hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sylheti language
Sylheti is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by an estimated 11 million people, primarily in Sylhet Division of Bangladesh, Barak Valley of Assam, and northern parts of Tripura in India. In addition, there are substantial numbers of Sylheti speakers in the Indian states of Meghalaya, Manipur, and Nagaland, as well as among diaspora communities across the globe—from Britain and North America to various parts of the Middle East.

It is variously perceived as either a dialect of Bengali or a language in its own right. While most linguists consider it an independent language, for many native speakers Sylheti forms the diglossic vernacular, with standard Bengali forming the codified lect. Some incorrectly consider it as a "corrupt" form of Bengali, and there is a reported language shift from Sylheti to Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, India and the diaspora; though Sylheti has more vitality than Standard Bengali among the diaspora in the United Kingdom.

Dhakaiya Kutti dialect
Dhakaiya Kutti Bengali (Bengali: ঢাকাইয়া কুট্টি বাংলা, romanized: Dhakaiya Kutti Bengali, lit. 'Dhakaite dialect of the rice-huskers'), also known as Old Dhakaiya Bengali (Bengali: পুরান ঢাকাইয়া বাংলা, romanized: Purān Dhākāiyā Bānglā) or simply Dhakaiya, is a Bengali dialect, spoken by the Kutti-Bengalis of Old Dhaka in Bangladesh. This dialect is highly mutually intelligible with Standard Bengali and other varieties of Bengali. It is not used in formal settings anymore although historically the local Bais and Bara panchayets are said to have used it sometimes.
Karachi Grammar School
Karachi Grammar School is an independent, English-medium school located in 3 different campuses across Karachi. The main and oldest campus is located in Saddar, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is a highly selective, coeducational day school (formerly a day/boarding school) serving approximately 2,400 students aged between three and nineteen years.

Established in 1847 by the Reverend Henry Brereton, the first chaplain of Karachi, as a school for "English and Anglo-Indo children", it is the oldest private school in Pakistan and the second oldest in South Asia, a member of the Winchester International Symposium and a former member of the Headmaster's Conference.

Since the 1980s, Karachi Grammar School has expanded from a school with a population of a few hundred students to a large institution that now occupies three sites and teaches more than two thousand students.

Cambridge O-Level
Cambridge O-Level is one of many school qualifications offered by Cambridge International Education (CIE) for students typically aged 14–16. It is considered equivalent to the UK General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and the IGCSE (also offered by Cambridge), and acts as a foundation for CIE's higher-level school qualifications such as the Cambridge International AS & A Levels. The qualification is generally exam-based with little to no coursework options, and continues internationally as an adaptation of the GCE Ordinary Level, which was abolished in the United Kingdom in 1988.
West Riding of Yorkshire
The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. From 1889 to 1974 the riding was an administrative county named County of York, West Riding. The lieutenancy at that time included the city of York and as such was named "West Riding of the County of York and the County of the City of York". The riding ceased to be used for administrative purposes in 1974, when England's local government was reformed.

Contemporary local government boundaries in Yorkshire largely do not follow those of the riding. All of South Yorkshire (except Finningley) and West Yorkshire were historically within its boundaries, as were the south-western areas of North Yorkshire (including Ripon), the Sedbergh area of Cumbria, the Barnoldswick and Slaidburn areas of Lancashire, the Saddleworth area of Greater Manchester and the part of the East Riding of Yorkshire around Goole and southwest of the River Ouse.

Uppermill
Uppermill is a village in the civil parish of Saddleworth in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it lies on the River Tame in a valley amongst the South Pennines with the Peak District National Park directly to the east, 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Oldham and 11 miles (17.7 km) northeast of Manchester. Uppermill and the neighbouring village of Dobcross have a combined population of 7,500.
Ellipsis
The ellipsis (/əˈlɪpsɪs/, plural ellipses; from Ancient Greek: ἔλλειψις, élleipsis, lit. 'leave out'), rendered ..., also known as suspension points: 19  dots,  points: 19  periods of ellipsis, or ellipsis points,: 19  or colloquially, dot-dot-dot, is a  punctuation mark consisting of a series of three dots. An ellipsis can be used in many ways, such as for intentional omission of text or numbers, to imply a concept without using words, or to mark a pause in speech. Style guides differ on how to render an ellipsis both digitally and in print. In some cases, an ellipsis may have four or more dots, spaced dots, or some incorporation with other punctuation.

