hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nut (fruit)
A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, many dry seeds are called nuts, but in a botanical context, "nut" implies that the shell does not open to release the seed (indehiscent).

Most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell, but this is not the case in nuts such as hazelnuts, chestnuts, and acorns, which have hard shell walls and originate from a compound ovary.

Glossary of botanical terms
This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary of leaf morphology. For other related terms, see Glossary of phytopathology, Glossary of lichen terms, and List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.
Hosokawa Harumoto
Hosokawa Harumoto (細川 晴元; 1514 – March 24, 1563) was a Japanese daimyō of the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, and the head of the Hosokawa clan. Harumoto's childhood name was Sōmei-maru (聡明丸). He was born to Hosokawa Sumimoto, another renowned samurai of the Muromachi era.

Miyoshi Nagayoshi
Miyoshi Nagayoshi (三好 長慶, March 10, 1522 – August 10, 1564), or Miyoshi Choukei, the eldest son of Miyoshi Motonaga, was a Japanese samurai and daimyō who ruled seven provinces in Kansai. He was considered the most powerful figure during the Sengoku period before the rise of Oda Nobunaga, as Nagayoshi controlled the central government of the Shogunate.

Nagayoshi held the court titles of Shūri-dayū (修理太夫) and Chikuzen no Kami (筑前守). During his tenure, the Miyoshi clan would experience a great rise of power, and engage in a protracted military campaign against its rivals, the Rokkaku clan and the Hosokawa clan, while also engaging in conflict against Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the Shogun.

Nagayoshi was most known for his role in the political strife at Kyoto in the mid-16th century. Under his leadership, the Miyoshi clan was considered to be at the greatest extent of their power in history.
Mono County, California
Mono County (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) is a county located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 13,195, making it the fourth-least populous county in California. The county seat is Bridgeport. The county is located east of the Sierra Nevada between Yosemite National Park and Nevada. The only incorporated town in the county is Mammoth Lakes, which is located at the foot of Mammoth Mountain.  Other locations, such as June Lake, are also famous as skiing and fishing resorts. Located in the middle of the county is Mono Lake, a vital habitat for millions of migratory and nesting birds. The lake is located in a wild natural setting, with pinnacles of tufa arising out of the salty and alkaline lake. Also located in Mono County is Bodie, the official state gold rush ghost town, which is now a California State Historic Park.

Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest
The Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest (HTNF) is the principal U.S. National Forest in the U.S. state of Nevada, and has a smaller portion further west in Eastern California in the state of California. With an area of 6,289,821 acres (25,454.00 km2), it is the largest U.S. National Forest reservation outside of Alaska, further northwest on the North American continent.
Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity refers to the capacity of a substance or agent to cause damage or death to living cells, reflecting a critical parameter in pharmacology, toxicology, and biomedicine. It is distinct from cytostatic effects, which inhibit cell growth and proliferation without causing cell death. Cytotoxic agents can induce a range of cellular responses, including inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptotic or necrotic cell death, and disruption of metabolic or structural cellular integrity. Assessing cytotoxicity is fundamental for evaluating the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds, chemicals, and biomaterials, as it helps predict potential adverse effects and guides therapeutic development.

Various assays—based on enzyme activity, membrane permeability, metabolic activity, or cell proliferation—are routinely employed to characterize and quantify cytotoxic effects in vitro, providing essential insights into cell viability and the mechanisms underlying toxic responses.

Perforin-1
Perforin-1 (PRF) is a pore-forming protein encoded in humans by the PRF1 gene. It is stored in the secretory granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, collectively known as cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs). Upon activation, these cells release perforin to form pores in the membranes of target cells, enabling the entry of granzymes that trigger apoptosis. Perforin is therefore a central effector molecule of the immune system, essential for the elimination of virus-infected and transformed cells. Mutations in PRF1 that impair perforin expression or function are associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) and related immune dysregulation syndromes, a spectrum of conditions sometimes collectively referred to as perforinopathies.
Japan Football League
The Japan Football League (Japanese: 日本フットボールリーグ, Hepburn: Nihon Futtobōru Rīgu), also known as simply the JFL, is the 4th tier of the Japanese association football league system, positioned beneath the three divisions of the J.League. The league features fully professional teams that hold J.League associate membership among its ranks.

SC Sagamihara
Sports Club Sagamihara (スポーツクラブ相模原, Supōtsukurabu Sagamihara) commonly known as SC Sagamihara (SC相模原, Esu Shī Sagamihara) is a Japanese professional football club based in Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture. They currently play in the J3 League, Japanese third tier of professional football.
Philadelphia Soul
The Philadelphia Soul was a professional arena football team based in Philadelphia that competed in the Arena Football League (AFL) from 2004 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2019. The Soul made five ArenaBowl appearances, winning their first appearance (2008 against the San Jose SaberCats) and losing their next two appearances (2012 and 2013 both to the Arizona Rattlers). The Soul won in their fourth appearance, against the Rattlers in 2016, winning 56–42. They also won in their fifth appearance in 2017 against the Tampa Bay Storm, winning 44–40.

