hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor in philosophia) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America) and is pronounced as three separate letters (/ˌpiːeɪtʃˈdiː/ PEE-aych-DEE). The University of Oxford uses the alternative abbreviation "DPhil".

PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist.

George David Birkhoff
George David Birkhoff (March 21, 1884 – November 12, 1944) was one of the top American mathematicians of his generation. He made valuable contributions to the theory of differential equations, dynamical systems, the four-color problem, the three-body problem, and general relativity. Today, Birkhoff is best remembered for the ergodic theorem. The George D. Birkhoff House, his residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has been designated a National Historic Landmark.
Pepper Adams
Park Frederick "Pepper" Adams III (October 8, 1930 – September 10, 1986) was an American jazz baritone saxophonist and composer. He composed 42 pieces, was the leader on eighteen albums spanning 28 years, and participated in 600 sessions as a sideman. He worked with an array of musicians, and had especially fruitful collaborations with trumpeter Donald Byrd and as a member of the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Big Band.

Cecil Payne
Cecil Payne (December 14, 1922 – November 27, 2007) was an American jazz baritone saxophonist born in Brooklyn, New York. Payne also played the alto saxophone and flute. He played with other prominent jazz musicians, in particular Dizzy Gillespie and Randy Weston, in addition to his solo work as bandleader.
Like Father, Like Son (Birdman and Lil Wayne album)
Like Father, Like Son is a collaborative studio album by American rappers Birdman and Lil Wayne. The album was released on October 31, 2006, through Cash Money Records and Universal Records. Guest appearances include Fat Joe, T-Pain, Rick Ross, Tha Dogg Pound and All Star Cashville Prince. Producers included Swizz Beatz and Scott Storch.

The album's first single was "Stuntin' Like My Daddy". The second single released from the album was "Leather So Soft". The third single was "You Ain't Know". All of those singles have music videos. The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 176,000 copies in its first week. The album was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in December 2006.

5 * Stunna
5 * Stunna (stylized as 5 ★ Stunna, also known as 5 Star Stunna) is the third studio album by American rapper Birdman. It was released on December 11, 2007, by Cash Money Records and Universal Records. The album includes the productions from Kane Beatz, T-Mix, Cool & Dre, Young Yonny, DJ Tone, the Fliptones, Tommy Gunnz, Drumma Boy, Steve Morales and Raymond "Sarom" Diaz, among others. Protégé and fellow New Orleans-based rapper Lil Wayne guest appears on 7 of the 22 tracks. The album debuted at number 18 on the US Billboard 200, selling 80,000 copies in the first week. To date, the album has sold 372,000 copies in the United States.

Three singles were released from the album, each of them contain collaborations with Lil Wayne; "Pop Bottles", which also features guest vocals from rapper Jadakiss, "100 Million", which also features guest vocals from Young Jeezy, Rick Ross, Dre and DJ Khaled, and "I Run This".
Robert Anderson (Union officer)
Robert Anderson (June 14, 1805 – October 26, 1871) was a United States Army officer during the American Civil War. He was the Union commander in the first battle of the American Civil War at Fort Sumter in April 1861 when the Confederates bombarded the fort and forced its surrender, starting the war. Anderson was celebrated as a hero in the North and promoted to brigadier general and given command of Union forces in Kentucky. He was removed late in 1861 and reassigned to Rhode Island, before retiring from military service in 1863. In 1865, he returned to Fort Sumter to again raise the American flag that he had lowered during the 1861 surrender.

Charleston Harbor
The Charleston Harbor is an inlet (8 sq mi/20.7 km2) of the Atlantic Ocean at Charleston, South Carolina. The inlet is formed by the junction of Ashley and Cooper rivers at 32°49′7.10″N 79°55′40.41″W﻿ / ﻿32.8186389°N 79.9278917°W﻿ / 32.8186389; -79.9278917. Morris and Sullivan's Islands shelter the entrance. Charleston Harbor forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway.
2025–26 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
The 2025–26 Grand Prix of Figure Skating is a series of senior international competitions organized by the International Skating Union that were held from October 2025 to December 2025. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Skaters earned points based on their placements at each event and the top six in each discipline qualified to compete at the Grand Prix Final in Nagoya, Japan. The corresponding series for junior-level skaters was the 2025–26 ISU Junior Grand Prix.

2025 CS Nebelhorn Trophy
The 2025 Nebelhorn Trophy was a figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), organized and hosted by the Deutsche Eislauf Union, and the fifth event of the 2025–26 ISU Challenger Series. It was held at the Eissportzentrum Oberstdorf in Oberstdorf, Germany, from 25 to 27 September 2025. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance, and skaters earned ISU World Standing points based on their results. Stephen Gogolev of Canada won the men's event, Amber Glenn of the United States won the women's event, Minerva Fabienne Hase and Nikita Volodin of Germany won the pairs event, and Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson of Great Britain won the ice dance event.
American Psychological Association
The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 190,000 members, including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. It has 54 divisions, which function as interest groups for different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas. The APA has an annual budget of nearly $134 million.