Apostrophe
The apostrophe (’, ') is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. In English, the apostrophe is used for two basic purposes:

The marking of the omission of one or more letters, e.g., the contraction of "do not" to "don't"

The marking of possessive case of nouns (as in "the eagle's feathers", "in one month's time", "the twins' coats")

It is also used in a few exceptional cases for the marking of plurals, e.g., "p's and q's" or Oakland A's. The same mark is used as a single quotation mark. It is also substituted informally for other marks –  for example instead of the prime symbol to indicate the units of foot or minutes of arc. The word apostrophe comes from the Greek ἡ ἀπόστροφος [προσῳδία] (hē apóstrophos [prosōidía], '[the accent of] turning away or elision'), through Latin and French.
Blitar railway station
Blitar Train Station is a railway station in the district of Kepanjenkidul, Kepanjenkidul, Blitar, East Java, Indonesia. It was opened in 1882 by the Dutch East Indies government, making it one of the oldest railway stations in East Java.

There is a locomotive depot and a former turntable at this station. There is a statue and photo of the first President of Indonesia, Sukarno, inside the station, as he was buried in Blitar.

Ketapang railway station (Banyuwangi)
Ketapang Station (formerly Banyuwangi Baru Station) is a railway station, managed by Kereta Api Indonesia, located at Ketapang, Kalipuro, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java. This station is at the most southeastern railway station in Southeast Asia.

As of 1 December 2019, the station changed its name to "Ketapang Station", based on the proposal of the Banyuwangi Regency Government to Kereta Api Indonesia so that it can make it easier for tourists visiting Banyuwangi.
County seat
A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is in use in six countries: Canada, China, Hungary, Romania, Taiwan, and the United States. An equivalent term, shire town, is used in the U.S. state of Vermont and in several other English-speaking jurisdictions.

Bonham, Texas
Bonham is a city in and the county seat of Fannin County, Texas, United States.  Its population was 10,408 at the 2020 census. James Bonham (the city's namesake) sought the aid of James Fannin (the county's namesake) at the Battle of the Alamo. Bonham is part of the Texoma region in northern Texas and southern Oklahoma.
Mid-American Conference
The Mid-American Conference (MAC) is a collegiate athletic conference with a membership base mostly in the Great Lakes region, stretching from Massachusetts to Illinois. Its members compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. For football, the conference participates in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision. Nine of the thirteen full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan, with single members located in Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, New York, and California.

The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and has two members in the nearby Akron area. The conference ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates.

J. D. Brookhart
Joseph Daniel Brookhart (born October 17, 1964) is an American football coach and former player. He is the wide receivers coach for the University of Akron, a position he has held since 2024. He was formerly an assistant coach at the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he was hired as passing game coordinator, tight ends coach, and special teams coordinator on Jon Embree's staff in December 2010. Brookhart was the head coach at the University of Akron from 2004 to 2009, compiling a record of 30–42. His Akron Zips won the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in 2005, and he was honored as the MAC Coach of the Year the previous season. Brookhart played college football at Brigham Young University as a freshman walk-on before transferring to Colorado State University. He has also served as an assistant coach at the University of Pittsburgh and with the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL).
Buk District, Daegu
Buk District (Korean: 북구; RR: Buk-gu; lit. north district) is a district in northwestern Daegu, South Korea. It adjoins Chilgok County on the north. The area is  93.99 km2. The population is about 414,883.

Buk District was first created as an office of Daegu in 1938, during the period of Japanese rule. It was raised to the status of a district in 1963. For most of the twentieth century, Buk District was purely an administrative division of Daegu, without any local autonomy. The first district council was inaugurated in 1991, and the first district head was elected in 1995, as part of nationwide local government reforms.

Kyungpook National University and Yeungjin College are located in Buk District.

Suseong District
Suseong District (Korean: 수성구; RR: Suseong-gu) is a gu (district) in southeastern Daegu, South Korea. It is one of the most prosperous and high-density areas of Daegu, the site of the city's most extensive hagwon district, so it's called "Gangnam of Daegu". The population of this district consists of those who have careers such as doctors, professors, judges and other high valued careers in Korea. Because of this, it is known for expensive housing and schools compared to other districts in Daegu.

Suseong District shares its eastern border with Gyeongsan, and looks across the Sincheon stream at Nam-gu and Jung-gu towards the city center. To the north it meets Dong-gu and to the south it faces Dalseong County across the ridgeline of Yongjibong.

Attractions in the district include Yongjibong and Suseong Lake, as well as the Sincheon riverside park. The district enjoys close connections to both downtown Daegu and neighboring Gyeongsan.
States and union territories of India
India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 subnational entities. The states and union territories in turn are each subdivided into a total of around 800 districts, which contain further administrative subdivisions.

Under the Indian Constitution and laws, the states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a state government. The legal power to manage affairs in each state is shared or divided between the particular state government on one hand and the national union government on the other. The union territories are directly governed by the union government; no state level government (and thus no division of power) exists in these jurisdictions.

