hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Waterfall
A waterfall is any point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge 
of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf. Waterfalls can be formed in several ways, but the most common method of formation is that a river courses over a top layer of resistant bedrock before falling onto softer rock, which erodes faster, leading to an increasingly high fall. Waterfalls have been studied for their impact on species living in and around them.

Humans have had a distinct relationship with waterfalls since prehistory, travelling to see them, exploring and naming them. They can present formidable barriers to navigation along rivers. Waterfalls are religious sites in many cultures. Since the 18th century, they have received increased attention as tourist destinations, sources of hydropower, and—particularly since the mid-20th century—as subjects of research.

Vestland
Vestland is a county in Norway. The county is located in Western Norway, and its administrative centre is Bergen, where the executive and political leadership is based. The County Governor is based in Hermansverk. Vestland is one of two counties in Norway that have Nynorsk as their official written language form.

Vestland was created on 1 January 2020, when the former counties of Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane were merged.
147th New York State Legislature
The 147th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 11, 1924, during the second year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.

150th New York State Legislature
The 150th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to March 25, 1927, during the fifth year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.
Box Hill South
Box Hill South is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 14 km east of the Melbourne central business district, located within the City of Whitehorse local government area. Box Hill South recorded a population of 8,491 at the 2021 census.

Burwood, Victoria
Burwood is an inner eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 14 kilometres east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Monash and Whitehorse local government areas. Burwood recorded a population of 15,147 at the 2021 census.
Andrés de Santa Cruz
Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (Spanish pronunciation: [anˈdɾes ðe ˈsanta ˈkɾus] ⓘ; 30 November 1792 – 25 September 1865) was a Peruvian-Bolivian general and politician who served as interim president of Peru in 1827, the interim president of Peru from 1836 to 1838 and the sixth president of Bolivia from 1829 to 1839. He also served as Supreme Protector of the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation from 1836 to 1839, a political entity created mainly by his personal endeavors.

Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
The Salaverry-Santa Cruz War, sometimes called the Peruvian Civil War of 1835–1836, was an internal conflict in Peru with the involvement of the Bolivian army of Andres de Santa Cruz. It ended with the defeat and execution of Felipe Santiago Salaverry and the creation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.
Ellwood City, Pennsylvania
Ellwood City is a borough primarily in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States. With a small district extending into Beaver County, it lies along the Connoquenessing Creek just east of its confluence with the Beaver River. The population was 7,642 at the 2020 census. Ellwood City lies 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Pittsburgh and 8 miles (13 km) southeast of New Castle within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

Pennsylvania Route 288
Pennsylvania Route 288 (PA 288) or State Route 288 is an east–west route in western Pennsylvania, United States. The highway is 15.4 miles (24 km) long and runs from PA 18 in Wampum east to the US 19/PA 68 concurrency in Zelienople.
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, inflammatory skin disease where painful pustules or nodules become ulcers that progressively grow. Pyoderma gangrenosum is not infectious.

Treatments may include corticosteroids, ciclosporin, infliximab, or canakinumab.

The disease was identified in 1908. It affects approximately 1 person in 100,000 in the population. Though it can affect people of any age, it mostly affects people in their 40s and 50s.

Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
Sweet syndrome (SS), or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a skin disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever, an elevated white blood cell count, and tender, red, well-demarcated papules and plaques that show dense infiltrates by neutrophil granulocytes on histologic examination.

The syndrome was first described in 1964 by Robert Douglas Sweet.  It was also known as Gomm–Button disease in honour of the first two patients Sweet diagnosed with the condition.
New Westminster
New Westminster (colloquially known as New West, hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓: sӽəyəməɬ) is a city in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada, and a member municipality of the Metro Vancouver Regional District.

It was founded in 1858 by Richard Clement Moody as the capital of the Colony of British Columbia, and served as such until the mainland and Vancouver Island colonies were merged to form the new Colony of British Columbia in 1866. It was the British Columbia mainland's largest city from its foundation until the first decade of the 20th century, when it was surpassed in population by Vancouver.

It is located on the banks of the Fraser River as it turns southwest towards its estuary, on the southwest side of the Burrard Peninsula and roughly at the centre of the Greater Vancouver region.

Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)
The Township of Langley is a district municipality immediately east of the City of Surrey in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It extends south from the Fraser River to the Canada–United States border, and west of the City of Abbotsford. Langley Township is not to be confused with the City of Langley, which is adjacent to the township but politically is a separate entity. Langley is located in the eastern part of Metro Vancouver.
Ridge Holland
Luke Menzies (born 29 May 1988) is an English professional wrestler and former rugby league player. He is best known for his tenure in WWE, where he performed under the ring name Ridge Holland from 2018 to 2025 and became a one-time NXT Tag Team Champion alongside Andre Chase.

