hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Doctor of Medicine
A Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor or Dr. med., from the inverse construction) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the MD denotes a professional degree of physician. This generally arose because many in 18th-century medical professions trained in Scotland, which used the MD degree nomenclature. In England, however, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) was used: in the 19th century, it became the standard in Scotland too. Thus, in the United Kingdom, Ireland and other countries, the MD is a research doctorate, honorary doctorate or applied clinical degree restricted to those who already hold a professional degree (Bachelor's/Master's/Doctoral) in medicine. In those countries, the equivalent professional degree to the North American, and some others' usage of MD is still typically titled Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery.

University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
The University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, officially the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, is the medical school of the University of Toronto in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1843, Temerty Medicine is the oldest medical school in the province of Ontario and the largest in the country.

The faculty is based on the University of Toronto's St. George campus within the Discovery District of downtown Toronto, and operates tri-campus on its St. George, Mississauga, and Scarborough campuses. Among its affiliated teaching hospitals is University Health Network, the largest research hospital network in Canada.
Andacollo
Andacollo (Spanish pronunciation: [an.da.ˈko.ʝo], from quechua anta, copper, gold; coya, queen) is a city and commune in the Elqui Province, Coquimbo Region, Chile. It is one of Chile's oldest and best known pilgrimage centers with Our Lady of Andacollo attracting thousands of devotees and tourists each year.

Economically, Andacollo is the central town of a mining district dominated by medium-scale mining. There are gold placers and gold mineralizations within felsic volcanic rock in its vicinity. The large open-pit copper mine Carmen de Andacollo lies next to the town and most of its workers live in the town.

Andacollo has the first project in Chile of reforestation aided by the creation of technosols. The project has been carried out on top of old mine tailings in the vicinity of the town.

Punitaqui
Punitaqui is a town and commune of Chile in the Limarí Province. Punitaqui hosts an eponymous mining district which includes the gold mine of Tambo de Oro. There are ores of copper, gold and mercury around Punitaqui.
Acoustic music
Music portal

Acoustic music is music that solely or primarily uses instruments that produce sound through acoustic means, as opposed to electric or electronic means. While all music was once acoustic, the retronym "acoustic music" appeared after the advent of electric instruments, such as the electric guitar, electric violin, electric organ and synthesizer. Acoustic string instrumentations had long been a subset of popular music, particularly in folk. It stood in contrast to various other types of music in various eras, including big band music in the pre-rock era, and electric music in the rock era.

Music reviewer Craig Conley suggests, "When music is labeled acoustic, unplugged, or unwired, the assumption seems to be that other types of music are cluttered by technology and overproduction and therefore aren't as pure."

Folktronica
Folktronica is a genre of indie electronic music comprising various elements of folk music and electronica, often featuring uses of acoustic instruments—especially stringed instruments—deploying hip hop, electronic or dance rhythms, and incorporating delicate, textural sound design, although it varies based on influences and choice of sounds. The Ashgate Research Companion to Popular Musicology describes folktronica as "a catch-all [term] for all manner of artists who have combined mechanical dance beats with elements of acoustic rock or folk".
Kindergarten
Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th century in Germany and Alsace to serve children whose parents both worked outside home. The term was coined by German pedagogue Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe various educational institutions and learning spaces for children ranging from two to six years of age, based on various teaching methods.

Froebel gifts
The Froebel gifts (German: Fröbelgaben) are educational play materials for young children, originally designed by Friedrich Fröbel for the first kindergarten at Bad Blankenburg. Playing with Froebel's gifts, singing, dancing, and growing plants were each important aspects of this child-centered approach to education. The series was later extended from the original six to at least ten sets of gifts.
Asti
Asti (UK: /ˈæsti/ AST-ee, US: /ˈɑːsti/ AH-stee; Italian: [ˈasti] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Ast [ˈɑst]) is a comune (municipality) of 74,348 inhabitants (1–1–2021) located in the Italian region of Piedmont, about 55 kilometres (34 miles) east of Turin, in the plain of the Tanaro River. It is the capital of the province of Asti and it is deemed to be the modern capital of Montferrat.

Racconigi
Racconigi  (Italian: [rakkoˈniːdʒi]; Piedmontese: Racunis [rakyˈniz]) is a town and comune (municipality) in Piedmont, Italy. It is located in the province of Cuneo, 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Turin, and 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Cuneo by rail.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It is the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 8.9. PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008 to 2018. In the past, PNAS has been described by US local newspapers as "prestigious", "renowned" and "high impact".

PNAS is a delayed open-access journal, with an embargo period of six months that can be bypassed for an author fee (hybrid open access). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019, PNAS has been online-only, although print issues are available on demand.

