was formed in June 1941 in Königsberg under the command of Kapitänleutnant Georg-Wilhelm Schulz, who also at this time commanded the 6th U-boat Flotilla in Danzig. It was primarily a training flotilla but in the last months of the war some flotilla boats were in combat against the Soviet Navy in the Baltic Sea. The flotilla was disbanded in January 1945.
Caryocaraceae
Caryocaraceae (syn. Rhizobolaceae DC.) is a  small family of flowering plants consisting of two genera with 26 species. The family is native to tropical regions of Central and South America, as well as the West Indies.

Rafflesiaceae
The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including Rafflesia arnoldii, which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are endoparasites of vines in the genus Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) and lack stems, leaves, roots, and any photosynthetic tissue. They rely entirely on their host plants for both water and nutrients, and only then emerge as flowers from the roots or lower stems of the host plants.
Radio & Records
Radio & Records (R&R) was a trade publication providing news and airplay information for the radio and music industries.  It started as an independent trade from 1973 to 2006 until VNU Media took over in 2006 and became a relaunched sister trade to Billboard, until its final issue in 2009.

Mainstream Rock (chart)
Mainstream Rock is a music chart published by Billboard magazine that ranks the most-played songs on mainstream rock radio stations in the United States. It is an administrative category that combines the "active rock" and "heritage rock" formats. The chart was launched in March 1981 as Rock Albums & Top Tracks. The name changed multiple times afterwards: first to Top Rock Tracks, then to Album Rock Tracks, and finally to its current Mainstream Rock in 1996. The first number-one song on this chart was "I Can't Stand It" by Eric Clapton on March 21, 1981.
Albacete Balompié
Albacete Balompié is a Spanish football team based in Albacete, in the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. Founded on 5 July 1939, it currently plays in Segunda División, the second tier of Spanish football, holding home matches at Estadio Carlos Belmonte, with a capacity of 17,524.

2013–14 Segunda División B
The 2013–14 Segunda División B season was the 37th since its establishment. The first matches of the season were played on 25 August 2013, and the season ended on 22 June 2014 with the promotion play-off finals.
Seattle Symphony
The Seattle Symphony is an American orchestra based in Seattle, Washington. Since 1998, the orchestra is resident at Benaroya Hall. The orchestra also serves as the accompanying orchestra for the Seattle Opera.

National Symphony Orchestra
The National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) is an American symphony orchestra based in Washington, D.C.  Founded in 1930 by cellist Hans Kindler, its principal performing venue is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.

The NSO regularly participates in events of national and international importance, including performances for ceremonial state affairs, presidential inaugurations and official holiday celebrations, including the annual National Memorial Day Concert in May and A Capitol Fourth concerts on July 4.  The NSO presents a 52-week season of approximately 175 concerts each year. These include classical subscription series, pops concerts, and educational programs.
Hungarian language
Hungarian, or Magyar (Magyar nyelv, pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈɲɛlv] ⓘ), is a Ugric language of the Uralic language family spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighboring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary, it is also spoken by Hungarian communities in southern Slovakia, western Ukraine (Transcarpathia), central and western Romania (Transylvania), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, northeastern Slovenia (Prekmurje), and eastern Austria (Burgenland).

It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States and Canada) and Israel. With 14 million speakers, it is the Uralic family's most widely spoken language.

Vukovar
Vukovar (pronounced [ʋûkoʋaːr], Hungarian: Vukovár, German: Wukowar) is a city in Croatia, in the eastern regions of Syrmia and Slavonia. It contains Croatia's largest river port, located at the confluence of the Vuka and the Danube. Vukovar is the seat of Vukovar-Syrmia County and the second-largest city in the county after Vinkovci. The city's registered population was 22,616 in the 2021 census, with a total of 23,536 in the municipality.
Parliamentary private secretary
A parliamentary private secretary (PPS) is a member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom who acts as an unpaid assistant to a government minister or a shadow minister. They are selected from backbench MPs as the "eyes and ears" of the minister in the House of Commons.

PPSs are junior to parliamentary under-secretaries of state, a ministerial post salaried by one or more departments.

Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)
In the United Kingdom, a member of Parliament (MP) is an individual elected to serve in the House of Commons, the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Although the House of Lords is also a house of Parliament, its members are not termed "Members of Parliament".
Education in Australia
Education in Australia encompasses the sectors of early childhood education (preschool and pre-primary) and primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (high schools and senior high schools), and finally tertiary education, which includes higher education (universities and other higher education providers) and vocational education (registered training organisations). Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories; however, the Australian Government also contributes to funding.

Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of four, five, or six and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the state or territory and the date of birth.

Day school
A day school — as opposed to a boarding school — is an educational institution where children are given instruction during the day, after which the students return to their homes.  A day school has full-day programs when compared to a regular school which may end early and require additional after-school programs for students with working parents. Day schools also generally offer supervised lunches, which is required for children with working parents, and in locations where children are not expected to return home at noon to eat with their families.
1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
The 1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began on November 11, 1999, with the Coaches vs. Cancer Classic, progressed through the regular season and conference tournaments, and concluded with the 2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament championship game on April 3, 2000, at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana.

1990–91 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
The 1990–91 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began in November 1990 and ended with the Final Four at the Hoosier Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana on April 1, 1991. The Duke Blue Devils won their first NCAA national championship with a 72–65 victory over the Kansas Jayhawks.
Dolce & Gabbana
Dolce & Gabbana (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdoltʃe e ɡɡabˈbaːna]), also known by initials D&G, is an Italian fashion house founded in 1985 in Legnano by Italian designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana. The house specializes in ready-to-wear, handbags, accessories, cosmetics, and fragrances and licenses its name and branding to Luxottica for eyewear.

Anna Sui
Anna Sui (Chinese: 蕭志美; pinyin: Xiāo Zhìměi; born August 4, 1955) is an American fashion designer. Her brand categories include several fashion lines, footwear, cosmetics, fragrances, eyewear, jewelry, accessories and home goods.

Sui was named one of the "Top 5 Fashion Icons of the Decade" for 2000–2010, and in 2009 earned the Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), joining the ranks of Yves Saint Laurent, Giorgio Armani, Ralph Lauren, and Diane von Furstenberg.
Yearbook
A yearbook, also known as an annual, is a type of a book published annually. One use is to record, highlight, and commemorate the past year of a school. The term also refers to a book of statistics or facts published annually. A yearbook often has an overarching theme that is present throughout the entire book.

Many high schools, colleges, elementary and middle schools publish yearbooks; however, many schools are dropping yearbooks or decreasing page counts given social media alternatives to a mass-produced physical photographically oriented record. From 1995 to 2013, the number of U.S. college yearbooks dropped from roughly 2,400 to 1,000.

Extracurricular activity
An extracurricular activity (ECA) or extra academic activity (EAA) or cultural activity is an activity, usually performed by students, that falls outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school, college or university education. Although approved and often sponsored by school official, such activities are voluntary (as opposed to mandatory) and usually do not carry much academic credit.
Tribe of Reuben
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Reuben (Hebrew: רְאוּבֵן, Modern: Rəʼūven, Tiberian: Rəʼūḇēn) was one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Unlike the majority of the tribes, the land of Reuben, along with that of Gad and half of Manasseh, was on the eastern side of the Jordan and shared a border with Moab. According to the biblical narrative, the Tribe of Reuben descended from Reuben, the eldest son of the patriarch Jacob. Reuben, along with nine other tribes, is reckoned by the Bible as part of the northern kingdom of Israel, and disappears from history with the demise of that kingdom in c. 723 BC.

Academic consensus, informed by historical context, textual analysis, and archaeological evidence, largely views the Israelite tribes as eponymous figures representing social or regional groups formed from indigenous Canaanite populations during the Late Bronze and Early Iron periods, rather than as actual historical individuals.

Tribe of Zebulun
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Zebulun (alternatively rendered as Zabulon, Zabulin, Zabulun, Zebulon; Hebrew: זְבוּלֻן, Modern: Zəvūlun, Tiberian: Zeḇūlūn, "dwelling; habitation; home") was one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes in the Book of Joshua, Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. The territory allocated to the tribe was located at the southern end of the Galilee, with its eastern border being the Sea of Galilee, the western border being the Mediterranean Sea, the south being bordered by the Tribe of Issachar, and the north by Asher on the western side and Naphtali on the eastern.
TrueType
TrueType is an outline font standard developed by Apple in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobe's Type 1 fonts used in PostScript. It has become the most common format for fonts on the classic Mac OS, macOS, and Microsoft Windows operating systems.

The primary strength of TrueType was originally that it offered font developers a high degree of control over precisely how their fonts are displayed, right down to particular pixels, at various font sizes. With widely varying rendering technologies in use today, pixel-level control is no longer certain in a TrueType font.

