hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.

Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Rockwell Mixed Pairs
The Rockwell Mixed Pairs is a national bridge championship held regularly at the Spring American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC). The Rockwell Trophy, donated by Helen Rockwell in 1946, is presented to the winners. Originally contested at the Fall NABC, the event was moved to the Spring NABC in 1986.

The event is a four-session matchpoint (MP) pairs event with two qualifying and two final sessions; each pair consists of one male and one female player.

Truscott Senior Swiss Teams
The Truscott/USPC Senior Swiss Teams North American bridge championship is held at the summer American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC).

The Truscott/USPC Senior Swiss Teams is a four session Swiss teams, two qualifying sessions and two final sessions.
The event typically starts on the first Monday of the NABC.
The event is open to players 55 or older.
Huizhou Chinese
Huizhou (Chinese: 徽州话), or the Hui dialect (Chinese: 徽语), is a group of Sinitic languages spoken in and around the historical region of Huizhou (for which it is named), in about ten or so mountainous counties in southern Anhui, plus a few more in neighbouring Zhejiang and Jiangxi.

Although the Hui area is small compared with other Chinese dialect groups, it displays a very high degree of internal variation, and the lect is also situated near many mutually unintelligible varieties, making its classification difficult. It has been previously grouped with Huai, Wu, and Gan, and some even believe that it does not even constitute a singular language family.

Pinghua
Pinghua is a pair of Sinitic languages spoken mainly in parts of Guangxi, with some speakers in Hunan. Pinghua is a trade language in some areas of Guangxi, spoken as a second language by speakers of Zhuang languages. Some speakers are officially classified as Zhuang, and many are genetically distinct from most other Han Chinese. The northern subgroup is centered on Guilin and the southern subgroup around Nanning. The Southern dialect has several notable features such as having four distinct checked tones, and using various loanwords from the Zhuang languages, such as the final particle wei for imperative sentences.
Purus River
The Purus River (Portuguese: Rio Purus; Spanish: Río Purús) is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is 371,042 km2 (143,260 sq mi), and the mean annual discharge is 11,207 m3/s (395,800 cu ft/s). The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and the Purús Province (and its conformed Purús District), one of the four provinces of Peru in the Ucayali Region.

Huallaga River
The Huallaga River is a tributary of the Marañón River, part of the Amazon Basin. Old names for this river include Guallaga and Rio de los Motilones. The Huallaga is born on the slopes of the Andes in central Peru and joins the Marañón before the latter reaches the Ucayali River to form the Amazon. Its main affluents are the Monzón, Mayo, Biabo, Abiseo and Tocache rivers. Coca is grown in most of those valleys, which are also exposed to periodic floods.
Genetic code
Genetic code is a set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.

The codons specify which amino acid will be added next during protein biosynthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the RNA codon table). That scheme is often called the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though variant codes (such as in mitochondria) exist.

N-terminus
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. Within a peptide, the amine group is bonded to the carboxylic group of another amino acid, making it a chain.  That leaves a free carboxylic group at one end of the peptide, called the C-terminus, and a free amine group on the other end called the N-terminus. By convention, peptide sequences are written N-terminus to C-terminus, left to right (in LTR writing systems). This correlates the translation direction to the text direction, because when a protein is translated from messenger RNA, it is created from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, as amino acids are added to the carboxyl end of the protein.
2021 Pan American Gymnastics Championships
The 2021 Pan American Gymnastics Championships was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 2021.  Three gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics (from June 4–6), rhythmic gymnastics (from June 11–13) and trampoline (from June 11–13).  The event was originally to be held in the United States but was changed due to concerns around the COVID-19 pandemic.  The event serves as qualification to the 2020 Olympic Games.

Brody Malone
John Brody Malone (born January 7, 2000) is an American artistic gymnast. He has been a member of the United States men's national artistic gymnastics team since 2020 and represented the United States at the 2020 and 2024 Olympic Games. He was a member of the bronze medal-winning team at the 2024 Summer Olympics. He is a three-time United States national all-around champion (2021, 2022, and 2024). On horizontal bar, he is the 2022 World Champion, the 2025 World Champion, and the 2021 World Championship bronze medalist. With four Olympic and World Championship medals, Malone is the sixth most decorated U.S. male gymnast of all time. He is also a ten-time NCAA National Champion.
Gharnati music
Gharnati (Arabic: الغرناطي), is an Algerian variety of Andalusian classical music originating in Tlemcen. Its name is derived from the Arabic name of the city of Granada. Gharnati has also become an established tradition in other cities in western Algeria, such as Oran and Sidi-Bel-Abbès. In the 20th century it also spread to Morocco after being brought over by Algerian families who moved there fleeing French colonial rule in Algeria, and eventually founding conservatories in cities like Oujda and Rabat.

