hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Secession
Secession (from Latin: sēcessiō, lit. 'a withdrawing') is a term and a concept which is used in reference to the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.

In international law, secession is understood as a process in which an integral part of a state's territory unilaterally withdraws without the consent of the original state.

The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to separatism.

Cession
The act of cession is the assignment of property to another entity. In international law it commonly refers to land transferred by treaty. Ballentine's Law Dictionary defines cession as "a surrender; a giving up; a relinquishment of jurisdiction by a board in favor of another agency." In contrast with annexation, where property is forcibly seized, cession is voluntary or at least apparently so.
AG Vulcan Stettin
Aktien-Gesellschaft Vulcan Stettin (short AG Vulcan Stettin) was a German shipbuilding and locomotive building company. Founded in 1851, it was located near the city of Stettin, today Polish Szczecin. Because of the limited facilities in Stettin, in 1907 an additional yard was built in Hamburg. The now named Vulcan-Werke Hamburg und Stettin Actiengesellschaft constructed some of the most famous civilian German ships and it played a significant role in both World Wars, building warships for the Kaiserliche Marine and the Kriegsmarine later.

Both yards became members of the Deschimag in the 1920s. The Stettin shipyard was closed in 1928, opened again in 1939. During World War II it exploited slave workers, and after the war, was taken over by the Polish government, while the Hamburg yard was sold to Howaldtswerke AG in 1930 and the Locomotive Department was sold to Borsig in Berlin.

Kaiserliche Werft Kiel
Kaiserliche Werft Kiel ("Imperial shipyard Kiel") was a German shipbuilding company founded in 1867, first as Königliche Werft Kiel but renamed in 1871, with the proclamation of the German Empire. Together with Kaiserliche Werft Danzig and Kaiserliche Werft Wilhelmshaven it was one of three shipyards which produced warships for the Preußische Marine and later the Kaiserliche Marine. With the end of World War I Kaiserliche Werft Kiel was closed, but the shipyard was opened again, when Deutsche Werke was founded on their grounds in 1925 (active until 1945, and re-activated as shipyard by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft in 1955).
Bernie Kosar
Bernard Joseph Kosar Jr. (born November 25, 1963) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes, leading the team to a national championship in 1983. He subsequently played in the NFL for the Cleveland Browns from 1985 to 1993, the Dallas Cowboys in 1993, and Miami Dolphins from 1994 to 1996. He was the backup quarterback on the 1993 Cowboys team that won Super Bowl XXVIII.

Earnest Byner
Earnest Alexander Byner (born September 15, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the East Carolina Pirates. He is now the running backs coach of Out-of-Door Academy.
Early Jurassic
The Early Jurassic Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic Series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic Period. The Early Jurassic starts immediately after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, 201.3 Ma (million years ago), and ends at the start of the Middle Jurassic 174.7 ±0.8 Ma.

Certain rocks of marine origin of this age in Europe are called "Lias" and that name was used for the period, as well, in 19th-century geology. In southern Germany rocks of this age are called Black Jurassic.

Early Cretaceous
The Early Cretaceous (geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphic name) is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous. It is usually considered to stretch from 143.1 Ma to 100.5 Ma.
Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)
The Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Nigeria, along with its main rival, the All Progressives Congress (APC).

Its policies generally lie towards the center-right of the political spectrum. It won every presidential election between 1999 and 2011. Until the 2015 elections, it was the governing party in the Fourth Republic, although sometimes amid a few controversial electoral circumstances.

2019 Nigerian general election
General elections were held in Nigeria on 23 February 2019 to elect the President, Vice President, House of Representatives and the Senate. The elections had initially been scheduled for 16 February, but the Electoral Commission postponed the vote by a week at 03:00 on the original polling day, citing logistical challenges in getting electoral materials to polling stations on time. In some places, the vote was delayed until 24 February due to electoral violence. Polling in some areas was subsequently delayed until 9 March, when voting was carried out alongside gubernatorial and state assembly elections.

The elections were the most expensive ever held in Nigeria, costing ₦69 billion (US$625 million) more than the 2015 elections.

Incumbent president Muhammadu Buhari won his re-election bid, defeating his closest rival Atiku Abubakar by over 3 million votes. He was issued a Certificate of Return, and was sworn in on 29 May 2019, the former date of Democracy Day.
MAS (motorboat)
Motoscafo armato silurante (torpedo-armed motorboat), alternatively Motoscafo antisommergibili (anti-submarine motorboat) and commonly abbreviated as MAS, was a class of fast torpedo-armed vessels used by the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) during World War I and World War II. Originally, "MAS" referred to motobarca armata SVAN (armed motorboat SVAN), Società Veneziana Automobili Navali (Naval Automobile Society of Venice).

The MAS were petrol-engined planing boats with displacements of 20–30 tonnes (depending on the class), a 10-man crew and armament composed of two torpedoes, heavy machine guns and occasionally a 37 mm or 20 mm cannon.

In the context of the unit title Flottiglia MAS (assault craft flotilla; the most famous of which was the Decima MAS of World War II), the term "MAS" is an acronym for Mezzi d'Assalto (assault craft).

