hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Phosphatase
In biochemistry, a phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and an alcohol. Because a phosphatase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of its substrate, it is a subcategory of hydrolases. Phosphatase enzymes are essential to many biological functions, because phosphorylation (e.g. by protein kinases) and dephosphorylation (by phosphatases) serve diverse roles in cellular regulation and signaling. Whereas phosphatases remove phosphate groups from molecules, kinases catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups to molecules from ATP. Together, kinases and phosphatases direct a form of post-translational modification that is essential to the cell's regulatory network.

Phosphatase enzymes are not to be confused with phosphorylase enzymes, which catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from hydrogen phosphate to an acceptor. Due to their prevalence in cellular regulation, phosphatases are an area of interest for pharmaceutical research.

Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent. Broadly speaking, it can refer either to a chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, or to a surface on which other chemical reactions or microscopy are performed. In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the molecule upon which an enzyme acts. In synthetic and organic chemistry a substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified. A reagent is added to the substrate to generate a product through a chemical reaction. Otherwise, substrate may refer to a surface on which other chemical reactions are performed or a surface that plays a supporting role in various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques.
Supporters' Shield
The Supporters' Shield is an annual award given to the Major League Soccer team with the best regular season record, as determined by the MLS points system. The Supporters' Shield has been annually awarded at the MLS Supporters' Summit since 1999 (with the winners between 1996 and 1998 awarded retroactively), and has been recognized as a major trophy by the league. It echoes the practice of the top European leagues in which the team with the best record is the champion. Since 2006, the Supporters' Shield winner has earned a berth in the CONCACAF Champions Cup.

D.C. United and LA Galaxy, with four Supporters' Shields each, have won the most shields of any MLS team. Philadelphia Union are the 2025 holders of the Supporters' Shield, clinching their second shield in the penultimate regular season match. Inter Miami CF currently holds the record for the most points in a regular season, with 74 in the 2024 campaign.

2021 New England Revolution season
The 2021 season was the 26th in the history of the Major League Soccer club New England Revolution, a professional soccer team based in Foxborough, Massachusetts. The team was under the management of Bruce Arena in his second full MLS season as head coach of the Revs. The regular season began on April 17, 2021. In addition to the league, the Revolution were to compete in the 2021 U.S. Open Cup, before the competition was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The 2021 season saw the Revolution win their first Supporters' Shield in club history by having the best record in the regular season. They were eliminated in the conference semifinals of the MLS Cup playoffs after losing to New York City FC in a shootout.
LNB Élite
The LNB Élite, currently known for sponsorship reasons as Betclic Élite, is a professional basketball league in France and is the highest level of the French basketball system. The competition has existed since 1921. Since 1987, the Ligue Nationale de Basket (LNB) has governed the league.

Formerly known as the LNB Pro A, each season consists of 16 teams. The bottom two placed teams from each season are relegated to the second tier level Élite 2. The winner of the play-offs of the league are crowned the French national champions.

2015–16 Pro A season
The 2015–16 LNB Pro A season was the 94th season of the LNB Pro A. The season started on October 3, 2015 and ended June 14, 2016.

Monaco and Antibes Sharks were newcomers this season. Limoges CSP was the defending champion. ASVEL took the title, after beating Strasbourg IG 3–2 in the Finals.
Gamut
In color reproduction and colorimetry, a gamut, or color gamut /ˈɡæmət/, is a convex set containing the colors that can be accurately represented, i.e. reproduced by an output device (e.g. printer or display) or measured by an input device (e.g. camera or visual system). Devices with a larger gamut can represent more colors. Similarly, gamut may also refer to the colors within a defined color space, which is not linked to a specific device. A trichromatic gamut is often visualized as a color triangle. A less common usage defines gamut as the subset of colors contained within an image, scene or video.

High dynamic range
High dynamic range (HDR), also known as wide dynamic range, extended dynamic range, or expanded dynamic range, is a signal with a higher dynamic range than usual.