Ma'luf
Ma'luf (Arabic: مألوف, romanized: acquainted, familiar Ma'lūf) is a genre of art music in the Andalusian classical music tradition of Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia. It is of Iberian origin and was introduced to the Maghreb by Andalusi refugees.
List of governors of Bihar
The Governor of Bihar is the nominal head of the Indian state of Bihar. The governor is appointed by the President of India. Arif Mohammad Khan is the current governor of Bihar. Former President Zakir Husain and Ram Nath Kovind were two such governors of Bihar who succeeded on to become the President of India.

List of governors of West Bengal
The governor of West Bengal is the nominal head of the Indian state of West Bengal. The governor is appointed by the president of India. C. V. Ananda Bose is the incumbent governor, having taken office on 18 November 2022.
Royal Entomological Society
The Royal Entomological Society is a learned society devoted to the study of insects. It aims to disseminate information about insects and to improve communication between entomologists.

The society was founded in 1833 as the Entomological Society of London. It had many antecedents beginning as the Society of Entomologists of London.

Royal Society of Biology
The Royal Society of Biology (RSB), previously called the Society of Biology, is a learned society and professional association in the United Kingdom created to advance the interests of biology in academia, industry, education, and research. Formed in 2009 by the merger of the Biosciences Federation and the Institute of Biology, the society has more than 20,000 individual members, and almost 100 Member Organisations. In addition to engaging the public on matters related to the life sciences, the Society seeks to develop the profession and to guide the development of related policies.

Individual Membership is open to both professional biologists and non-professional individuals with an interest in the life sciences, reflecting the Society’s inclusive and diverse community.
1965 Japan Soccer League
The 1965 season in Japanese football saw the formation of the Japan Soccer League, the first national league in Japan for football clubs. Eight teams took part in the championship, playing on a home and away basis. Toyo Industries were crowned the first champions, whilst Nagoya Mutual Bank came bottom and entered and end of season promotion/relegation match to stay in the top flight. They won this, 6–3 on aggregate against Nippon Kokan.

1970 Japan Soccer League
The 1970 season of the Japan Soccer League was the sixth season of Japanese league football. Toyo Industries won their fifth title and set the record for title wins, but they would not regain the title during the rest of the JSL's existence and would not win the successor league, the J. League Division 1, until 2012.
Arosa SC
Arosa Sociedad Cultural is a Spanish football team based in Vilagarcía de Arousa, in the autonomous community of Galicia. Founded in 1945, it plays in Tercera Federación – Group 1, holding home games at Estadio A Lomba, with a capacity of 5,000 seats.

Tercera División
Tercera División (English: Third Division) was the fourth tier of the Spanish football league system. Until 1977, it was the third tier of the Spanish football league system. Founded in 1929, it was below the Primera División (also known as La Liga), the Segunda División, and  the semi-professional Segunda División B.

For the 2021–22 season, Tercera División was replaced by Tercera División RFEF, which became the fifth tier due to the creation of a new, semi-professional third division by the Spanish federation (RFEF) called the Primera División RFEF.
Ypres
Ypres (/ˈiːprə/ EE-prə, French: [ipʁ] ⓘ;  Dutch: Ieper [ˈipər] ⓘ; West Flemish: Yper; German: Ypern [ˈyːpɐn] ⓘ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though 
the Dutch name Ieper is the official one, the city's French name Ypres is most commonly used in English. The municipality comprises the city of Ypres/Ieper and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. Together, they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants.

During the First World War, Ypres (or "Wipers" as it was commonly known by the British troops) was the centre of the Battles of Ypres between German and Allied forces.

Battle of Amiens (1918)
The Battle of Amiens, also known as the Third Battle of Picardy  was the opening phase of the Allied offensive which began on 8 August 1918, later known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which ultimately led to the end of World War I. Allied forces advanced over 11 kilometres (7 mi) on the first day, one of the greatest advances of the war, with Gen Henry Rawlinson's British Fourth Army, with nine of its 19 divisions supplied by the fast-moving Australian Corps of Lt General John Monash and Canadian Corps of Lt General Arthur Currie, and Gen Marie Eugène Debeney's French First Army playing a decisive role. The battle is also notable for its effects on both sides' morale and the large number of surrendering German forces. This led Erich Ludendorff to later describe the first day of the battle as "the black day of the German Army". Amiens was one of the first major battles involving armoured warfare.
Uppvidinge Municipality
Uppvidinge Municipality (Swedish: Uppvidinge kommun) is a municipality in Kronoberg County, southern Sweden, with its seat in the town of Åseda.

