hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (German: Großherzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was a territory in Northern Germany held by the House of Mecklenburg residing at Schwerin. It was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire in 1871.

Berlin–Hamburg railway
The Berlin–Hamburg railway is a roughly 286 km (178 mi) long railway line for passenger, long-distance and goods trains. It was the first high-speed line upgraded in Germany to be capable of handling train speeds of over 200 km/h (120 mph) (up to 230 km/h).

The line was built by the Berlin-Hamburg Railway Company, work starting on 6 May 1844, and was taken into service on 15 December 1846. It was then the longest trunk route in the German states, and ran from Berlin's Hamburg station (from October 1884 from Lehrte station), via Spandau, Neustadt (Dosse), Wittenberge, Ludwigslust, Büchen and along the already existing 15.6 kilometres (9.7 mi) route of the Hamburg-Bergedorf Railway to the Berlin station in Hamburg.
Commonwealth Fund
The Commonwealth Fund is an American private foundation whose stated purpose is to "promote a high-performing health care system that achieves better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency, particularly for society's most vulnerable, including low-income people, the uninsured, and people of color." It is active in a number of areas related to health care and health policy. It is led by Joseph R. Betancourt, M.D., M.P.H.

KFF (health policy organization)
KFF, formerly known as The Kaiser Family Foundation or The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, is an American non-profit organization, headquartered in San Francisco, California. KFF, which is the legal name of the organization, is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente and is a public charity. KFF states that it is an independent organization focused on health policy. It conducts its own research, polling, and journalism. Its website has been praised for having the "most up-to-date and accurate information on health policy" and as a "must-read for healthcare devotees".
National Assembly (Armenia)
The National Assembly of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Ազգային ժողով, Hayastani Hanrapetyut'yan Azgayin zhoghov or simply Ազգային ժողով, ԱԺ, Azgayin Zhoghov, AZh), also informally referred to as the Parliament of Armenia (խորհրդարան, khorhrdaran) is the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.

Vahagn Khachaturyan
Vahagn Garniki Khachaturyan (Armenian: Վահագն Գառնիկի Խաչատուրյան, pronounced [vɑˈhɑɡən χɑt͡ʃʰɑtuɾˈjɑn]; born 22 April 1959) is an Armenian economist and politician who has served as the fifth and current president of Armenia since 2022. He previously served as mayor of Yerevan from 1992 to 1996 and minister of High-Tech Industry from 2021 to 2022 under Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan.

He was a member of the Armenian National Congress (ANC) until his resignation in 2022, although he had not participated in party activities since 2017. He led the ANC list in the 2013 Yerevan City Council election.
Marina Erakovic
Marina Erakovic (/məˈrɪnə ɪˈrækəvɪtʃ/ mə-RIN-ə ih-RAK-ə-vitch; Croatian: Marina Eraković [marǐːna erǎːkoʋitɕ]; born 6 March 1988) is a former tennis player from New Zealand. She achieved career-high rankings of 39 in singles and 25 in doubles, and won a singles title (at Memphis in February 2013) and eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour.

Sílvia Soler Espinosa
Sílvia Soler Espinosa (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsilβja soˈleɾ espiˈnosa]; born 19 November 1987) is a retired Spanish tennis player.

In her career, she won one doubles title on the WTA Tour, as well as five singles and two doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 21 May 2012, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 54. On 28 April 2014, she peaked at No. 39 in the doubles rankings.

Playing for Spain Fed Cup team, Soler Espinosa has a win–loss record of 4–11.
Hazel
Hazels are plants of the genus Corylus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The genus is usually placed in the birch family, Betulaceae, though some botanists split the hazels (with the hornbeams and allied genera) into a separate family Corylaceae. The fruit of the hazel is the hazelnut.