Bakar mockery
The Bakar mockery (Italian Beffa di Buccari), or Bakar raid, was a raid of the Italian Navy (Regia Marina) in the last year of World War I. Whilst it had little material effect on the war at sea, it was a particularly bold venture which had a welcome effect on Italian morale, which was at a low ebb following the defeat at Caporetto a few months prior.
Santa Anita Derby
The Santa Anita Derby is an American Grade 1 thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds run each April at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California. It is currently run at a distance of 1+1⁄8 miles on the dirt and carries a purse of US$500,000. It is one of the final prep races on the official Road to the Kentucky Derby.

Los Alamitos Futurity
The Los Alamitos Futurity is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-olds run over a distance of one and one sixteenth miles (8+1⁄2 furlongs) on the dirt held annually in early December at Los Alamitos Race Course in Cypress, California. The event currently offers a purse of $200,000.
Prince Nicholas Romanov
Nicholas Romanovich Romanov (Russian: Николай Романович Романов; 26 September 1922 – 15 September 2014) was a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov and president of the Romanov Family Association. Although undoubtedly a descendant of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, his claimed titles and official membership in the former Imperial House were disputed by those who maintained that his parents' marriage violated the laws of the Russian Empire.

Prince Dimitri Romanov
Dimitri Romanovich Romanov (Russian: Дмитрий Романович Романов; 17 May 1926 – 31 December 2016) was a descendant of Russia's former ruling dynasty, a banker, philanthropist, and author. He was also a claimant to the headship of the Imperial House of Russia. At his death, the male line of the Nicholaevich branch of the Romanov family died out.
Ibigawa
Ibigawa (揖斐川町, Ibigawa-chō) is a town located in Ibi District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 December 2018, the town had an estimated population of 21,319 in 8,015 households  and a population density of 27 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 803.44 square kilometres (310.21 sq mi).

Ikeda, Gifu
Ikeda (池田町, Ikeda-chō) is a town located in Ibi District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 December 2018, the town had an estimated population of 24,034 in 8291 households and a population density of 620 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 38.80 square kilometres (14.98 sq mi).
Pine Creek bioregion
The Pine Creek biogeographic region, an interim Australian bioregion, (abbreviation PCK) is located in the Northern Territory, and comprises 2,851,777 hectares (7,046,890 acres).

The bioregion draws its name from  Pine Creek, and has the code PCK. There is just one subregion (PCK01, identical to the region.

Tiwi Cobourg
Tiwi Cobourg is an interim Australian bioregion located in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia. It has an area of 1,010,580 hectares (2,497,200 acres), which includes the Cobourg Peninsula of Arnhem Land, Croker Island, and the Tiwi Islands. The bioregion is part of the Arnhem Land tropical savanna ecoregion.

Tiwi Cobourg consists of two subregions – Cobourg, which includes the Cobourg Peninsula and Croker Island, and Tiwi, which includes the Tiwi Islands.
Wagon Train
Wagon Train is an American Western television series that aired for eight seasons, first on the NBC television network (1957–1962) and then on ABC (1962–1965). Wagon Train debuted on September 18, 1957, and reached the top of the Nielsen ratings. It is the fictional adventure story of a large westbound wagon train through the American frontier from Missouri to California. Its format attracted famous guest stars for each episode, appearing as travelers or residents of the settlements whom the regular cast encountered.

The show initially starred film actor Ward Bond as the wagon master (replaced after his death in 1960 by John McIntire) and Robert Horton as the scout (eventually replaced by Robert Fuller).

The series was inspired by the 1950 film Wagon Master and the 1930 early widescreen film The Big Trail, both featuring Bond.  The series influenced the development of Star Trek, pitched as "Wagon Train to the stars" and launched in 1966.

Yancy Derringer
Yancy Derringer is an American action/adventure series that was broadcast on CBS from October 2, 1958, to June 4, 1959, with Jock Mahoney in the title role. It was broadcast from 8:30 to 9 p.m. Eastern Time on Thursdays.
The News Minute
The News Minute is an Indian digital news platform based in Bangalore, Karnataka. It was founded by Vignesh Vellore who is also the current CEO  in 2014. Apart from Karnataka, it also has bureaus in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Onmanorama
Onmanorama is the online English news portal of the Malayala Manorama group, which also publishes the Malayala Manorama newspaper, read by over 20 million Malayalis worldwide; Vanitha, the largest circulated women's magazine in India, The Week, an English weekly; and several other periodicals and children's books.

Onmanorama is headquartered at Kottayam in India's southernmost state of Kerala.

The news portal mainly covers developments in Kerala and the southern states of India. Its coverage ranges from daily breaking news to long-form and researched pieces in various fields like sports, entertainment, movies, lifestyle, food and travel.

