hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.

Wedge sum
In topology, the wedge sum is a "one-point union" of a family of topological spaces. Specifically, if X and Y are pointed spaces (i.e. topological spaces with distinguished basepoints  and ) the wedge sum of X and Y is the quotient space of the disjoint union of X and Y by the identification

where  is the equivalence closure of the relation 
More generally, suppose  is an indexed family of pointed spaces with basepoints  The wedge sum of the family is given by:

where  is the equivalence closure of the relation  
In other words, the wedge sum is the joining of several spaces at a single point. This definition is sensitive to the choice of the basepoints  unless the spaces  are homogeneous.

The wedge sum is again a pointed space, and the binary operation is associative and commutative (up to homeomorphism).

Sometimes the wedge sum is called the wedge product, but this is not the same concept as the exterior product, which is also often called the wedge product.
Thylakoid
Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana (singular: granum). Grana are connected by intergranal or stromal thylakoids, which join granum stacks together as a single functional compartment.

In thylakoid membranes, chlorophyll pigments are found in packets called quantasomes. Each quantasome contains 230 to 250 chlorophyll molecules.

Light-harvesting complex
In biology, a light-harvesting complex, LHC, or antennae complex is an aggregate consisting of proteins bound with chromophores (chlorophylls and carotenoids) that play a key role in photosynthesis. They are one part of a photosystem, together with a reaction center. LHCs are arrayed around photosynthetic reaction centers in both plants and photosynthetic bacteria and collect more of the incoming light than would be captured by the reaction centers alone. The light captured by the chromophores excites molecules from their ground states to (short-lived) higher-energy states, known as the excited states. This energy is then focused toward the reaction centers by Förster resonance energy transfer.

Light-harvesting complexes are found in a wide variety among the different photosynthetic species, with no homology among the major groups.
Poison the Well (band)
Poison the Well is an American  metalcore band from Miami, Florida, who were originally active between 1997 and 2010. Lead guitarist Ryan Primack and drummer Chris Hornbrook are the only remaining founding members (though both left for various stints in the late 1990s), with long-serving vocalist Jeffrey Moreira being featured on all five of their studio albums. The band reformed for numerous shows in 2015, and again in both 2016 and 2020; they have since reunited permanently and will release their first studio album in 17 years, Peace in Place, in 2026. Their albums have sold a combined total of over 300,000 copies in the United States as of 2012.

Unearth
Unearth is an American metalcore band formed in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1998. The group consists of lead guitarist Buz McGrath, vocalist Trevor Phipps, bassist Chris O'Toole, drummer Mike Justian and rhythm guitarist Peter Layman. They are currently signed to Century Media Records and have released eight studio albums. Their most recent studio album, The Wretched; the Ruinous, was released on May 5, 2023.
Team Penske
Team Penske (formerly known as Penske Racing) is an American professional auto racing organization that competes in the IndyCar Series, NASCAR Cup Series, IMSA SportsCar Championship, and the FIA World Endurance Championship. The team made its competitive debut at the 1966 24 Hours of Daytona and has since participated in a wide range of professional motorsport disciplines, including Formula One, Can-Am, Trans-Am, and Australia's Supercars Championship. Over the course of its history, Team Penske has amassed more than 500 race victories and secured over 40 championships across various categories of auto racing. The team operates as a division of Penske Corporation and is owned and chaired by Roger Penske.

Front Row Motorsports
Front Row Motorsports (FRM) is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Cup Series and NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. The team began running part-time in 2004 as Means-Jenkins Motorsports under a partnership with Jimmy Means and restaurant entrepreneur Bob Jenkins, with Jenkins becoming the full team owner in 2005. In the Cup Series, FRM fields three Ford Mustang Dark Horse teams full-time; the No. 4 for Noah Gragson, the No. 34 for Todd Gilliland, and the No. 38 for Zane Smith. In the Truck Series, they field two Ford F-Series teams full-time; the No. 34 for Layne Riggs and No. 38 for Chandler Smith.
2017–18 Division 1 Féminine
The 2017–18 Division 1 Féminine season was the 44th edition since its establishment. Lyon were the defending champions, having won the title in each of the past eleven seasons. The season began on 3 September 2017 and ended on 27 May 2018. Lyon won their twelfth straight title.

2018–19 Division 1 Féminine
The 2018–19 Division 1 Féminine season was the 45th edition since its establishment. Lyon were the defending champions, having won the title in each of the past twelve seasons. The season began on 25 August 2018 and ended on 4 May 2019.
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
The Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Chinese: 東突厥; pinyin: Dōng Tūjué or Dōng Tújué) was formed as a result of the destructive wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 581–603) after the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan) had splintered into two polities – one in the east, one in the west. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was defeated and absorbed by the Tang dynasty, and Xueyantuo occupied the territory of the former Turkic Khaganate.

