hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Butte County, California
Butte County (/ˈbjuːt/ ⓘ) is a county located in the northern central part of the U.S. state of California. In the 2020 census, its population was 211,632. The county seat is Oroville.

Butte County comprises the Chico, California, metropolitan statistical area. It is in the California Central Valley, north of the state capital of Sacramento.

Butte County is drained by the Feather River and the Sacramento River. Butte Creek and Big Chico Creek are additional perennial streams, both tributary to the Sacramento. The county is home to California State University, Chico and Butte College.

Stanislaus County, California
Stanislaus County (/ˈstænɪslɔː(s)/ ⓘ STAN-iss-law(ss); Spanish: Condado de Estanislao) is a county located in the San Joaquin Valley of the U.S. state of California. As of 2023, its estimated population  is 564,404. The county seat is Modesto.

Stanislaus County makes up the Modesto metropolitan statistical area. The county is located just east of the San Francisco Bay Area and serves as a bedroom community for those who work in the eastern part of the Bay Area.
Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
The Peace of Thorn or Toruń of 1466, also known as the Second Peace of Thorn or Toruń (Polish: drugi pokój toruński; German: Zweiter Friede von Thorn), was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon and the Teutonic Knights, which ended the Thirteen Years' War, the longest of the Polish–Teutonic Wars.

The treaty was signed in the Artus Court, and afterward a mass was held in the Gothic Franciscan Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary to celebrate the peace treaty.

Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)
The Pomeranian Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo pomorskie, German: Woiwodschaft Pommerellen) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1454/1466 until the First partition of Poland in 1772. From 1613 the capital was at Skarszewy (Schöneck).

The voivodeship comprised the westernmost part of the autonomous province of Royal Prussia and, after the Union of Lublin in 1569, the northernmost part of the Greater Poland Province.
National Park Service
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government, within the United States Department of the Interior. The service manages all national parks; most national monuments; and other natural, historical, and recreational properties, with various title designations. The United States Congress created the agency on August 25, 1916, through the National Park Service Organic Act. Its headquarters is in Washington, D.C., within the main headquarters of the Department of the Interior.

The NPS employs about 20,000 people in 433 units covering over 85 million acres (0.34 million km2) in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. In 2019, the service had more than 279,000 volunteers. The agency is charged with preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management and with making them available for public use and enjoyment.

Muir Woods National Monument
Muir Woods National Monument (/mjʊər/ MURE) is a United States national monument managed by the National Park Service and named after naturalist John Muir. It is located on Mount Tamalpais near the Pacific coast in southwestern Marin County, California. The Monument is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and is 12 miles (19 km) north of San Francisco. It protects 554 acres (224 ha), of which 240 acres (97 ha) are old-growth coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests, one of the few such stands remaining in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions"—collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products.  It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy.  Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred to as star clusters or stellar associations.

Solar luminosity
The solar luminosity (L☉) is a unit of radiant flux (power emitted in the form of photons) conventionally used by astronomers to measure the luminosity of stars, galaxies and other celestial objects in terms of the output of the Sun.

One nominal solar luminosity is defined by the International Astronomical Union to be 3.828×1026 W.  This corresponds almost exactly to a bolometric absolute magnitude of +4.74.

The Sun is a weakly variable star, and its actual luminosity therefore fluctuates. The major fluctuation is the eleven-year solar cycle (sunspot cycle) that causes a quasi-periodic variation of about ±0.1%. Other variations over the last 200–300 years are thought to be much smaller than this.
Hellen
In Greek mythology, Hellen (/ˈhɛlɪn/ ⓘ; Ancient Greek: Ἕλλην, romanized: Héllēn) is the eponymous progenitor of the Hellenes. He is the son of Deucalion (or Zeus) and Pyrrha, and the father of three sons, Dorus, Xuthus, and Aeolus, by whom he is the ancestor of the Greek peoples.

