hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Douglas fir
The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family.  It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. menziesii), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. glauca) and Mexican Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. lindleyana).

Despite its common names, it is not a true fir (genus Abies), spruce (genus Picea), or pine (genus Pinus). It is also not a hemlock (genus Tsuga); the genus name Pseudotsuga means "false hemlock".

Abies balsamea
Abies balsamea or balsam fir is a North American fir, native to most of eastern and central Canada (Newfoundland west to central Alberta) and the northeastern United States (Minnesota east to Maine, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia).
2021–22 KNVB Cup
The 2021–22 KNVB Cup, for sponsoring reasons officially called the TOTO KNVB Beker, was the 104th edition of the Dutch national football annual knockout tournament for the KNVB Cup. 59 teams contested, beginning in August with the first of two preliminary rounds, and concluded on 17 April 2022 with the final played at De Kuip in Rotterdam.

Ajax unsuccessfully defended its 2021 title in PSV's successful pursuit of their 10th KNVB Cup, 2–1.

PSV contested the 2022 Johan Cruyff Shield against 2021–22 Eredivisie champions Ajax.

2022–23 KNVB Cup
The 2022–23 KNVB Cup, for sponsoring reasons officially called the TOTO KNVB Beker, was the 105th edition of the Dutch national football annual knockout tournament for the KNVB Cup. 46 teams contested, beginning in August with the first of two preliminary rounds, and concluded in April 2023 with the final played at De Kuip in Rotterdam.

PSV were the defending champions, having defeated Ajax 2–1 in the previous season's final. They went on to successfully defend their title, again defeating Ajax in the final, this time via a penalty shoot-out.

PSV contested the 2023 Johan Cruyff Shield against the 2022–23 Eredivisie champions Feyenoord, 1-0.
Literacy
Literacy is the ability to read and write, and illiteracy is the inability to read and write. Some researchers suggest that the study of literacy as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was understood solely as alphabetical literacy (understanding the meanings of words without necessarily being able to use words); and the period after 1950, when literacy slowly began to be considered as a wider concept and process, including the social and cultural aspects of reading, writing, and functional literacy.

Literacy is essential in everyday life, as it enables individuals  to navigate the world easily and pursue the life they want. Its benefits goes beyond reading and writing; literacy is a key component to academic success and contributes significantly to confidence and self-esteem.

Gender inequality
Gender inequality is the social phenomenon in which people are not treated equally on the basis of gender. This inequality can be caused by gender discrimination or sexism. The treatment may arise from distinctions regarding biology, psychology, or cultural norms prevalent in the society. These distinctions are foremost grounded in social constructs. While current policies around the world cause inequality among individuals, it is women who are most affected. Gender inequality weakens women in many areas such as health, education, and business life. Studies show the different experiences of genders across many domains including education, life expectancy, personality, interests, family life, careers, and political affiliation. Gender inequality is experienced differently across different cultures.
Gmina Zabłudów
Gmina Zabłudów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Zabłudów, which lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 339.76 square kilometres (131.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,451 (out of which the population of Zabłudów amounts to 2,400, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,051).

Podlaskie Voivodeship
Podlaskie Voivodeship (Polish: województwo podlaskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ pɔˈdlaskʲɛ] ⓘ) is a voivodeship in northeastern Poland. The name of the voivodeship refers to the historical region of Podlachia (in Polish, Podlasie), and significant part of its territory corresponds to that region. The capital and largest city is Białystok.

It borders the Masovian Voivodeship to the west, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the northwest, Lublin Voivodeship to the south, Belarus to the east, and Lithuania to the northeast.

The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998, from the former Białystok and Łomża Voivodeships and the eastern half of the former Suwałki Voivodeship.
Chernihiv Oblast
Chernihiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Чернігівська область, romanized: Chernihivska oblast), also referred to as Chernihivshchyna (Ukrainian: Чернігівщина), is an oblast (province) in northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Chernihiv. There are 1,511 settlements in the oblast, with a total population of 959,315 (2022 estimate).