Tiele people
The Tiele (Chinese: 鐵勒; pinyin: Tiělè), also transliterated as Chile (Chinese: 敕勒), Dili (Chinese: 狄歷), Zhile (Chinese: 直勒) and Tele (Chinese: 特勒), who were also known by the Chinese exonym Gaoche (Chinese: 高車) or Gaoju, were a tribal confederation of Turkic ethnic origins living to the north of China proper and in Central Asia, emerging after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederacy. Chinese sources associate them with the earlier Dingling.
Caviidae
Caviidae, the cavy family, is composed of rodents native to South America and includes the domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the largest living rodent, the capybara. They are found across South America in open areas from moist savanna to thorn forests or scrub desert. This family of rodents has fewer members than most other rodent families, with 19 species in seven genera in three subfamilies.

Chinchillidae
The family Chinchillidae is in the order Rodentia and consists of the chinchillas, the viscachas, and their fossil relatives.  This family is restricted to southern and western South America, mostly living in mountainous regions of the Andes,  except one species living on plains. They are medium to large-sized rodents, weighing from 800 g (28 oz) to 8 kg (18 lb), with strong hind legs and large ears and a bushy tail. All species have thick, soft fur, which is considered valuable in some cultures.
United States men's Olympic water polo team statistics (scorers)
This article contains lists of scorers for the United States men's national water polo team at the Summer Olympics, and is part of the United States men's Olympic water polo team statistics series. The lists are updated as of March 30, 2020.

United States men's Olympic water polo team statistics (goalkeepers)
This article contains lists of goalkeepers for the United States men's national water polo team at the Summer Olympics, and is part of the United States men's Olympic water polo team statistics series. The lists are updated as of March 30, 2020.
Brill Building
The Brill Building is an office building at 1619 Broadway on 49th Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, just north of Times Square and farther uptown from the historic musical Tin Pan Alley neighborhood. The Brill Building housed music industry offices and studios where some of the most popular American songs were written. It is considered to have been the center of the American music industry that dominated the pop charts in the early 1960s.

It was built in 1931 as the Alan E. Lefcourt Building, after the son of its builder Abraham E. Lefcourt, and designed by Victor Bark Jr. The building is 11 stories high and has about 175,000 square feet (16,300 m2) of rentable area.

The "Brill" name comes from Maurice Brill, a haberdasher who operated a store at street level and subsequently bought the building. The Brill Building was purchased by 1619 Broadway Realty LLC in June 2013 and subsequently renovated. A CVS Pharmacy opened on the building's first two floors in 2019.

Barry Mann
Barry Mann (born Barry Imberman; February 9, 1939) is an American songwriter and musician, and was part of a successful songwriting partnership with his wife, Cynthia Weil.

He has written or co-written 53 hits in the UK and 98 in the US.
San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico
San Ildefonso Pueblo (Tewa: 	Pʼohwhogeh Ówîngeh [p’òhxʷógè ʔówîŋgè] "where the water cuts through"), also known as the Turquoise Clan, is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States, and a federally recognized tribe, established c. 1300 AD.  The Pueblo is self-governing and is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 524 as of the 2010 census, reported by the State of New Mexico as 1,524 in 2012, and there were 628 enrolled tribal members reported as of 2012 according to the Department of the Interior.  San Ildefonso Pueblo is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos, and the pueblo people are from the Tewa ethnic group of Native Americans, who speak the Tewa language.

Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico
Nambé Oweenge Pueblo (/nɑːmˈbeɪ/ nahm/BAY; Tewa: Nambé Oweengé / Nąngbeʼe Ôwîngeh, IPA: [nɑ̃̀ŋbèʔ ʔówîŋɡè]) is a federally recognized tribe of the Pueblo people in Santa Fe County, New Mexico.  For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined the community as a census-designated place (CDP).

The Pueblo of Nambé has existed since the 14th century and is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos. It was a primary cultural, economic, and religious center at the time of the arrival of Spanish colonists in the very early 17th century. Nambé was one of the Pueblos that organized and participated in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 which expelled the Spanish from New Mexico for twelve years.

The community of Nambe, New Mexico, is separate from the pueblo.
Canterbury Region
Canterbury (Māori: Waitaha) is a region of New Zealand, located in the central-eastern South Island. The region covers an area of 44,503.88 square kilometres (17,183.04 sq mi), making it the largest region in the country by area. It is home to a population of 698,200 (June 2025).

The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms. The Kaikōura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council.

Christchurch, the South Island's largest city and the country's second-largest urban area, is the seat of the region and home to 58 percent of the region's population. Other major towns and cities include Timaru, Ashburton, Rangiora and Rolleston.