Aeolians
The Aeolians (/iːˈoʊliənz/; Greek: Αἰολεῖς, Aioleis) were one of the four major tribes into which Greeks divided themselves in the ancient period (along with the Achaeans, Dorians and Ionians). They originated in the eastern parts of the Greek mainland, notably in Thessaly and Boeotia. By c. 1100 BC, the Aeolians began their early settlements on the west coast of Anatolia, known as Aeolis, comprising the territory between Troas and Ionia, as well as on the Aegean islands of Lesbos and Tenedos. A second round of Aeolian settlements took place during the 7th century. They spoke Aeolic, a dialect of Ancient Greek most famously known for its use by poets like Sappho and Alcaeus from Lesbos, and Corinna from Boeotia.
Ellobiidae
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land, marine, and brackish snails; pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata. Ellobiidae is the only family in the superfamily Ellobioidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Terrestrial mollusc
Terrestrial molluscs or land molluscs (mollusks) are an ecological group that includes all molluscs that live on land in contrast to freshwater and marine molluscs. They probably first occurred in the Carboniferous, arising from freshwater ones.
Westampton, New Jersey
Westampton is a township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 9,121, an increase of 308 (+3.5%) from the 2010 census count of 8,813, which in turn reflected an increase of 1,596 (+22.1%) from the 7,217 counted in the 2000 census. The township, and all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley.

Westampton was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 6, 1850, from portions of Northampton Township (now known as Mount Holly Township). Portions of the township were taken to form Eastampton Township on February 11, 1880. Its name derives from its original location in the western portion of what was Northampton Township.

The township is the home of the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office serving the Philadelphia metropolitan area.

Florence Township, New Jersey
Florence Township is a township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 12,812, an increase of 703 (+5.8%) from the 2010 census count of 12,109, which in turn reflected an increase of 1,363 (+12.7%) from the 10,746 counted in the 2000 census. The township, and all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley.

Florence was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 7, 1872, from portions of Mansfield Township. The township was named for Florence, Italy.
Improvised explosive device
An improvised explosive device (IED) is a bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an artillery shell, attached to a detonating mechanism. IEDs are commonly used as roadside bombs, or homemade bombs.

The term "IED" was coined by the British Army during the Northern Ireland conflict to refer to booby traps made by the IRA, and entered common use in the U.S. during the Iraq War.

IEDs are predominantly utilized by violent non-state actors, such as guerrilla or terrorist organizations, who use them in the context of strategies and tactics of insurrection, guerrilla warfare, asymmetric warfare, urban warfare or in terrorist operations. IEDs can also be utilized by state special forces or commando forces, to conduct unconventional warfare in a theatre of operations, such as in the case, for example, of the United States Army Special Forces.

STANAG 4569
NATO AEP-55 STANAG 4569 is a NATO Standardization Agreement covering the standards for the "Protection Levels for Occupants of Logistic and Light Armored Vehicles".

The standard covers strikes from kinetic energy, artillery and IED blasts.
France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
France was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Et s'il fallait le faire" written by Fred Blondin and Anse Lazio, and performed by Patricia Kaas. The French broadcaster France Télévisions in collaboration with the television channel France 3 internally selected the French entry for the 2009 contest in Moscow, Russia. Patricia Kaas was officially announced by France 3 as the French entrant on 28 January 2009 and later the song was presented to the public as the contest entry on 1 February 2009.

As a member of the "Big Four", France automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing in position 3, France placed eighth out of the 25 participating countries with 107 points.

Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1969
Spain was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1969 with the song "Vivo cantando", composed by María José de Ceratto, with lyrics by Aniano Alcalde, and performed by Salomé. The Spanish participating broadcaster, Televisión Española (TVE), selected its entry through a national final, after having previously selected the performer internally. The song won the competition in a joint win with the songs from France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In addition, TVE was also the host broadcaster and staged the event at the Teatro Real in Madrid, after winning the previous edition with the song "La, la, la" by Massiel, becoming the first participating broadcaster to win twice in a row.
Nuwara Eliya District
Nuwara Eliya District (Tamil: நுவரெலியா மாவட்டம், romanized: Nuvareliyā Māvaṭṭam; Sinhala: නුවරඑළිය දිස්ත්‍රික්කය, romanized: Nuvaraeḷiya Distrikkaya) is a district in Central Province, Sri Lanka, centered on the tourist city of Nuwara Eliya.

Badulla District
Badulla District (Sinhala: බදුල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය badūlla distrikkaya; Tamil: பதுளை மாவட்டம் Patuḷai māvaṭṭam) is a district in Uva Province, Sri Lanka. The entire land area of the Badulla district is 2,861 km2 (1,105 sq mi) and has a total population of 871763 as of 2024. The district is bounded by the Kandy district to the North and by Nuwara Eliya and Matale districts to the West. The South-Eastern border creates with the districts of Rathnapura, Monaragala & Ampara. Mainly the economy of the district is based on agricultural farming and livestock.

