hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy
In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and  symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades.

Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, and synapomorphy all mean a trait shared between species because they share an ancestral species.

Apomorphic and synapomorphic characteristics convey information about evolutionary clades and can be used to define taxa. However, plesiomorphic and symplesiomorphic characteristics cannot.

The term symplesiomorphy was introduced in 1950 by German entomologist Willi Hennig.

Homoplasy
Homoplasy, in biology and phylogenetics, is the term used to describe a feature that has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages over the course of evolution. This is different from homology, which is the term used to characterize the similarity of features that can be parsimoniously explained by common ancestry. Homoplasy can arise from both similar selection pressures acting on adapting species, and the effects of genetic drift.

Most often, homoplasy is viewed as a similarity in morphological characters. However, homoplasy may also appear in other character types, such as similarity in the genetic sequence, life cycle types or even behavioral traits.
Detroit Receiving Hospital
Detroit Receiving Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, is the state's first Level I Trauma Center. Receiving's emergency department treats more than 105,000 patients annually, and nearly 60% of Michigan's emergency physicians are trained at Receiving. Receiving also features the state's largest burn center, Michigan's first hospital-based 24/7 hyperbaric oxygen therapy program, and Metro Detroit's first certified primary stroke center. In addition, the hospital has a comprehensive neurosurgical unit. It is one of the eight hospitals and institutions that comprise the Detroit Medical Center.

Harper University Hospital
Harper University Hospital is one of eight hospitals and institutes that compose the Detroit Medical Center. Harper offers services in a broad range of clinical areas, including cardiology, neurology, neurosurgery, organ transplant, plastic surgery, general surgery, bariatric (weight loss surgery) endocrinology and sleep disorders.
2010 Bahraini general election
General elections were held in Bahrain in October 2010 to elect the forty members of the Council of Representatives. The first round of voting was held on 23 October, with a second round on 30 October. Amidst boycotts and arrests, Al Wefaq won 18 of the 40 seats. Four women were elected.

2011 Bahraini parliamentary by-elections
Eighteen parliamentary by-elections were held in Bahrain in 2011 following the resignation of 18 MPs from the largest political party in parliament, Al Wefaq, in protest at governmental actions during the Bahraini uprising. Security forces closed Pearl Roundabout and attacked protestors in the village of Sanabis. The elections were held using a two-round system, with the first round on 24 September and the second on 1 October 2011 in the constituencies where no candidate had received a majority of the vote in the first round.
Category of sets
In the mathematical field of category theory, the category of sets, denoted by Set, is the category whose objects are sets.  The arrows or morphisms between sets A and B are the functions from A to B, and the composition of morphisms is the composition of functions.

Many other categories (such as the category of groups, with group homomorphisms as arrows) add structure to the objects of the category of sets or restrict the arrows to functions of a particular kind (or both).

Forgetful functor
In mathematics, more specifically in the area of category theory, a forgetful functor (also known as a stripping functor) "forgets" or drops some or all of the input's structure or properties before mapping to the output. For an algebraic structure of a given signature, this may be expressed by curtailing the signature: the new signature is an edited form of the old one. If the signature is left as an empty list, the functor is simply to take the underlying set of a structure. Because many structures in mathematics consist of a set with an additional added structure, a forgetful functor that maps to the underlying set is the most common case.
Commerce, California
Commerce is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 12,378 at the 2020 census, down from 12,823 at the 2010 census. It is usually referred to as the City of Commerce to distinguish it from the common noun. It is bordered by Vernon on the west, Los Angeles on the northwest, East Los Angeles on the north, Montebello on the east, Downey and Bell Gardens on the south, and Maywood on the southwest. The Los Angeles River forms part of its southwestern boundary, and the Rio Hondo separates it from Downey.  Commerce is served by the Long Beach and Santa Ana freeways, as well as the Metrolink commuter rail service at the Commerce station.

Whittier, California
Whittier (/ˈhwɪtiər/) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Part of the Gateway Cities, the 14.7-square-mile (38.0 km2) city had 87,306 residents as of the 2020 United States census. Whittier was incorporated in February 1898 and became a charter city in 1955. The city is named for the Quaker poet John Greenleaf Whittier and is home to Whittier College. The city is surrounded by four unincorporated areas sharing the Whittier name, West Whittier-Los Nietos, North Whittier, South Whittier, and East Whittier, which combined are home to a larger population than Whittier proper.
Ankaraspor
Sincan Belediyesi Ankaraspor Kulübü, commonly known as Ankaraspor (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈaŋkaɾaspoɾ]), is a Turkish professional football club based in the country's capital Ankara. Founded in 1978, the club competes in the TFF Second League. The club was known as Osmanlıspor from 2014 to 2020.