Graphite (smart font technology)
Graphite is a programmable Unicode-compliant smart font technology and rendering system developed by SIL International as free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License and the Common Public License.
Spearmint
Spearmint (Mentha spicata), also known as garden mint, common mint, lamb mint and mackerel mint, is native to Europe and southern temperate Asia, extending from Ireland in the west to southern China in the east. It is naturalized in many other temperate parts of the world, including northern and southern Africa, North America, and South America. It is used as a flavouring in food and herbal teas. The aromatic oil, called oil of spearmint, is also used as a flavoring and sometimes as a scent.

The species and its subspecies have many synonyms, including Mentha crispa, Mentha crispata, and Mentha viridis.

Mentha arvensis
Mentha arvensis, the corn mint, field mint, or wild mint, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. It has a circumboreal distribution, being native to the temperate regions of Europe and western and central Asia, east to the Himalaya and eastern Siberia, and North America. Mentha canadensis, the related species, is also included in Mentha arvensis by some authors as two varieties, M. arvensis var. glabrata Fernald (North American plants such as American Wild Mint) and M. arvensis var. piperascens  Malinv. ex L. H. Bailey (eastern Asian plants such as Japanese mint).

It grows in moist places, especially along streams.
Kuban
45°2′N 38°58′E﻿ / ﻿45.033°N 38.967°E﻿ / 45.033; 38.967

Kuban (Russian and Ukrainian: Кубань; Adyghe: Пшызэ; Kabardian: Псыжь; Karachay-Balkar: Къобан; Nogai: Кобан; Abaza: Къвбина) is a historical and geographical region in the North Caucasus region of southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe, the Volga Delta and separated from the Crimean Peninsula to the west by the Kerch Strait. Krasnodar Krai is often referred to as Kuban, both officially and unofficially, although the term is not exclusive to the krai and also accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai.

Taman Peninsula
The Taman Peninsula (Russian: Таманский полуостров, IPA: [tɐˈmanskʲɪj pəlʊˈostrəf]) is a peninsula in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, which borders the Sea of Azov to the north, the Kerch Strait to the west  and the Black Sea to the south.
Fortitude Valley, Queensland
Fortitude Valley (often called "The Valley" by local residents) is an inner suburb of the City of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Fortitude Valley had a population of 9,708 people. The suburb features two pedestrian malls at Brunswick Street Mall and Chinatown, and is one of the hubs of Brisbane's nightlife, known for its nightclubs, bars and adult entertainment.

Brisbane City Council
Brisbane City Council (BCC, also known as Council) is the local government of the City of Brisbane, the capital city of the Australian state of Queensland. The largest local government in Australia by population, BCC's jurisdiction includes 26 wards and 27 elected councillors covering 1,338 km2 (517 mi2). Brisbane City Council consists of the 26 councillors (elected or appointed to represent wards) and the Lord Mayor of Brisbane (currently Adrian Schrinner) (elected by the city as a whole). By resolution, the council may make local laws (previously known as ordinances). The Lord Mayor is responsible for the key executive functions, such as implementing policies, preparing the budget and directing senior employees. They are supported by the Civic Council (formally the Establishment and Coordination (E&C) Committee), whose members are drawn from the council and each chair one of the standing committees. The council's current CEO is Colin Jensen, supported by EO Ainsley Gold.
Drogenbos
Drogenbos (Dutch: [ˈdroːɣə(m)bɔs] ⓘ, French: [dʁoɡœnbɔs]) is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in the Flemish region of Belgium. The municipality only comprises the town of Drogenbos proper. On January 1, 2018, Drogenbos had a total population of 5,599. The total area is 2.49 km2 (0.96 sq mi), which gives a population density of 2,248/km2 (5,820/sq mi). It directly borders the Brussels-Capital Region and is part of the city's urban sprawl, contiguous with Calevoet (Uccle) – it was a component of the short-lived Arrondissement of Brussels-Periphery.

The official language of Drogenbos is Dutch, as in the rest of Flanders. Local French-speakers (77% of the population) enjoy linguistic facilities.

Wezembeek-Oppem
Wezembeek-Oppem (Dutch: [ˈʋeːzəmbeːk ˈɔpəm] ⓘ) is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in the Flemish region of Belgium, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of the centre of Brussels. The municipality only comprises the town of Wezembeek-Oppem proper. On January 1, 2016, Wezembeek-Oppem had a total population of 14,095. The total area is 6.82 km2 (2.63 sq mi), which gives a population density of 2,066/km2 (5,350/sq mi). It is essentially a suburb of Brussels and was a component of the short-lived Arrondissement of Brussels-Periphery, although it does not directly adjoin any part of the Brussels-Capital Region. The Brussels Ring (R0) orbital motorway bisects the municipality.

