hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
German studies
German studies is an academic field that researches, documents and disseminates German language, literature, and culture in its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies therefore often focus on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Approaches to the discipline vary by country. Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics alongside Germanophone literature and cultural studies.

Common names for "German Studies" for the field within German-speaking countries are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology. Academics who specialize in German studies are referred to as Germanists.

Czech studies
Bohemistics, also known as Czech studies, is the field of humanities that researches, documents and disseminates Czech language and literature in both its historic and present-day forms. The common Czech name for the field is bohemistika. A researcher in the field is usually called a "Bohemist".
Waldorf, Maryland
Waldorf is a census-designated place in Charles County, Maryland, United States. Located 23 miles (37 km) south-southeast of Washington, D.C., Waldorf is part of Southern Maryland. Its population was 81,410 at the 2020 census. Waldorf has experienced dramatic growth, increasing its population 16-fold from fewer than 5,000 residents in 1980 to its current population. It is now the largest commercial and residential area in Southern Maryland as well as a major suburb in the Washington metropolitan area.

Bowie, Maryland
Bowie (/ˈbuːi/) is a city in Prince George's County, Maryland, U.S. Per the 2020 census, the population was 58,329. Bowie has grown from a small railroad stop to the largest municipality in Prince George's County; it is also the fifth most populous city and third largest city by area in the U.S. state of Maryland. The city is home to Bowie State University, Maryland's oldest historically Black university.
Nagravision
Nagravision (or Nagra Kudelski or simply Nagra) is a company of the Kudelski Group that develops conditional access systems for digital cable and satellite television. The name is also used for their main products, the Nagravision encryption systems.

High-definition television
High-definition television (HDTV) describes a television or video system which provides a substantially higher image resolution than the previous generation of technologies. The term has been used since at least 1933; in more recent times, it refers to the generation following standard-definition television (SDTV). It is the standard video format used in most broadcasts: terrestrial broadcast television, cable television, and satellite television.
Kavrepalanchok District
Kavrepalanchok District (Nepali: काभ्रेपलाञ्चोक जिल्ला; IAST: Kābhrepalāñcok pronounced [kabʱrepʌˈlant͡sok] ⓘ) also known as Kavre is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Dhulikhel as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,396 km2 (539 sq mi). It is a part of Bagmati Province and has a population of 364,039.

Nepal's Information Technology Park is also located in this district.

Rural municipality (Nepal)
A gaunpalika (Nepali: गाउँपालिका, romanized: Gāum̐pālikā, lit. 'rural municipality' Nepali pronunciation: [ɡãũ̯palika]) is an administrative division in Nepal. The Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development dissolved the existing village development committees and announced the establishment of this new local body. It is a sub-unit of a district. There are currently 481 rural municipalities.
European Volleyball Confederation
The European Volleyball Confederation (French: Confédération Européenne de Volleyball or CEV) is the continental governing body for the sports of indoor volleyball, beach volleyball and snow volleyball in Europe. Its headquarters is in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.

German Volleyball Association
The German Volleyball Association (DVV) or in (German: Deutscher Volleyball-Verband) is the governing body for volleyball in the Federal Republic of Germany. The DVV is a member of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB), the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV) and it is associated with the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB).
It has an active 7,009 sport societies and 408,863 registered members.

It organizes the men's and women's volleyball championships in Germany and it manages and organizes all the activities of the men's and women's national teams from seniors to under-age categories.
DVV also is responsible for all activities in beach volleyball in Germany.
Wild turkey
The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an upland game bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey (M. g. domesticus), which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey (not the related ocellated turkey).

Scissor-tailed flycatcher
The scissor-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus forficatus), known as swallow-tailed flycatcher or scissorstail, is a short-tailed insectivorous bird of the genus Tyrannus, whose members are collectively referred to as kingbirds. It is found in North and Central America, and is Oklahoma's State Bird.
Political cartoon
A political cartoon, also known as an editorial cartoon, is a cartoon graphic with caricatures of public figures, expressing the artist's opinion. An artist who writes and draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist. They typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to either question authority or draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills.

Developed in England in the latter part of the 18th century, the political cartoon was pioneered by James Gillray, although his and others in the flourishing English industry were sold as individual prints in print shops.  Founded in 1841, the British periodical Punch appropriated the term cartoon to refer to its political cartoons, which led to the term's widespread use.

