hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Operation Kutuzov
Operation Kutuzov was the first of the two counteroffensives launched by the Red Army as part of the Kursk Strategic Offensive Operation. It commenced on 12 July 1943, in the Central Russian Upland,   against Army Group Center of the German Heer. The operation was named after General Mikhail Kutuzov, the Russian general credited with saving Russia from Napoleon during the French invasion of Russia in 1812. Operation Kutuzov was one of two large-scale Soviet operations launched as counteroffensives against Operation Citadel. The Operation began on 12 July and ended on 18 August 1943 with the capture of Orel and collapse of the Orel bulge.

East Pomeranian offensive
The East Pomeranian strategic offensive operation (Russian: Восточно-Померанская наступательная операция) was an offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front. It took place in Pomerania and West Prussia from 10 February – 4 April 1945.

The operation happened in four phases:

Konitz-Köslin offensive operation 24 February – 6 March 1945

Danzig offensive operation 7–31 March 1945

Arnswalde–Kolberg offensive operation 1–18 March 1945

Altdamm offensive operation 18 March – 4 April 1945 (near Stettin)

It was the East Pomeranian offensive that prevented Zhukov from reaching Berlin in February (the object of the massive Vistula–Oder offensive), since it became a priority to clear German forces from Pomerania first.
County Mayo
County Mayo (/ˈmeɪoʊ/; from Irish Maigh Eo, Contae Mhaigh Eo, meaning 'Plain of the yew trees') is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, in the province of Connacht, it is named after the village of Mayo, now generally known as Mayo Abbey. Mayo County Council is the local authority. The population was 137,231 at the 2022 census. The boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time.

Ox Mountains
The Ox Mountains or Slieve Gamph (Irish: Sliabh Gamh, 'storm mountains') are a mountain range in County Sligo on the west coast of Ireland. They are also known as Saint Patrick's Mountains after the saint who built churches on its slopes and left his name to some of its wells.
Pierce County, Georgia
Pierce County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,716. The county seat is Blackshear. Pierce County is part of the Waycross, Georgia Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Clinch County, Georgia
Clinch County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,749. The county seat is Homerville. The county was created on February 14, 1850, named in honor of Duncan Lamont Clinch.
Battle of Langside
The Battle of Langside was fought on 13 May 1568 between forces loyal to Mary, Queen of Scots, and forces acting in the name of her infant son James VI. Mary’s short period of personal rule ended in 1567 in recrimination, intrigue, and disaster when, after her capture at Carberry Hill, she was forced to abdicate in favour of James VI. Mary was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle, while her Protestant half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, was appointed Regent on behalf of his nephew. In early May 1568 Mary escaped, heading west to the country of the Hamiltons, high among her remaining supporters, and the safety of Dumbarton Castle with the determination to restore her rights as queen. Mary was defeated and went into exile and captivity in England. The battle is generally considered the start of the Marian civil war.

Battle of Pinkie
The Battle of Pinkie, also known as the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh (/kl(j)ux/), took place on 10 September 1547 on the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland. The last pitched battle between Scotland and England before the Union of the Crowns, it was part of the conflict known as the Rough Wooing. It was a catastrophic defeat for Scotland, where it became known as "Black Saturday". A highly detailed and illustrated English account of the battle and campaign authored by an eyewitness William Patten was published in London as propaganda four months after the battle.
I liga
The 1 Liga (Pierwsza liga [ˈpjɛrfʂa ˈliɡa], lit. 'First League'), referred to as the Betclic 1 Liga for sponsorship reasons, is the men's second professional association football division of the Polish football league system, below the Ekstraklasa and above the II liga via promotion/relegation systems. It is run by the Polish Football Association (PZPN) since its inception on 30 May 1948. The league was renamed from Second League (II liga) to First League (I liga) in 2008. It is currently contested by 18 teams; from 2002, all clubs onwards must have a licence, issued by the Association.

