hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Northern Thai people
The Northern Thai people, also known as Tai Yuan  (Thai: ไทยวน, [tʰaj˧ juan˧]) or Khon Mueang  (Northern Thai: ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ, คนเมือง pronounced [kʰon˧ mɯaŋ˧]), are a Tai ethnic group, native to nine provinces in Northern Thailand, principally in the area of the former kingdom of Lan Na. As a Tai group, they are closely related to Tai Lü and Tai Khün with regard to common culture, language and history in contrast to Thailand's dominant Thai ethnic group (referred to as Siamese or Central Thai). There are approximately 6 million Tai Yuan. Most of them live in Northern Thailand, with a small minority 29,442 (2005 census) living across the border in Bokeo Province of Laos. Their language is called Northern Thai, Lanna or Kham Mueang.

Nyaw people
The Lao Nyaw, Thai Nyaw or Tai Yo (Thai/Isan: ไทญ้อ, Thai pronunciation: [tʰāj jɔ́ː], Isan pronunciation: [tʰɑj ɲɔː], Khmer: ឡាវញ៉) are an ethnic group of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, scattered throughout the provinces of Isan such as Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom, and parts of Bolikhamxai and Khammouan provinces of Laos. They are also referred to as simply Nyaw or Yaw, depending on either the Lao, Isan, and Nyaw pronunciation, which all pronounce the initial consonant as [ɲ], or the Thai pronunciation, which pronounces the initial consonant as [j].
Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (c. 566–653 CE) was a paternal uncle and sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, just three years older than his nephew. A wealthy merchant, during the early years of Islam he protected Muhammad while he was in Mecca, but only became a convert after the Battle of Badr in 624 CE (2 AH). His descendants founded the Abbasid Caliphate in 750.

Ja'alin tribe
The Ja'alin, Ja'aliya, Ja'aliyin or Ja'al (Arabic: جعليون) are an Arab or Arabised Nubian tribe in Sudan. They claim Arab descent. The Ja'alin formerly occupied the country on both banks of the Nile from Khartoum to Abu Hamad; they constitute a large portion of the Sudanese Arabs and are one of the three prominent Sudanese Arab tribes in northern Sudan. Many Sudanese politicians have come from the Ja'alin tribal coalition.
Jerry Fodor
Jerry Alan Fodor (/ˈfoʊdər/ FOH-dər; April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and the author of works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. His writings in these fields laid the groundwork for the modularity of mind and the language of thought hypotheses, and he is recognized as having had "an enormous influence on virtually every portion of the philosophy of mind literature since 1960." At the time of his death in 2017, he held the position of State of New Jersey Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Rutgers University, and had taught previously at the City University of New York Graduate Center and MIT.

Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language is the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, indexicality, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.

Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's "linguistic turn". These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle, logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
Johanna Kissling
Johanna Kissling (or Kißling) (1875, Germany – 1961, Melrose, Scotland) was a pioneer German photographer based in Scotland. The main work that is preserved was taken in St Kilda and Lewis around 1905 when she traveled as a tourist. She lived in Scotland with her son, the ethnographer and photographer Werner Kissling. They were both noted for their work in Scotland.

Beatrice Garvie
Beatrice Garvie (1872–1956) was a Scottish doctor who is known for her photography on the Scottish island of North Ronaldsay. She was one of the first women to become a doctor in Scotland and she worked as a missionary in India.
List of ambassadors of the United States to South Africa
Before 1902, the southern part of Africa that is now South Africa was under the hegemony of Great Britain. There also were two self-proclaimed independent states: Transvaal (also known as the South African Republic), and the Orange Free State. The British and the Boers fought two wars, known as the First Boer War (1880–1881) and the Second Boer War (1899–1902); after the second war, in which the British prevailed, both republics were incorporated into the British Empire. On May 31, 1910, the two ex-republics and the British colonies of the Cape and Natal formed the Union of South Africa, a self-governing dominion of the British Empire.

The United States appointed its first envoy to South Africa, Ralph J. Totten, in 1929. He was appointed as Minister Resident/Consul General and promoted to Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary the following year.

South Africa was renamed the Republic of South Africa on May 31, 1961, after links to the British crown were severed.

Patrick Gaspard
Patrick Hubert Gaspard (born July 26, 1967) is an American former diplomat who served as president of the Center for American Progress, a liberal think tank.

A noted Democratic Party leader and strategist, Gaspard served as executive director of the Democratic National Committee from 2011 to 2013. Gaspard served as United States Ambassador to South Africa from 2013 to 2016. Prior to his appointment to lead CAP, Gaspard served as president of the Open Society Foundations from 2017 to 2020.
Nura Nal
Dream Girl (Nura Nal) is a superhero appearing in books published by DC Comics, primarily as a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 30th and 31st centuries. She was created by writer Edmond Hamilton and artist John Forte, and first appeared in Adventure Comics #317 (1964).