Ribes
Ribes (/ˈraɪbiːz/) is a genus of approximately 200 known species of flowering plants, predominantly native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Ribes is the sole genus in the plant family Grossulariaceae. The genus includes species commonly referred to as redcurrants, blackcurrants, whitecurrants, and gooseberries. Several species are cultivated both for their edible fruit and as ornamental plants in horticulture. Notably, Ribes are also alternate hosts for white pine blister rust, a fungal pathogen predominantly impacting five-needle pines.
Mawlamyine District
Mawlamyine District (Burmese: မော်လမြိုင်ခရိုင်) is a(Mon language :ခရီုမတ်မလီု) district of the Mon State in Myanmar (Burma). The capital is Mawlamyine town. The district covers an area of 6,084 km2, and had a population of 1,232,221 at the 2014 Census.

Townships of Myanmar
Townships (Burmese: မြို့နယ်, Mrui.nay; IPA: [mjo̰nɛ̀]) are the third-level administrative divisions of Myanmar. They are the sub-divisions of the districts of Myanmar. According to the Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU), as of December 2015, there are 330 townships in Myanmar.

Townships are the basic administrative unit of local governance and are the only type of administrative division that cover all of Myanmar. A township is administered by a township administrator, a civil servant appointed through the General Administration Department (GAD) of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA). The minister of home affairs is to be appointed by the military according to the 2008 constitution. Townships are supervised by districts.
Galactic disc
A galactic disc (or galactic disk) is a component of disc galaxies, such as spiral galaxies like the Milky Way and lenticular galaxies. Galactic discs consist of a stellar component (composed of most of the galaxy's stars) and a gaseous component (mostly composed of cool gas and dust). The stellar population of galactic discs tend to exhibit very little random motion with most of its stars undergoing nearly circular orbits about the galactic center. Discs can be fairly thin because the disc material's motion lies predominantly on the plane of the disc (very little vertical motion). The Milky Way's disc, for example, is approximately 1 kilolight-year thick, but thickness can vary for discs in other galaxies.

Light-year
A light-year, alternatively spelled light year (ly or lyr), is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equal to exactly 9460730472580.8 km, which is approximately 9.46 trillion kilometres or 5.88 trillion miles. As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days). Despite its inclusion of the word "year", the term is not a unit of time.

The light-year is most often used when expressing distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale, especially in non-specialist contexts and popular science publications. The unit most commonly used in professional astronomy is the parsec (pc), approximately 3.26 light-years.
Al Ittihad Alexandria (basketball)
Al Ittihad Alexandria (Arabic: نادي الإتحاد السكندري; transl. Union Alexandria Club) is an Egyptian professional basketball club based in Alexandria. Founded in 1914, the team plays in the Egyptian Basketball Premier League. The team is widely considered the basketball powerhouse of Egypt, having won a record 16 Premier League championships, a record 14 Egyptian Cups and 3 Super Cups. In continental and international competitions, Ittihad has won the FIBA Africa Champions Cup (BAL) in 1987, its only African continental title. The team has also won the Arab Championship a record 7 seven times.

The team plays its home games in the Kamal Shalaby Hall. Al Ittihad is nicknamed Masters of the City.

2025 BAL season
The 2025 BAL season, also known as BAL Season 5,  was the 5th season of the Basketball Africa League (BAL). The season began on 5 April and ended on 14 June 2025 with the final. The playoffs and finals will be held in Pretoria, South Africa, for the first time.

Petro de Luanda were the defending champions, having won the previous season, but lost in the final to Al Ahli Tripoli, who became the first Libyan team to win the BAL championship. As winners, Al Ahli Tripoli earned the right to play in the 2025 FIBA Intercontinental Cup.
Carbonia, Sardinia
Carbonia (Italian: [karˈbɔːnja] ⓘ; Sardinian: Carbòniacode: srd promoted to code: sc ; Campidanese: Crabònia [kɾaˈβɔɲa]) is a town and municipality, along with Iglesias is the co-capital of the province of Sulcis Iglesiente in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy. It is located in the south-west of the island, at about an hour by car or train from the regional capital, Cagliari. With a population of 25,588, it is the largest municipality in the province and the 9th-largest in Sardinia.