The term is often used in discussing the dynamic ranges of images, videos, audio or radio. It may also apply to the means of recording, processing, and reproducing such signals including analog and digitized signals.
1950 Monaco Grand Prix
43°44′4.74″N 7°25′16.8″E﻿ / ﻿43.7346500°N 7.421333°E﻿ / 43.7346500; 7.421333

The 1950 Monaco Grand Prix, formally titled the Prix de Monte-Carlo et XIe Grand Prix Automobile, was a Formula One motor race held on 21 May 1950 at Monaco. It was race two of seven in the 1950 World Championship of Drivers. The 100-lap race was held at an overall distance of 318.1 km (197.1 mi) and was won by Juan Manuel Fangio for the Alfa Romeo team after starting from pole position. Alberto Ascari finished second for Ferrari and Louis Chiron finished third for Maserati. It was also the first race for Ferrari in Formula One.

1950 Formula One season
The 1950 Formula One season was the fourth season of the FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the inaugural FIA World Championship of Drivers, which was contested over seven races between 13 May and 3 September 1950. The only one outside of Europe was the Indianapolis 500, which was run to AAA National Championship regulations. No Formula One drivers competed in the Indy 500 or vice versa. Finally, the season also included several non-championship races for Formula One cars.

Alfa Romeo entered a supercharged 158, a well-developed pre-war design that debuted in 1938, and managed to win all six races they competed in. Italian Giuseppe "Nino" Farina and Argentine teammate Juan Manuel Fangio both won three races and set three fastest laps each. But Fangio did not score points in the other three races, while Farina finished fourth in Belgium, handing him the championship.
Swiss League
The Swiss League, also known as the  Sky Swiss League for sponsorship reasons, is the second tier of the main professional ice hockey league in Switzerland, behind the National League. The winners of the league each season plays a best-of-seven series against the bottom team of the NL, and if they win, they are promoted, while the National League team is relegated to the Swiss League.

In 2024, the Swiss League changed its name to Sky Swiss League as a partnership with broadcaster Sky Switzerland. 
Prior to the 2017–18 season, the league was formerly called National League B. The league attendance in 2018–19 was about 2,700 spectators.

2017–18 National League (ice hockey) season
The 2017–18 National League season is the 80th season of Swiss professional ice hockey and the first season as the National League (NL). The change from National League A to National League was made at the end of the 2016–17 season.

ZSC Lions won their 9th NL title, defeating HC Lugano in game 7 of the finals. SC Bern won the regular season for the second consecutive year. EHC Kloten were relegated to the Swiss League, while SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers won promotion to the NL for 2018–19.
Central Districts cricket team
The Central Stags, formerly known as Central Districts, are a first-class cricket team based in central New Zealand. They are the men's representative side of the Central Districts Cricket Association. They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition, The Ford Trophy domestic one-day competition and the Men's Super Smash Twenty20 competition. They are one of six teams that make up New Zealand Cricket. They were the fifth of the current teams to compete in the Plunket Shield which they entered for the first time in the 1950/51 season, and are the only men's first-class side representing regions in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand.

2017–18 Plunket Shield season
The 2017–18 Plunket Shield was the 92nd season of the Plunket Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition in New Zealand. The competition started on 23 October 2017 and finished on 5 April 2018. Canterbury were the defending champions.

The round eight fixture between Canterbury and Auckland at the Mainpower Oval in Rangiora was called off due to an unsafe pitch. The umpires abandoned the game after only three balls were bowled on day three of the match.

Central Districts won the tournament, following the final round of fixtures, after their nearest rivals, Wellington, failed to win their last match.
Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg  (Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐‎, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle Persian continued to function as a prestige language. It descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian, the official language of Iran (also known as Persia), Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan (Tajik).

Yasht
A Yasht (Middle Persian: 𐭩𐭱𐭲, yšt') is a hymn of worship composed in the Young Avestan language and dedicated to specific Zoroastrian divinities. The term commonly applies to the collection of 21 Yashts, although it may also refer to other texts within the wider Avesta collection.
Canadian Amateur Hockey League
The Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) was an early men's amateur hockey league founded in 1898, replacing the organization that was formerly the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) before the 1898–99 season. The league existed for seven seasons, folding in 1905 and was itself replaced by the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA). Formed because of a dispute between teams of the AHAC, it further developed the sport in its transition to professional, with a growing focus on revenues. The CAHL itself would fold over a dispute, leading to the new ECAHA league.