Blenheim, New Zealand
Blenheim (/ˈblɛnɪm/ BLEN-im; Māori: Waiharakeke) is the most populous town in the region of Marlborough, in the north east of the South Island of New Zealand. It has an estimated population of 30,300 as of June 2024. The surrounding Marlborough wine region is well known as the centre of the New Zealand wine industry. It enjoys one of New Zealand's sunniest climates, with warm, relatively dry summers and cool, crisp winters.

Blenheim is named after the Battle of Blenheim (1704) in the War of the Spanish Succession, where troops led by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated a combined French and Bavarian force. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "flax stream" for the town's Māori name, Waiharakeke.
Peter Sidorkiewicz
Peter Paul Sidorkiewicz (born June 29, 1963) is a Polish-Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. Sidorkiewicz played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Hartford Whalers, Ottawa Senators, and New Jersey Devils, representing the Wales Conference in the 1993 NHL All-Star Game. Since retiring as a player, Sidorkiewicz has worked as a coach for the Erie Otters of the Ontario Hockey League, Dornbirner EC of the Austrian Hockey League and the Norfolk Admirals of the ECHL.

Craig Billington
Craig Richard Billington (born September 11, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played with several teams in a 15-year National Hockey League career, always known as "Biller," and serves as an assistant general manager for the Colorado Avalanche, and the General Manager of the American Hockey League Colorado Eagles.
Nepenthes albomarginata
Nepenthes albomarginata /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌælboʊmɑːrdʒɪˈnɑːtə/ is a tropical pitcher plant native to Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra.

The specific epithet albomarginata, formed from the Latin words albus (white) and marginatus (margin), refers to the white band of trichomes that is characteristic of this species.

Nepenthes rafflesiana
Nepenthes rafflesiana (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ræˌfliːziˈɑːnə/; after Stamford Raffles), or Raffles' pitcher-plant, is a species of tropical pitcher plant. It has a very wide distribution covering Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore. Nepenthes rafflesiana is extremely variable, with numerous forms and varieties described. In Borneo alone, there are at least three distinct varieties. The giant form of this species produces enormous pitchers rivalling those of N. rajah in size.
Bosa, Bogotá
Bosa is the 7th locality of the Capital District of the Colombian capital, Bogotá. Bosa is located in the southwest of Bogotá and is the 8th largest locality and 9th most populated. This district is inhabited by working-class residents.

Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá
Ciudad Bolívar is the 19th locality in the Capital District of the Colombian capital city Bogotá. Ciudad Bolívar is located in the south of the city at the southern border of the Bogotá savanna. This district is mostly inhabited by under privileged residents.

While most Ciudad Bolívar's area is rural, its urban portion includes one of the world's largest mega-slums. Its urban area concentrates the poorest population in Bogotá and is known for its rampant levels of violence due to a large activity of gangs, mafia, and at times FARC, the national ex-terrorist group of Colombia.
Hen harrier
The hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) is a bird of prey. It breeds in open areas such as marshes and grasslands in Eurasia and is migratory, moving further south outside of the breeding season. Birds in milder regions, such as France and Great Britain, may be resident year-round, but the higher altitudes are largely deserted in winter. The species is sexually dimorphic; males are smaller and mostly grey and white with black wingtips, whereas females average larger and are predominantly brown and have buff underparts with brown barring. Both sexes have a white rump patch, although it is more noticeable on females and juveniles.

The term "hen harrier" refers to its former habit of preying on free-ranging fowl. The northern harrier (Circus hudsonius) was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the hen harrier.

Meadow pipit
The meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis) is a small passerine bird that breeds throughout much of the Palearctic, from south-eastern Greenland and Iceland east to just east of the Ural Mountains in Russia, and south to central France and Romania; an isolated population also occurs in the Caucasus Mountains. It is migratory over most of its range, wintering in southern Europe, North Africa, and south-western Asia, but is resident year-round in western Europe, although even here many birds move to the coast or lowlands in winter.
County Tyrone
County Tyrone (/tɪˈroʊn/; from Irish Tír Eoghain, meaning 'land of Eoghan' [tʲiːɾʲ ˈoːnʲ]) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, one of the nine counties of Ulster and one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland. Its county town is Omagh.

Adjoined to the south-west shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 1,261 square miles (3,266 km2), making it the largest of Northern Ireland's six counties by size, and the second largest county in Ulster after Donegal. With a population of 188,383 as of the 2021 census, Tyrone is the 5th most populous county in both Northern Ireland and Ulster, and the 11th most populous county on the island of Ireland. The county derives its name and general geographic location from Tír Eoghain, a Gaelic kingdom under the O'Neill dynasty which existed until the 17th century.