Zhytomyr Oblast
Zhytomyr Oblast (Ukrainian: Житомирська область, romanized: Zhytomyrska oblast), also referred to as Zhytomyrshchyna (Ukrainian: Житомирщина), is an oblast (province) in northwestern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Zhytomyr. Its population is approximately 1,179,032 (2022 estimate).
The Sandman (wrestler)
James Fullington (born June 16, 1963), better known by his ring name The Sandman, is an American semi-retired professional wrestler, best known for his career with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), where he developed into a smoking and drinking "Hardcore Icon" and held the ECW World Heavyweight Championship a record five times. He also had stints in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

John Kronus
George B. Caiazzo (January 13, 1969 – July 18, 2007) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, John Kronus, and later simply Kronus. Caiazzo worked for Extreme Championship Wrestling, the United States Wrestling Association and Xtreme Pro Wrestling. He was perhaps best known as one-half of the tag team The Eliminators with Perry Saturn.
Doboj
Doboj (Serbian Cyrillic: Добој, pronounced [dôboj]) is a city in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the banks of the Bosna river, in the northern region of Republika Srpska. As of 2013, it has a population of 71,441 inhabitants.

Doboj is the largest national railway junction and the operational base of the Railways Corporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is one of the oldest cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and, aside from Banja Luka, the most important urban center in northern Republika Srpska.

Foča
Foča (Serbian Cyrillic: Фоча, pronounced [fôtʃa]) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the south-east on the banks of Drina river. As of 2013, the town has a population of 12,234 inhabitants, while the municipality has 18,288 inhabitants.
Foča houses some faculties (including the Medical and Orthodox Theological Faculty of Saint Basil of Ostrog) from the Istočno Sarajevo University. It is also home to the "Seminary of Saint Peter of Sarajevo and Dabar-Bosna", one of seven seminaries in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Foča was, before the ethnic cleansing in 1992-1994, home to one of Bosnia's most important Islamic high schools, the Madrasa of Mehmed Pasha Kukavica. The Sutjeska National Park, which is the oldest National Park in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is located in the municipality.
Gallia Lugdunensis
Gallia Lugdunensis (French: Gaule Lyonnaise) was a province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic territory of Gaul formerly known as Celtica. It is named after its capital Lugdunum (today's Lyon), possibly Roman Europe's major city west of Italy, and a major imperial mint. Outside Lugdunum was the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls, where representatives met to celebrate the cult of Rome and Augustus.

Sens
Sens (French pronunciation: [sɑ̃s] ⓘ) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France, 120 km southeast from Paris.

Sens is a sub-prefecture and the second largest city of the department, the sixth largest in the region. It is crossed by the Yonne and the Vanne, which empties into the Yonne here. At the last census of 2021, the municipality had 27,034 inhabitants. Its inhabitants are called les Senonese in French.

The city was rewarded with the distinction of Grand Prix et quatre fleurs in 2007 at Concours des villes et villages fleuris.
2010–11 Greek Basket League
The 2010–11 Greek Basket League was the 71st season of the Greek Basket League, the highest tier professional basketball league in Greece.  The 182-game regular season (26 games for each of the 14 teams) began on Saturday, October 4, 2010, and ended on Wednesday, April 20, 2011. The league's playoffs ended on June 8, 2011.

2011–12 Greek Basket League
The 2011–12 Greek Basket League was the 72nd season of the Greek Basket League, the highest tier professional basketball league in Greece.  The 156-game regular season (24 games for each of the 13 teams) began on Saturday, October 22, 2011, and ended on Wednesday, April 11, 2012. The playoffs ended on June 2, 2012. The championship was held without the presence of Panellinios that withdrew because of economic problems. So the championship was held with only 13 teams.
Capitol Records
Capitol Records, LLC (known legally as Capitol Records, Inc. until 2007), and simply known as Capitol, is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint. It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva, and Glenn E. Wallichs. Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955. EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later, making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both distributed by UMG. The label's circular headquarters building is a recognized landmark of Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.

Recording contract
A recording contract (commonly called a record contract or record deal) is a legal agreement between a record label and a recording act (artist or group), where the act makes an audio recording (or series of recordings) for the label to sell and promote. Artists under contract are normally only allowed to record for that label exclusively; guest appearances on other artists' records will carry a notice "By courtesy of (the name of the label)", and that label in question may receive a percentage of sales through publishing.
6th Army (Wehrmacht)
The 6th Army (German: 6. Armee) was a field army of the German Army during World War II. It is widely known for its defeat by and subsequent surrender to the Red Army at the Battle of Stalingrad on 2 February 1943. It committed war crimes at Babi Yar while under the command of Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau during Operation Barbarossa.

The 6th Army was reformed in March 1943, and participated in fighting in Ukraine and later Romania, before being almost completely destroyed in the Second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive in August 1944. Following this it would fight in Hungary, attempting to relieve Budapest, and subsequently retreating into Austria in the Spring of 1945. 6th Army surrendered to US Army forces on 9 May 1945.