National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) was a professional accreditor focused on accrediting teacher education programs in U.S. colleges and universities. It was founded in 1954 and was recognized as an accreditor by the U.S. Department of Education.
Battle of Fort Blakeley
The Battle of Fort Blakeley took place from April 2 to April 9, 1865, in Baldwin County, Alabama, about 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Spanish Fort, Alabama, as part of the Mobile Campaign of the American Civil War. At the time, Blakeley, Alabama, had been the county seat of Baldwin County.

The Battle of Blakeley was the final major battle of the Civil War, with surrender just hours after Grant had accepted the surrender of Lee at Appomattox in the afternoon of April 9, 1865. Mobile, Alabama, was the last major Confederate port to be captured by Union forces, on April 12, 1865. After the assassination of President Lincoln on April 15, 1865, other Confederate surrenders continued into June 1865.

Battle of Champion Hill
The Battle of Champion Hill, also known as the Battle of Champion's Hill and the Battle of Battle of Baker's Creek, of May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil War (1861–1865). Union Army commander Major General Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Tennessee pursued the retreating Confederate States Army under Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton and defeated it twenty miles to the east of Vicksburg, Mississippi, leading inevitably to the Siege of Vicksburg and surrender.

Sidney S. Champion, born in Guilford County, North Carolina, in 1824, came to Mississippi and settled on a large tract of land located between Bolton and Edwards. Captain Champion was a seasoned Confederate soldier long before the outbreak of the Battle of Champion Hill. The night of May 15 found Captain Champion within range of the battle site and serving as a vital member of General Pemberton's staff.
Cibernético
Octavio López Arreola (born April 12, 1975), better known by the ring name Cibernético, is a Mexican professional wrestler, working for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA).

During AAA's short partnership with the World Wrestling Federation, he participated in the 1997 Royal Rumble and wrestled on Raw is War and WWF Shotgun Saturday Night, often teaming with Pierroth Jr. He is a former AAA Mega Champion as well as a former three time Campeón de Campeones, the predecessor to the AAA world championship.

AAA Mega Championship
The AAA Mega Championship (often referred to as the AAA World Heavyweight Championship in English and known as the Mega Campeonato AAA in Spanish) is a men's professional wrestling world heavyweight championship promoted by Mexican promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), a subsidiary of the American promotion WWE. The current champion is Dominik Mysterio, who is in his first reign. He defeated El Hijo del Vikingo at Worlds Collide: Las Vegas on September 12, 2025.
Usme
Usme is the 5th locality of the Capital District of Bogotá, capital city of Colombia. Usme is located in the south of Bogotá, bordering to the north the localities of San Cristóbal, Rafael Uribe Uribe and Tunjuelito, to the west the locality of Ciudad Bolívar, to the south the locality of Sumapaz, and to the east, behind the Eastern Hills, the municipalities of Ubaque, Chipaque and Une in the Department of Cundinamarca.

Bosa, Bogotá
Bosa is the 7th locality of the Capital District of the Colombian capital, Bogotá. Bosa is located in the southwest of Bogotá and is the 8th largest locality and 9th most populated. This district is inhabited by working-class residents.
An (cuneiform)
The cuneiform an sign (or sumerogram AN, in Akkadian consisting of ASH 𒀸 and MAŠ 𒈦), is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for an, and an alphabetic sign used for a, or n; it is common in both the Epic of Gilgamesh over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It is also used for the designation of a "god", and is sometimes represented as a superscript: d, or capitalized: D, for "dingir", English language, "god". The example photo at right shows (2nd list), a list of 14 named gods, all with "an"; the first pair on the list AN-UTU, or DUTU, refers to the "sun-god", using Ud (cuneiform), as the sumerogram, namely UTU (sun Sumerogram).

Cuneiform an can also be found in compound form with another cuneiform sign, an example being DAGAL, . The older version of DAGAL used the 'god symbol' as a star within the sign: ; (older version of DAGAL, incorporating "star": ).

Am (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign am, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts). It is also used as AM.

Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for a, or m, or syllabically for am. The "a" is replaceable in word formation by any of the 4 vowels: a, e, i, or u.
Paolo Lucio Anafesto
Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Latin: Paulucius Anafestus) was, according to Venetian chronicler John the Deacon and other later traditions, the first Doge of Venice, serving (allegedly) from 697 to 717. Since he is not known from contemporary sources, various scholars have raised several questions regarding his personal (prosopographical) historicity and reliability of late accounts, provided by John the Deacon, who died sometime after 1018.

