hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Choroid
The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is a part of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eye. It contains connective tissues, and lies between the retina and the sclera.  The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.  Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract.

The structure of the choroid is generally divided into four layers (classified in order of furthest away from the retina to closest):

Haller's layer – outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels;

Sattler's layer – layer of medium diameter blood vessels;

Choriocapillaris – layer of capillaries; and

Bruch's membrane (synonyms: Lamina basalis, Complexus basalis, Lamina vitra) – innermost layer of the choroid.

Fundus (eye)
The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole. The fundus can be examined by ophthalmoscopy and/or fundus photography.
Yuga
A yuga, in Hinduism, is generally used to indicate an age of time.

In the Rigveda, a yuga refers to generations, a period of time (whether long or short), or a yoke (joining of two things). In the Mahabharata, the words yuga and kalpa (a day of Brahma) are used interchangeably to describe the cycle of creation and destruction.

In post-Vedic texts, the words  "yuga" and "age" commonly denote a catur-yuga (pronounced chatur yuga), a cycle of four world ages—for example, in the Surya Siddhanta and Bhagavad Gita (part of the Mahabharata)—unless expressly limited by the name of one of its minor ages: Krita (Satya) Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, or Kali Yuga.

The term "yuga" can represent the number four. In early Indian astronomy, it referred to a five-year cycle starting with the conjunction of the sun and moon in the autumnal equinox.

Literal translation
Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation, or word-by-word translation, or word-to-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.

In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter).

Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms, which can be a serious problem for machine translation.
Welsberg-Taisten
Welsberg-Taisten (Austrian German: [ˈvɛlsbɛrɡ ˈtaɪstn̩]; Italian: Monguelfo-Tesido [moŋˈɡwɛlfo ˈteːzido]) is a comune (municipality) in the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of the city of Bolzano.

Alpine Brigade "Tridentina"
The Alpine Brigade "Tridentina" was a light Infantry brigade of the Italian Army, specializing in mountain warfare. Its core units were Alpini, the mountain infantry corps of the Italian Army, that distinguished itself in combat during World War I and World War II. The Alpine Brigade "Tridentina" carried on the colours and traditions of the WWII 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina".

The brigade was based in the eastern half of the Italian province of South Tyrol, with its headquarters in the city of Brixen. The brigade was disbanded in 2002, however the name and traditions were transferred to the newly raised Division "Tridentina", a deployable military headquarters of the Italian Army.
Union Cycliste Internationale
The Union Cycliste Internationale (French pronunciation: [ynjɔ̃ siklist ɛ̃tɛʁnɑsjɔnal]; UCI; English: International Cycling Union) is the world governing body for sports cycling and oversees international competitive cycling events. The UCI is based in Aigle, Switzerland.

The UCI issues racing licenses to riders and enforces disciplinary rules, such as in matters of doping. The UCI also manages the classification of races and the points ranking system in various cycling disciplines including road and track cycling, mountain biking, cyclo-cross,  Gravel, and BMX, for both men and women, amateur and professional. It also oversees the World Championships.

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the UCI said that Russian and Belarusian teams were forbidden from competing in international events. It also stripped both Russia and Belarus of scheduled events.

Cofidis (cycling team)
Cofidis  (UCI team code: COF) is a French professional road bicycle racing team sponsored by a money-lending company, Cofidis.  It was started in 1996 by Cyrille Guimard, the former manager of Bernard Hinault, Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon of the Renault–Elf–Gitane team of the 1980s. The team's sponsor has supported the team despite repeated problems such as doping scandals. After it was part of the UCI ProTour for the ProTour's first five seasons, from 2010 the team competed as a UCI Professional Continental team. The team joined the UCI World Tour for the 2020 season.
Racing Engineering
Racing Engineering is a Spanish racing team founded in 1999 by Alfonso de Orleans-Borbón that currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series. The team's headquarters are located in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, near Jerez, where all car preparation and race team organization is based. The team has won 12 championships in many categories, including Spanish Formula 3, World Series by Nissan, and GP2 Series. Notable former Racing Engineering drivers include Sebastian Vettel, Lucas di Grassi, Alexander Rossi and Justin Wilson.