1899 CAHL season
The 1899 CAHL season was the inaugural season of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League. Teams played an eight-game schedule. The Montreal Shamrocks were the league champion with a record of seven wins and one loss. Both the Shamrocks and the Montreal Victorias won Stanley Cup challenges to retain the Stanley Cup for the league.
Punch Imlach
George "Punch" Imlach (March 15, 1918 – December 1, 1987) was a Canadian ice hockey coach and general manager best known for his association with the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Buffalo Sabres. He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, and the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame (2004).

1966–67 NHL season
The 1966–67 NHL season was the 50th season of the National Hockey League. This was the last season of only six teams played 70 games each, as six more teams were added for the 1967–68 season. This season saw the debut of one of the greatest players in hockey history, defenceman Bobby Orr of the Boston Bruins. The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the Montreal Canadiens four games to two in the Stanley Cup Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the thirteenth time in franchise history; to date this is the Leafs' last Stanley Cup victory.
2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
The 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began on November 13. The first early-season tournaments to begin were the Puerto Rico Tip-Off and the Charleston Classic. The season ended with the 2016 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, whose Final Four took place at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas, on April 2, 2016, with the national championship game following on April 4. Practices officially began on October 2, 2015.

2015–16 Fordham Rams men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Fordham Rams men's basketball team represented Fordham University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Rams, led by first year head coach Jeff Neubauer, played their home games at Rose Hill Gymnasium as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 17–14, 8–10 in A-10 play to finish in eighth place. They lost in the second round of the A-10 tournament to Richmond. They were invited to the CollegeInsdier.com Tournament where they lost in the first round to Boston University.
2007 Indianapolis Colts season
The 2007 Indianapolis Colts season was the franchise's 55th season in the National Football League (NFL), the 24th in Indianapolis and the 6th season under head coach Tony Dungy.  The defending AFC and Super Bowl champions improved upon their 12–4 record from 2006 as well as won their fifth-straight AFC South Championship. They finished the season 13–3 and lost to the San Diego Chargers in the divisional round of the playoffs.

The Colts remained under the supervision of head coach Tony Dungy and played all of their home games in the RCA Dome in Indianapolis, Indiana. 2007 was the Colts' final season in the RCA Dome, as they began playing home games in Lucas Oil Stadium in 2008. In early January 2007 the Colts were the co-favorites to win Super Bowl XLII, along with the San Diego Chargers.

2007–08 NFL playoffs
The National Football League playoffs for the 2007 season began on January 5, 2008. The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII, 17–14, on February 3, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.
1936 Sugar Bowl
The 1936 Sugar Bowl, part of the 1935–36 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1936, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The competing teams were the LSU Tigers, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the TCU Horned Frogs, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC). TCU won the game, 3–2.

1935 LSU Tigers football team
The 1935 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) in the 1935 college football season. The team was led by halfback Abe Mickal and end Gaynell Tinsley. It was Bernie Moore's first of thirteen seasons as head coach of the Tigers.

The Williamson System, an NCAA-designated "major selector" of national championships, ranked TCU first, SMU second, and LSU third in its final post-bowl rankings. The accompanying column notes, though, that "there was no undisputable national champion in 1935". In an apparent error, the NCAA records book notes TCU and LSU as Williamson System national co-champions for the season. the LSU athletic department does not recognize the team as national champions, although their media guide does mention the award's inclusion in the NCAA records book.
2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
The 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began on November 7, 2022. The regular season ended on March 12, 2023, with the 2023 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament beginning with the First Four on March 14 and ending with the championship game at NRG Stadium in Houston on April 3.

2022–23 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team
The 2022–23 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The season marked the program's 107th season and its 106th consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The Wolverines were led by fourth-year head coach Juwan Howard, and played their home games for the 56th consecutive year at Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
2021–22 BYU Cougars men's basketball team
The 2021–22 BYU Cougars men's basketball team represented Brigham Young University in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. It was head coach Mark Pope's third season as BYU's head coach and the Cougars eleventh season as members of the West Coast Conference (WCC). The Cougars played their home games at the Marriott Center in Provo, Utah. They finished the season 24–11, 9–6 in WCC Play to finish in 5th place. They defeated Loyola Marymount in the Second Round of the WCC tournament before losing in the Third Round to San Francisco. They received an at-large bid to the National Invitation Tournament where they defeated Long Beach State and Northern Iowa to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Washington State.

