hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jules Ferry laws
The Jules Ferry laws are a set of French laws which established free education in 1881, then mandatory and laic (secular) education in 1882. Jules Ferry, a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern Republican school (l'école républicaine). The dual system of state and church schools that were largely staffed by religious officials was replaced by state schools and lay school teachers. The educational reforms enacted by Jules Ferry are often attributed to a broader anti-clerical campaign in France.

Primary education
Primary education is the first stage of formal education, coming after preschool/kindergarten and before secondary education. Primary education takes place in primary schools, elementary schools, or first schools and middle schools, depending on the location. Hence, in the United Kingdom and some other countries, the term primary is used instead of elementary.

There is no commonly agreed on duration of primary education, but often three to six years of elementary school, and in some countries (like the US) the first seven to nine years are considered primary education.

The International Standard Classification of Education considers primary education as a single phase where programs are typically designed to provide fundamental reading, writing, and mathematics skills and establish a solid foundation for learning. This is ISCED Level 1: Primary education or the first stage of basic education.
Bundesautobahn 7
Bundesautobahn 7 (translates from German as Federal Motorway 7, short form Autobahn 7, abbreviated as BAB 7 or A 7) is the longest German Autobahn and the longest national motorway in Europe at 963 km (598 mi). It bisects the country almost evenly between east and west. In the north, it starts at the border with Denmark as an extension of the Danish part of E45. In the south, the autobahn ends at the Austrian border. This final gap was closed in September 2009.

Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway
The Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway is a double-track, electrified high-speed railway between Hanover and Würzburg in Germany, 327 kilometres (203 mi) in length. The line, built between 1973 and 1991, was the longest contiguous new project constructed by Deutsche Bundesbahn. The total costs were almost DM 11.9 billion (around €6.1 billion; 1980/90s prices).

The line is part of the core network of the Trans-European Transport Networks. It is scheduled to be used by around 110 long-distance trains daily at up to 280 kilometres per hour (170 mph) during the day and by an average of 26 freight trains at night with a total of 37,460 gross tonnes (83 million pounds), running at up to 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph). In 2020, the number of passengers on the line was estimated to be 15.5 million. To date, it is the longest greenfield line for high-speed traffic in Germany.
Ellipsis
The ellipsis (/əˈlɪpsɪs/, plural ellipses; from Ancient Greek: ἔλλειψις, élleipsis, lit. 'leave out'), rendered ..., also known as suspension points: 19  dots,  points: 19  periods of ellipsis, or ellipsis points,: 19  or colloquially, dot-dot-dot, is a  punctuation mark consisting of a series of three dots. An ellipsis can be used in many ways, such as for intentional omission of text or numbers, to imply a concept without using words, or to mark a pause in speech. Style guides differ on how to render an ellipsis both digitally and in print. In some cases, an ellipsis may have four or more dots, spaced dots, or some incorporation with other punctuation.

Slash (punctuation)
The slash is a slanting line punctuation mark /. It is also known as a stroke or solidus, a forward slash and several other historical or technical names. Once used as the equivalent of the modern period and comma, the slash is now used to represent division and fractions, as a date separator, in between multiple alternative or related terms, and to indicate abbreviation.
Orlando Cabrera
Orlando Luis Cabrera Ramírez (born November 2, 1974), nicknamed "O-Cab" and "the OC", is a Colombian-American former baseball infielder.

He won the 2004 World Series championship with the Boston Red Sox. He also played for the Montreal Expos, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Chicago White Sox, Oakland Athletics, Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians and San Francisco Giants. Cabrera is the younger brother of former major leaguer Jolbert Cabrera.

Cabrera won the Gold Glove Award in 2001 and in 2007. He announced his retirement before the 2012 season.

Matt Murton
Matthew Henry Murton (born October 3, 1981) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Oakland Athletics, and Colorado Rockies. Murton also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hanshin Tigers.
Citronelle, Alabama
Citronelle is a city on the northern border of Mobile County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 3,946. It is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area and is about 34 miles (55 km) north of Mobile.

Edward Canby
Edward Richard Sprigg Canby (November 9, 1817 – April 11, 1873) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. He served as a military governor after the war.

In 1861–1862, Canby commanded the Department of New Mexico, defeating the Confederate General Henry Hopkins Sibley at the Battle of Glorieta Pass, forcing him to retreat to Texas. At the war's end, he took the surrender of Generals Richard Taylor and Edmund Kirby Smith.