Menzies spent the majority of his rugby league career with various clubs in the Rugby Football League Championship, making one appearance in the Super League for Hull Kingston Rovers in 2008. He began pursuing a career in professional wrestling in 2016 and signed with WWE in 2018.

Oney Lorcan
Christopher Girard (born December 21, 1985) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE as a coach at the Performance Center as well as a producer for NXT, having previously performed on said brand under the ring name Oney Lorcan. He is a former NXT Tag Team Champion with Danny Burch. He has worked frequently for independent promotions including Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), Top Rope Promotions (TRP), and Chaotic Wrestling (CW) under the ring name Biff Busick. He is a one-time CZW World Heavyweight Champion. In addition, he has appeared in notable independent promotions like Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw), Evolve, and Dragon Gate USA (DGUSA).
Will County, Illinois
Will County is located in the northeastern part of the state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 696,355, an increase of 2.8% from 677,560 in 2010, making it Illinois's fourth-most populous county. The county seat is Joliet. Will County is one of the five collar counties of the Chicago metropolitan area. The portion of Will County around Joliet uses area codes 815 and 779, while 630 and 331 are for far northern Will County and 708 is for central and eastern Will County.

Marshall County, Illinois
Marshall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 11,742. Its county seat is Lacon. Marshall County is part of the Peoria metropolitan area.
Levi Strauss & Co.
Levi Strauss & Co. (/ˈliːvaɪ ˈstraʊs/ LEE-vy STROWSS) is an American clothing company known worldwide for its Levi's (/ˈliːvaɪz/ LEE-vyze) brand of denim jeans. It was founded in May 1852 when German-Jewish immigrant Levi Strauss moved from Buttenheim, Bavaria, to San Francisco, California, to open a West Coast branch of his brothers' New York dry goods business. Although the corporation is registered in Delaware, the company's corporate headquarters is located in Levi's Plaza in San Francisco.

J.Crew
J.Crew Group, Inc., is an American multi-brand, multi-channel, specialty retailer. The company offers an assortment of women's, men's, and children's apparel and accessories, including swimwear, outerwear, lounge-wear, bags, sweaters, denim, dresses, suiting, jewelry, and shoes.

In 2010, it sold via retail outlets, mail order catalogs, and an online store. As of August 2016, it operated more than 450 retail stores throughout the United States. On May 4, 2020, the company announced that it would apply for bankruptcy protection amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Crew successfully exited bankruptcy protection in September 2020.
Governor-General of Chōsen
The Governor-General of Chōsen (Japanese: 朝鮮総督, romanized: Chōsen Sōtoku; Korean: 조선총독, romanized: Joseon Chongdok) was the chief administrator of the Government-General of Chōsen, a part of an administrative organ established by the Imperial government of Japan. The position existed from 1910 to 1945.

The governor-general of Chōsen was established shortly after the Korean Empire was formally annexed by the Empire of Japan in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 to replace the title of Resident-General. The governor-general of Chōsen was appointed from Tokyo and accountable to the emperor of Japan. The governor-general of Chōsen was responsible for the administrate ministry of the Chōsen regionin, including infrastructure, culture, justice, censorship, and the suppression of the Korean independence movement.

The governor-general of Chōsen was seated in the General Government Building in Keijō after its completion in 1926. Pending its completion, the governor-general resided at Namsan.

Chōsen Government Railway
The Chōsen Government Railway (朝鮮總督府鐵道, Chōsen sōtokufu tetsudō) (Korean: 조선총독부 철도; RR: Joseon Chongdokbu Cheoldo) was a state-owned railway company in Korea during Japanese rule. It was also colloquially known by the abbreviated name Sentetsu (鮮鐵). It was the operational division of the Railway Bureau of the Government-General of Chōsen (朝鮮總督府鐵道局, Chōsen sōtokufu tetsudōkyoku; Korean: 철도국; RR: Cheoldoguk), which managed and operated railways in Chōsen, as well as supervised privately owned railway companies.
Zlib
zlib (/ˈziːlɪb/ or "zeta-lib", /ˈziːtəˌlɪb/) is a data format and a lossless data compression software library created by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler. The library implements the Deflate algorithm and supports compressing and decompressing data using the zlib data format, the gzip file format, or simply as a Deflate stream.

zlib is also a crucial component of many software platforms, including Linux, macOS, and iOS. It has also been used in gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Wii U, Wii, Xbox One and Xbox 360.