Villaperuccio
Villaperuccio (Sardinian: Sa Baronia) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sulcis Iglesiente in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Cagliari and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southeast of Carbonia, in the lower Sulcis.

Villaperuccio borders the municipalities of Narcao, Nuxis, Perdaxius, Piscinas, Santadi, and Tratalias. Its territory includes the pre-Nuragic necropolis of Montessu, some 40 nuraghe and the menhir site of is perdas croccadas.
HFX Wanderers FC
Halifax Wanderers FC, also written as HFX Wanderers FC, is a Canadian professional soccer club in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The club competes in the Canadian Premier League (CPL) at the top of the Canadian soccer league system, and play their home matches at Wanderers Grounds.

2021 Canadian Championship
The 2021 Canadian Championship was the fourteenth edition of the Canadian Championship, contested from August 15 to November 21, 2021. The winners of the tournament, CF Montréal, were awarded the Voyageurs Cup and earned a berth in the 2022 CONCACAF Champions League.
Carmel Sepuloni
Carmel Jean Sepuloni (born 1977) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 20th deputy prime minister of New Zealand. A member of the Labour Party, she was first elected to Parliament in 2008 for a three-year term as a list Member of Parliament (MP) and was re-elected as MP for Kelston in 2014. In 2023, she was elected as the deputy leader of the Labour Party, succeeding Kelvin Davis.

Sepuloni is New Zealand's first MP of Tongan descent. She was a senior minister in the Sixth Labour Government under Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, holding office as Minister for Social Development throughout the government's term and additionally serving as Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage, Minister for ACC, Minister for Workplace Relations and Safety, Minister for Disability Issues and Minister for Pacific Peoples. She became deputy prime minister in January 2023 when the Labour leadership switched to Chris Hipkins.

Minister for Social Development (New Zealand)
The Minister for Social Development (Māori: Te Manatū Whakahiato Ora) is a minister in the New Zealand Government with responsibility promoting social development and welfare, and is in charge of the Ministry of Social Development. The position was established in 1938 after the passing of the Social Security Act 1938.

The present Minister is Louise Upston.
Screenplay
A screenplay, or script, is a written work produced for a film, television show (also known as a teleplay), or video game by screenwriters (cf. stage play). Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. A screenplay is a form of narration in which the movements, actions, expressions and dialogue of the characters are described in a certain format. Visual or cinematographic cues may be given, as well as scene descriptions and scene changes.

Option (filmmaking)
In the film industry, an option agreement is a contract that "rents" the rights to a source material to a potential film producer. 
It grants the film producer the exclusive option to purchase rights to the source material if they live up to the terms of the contract and make a film (or series) from it. This is known as optioning the source material.

Some examples of producers are film studios, production companies or an individual. Source materials are often a book, theatrical play, or screenplay; however, they may also be articles, video games, songs, or any other work of intellectual property.

The term is often used as a verb. For example, "Paramount optioned a short story by Ted Chiang."
Samuel Ikome Sako
Samuel Ikome Sako is an Ambazonian politician and incumbent president of the internationally unrecognized proto-state of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia. He was elected president of the Interim Government a month after Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe, the first president, was abducted in Nigeria and extradited illegally to Cameroon. From captivity in Yaoundé, the former president Ayuk Tabe announced that he had dismissed Sako in May 2019, a decision that started the long-running Ambazonian leadership crisis.

In terms of background, he studied linguistics, and theology and is an ordained minister, Christian counselor and a licensed financial professional. He has spent several years in the United States, where he worked with the Maryland state government, and has been a trade consultant and CEO. He was also president emeritus of the Community Humanitarian Emergency Board International (COHEB).