Orso Ipato
Orso Ipato (Latin: Ursus Hypatus; died 737) was, by tradition, the third Doge of Venice (726–737) and the first historically known. During his eleven-year reign, he brought great change to the Venetian navy, aided in the recapture of Ravenna from Lombard invaders, and cultivated harmonious relations with the Byzantine Empire. He was murdered in 737 during a civil conflict.
Omar Associates women's cricket team
The Omar Associates women's cricket team is a Pakistani women's cricket team, sponsored by Omar Associates. They competed in the National Women's Cricket Championship and the Women's Cricket Challenge Trophy from 2014 to 2016. They won the 2014 Women's Cricket Challenge Trophy, shared with Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited.

Saif Sports Saga women's cricket team
The Saif Sports Saga women's cricket team is a Pakistani women's cricket team, sponsored by the Saif Sports Saga. They competed in the National Women's Cricket Championship and the Women's Cricket Challenge Trophy from 2014 to 2016.
Archdiocese of Burgos
The Archdiocese of Burgos (Latin: Archidioecesis Burgensis) is  Latin Metropolitan sees of the Catholic Church in Spain.

Its ecclesiastical province includes four suffragan dioceses:

Bilbao

Osma–Soria

Palencia

Vitoria

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valladolid
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Valladolid (Latin: Archidioecesis Metropolitae Vallisoletanus) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Spain, elevated from the rank of diocese in 1857.

The seat of the archbishop is the Cathedral of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción. Valladolid also houses the National Sanctuary of the Gran Promesa.
Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton
Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (28 September 1735 – 14 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.

He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of William Pitt, and was the youngest person to hold the office until the appointment of William Pitt the Younger 15 years later. However, he struggled to demonstrate an ability to counter increasing challenges to Britain's global dominance following the nation's victory in the Seven Years' War. He was widely attacked for allowing France to annex Corsica, and stepped down in 1770, handing over power to Lord North.

Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton
Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton (28 September 1663 – 9 October 1690) was an illegitimate son of King Charles II of England and his mistress Barbara Villiers. A military commander, Henry FitzRoy was appointed colonel of the Grenadier Guards in 1681 and Vice-Admiral of England from 1682 to 1689. He was killed in the storming of Cork during the Williamite–Jacobite War in 1690.
C-Bo
Shawn Thomas (born January 14, 1972), better known by his stage name C-Bo, is an American rapper from Sacramento, California. Known for his extensive legal troubles, he was the first notable rapper to be jailed due to his lyrical content in 1998. His 1995 song, "Deadly Game" (with X-Raided) earned this distinction, as its lyrics were a scathing critique of political officials, including governor Pete Wilson, and California's Prop. 184 three-strikes law. He ineffectively argued for appeal three times.

Although some charges were dropped as it was viewed as a violation of his First Amendment rights, he was arrested in California in 1998, under the suspicion that his violent rap lyrics violated his parole. He rapped his court statement to the presiding judge, in Ohio, who gave C-Bo probation on the condition that he also rap in a Public Service Announcement. Also known for his frequent collaborations with fellow California-based rappers, he appeared in numerous videos for Tupac Shakur.

The Regime (group)
The Regime (stylized as The ReGime) is an American hip hop collective and supergroup created by Yukmouth in 1997, which originally included fellow rappers Tech N9ne, Phats Bossi, Madmax, Poppa LQ, Dizzle Don and Govnormatic. Not long after the original formation, Gonzoe of rap group Kausion and Lil Ke also joined. The group is signed to Yukmouth's Smoke-A-Lot Records, and share that label's dragon logo.

Unlike most rap groups, the Regime's members are from different states and cities around the US. Besides guest appearances on numerous Yukmouth related projects, the group has released three mixtapes in the All Out War series and planned for their debut album to be titled Regime Dragon Gang.
Shoshone
The Shoshone or Shoshoni (/ʃoʊˈʃoʊni/ ⓘ shoh-SHOH-nee or /ʃəˈʃoʊni/ ⓘ shə-SHOH-nee), also known by the endonym Newe, are an Indigenous people of the United States with four large cultural/linguistic divisions:

Eastern Shoshone: Wyoming

Northern Shoshone: Southern Idaho

Western Shoshone: California, Nevada, and Northern Utah

Goshute:  western Utah, eastern Nevada

They traditionally speak the Shoshoni language, part of the Numic languages branch of the large Uto-Aztecan language family. The Shoshone were sometimes called the Snake Indians by neighboring tribes and early American explorers.

Their peoples have become members of federally recognized tribes throughout their traditional areas of settlement, often co-located with the Northern Paiute people of the Great Basin.