Uncle Sam
Uncle Sam is a common national personification of the United States, depicting the federal government or the country as a whole. Since the early 19th century, Uncle Sam has been a popular symbol of the U.S. government in American culture and a manifestation of patriotic emotion. Uncle Sam has also developed notoriety for his appearance in military propaganda, made popular in 1917 World War I recruiting poster by James Montgomery Flagg.

According to legend, the character came into use during the War of 1812 and may have been named after Samuel Wilson. The actual origin is obscure. The first reference to Uncle Sam in formal literature (as distinct from newspapers) was in the 1816 allegorical book The Adventures of Uncle Sam, in Search After His Lost Honor.

While the figure of Uncle Sam specifically represents the government, the female figure of Columbia represents the United States as a nation. An archaic character, Brother Jonathan, was known to represent the American populace.
Moorlands Radio
Moorlands Radio is a community radio station based in Leek in the Staffordshire Moorlands, England. It was granted the full-time licence in the second round of community radio licensing by broadcast regulator Ofcom in February 2008. The station serves the rural Staffordshire Moorlands, covering the main towns of Leek and Biddulph.

It is funded through a combination of grant funding from local authorities and charities and revenue from the sale of advertising to local businesses. All presenters and staff at the station are volunteers.

Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshire
Hits Radio Staffordshire & Cheshire, formerly Signal 1, is an Independent Local Radio station owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK as part of the Hits Radio network. It broadcasts to North Staffordshire and South Cheshire.

As of September 2024, the station has a weekly audience of 173,000 listeners according to RAJAR.
2025 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 2025 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships was held at the Indonesia Arena in Jakarta, Indonesia from October 19–25, 2025. It was the first world artistic gymnastics championship hosted by any Southeast Asian country.  Like other world championships held in the year after the Olympics, there was no team competition.

Kameron Nelson (gymnast)
Kameron Nelson (born August 2, 2001) is an American artistic gymnast who has represented the United States. He won the national vault title at the 2023 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships. He competed collegiately for the Ohio State Buckeyes.
Hundred (county division)
A hundred is an administrative division that is geographically part of a larger region. It was formerly used in England, Wales, some parts of the United States, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway, and in Cumberland County in the British Colony of New South Wales. It is still used in other places, including in Australia (in South Australia and the Northern Territory). Other terms for the hundred in English and other languages include wapentake, herred (Danish and Bokmål Norwegian), herad (Nynorsk Norwegian), härad or hundare (Swedish), Harde (German), hiird (North Frisian), kihlakunta (Finnish), kihelkond (Estonian), and cantref (Welsh). In Ireland, a similar subdivision of counties is referred to as a barony, and a hundred is a subdivision of a particularly large townland (most townlands are not divided into hundreds).

County of Eyre
The County of Eyre is one of the 49 cadastral counties of South Australia. It was proclaimed by Governor George Grey in 1842 and named for the explorer Edward John Eyre. It covers a portion of the state between the Adelaide Hills in the west and the Murray River in the east from Robertstown and Mannum on the northern boundary to Sedan and Swan Reach on the southern boundary.
Miaolingian
The Miaolingian or Mid-Late Cambrian is the third Series of the Cambrian Period, and was formally named in 2018. It lasted from about 506.5 to 497 million years ago and is divided in ascending order into 3 stages: the Wuliuan, Drumian, and Guzhangian. The Miaolingian is preceded by the unnamed Cambrian Series 2 and succeeded by the Furongian series.

It is named after the Miaoling Mountains in southeastern Guizhou Province, China.

Cambrian Stage 3
Cambrian Stage 3 is the still unnamed third stage of the Cambrian. It succeeds Cambrian Stage 2 and precedes Cambrian Stage 4, although neither its base nor top have been formally defined. The plan is for its lower boundary to correspond approximately to the first appearance of trilobites, about 521 million years ago, though the globally asynchronous appearance of trilobites warrants the use of a separate, globally synchronous marker to define the base. The upper boundary and beginning of Cambrian Stage 4 is informally defined as the first appearance of the trilobite genera Olenellus or Redlichia around 514.5 million years ago.
Columbia Records
Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Music Group, an American subsidiary of multinational conglomerate Sony. Founded on January 15, 1889, Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the recorded sound business, and the second major company to produce records. It is one of Sony Music's four flagship record labels, along with Epic Records, former longtime rival RCA Records, and Arista Records. RCA and Arista were originally owned by BMG until Sony's acquisition at the end of their merger in 2008.