Dream Girl has made limited appearances in other media, primarily in association with the Legion. Tara Platt voices the character in Legion of Super Heroes (2006), while Nicole Maines portrays Nia Nal, a contemporary character based on her, in the Arrowverse.

Timber Wolf (character)
Timber Wolf (Brin Londo) is a character appearing in American comics published by DC Comics. He is a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes from the planet Zuun and possesses enhanced strength and agility. Brin has occasionally been depicted as wolf-like and was once mutated into Furball, a large wolf-like creature.

In other media, Timber Wolf has appeared in Legion of Super Heroes (2006) and Legion of Super-Heroes (2023), respectively voiced by Shawn Harrison and Robbie Daymond. In Legion of Super-Heroes (2006), Timber Wolf is depicted as wolf-like in his default form and can transform into a larger wolf-like creature.
Pinedale, Wyoming
Pinedale is a town in and the county seat of Sublette County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 2,005 at the 2020 census. Pinedale is an important hunting outfitting town and a gateway to the Wind River Range. Additionally, Pinedale is near several large natural gas fields, including the Pinedale Anticline and Jonah Field. Attractions include the Museum of the Mountain Man, Green River Rendezvous Days, White Pine Ski Area, the Pinedale Aquatic Center and the Town Park System along the Pine Creek Corridor in the middle of town.

Jackson, Wyoming
Jackson is a resort town in Teton County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 10,760 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 10,680 in 2024. It is Teton County's only incorporated municipality and its county seat, and it is the largest incorporated town in Wyoming. Jackson is the principal town of the Jackson, WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Teton County in Wyoming and Teton County in Idaho. The town is often called Jackson Hole, which is the name of the valley in which it is located. Jackson is a popular tourist destination due to its proximity to the ski resorts Jackson Hole Mountain, Snow King Mountain, and Grand Targhee. Jackson also acts as a gateway community for Grand Teton National Park and Yellowstone National Park.
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)
The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Dutch: Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap; OCW) is the Dutch Ministry responsible for education, culture, science, research, gender equality and communications. The Ministry was created in 1918 as the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences and had several name changes before it became the Education, Culture and Science in 1994. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Education, Culture and Science, currently Gouke Moes.

List of ministers of education of the Netherlands
The minister of education, culture and science (Dutch: Minister van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap) is the head of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and a member of the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers. The current minister of education, culture and science is Gouke Moes of Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB). The minister of education, culture and science is often assigned a state secretary who is tasked with specific portfolios, currently Koen Becking of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). In the past, there have been ministers without portfolio assigned to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.
Arnaud Clément
Arnaud Clément (French pronunciation: [aʁno klemɑ̃]; born 17 December 1977) is a French former professional tennis player and Davis Cup captain. Clément reached the final of the 2001 Australian Open and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 10 in April 2001. He also had a career-high doubles ranking of No. 8. He won four ATP singles titles (Lyon 2000, Metz 2003, Marseille 2006, Washington 2006), and twelve doubles titles including 2007 Wimbledon, partnering Michaël Llodra, and two Masters titles.

He was the French Davis Cup captain from 2013 to 2015.

Nikolay Davydenko
Nikolay Vladimirovich Davydenko (Russian: Никола́й Влади́мирович Давыде́нко listenⓘ; born 2 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 3 in November 2006. Davydenko's best result in a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the semi-finals, which he accomplished on four occasions: twice each at the French Open and the U.S. Open, losing to Roger Federer in all but one of them. His biggest achievement was winning the 2009 ATP World Tour Finals, and he also won three ATP Masters Series. In mid-October 2014 Davydenko retired from playing professionally.
Lou Rawls
Louis Allen Rawls (December 1, 1933 – January 6, 2006) was an American baritone singer. He released 61 albums, sold more than 40 million records, and had numerous charting singles, most notably the song "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine". He also worked as a film, television, and voice actor. He was a three-time winner of the Best Male R&B Vocal Performance Grammy Award.

Little Milton
James Milton Campbell Jr. (September 7, 1934 – August 4, 2005), better known as Little Milton, was an American blues singer and guitarist, best known for his number-one R&B single "We're Gonna Make It". His other hits include "Baby, I Love You", "Who's Cheating Who?", and "Grits Ain't Groceries (All Around The World)".

A native of the Mississippi Delta, Milton began his recording career in 1953 at Sun Records before relocating to St. Louis and co-founding Bobbin Records in 1958. It was not until Milton signed to Checker Records that he achieved success on the charts. Other labels Milton recorded for included Meteor, Stax, Glades, Golden Ear, MCA, and Malaco. Milton was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1988.
Coalbrookdale
Coalbrookdale is a settlement in the Ironbridge Gorge and the Telford and Wrekin borough of Shropshire, England, of great significance in the history of iron ore smelting. It lies within the civil parish called The Gorge, and is sometimes referred to as a town.