President of Ambazonia
The president of the Interim Government of Ambazonia is the head of state of the unrecognised breakaway state of Ambazonia, which claims the Northwest Region and Southwest Region of Cameroon. No country has formally recognized Ambazonia's independence and the various pro-independence armed groups have not consistently controlled any territory, but are engaged in guerrilla campaigns against pro-government forces. The territory claimed by Ambazonia is currently the site of an armed conflict between Anglophone separatist guerrillas ("Ambazonians") and the Cameroonian military known as the Anglophone Crisis.

For its whole existence, the presidency of Ambazonia has been a position in exile. Since 2019, the presidency has been disputed and none of the claimants has demonstrated effective authority over the various Anglophone or pro-Ambazonian armed groups.
Observational learning
Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes. In humans, this form of learning seems to not need reinforcement to occur, but instead, requires a social model such as a parent, sibling, friend, or teacher with surroundings. Particularly in childhood, a model is someone of authority or higher status in an environment. In animals, observational learning is often based on classical conditioning, in which an instinctive behavior is elicited by observing the behavior of another (e.g. mobbing in birds), but other processes may be involved as well.

Modeling (psychology)
Modeling is:

a method used in certain cognitive-behavioral techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, copying a human model without any specific verbal direction by the therapist, and

a general process in which persons serve as models for others, exhibiting the behavior to be imitated by others. This process is most commonly discussed for children.
Voivode
Voivode is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe, in use since the Early Middle Ages. It primarily referred to the medieval rulers of the Romanian-inhabited states and of governors and military commanders of Polish, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Balkan, Russian and other Slavic-speaking populations.

In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, voivode was interchangeably used with palatine. In the Tsardom of Russia, a voivode was a military governor. Among the Danube principalities, and in Bohemia, voivode was considered a princely title.

Dan II of Wallachia
Dan II cel Viteaz  (? – 1 June 1432) was a voivode of the principality of Wallachia, ruling an extraordinary five times, and succeeded four times by Radu II Chelul, his rival for the throne. Of those five periods on the throne of Wallachia (1420–1421, 1421–1423, 1423–1424, 1426–1427, and 1427–1431), four were within a period of only seven years.
Invertebrate
Invertebrates are animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordate subphylum Vertebrata, i.e. vertebrates. Well-known phyla of invertebrates include arthropods, molluscs, annelids, echinoderms, flatworms, cnidarians, and sponges.

The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%.  Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and diversity of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata. Invertebrates vary widely in size, from 10 μm (0.0004 in) myxozoans to the 9–10 m (30–33 ft) colossal squid.

Some so-called invertebrates, such as the Tunicata and Cephalochordata, are actually sister chordate subphyla to Vertebrata, being more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates. This makes the "invertebrates" paraphyletic, so the term has no significance in taxonomy.

Hagfish
Hagfish, of the class Myxini /mɪkˈsaɪnaɪ/ (also known as Hyperotreti) and order Myxiniformes /mɪkˈsɪnɪfɔːrmiːz/, are eel-shaped jawless fish (occasionally called slime eels). Hagfish are the only known living animals that have a skull but no vertebral column, although they do have rudimentary vertebrae. Hagfish are marine predators and scavengers that can defend themselves against other larger predators by releasing copious amounts of slime from mucous glands in their skin.

Although their exact relationship to the only other living group of jawless fish, the lampreys, was long the subject of controversy, genetic evidence suggests that hagfish and lampreys are more closely related to each other than to jawed vertebrates, thus forming the superclass Cyclostomi. The oldest-known stem group hagfish are known from the Late Carboniferous, around 310 million years ago, with modern representatives first being recorded in the mid-Cretaceous around 100 million years ago.
Garðaríki
Garðaríki (anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike) or Garðaveldi was the Old Norse term used in the Middle Ages for the lands of Rus'. According to Göngu-Hrólfs saga, the name Hólmgarðaríki (also used as a name for Novgorodian Rus') was synonymous with Garðaríki, and these names were used interchangeably in several other Old Norse stories.