Luftflotte 4
Luftflotte 4 (Air Fleet 4) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. It was formed on 18 March 1939, from Luftwaffenkommando Österreich in Vienna. This Luftwaffe detachment was based in Romania, Bulgaria, Southeast Poland, Hungary, Ukraine and Russian occupied territories, for supporting Axis forces; with command offices in Morczyn, Hungary, during 26 June 1944, Eastern Front. It was the Luftflotte 4, that was responsible for the bombing campaign of Stalingrad, where ca. 40,000 civilians died. The Luftflotte was redesignated on 21 April 1945, to Luftwaffenkommando 4, and became subordinated to Luftflotte 6.

See Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945) for explanation of abbreviations used below.
Monsoon
A monsoon (/mɒnˈsuːn/) is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is also sometimes used to describe locally heavy but short-term rains.

The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African, Asian–Australian, the North American, and South American monsoons.

The term was first used in English in British India and  neighbouring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.

PAGASA
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (full name: Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration) (Filipino: Pangasiwaan ng Pilipinas sa Serbisyong Atmosperiko, Heopisiko at Astronomiko), abbreviated as PAGASA or DOST-PAGASA, is the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) agency of the Philippines mandated to provide protection against natural calamities and to ensure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress by undertaking scientific and technological services in meteorology, hydrology, climatology, astronomy and other geophysical sciences. Created on December 8, 1972, by reorganizing the Weather Bureau, PAGASA now serves as one of the Scientific and Technological Services Institutes of the Department of Science and Technology.
2007–08 Scottish Cup
The 2007–08 Scottish Cup was the 123rd season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The winners were Rangers, who defeated Queen of the South in the final.

The 2007–08 tournament saw a change in structure with the abolition of the Scottish Qualifying Cup and the admission of 4 members of the Scottish Junior Football Association to the first round.

2008–09 Scottish Cup
The 2008–09 Scottish Cup was the 124th season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The winners were Rangers, who defeated Falkirk in the 2009 final on 30 May 2009.

The competition was under new sponsorship. While the SFA sponsored the tournament last season, the new sponsor was Homecoming Scotland 2009, a project from the Scottish Government to encourage Scots from all over the world to visit the country. The tournament itself was known as The Homecoming Scottish Cup

Banks o' Dee, Bathgate Thistle, Lochee United and Pollok were the four junior clubs that entered this season.
Elk County, Pennsylvania
Elk County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 30,990. Its county seat is Ridgway. The county was created on April 18, 1843, from parts of Jefferson, Clearfield, and McKean Counties. Elk County is named for the now-extinct eastern elk (Cervus canadensis) that historically inhabited the region. The county is part of the North Central region of the commonwealth.

The county is notable for having one of the highest concentrations of Catholics in the United States, with 69% of the county's residents identifying as Catholic.

2010 United States census
The 2010 United States census was the 23rd United States census. National Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010. The census was taken via mail-in citizen self-reporting, with enumerators serving to spot-check randomly selected neighborhoods and communities. As part of a drive to increase the count's accuracy, 635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, a 9.7% increase from the 2000 United States census. This was the first census in which all states recorded a population of over 500,000 people as well as the first in which all 100 largest cities recorded populations of over 200,000.

It was the first census since 1930 that California did not record the largest population growth in absolute number. Texas surpassed California's growth by 4.3 million to 3.4 million.
Northampton railway station
Northampton railway station serves the market town of Northampton in Northamptonshire, England. It is on the Northampton Loop of the West Coast Main Line and is located 65 miles 68 chains (65.85 miles; 106.0 km) from London Euston. The station is served by London Northwestern Railway services between London Euston and Birmingham New Street; there is also a limited direct service to Crewe. A handful of Avanti West Coast services also serve the station, but these have been greatly reduced due to the longer-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. It is the busiest station in Northamptonshire, and the fourth busiest station in the East Midlands.

The station was known as Northampton Castle until 1966, as it is built on the site of the former castle of the same name. A proposed reinstatement of the Northampton Castle name following redevelopment of the station in 2015 did not take place.

Nuneaton railway station
Nuneaton railway station serves the market town of Nuneaton, in Warwickshire, England; it is managed by West Midlands Trains. The station is served by three railway lines: the Trent Valley section of the West Coast Main Line (WCML), the Birmingham-Leicester-Peterborough line and the Coventry to Nuneaton branch line. During the period 1924–1969, it was known as Nuneaton Trent Valley, to distinguish it from the now closed Nuneaton Abbey Street station; many local people still refer to it as Trent Valley. The station lies on the north-eastern edge of Nuneaton town centre, just outside the ring road.
Emperor Go-Ichijō
Emperor Go-Ichijō (後一条天皇, Go-Ichijō-tennō; October 12, 1008 – May 15, 1036) was the 68th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Go-Ichijō's reign spanned the years from 1016 through 1036.