The club was established in 2004 when a group, led by Jon Bon Jovi, secured the rights to an AFL franchise in Philadelphia. The AFL folded before the proposed 2009 season was to begin, but was purchased and revived in 2010. After two seasons of inactivity in 2009 and 2010, the Soul returned in 2011 headed by Ron Jaworski. Following the 2019 season, the AFL ceased operations again.

Orlando Predators
The Orlando Predators were a professional arena football team based in Orlando, Florida and member of the Arena Football League (AFL). The team was most recently owned by Orlando Predators LLC, a company owned by David A. Siegel, and played its home games at Amway Center.

The team was founded in 1991 as an expansion team of the AFL. The team advanced to the playoffs 19 consecutive seasons between 1992 and 2011, becoming the ArenaBowl champions in 1998 and 2000 during that span. The team suspended operations after the 2016 season.
Gmina Turośń Kościelna
Gmina Turośń Kościelna is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Turośń Kościelna, which lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 140.3 square kilometres (54.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,348.

Podlaskie Voivodeship
Podlaskie Voivodeship (Polish: województwo podlaskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ pɔˈdlaskʲɛ] ⓘ) is a voivodeship in northeastern Poland. The name of the voivodeship refers to the historical region of Podlachia (in Polish, Podlasie), and significant part of its territory corresponds to that region. The capital and largest city is Białystok.

It borders the Masovian Voivodeship to the west, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the northwest, Lublin Voivodeship to the south, Belarus to the east, and Lithuania to the northeast.

The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, from the former Białystok and Łomża Voivodeships and the eastern half of the former Suwałki Voivodeship.
Daieishō Hayato
Daieishō Hayato (Japanese: 大栄翔 勇人; born November 10, 1993 as Hayato Takanishi (高西 勇人, Takanishi Hayato)) is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler. He began his professional career in 2012 at the age of eighteen and reached the top makuuchi division in September 2015. His highest rank to date has been sekiwake. He has five gold stars for defeating yokozuna, five special prizes for Outstanding Performance and two special prizes for Technique. He wrestles for the Oitekaze stable. In January 2021 he became the first wrestler from Saitama Prefecture to win the top-division championship. He was  a runner-up in the May 2022 and March 2023 tournaments.

Tobizaru Masaya
Tobizaru Masaya (翔猿 正也, born April 24, 1992, as Masaya Iwasaki (岩﨑 正也, Iwasaki Masaya)) is a professional sumo wrestler from Japan and wrestles for Oitekaze stable. He made his top division debut in September 2020 and his san'yaku debut in November 2022. As of August 2023, Tobizaru is also the smallest makuuchi wrestler and the third smallest sekitori-ranked wrestler overall.

He is the brother of active wrestler Hidenoumi of the Kise stable; they became the 18th pair of sekitori brothers in sumo history. Despite the fact that they are in different stables, Tobizaru will not face him in competition as Japan Sumo Association rules prevent close relatives from being matched against each other outside of playoff bouts.
Gabbro
Gabbro (/ˈɡæbroʊ/ GAB-roh) is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic (magnesium- and iron-rich),  intrusive igneous rock formed from the slow cooling magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the Earth's surface. Slow-cooling, coarse-grained gabbro has the same chemical composition and mineralogy as rapid-cooling, fine-grained basalt. Much of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of gabbro, formed at mid-ocean ridges. Gabbro is also found as plutons associated with continental volcanism. Due to its variant nature, the term gabbro may be applied loosely to a wide range of intrusive rocks, many of which are merely "gabbroic". It is often called "black granite" commercially, just as other intrusive rocks are called "granite" in the dimension stone industry. By rough analogy, gabbro is to basalt as granite is to rhyolite.

Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, commonly found in nature as quartz. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as a synthetic product. Examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, opal, and aerogels. It is used in structural materials, microelectronics, and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries. All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored and/or opaque.

Silicon dioxide is a common fundamental constituent of glass.
Alexander Pope
Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 O.S. – 30 May 1744) was an English poet, translator, and satirist of the Enlightenment era who is considered one of the most prominent English poets of the early 18th century. An exponent of Augustan literature,  Pope is best known for his satirical and discursive poetry including An Essay on Criticism (1711), The Rape of the Lock (1712–1717), The Dunciad (1728–1743), and for his translations of Homer.

Pope is often quoted in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, some of his verses having entered common parlance (e.g. "damning with faint praise" or "to err is human; to forgive, divine").