As the Varangians dealt mainly with the northern lands of Rus', their sagas regard the city of Hólmgarðr/Hólmgarðaborg (usually identified with Novgorod) as the capital of Garðaríki. Other important places of Garðaríki mentioned in the sagas that have generally been identified with well known historical towns are Aldeigja/Aldeigjuborg (Ladoga), Kœnugarðr/Kænugarðr (Kiev), Pallteskja/Pallteskia (Polotsk), Smaleskja/Smaleskia (Smolensk), Súrdalar (Suzdal), Móramar (Murom), and Rostofa (Rostov).

At least seven of the Varangian runestones, G 114, N 62, Sö 148, Sö 338, U 209, U 636, and Öl 28, refer to Scandinavian men who had been in Garðar.

Auðr the Deep-Minded (Ívarsdóttir)
Auðr the Deep-Minded (Old Norse: Auðr in djúpúðga) was a legendary Norse princess, the daughter of Ivar Vidfamne, and the mother of Harald Wartooth and Randver. She appears in Sögubrot, Hversu Noregr byggdist and in the Lay of Hyndla. As Alfhild, she appears in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks. She would have lived during the 7th or 8th century.
Dzongkha
Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ་ [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]), also known by its exonym Bhutanese, is a Tibeto-Burman language in the Sino-Tibetan language family that is primarily spoken by the Bhutanese people. It is the official and national language of Bhutan, and is written using the Tibetan script.

The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.

Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan.

Tamang language
Tamang (Devanagari: तामाङ; tāmāng) is a term used to collectively refer to a Sino-Tibetian language cluster spoken mainly in Nepal, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling) and North-Eastern India. It comprises Eastern Tamang, Northwestern Tamang, Southwestern Tamang, Eastern Gorkha Tamang, and Western Tamang. Lexical similarity between Eastern Tamang (which is regarded as the most prominent) and other Tamang languages varies between 81% and 63%. For comparison, the lexical similarity between Spanish and Portuguese is estimated at 89%.
Municipalities of Japan
Municipalities are a level of administration in Japan. The country has three levels of governments: national, prefectural, and municipal.

The nation is divided into 47 prefectures (within these, one metropolis, one regional prefecture, and two urban prefectures). Each prefecture consists of numerous municipalities, with 1,718 in total as of October 2018.

There are four types of municipalities in Japan: cities (市, shi), towns (町, chō), villages (村, son) and special wards of Tokyo (区, ku). In Japanese, this system is known as shikuchōson (市区町村), where each kanji in the word represents one of the four types of municipalities. In Tokyo, because the wards are at the center, the system is officially referred to as kushichōson (区市町村), with the wards first, and cities second.

Some designated cities also have further administrative subdivisions, also known as wards, but, unlike the special wards of Tokyo, these wards are not municipalities.

Kashimo, Gifu
Kashimo (加子母村, Kashimo-mura) was a village located in Ena District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,383 and a density of 29.63 persons per km2. The total area was 114.16 km2.

On February 13, 2005, Kashimo, along with the towns of Fukuoka, Sakashita and Tsukechi, the villages of Hirukawa and Kawaue (all from Ena District), and the village of Yamaguchi (from Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture), was merged into the expanded city of Nakatsugawa and no longer exists as an independent municipality.
Los Roques Archipelago
The Los Roques Archipelago (Spanish: Archipiélago de Los Roques) is a federal dependency of Venezuela consisting of approximately 350 islands, cays, and islets in a total area of 40.61 km2 (15.68 sq mi). The archipelago is located 128 km (80 mi) directly north of the port of La Guaira, in the Caribbean Sea.

The islands' pristine coral reef attracts many wealthy visitors, especially from Europe, some of whom come in their own yachts and anchor in the inner, protected shallow waters. Development and tourism are controlled.

La Tortuga Island
La Tortuga Island (Spanish: Isla La Tortuga; "La Tortuga" means literally "the turtle") is an uninhabited island of Venezuela, the largest in the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela. It is part of a group of islands that include the Tortuguillos and Cayo Herradura. Isla La Tortuga has an area of 156 km2 (60 sq mi).