2015 GP2 Series
The 2015 GP2 Series season was the forty-ninth season of the second-tier of Formula One feeder championship and also eleventh season under the GP2 Series moniker, a championship for open-wheel racing cars run as a support series to the 2015 Formula One World Championship. Twenty-six drivers representing thirteen teams raced over eleven rounds, starting in Bahrain on 18 April and finishing in Abu Dhabi on 29 November.
Nungubon Sitlerchai
Samorn Kwamsawat (Thai: สมร ความสวัสดิ์; born March 20, 1971), known professionally as Nungubon Sitlerchai (Thai: หนึ่งอุบล ศิษย์เลิศชัย), is a Thai former professional Muay Thai fighter and boxer. He is a former four-division Lumpinee Stadium champion who was famous in the 1990s and 2000s.

Notably, nine years after winning his first title, he'd defeat the rising star Saenchai for his fourth and final title.

Hippy Singmanee
Pichet Chutong (Thai: พิเชษฐ์ ชูทอง; born August 14, 1967), known professionally as Hippy Singmanee (Thai: ฮิปปี้ สิงห์มณี), is a Thai former professional Muay Thai fighter. He is a former three-time Lumpinee Stadium champion across two weight classes who was famous in the 1980s and 1990s. Nicknamed "The Genius of the South", he is often regarded as one of the greatest and most talented fighters in the history of Muay Thai. He was especially praised for defeating larger opponents as well as his powerful, technical style.
Federico Delbonis
Federico Delbonis (Spanish pronunciation: [feðeˈɾiko ðelˈβonis]; born 5 October 1990) is an Argentine former professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 33 on 9 May 2016. He also reached a career-high doubles ranking of No. 110 on 22 July 2019.

Delbonis was known for his unorthodox serve, an exaggerated trophy serve in which he would raise his racquet, toss the ball unusually high and follow through.

Rogério Dutra Silva
Rogério Dutra da Silva (Brazilian Portuguese: [ʁoˈʒɛɾju ˈdutɾɐ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ]; born February 3, 1984) is a Brazilian former professional tennis player.

Dutra Silva had a career high ATP singles ranking of 63 achieved on July 24, 2017 and a career high ATP doubles ranking of 84 achieved on February 26, 2018. He won one ATP Doubles Title and 11 ATP Challenger Singles Titles. He retired in 2022, playing his last match at the 2022 Rio Open.

He is the brother of Brazilian tennis player Daniel Dutra da Silva.
Anthropology
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity that crosses biology and sociology, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans. Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. The term sociocultural anthropology is commonly used today. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Biological (or physical) anthropology studies the biology and evolution of humans and their close primate relatives.

Archaeology, often referred to as the "anthropology of the past," explores human activity by examining physical remains. In North America and Asia, it is generally regarded as a branch of anthropology, whereas in Europe, it is considered either an independent discipline or classified under related fields like history and palaeontology.

Experimental psychology
Experimental psychology is the work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the underlying processes. Experimental psychologists employ human participants and animal subjects to study a great many topics, including (among others) sensation, perception, memory, cognition, learning, motivation, emotion; developmental processes, social psychology, and the neural substrates of all of these.
Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)
In the United Kingdom, a member of Parliament (MP) is an individual elected to serve in the House of Commons, the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Although the House of Lords is also a house of Parliament, its members are not termed "Members of Parliament".

Brighouse and Spenborough
Brighouse and Spenborough was a parliamentary constituency in the West Riding of Yorkshire, comprising the two municipal boroughs of Brighouse and Spenborough and neighbouring areas.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Maine (province)
Maine (French: [mɛːn] ⓘ) is one of the traditional provinces of France. It corresponds to the former County of Maine, whose capital was also the city of Le Mans. The area, now divided into the departments of Sarthe and Mayenne, has about 857,000 inhabitants.