The present municipality, which took its name from a hundred, was formed by the local government reform of 1971 when Lenhovda, Nottebäck, Åseda and Älghult were amalgamated. The number of original entities, as of 1863, is six. The first amalgamation in the area (Granhult merged with Nottebäck) took place already in 1915.

The municipality has a rather small population but its slogan states "In a Small Municipality Man Becomes Large".

More than 80% of the area is covered with forests, making it live up to the general public's impression of the "dark" province of Småland. The name Uppvidinge itself means something like forest on a hill. The coat of arms is based on the insignia of Uppvidinge Hundred, from a document from 1568. It depicts a herb of unknown species in a red color.

Urban areas in Sweden
An urban area or tätort (lit. 'dense locality') in Sweden has a minimum of 200 inhabitants and may be a city, town or larger village. It is a purely statistical concept, not defined by any municipal or county boundaries. Larger urban areas synonymous with cities or towns (Swedish: stad for both terms) for statistical purposes have a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The same statistical definition is also used for urban areas in the other Nordic countries.

In 2018, there were nearly two thousand urban areas in Sweden, which were inhabited by 87% of the Swedish population.

Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort. The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however, "locality" (Swedish: ort). It could be compared with "census-designated places" in the United States.
Measurable cardinal
In mathematics, specifically in set theory, a measurable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number. In order to define the concept, one introduces a two-valued measure on a cardinal , or more generally on any set. For a cardinal , it can be described as a subdivision of all of its subsets into large and small sets such that  itself is large, the empty set and all singletons  with  are small, complements of small sets are large and vice versa. The intersection of fewer than  large sets is again large.

It turns out that uncountable cardinals endowed with a two-valued measure are large cardinals whose existence cannot be proved from ZFC.

The concept of a measurable cardinal was introduced by Stanisław Ulam in 1930.

Constructible universe
In mathematics, in set theory, the constructible universe (or Gödel's constructible universe), denoted by  is a particular class of sets that can be described entirely in terms of simpler sets.  is the union of the constructible hierarchy . It was introduced by Kurt Gödel in his 1938 paper "The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum-Hypothesis". In this paper, he proved that the constructible universe is an inner model of ZF set theory (that is, of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice excluded), and also that the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis are true in the constructible universe. This shows that both propositions are consistent with the basic axioms of set theory, if ZF itself is consistent. Since many other theorems only hold in systems in which one or both of the propositions is true, their consistency is an important result.
Dara Ó Briain
Dara Ó Briain (/ˈdɑːrə oʊ ˈbriːən, ˈdærə -/ DAR(R)-ə oh BREE-ən, Irish: [ˈd̪ˠaɾˠə oː ˈbʲɾʲiənʲ]; born 4 February 1972) is an Irish comedian and television presenter based in the United Kingdom. He is noted for performing stand-up comedy shows all over the world and for hosting topical panel shows such as Mock the Week, The Panel, and The Apprentice: You're Fired!. In 2009, the Irish Independent described Ó Briain as "Terry Wogan's heir apparent as Britain's 'favourite Irishman'".

In 2012, he was nominated for a BAFTA TV Award for Best Entertainment Performance for his work on Mock the Week. He has also been a newspaper columnist and written books for both adults and children. His first children's book, Beyond the Sky, was nominated for a Blue Peter Book Award in 2017.

Jimmy Carr
James Anthony Patrick Carr (born 15 September 1972) is a British-Irish comedian. He began his career in 1997 with a series of successful stand-up performances. He has regularly appeared on television as the host of Channel 4 panel shows such as The Big Fat Quiz of the Year (since 2004), 8 Out of 10 Cats (2005–2021), and 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown (since 2012). Carr is known for his rapid-fire deadpan delivery of one-liners.
Division No. 11, Saskatchewan
Division No. 11 is one of eighteen census divisions in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, as defined by Statistics Canada. It is located in the central part of the province and includes the largest city in the province, Saskatoon.