The first public version of Zlib, 0.9, was released on 1 May 1995 and was originally intended for use with the libpng image library. It is free software, distributed under the zlib License.

RFC 1950 specifies the zlib data format.

Zstd
Zstandard is a lossless data compression algorithm developed by Yann Collet at Facebook. Zstd is the corresponding reference implementation in C, released as open-source software on 31 August 2016.

The algorithm was published in 2018 as RFC 8478, which also defines an associated media type "application/zstd", filename extension "zst", and HTTP content encoding "zstd".
TVA (Canadian TV network)
TVA is a Canadian French-language terrestrial television network founded in 1963 and owned by Groupe TVA, a publicly traded subsidiary of Quebecor Media.

Headquartered in Montreal, the network only has terrestrial stations in Quebec. However, parts of New Brunswick and Ontario are within the broadcast ranges of TVA stations, and two TVA stations operate rebroadcasters in New Brunswick. Since becoming a national network in 1998, it has been available on cable television across Canada.

TVA is short for Téléviseurs associés (roughly translated to "Associated Telecasters"). This reflects the network's roots as a cooperative.

La Voix
La Voix (French pronunciation: [la vwa]) is a francophone Canadian reality talent show as part of the international television series franchise The Voice, based on the original Dutch version of the program created by John de Mol Jr. The series is part of The Voice franchise and is based on a similar competition format in The Netherlands entitled The Voice of Holland. The series is structured into three phases: blind auditions, battles, and live performance shows. In 2016, La Voix also launched a separate series for younger contestants called La Voix Junior.
Livy
Titus Livius (Latin: [ˈtɪtʊs ˈliːwiʊs]; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy (/ˈlɪvi/ LIV-ee), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled Ab Urbe Condita, ''From the Founding of the City'', covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own lifetime. He was on good terms with members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and was a friend of Augustus. Livy encouraged Augustus’s young grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, to take up the writing of history.

Magister equitum
The magister equitum, in English master of the horse or master of the cavalry, was a Roman magistrate appointed as lieutenant to a dictator.  His nominal function was to serve as commander of the Roman cavalry in time of war, but just as a dictator could be nominated to respond to other crises, so the magister equitum could operate independently of the cavalry; like the dictator, the appointment of a magister equitum served both military and political purposes.
North Tongu District
North Tongu District is one of the eighteen districts in Volta Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger and original North Tongu District on 10 March 1989, with Adidome as its capital town, which was created from the former Tongu District Council, until the western part of the district was split off to create a new North Tongu District on 28 June 2012, with Battor Dugame as its capital town, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2081; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Central Tongu District, with Adidome as its capital town, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2077. The district assembly is located in Addidome, near Adidome Senior High School (Adisec) the southwest part of Volta Region and has Battor Dugame as its capital town.

South Tongu District
South Tongu District is one of the eighteen districts in Volta Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly on 10 March 1989, which was created from the former Tongu District Council, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1466. The district assembly is located in the southwest part of Volta Region and has Sogakope as its capital town.
Škoda Auto
Škoda Auto a.s. (Czech pronunciation: [ˈʃkoda] ⓘ), often shortened to Škoda, is a Czech automobile manufacturer established in 1896 as the successor to Laurin & Klement and headquartered in Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic. Škoda Works became state owned in 1948. After the Velvet Revolution, it was gradually privatized starting in 1991, eventually becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the German multinational conglomerate Volkswagen Group in 2000.

Škoda automobiles are sold in over 100 countries, and in 2018, total global sales reached 1.25 million units, an increase of 4.4% from the previous year. The operating profit was €1.6 billion in 2017, an increase of 34.6% over the previous year. As of 2017, Škoda's profit margin was the second-highest of all Volkswagen AG brands after Porsche.

Its slogan was “Simply Clever” until 2022, when a new brand identity and a new slogan "Let's Explore" were introduced.

Hyundai Motor Company
Hyundai Motor Company, often referred to as Hyundai Motors (Korean: 현대자동차) and commonly known as Hyundai (현대; [ˈhjəːndɛ]; 'modernity'), is a South Korean multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, which was founded in 1967. Currently, the company owns 33.88 percent of Kia Corporation, and owns a luxury cars subsidiary, Genesis. The three brands altogether make up the Hyundai Motor Group.