Sampler album
A sampler or promotional compilation is a type of compilation album generally offered at a reduced price to showcase an artist or a selection of artists signed to a particular record label. The format became popular in the late 1960s as record labels sought to promote artists whose works were primarily available in album rather than single format, and therefore had little opportunity to gain exposure through singles-dominated radio airplay. Most samplers showcased already-released material, so that as they sampled artists they also sampled the albums from which their tracks were drawn. The term "album sampler" is also used in cases where an album is distributed among multiple records in case of, for example, vinyl where the maximum play time is less than the length of the full album. In these cases, album sampler titles may be added to each vinyl.
Lumpy Stevens
Edward "Lumpy" Stevens (1735 – 7 September 1819) was an English professional cricketer who played in the 18th century. He was an outstanding bowler who is generally regarded as the first great bowler in the game's history. He was universally known by his nickname and was always called "Lumpy" in contemporary scorecards and reports.

Vine Cricket Ground
The Vine Cricket Ground, also known as Sevenoaks Vine, is one of the oldest cricket venues in England. It was given to the town of Sevenoaks in Kent in 1773 by John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset (1745–1799) and owner of nearby Knole House. The land is thought to have possibly been used as a vineyard for the Archbishops of Canterbury.

Seven oak trees were planted on the northern edge of the ground in 1902 to mark the coronation of King Edward VII. Six were blown down in the Great Storm of 1987. In December 1987, seven new oaks were planted to replace those lost in the storm.
Robby Ginepri
Robert Louis Ginepri (/dʒɪˈnɛpri/ jih-NEP-ree; born October 7, 1982) is an American tennis coach and a former professional player. He won three ATP singles titles in his career and achieved a career-high ranking of World No. 15 in December 2005. Ginepri's best Grand Slam result was the semifinals of the 2005 US Open.

Frank Dancevic
Frank Russell Dancevic (/ˈdæntsɪvɪk, ˈdæntʃɪvɪtʃ/ DANT-siv-ik, DAN-chiv-itch; Serbian: Френк Расел Данчевић, romanized: Frenk Rasel Dančević, pronounced [dǎːntʃevitɕ]; born September 26, 1984) is a retired Canadian professional tennis player. He first became the country's top singles player, according to ATP rankings, on February 10, 2003, as an 18-year-old, and remained so from January 30, 2006, until June 20, 2010. Dancevic has reached two ATP singles finals (Indianapolis and Eastbourne), the quarterfinals of the 2007 Montreal Masters and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 65 in September 2007.

In August 2011, Dancevic became the first men's singles player, in one calendar year, to enter the main draw of all four Grand Slam tournaments by playing the qualifying competition for each event.

He has been the captain of Canada's Davis Cup team since 2017.
United States district court
The United States district courts are the trial courts of the U.S. federal judiciary.  There is one district court for each federal judicial district.  Each district covers one U.S. state or a portion of a state. There is at least one federal courthouse in each district, and many districts have more than one. District court decisions are appealed to the U.S. court of appeals for the circuit in which they reside, except for certain specialized cases that are appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or directly to the U.S. Supreme Court.

District courts are courts of law, equity, and admiralty, and can hear both civil and criminal cases. But unlike U.S. state courts, federal district courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, and can only hear cases that involve disputes between residents of different states, questions of federal law, or federal crimes.

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin (in case citations, E.D. Wis.) is a federal trial court of limited jurisdiction. The court is under the auspices of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, although patent claims and claims against the federal government under the Tucker Act are appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The Eastern District was established on June 30, 1870.

The district's headquarters, central courthouse, and the majority of its offices are located in Milwaukee, but the northern counties of the district are serviced by a courthouse in Green Bay. Currently, Pamela Pepper is the district's chief judge. As of November 17, 2025, the interim United States attorney for the district is Brad Schimel.
Dirk van Duijvenbode
Dirk van Duijvenbode (born 30 June 1992) is a Dutch professional darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events, where is ranked world number thirty; he reached a peak ranking of world number ten in 2023. A PDC Tour Card holder since 2016, Van Duijvenbode has won six Players Championship titles. He was the runner-up at the 2020 World Grand Prix and 2022 World Series of Darts Finals, losing to Gerwyn Price in the final on both occasions. He has also finished as runner-up in three events on the PDC European Tour.

He is known for his energetic walk-on, combined with hardstyle music. He has been nicknamed "Aubergenius" due to him working on an aubergine farm.

Ritchie Edhouse
Ritchie Edhouse (born 19 April 1983) is an English professional darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events, where he is ranked world number twenty-nine. He won his first major title at the 2024 European Championship, defeating Jermaine Wattimena 11–3 in the final.

