hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Lind
James Lind FRSE FRCPE (4 October 1716 – 13 July 1794) was a Scottish physician. He was a pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy. By conducting one of the first ever clinical trials, he developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy. Lind served in the Royal Navy and then went onto private practice. In 1758 he was appointed chief physician of the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar, then one of the largest hospitals in the world. While chief physician, Lind argued for the health benefits of better ventilation aboard naval ships, the improved cleanliness of sailors' bodies, clothing and bedding, and below-deck fumigation with sulphur and arsenic. He also proposed that fresh water could be obtained by distilling sea water. He retired in 1783 and was awarded a large pension by the naval commissioners. Lind advanced the practice of preventive medicine and improved human understanding of nutrition.

Scientific control
A scientific control is an element of an experiment or observation designed to minimize the influence of variables other than the independent variable under investigation, thereby reducing the risk of confounding.

The use of controls increases the reliability and validity of results by providing a baseline for comparison between experimental measurements and control measurements. In many designs, the control group does not receive the experimental treatment, allowing researchers to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

Scientific controls are a fundamental part of the scientific method, particularly in fields such as biology, chemistry, medicine, and psychology, where complex systems are subject to multiple interacting variables.
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is an academic publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University. It is a member of the Association of University Presses. Its director since 2017 is George Andreou.

The press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard Square, and in London, England. The press co-founded the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Yale University Press. TriLiteral was sold to LSC Communications in 2018.

Notable authors published by HUP include Eudora Welty, Walter Benjamin, E. O. Wilson, John Rawls, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Jay Gould, Helen Vendler, Carol Gilligan, Amartya Sen, David Blight, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Piketty.

The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, closed on June 17, 2009.

Murty Classical Library of India
The Murty Classical Library of India began publishing classics of Indian literature in January 2015. The books, which are in dual-language format with the original language and English facing, are published by Harvard University Press. The library was established through a $5.2 million gift from Rohan Murty, the son of Infosys co-founder N. R. Narayana Murthy and social worker and author Sudha Murty. The series will include translations from Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, other Indian languages and Persian. It will include fiction, poetry, nonfiction, and religious texts from all Indian traditions including Buddhism and Islam. The projected 500 volumes, to be published over a century, have a corpus of thousands of volumes of classic Indian literature to draw on.

Until 2022, Sheldon Pollock served as the general editor of the library. Pollock had previously edited the Clay Sanskrit Library.
Australian Derby
The Australian Derby is an Australian Turf Club Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds at set weights held at Randwick Racecourse, Sydney, Australia in April, during the Autumn ATC Championships Carnival. The race is considered to be the top ranked event for three-year-olds in Australian and New Zealand race classifications.

Australian Oaks
The Australian Oaks is an Australian Turf Club Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for three year old fillies at set weights run over a distance of 2,400 metres at Randwick Racecourse, Sydney in the autumn during the ATC Championships series. The Australian Oaks is the premier staying race for three-year-old fillies during the Sydney autumn racing carnival.  Total prize money is A$1,000,000.
Division of Griffith
The Division of Griffith is an Australian electoral division in the state of Queensland. It covers the inner southern suburbs of Brisbane.

Since 2025 its MP has been Renee Coffey of the Labor Party. From 1998 to 2013, the seat was held by Kevin Rudd, who served twice as Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010, 2013).

Division of Ryan
The Division of Ryan is an Australian electoral division in the state of Queensland. It is west of Brisbane, comprising parts of the City of Brisbane and City of Moreton Bay.

Since 2022 its MP has been Elizabeth Watson-Brown of the Greens. Following the 2025 federal election, Watson-Brown remained as the sole Green MP in the Australian Parliament.
Eksara
Eksara is a census town in Bally Jagachha CD Block of Howrah Sadar subdivision in Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Eksara is under the jurisdiction of Liluah Police Station of Howrah City Police.