The Spectator (1711)
The Spectator was a daily publication published by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in London, England, from 1711 to 1712. Each "paper", or "number", was approximately 2,500 words long, and often featured an essay or letters on politics or the arts. They were read by many thousands of people, both in England and abroad, including many of the American Founding Fathers.

The original run consisted of 555 numbers, beginning on 1 March 1711. These were collected into seven volumes. The paper was revived without the involvement of Steele in 1714, appearing three times a week for six months, and these papers when collected formed the eighth volume. Eustace Budgell, a cousin of Addison's, and the poet John Hughes also contributed to the publication.
Marlboro County, South Carolina
Marlboro County is a county located in the Pee Dee region on the northern border of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 26,667. Its county seat is Bennettsville. The Great Pee Dee River runs through it.

Marlboro County is home to the Pee Dee Indian Tribe, a relatively small American Indian tribe that has occupied the Pee Dee region for several centuries. The tribe was officially recognized by the government of South Carolina around the beginning of the 21st century, and they have been seeking federal acknowledgment since 1976. While today the tribe consists of just over 200 enrolled members, they were once a significant cultural and political power in the region. Their influence and continual presence gave the region its Pee Dee name. Since 1976, the tribe's official seat of government has operated on land awarded to the tribe in Marlboro County.

Marion County, South Carolina
Marion County is a county located in the coastal plain of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 29,183. Its county seat is Marion. It is a majority-minority county.
2025 CS Kinoshita Group Cup
The 2025 Kinoshita Group Cup was a figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), organized and hosted by the Japan Skating Federation, and the third event of the 2025–26 ISU Challenger Series. It was held at the Kanku Ice Arena in Osaka, Japan, from September 5 to 7, 2025. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance, and skaters earned ISU World Standing points based on their results. Cha Jun-hwan of South Korea won the men's event, Mone Chiba of Japan won the women's event, Riku Miura and Ryuichi Kihara of Japan won the pairs event, and Marie-Jade Lauriault and Romain Le Gac of Canada won the ice dance event.

2025 CS Trialeti Trophy
The 2025 Trialeti Trophy is a figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), organized and hosted by the Georgian Figure Skating Union, and the eighth event of the 2025–26 ISU Challenger Series. It was held at the Ice Palace Tbilisi in Tbilisi, Georgia, from 8 to 11 October 2025. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance, and skaters earned ISU World Standing points based on their results. All of the champions were from Georgia: Nika Egadze in the men's event, Anastasiia Gubanova in the women's event, Anastasiia Metelkina and Luka Berulava in the pairs event, and Diana Davis and Gleb Smolkin in the ice dance event.
Newton, New Jersey
Newton, officially the Town of Newton, is an incorporated municipality in and the county seat of Sussex County in the U.S. state of New Jersey, situated approximately 60 miles (97 km) northwest of New York City. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 8,374, its highest decennial population ever, an increase of 377 (+4.7%) from the 2010 census count of 7,997, which in turn reflected a decrease of 247 (−3.0%) from the 8,244 counted in the 2000 census.

One of 15 municipalities in the state organized as a town, the municipal government operates under a council-manager structure provided by the Faulkner Act, or Optional Municipal Charter Law. Newton was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 11, 1864, from portions of Newton Township, which was also partitioned to create Andover Township and Hampton Township, and was then dissolved. Additional land was acquired from Andover Township in 1869 and 1927, and from Fredon Township in 1920.

Walpack Township, New Jersey
Walpack Township is a township in Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 7, a decrease of 9 (−56.3%) from the 2010 census count of 16, which in turn reflected a decline of 34 (−82.9%) from the 41 counted in the 2000 census. Walpack Township was the smallest municipality by population and one of only four municipalities in New Jersey with a population under 100 as of the 2020 Census; it had the state's third-smallest population in the 2010 census, behind Tavistock (population 5) and the now-defunct Pine Valley (population 12), both in Camden County.

The township is named from a corruption of the Lenape Native American content word "wahlpeck," which means "turn-hole," or an eddy or whirlpool, a compound of two Native American words, "woa-lac" (a hole), and "tuppeck" (a pool), though other sources attribute the name to mean "very deep water" or "sudden bend of a stream around the base of a rock".
U.S. Route 36 in Colorado
U.S. Route 36 (US 36) is a United States highway that travels from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado to Kansas. In Colorado, the highway traverses an east–west route mostly in the northern portion of the Great Plains. At its west end, the road connects several small mountain towns such as Estes Park and Lyons to the larger metropolitan areas of Boulder and Denver. As it continues eastward, it connects to several other small towns and rural highways on the plains before crossing the state line into Kansas.