Numic languages
Numic (/ˈnʌmɪk/ or /ˈnuːmɪk/) is the northernmost branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family.  It includes seven languages spoken by Native American peoples traditionally living in the Great Basin, Colorado River basin, Snake River basin, and southern Great Plains.  The word "Numic" comes from the cognate word in all Numic languages for "person", which reconstructs to Proto-Numic as /*nɨmɨ/. For example, in the three Central Numic languages and the two Western Numic languages, the word for "person" is /nɨmɨ/.  In Kawaiisu, it is /nɨwɨ/, and in Colorado River, it is /nɨwɨ/, /nɨŋwɨ/, and /nuu/.
Thornton Wilder
Thornton Niven Wilder (April 17, 1897 – December 7, 1975) was an American playwright and novelist. He won three Pulitzer Prizes, for the novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey and for the plays Our Town and The Skin of Our Teeth, and a U.S. National Book Award for the novel The Eighth Day.

Charlotte Wilder
Charlotte Elizabeth Wilder (August 28, 1898 – May 26, 1980) was an American poet and academic who worked in the Federal Writers Project.

Wilder published poetry in The Nation and Poetry Magazine.  She also published poetry collections in 1936 and 1939.
Diesel (musician)
Mark Denis Lizotte (born 31 May 1966) is an American-born Australian singer-songwriter and musician, who has released material under the name Diesel, Johnny Diesel, as leader of band Johnny Diesel & the Injectors, and as a solo performer, as well as under his birth name. Two of his albums reached No. 1 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Albums Charts, Hepfidelity in 1992 and The Lobbyist in 1993.

Since 1987, Lizotte, has played on several albums by his brother-in law, Australian rock singer, Jimmy Barnes. Although better known as a singer-songwriter and guitarist, Lizotte is also competent on bass guitar, drums, percussion and keyboards; and has also produced an album by Richard Clapton and one by Vika and Linda Bull. He has won six ARIA Music Awards with three for 'Best Male Artist' in 1993, 1994 and 1995.

ARIA Charts
The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling and streamed songs and albums in various genres in Australia. ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report, which had been Australia's national music sales charts since 1974.
Northern harrier
The northern harrier (Circus hudsonius), also known as the marsh hawk or ring-tailed hawk, is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere in Canada and the northernmost United States.

The northern harrier migrates south in winter, with breeding birds in Canada and northern Great Plains of the U.S. moving to the American south, Mexico, and Central America. In the midwestern, mountain west, and north Atlantic states of the U.S., they may be present all year. This bird inhabits prairies, open areas, and marshes.

Red-shouldered hawk
The red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) is a medium-sized buteo. Its breeding range spans eastern North America and along the coast of California and northern to northeastern-central Mexico. It is a permanent resident throughout most of its range, though northern birds do migrate, mostly to central Mexico. The main conservation threat to the widespread species is deforestation.
Cherry (Japanese wrestler)
Cherry (チェリー, Cherī) is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working as a freelancer and is best known for her tenure with various promotions such as DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT) and Pro Wrestling Wave.

Mikiko Futagami
Mikiko Futagami (二上美紀子, Futagami Mikiko) better known by her ring name Gami (stylized in capital letters as GAMI) is a Japanese retired professional wrestler best known for her tenure with the Japanese promotions Pro Wrestling Wave, Arsion and JWP Joshi Puroresu.
Avilés
Avilés (Asturian and Spanish: [aβiˈles] ⓘ) is a town in Asturias, Spain. Avilés is, along with Oviedo and Gijón, one of the main cities in the Principality of Asturias.

The town occupies the flattest land in the municipality, partially in a land that belonged to the sea, surrounded by small promontories, all of them having an altitude of less than 140 metres. Situated in the Avilés estuary, in the Northern Central area of the Asturian coast, west of Peñas Cape, is its national seaport.

Avilés is mainly an industrial city. It is close to popular beaches like Salinas. It also has important churches like St. Thomas of Canterbury.
Avilés has also cultural spaces such as the Palacio Valdés Theatre (in Spanish: Teatro Palacio Valdés) or the Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre (in Spanish: Centro Cultural Internacional Oscar Niemeyer).

Langreo
Langreo (Spanish pronunciation: [laŋˈɡɾeo]) or Llangréu (Asturian pronunciation: [ʎaŋˈɣɾew], locally [ʎaŋˈɣɾeo]) (Asturian) is a town and municipality in the Principality of Asturias in Spain. With a population of 38,265 as of 2024, it is the 4th-largest municipality of Asturias.

Langreo is located in the centre of Asturias, approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) south-east of Oviedo. It was an important mining and metallurgical center.