As commander of the Pacific Northwest in 1873, he was assassinated by Chief Kintpuash during peace talks with the Modoc.
Martin Truex Jr.
Martin Lee Truex Jr. (born June 29, 1980) is an American semi-retired professional stock car racing driver. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 56 Toyota Camry XSE for Tricon Garage. He is the 2017 NASCAR Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion, having won two consecutive championships in 2004 and 2005.

Many members of Truex Jr.'s family are current or retired NASCAR drivers. His younger brother Ryan competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series for JGR, and is a two-time consecutive champion in what is now known as the ARCA Menards Series East. His late father Martin Sr. competed full-time in the East Series in the 1990s. His uncle Barney competed part-time in the Whelen Modified Tour in the 1980s. His cousins, Curtis Truex Jr. and Tyler Truex, are late model racing drivers.

The Big One (motorsport)
The Big One is a phrase describing any crash usually involving five or more cars in NASCAR, ARCA, F1, and IndyCar racing. It is most commonly used at Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway, although occasionally seen at other tracks as well, such as Dover Motor Speedway and Watkins Glen International.
Victoria Sinitsina
Victoria Alexandrovna Sinitsina (Russian: Виктория Александровна Синицина; born 29 April 1995) is a Russian ice dancer. With Nikita Katsalapov, she is the 2022 Olympic bronze medalist in the team event, 2022 Olympic silver medalist, 2021 World champion, two-time European Champion (2020,2022), the 2019 World silver medalist, the 2018–19 Grand Prix Final silver medalist, and a two-time Russian national champion (2019–2020). They have also won several medals on the Grand Prix and the Challenger Series, including winning the 2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy.

With former partner Ruslan Zhiganshin, she is the 2012 World Junior champion and won bronze medals at the 2013 Winter Universiade, 2012 Rostelecom Cup, and 2014 Russian Championships.

2022 European Figure Skating Championships
The 2022 European Figure Skating Championships were held from 10 to 16 January 2022 at the Tondiraba Ice Hall in Tallinn, Estonia. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. The competition determined the entry quotas for each federation at the 2023 European Championships. Tallinn was announced as the host in June 2019. The city had previously hosted the competition in 2010.
Sumba
Sumba (Petjo: Soemba-eiland; Indonesian: pulau Sumba), natively also spelt as Humba, Hubba, Suba, or Zuba (in Sumba languages) is an Indonesian island (part of the Lesser Sunda Archipelago group) located in the Eastern Indonesia and administratively part of the East Nusa Tenggara provincial territory. Sumba has an area of 11,243.78 square kilometres (4,341.25 square miles), about the same size as Jamaica or the island of Hawaii. The population was 686,113 at the 2010 Census and 779,049 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2024 was 853,428 (comprising 436,845 males and 416,583 females). To the northwest of Sumba is Sumbawa, to the northeast, across the Sumba Strait (Selat Sumba), is Flores, to the east, across the Savu Sea (including Savu Island), is Timor, and to the south, across part of the Indian Ocean, is Australia.

Kai Islands
The Kai Islands (also Kei Islands) of Indonesia are a group of islands in the southeastern part of the Maluku Islands, located in the province of Maluku. The Moluccas have been known as the Spice Islands due to regionally specific plants such as nutmeg, mace, and cloves that originally intrigued the European nations of the 16th century. The coastal zone of the islands are identified as a site of highest marine biodiversity importance in the Coral Triangle.
Flax
Flax, also known as common flax or linseed, is a flowering plant, Linum usitatissimum, in the family Linaceae. It is cultivated as a food and fiber crop in regions of the world with temperate climates. In 2022, France produced 75% of the world's supply of flax.

Textiles made from flax are known in English as linen and are traditionally used for bed sheets, underclothes, and table linen. Its oil is known as linseed oil. In addition to referring to the plant, the word "flax" may refer to the unspun fibers of the flax plant.

The plant species is known only as a cultivated plant and appears to have been domesticated just once from the wild species Linum bienne, called pale flax. The plants called "flax" in New Zealand are, by contrast, members of the genus Phormium.

Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of edible plants. Like animal fats, vegetable fats are mixtures of triglycerides. Soybean oil, canola oil, grapeseed oil, and cocoa butter are examples of seed oils, or fats from seeds. Olive oil, palm oil, and rice bran oil are examples of fats from other parts of plants. In common usage, vegetable oil may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Philo Farnsworth
Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor who was granted the first patent for the television by the United States Government. He also invented a video camera tube and the image dissector. He commercially produced and sold a fully functioning television system—complete with receiver and camera—which he produced commercially through the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation from 1938 to 1951, in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

In later life, Farnsworth invented a small nuclear fusion device, the Farnsworth Fusor, employing inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC). Like many fusion devices, it was not a practical device for generating nuclear power, although it provides a viable source of neutrons.  The design of this device has been the inspiration for other fusion approaches, including the Polywell reactor concept.  Farnsworth held 300 patents, mostly in radio and television.