Badulla District is an agricultural district where tea and various vegetables are cultivated. The district is divided into an upper region and a lower region which differ in climatic and geographic characteristics. The upper region of the district is known for tea plantations and vegetable cultivation while the lower region focuses more on paddy farming.
Brooklyn College
Brooklyn College is a public university in Brooklyn in New York City, New York. It is part of the City University of New York system and enrolled nearly 14,000 students on a 35-acre (14 ha) campus in the Midwood and Flatbush sections of Brooklyn as of fall 2023.

New York City's first public coeducational liberal arts college, the college was formed in 1930 by the merger of the Brooklyn branches of Hunter College (centered in Manhattan), then a women's college, and of the City College of New York (also Manhattan), then a men's college. Once tuition-free, the city's 1975 fiscal crisis ended the free tuition policy. The college also consolidated to its main campus.

Prominent alumni of Brooklyn College include US senators, federal judges, US financial chairmen, Olympians, CEOs, and recipients of Academy Awards, Emmy Awards, Pulitzer Prizes, and Nobel Prizes.

Samuel J. Tilden High School
Samuel J. Tilden High School was a New York City public high school in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York City. It was named for Samuel J. Tilden, the former governor of New York State and presidential candidate who, although carrying the popular vote, lost to Rutherford B. Hayes in the disputed election of 1876.

In order to save the New York City government money during the Great Depression, Samuel J. Tilden High School, Bayside High School, Abraham Lincoln High School, John Adams High School, Walton High School, Andrew Jackson High School, and Grover Cleveland High School and Far Rockaway High School were all built from one set of blueprints.
Joey Belladonna
Joey Belladonna (born Joseph Bellardini; October 14, 1960) is an American singer, best known as the vocalist for thrash metal band Anthrax. He is also the vocalist and drummer of the cover band Chief Big Way and the vocalist for the cover band Beyond Frontiers. Belladonna has six Grammy Award nominations and is known for his wild, energetic stage behavior, and tenor vocal range.

Neil Turbin
Neil Turbin (born December 24, 1963) is an American singer known for being the first vocalist for thrash metal band Anthrax, in which he appeared on their first studio album and 2 special collectors edition songs (Soldiers Of Metal, Howling Furies) included on some versions of Armed And Dangerous. He is the current lead vocalist and songwriter of heavy metal band Neil Turbin as well as DeathRiders, and a member of classic hard rock band Bleed the Hunger.  Neil Turbin is the west coast Music Journalist for The Metal Voice Youtube Channel contributing over 200 rock celebrity interviews including Rock Hall inductees Lou Gramm, Artimus Pyle, Glenn Hughes, Tom Morello, Geezer Butler, George Thorogood and hundreds of headline music news articles since 2015 to present.
CKND-DT
CKND-DT (channel 9) is a television station in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, owned and operated by the Global Television Network, a division of Corus Entertainment. The station's studios are located on the 30th floor of 201 Portage in downtown Winnipeg, with transmitter atop the building.

CIHF-DT
CIHF-DT (channel 8) is a television station in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, owned and operated by the Global Television Network, a division of Corus Entertainment. It is sister to CHNB-DT in Saint John, New Brunswick, and the two stations share a studio on Gottingen Street in downtown Halifax; CIHF-DT's transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive on the city's west side.
Saint-Sulpice, Paris
The Church of Saint-Sulpice (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ sylpis] ⓘ) is a Catholic church in Paris, France, on the east side of Place Saint-Sulpice, in the 6th arrondissement. As tall as Notre-Dame, it is the largest church in the city. It is dedicated to Sulpitius the Pious. Construction of the present building, the second on the site, began in 1646. During the 18th century, an elaborate gnomon, the Gnomon of Saint-Sulpice, was constructed in the church.  Saint-Sulpice is also known for its Great Organ, one of the most significant organs in the world, and its titular organists, including Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré.

Jean-Jacques Olier
Jean-Jacques Olier, S.S. (20 September 1608 – 2 April 1657) was a French Catholic priest and the founder of the Sulpicians. He also helped to establish the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal, which organised the settlement of a new town called Ville-Marie (now Montreal) in the colony of New France.
Militarism
Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional military class and the "predominance of the armed forces in the administration or policy of the state" (see also: stratocracy and military junta).

Expansionism
Expansionism refers to states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building (e.g. imperialism) or colonialism. In the classical age of conquest moral justification for territorial expansion at the direct expense of another established polity was often as unapologetic as "because we can", treading on the philosophical grounds of "might makes right".