Podrah
Podrah or Padmarajpur (as known in ancient times) is a neighbourhood of South Howrah in Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. This area falls under the jurisdiction of Sankrail PS of Howrah City Police. It consists of many small localities like Shibtala, Barowaritala, Vivekananda Nagar, Natun Pally, Chunavati, Balaji Nagar, Halderpara, and Vidyasagar Pally. Podrah is a part of the Howrah Dakshin (Constituency No: 173) Vidhan Sabha Constituency.

Podrah is also a census town under Sankrail CD Block of Howrah Sadar subdivision. It houses one of the largest multispeciality hospitals in the district of Howrah, NH Multispeciality Hospital.
Chelsea, London
Chelsea is an area in West London, England, due south-west of Charing Cross by approximately 2.5 miles (4 km). It lies on the north bank of the River Thames and for postal purposes is part of the south-western postal area.

Chelsea historically formed a manor and parish in the Ossulstone hundred of Middlesex, which became the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea in 1900. It merged with the Metropolitan Borough of Kensington, forming the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea upon the creation of Greater London in 1965.

The exclusivity of Chelsea as a result of its high property prices historically resulted in the coining of the term "Sloane Ranger" in the 1970s to describe some of its residents, and some of those of nearby areas. Chelsea is home to one of the largest communities of Americans living outside the United States, with 6.53% of Chelsea residents in 2001 born in the U.S.

Granny Takes a Trip
51°28′54″N 0°10′52″W﻿ / ﻿51.481785°N 0.181°W﻿ / 51.481785; -0.181

Granny Takes a Trip was a boutique opened in February 1966 at 488 Kings Road, Chelsea, London, by Nigel Waymouth, his girlfriend Sheila Cohen and John Pearse. The shop, which was acquired by Freddie Hornik in 1969, remained open until the mid-1970s and has been called the "first psychedelic boutique in Groovy London of the 1960s".

It was also the name of a Purple Gang song of the 1960s, which was named after the store and banned by the BBC.

The name has been appropriated by clothing stores around the world that are not connected with the original Granny Takes a Trip, including present-day vintage fashion stores in Hermosa Beach, California, Sunset Boulevard and Sydney, Australia.
Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
The Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group was awarded between 1991 and 2011, alongside the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance.  Previously a single award was presented for Best Rap Performance.

The award was discontinued in 2012. All solo and duo/group rap performances have since been shifted to the revived Best Rap Performance category.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for music released from October a year and a half prior to September the previous year.

51st Annual Grammy Awards
The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, on February 8, 2009, honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning October 1, 2007, through September 30, 2008. Neil Diamond was honored as the 2009 MusiCares Person of the Year on February 6, two days prior to the Grammy telecast.

Lil Wayne received the most nominations, with eight. Robert Plant and Alison Krauss were the biggest winners of the night, winning five awards, including Album of the Year for their critically acclaimed album Raising Sand. Krauss became the sixth female solo artist to have won 5 awards in one night, joining Lauryn Hill, Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Beyoncé and Amy Winehouse.

The awards broadcast won an Emmy for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special.
Imperial, royal and noble ranks
Traditional rank amongst European imperiality, royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences. Distinction should be made between reigning (or formerly reigning) families and the nobility – the latter being a social class subject to and created by the former.

Hereditary title
Hereditary titles, in a general sense, are nobility titles, positions or styles that are hereditary and thus tend or are bound to remain in particular families.

Though both monarchs and nobles usually inherit their titles, the mechanisms often differ, even in the same country. The British crown has been inheritable by women since the medieval era (in the absence of brothers), while the vast majority of hereditary noble titles granted by British sovereigns are not inheritable by daughters.
Lev Russov
Lev Alexandrovich Russov (Russian: Ле́в Алекса́ндрович Ру́сов; 31 January 1926 – 20 February 1987) was a Soviet Russian painter, graphic artist, and sculptor, living and working in Leningrad, a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists and representative of the Leningrad school of painting, most known for his portrait painting.