He has also made the semi-finals in five ranking events on the PDC Pro Tour, being a one-time semi-finalist on the PDC European Tour, at the 2018 Dutch Darts Championship, and a four-time semi-finalist in Players Championship events. Edhouse also won three titles on the PDC Challenge Tour.
Dana Scott
Dana Stewart Scott (born October 11, 1932) is an American logician who is the Hillman University Professor emeritus of Computer Science, Philosophy, and Mathematical Logic at Carnegie Mellon University. He is now retired and lives in Berkeley, California. He and Michael O. Rabin won the 1976 ACM Turing Award for their work on automata theory, while his collaborative work with Christopher Strachey in the 1970s laid the foundations of modern approaches to the semantics of programming languages. He has also worked on modal logic, topology, and category theory.

Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor in philosophia) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America) and is pronounced as three separate letters (/ˌpiːeɪtʃˈdiː/ PEE-aych-DEE). The University of Oxford uses the alternative abbreviation "DPhil".

PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist.
Dailymotion
Dailymotion is a French online video sharing platform owned by Canal+. Prior to 2024, it was owned by Vivendi. North American launch partners included Vice Media, Bloomberg, and Hearst Digital Media. Dailymotion was among the first platforms to support HD (720p) resolution video. It is available worldwide in 183 languages and 43 localised versions featuring local home pages and content. It has more than 300 million monthly users.

Blip.tv
Blip (formerly blip.tv) was an American  media platform for web series content and also offered a dashboard for producers of original web series to distribute and monetize their productions. The company was founded on May 5, 2005, and it was located in New York City (where the headquarters was located) and Los Angeles. It was financed by Bain Capital Ventures, Canaan Partners, and Ambient Sound Investments. Blip's mission statement was "to deliver the best original web series to audiences across multiple platforms." The site showcased a wide variety of dramas, comedies, arts, sports and other shows. Blip was acquired by Maker Studios in 2013 and shut down by them on August 20, 2015.
Barony (Ireland)
In Ireland, a barony (Irish: barúntacht, plural barúntachtaí) is a historical subdivision of a county, analogous to the hundreds into which the counties of England were divided. Baronies were created during the Tudor reconquest of Ireland, replacing the earlier cantreds formed after the original Norman invasion. Some early baronies were later subdivided into half baronies with the same standing as full baronies.

Baronies were mainly cadastral rather than administrative units. They acquired modest local taxation and spending functions in the 19th century before being superseded by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. Subsequent adjustments of county boundaries mean that some baronies now straddle two counties.

The final catalogue of baronies numbered 331, with an average area of 255 km2 (98 sq mi; 63,000 acres); each county was divided, on average, into 10 or 11 baronies.

Lorrha
Lorrha (from Irish: Lothra) is a small village at the northern tip of County Tipperary, Ireland. Ledewich described village as 'Larah' which is the common name for the talk-motes, mote hills etc. P. Dixon Hardy M.R.I.A. describes it as 'Loragh'

It is located on a minor road between the R489 Birr to Portumna road and the N65 Nenagh to Portumna road about five kilometres east of the point where the River Shannon enters Lough Derg.

It is also the name of a townland and a civil parish in the historical  barony of Ormond Lower. The civil parish borders Portumna in County Galway and Birr in County Offaly.
Bootsy Collins
William Earl "Bootsy" Collins (born October 26, 1951) is an American bass guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Rising to prominence with James Brown in the early 1970s before joining the Parliament-Funkadelic collective, Collins established himself as one of the leading names and innovators in funk with his driving basslines and humorous vocals.  He later formed his own P-Funk side project known as 'Bootsy's Rubber Band'.   He was a frequent collaborator with other musicians from a variety of genres, including dance music (Deee-Lite's "Groove Is in the Heart"), electronic big beat (Fatboy Slim's "Weapon of Choice" and "The Joker"), and alternative metal (Praxis), among others. He is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with 15 other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. In 2020, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Collins number 4 in its list of the 50 greatest bassists of all time.

Sly and Robbie
Sly and Robbie were a prolific Jamaican rhythm section and production duo, associated primarily with the reggae and dub genres. Drummer Sly Dunbar and bassist Robbie Shakespeare teamed up in the mid-1970s after establishing themselves separately in Jamaica as professional musicians. They recorded several albums under the Sly and Robbie name, and made hundreds of appearances on records by other performers.

Shakespeare died in December 2021 following kidney surgery, and Dunbar on 26 January 2026.