Kannauj district
Kannauj district is an administrative district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India, along the river Ganges. The historic town of Kannauj, northwest of Kanpur, is the administrative center. The district was carved out of Farrukhabad district on 18 September 1997. The native dialect of this district is Kannauji.
José Luis Castillo
José Luis Castillo (born December 14, 1973) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 1990 to 2014. Generally considered one of the best lightweights of his era, he is a two-time world champion at that weight, having held the WBC title twice, from 2000 to 2002 and 2004 to 2005; and the Ring magazine and lineal titles from 2004 to 2005. Castillo is best known for his 2005 fight against Diego Corrales, for which he received Fight of the Year awards by both The Ring and the Boxing Writers Association of America, as well as his much-debated first fight with Floyd Mayweather Jr.

Juan Urango
Juan Fernando Urango Rivas (born October 4, 1980), best known as Juan Urango, is a Colombian former professional boxer who competed from 2002 to 2012. He held the IBF junior welterweight title twice between 2006 and 2010, and challenged once for the WBC welterweight title in 2009. His nickname of "Iron Twin" is a reference to his twin brother, Pedro Urango, who is also a former boxer.
Structuralism
Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.

Alternatively, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, structuralism is:

"The belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract structure."

Discourse
Discourse is a generalization of the notion of a conversation to any form of communication. Discourse is a major topic in social theory, with work spanning fields such as sociology, anthropology, continental philosophy, and discourse analysis. Following work by Michel Foucault, these fields view discourse as a system of thought, knowledge, or communication that constructs our world experience. Since control of discourse amounts to control of how the world is perceived, social theory often studies discourse as a window into power. Within theoretical linguistics, discourse is understood more narrowly as linguistic information exchange and was one of the major motivations for the framework of dynamic semantics. In these expressions, denotations are equated with their ability to update a discourse context.
Ričardas Berankis
Ričardas Berankis (Lithuanian pronunciation: [ˈrʲɪtʃɐrdɐs bʲɛˈrɐŋʲˑkʲɪs]; born June 21, 1990) is a Lithuanian former professional tennis player. He was the first and only Lithuanian to enter the ATP top 50 rankings, making him the highest ranked Lithuanian tennis player of all time. Berankis has reached two singles finals on the ATP World Tour, at the Los Angeles Open in 2012 and at the Kremlin Cup in 2017 and won one doubles title in Houston. He was also a prominent member of the Lithuania Davis Cup team.

Radu Albot
Radu Albot (born 11 November 1989) is a Moldovan professional tennis player. He achieved a career high ranking of No. 39 on 5 August 2019, making him the highest ranked player from Moldova. He is the first player from Moldova to win ATP Tour titles in singles (2019 Delray Beach Open) and in doubles (2015 Istanbul Open). He is also the first Moldovan to break into the top 100 on 27 July 2015 and four years later in the top 50. He is currently the No. 1 Moldovan player.
He finished in the top 100 in the year-end rankings for five years (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020). His year-end career high was world No. 46 achieved in 2019.

Albot has won one ATP singles and one doubles title, 9 singles and 10 doubles Challenger titles in his career, as well as 14 singles and 7 doubles Futures titles. He has been a regular member of the Moldovan Davis Cup team since 2007 and holds his country's records for the most singles wins (30) and total wins (43).
FC Kuusysi
FC Kuusysi ([ˈkuːs̠ys̠i]; Finnish for FC sixty-nine) is a football club in Lahti, Finland. Its men's team is currently playing in the fourth tier of Finnish football (Kolmonen), and its women's team is playing in Kakkonen. The homeground of FC Kuusysi is Lahden kisapuisto.

1988–89 European Cup Winners' Cup
The 1988–89 season of the European Cup Winners' Cup was won for the third time by Barcelona in the final against Italian entrants Sampdoria. The two sides would meet again in the 1992 European Cup Final, which Barcelona also won. Wimbledon did not participate due to UEFA's five-year ban on English clubs from European competition. The defending champions Mechelen were eliminated in the semi-finals by eventual runners-up Sampdoria.
Athanasios Diakos
Athanasios Nikolaos Massavetas 
or Grammatikos (Greek: Αθανάσιος Νικόλαος Μασσαβέτας-Γραμματικός; 1788 – 24 April 1821) also known as Athanasios Diakos (Greek: Αθανάσιος Διάκος) was a Greek military commander during the Greek War of Independence, considered a venerable national hero in Greece.

Amfissa
Amphissa (Greek: Άμφισσα [ˈamfisa]) is a town in Phocis, Greece, part of the municipality of Delphi, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 315.174 km2. It lies on the northern edge of the olive forest of the Crissaean plain, between two mountains, Giona to the west and Parnassus to the east, 200 km (120 mi) northwest of Athens and 20 km (12 mi) of Delphi, as well as 85 km (53 mi) northeast of Naupactus and 72 km (45 mi) south of Lamia.