Psychological Science
Psychological Science, the flagship journal of the Association for Psychological Science, is a monthly, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by SAGE Publications. The journal publishes research articles, short reports, and research reports covering all aspects of psychology. Its editor-in-chief is Simine Vazire (University of Melbourne).
Paraguay Davis Cup team
The Paraguay national tennis team represents Paraguay in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Asociación Paraguaya de Tenis.

Paraguay currently compete in Group II of the Americas Zone.  They have played in the World Group on seven occasions, reaching the quarter-finals four times.

Bolivia Davis Cup team
The Bolivia national tennis team represents Bolivia in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Federación Boliviana de Tenis.

Bolivia currently compete in the Americas Zone of Group II.  They have reached Group II on eight occasions.
County seat
A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is in use in six countries: Canada, China, Hungary, Romania, Taiwan, and the United States. An equivalent term, shire town, is used in the U.S. state of Vermont and in several other English-speaking jurisdictions.

Denbigh, Virginia
Denbigh is a community in Newport News, Virginia.  It was previously the County Seat of Warwick County, Virginia until the county became the independent city of Warwick, Virginia in 1952. Warwick and Newport News merged in 1958 to form the present-day city of Newport News.
Zweibrücken
Zweibrücken (German: [ˈtsvaɪˌbʁʏkŋ̍] ⓘ; French: Deux-Ponts [dø pɔ̃]; Palatine German: Zweebrigge [ˈtsʋeːbʁɪgə]; literally translated as "Two Bridges") is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Schwarzbach River.

Koblenz
Koblenz (UK: /koʊˈblɛnts/ koh-BLENTS, US: /ˈkoʊblɛnts/ KOH-blents, German: [ˈkoːblɛnts] ⓘ; Moselle Franconian: Kowelenz) is a city in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, on the banks of the rivers Rhine (Middle Rhine) and Moselle, a multinational tributary.

Koblenz was established as a Roman military post by Drusus c. 8 BC. Its name originates from the Latin (ad) cōnfluentēs, meaning "(at the) confluence". The actual confluence is today known as the "German Corner", a symbol of the unification of Germany that features an equestrian statue of Emperor William I. The city celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1992.

The city ranks as the third-largest city by population in Rhineland-Palatinate, behind Mainz and Ludwigshafen am Rhein, with 115,298 residents (as of 2023). Koblenz lies in a narrow flood plain between high hill ranges, some reaching mountainous height, and is served by an express rail and autobahn network. It is part of the populous Rhineland.
Mosalsky District
Mosalsky District (Russian: Мосальский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the  twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,320 square kilometers (510 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Mosalsk.
Population: 9,131 (2021 census); 9,094 (2010 census);  10,357 (2002 Census); 11,537 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Mosalsk accounts for 46.4% of the district's total population.

Sukhinichsky District
Sukhinichsky District (Russian: Сухиничский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,232 square kilometers (476 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Sukhinichi.  Population: 22,959 (2021 Census); 25,427 (2010 Census);  26,968 (2002 Census); 31,369 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Sukhinichi accounts for 64.5% of the district's total population.
Knuckleball
A knuckleball or knuckler is a baseball pitch thrown to minimize the spin of the ball in flight, causing an erratic, unpredictable motion. The air flow over a seam of the ball causes the ball to change from laminar to turbulent flow. This change adds a deflecting force to the baseball, making it difficult for batters to hit but also difficult for pitchers to control and catchers to catch. Umpires are challenged as well, as the ball's irregular motion through the air makes it harder to call balls and strikes. A pitcher who throws knuckleballs is known as a knuckleballer.

Sinker (pitch)
In baseball, a sinker or sinking fastball is a type of fastball which has significant downward and horizontal movement and is known for inducing ground balls. Pitchers capable of utilizing the sinker are able to throw the pitch almost exclusively, as it forces weak contact and ground balls, allowing them to rely less on secondary pitches in order to change speeds. While coaches agree that this pitch is very similar to the two-seam fastball, a two-seamer tends to have more lateral movement than a sinker. In either case, the pitch is thrown in a two-seam orientation and has a gyro angle far from 0 degrees, leading to  seam-shifted wake effects that cause downward and lateral movement compared to a four-seam fastball.
Nashik
Nashik, formerly Nasik, is a city in the northern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra situated on the banks of the river Godavari, about 165 km (103 mi) northeast of the state capital Mumbai.

Nashik is one of the Hindu pilgrimage sites of the Kumbh Mela, which is held every 12 years.