Evgeny Chuprun
Evgeny Romanovich Chuprun (Russian: Евге́ний Рома́нович Чупру́н; 3 June 1927 – 7 January 2005) was a Russian Soviet realist painter, who lived and worked in Leningrad. He was a member of the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation, and regarded as one of representatives of the Leningrad school of painting, most famous for his maritime paintings.
Jib
A jib is a triangular sail that sets ahead of the foremast of a sailing vessel. Its forward corner (tack) is fixed to the bowsprit, to the bows, or to the deck between the bowsprit and the foremost mast. Jibs and spinnakers are the two main types of headsails on a modern boat.

Downhaul
The downhaul is a line which is part of the rigging on a sailboat; it applies downward force on a spar or sail. The most common downhaul on a modern sailboat is attached to the spinnaker pole, though this may be referred to as the foreguy in some rigging nomenclature. The term is also commonly applied to the cunningham on the mainsail.

In a windsurfing rig, the downhaul is the primary load-bearing line which controls the sail's shape. Modern windsurfing sails incorporate a sleeve for the mast, and therefore do not have a halyard which tensions the top of the sail. The downhaul is tensioned early in the rigging process and is generally not adjustable on the water, and is therefore rather different in use than the downhaul on a sailboat.
EFL League One
The English Football League One, known as Sky Bet League One for sponsorship reasons, or simply League One, is the second-highest division of the English Football League and the third tier overall in the English football league system, after the Premier League and the EFL Championship. It is contested by 24 professional clubs.

Introduced in the 2004–05 English football season as Football League One, it is a rebrand of the former Football League Second Division.

Burton Albion currently hold the longest tenure in the division following relegation from the Championship at the end of the 2017–18 season. There are nine former Premier League clubs currently competing in this division: Barnsley (1997–98), Blackpool (2010–11), Bolton Wanderers (1995–96, 1997–98, and 2001–12), Bradford City (1999–2001), Cardiff City (2013-14 and 2018-19), Huddersfield Town (2017–19), Luton Town (2023–24), Reading (2006–08 and 2012–13), and Wigan Athletic (2005–13).

2010–11 Football League Two
The 2010–11 Football League Two season, (known as the  Npower League Two for sponsorship reasons), was the lowest division of the Football League for that season. It began on 7 August 2010 and concluded on 28 May 2011 with the play-off final.
Mukesh (actor)
Mukesh Madhavan (born Mukesh Babu; 5 March 1957), known mononymously as Mukesh, is an Indian actor, film producer, television presenter, and politician who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema besides also having sporadically appeared in Tamil-language films. In a film career spanning four decades, he has acted in over 275 Malayalam films.

He made his onscreen debut in the 1982 film Balloon in the leading role. His 1996 film Kaanaakkinaavu premiered at the IFFI and won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. He co-produced Kadha Parayumbol (2007), which won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value. He also produced the 2012 film Thattathin Marayathu, which is considered one of the defining films of the Malayalam New Wave.

He was the chairman of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy. Mukesh is the current MLA representing the Kollam constituency of Kerala state.

Mamukkoya
Mamukkoya (5 July 1946 – 26 April 2023) was an Indian actor known for his work predominately in Malayalam cinema. He mostly appeared in comedic roles. His unique usage of Kozhikode dialect and style marked his presence in the industry. In a career spanning over four decades, Mamukkoya acted in more than 450 Malayalam films and was the first winner of the State award for best comedian in Malayalam cinema.
Igabi
Igabi is a Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna State, Nigeria. It is chaired by the Executive Chairman - Jabir Khamis, It is one of 774 local government areas in Nigeria. Rigasa ward is under Igabi LGA, one of the most populous wards in the state.