This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal". The coal was drawn from drift mines in the sides of the valley. As it contained far fewer impurities than normal coal, the iron it produced was of a superior quality. Along with many other industrial developments that were going on in other parts of the country, this discovery was a major factor in the growing industrialisation of Britain, which was to become known as the Industrial Revolution. Today, Coalbrookdale is home to the Ironbridge Institute, a partnership between the University of Birmingham and the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust offering postgraduate and professional development courses in heritage.

Reverberatory furnace
A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing.
RPK
The RPK (Russian: Ручной пулемёт Калашникова/РПК, romanized: Ruchnoy Pulemyot Kalashnikova/RPK, lit. 'Kalashnikov's hand-held machine gun/RPK'), sometimes inaccurately termed the RPK-47, is a Soviet 7.62×39mm light machine gun that was developed by Mikhail Kalashnikov in the early 1960s, in parallel with the AKM assault rifle. It was created to standardize the small arms inventory of the Soviet Army, where it replaced the 7.62×39mm RPD machine gun. The RPK continues to be used by the military of the post-Soviet states and several African and Asian nations. The RPK is also manufactured in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Serbia.

Heckler & Koch HK21
The HK21 is a German 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun, developed in 1961 by small arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch and based on the G3 battle rifle. The weapon is in use with the armed forces of several Asian, African and Latin American countries. It was also license-manufactured by Fábrica de Braço de Prata in Portugal as the m/968 and in Mexico by SEDENA as the MG21. In the German military (Bundeswehr) and the federal police (Bundespolizei) it is designated "G8".
Virgilijus Alekna
Virgilijus Alekna (Lithuanian pronunciation: [vʲɪrʲˈɡʲɪlʲɪjʊs ɐlʲɛkˈnɐ]; 13 February 1972) is a Lithuanian former discus thrower and politician. He won medals at the 2000, 2004 and 2008 Olympics, including two golds.

After retiring from athletics, Alekna was elected to the national parliament, the Seimas, in 2016.

He has three children – Martynas Alekna, the discus world record holder Mykolas Alekna, and Gabrielė Aleknaite.

Piotr Małachowski
Piotr Małachowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈpjɔtr mawaˈxɔfski]; born 7 June 1983) is a Polish retired discus thrower, two-time silver medalist at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics. His personal best throw is 71.84 metres, ranks him fifth in all-time longest discus throw distances, achieved on 8 June 2013 at Hengelo, the Netherlands.
Chojnice
Chojnice (Polish: [xɔjˈɲit͡sɛ] ⓘ; Kashubian: Chònice or Chòjnice; German: Konitz or Conitz) is a town in northern Poland with a population of 38,789 (as of June 2023), near the Tuchola Forest. It is the capital of Chojnice County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Founded in c. 1205, Chojnice is a former royal city of Poland and was an important center of cloth production. It is home to one of the oldest high schools in Poland, and played a significant role in Polish youth resistance against the Germanisation policies of Prussia following the Partitions of Poland. The town was also the site of several significant battles, and during World War II, German occupiers massacred approximately 2,000 Poles on its outskirts.

Chojnice is a railroad junction with connections to Brodnica, Kościerzyna, Piła, Szczecinek, and Tczew. It contains several Gothic and Baroque heritage sights, and is the largest town near the Tuchola Forest, a large forest complex in north-central Poland.

Lębork
Lębork (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlɛmbɔrk] ⓘ; Kashubian: Lãbòrg; German: Lauenburg in Pommern) is a town on the Łeba and Okalica rivers in the Gdańsk Pomerania region in northern Poland. It is the capital of Lębork County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. Its population is 33,865.
Odilon Barrot
Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (French: [ɔdilɔ̃ baʁo]; 19 July 1791 – 6 August 1873) was a French politician who was briefly head of the council of ministers under the presidency of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.

Alphonse de Lamartine
Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (French: [alfɔ̃s maʁi lwi də pʁa d(ə) lamaʁtin]; 21 October 1790 – 28 February 1869) was a French author, poet, and statesman. Initially a moderate royalist, he became one of the leading critics of the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe, aligning more with the Republican Left and Social Catholicism.

Lamartine was a leading figure in the 1848 French Revolution and was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic along with the preservation of the tricolor as the flag of France. During the revolutionary year of 1848 he served as Foreign Minister and frequently worked to ease tensions between the government and the working class. He was a candidate in the 1848 French presidential election but lost to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. After the election, he retired from political life.
Paris Colonial Exposition
The Paris Colonial Exhibition (or "Exposition coloniale internationale", International Colonial Exhibition) was a six-month colonial exhibition held in Paris, France, in 1931 that attempted to display the diverse cultures and immense resources of France's colonial possessions.