According to the Ramayana, Nashik is where Lakshmana cut off the nose of the demoness Shurpanakha on the banks of the Godavari River. It is also called Panchavati.
It was known as "Gulshanabad" during the Mughal period.

Kalsubai
Kalsubai is a mountain in the Western Ghats, located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Kalsubai is the highest peak in Maharashtra and is located in Ahilyanagar district in Akole Taluka. Its summit, situated at an elevation of 1,646 metres (5,400 ft), is the highest point in Maharashtra and is known as the "Everest of Maharashtra".

The mountain range lies within the Kalsubai-Harishchandragad Wildlife Sanctuary. It is visited throughout the year by avid trekkers, Kalsubai temple devotees and wildlife enthusiasts. It is named after one of the three tribal sisters Kalsubai, Ratnabai and Katrabai. The other peak, Ratangad, is named after Ratnabai.
John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
John George II (17 November 1627 – 7 August 1693) was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau from 1660 to 1693.

A member of the Fruitbearing Society, he also served as a field marshal of Brandenburg-Prussia.

Princess Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau
Johanna Charlotte of Anhalt-Dessau (6 April 1682 – 31 March 1750) was a princess of Anhalt-Dessau from the House of Ascania by birth and Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt by marriage.  From 1729 until her death she was abbess of Herford Abbey.
The Headbangers
The Headbangers are a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Mosh (Charles Warrington) and Thrasher (Glenn Ruth). They are currently signed to WWE as ambassadors.

As the name of the team implies, their gimmick is that they are a pair of metalheads, complete with heavy metal related T-shirts, kilts, piercings, goatees, shaved heads, and black face paint.

WWF Shotgun Saturday Night
WWF Shotgun Saturday Night is a professional wrestling television program that was produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It aired from January 4, 1997, through August 21, 1999, as a syndicated broadcast. Originally the show had a unique format by taking place in clubs and other locations and made to be a more adult-oriented product. This experimental format was scrapped after only six weeks, and Shotgun Saturday Night was repackaged into a regular arena-taped show featuring midcard and lowcard talent, replacing WWF Superstars. Shotgun Saturday Night itself was replaced by WWF Jakked in 1999.
German Academic Exchange Service
The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD; German: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst), The German Academic Exchange Service e. V. (DAAD), founded in 1925, is a joint organization of German universities and student bodies to foster their international relations. Joybrato Mukherjee has been President since January 1, 2020.

Volkswagen Foundation
The Volkswagen Foundation (German: VolkswagenStiftung) is the largest German private nonprofit organization involved in the promotion and support of academic research. It is not affiliated to the present company, the Volkswagen Group.

It was established in 1961 as Stiftung Volkswagenwerk with a portion of the confiscated assets of the Volkswagenwerk GmbH.

With a capital of 2.9 billion euros, as of 2016 it is the largest German scientific foundation. Since its founding, it has distributed 4.2 billion Euros in grants for over 30,000 projects, and now funds new projects at the rate of 100 million euros per year.
Politika
Politika (Serbian Cyrillic: Политика, lit. 'Politics') is a Serbian daily newspaper, published in Belgrade. Founded in 1904 by Vladislav F. Ribnikar, it is the oldest daily newspaper still in circulation in the Balkans.

Oslobođenje
The Oslobođenje (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Ослобођење; Bosnian pronunciation: [oslobod͡ʑěːɲe]; 'Liberation') is the Bosnian national daily newspaper, published in Sarajevo. It is the oldest daily newspaper still in circulation in  Bosnia and Herzegovina. Founded on 30 August 1943, in the midst of World War II, on a patch of territory liberated by Partisans, in what was otherwise a German-occupied country, the paper gained recognition over the years for its high journalistic standards and has been a recipient of numerous domestic and international awards.
Rajmata Jijabai Trophy
The Senior Women's National Football Championship for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy, or simply the Rajmata Jijabai Trophy, is a women's football tournament contested by state associations and government institutions in India. The first edition was held in 1991 and is organized by the All India Football Federation to crown the national women's football champion each year. It is based on a league and knockout format.

Indian Women's League
The Indian Women's League (abbreviated as the IWL) is the women's top tier professional football league in India, founded in 2016. Currently, a total of 8 teams from across the country participate in the league.

The competition was planned since 2014 and got established in 2016, with the first season starting from October 2016 in Cuttack, Odisha. The league was launched as India's first professional football league for women with the aim to increase the player pool for India national team. Since 2019–20, the clubs that become champions are granted an opportunity to play in the AFC Women's Club Championship, the top tier women's club football competition in Asia.