Kaduna South
Kaduna South is a Local Government Area in the Kaduna Metropolis of  Kaduna State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is located in Makera. Other wards are Barnawa , Tudun Wada, Tudun Nupawa,  Television(Kaduna) , Kakuri, Unguwar Muazu, Kabala West, Sabon Gari, Badikko, Unguwar Sanusi and Kurmin Mashi. It has an area of about 46.2 km2. The postal code of the area is 800.
Soyuz 25
Soyuz 25 (Russian: Союз 25, Union 25) was an October 1977 Soviet crewed space flight, the first to the new Salyut 6 space station, which had been launched 10 days earlier. However, the mission was aborted when cosmonauts Vladimir Kovalyonok and Valery Ryumin failed to engage the docking latches of the station despite five attempts. Lacking sufficient fuel to attempt a dock at the other end of the station and with battery power for only two days, they returned to Earth.

The failure led to a new rule whereby every crew had to have at least one person aboard who had previously flown in space.

Soyuz 32
Soyuz 32 (Russian: Союз 32, Union 32) was a 1979 Soviet crewed space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the eighth mission to and seventh successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 32 crew was the third long-duration crew to man the space station.

Cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakhov and Valery Ryumin spent 175 days in space, setting a new space endurance record. Because of the failure of a visiting crew (Soyuz 33) to successfully dock and the resultant decision to send an uncrewed Soyuz craft (Soyuz 34) as a replacement return vehicle, the Soyuz 32 crew had no visitors in the Salyut 6 space station.
Sturt Plateau
The Sturt Plateau, an interim Australian bioregion, is located in the Northern Territory, and covers an area of 9,857,531 hectares (24,358,490 acres). The bioregion has the code STU. There are three subregions.

Tanami bioregion
Tanami (Warlpiri: Jarnami) is an interim Australian bioregion, comprising 25,997,277 hectares (64,240,670 acres) in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It is part of the Great Sandy-Tanami desert ecoregion.

The bioregion has the code TAN. There are three subregions.
American frontier
The American frontier, also known as the Old West, and popularly known as the Wild West, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of American expansion in mainland North America that began with European colonial settlements in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last few contiguous western territories as states in 1912. This era of massive migration and settlement was particularly encouraged by President Thomas Jefferson following the Louisiana Purchase, giving rise to the expansionist attitude known as "manifest destiny" and historians' "Frontier Thesis". The legends, historical events and folklore of the American frontier, known as the frontier myth, have embedded themselves into United States culture so much so that the Old West, and the Western genre of media specifically, has become one of the defining features of American national identity.

Western comics
Western comics is a comics genre usually depicting the American Old West frontier (usually anywhere west of the Mississippi River) and typically set during the late nineteenth century. The term is generally associated with an American comic books genre published from the late 1940s through the 1950s (though the genre had continuing popularity in Europe, and persists in limited form in American comics today). Western comics of the period typically featured dramatic scripts about cowboys, gunfighters, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, and Native Americans. Accompanying artwork depicted a rural America populated with such iconic images as guns, cowboy hats, vests, horses, saloons, ranches, and deserts, contemporaneous with the setting.
Grapefruit
The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large, sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. The flesh of the fruit is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark red.

Grapefruits originated in Barbados in the 18th century. They are a citrus hybrid that was created through an accidental cross between the sweet orange (C. × sinensis) and the pomelo (C. maxima), both of which were introduced to the Caribbean from Asia in the 17th century. It has also been called the 'forbidden fruit'. In the past it was called the pomelo, but that term is now mostly used as the common name for Citrus maxima.

Grapefruit–drug interactions are common, as the juice contains furanocoumarins that interfere with the metabolism of many drugs. This can prolong and intensify the effects of those drugs, leading to multiple side-effects such as abnormal heart rhythms, bleeding inside the stomach, low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and dizziness.

Trifoliate orange
The trifoliate orange, Citrus trifoliata  (syn. Poncirus trifoliata), is a member of the family Rutaceae. Whether the trifoliate oranges should be considered to belong to their own genus, Poncirus, or be included in the genus Citrus is debated. The species is unusual among citrus for having deciduous, compound leaves and pubescent (downy) fruit.