Before 1939, there were several plans to create a second, national level of Polish football system, but all failed. Instead, there were regional leagues of most Polish provinces, the so-called A Classes (see also Lower Level Football Leagues in Interwar Poland).

2024–25 II liga
The 2024–25 II liga (also known as Betclic II liga for sponsorship reasons) was the 77th season of the third tier domestic division in the Polish football league system since its establishment in 1948 and the 17th season of the Polish II liga under its current title. The league was operated by the Polish Football Association.

The league was contested by 18 teams. The regular season was played in a round-robin tournament. The season started in 19 July 2024 and concluded in 7 June 2025 (regular season). From this season onwards, promotion/relegation play-offs were introduced, with teams placed 13th and 14th facing two second-placed teams from the III liga.
Jenin
32°27′40″N 35°18′00″E﻿ / ﻿32.46111°N 35.30000°E﻿ / 32.46111; 35.30000

Jenin (/ʒɪˈniːn/ zhin-EEN; Arabic: جنين, romanized: Jinīn, locally pronounced [ʒɪˈniːn] ⓘ) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine, and is the capital of the Jenin Governorate. It is a hub for the surrounding towns. Jenin came under Israeli occupation in 1967, and was put under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority as Area A of the West Bank, a Palestinian enclave, in 1995.

The city had a population of approximately 50,000 people in 2017, whilst the Jenin refugee camp had a population of about 10,000, housing families of Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes during the 1948 Palestine War. The camp has since become a stronghold of Palestinian militants, being the location of several incidents relating to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Arab American University (Palestine)
The Arab American University (Arabic: الجامعة العربية الأمريكية) or AAUP is the first private university in Palestine founded in 2000.

AAUP's main campus is located near Talfit in the south of the Jenin Governorate. It has another campus at Al-Reehan in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate.
Palencia
Palencia (Spanish pronunciation: [paˈlenθja] ⓘ) is a city of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Palencia. As of 2024, it has a population of 76,578.

Located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, in the northern half of the Inner Plateau, the city lies on the left bank of the Carrión river.

At the regional level, Palencia forms part of an economic axis together with the cities of Valladolid and Burgos.

Cervera de Pisuerga
Cervera de Pisuerga is a municipality located on the banks of the Pisuerga River in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. 
According to the 2018 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 2,316 inhabitants.

In one of the nearby villages of Cervera de Pisuerga, Valsadornín, the Roman Valsadornín Hoard was discovered in 1937.
Burkhard Christoph von Münnich
Burkhard Christoph Graf von Münnich (Russian: Христофо́р Анто́нович Миних, romanized: Khristofor Antonovich Minikh; 19 May [O.S. 9 May] 1683 – 27 October [O.S. 16 October] 1767) was a German-born army officer who became a field marshal and political figure in the Russian Empire.

He carried out major reforms in the Russian Army and founded several elite military formations during the reign of Empress Anna of Russia (r. 1730–1740). As a statesman, he is widely regarded as the founder of Russian philhellenism. Like his father, Münnich was an  engineer and a specialist in hydrotechnology.

Bakhchysarai
Bakhchysarai is a city in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Bakhchysarai Raion (district), as well as the former capital of the Crimean Khanate. Its main landmark is Hansaray, the only extant palace of the Crimean Khans, currently open to tourists as a museum. Population: 27,448 (2014 Census).

Since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, it has been occupied by the Russian Federation.
Ferruginous hawk
The ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) is a large bird of prey and belongs to the broad-winged buteo hawks. An old colloquial name is ferrugineous rough-leg, due to its similarity to the closely related rough-legged hawk (B. lagopus).

The generic name buteo is Latin for 'buzzard'. The specific epithet regalis is Latin for 'royal' (from rex, regis, 'king'). The common name 'ferruginous' means 'rust-colored' or 'reddish-brown'.

This species is a large, broad-winged hawk of the open, arid grasslands, prairie and bush steppe country; it is endemic to the interior parts of North America. It is used as a falconry bird in its native ranges.