Aughnacloy, County Tyrone
Aughnacloy, sometimes spelt Auchnacloy (Irish: Achadh na Cloiche, meaning 'field of the stone'), is a village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Close to the border with County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland, the village is about 20 km southwest of Dungannon, and 7 km southeast of Ballygawley. It is situated in the historic barony of Dungannon Lower and the civil parish of Carnteel. In the 2021 census it had a population of 1,162.
Gavriil Malysh
Gavriil Kondratievich Malysh (Russian: Гаврии́л Кондра́тьевич Ма́лыш; March 25, 1907 – October 25, 1998) was a Soviet, Russian painter, watercolorist, and graphic artist, lived and worked in Saint Petersburg, regarded as one of the brightest representatives of the Leningrad school of painting, most famous for his decorative still lifes and landscapes.

Piotr Litvinsky
Piotr Petrovich Litvinsky (Russian: Пё́тр Петро́вич Литви́нский; 7 November 1927 – 8 July 2009) was a Russian Soviet realist painter and art teacher, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg (former Leningrad) and Moscow. He was a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists (before 1992 named as the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation), and regarded as one of representatives of the Leningrad school of painting, most famous for his cityscapes and historical paintings.
Rabbinic literature
Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, is the entire corpus of works authored by rabbis throughout Jewish history. The term typically refers to literature from the Talmudic era (70–640 CE), as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writings. It aligns with the Hebrew term Sifrut Chazal (Hebrew: ספרות חז״ל), which translates to “literature [of our] sages” and generally pertains only to the sages (Chazal) from the Talmudic period. This more specific sense of "Rabbinic literature"—referring to the Talmud, Midrashim (Hebrew: מדרשים), and related writings, but hardly ever to later texts—is how the term is generally intended when used in contemporary academic writing. The terms mefareshim and parshanim (commentaries and commentators) almost always refer to later, post-Talmudic writers of rabbinic glosses on Biblical and Talmudic texts.

Chazal
Chazal or Ḥazal (Hebrew: חז״ל) are the Jewish sages of the Mishnaic and Talmudic eras, spanning from the final 300 years of the Second Temple period until the 7th century, or c. 250 BCE – c. 625 CE. Their authority was mostly in the field of Halakha (Jewish law) and less regarding Jewish theology.
Scott Porter
Matthew Scott Porter (born July 14, 1979) is an American actor.  He is best known for his role as Jason Street in the NBC television drama Friday Night Lights, as George Tucker in The CW comedy-drama series Hart of Dixie and as Mayor Paul Randolph in the Netflix series Ginny & Georgia.

Porter starred alongside Alyson Michalka and Vanessa Hudgens in the 2009 film Bandslam. He performed the song "Pretend", featured on the Bandslam soundtrack. In 2010, he played the role of law firm investigator Blake Calamar in CBS' legal drama The Good Wife.

Porter is also a voice actor, lending his voice to various projects based on comic books. These include Marvel Anime, Harley Quinn, Batman: Arkham Knight, Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series, Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, and Injustice 2.

Gaius Charles
Gaius Charles (born May 2, 1983) is an American actor known for his portrayal of Brian "Smash" Williams in the television drama, Friday Night Lights. He also played Dr. Shane Ross on the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy and a recurring role on the NBC historical-drama series Aquarius, as Black Panther leader Bunchy Carter. He also played a role on NCIS's ninth season as Jason King, an arson investigator for the Baltimore Police Department.
L'Anse Indian Reservation
The L'Anse Indian Reservation is the land base of the federally recognized Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (Ojibwe: Gakiiwe’onaning) of the historic Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians. (The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community was defined in 1934 by the Indian Reorganization Act as the successor apparent of the L’Anse and Ontonagon bands). The reservation is located primarily in two non-contiguous sections on either side of the Keweenaw Bay in Baraga County in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The Keweenaw Bay Community also manages the separate Ontonagon Indian Reservation.

As of 2020, the L'Anse reservation had a land area of 91.98 square miles (58,870 acres; 238.2 km2), including off-reservation trust land. The population living on the reservation was 3,396 in the 2020 census. Most of the village of Baraga and part of the village of L'Anse are on reservation land. In 1999, tribal enrollment was 3,159 according to the Bureau of Indian Affairs 1999 Labor Force Report.

Hannahville Indian Community
The Hannahville Indian Community is a federally recognized Potawatomi tribe residing in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, approximately 15 miles (24 km) west of Escanaba on a 8.5755-square-mile (22.210 km2) reservation. The reservation, at 45°46′59″N 87°25′23″W﻿ / ﻿45.78306°N 87.42306°W﻿ / 45.78306; -87.42306, lies mostly in Harris Township in eastern Menominee County, but small parts are located in northeastern Gourley Township, in Menominee County, and in Bark River Township in adjacent southwestern Delta County.

The 2020 census reported a resident population of 720 persons within its territory, most of whom were of Native American heritage. As of June 3, 2013, the tribe had an enrolled membership of 891 people.