2021 Canadian census
The 2021 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population with a reference date of May 11, 2021. It recorded a total national population of 36,991,981 – a 5.2% increase over the five years from 2016. The 2021 census followed the 2016 Canadian census, which recorded a population of 35,151,728, and will be succeeded by Canada's 2026 census. The overall response rate in 2021 was 98%, slightly lower than the response rate for the 2016 census.
Artibeus
The Neotropical fruit bats (Artibeus) are a genus of bats within the subfamily Stenodermatinae. The genus consists of 12 species, which are native to Central and South America, as well as the Caribbean.

Saccopteryx
Saccopteryx is a genus of sac-winged bats from Central and South America. The species within this genus are:

Antioquian sac-winged bat Saccopteryx antioquensis

Greater sac-winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata

Frosted sac-winged bat Saccopteryx canescens

Amazonian sac-winged bat Saccopteryx gymnura

Lesser sac-winged bat Saccopteryx leptura
Jahan Shah
Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf (Persian: جهان شاه; Azerbaijani: Cahanşah جهان شاه;) or Abu al-Muzaffar Jahan Shah or, as he used the name "Haqiqi" when writing poetry. 1397 in Khoy or 1405 in Mardin – 30 October or 11 November 1467 near Bingöl) was the leader of the Qara Qoyunlu Oghuz Turkic tribal confederacy in Azerbaijan and Arran who reigned c. 1438 – 1467. During his reign he managed to expand the Qara Qoyunlu's territory to its largest extent, including Eastern Anatolia, most of present-day Iraq, central Iran, and even eventually Kerman. He also conquered neighbouring states. He was one of the greatest rulers of the Qara Qoyunlu. He was also allegedly fond of drinking and entertainment. During his reign Jahan Shah had the Gökmedrese and Muzafferiye theological schools constructed in his capital city Tabriz.

Ala al-Dawla Mirza
Rukn-ud-din Ala al-Dawla Mirza, also spelt Ala ud-Dawla Mirza and Ala ud-Daula Mirza, (1417 – 1460) was a Timurid prince and a grandson of the Central Asian ruler Shah Rukh. Following his grandfather's death, Ala al-Dawla became embroiled in the ensuing succession struggle. Though he initially possessed a strategic advantage, he was eventually overtaken by his more successful rivals. Ala al-Dawla died in exile after numerous failed attempts to gain the throne.
1958 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1958 was the 72nd staging of Ireland's premier hurling knock-out competition.  Tipperary won the championship, beating Galway 4–9 to 2–5 in the final at Croke Park, Dublin.

1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 51st staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 16 May 1937 and ended on 5 September 1937.

Limerick entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated in the provincial stages. Tipperary won the title following a 3–11 to 0–3 victory over Kilkenny in the final.
Effluent
Effluent is wastewater from sewers or industrial outfalls that flows directly into surface waters, either untreated or after being treated at a facility. The term has slightly different meanings in certain contexts, and may contain various pollutants depending on the source.

Urban runoff
Urban runoff is surface runoff of rainwater, landscape irrigation, and car washing created by urbanization. Impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots and sidewalks) are constructed during land development. During rain, storms, and other precipitation events, these surfaces (built from materials such as asphalt and concrete), along with rooftops, carry polluted stormwater to storm drains, instead of allowing the water to percolate through soil.

This causes lowering of the water table (because groundwater recharge is lessened) and flooding since the amount of water that remains on the surface is greater. Most municipal storm sewer systems discharge untreated stormwater to streams, rivers, and bays. This excess water can also make its way into people's properties through basement backups and seepage through building wall and floors.
Urban runoff can be a major source of urban flooding and water pollution in urban communities worldwide.
StarPlus
StarPlus is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Reliance Industries, Viacom18 and Disney India. Its programming consists of family dramas, romantic comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films.

Pavitra Rishta
Pavitra Rishta (International title: Sacred Relationship) is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language soap opera produced by Ekta Kapoor of Balaji Telefilms that aired on Zee TV from 1 June 2009 to 25 October 2014 starring Ankita Lokhande, Sushant Singh Rajput, Hiten Tejwani, Asha Negi, Shakti Arora, Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Veer Mehra in lead roles . It is an adaptation of Tamil television series Thirumathi Selvam. It is the third longest-running Indian television series of Zee TV.

In late 2018 and later in 2020, after the death of Sushant Singh Rajput, who starred in this series, it was rebroadcast on Zee TV. After this rerun received good ratings, they decided to bring a new series. A series titled Pavitra Rishta – It's Never too Late aired on ZEE5 from 15 September 2021 starring Ankita Lokhande reprising her role as Archana and Shaheer Sheikh as Manav.