Pinyon jay
The pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) is a species of jay, and is the only member of the genus Gymnorhinus. Native to Western North America, the species ranges from central Oregon to northern Baja California, and eastward as far as western Oklahoma, though wanderers are often sighted beyond this range. It is typically found within foothills, especially where pinyon pines (Pinus edulis and Pinus monophylla) occur.
Adıyaman
Adıyaman (Kurdish: Semsûr) is a city in southeastern Turkey. It is the administrative centre of Adıyaman Province and Adıyaman District. Its population is 290,883 (2024). The inhabitants of the city are mostly Kurdish.

Kahramanmaraş
Kahramanmaraş (Turkish pronunciation: [kahɾaˈmanmaɾaʃ]), historically Marash (Turkish: Maraş; Armenian: Մարաշ) and Germanicea (Greek: Γερμανίκεια), is a city in the Mediterranean region of Turkey and the administrative centre of Kahramanmaraş province. After 1973, Maraş was officially named Kahramanmaraş with the prefix kahraman (Turkish word meaning "heroic") to commemorate the Battle of Marash. The city lies on a plain at the foot of Mount Ahır.

On 6 February 2023, much of the city was destroyed in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes which had their epicentre in Pazarcık and Elbistan in Kahramanmaraş province.
Mongoose
A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family has two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, whereas the Mungotinae comprises 11 species native to Africa. The Herpestidae originated about 21.8 ± 3.6 million years ago in the Early Miocene and genetically diverged into two main lineages between 19.1 and 18.5 ± 3.5 million years ago. There is a large introduced population on the islands of Hawaii. Mongoose diets are varied but consist of mainly insects, hatchlings, reptiles and birds.

Hemigalinae
The Hemigalinae are a subfamily of the viverrids denominated and first described by John Edward Gray in 1864.
Hemigalinae species are native to Southeast Asia from southern China through Indochina, Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Borneo and Sulawesi.
Shudder (streaming service)
Shudder is an American subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service. It is one of the streaming services owned and operated by AMC Networks that primarily distributes horror, thriller, and supernatural fiction titles, and therefore offers original films, TV series—such as Creepshow, based on the 1982 film—and docuseries. Shudder's library also features non-original programming, including well-known horror films. Shudder annually airs a Halloween "Ghoul Log" (a Halloween-themed equivalent to the Yule Log). It also had its own VRV channel from its initial launch in late 2016 until mid-2019.

Hidive
Hidive (stylized in all caps) is an American subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service owned by AMC Networks. The service primarily offers Japanese anime content to paid subscribers.

The service was launched in June 2017 after the dissolution of The Anime Network's online service, which survived after the liquidation of the former A.D. Vision's assets in 2009. It even had its own channel on Crunchyroll's VRV service from 2018 until the Sony acquisition of Crunchyroll in 2021.

Hidive and its parent Sentai Filmworks were both acquired by AMC Networks at the beginning of January 2022 and restricted access to English language markets in December 2023. The streaming service offers a number of features, among those include live chat, customizable viewing features, customized profiles and subtitles, and parental controls among other things.
Magill
Magill was an Irish politics and current affairs magazine founded by Vincent Browne and others in 1977. Magill specialised in investigative articles and colourful reportage by journalists such as Eamonn McCann (who wrote its anonymous Wigmore column) and Gene Kerrigan. It was relaunched in 2004 after an earlier closure before closing again in 2009.

In Dublin (magazine)
In Dublin was a magazine in Dublin established in 1976 by John S. Doyle, Ted Turtan and Kieran McGinley. Among its editors were the founder John S. Doyle, magazine publisher John Ryan, writer Colm Toibín, journalist John Waters (1985 to 1987) and Fiona Looney. Fintan O'Toole, Dave Fanning, Michael Dwyer, John McKenna  Mary Raftery, Derek Dunne and Nell McCafferty wrote for the magazine. In 1988 Doyle sold it to Vincent Browne.