Until now five clubs have been crowned as champions: Eastern Sporting Union, Rising Students Club, Sethu, Gokulam Kerala and East Bengal. Out of them Gokulam Kerala has lifted the championship trophy thrice.
Humiriaceae
Humiriaceae (or, alternatively Houmiriaceae Juss.) is a family of evergreen flowering plants. It comprises 8 genera and 56 known species. The family is exclusively Neotropical, except one species found in tropical West Africa.

Lacistemataceae
Lacistemataceae is a small flowering plant family.  There are two genera:

Lacistema (12 species)

Lozania (5 species)

They are small trees (to 15 metres tall) and shrubs (to 5 metres tall) that are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas (also known as the Neotropics).

The leaves are on alternate sides of the stem and maybe surrounded by a pair of stipules.

The Inflorescence located between the leaf and the stem (axil) are either catkins (in Lacistema) or racemes (in Lozania).

Each flower (mostly bisexual) approximately one millimetre in length consist of a disc with attached bract (in Lacistema) and sepals (in Lozania). Attached to the disc is a single stamen divided into two anthers, the single superior ovary has a single style with three stigmas.

The fruit is a capsule that splits on drying into three parts and contains one seed surrounded by an aril.
1978 Espirito Santo Trophy
The 1978 Espirito Santo Trophy took place 10–13 October at Pacific Harbour Golf & Country Club in Navua, Viti Levu, Fiji. It was the eighth women's golf World Amateur Team Championship for the Espirito Santo Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 14 team entries, each with three players. The best two scores for each round counted towards the team total.

The Australia team won the Trophy, winning their first title, beating team Canada by one stroke. Canada earned the silver medal and France took the bronze, five strokes further back.

1980 Espirito Santo Trophy
The 1980 Espirito Santo Trophy took place 1–4 October at Pinehurst Country Club in Pinehurst, North Carolina, United States. It was the ninth women's golf World Amateur Team Championship for the Espirito Santo Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 28 teams, each with up to three players. The best two scores for each round counted towards the team total.

The United States team won the Trophy, taking back the title from four years ago and winning their seventh title, beating defending champions team Australia by seven strokes. Australia earned the silver medal while team France and the combined team of Great Britain and Ireland, shared the bronze on tied third place another 15 strokes behind.
Rizal Golden Coolers
The Rizal Golden Coolers (also known as the Rizal Xentromall Golden Coolers for sponsorship reasons) are a Filipino professional basketball team based in the province of Rizal. The team competes in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL) as a member of the league's South Division. The team have its home games in Ynares Center Montalban.

The Rizal franchise began play during the 2018–19 season as the Rizal Crusaders. Team ownership said that the name was chosen as the province of Rizal is known for "crusades, mountaineering, and other stuff". Originally, the team was going to be called the Rizal Ankle Breakers, but was changed due to criticism that the name didn't have any relation to the province of Rizal.

The Golden Coolers are one of five teams based in Calabarzon.

Nueva Ecija Rice Vanguards
The Nueva Ecija Rice Vanguards (shortened as NERV) are a Filipino professional basketball team based in Palayan, Nueva Ecija. The team competes in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL) as a member of the league's North Division. The team plays its home games at Nueva Ecija Coliseum.

The team began play as an expansion team for the 2019–20 MPBL season, though they would only begin using the Rice Vanguards moniker later on. The team also plays in the Pilipinas Super League under the name Nueva Ecija Capitals. The team also competed in FilBasket as well as in the Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3.

The Nueva Ecija franchise is the holder of the only regular season sweep in the MPBL, recording 21 wins with no losses during the 2022 MPBL season, where they would go on to win their first MPBL championship. The Rice Vanguards are one of four teams based in Central Luzon.
United States National Security Council
The United States National Security Council (NSC) is the national security council used by the president of the United States for consideration of national security, military, and foreign policy matters. Based in the White House, it is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, and composed of senior national security advisors and presidential cabinet officials.

Since its inception in 1947 by President Harry S. Truman, the function of the council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. It also serves as the president's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The council has subsequently played a key role in most major events in U.S. foreign policy, from the Korean War to the war on terror.

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
The U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) was an independent agency of the United States government that existed from 1961 to 1999.  Its mission was to strengthen United States national security by "formulating, advocating, negotiating, implementing and verifying effective arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament policies, strategies, and agreements."

In so doing, ACDA ensured that arms control was fully integrated into the development and conduct of United States national security policy. ACDA also conducted, supported, and coordinated research for arms control and disarmament policy formulation, prepared for and managed U.S. participation in international arms control and disarmament negotiations, and prepared, operated, and directed U.S. participation in international arms control and disarmament systems.