Albert Laprade
Albert Laprade (29 November 1883 – 9 May 1978) was a French architect, perhaps best known for the Palais de la Porte Dorée.
During a long career he undertook many urban renewal projects as well as major industrial and commercial works.
A skilled artist, he published a series of sketch books of architecture in France and other Mediterranean countries.
2019 Lebanese Super Cup
The 2019 Lebanese Super Cup was the 20th Lebanese Super Cup, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's Lebanese Premier League and Lebanese FA Cup. As Ahed won both competitions in 2019, their opponents were the 2018–19 Lebanese Premier League runners-up, Ansar.

The match was played at the Saida Municipal Stadium on 15 September 2019. Ahed defended the trophy they won in 2018, winning 2–1 thanks to an Ahmed Akaïchi brace.

2023 Lebanese Super Cup
The 2023 Lebanese Super Cup was the 22nd Lebanese Super Cup, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's Lebanese Premier League and the winners of the previous season's Lebanese FA Cup.

The match was played at the Fouad Chehab Stadium on 30 July 2023. Nejmeh won their seventh title, defeating Ahed on penalties, following a 0–0 draw after regular time.
PDP-8
The PDP-8 is a family of 12-bit minicomputers that was produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Launched in 1965, it was the first minicomputer to sell for under $20,000, and the $25,000 mark for a complete system would later be a defining characteristic of the minicomputer class. Over 50,000 units were sold during the model's lifetime.

Its basic design follows the pioneering LINC but has a smaller instruction set, which is an expanded version of the PDP-5 instruction set. To lower the cost of implementation, the system leaves out a number of commonly used functions which have to be written using combinations of other instructions. This leads to complex programs.

The PDP-12 is an offshoot of the PDP-8 with a processor that can run programs for the PDP-8 and LINC systems. The successor to the PDP-8 line is the PDP-11, which featured a much more complete instruction set and was not backward compatible.

PDP-7
The PDP-7 is an 18-bit minicomputer produced by Digital Equipment Corporation as part of the PDP series. Introduced in 1964,: p.8  shipped since 1965, it was the first to use their Flip-Chip technology. With a cost of US$72,000, it was cheap but powerful by the standards of the time. The PDP-7 is the third of Digital's 18-bit machines, with essentially the same instruction set architecture as the PDP-4 and the PDP-9.
Jasper, Tennessee
Jasper is a town in and the county seat of Marion County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,612 at the 2020 census. The town was formed in 1820 from lands acquired from Betsy Pack, daughter of Cherokee Chief John Lowery. Jasper is part of the Chattanooga metropolitan area.

Whitwell, Tennessee
Whitwell is a city in Marion County, Tennessee, United States, approximately 24 miles northwest of Chattanooga. The population was 1,641 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN–GA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Shanti Bahini
The Shanti Bahini (Bengali: শান্তি বাহিনী; "Peace Force") was the armed wing of Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti in Bangladesh. It is considered as a insurgent group in Bangladesh. Most of its members were ethnically Chakma.

Bangladesh Army
The Bangladesh Army (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ সেনাবাহিনী, romanized: Bāṅlādēś shēnābāhinī) is the principal land warfare branch of the Bangladesh Armed Forces responsible for defending the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bangladesh. Operating under the Ministry of Defence, the army is tasked with national defense, disaster response, and supporting civil authorities during emergencies. Established officially after the 1971 Liberation War, the Bangladesh Army has since evolved into a professional, modern force engaged in peacekeeping missions under the United Nations as well as national security operations.

The Bangladesh Army is also constitutionally obligated to assist the government, during times of domestic or national emergencies. This additional role is commonly referred to as "aid to civil administration" or, using the Latin form, "Protectio, Transparentia, Reintegratio".
Lowell Weicker
Lowell Palmer Weicker Jr. (/waɪkər/; May 16, 1931 – June 28, 2023) was an American politician who served as a U.S. representative, U.S. senator, and the 85th governor of Connecticut.

Weicker unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1980. One of the first Republican members of Congress to express concerns about President Richard Nixon's role in the Watergate scandal, Weicker developed a reputation as a "Rockefeller Republican", eventually leading conservative activists to endorse his opponent Joe Lieberman, a New Democrat, in the 1988 Senate election which he subsequently lost. Weicker later left the Republican Party, and became one of the few third-party candidates to be elected to a state governorship in the United States at the time, doing so on the ticket of A Connecticut Party.

William A. O'Neill
William Atchison O'Neill (August 11, 1930 – November 24, 2007) was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 84th Governor of Connecticut from 1980 to 1991. He was the second longest-serving governor in Connecticut history, with 10 years in office.