Controversial at times, it was banned for six months in 1999 by the Censorship of Publications Board, which claimed that certain issues of the magazine were "indecent or obscene". It was suggested at the time that the magazine's advertisements caused the ban. When the ban was imposed, the magazine was owned by Mike Hogan and Mike Dawson, who bought it in 1995 and also published the political magazine Magill at the time. To circumvent the ban a new magazine Dublin was published in its place. Hogan sold In Dublin in 2004.
1989 Soviet census
The 1989 Soviet census (Russian: Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989, lit. '1989 All-Union Census'), conducted between 12 and 19 January of that year, was the final census carried out in the Soviet Union. The census found the total population to be 286,730,819 inhabitants. In 1989, the Soviet Union ranked as the third most populous country in the world, above the United States (with 248,709,873 inhabitants according to the 1990 census), although it was well below China and India.

Roslavlsky District
Roslavlsky District (Russian: Рославльский район) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast and borders with Yelninsky District in the north, Spas-Demensky District, of Kaluga Oblast, in the northeast, Kuybyshevsky District, also of Kaluga Oblast, in the east, Rognedinsky District of Bryansk Oblast in the southeast, Dubrovsky District, also of Bryansk Oblast, in the south, Yershichsky District in the southwest, Shumyachsky District in the west, and with Pochinkovsky District in the northwest. The territory of the town of Desnogorsk is enclosed from all sides by Roslavlsky District. The area of the district is 3,000 square kilometers (1,200 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Roslavl. Population: 76,100 (2010 Census);  81,307 (2002 Census); 61,000 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Roslavl accounts for 72.1% of the district's total population.
Pashto
Pashto (/ˈpʌʃtoʊ/,/ˈpæʃtoʊ/ PASH-toh; پښتو, Pəx̌tó, [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto]) is an eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family, natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. It has official status in Afghanistan. It was also known in historical Persian literature as Afghani (افغانی, Afghāni).

Spoken as a native language mainly by ethnic Pashtuns, it is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari, and it is spoken as the second-largest provincial language in Pakistan, spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan. Likewise, it is the primery language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is estimated at around 35 million to 55 million. Pashto is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns.

Wana, Pakistan
Wāṇa or Wanna (Pashto: واڼه, romanized: wāṇa [ˈwɑɳə]; Urdu: وانا, lit. 'vānā' [ˈʋɑːnɑː]) is the largest town in the South Waziristan District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Wana had been the summer headquarters for the administration of South Waziristan Agency, while the city of Tank located in the neighbouring Tank District had been the winter headquarters of the agency.

The town of Wana is also the headquarters of Wana Tehsil which is one of the three subdivisions of South Waziristan along with Ladha and Sarwakai.
800 metres
The 800 metres is a common track running event. It is the shortest commonly run middle-distance running event, run over two laps of an outdoor (400-metre) track and has been an Olympic event since the first modern games in 1896. During the winter track season the event is usually run by completing four laps of an indoor 200-metre track.

The event was derived from the imperial measurement of a half mile (880 yards), a traditional British racing distance. 800 m is 4.67 m less than a half mile.

The event combines aerobic endurance with anaerobic conditioning and sprint speed, so the 800m athlete has to combine training for both.

Runners in this event are occasionally fast enough to also compete in the 400 metres but more commonly have enough endurance to 'double up' in the 1500m. Only Alberto Juantorena and Jarmila Kratochvílová have won major international titles at 400m and 800m.

Women's pentathlon
The pentathlon or women's pentathlon is a combined track and field event in which each woman competes in five separate events over one day (formerly two days). The distance or time for each event is converted to points via scoring tables, with the overall ranking determined by total points. Since 1949 the events have been sprint hurdling, high jump, shot put, long jump, and a flat race. The sprint hurdles distance was 80 m outdoors until 1969 and thereafter 100 m; in indoor pentathlon the distance is 60 m. The flat race was 200 m until 1976 and thereafter 800 m.  In elite-level outdoor competition, the pentathlon was superseded in 1981 by the heptathlon, which has seven events, with both 200 m and 800 m, as well as the javelin throw. Pentathlon is still contested at school and masters level and indoors.
Wayne County, West Virginia
Wayne County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,982. Its county seat is Wayne. The county was founded in 1842 and named for General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. Wayne County is part of the Huntington–Ashland, WV–KY–OH Metropolitan Statistical Area.