2015–16 Süper Lig
The 2015–16 Süper Lig (known as the Spor Toto Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons) is the 58th season of the Süper Lig, the highest tier football league of Turkey.

The season was named after Hasan Doğan, a former president of the Turkish Football Federation, who died in 2008.
Biathlon World Cup
The Biathlon World Cup is a top-level biathlon season-long competition series. It has been held since the winter seasons of 1977–78 for men and 1982–83 for women. The women's seasons until 1986–87 season were called the European Cup, although participation was not restricted to Europeans.

2008–09 Biathlon World Cup
The 2008–09 Biathlon World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon, organised by the International Biathlon Union. The season started on 2 December 2008 in Östersund, Sweden and ends on 29 March 2009 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.
Anatoly Solovyev
Anatoly Yakovlevich Solovyev (Russian: Анатолий Яковлевич Соловьёв; Latvian: Anatolijs Solovjovs; alternate spelling "Solovyov"; born 16 January 1948) is a retired Latvian and Soviet cosmonaut and pilot. Solovyev holds the world record on the number of spacewalks performed (16) and accumulated time spent spacewalking (over 82 hours).

Aleksandr Nikolayevich Balandin
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Balandin (Russian: Александр Николаевич Баландин; born July 30, 1953) is a Russian cosmonaut. He is married with two children. He was selected as a cosmonaut on December 1, 1978, and retired on October 17, 1994.

He flew as a flight engineer on Soyuz TM-9.

He worked at NPO Energia until 1994, and was then President of Lendint-Association until 2000.
Reredos
A reredos (/ˈrɪərˌdɒs, ˈrɪərɪ-, ˈrɛrɪ-/ REER-dos, REER-ih-, RERR-ih-) is a large altarpiece, a screen, or decoration placed behind the altar in a church. It often includes religious images.

The term reredos may also be used for similar structures, if elaborate, in secular architecture, for example very grand carved chimneypieces. It also refers to a simple, low stone wall placed behind a hearth.

Misericord
A misericord (sometimes named mercy seat, like the biblical object, sometimes misericordia) is a small wooden structure (a sort of shelf) on the underside of a hinged folding seat in a church which, when the seat (or 'stall') is folded up, is intended to act as a ledge to support a person leaning against it in a partially standing position during long periods of prayer.  They are usually wooden, often intricately and artistically carved, and have been created and used since at least the 11th century AD. Misericords are most often found under the stalls in the part of a church named the 'choir', close to the altar, as well as in the churches of or attached to monastic communities.
Greg Proops
Gregory Everett Proops (born October 3, 1959) is an American actor, stand-up comedian and television host. He is widely known for his work on the British and American versions of Whose Line Is It Anyway?. He has also voiced the titular character on the American version of Bob the Builder: Project: Build It in series 10 to 14.

Jeff B. Davis
Jeffrey Bryan Davis (born October 6, 1973) is an American actor, impressionist and comedian. He is known for his work as a recurring performer on the improv comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? From July 2016 until October 2019, he has starred as the Goblin Hero Boneweevil on the VRV Direct original production HarmonQuest.

He appeared in Drew Carey's Green Screen Show as one of the main actors. In 2011, Davis appeared on Drew Carey's improv show, Improv-A-Ganza. He is also known for his impersonations of several actors, notably Sam Elliott, Christopher Walken, Keanu Reeves, and Jeff Goldblum. He also had a lead role in 2006's award-winning independent film The Boys & Girls Guide to Getting Down as Marty the housesitter.
Professional wrestling match types
Many types of wrestling matches, sometimes called "gimmick matches" in the jargon of the business, are performed in professional wrestling. Some gimmick matches are more common than others and are often used to advance or conclude a storyline. Throughout professional wrestling's decades-long history, some gimmick matches have spawned many variations of the core concept.

Destination X (2007)
The 2007 Destination X was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), which took place on March 11, 2007 from the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the third event under the Destination X chronology. Nine matches were featured on the event's card.
Guillermo García López
Guillermo García López (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡiˈʎeɾmo ɣaɾˈθi.a ˈlopeθ], born 4 June 1983) is a Spanish tennis coach and a former professional player. He won five singles titles and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 23 in February 2011.

As of 2021, he collected thirteen wins over top-10 players, including world No. 1 Rafael Nadal in 2010, world No. 4 Andy Murray in 2012 and world No. 3 Stan Wawrinka in 2014.

Pablo Andújar
Pablo Andújar Alba (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpaβlo anˈduxaɾ ˈalβa]; born 23 January 1986) is a Spanish former professional tennis player. Andújar has won four ATP Tour singles titles and reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 32 in July 2015. His best results are reaching the fourth round of the 2019 US Open and the 2021 French Open doubles semifinals.
Meralco Bolts
The Meralco Bolts is a professional basketball team in the Philippine Basketball Association. The team began in 2010 after the Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) an MVP Group subsidiary acquired the PBA franchise of the Sta. Lucia Realtors.