2022 National Invitation Tournament
The 2022 National Invitation Tournament was a single-elimination tournament of 32 NCAA Division I men's college basketball teams not selected to participate in the 2022 NCAA tournament. The tournament began on March 15 and ended on March 31. The first three rounds were played on campuses, with the semifinal and championship final played at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
The 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began on November 25, 2020, and concluded on March 14, 2021. The 2021 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament culminated the season and began on March 18 and concluded on April 5.

2020–21 Saint Peter's Peacocks men's basketball team
The 2020–21 Saint Peter's Peacocks men's basketball team represented Saint Peter's University in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Peacocks were led by third-year head coach Shaheen Holloway. Due to renovations at their regular home arena, Yanitelli Center, they played their home games at John J. Moore Athletics Center, on the campus of New Jersey City University, as members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). They finished the season 14–11, 10–8 in MAAC play, to finish in a tie for third place. As the No. 3 seed in the MAAC tournament, they defeated No. 11 seed Rider in the quarterfinals before losing to No. 7 seed Fairfield in the semifinals.
League Championship Series
The League Championship Series (LCS) is the semifinal round of postseason play in Major League Baseball which has been conducted since 1969. In 1981, and since 1995, the two annual series have matched up the winners of the Division Series, and the winners advance to meet in the World Series. The LCS comprises the American League Championship Series (ALCS) and National League Championship Series (NLCS).

1995 Major League Baseball season
The 1995 Major League Baseball season was the first season to be played under the expanded postseason format, as the League Division Series (LDS) was played in both the American and National leagues for the first time, since the 1981 strike-split season. However, due to the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike which carried into the 1995 season, a shortened 144-game schedule commenced on April 25, when the Florida Marlins played host to the Los Angeles Dodgers.

The Atlanta Braves became the first franchise to win World Series championships for three cities. Along with their 1995 title, the Braves won in 1914 as the Boston Braves, and in 1957 as the Milwaukee Braves.
Ship
A ship  is a large watercraft designed for travel across the surface of a body of water, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized tasks such as warfare, oceanography and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce.

The word ship has meant, depending on era and context, either simply a large vessel or specifically a full-rigged ship with three or more masts, each of which is square rigged.

The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BC. In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%).

Dock
The word dock (from Dutch  dok) in American English refers to one or a group of human-made structures that are involved in the handling of boats or ships (usually on or near a shore). In British English, the term is not used the same way as in American English; it is used to mean the area of water that is next to or around a wharf or quay. The exact meaning varies among different variants of the English language.

"Dock" may also refer to a dockyard (also known as a shipyard) where the loading, unloading, building, or repairing of ships occurs.
2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
The 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began on November 9, 2021 and concluded on March 13, 2022. The 2022 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament culminated the season and began on March 15 and concluded on April 4 with the championship game at the Caesars Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.

2021–22 Yale Bulldogs men's basketball team
The 2021–22 Yale Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Yale University in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by 22nd-year head coach James Jones, played their home games at John J. Lee Amphitheater of the Payne Whitney Gymnasium in New Haven, Connecticut, as members of the Ivy League. They finished the season 19–12, 11–3 in Ivy League play to finish in second place. As the No. 2 seed, they defeated Penn and Princeton to win the Ivy League tournament. They received the conference’s automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 14 seed in the East Region, where they lost in the first round to Purdue.
2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
The 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began on November 13. The first early-season tournaments to begin were the Puerto Rico Tip-Off and the Charleston Classic. The season ended with the 2016 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, whose Final Four took place at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas, on April 2, 2016, with the national championship game following on April 4. Practices officially began on October 2, 2015.

2015–16 Duquesne Dukes men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Duquesne Dukes men's basketball team represented Duquesne University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Dukes, led by fourth year head coach Jim Ferry, played their home games at the A. J. Palumbo Center and were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 17–17, 6–12 in A-10 play to finish in a tie for tenth place. They lost to La Salle in the first round of the A-10 tournament. The Dukes were invited to the College Basketball Invitational where they defeated Nebraska–Omaha in the first round before losing in the quarterfinals to Morehead State.