Elias I, Count of Maine
Elias I (also Hélie or Élie) (died 11 July 1110), called de la Flèche or de Baugency, was the count of Maine, succeeding his cousin Hugh V.

He was the son of Jean de la Flèche (also known as Jean de Beaugency) and Paula, daughter of Count Herbert I of Maine. Elias succeeded his father as the third lord of La Flèche.
Acadian Peninsula
The Acadian Peninsula (French: Péninsule acadienne) is situated in the northeastern corner of New Brunswick, Canada, encompassing portions of Gloucester and Northumberland Counties. It derives its name from the large Acadian population located there. Two major islands off the northeast tip of the peninsula, Lamèque Island and Miscou Island, are culturally considered part of the Acadian Peninsula.

Most settlement in the peninsula occurred as a result of the Expulsion of the Acadians during the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758), where British personnel forcibly removed them from their homes, mostly in southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Fishing is the dominant industry on the peninsula, with a large agricultural sector as well. The disappearance of the Lady Audette and Lady Dorianne vessels in 1970/71 shocked the peninsula. Peat bogs are found in the Shippagan and Lameque areas.

Caraquet Bay
Caraquet Bay (French: Baie de Caraquet) is situated in the northeast of the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the town of Caraquet and the village of Bertrand, to the south by the parish of New Bandon, to the north by the village of Maisonnette and to the northwest by the Baie des Chaleurs. Caraquet Island is located between the two bays. There are a number of beaches on the bay, as well as oyster farms and the port of Caraquet.  Caraquet Bay flows into the Caraquet River and the Du Nord River

There are two theories about the origin of the bay's name. Either Caraquet is a word in the Mi'kmaq language meaning "where two rivers meet", or it comes from a type of ship, the carrack. Governor Nicolas Denys was the first to mention Caraquet, in 1672.
Pádraig Harrington
Pádraig Peter Harrington (born 31 August 1971) is an Irish professional golfer who plays on the European Tour, PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions. He has won three major championships: The Open Championship in 2007 and 2008 and the PGA Championship, also in 2008. He spent over 300 weeks in the top-10 of the world rankings, and reached a career-high ranking of the third spot in July 2008. Harrington was a member of six consecutive Ryder Cup teams between 1999 and 2010. In 2024, he was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame.

Ryan Moore (golfer)
Ryan David Moore (born December 5, 1982) is an American professional golfer, currently playing on the PGA Tour. He had a highly successful amateur career, winning the NCAA Individual Championship, the U.S. Amateur Public Links, and the U.S. Amateur in 2004. Since turning professional in 2005 he has won five titles on the PGA Tour as of the 2016 season and earned rankings inside the top thirty in the world.
1981–82 FA Cup
The 1981–82 FA Cup was the 101st season of the world's oldest football knockout competition, The Football Association Challenge Cup, or FA Cup for short.

The competition culminated with the FA Cup Final, held at Wembley Stadium, London on 22 May 1982. The match was contested by two London clubs, Tottenham Hotspur and Queens Park Rangers, with Tottenham retaining the trophy with a 1–0 victory in a replay after a 1–1 draw in the first game.

1980–81 FA Cup
The 1980–81 FA Cup was the 100th season of the world's oldest football knockout competition, The Football Association Challenge Cup, or FA Cup for short. The final saw Tottenham Hotspur defeat Manchester City in the first Wembley replay. The final saw a memorable solo goal from Ricky Villa that was voted the greatest goal scored at Wembley.
Jharkhand
Jharkhand (Hindi: Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [d͡ʒʱaːɾkʰəɳɖ] ⓘ; lit. 'the land of forests') is a landlocked state in eastern India. The state shares borders with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north and Odisha to the south. It is the 15th largest state by area, and the 14th largest by population. Hindi is the official language of the state. The city of Ranchi is its capital, and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath, Dewri and Rajrappa are major religious sites. As per 2011 census, Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities.

Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a resource curse: it accounts for more than 40% of India's mineral production but 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished.

Bardhaman district
Bardhaman (/ˈbɑːrdəˌmən/, Bengali: [ˈbɔrˌdʱoman]), or sometimes Burdwan and Barddhaman, was a former district in the Indian state of West Bengal, headquartered in Bardhaman. On 7 April 2017, the district was bifurcated into two separate districts namely Purba Bardhaman and Paschim Bardhaman. It was the seventh most populous district in India (out of 640) at the time of bifurcation.
International Union of Operating Engineers
The International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE) is a trade union within the United States–based AFL–CIO representing primarily construction workers who work as heavy equipment operators, mechanics, surveyors, and stationary engineers (also called operating engineers or power engineers) who maintain heating and other systems in buildings and industrial complexes, in the United States and Canada.

Founded in 1896, it currently represents roughly 400,000 workers in approximately 123 local unions and operates nearly 100 apprenticeship programs.

United Association
The United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada, commonly known as the United Association (UA), is a labor union which represents workers in the plumbing and pipefitting industries in the United States and Canada.
Yan (Five Dynasties period)
Yan (Chinese: 燕), sometimes known in historiography as Jie Yan (桀燕), was a short-lived monarchical state in the vicinity of present-day Beijing at the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Yan, established by Liu Shouguang in 911, only lasted for two years before its destruction by Li Cunxu of the Former Jin dynasty.

As the only ruler of Yan, Liu Shouguang was noted for his cruelty. The state of Yan was therefore sometimes referred to as Jie Yan, in reference to the tyrannical ruler Jie of the Xia dynasty.

Shatuo
The Shatuo, or the Shatuo Turks (Chinese: 沙陀突厥; pinyin: Shātuó Tūjué; also transcribed as Sha-t'o,  Sanskrit Sart) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three, Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han, of the five dynasties and one, Northern Han, of the ten kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Northern Han would later be conquered by the Song dynasty. Sometime before the 12th century, the Shatuo disappeared as a distinct ethnic group, many of them having become acculturated and assimilating into the general population around them.
United National Party
The United National Party (UNP; Sinhala: එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය, romanized: Eksath Jāthika Pakshaya, Tamil: ஐக்கிய தேசியக் கட்சி, romanized: Aikkiya Tēciyak Kaṭci) is a centre-right political party in Sri Lanka. Founded in 1946, the party was one of Sri Lanka's two main parties for several decades, serving as either the country's ruling party or as part of its governing coalition for several periods of the country's independent history. After suffering a major split in the lead-up to the 2020 parliamentary elections, the UNP saw a collapse in parliament, with the party only winning one national list seat and losing all its votes to the new Samagi Jana Balawegaya alliance. Currently, the UNP is a notable third party in Sri Lankan politics.

The UNP has been led by former president Ranil Wickremesinghe since 1994. The party is a member of the International Democracy Union.

1958 anti-Tamil pogrom
The 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom and riots in Ceylon, also known as the 58 riots, refer to the first island-wide ethnic riots and pogrom to target the minority Tamils in the Dominion of Ceylon after it became an independent dominion from Britain in 1948. The riots lasted from 22 May until 29 May 1958 although sporadic disturbances happened after the declaration of emergency on 27 May 1958. The estimates of the murders range, based on recovered bodies, from 158 to 1,500. Although most of the victims were Tamils, Sinhalese and their property were also affected by retaliatory attacks by Tamil mobs throughout the Batticaloa and Jaffna districts. As the first full-scale race riot in the country in over forty years, the events of 1958 shattered the trust the communities had in one another and led to further polarisation.
Didier Reynders
Didier Reynders (French: [didje ʁɛndɛʁs]; born 6 August 1958) is a Belgian politician of the Reformist Movement (MR) who served as European Commissioner for Justice in the first Von der Leyen Commission from 2019 to 2024. He held various positions in public institutions before becoming a member of the House in 1992. Until his appointment to the European Commission, Reynders had been a minister continuously since 1999.