Multipactor effect
The multipactor effect is a phenomenon in radio-frequency (RF) amplifier vacuum tubes and waveguides, where, under certain conditions, secondary electron emission in resonance with an alternating electromagnetic field leads to exponential electron multiplication, possibly damaging and even destroying the RF device.
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. Astronomers study astronomical objects, such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies, by some combination of observation and the application of astrophysical models. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the universe as a whole.

Simon Newcomb
Simon Newcomb (March 12, 1835 – July 11, 1909) was a Canadian–American astronomer, applied mathematician, and autodidactic polymath. He served as Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy and at Johns Hopkins University. Born in Nova Scotia, at the age of 19 Newcomb left an apprenticeship to join his father in Massachusetts, where the latter was teaching.

Though Newcomb had little conventional schooling, he completed a Bachelor of Science at Harvard in 1858. He later made important contributions to timekeeping, as well as to other fields in applied mathematics, such as economics and statistics. Fluent in several languages, he also wrote and published several popular science books and a science fiction novel.
Tanzania People's Defence Force
The Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) (Swahili: Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania) is the military force of the United Republic of Tanzania. It was established in September 1964, following a mutiny by the former colonial military force, the Tanganyika Rifles. From its inception, it was ingrained in the troops of the new TPDF that they were a people's force under civilian control. Unlike some of its neighbouring countries, Tanzania has never suffered a coup d'état or civil war.

The TPDF's mission is to defend Tanzania and every Tanzanian, especially the people and their political ideology. Conscripts are obligated to serve 2 years as of 2004.

Battle of Mutukula
The Battle of Mutukula (Kiswahili: Mapigano ya Mutukula) took place from 21 to 22 January 1979 near and in the town of Mutukula, Uganda, during the Uganda–Tanzania War. After repulsing a Ugandan invasion of the Kagera Salient in 1978, Tanzanian commanders feared that Ugandan forces stationed upon the high ground in Mutukula, a town located along the Tanzania–Uganda border, still posed a threat to their territory. On the night of 21 January 1979 the Tanzanian 208th Brigade crossed the border and surrounded the town. The following morning it attacked, and the Ugandan garrison—including the Gondo and Suicide Battalions—fled. Afterwards the Tanzanians razed the locale in revenge for the damage wrought by the Ugandans in Kagera.
TF Sport
TF Sport is an auto racing team founded by Tom Ferrier and headquartered in Slinfold, West Sussex, England, United Kingdom. The team currently competes in the various Sports car racing championships across the world including the FIA World Endurance Championship, the European Le Mans Series, the IMSA SportsCar Championship and the Asian Le Mans Series competing with the Corvette Z06.R GT3.

Chevrolet Corvette Z06 GT3.R
The Chevrolet Corvette Z06 GT3.R is a GT racing car designed and built by Pratt Miller Engineering and Chevrolet to primarily compete in the LMGT3 (Le Mans GT3) and GTD & GTD Pro (Grand Touring Daytona) in the FIA World Endurance Championship and IMSA SportsCar Championship, respectively. The car was built to GT3 specifications and made its competitive debut at the 2024 24 Hours of Daytona.

The car serves as the replacement to the Corvette C8.R, which was retired following the discontinuation of the GTE class. As with its immediate predecessor, it uses the C8 generation Chevrolet Corvette as a base.
Kevin Na
Kevin Sangwook Na (Korean: 나상욱; born September 15, 1983) is a Korean American professional golfer. He was a member of the PGA Tour until June 2022, when he resigned in order to join LIV Golf. He won five tournaments on the PGA Tour between 2011 and 2021.

Shane Lowry
Shane Lowry (born 2 April 1987) is an Irish professional golfer who plays on the European Tour and the PGA Tour. His notable victories include the Irish Open in 2009 as an amateur and the 2019 Open Championship.

Lowry played for the Irish teams which won the European Amateur Team Championship in both 2007 and 2008. He has represented Europe at the Ryder Cup in 2021, 2023 and 2025; Lowry holed the decisive putt at the latter event.
Men's Irish Senior Cup (field hockey)
The Men's Irish Senior Cup is the senior field hockey cup competition organised by Hockey Ireland, featuring men's teams from the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The competition was first established in 1893, making it the oldest field hockey cup competition in the world. Lisnagarvey are the competition's most successful team.