It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as the Japanese bitter-orange (karatachi), hardy orange or Chinese bitter orange.

The plant is a fairly cold-hardy citrus (USDA zone 6) and will tolerate moderate frost and snow, making a large shrub or small tree 4–8 m (13–26 ft) tall. Because of its relative hardiness, citrus grafted onto Citrus trifoliata are usually hardier than when grown on their own roots.
6th Army (German Empire)
The 6th Army (German: 6. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 6 / A.O.K. 6) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I.  It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 from the IV Army Inspectorate.  The army was disbanded in 1919 during demobilization after the war.

Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria
The Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria or Army Group A (German: Heeresgruppe Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern) was an Army Group of the German Army, which operated on the Western Front under command of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, between 28 August 1916 and 11 November 1918 during World War I. It was formed from the short-lived Army Group Gallwitz under Max von Gallwitz (19 July - 28 August 1916).
Vitim (river)
The Vitim (Russian: Витим; Evenki: Витым, Witym; Yakut: Виитим, Viitim [local pronunciation]; Buryat and Mongolian: Витим, Vitim) is a major tributary of the Lena. Its source is east of Lake Baikal, at the confluence of rivers Vitimkan from the west and China from the east. The Vitim flows first south, bends eastwards and then northward in the Vitim Plateau. Then it flows north through the Stanovoy Highlands and the town of Bodaybo.
Including river Vitimkan, its western source, it is 1,978 kilometres (1,229 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 225,000 square kilometres (87,000 sq mi).

It is navigable from the Lena to Bodaybo. Upstream, tugs can haul barges as far as the Baikal Amur Mainline (BAM), but this is becoming rare.

The Vitim is an excellent place for adventure rafting, but is rarely visited because of its isolation. Baissa, one of the famous localities of fossil insects is situated on the left bank of the Vitim River.

Kalar (river)
The Kalar (Russian: Калар), known as the Levoy Chinoy in its upper section, is a river in Zabaykalsky Krai, southern East Siberia, Russia. It is 511 kilometres (318 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 17,400 square kilometres (6,700 sq mi). The area through which the river flows is mountainous in most of its length with frequent rapids in the riverbed. The waters are rich in fish, including grayling, lenok, taimen and whitefish, among other species. In the International scale of river difficulty the Kalar is a Class III - IV destination for rafting and kayaking.

The Kalar has lent its name to a number of other geographic features, including the Kalar Range, the local Kalar District, as well as Sredny Kalar (Middle Kalar) village by its right bank 156 kilometres (97 mi) from its mouth.
Kyle Whittingham
Kyle David Whittingham (born November 21, 1959) is an American college football coach and former player who is the head football coach at the University of Michigan. He previously served as the head coach at the University of Utah from 2005 until 2025, and is the all-time leader in wins for the program. Whittingham served as defensive coordinator of the Utes for ten seasons prior, having spent 32 consecutive seasons with the program. He won AFCA Coach of the Year and the Paul "Bear" Bryant Award after leading the 2008 Utah team to an undefeated 13-0 season.

Sherrone Moore
Sherrone Banfield Moore (first name /ʃər.ˈoʊn/; born February 3, 1986) is an American former college football head coach and player. He most recently served as the head football coach for the University of Michigan. Moore served as Michigan's acting head coach in four games during the national championship-winning 2023 season. He succeeded Jim Harbaugh as head coach in 2024 until his termination after the regular season in 2025.

Moore played football as an offensive guard at the University of Oklahoma from 2006 to 2007. He was an assistant coach at the University of Louisville from 2009 to 2013 and Central Michigan University from 2014 to 2017. Moore first joined the Michigan Wolverines coaching staff in 2018 as the tight ends coach, and was promoted to co-offensive coordinator and offensive line coach in 2021.