Amphissa dates back to antiquity, with its history spanning around 3,000 years, and has been traditionally the largest and capital city of Phocis. It was the most important city of the ancient Greek tribe of the Ozolian Locrians and one of the most powerful cities in Central Greece. In the Middle Ages, Amphissa came to be known as Salona.  It declined after several foreign conquests and destructions, but emerged as an important city in the region and played a major role during the Greek War of Independence.
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley (/ˈwaɪli/), is an American multinational publishing company which focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials. The company was founded in 1807 and produces books, journals, and encyclopedias, in print and electronically, as well as online products and services, training materials, and educational materials for undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education students.

Springer Publishing
Springer Publishing Company is an American publishing company of academic journals and books, focusing on the fields of nursing, gerontology, psychology, social work, counseling, public health, and rehabilitation (neuropsychology). It was established in 1951 by Bernhard Springer, a great-grandson of Julius Springer, and is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
Nicholas Ridley (martyr)
Nicholas Ridley (c. 1500 – 16 October 1555) was an English Bishop of London (the only bishop called "Bishop of London and Westminster"). Ridley was one of the Oxford Martyrs burned at the stake during the Marian Persecutions, for his teachings and his support of Lady Jane Grey. He is remembered with a commemoration in the calendar of saints (with Hugh Latimer) in some parts of the Anglican Communion (Church of England) on 16 October.

Stephen Gardiner
Stephen Gardiner (27 July 1483 – 12 November 1555) was an English Catholic bishop and politician during the English Reformation period who served as Lord Chancellor during the reign of Queen Mary I.

Skilled in canon law, he had a significant career as a civil servant and diplomat, being brought to King Henry VIII's attention when working for Cardinal Wolsey, then serving as the king's Secretary.  As a bishop, he was the most important religious conservative to retain his diocese during the later reign of Henry, supporting the king's claim as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.  He spent most of the reign of Edward VI in prison, but was restored by Mary I of England, in whose reign he died.
Swabian Circle
The Circle of Swabia or Swabian Circle (German: Schwäbischer Reichskreis or Schwäbischer Kreis) was an imperial circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former German stem-duchy of Swabia. However, it did not include the Habsburg home territories of Swabian Austria, the member states of the Swiss Confederacy nor the lands of the Alsace region west of the Rhine, which belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle. The Swabian League of 1488, a predecessor organization, disbanded in the course of the Protestant Reformation and the Thirty Years War in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Duchy of Württemberg
The Duchy of Württemberg (German: Herzogtum Württemberg) was a duchy located in the south-western part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1495 to 1803. The dukedom's long survival for over three centuries was mainly due to its size, being larger than its immediate neighbors. During the Protestant Reformation, Württemberg faced great pressure from the Catholic emperors to remain loyal. Württemberg resisted repeated French invasions in the 17th and 18th centuries, the duchy being directly in the path of French and Austrian armies who were engaged in the long rivalry between the House of Bourbon and the House of Habsburg. In 1803, Napoleon raised the duchy to be the Electorate of Württemberg. On 1 January 1806, the last elector assumed the title of King of Württemberg. Later that year, on 6 August 1806, the last Emperor, Francis II, abolished (de facto) the Holy Roman Empire.
Achaemenes
Achaemenes (Old Persian: 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 Haxāmaniš; Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμένης Akhaiménēs; Latin: Achaemenēs) was the progenitor (apical ancestor) and eponymous founder of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia.

Other than his role as an apical ancestor, nothing is known of his life or actions. It is quite possible that Achaemenes was only the mythical ancestor of the Persian royal house, but if Achaemenes was a historical person, he would have lived around 700 BC.

Ariaramnes
Ariaramnes (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶𐎴 Ariyāramna; "peace of the Arya") was a great-uncle of Cyrus the Great and the great-grandfather of Darius I, and perhaps the king of Parsa, the ancient core kingdom of Persia.

Ariaramnes was most likely the brother of Cyrus I of Anshan and son of Teispes, but this is not certain. In any case, he was a member of the Achaemenid House. As supported by the relief at Behistun he was the first king of a separate Achaemenid branch that ran parallel to the reigns of Cyrus I and his son Cambyses I. As the great-grandfather of Darius the Great, this line ultimately absorbs the Dynasty and dominates the Persian Empire.
Reserve power
In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government, a reserve power, also known as discretionary power, is a power that may be exercised by the head of state (or their representative) without the approval of another branch or part of the government.  Unlike in a presidential system of government, the head of state (or their representative) is generally constrained by the cabinet or the legislature in a parliamentary system, and most reserve powers are usable only in certain limited circumstances.

Humphrey Gibbs
Sir Humphrey Vicary Gibbs, GCVO KCMG OBE KStJ PC (22 November 1902 – 5 November 1990), was the penultimate Governor of the colony of Southern Rhodesia, from 24 October 1964 described by its internationally unrecognised government simply as Rhodesia, who served until, and opposed, the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965.