He served as Federal Minister of Finance until December 2011 in six different governments, then became Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs, later for Trade, Foreign Affairs, and European Affairs in two consecutive governments. Following the government crisis of December 2018, he was also appointed to the post of Minister of Defense which he held until November 2019.

Kris Peeters
Kris Peeters (Dutch: [ˈkrɪs ˈpeːtərs]; born 18 May 1962) is a Belgian politician of the Christian Democratic and Flemish party who served as vice-president of the European Investment Bank (EIB) from 2021 to 2024. Earlier in his career, he was Minister-President of Flanders (2007–2014), deputy prime minister and minister of economy and employment in the government of Prime Minister Charles Michel (2014–2019), and a Member of the European Parliament (2019–2021).
Jay Schellen
Jay Schellen (born May 20, 1960) is an American drummer who is the current drummer of the English progressive rock band Yes, having toured with the band as an additional drummer since 2016 before becoming an official member in 2023, following the death of longtime drummer Alan White. Schellen has also worked with a number of other heavy rock and progressive rock bands, including with Hurricane, Asia, World Trade, Circa, and Unruly Child.

Jon Davison
Jon Davison (born January 16, 1971) is an American singer, musician and songwriter who has been the lead vocalist of progressive rock band Yes since 2012.

He was previously the lead singer of progressive rock band Glass Hammer from 2009 to 2014, and the bass guitarist of Sky Cries Mary from 1993 to 2016, in which he was credited under his nickname of "Juano" Davison. In 2020, he and fellow Yes member Billy Sherwood created a new band, Arc of Life, which released its eponymous first studio album the following year and its second album in 2022. Davison also worked regularly with his father-in-law John Lodge (of The Moody Blues) until Lodge's death in 2025.
Breheimen National Park
Breheimen National Park (Norwegian: Breheimen nasjonalpark) (lit. 'Home of The Glaciers') is a national park that was established in 2009. The park is located in Skjåk Municipality and Lom Municipality in Innlandet county and in Luster Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The park covers 1,671 square kilometres (645 sq mi) of the Breheimen mountain range. The park encompasses some of the wettest and driest terrain in the country, with landscapes shaped over hundreds of thousands of years by glaciers, avalanches and other geological processes. Visitors encounter everything from lush transhumance‑farmed valleys to barren plateaus, soaring peaks and active glaciers.

Lomseggje
Lomseggje is a mountain ridge on the border of Skjåk Municipality and Lom Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway.

The highest point of the ridge is the 2,068-metre (6,785 ft) tall peak Storivilen. The ridge is located in the Breheimen mountains and inside the Breheimen National Park, about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) southeast of the village of Bismo and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of the village of Lom. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Storhøi to the south; Lendfjellet, Moldulhøi, and Sandgrovhøi to the southwest; Hestdalshøgdi and Tverrfjellet to the west. The Lendbreen glacier lies along the ridge.
Leukoma
Leukoma is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Veneridae, the Venus clams. This genus of bivalves has been exploited by humans since prehistory; for example, the Chumash peoples of California harvested this genus from Morro Bay in approximately 1000 AD.

Leukoma staminea
Leukoma staminea, commonly known as the Pacific littleneck clam, the littleneck clam, the rock cockle, the hardshell clam, the Tomales Bay cockle, the rock clam or the ribbed carpet shell, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Veneridae. This species of mollusc was exploited by early humans in North America; for example, the Chumash peoples of Central California harvested these clams in Morro Bay approximately 1,000 years ago, and the distinctive shells form middens near their settlements.