Wezembeek-Oppem is home to a large community of international expatriates, in part because of the presence of the Internationale Deutsche Schule Brüssel (iDSB) in Wezembeek-Oppem itself, and the British School of Brussels in nearby Tervuren.
Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section that confirms that the rights listed in the Charter are guaranteed. The section is also known as the reasonable limits clause  or limitations clause, as it legally allows the government to limit an individual's Charter rights.  This limitation on rights has been used in the last twenty years to prevent a variety of objectionable conduct such as child pornography (e.g., in R v Sharpe), hate speech (e.g., in R v Keegstra), and obscenity (e.g., in R v Butler).

When the government has limited an individual's right, there is an onus upon the Crown to show, on the balance of probabilities, firstly, that the limitation was prescribed by law namely, that the law is attuned to the values of accessibility and intelligibility; and secondly, that it is justified in a free and democratic society, which means that it must have a justifiable purpose and must be proportional.

Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a constitutional provision that protects an individual's autonomy and personal legal rights from actions of the government in Canada. There are three types of protection within the section: the right to life, liberty and security of the person. Denials of these rights are constitutional only if the denials do not breach what is referred to as fundamental justice.

This Charter provision provides both substantive and procedural rights. It has broad application beyond merely protecting due process in administrative proceedings and in the adjudicative context, and has in certain circumstances touched upon major national policy issues such as entitlement to social assistance and public health care. As such, it has proven to be a controversial provision in the Charter.
Borabenzene
Borabenzene is a hypothetical organoboron compound with the formula C5H5B. Unlike the related but highly stable benzene molecule, borabenzene would be electron-deficient.  Related derivatives are the boratabenzene anions, including the parent [C5H5BH]−.

Stibabenzene
Stibabenzene is an organic chemical compound. Stibabenzene has the chemical formula C5H5Sb. The molecule is a derivative of benzene, with one of the carbon atoms in the 6-membered ring replaced by an antimony (Sb) atom. Stibabenzene is a molecule that is considered to be an organoantimony compound due to it containing carbon, hydrogen, and antimony atoms.
Oyster
Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species, the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. Many, but not all oysters, are in the superfamily Ostreoidea.

Some species of oyster are commonly consumed and are regarded as a delicacy in some localities. Some types of pearl oysters are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle. Others, such as the translucent windowpane oysters, are harvested for their shells.

Limpet
Limpets are a group of aquatic snails with a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. This general category of conical shell is known as "patelliform" (dish-shaped). Existing within the class Gastropoda, limpets are a polyphyletic group (its members descending from different immediate ancestors).

All species of Patellogastropoda are limpets, with the Patellidae family in particular often referred to as "true limpets". Examples of other clades commonly referred to as limpets include the Vetigastropoda family Fissurellidae ("keyhole limpet"), which use a siphon to pump water over their gills, and the Siphonariidae ("false limpets"), which have a pneumostome for breathing air like the majority of terrestrial Gastropoda.
Valtellina
Valtellina or the Valtelline (occasionally spelled as two words in English: Val Telline; Romansh: Vuclina ⓘ; Lombard: Valtelina or Valtulina; German: Veltlin; Italian: Valtellina) is a valley in the Lombardy region of northern Italy, bordering Switzerland. Today it is known for its ski centre, hot spring spas, bresaola, cheeses (in particular Bitto, named after the river Bitto) and wines.  It was a key Alpine pass between northern Italy and Germany. The control of the Valtellina was much sought after, particularly during the Thirty Years' War as it was an important part of the Spanish Road.

Chiavenna
Chiavenna (Italian: [kjaˈvɛnna]; Lombard: Ciavèna [tʃaˈʋɛna]; Latin: Clavenna; Romansh: Clavenna [klaˈvɛnːɐ] ⓘ or Claven; archaic German: Cläven or Kleven) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sondrio in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. It is the centre of the Alpine Valchiavenna region. The historic town is a member of the Cittaslow movement.
Civettictis
Civettictis is a genus of viverrid that contains the extant African civet (Civettictis civetta) and a recently described extinct relative from the Plio-Pleistocene of South Africa known as Civettictis braini.

Herpestes
Herpestes is a genus within the mongoose family Herpestidae. It is the type genus of the family, and comprises five extant species, each with several subspecies. Several species in the family are known as slender mongooses.
Fossil remains of three prehistoric species were excavated in France, and described in 1853.