This 11th century sovereign was named after his father, Emperor Ichijō, and go- (後), translates literally as "later"; thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Ichijō", or, in some older sources, may be identified as "Emperor Ichijō, the second", or even "Emperor Ichijō II".

Empress Shōshi
Fujiwara no Shōshi (藤原彰子; 988 – October 25, 1074), also known as  Jōtōmon-in (上東門院), the eldest daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga, was Empress of Japan from c. 1000 to c. 1011. Her father sent her to live in the Emperor Ichijō's harem at age 12. Because of his power, influence and political machinations she quickly achieved the status of second empress (中宮, Chūgū). As empress she was able to surround herself with a court of talented and educated ladies-in-waiting such as Murasaki Shikibu, author of The Tale of Genji.

By the age of 20, Shōshi had given birth to two sons for Ichijō, both of whom went on to become emperors and secured the status of the Fujiwara line. In her late 30s she took vows as a Buddhist nun, renouncing imperial duties and titles, assuming the title of imperial lady. She continued to be an influential member of the imperial family until her death at age 86.
Ceremonial ship launching
Ceremonial ship launching involves the performing of ceremonies associated with the process of transferring a vessel to the water. It is a nautical tradition in many cultures, dating back millennia, to accompany the physical process with ceremonies which have been observed as public celebration and a solemn blessing, usually but not always, in association with the launch itself.

Ship launching imposes stresses on the ship not met during normal operation and in addition to the size and weight of the vessel represents a considerable engineering challenge as well as a public spectacle. The process also involves many traditions intended to invite good luck, such as christening by breaking a sacrificial bottle of champagne over the bow as the ship is named aloud and launched.

Flagship
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed, or best known.

Over the years, the term "flagship" has become a metaphor used in industries such as broadcasting, automobiles, education, technology, airlines, and retail to refer to their highest quality, best known, or most expensive products and locations.
Narew
The Narew ([ˈnarɛf]; Belarusian: Нараў, romanized: Naraŭ; Lithuanian: Narevas or Naruva) is a 499-kilometre (310 mi) river primarily in north-eastern Poland. It is a tributary of the river Vistula. The Narew is one of Europe's few braided rivers, the term relating to the twisted channels resembling braided hair. Around 57 kilometres (35 mi) of the river flows through western Belarus.

Serock
Serock [ˈsɛrɔt͡sk] is a town at the north bank of the Zegrze lake in the Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in central Poland, around 40 kilometres (25 miles) north of Warsaw. It has 4,109 inhabitants (2013).
Union councils of Pakistan
The union councils of Pakistan (Urdu: یونین کونسل), referred to as village councils in villages, are elected local government bodies consisting of 21 councillors, and headed by a Nazim, which is equivalent to a mayor or chairperson, plus a Naib Nazim (vice chairperson). As of 2007, there are 5,375 rural union councils across 115 districts. They form the third-tier of local government and fifth tier overall in Pakistan's administrative structure. The structure and responsibilities of union councils differ across provinces and territories of the country.

Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil
Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil  (Urdu: تحصِيل چوآسيدن شاه), is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Chakwal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil is subdivided into 8 Union Councils, one of which forms the tehsil's administrative capital Choa Saidanshah.
Shinano Province
Shinano Province (信濃国, Shinano no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [ɕiꜜ.na.no (no kɯ.ɲi), ɕi.na.noꜜ-]) or Shinshū (信州, [ɕiꜜɰ̃.ɕɯː]) is an old province of Japan that is now Nagano Prefecture.

Shinano bordered Echigo, Etchū, Hida, Kai, Kōzuke, Mikawa, Mino, Musashi, Suruga, and Tōtōmi Provinces. The ancient capital was located near modern-day Matsumoto, which became an important city of the province.

The World War II-era Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano was named after this old province.

Shugo
Shugo (守護), commonly translated as '[military] governor', 'protector', or 'constable', was a title given to certain officials in feudal Japan. They were each appointed by the shogun to oversee one or more of the provinces of Japan. The position gave way to the emergence of the daimyo (military feudal lords) in the late 15th century, as shugo began to claim power over lands themselves, rather than serving simply as governors on behalf of the shogunate.