As political conceptions of the nation state evolved, especially in reference to the inherent rights of the governed, more complex justifications arose. State-collapse anarchy, reunification or pan-nationalism are sometimes used to justify and legitimize expansionism when the explicit goal is to reconquer territories that have been lost or to take over ancestral lands. Lacking a viable historical claim of this nature, would-be expansionists may instead promote ideologies of promised lands, perhaps tinged with a self-interested pragmatism that targeted lands will eventually belong to the potential invader anyway.
Connective tissue
Connective tissue is biological tissue that is found in between other tissues in the body. Most types of connective tissue consists of three main components: elastic and collagen fibers, ground substance, and cells.

It is one of the four primary types of animal tissue along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops mostly from the mesenchyme, derived from the mesoderm, the middle embryonic germ layer.

The three meninges, membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord, are composed of connective tissue. Blood and lymph are classed as specialized fluid connective tissues that do not contain fiber. All are immersed in the body water. The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leukocytes.

The term "connective tissue" (in German, Bindegewebe) was introduced in 1830 by Johannes Peter Müller. The tissue was already recognized as a distinct class in the 18th century.

Parenchyma
Parenchyma (/pəˈrɛŋkɪmə/) is the bulk of functional substance in an animal organ such as the brain or lungs,  or a structure such as a tumour. In zoology, it is the tissue that fills the interior of flatworms. In botany, it is some layers in the cross-section of the leaf.
Enzo Ferrari
Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari (/fəˈrɑːri/; Italian: [ˈɛntso anˈsɛlmo ferˈraːri]; 18 February 1898 – 14 August 1988) was an Italian racing driver and entrepreneur, the founder of Scuderia Ferrari in Grand Prix motor racing, and subsequently of the Ferrari automobile marque. Under his leadership in Formula One, Ferrari won nine World Drivers' Championships and eight World Constructors' Championships during his lifetime.

He was widely known as il Commendatore or il Drake, a nickname given by British opponents in reference to the English privateer Francis Drake, due to Ferrari's demonstrated ability and determination in achieving significant sports results with his small company. In his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), il Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").

Targa Florio
The Targa Florio was a public road endurance automobile race held in the mountains of Sicily near the island's capital of Palermo. Founded in 1906, it was the oldest sports car racing event, part of the World Sportscar Championship between 1955 and 1973. While the first races consisted of a whole tour of the island, the track length in the race's last decades was limited to the 72 km (45 mi) of the Circuito Piccolo delle Madonie, which was lapped 11 times.

After 1973, it was a national sports car event until it was discontinued in 1977 due to safety concerns. It has since been run as Targa Florio Rally, a rallying event, and is part of the Italian Rally Championship.
Sun Chariot Stakes
The Sun Chariot Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to fillies and mares aged three years or older. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in early October.

Group races
Group races, also known as Pattern races, or Graded races in some jurisdictions, are the highest level of races in Thoroughbred horse racing. They include most of the world's iconic races, such as the Derby, Irish Derby and Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in Europe, the Melbourne Cup in Australia, and the Kentucky Derby and Breeders' Cup races in the United States. Victory in these races marks a horse as being particularly talented, if not exceptional, and they are extremely important in determining stud values. They are also sometimes referred to as Black type races, since any horse that has won or placed in one of these races is printed in bold type in sales catalogues.

The International Grading and Race Planning Advisory Committee (IRPAC), part of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA), enforces quality standards for the designation of group and graded races internationally.
Muhammad Amin Bughra
Muhammad Amin Bughra (Uyghur: مۇھەممەد ئىمىن بۇغرا, محمد أمين بغرا, Мухаммад Эмин Бугро; Chinese: 穆罕默德·伊敏; pinyin: Mùhǎnmòdé·Yīmǐn), sometimes known by his Chinese name Mao Deming (Chinese: 毛德明) or his Turkish name Mehmet Emin Buğra (1901–1965), was a Uyghur emir who attempted to establish a sovereign state, the First East Turkestan Republic. He was a Jadidist.

Sabit Damolla
Sabit Damolla (Uyghur: سابىت داموللا; Chinese: 沙比提大毛拉·阿不都爾巴克; June 1883 – 1934) was an East Turkestan independence leader who led the Hotan rebellion against the Xinjiang Province government of Jin Shuren and later the Uyghur leader Khoja Niyaz. He is widely known as the first and only prime minister of the short-lived Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan from November 12, 1933, until the republic's defeat in April 16, 1934.
Lineman (gridiron football)
In gridiron football, a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage. The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line (OL), while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line (DL). A number of National Football League (NFL) rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line, whose job is to help protect the quarterback from getting sacked for a loss or fumbling. The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players. Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight, since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions.

Glossary of American football terms
The following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football; for a list of terms unique to that code, see Glossary of Canadian football.