Women's Irish Senior Cup (field hockey)
The Women's Irish Senior Cup is the premier knockout trophy played for by the top women's field hockey clubs in Ireland. The competition is held under the auspices of the Irish Hockey Association, a body that was formed with the merger of the men's and women's Unions in 2000. The Irish Ladies Hockey Union was the first women's hockey organisation in the world.
Parchment
Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves and goats. It has been used as a writing medium in West Asia and Europe for more than two millennia. By 400 AD many of the written works intended for preservation in these regions had been transferred from papyrus to parchment. Vellum is a type of fine-quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves.

The generic term animal membrane is sometimes used by libraries and museums that wish to avoid distinguishing between parchment and vellum.

Charter
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and it is that sense which is retained in modern usage of the term. In early medieval Britain, charters transferred land from donors to recipients.

The word entered the English language from the Old French charte, via Latin charta, and ultimately from Greek χάρτης (khartes, meaning "layer of papyrus"). It has come to be synonymous with a document that sets out a grant of rights or privileges.
Call and response
Call and response is a form of interaction between a speaker and an audience in which the speaker's statements ("calls") are punctuated by responses from the listeners, for example in protest gatherings and marches where calls such as "what do we want?" and "when do we want it?" form a vehicle for promoting the issue underlying the protest. This form is also used in music, where it falls under the general category of antiphony.

Work song
A work song is a piece of music closely connected to a form of work, either one sung while conducting a task (usually to coordinate timing) or one linked to a task that may be a connected narrative, description, or protest song. An example is "I've Been Working on the Railroad".
Lexis King
Brian Zachary Pillman (born September 9, 1993) is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE, where he performs on the NXT brand under the ring name Lexis King.

Pillman is known for his time in All Elite Wrestling (AEW) from 2019 to 2023 and Major League Wrestling (MLW) from 2018 to 2021, where he worked under his real name. A second-generation wrestler, he is the son of Brian Pillman.

NXT Breakout Tournament
The NXT Breakout Tournament is a professional wrestling single elimination tournament produced by professional wrestling promotion WWE for the NXT brand. It was first introduced in 2019 and features eight wrestlers who are new arrivals on NXT (usually WWE Performance Center recruits making their WWE NXT television debuts). The winner receives a championship match of their choice, which they can cash in at any time.
Burning Spear
Winston Rodney OD (born 1 March 1945), better known by the stage name Burning Spear, is a Jamaican roots reggae singer-songwriter, vocalist, and musician. Burning Spear is a Rastafarian and one of the most influential and long-standing roots artists to emerge from the 1970s.

The Skatalites
The Skatalites are a ska band from Jamaica. They played initially between 1963 and 1965, and recorded many of their best known songs in the period, including "Guns of Navarone". They also played on records by Prince Buster and backed many other Jamaican artists who recorded during that period, including Bob Marley & The Wailers, on their first single "Simmer Down". They reformed in 1983 and have played together ever since.
East Orange, New Jersey
East Orange is a city in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 69,612, an increase of 5,342 (+8.3%) from the 2010 census count of 64,270, which in turn reflected a decline of 5,554 (−8.0%) from the 69,824 counted in the 2000 census. The city was the state's 17th most populous municipality in 2020, after having been ranked 20th in 2010 and 14th statewide in 2000. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 69,556 for 2023, making it the 544th-most populous municipality in the nation.

Morris & Essex Lines
The Morris & Essex Lines are a group of former Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (DL&W) railroad lines in New Jersey now owned and operated by NJ Transit. The lines include service offered on the Morristown Line and the Gladstone Branch. Prior to 2002, the former Montclair Branch, now part of the Montclair–Boonton Line, was included as well. The name refers to the Morris and Essex Railroad, which originally constructed the lines before being leased by the DL&W in 1868, and later outright acquired in 1945.

The lines were electrified by the DL&W at 3000 V DC in 1930/31, and by August 1984 had been converted to 25 kV 60 Hz by NJ Transit.

Service is available directly to Hoboken Terminal or via the Kearny Connection to Secaucus Junction and Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan. Passengers can transfer at Newark Broad Street or Summit to reach the other destination if necessary.
Gus Cannon
Gustavus "Gus" Cannon (September 12, 1883 – October 15, 1979) was an American blues musician who helped to popularize jug bands (such as his own Cannon's Jug Stompers) in the 1920s and 1930s. There is uncertainty about his birth year; his tombstone gives the date as 1874.

Stealin', Stealin
"Stealin" (also called "Stealin', Stealin'") is an American blues song from the 1920s. It originated with jug bands, but gained wider popularity after several 1960s contemporary folk musicians recorded it.  Although various artists have recorded different verses, the chorus has remained consistent:

Stealin', stealin', pretty mama don't you tell on me
I'm stealin' back to my same old used to be