Hyundai operates the second largest automobile manufacturing facility in the world in Ulsan, South Korea which has an annual production capacity of 1.6 million units. The company employs approximately 75,000 people worldwide. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through 5,000 dealerships and showrooms. As of November 2024, Hyundai is the world's third-largest carmaker in terms of production, behind competitors Toyota and Volkswagen.
Gangotri
Gangotri is a town and a Nagar Panchayat (municipality) in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is 99 km from Uttarkashi, the main district headquarter. It is a Hindu pilgrim town on the banks of the river Bhagirathi – the origin of the river Ganges. The town is located on the Greater Himalayan Range, at a height of 3,100 metres (10,200 ft). According to a popular Hindu legend, the goddess Ganga descended here when Shiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair.

Bandarpunch
Bandarpunch (lit. Hindi: Monkey's tail) is a mountain massif in the Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India. The massif has 3 peaks: White Peak (6102 m), also called Banderpunch II, to the west above Yamunotri; almost 5 km east is Bandarpunch main peak or Banderpunch I (6316 m); and about 4 km to the north-east is Kalanag (6387 m).
Karl Schwarzschild
Karl Schwarzschild (German: [kaʁl ˈʃvaʁtsʃɪlt] ⓘ; 9 October 1873 – 11 May 1916) was a German physicist and astronomer.

Schwarzschild provided the first exact solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, for the limited case of a single spherical non-rotating mass, which he accomplished in 1915, the same year that Einstein first introduced general relativity. The Schwarzschild solution, which makes use of Schwarzschild coordinates and the Schwarzschild metric, leads to a derivation of the Schwarzschild radius, which is the size of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole.

Schwarzschild accomplished this while serving in the German army during World War I. He died the following year, possibly from the autoimmune disease pemphigus, which he developed while at the Russian front.

Asteroid 837 Schwarzschilda is named in his honour, as is the large crater Schwarzschild, on the far side of the Moon.

Hermann Minkowski
Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a mathematician and professor at the University of Königsberg, ETH Zürich, and the University of Göttingen, described variously as German, Polish, Lithuanian-German, or Russian. He created and developed the geometry of numbers and elements of convex geometry, and used geometrical methods to solve problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.

Minkowski is perhaps best known for his foundational work describing space and time as a four-dimensional space, now known as "Minkowski spacetime", which facilitated geometric interpretations of Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905).
Christoph Probst
Christoph Ananda Probst
(6 November 1919 – 22 February 1943) was a German medical student and member of the anti-Nazi resistance group White Rose (Weiße Rose). Although less publicly known than Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl, Probst played a key intellectual role in the group’s efforts to oppose the Nazi regime through nonviolent means.

His final contribution—a draft for a new leaflet calling for an end to the war—was discovered upon Hans Scholl’s arrest and led directly to Probst’s own execution. He is remembered for his quiet conviction, moral clarity, and for placing conscience above personal safety, even as a young husband and father of three.

Willi Graf
Wilhelm "Willi" Graf (2 January 1918 – 12 October 1943) was a German member of the White Rose resistance group in Nazi Germany. The Catholic Church in Germany included Graf in their list of martyrs of the 20th century. In 2017, his cause for beatification was opened. He was given the title Servant of God, the first step toward possible sainthood.
Norwich
Norwich (/ˈnɒrɪdʒ, -ɪtʃ/ ⓘ, "Norritch";) is a cathedral city and district of the county of Norfolk, England, of which it is the county town. It lies by the River Wensum, about 100 mi (160 km) north-east of London, 40 mi (64 km) north of Ipswich and 65 mi (105 km) east of Peterborough. The population of the Norwich City Council local authority area was estimated to be 144,000 in 2021, which was an increase from 143,135 in 2019. The wider Norwich built-up area had a population of 213,166 at the 2011 United Kingdom census.

Norwich the seat of the see of the Diocese of Norwich. For much of the second millennium, from medieval to just before industrial times, Norwich was one of the most prosperous and largest towns in England; it was second only to London. Today, it is the largest settlement in East Anglia.

Robert Ladbrooke
Robert Ladbrooke (1768 – 11 October 1842) was an English landscape painter who, along with John Crome, founded the Norwich School of painters. His sons Henry Ladbrooke and John Berney Ladbrooke were also associated with the Norwich School.
Foot
The foot (pl.: feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is an organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws and/or nails.

Fibula
The fibula (pl.: fibulae or fibulas) or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the knee joint and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia and forms the lateral part of the ankle joint.
Information privacy
Information privacy, also known as data privacy or data protection, is the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, contextual information norms, and the legal and political issues surrounding them.

Various types of personal information often come under privacy concerns. Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information or other sensitive information is collected, stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted – in digital form or otherwise. Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. Informed consent mechanisms including privacy policies and dynamic consent are important in communicating to data subjects the different uses of their personally identifiable information.

Cloud computing
Cloud computing is defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as "a paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and administration on demand". It is commonly referred to as "the cloud".