West Virginia Route 152
West Virginia Route 152 is a north–south state highway extending from Crum to Huntington, West Virginia. The northern terminus of WV 152 is unusual in that it also serves as the southern terminus of West Virginia Route 527, which continues along the same street as it passes over Interstate 64 at exit 8 (both state routes are indicated on exit signage on the expressway). WV 527 continues along the former routing of U.S. Route 52 through downtown Huntington, West Virginia on its way toward Chesapeake, Ohio. The southern terminus of the route is at US 52 northeast of Crum.

Portions of the roadway south of Wayne run along an old Norfolk and Western Railroad bed. There is an abandoned depot at Dunlow. Under some of the highway bridges, you can find shared abutments with the old railroad crossing.
Eurasian coot
The Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), also known as the common coot or Australian coot, is a member of the rail and crake bird family, the Rallidae. It is found in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and parts of North Africa. It has a slaty-black body, a glossy black head and a white bill with a white frontal shield. The sexes are similar in appearance.

Eurasian collared dove
The Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto), often simply just collared dove, is a dove species native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. It has also been introduced to Japan, North and Central America, and the islands in the Caribbean.
Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops  including  birth transformation or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some insects, fish, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, cnidarians, echinoderms, and tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is often accompanied by a change of nutrition source or behavior. Animals can be divided into species that undergo complete metamorphosis ("holometaboly"), incomplete metamorphosis ("hemimetaboly"), or no metamorphosis ("ametaboly").

Generally organisms with a larval stage undergo metamorphosis, and during metamorphosis the organism loses larval characteristics.

Fossorial
A fossorial animal (from Latin  fossor 'digger') is one that is adapted to digging and which lives primarily (but not solely) underground. Examples of fossorial vertebrates are moles, badgers, naked mole-rats, meerkats, armadillos, wombats, and mole salamanders. Among invertebrates, many molluscs (e.g., clams), insects (e.g., beetles, wasps, bees), and arachnids (e.g. spiders) are fossorial.
Goodeidae
Goodeidae is  a family  of teleost fish endemic to Mexico and some areas of the United States. Many species are known as splitfins. This family contains about 50 species within 18 genera. The family is named after ichthyologist George Brown Goode (1851–1896).

The earliest fossil goodeid is Tapatia, a goodeine from the middle Miocene of Mexico. The earliest fossil empetrichthyine is Empetrichthys erdisi from the Miocene or Pliocene of California.

Surfperch
The surfperches are a family of viviparous ray-finned fishes, the Embiotocidae. Most species are marine, inhabiting coastal waters from Baja California to Alaska, with a few found in Asian Pacific coasts. The only freshwater species, the tule perch (Hysterocarpus traski), is endemic to California, United States.
Vienna Festival
The Vienna Festival (Wiener Festwochen) is a culture festival that takes place in Vienna for five or six weeks in May and June every year. The Vienna Festival was established in 1951, when Vienna was still occupied by the four Allied powers.

With a radical socio-political impact, the Vienna Festival | Free Republic of Vienna is Europe's most significant cross-over festival.

The Vienna Festival features theatre, opera and dance from all parts of the globe, also acting as producers of international works.

Each year, the Vienna Festival is launched with a free, public open-air event held in the square outside of Vienna’s City Hall.

The festival attracts about 100,000 visitors per year.

Wien Modern
Wien Modern is a modern music festival in Vienna, Austria that was founded by Claudio Abbado in 1988. It was created with the intent of revitalizing the traditional music scene of Vienna. Friedrich Cerha, Johannes Maria Staud, Mark Andre, Wolfgang Mitterer, Olga Neuwirth, Peter Eötvös, Roger Woodward and Georg Friedrich Haas have been featured at the festival since its inception.