Colorado State Highway 93
State Highway 93 (SH 93) is a state highway in Colorado that connects Golden and Boulder. SH 93's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 6 (US 6) and SH 58 in Golden, and the northern terminus is at SH 119 in Boulder.
Grey-tailed tattler
The grey-tailed tattler (Tringa brevipes), also known as the Siberian tattler or Polynesian tattler, is a small shorebird in the genus Tringa. The English name for the tattlers refers to their noisy call. The genus name Tringa is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by Aldrovandus in 1599 based on Ancient Greek trungas, a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by Aristotle. The specific brevipes is from Latin brevis, "short", and pes, "foot".

This tattler breeds in northeast Siberia. After breeding, they migrate to an area from southeast Asia to Australia.

Pied oystercatcher
The pied oystercatcher (Haematopus longirostris) is a species of oystercatcher. It is a wading bird native to Australia and commonly found on its coastline. The similar South Island pied oystercatcher (H. finschi) occurs in New Zealand.
2005 GP2 Series
The 2005 GP2 Series season was the thirty-ninth season of the second-tier of Formula One feeder championship and also first season under the GP2 Series moniker. The season started in Imola, Italy on 23 April, and ended in Sakhir, Bahrain on 30 September. The season was won by the German Nico Rosberg, with the Finn Heikki Kovalainen finishing second.

2005 was the first season of the newly renamed Formula One feeder series, from Formula 3000 to GP2. The inaugural season did not feature reigning F3000 champion Vitantonio Liuzzi, because the Italian was driving for Red Bull Racing in Formula One. The series did feature two former F1 drivers, Italians Gianmaria Bruni and Giorgio Pantano, driving for Coloni and SuperNova respectively.

2006 GP2 Series
The 2006 GP2 Series season was the second season of the Formula One feeder championship GP2 Series. The season began at Circuit de Valencia, Spain on 8 April 2006 and ended in Monza, Italy on 10 September 2006. The championship was won by ART Grand Prix driver Lewis Hamilton, over Piquet Sports driver Nelson Piquet Jr.
Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (also French: Encyclopédie de l'Islam and German: Enzyklopädie des Islām; EI is a common abbreviation in all three languages) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam. It is published by Brill and provides information on various aspects of Islam and the Islamic world. It is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies. The first edition was published in 1913–1938, the second in 1954–2005, and the third was begun in 2007.

Everett K. Rowson
Everett K. Rowson is an American scholar and Professor Emeritus of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at New York University. He is known for his works on the intellectual and social history of the medieval Islamic world. A festschrift in his honor edited by Joseph E. Lowry and Shawkat M. Toorawa was published by Brill Publishers in 2017.
Des White
Desmond Henry White (16 February 1927 – 13 December 2023) was a New Zealand professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. A record-breaking goal-kicking fullback, he was named amongst the country's finest players of the 20th century. His total for points scored in all matches (61) for the Kiwis is a record 467 (7 tries and 233 goals). He won championships with Auckland's Ponsonby club and his total of 794 points (391 goals and four tries) is the all-time club record.

Cyril Eastlake
Cyril Aston Eastlake (21 August 1930 – 30 September 2007) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented his nation in the sport. He captained New Zealand at the 1954 World Cup and also played at the 1960 World Cup.
Jharkhand
Jharkhand (Hindi: Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [d͡ʒʱaːɾkʰəɳɖ] ⓘ; lit. 'the land of forests') is a landlocked state in eastern India. The state shares borders with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north and Odisha to the south. It is the 15th largest state by area, and the 14th largest by population. Hindi is the official language of the state. The city of Ranchi is its capital, and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath, Dewri and Rajrappa are major religious sites. As per 2011 census, Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities.

Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a resource curse: it accounts for more than 40% of India's mineral production but 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished.

Garhwa district
Garhwa district is one of the twenty-four districts in the Indian state of Jharkhand. The Garhwa District is part of the Palamu division and has its administrative headquarters in Garhwa City.Garhwa district is located in west northern part of Jharkhand.
Western capercaillie
The western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), also known as the Eurasian capercaillie, wood grouse, heather cock, cock-of-the-woods, or simply capercaillie /ˌkæpərˈkeɪl(j)i/, is a heavy member of the grouse tribe and the largest of all extant grouse species. Found across Europe and the Palearctic, this primarily-ground-dwelling forest grouse is renowned for its courtship display. The bird shows extreme sexual dimorphism, with males nearly twice the size of females. The global population is listed as "least concern" under the IUCN, although the populations of central Europe are declining and fragmented, or possibly extirpated.

The western capercaillie is one of two living species under the genus Tetrao, which also includes the lesser-known black-billed capercaillie.

Red squirrel
The red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), also called Eurasian red squirrel, is a species of tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus. It is an arboreal and primarily herbivorous rodent and common throughout Eurasia.