East Asia Super League
The East Asia Super League (EASL) is an international basketball league featuring clubs from Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Taiwan (Chinese Taipei), Hong Kong, and Macau.

From 2017 to 2019, four pre-season tournaments (the Super 8 and the Terrific 12) were organized by EASL, featuring clubs from selected professional basketball leagues in the region.

With official backing from FIBA Asia, EASL has made a transition towards a full-fledged league. The first such season commenced in 2023 and feature eight teams. This was expanded to ten teams for the 2024–25 season, and expanded to twelve teams for the 2025–26 season.

Since the 2025–26 season, the EASL serves as a pathway towards qualification for Basketball Champions League Asia, FIBA's continental club competition in Asia.
Fubon Guardians
The Fubon Guardians (Chinese: 富邦悍將) are a professional baseball team in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in Taiwan. The team is owned by Fubon Financial Holding Co. and play their home games at Xinzhuang Baseball Stadium in New Taipei City. The team has had the Guardians name since 2017, with the franchise previously known as the Jungo Bears, Sinon Bulls, and EDA Rhinos.

Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions
The Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions, stylized as Uni-President 7-ᴇʟᴇᴠᴇn Lions, also known as Uni-Lions (Chinese: 統一7-ᴇʟᴇᴠᴇn獅), are a professional baseball team playing in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL). The Lions are based in Tainan City, Taiwan and homefielded primarily at Tainan Municipal Baseball Stadium.

The organization is owned by Uni-President Corporation, one of Taiwan's largest conglomerates, whose subsidiary Uni-President Baseball Team Company oversees operations of the team. The Lions are the only CPBL team owned by the same parent company and played continuously since CPBL's founding season in 1990.
Japanese people
Japanese people (Japanese: 日本人, Hepburn: Nihonjin; IPA: [ɲihoɲdʑiꜜɴ]) are people or ethnic groups identified with the Japanese archipelago. Japanese people constitute 97.1% of the population of the country of Japan. Approximately 119.9 million Japanese people are residents of Japan, and there are approximately five million members of the Japanese diaspora, known as Nikkeijin (日系人).

In some contexts, the term "Japanese people" might be used to refer specifically to the Yamato people, who are primarily from the historically principal islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku and constitute by far the largest group. In other contexts, the term could include other groups native to the Japanese archipelago, including Ryukyuan people, who share connections with the Yamato but are often regarded as distinct, and Ainu people. In recent decades, there has also been an increase in the number of people with both Japanese and non-Japanese roots, including those who are half Japanese.

Filipinos
Filipinos (Filipino: Mga Pilipino) are citizens or people identified and related with the country or sovereign state of the Philippines. Filipinos come from various Austronesian peoples, all typically speaking Filipino, English, or other Philippine languages. Despite formerly being subject to Spanish administration, less than 1% of Filipinos are fluent in Spanish. Currently, there are more than 185 ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines each with its own language, identity, culture, tradition, and history.
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
The Mare Island Naval Shipyard (MINSY or MINS) was the first United States Navy base established on the Pacific Ocean and was in service 142 years from 1854 to 1996. It is located on the peninsula of Mare Island, which is part of the city of Vallejo, on San Pablo Bay in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, 23 miles (37 km) northeast of San Francisco. MINSY made a name for itself as the premier U.S. West Coast submarine port as well as serving as the controlling force in San Francisco Bay Area shipbuilding efforts during World War II.

The naval base was closed on 31 March 1996, with more than 7,500 civilians on its payroll, and has gone through several redevelopment phases. It was registered as a California Historical Landmark in 1960, and parts of it were declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1975.

Long Beach Naval Shipyard
The Long Beach Naval Shipyard (Long Beach NSY or LBNSY), which closed in 1997, was located on Terminal Island between the city of Long Beach and the San Pedro district of Los Angeles, approximately 23 miles south of the Los Angeles International Airport. The primary role of NSY Long Beach at the time of its closure was overhaul and maintenance of conventionally-powered US Navy surface ships, but it also had served as the homeport for several auxiliary ships during its operating history.
Iora
The ioras are a small family, Aegithinidae, of four passerine bird species found in south and southeast Asia. The family is composed of a single genus, Aegithina. They were formerly grouped with the leafbirds and fairy-bluebirds, in the family Irenidae.

Helmetshrike
Helmetshrikes are the eight species of smallish to mid-sized songbirds in the genus Prionops. They were previously included with the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, later on split between several presumably closely related groups such as bushshrikes (Malaconotidae) and cuckooshrikes (Campephagidae), but are now considered sufficiently distinctive to be separated from that group into the family Vangidae.
Sho Hirano
Sho Hirano (平野 紫耀, Hirano Shō; born 29 January 1997) is a Japanese singer and actor. He is a member of the boy band Number_i. Previously, Hirano was part of Johnny & Associates as a trainee (known as Johnny's Jr.) and was a member of Mr. King, later debuting as King & Prince in 2018. He left the group and the agency on May 22, 2023.

Yuta Jinguji
Yūta Jinguuji (神宮寺勇太), Professionally known as Jin, born in Chiba Prefecture on October 30, 1997,  is a Japanese singer, idol, actor and TV personality, belonging to Tobe, member of J-pop boy-band Number_i, former member of Johnny & Associates's group King & Prince.
Tsurumai Line
The Tsurumai Line (鶴舞線, Tsurumai-sen) is a subway line in Nagoya, Japan, part of the Nagoya Municipal Subway system. It runs from Kami-Otai in Nishi-ku, Nagoya to Akaike in Nisshin. The Tsurumai Line's color on maps is light blue and stations are labeled with the prefix "T". Officially, the line is called the Nagoya City Rapid Railway Line 3 (名古屋市高速度鉄道第3号線, Nagoya-shi Kōsokudo Tetsudō Dai-san-gō-sen). All stations accept manaca, a rechargeable contactless smart card, and other major Japanese IC cards.

The line opened its first section in 1977. The line has through services with three Meitetsu lines, namely the Inuyama Line, Toyota Line, and Mikawa Line. It is currently the only subway line to leave the Nagoya city limits.

List of Nagoya Municipal Subway stations
There are currently 87 stations on the Nagoya Municipal Subway network with the first station being Sakae Station and Fushimi Station on the section on the Higashiyama Line, opened on November 15, 1957. As of 2022, the subway network is currently at the length of 93.3 km (58.0 mi), and was used approximately 418,995,000 times. The network serves all 16 wards in the city of Nagoya with an exception of Moriyama-ku. The Akaike Station, located in Nisshin is the only station belonging in the network outside of Nagoya.
Darjah Utama Nila Utama
The Darjah Utama Nila Utama (English: Order of Nila Utama) is Singapore's third most prestigious national honour, established in 1975. It is an Order conferred by the President of Singapore and was originally intended as the highest award for foreign dignitaries. Over time, it has been awarded predominantly to Singaporeans. The honour is named after the founder of the Kingdom of Singapura, Sang Nila Utama.

As of 1 August 2019, the Order comprises three grades:

the Order of Nila Utama (With High Distinction),

the Order of Nila Utama (With Distinction), and

the Order of Nila Utama.

Recipients of the honour are entitled to use the post-nominal letters DUNU.

Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang
The Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang (English: Distinguished Service Order) is a Singaporean national honour instituted in 1968. It was created to replace the Pingat Bakti Chemerlang (English: Distinguished Service Medal) and is awarded to any person who has performed within Singapore any act or series of acts which constitute distinguished conduct. It may be awarded to people performing acts of distinguished conduct outside Singapore under special circumstances.

The medal of the Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang is worn as a neck decoration pendant from a ribbon. Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters DUBC.

The military equivalent of the award is the Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang (Tentera).
Short story
A short story is a piece of narrative fiction in prose that can typically be read in a single sitting. It focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the oldest types of literature and has existed in the form of legends, mythic tales, folk tales, fairy tales, tall tales, fables, and anecdotes in various ancient communities around the world. The modern short story developed in the early 19th century.

Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature, here meaning for Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur), is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words of Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize.

The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions, the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018.
Provincial council (Netherlands)
The provincial council (Dutch: Provinciale Staten, PS), also known as the States-Provincial, is the provincial parliament and legislative assembly in each of the provinces of the Netherlands. It is elected for each province simultaneously once every four years and has the responsibility for matters of sub-national or regional importance. The number of seats in a provincial council is proportional to its population.

Municipal council (Netherlands)
In the Netherlands, the municipal council (Dutch: gemeenteraad [ɣəˈmeːn.təˌraːt] ⓘ) is the elected assembly of a municipality. Its main role is laying down the guidelines for the policy of the municipal executive and exercising control over its execution by the mayor and aldermen.

The municipal councils range in size from nine to 45 seats (as in Amsterdam, the capital city), depending on the municipality's population, and are elected by the population every four years. In many municipalities all major political parties contest in the election in addition to local parties. In most major, urban municipalities, all major parties are represented in the municipal council, while in smaller and more rural municipalities, only the largest parties and a local party have seats in the municipal council.