Onmanorama is known for its hyperlocal coverage of Kerala. Other than its network of reporters, the portal uses the network of Malayala Manorama, Manorama News, and ManoramaOnline, the online version of the newspaper, for its stories.
Vasili IV of Russia
Vasili IV Ivanovich Shuisky (Russian: Василий IV Иванович Шуйский, romanized: Vasiliy IV Ivanovich Shuyskiy, c. 1552 – 12 September 1612) was Tsar of all Russia from 1606 to 1610, after the murder of False Dmitri I. His rule coincided with the Time of Troubles. He was the only member of House of Shuisky to become tsar and the last member of the Rurikid dynasty (Yurievichi branch) to rule as tsar.

Tsar
Tsar (/zɑːr, (t)sɑːr/; also spelled czar, tzar, or csar; Bulgarian: цар, romanized: tsar; Russian: царь, romanized: tsar'; Serbian: цар, car) is a title historically used by some Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word caesar, which was intended to mean emperor in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official—but was usually considered by Western Europeans to be equivalent to "king".

Tsar and its variants were the official titles in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396), the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946), the Serbian Empire (1346–1371), and the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721).
The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria. Simeon II, the last tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to have held this title.
Paris quadrifolia
Paris quadrifolia, the herb Paris or true lover's knot, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It occurs in temperate and cool areas throughout Eurasia, from Spain to Yakutia, and from Iceland to Mongolia. It prefers calcareous soils and lives in damp and shady places, especially old established woods and stream banks.

P. quadrifolia is in decline in Europe due to loss of habitat. In Iceland, for example, it is on the red list.

Mercurialis perennis
Mercurialis perennis, commonly known as dog's mercury, is a poisonous woodland plant found in much of Europe as well as in Algeria, Iran, Turkey, and the Caucasus, but almost absent from Ireland, Orkney and Shetland. A member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), it is a herbaceous, downy perennial with erect stems bearing simple, serrate leaves. The dioecious inflorescences are green, bearing inconspicuous flowers from February to April.  It characteristically forms dense, extensive carpets on the floor of woodlands and beneath hedgerows.
Ḥarsusi language
Ḥarsūsī (Arabic: لغة حرسوسية), natively known as Ḥersīyet (pronunciation in Harsusi: [ħʌrsiːjət]), is a Semitic language of Oman, spoken by the Harasis people. It is classified as a moribund language, with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in Jiddat al-Harasis, a stony desert in south-central Oman. It is closely related to Mehri.

Shehri language
Shehri, also known as Jibbali, is a Modern South Arabian language. It, along with the three island varieties of Soqoṭri, comprises the eastern branch of Modern South Arabian. The language is chiefly spoken by two groups of people, whose autonyms are Śḥɛrí (plural Śḥɛró) and Əḥklí (plural Əḥkló) respectively. They inhabit the coastal towns, the mountains, and wilderness areas upland from Salalah, located in the Dhofar Governorate in southern Oman.
Quercus rubra
Quercus rubra, the northern red oak or common red oak, is an oak tree in the red oak group (Quercus section Lobatae). It is a native of North America, in the eastern and central United States and southeast and south-central Canada. It has been introduced to small areas in Western Europe, where it can frequently be seen cultivated in gardens and parks. It prefers good soil that is slightly acidic. Often simply called red oak, northern red oak is so named to distinguish it from southern red oak (Q. falcata), also known as the Spanish oak.

Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus macrocarpa, the bur oak or burr oak, is a species of oak tree native to central and eastern North America. It is in the white oak section, Quercus sect. Quercus, and is also called mossycup oak, mossycup white oak, or scrub oak. The acorns are the largest of any North American oak (thus the species name macrocarpa, from Ancient Greek μακρός makrós "large" and καρπός karpós "fruit"), and are important food for wildlife.
Count Basie
William James "Count" Basie (/ˈbeɪsi/; August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. In 1935, he formed the Count Basie Orchestra, and in 1936 took them to Chicago for a long engagement and their first recording. He led the group for almost 50 years, creating innovations like the use of two "split" tenor saxophones, emphasizing the rhythm section, riffing with a big band, using arrangers to broaden their sound, his minimalist piano style, and others.

Many musicians came to prominence under his direction, including the tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans, the guitarist Freddie Green, trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry "Sweets" Edison, plunger trombonist Al Grey, and singers Jimmy Rushing, Helen Humes, Dennis Rowland, Thelma Carpenter, and Joe Williams.

As a composer, Basie is known for writing such jazz standards as "Blue and Sentimental", "Jumpin' at the Woodside" and "One O'Clock Jump".

Pearl Bailey
Pearl Mae Bailey (March 29, 1918 – August 17, 1990) was an American actress, singer, comedian and author. After appearing in vaudeville, she made her Broadway debut in St. Louis Woman in 1946. She received a Special Tony Award for the title role in the all-Black production of Hello, Dolly! in 1968. In 1986, she won a Daytime Emmy award for her performance as a fairy godmother in the ABC Afterschool Special Cindy Eller: A Modern Fairy Tale. Her rendition of "Takes Two to Tango" hit the top ten in 1952.

In 1976, she became the first African American to receive the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on October 17, 1988.
Vissel Kobe
Vissel Kobe (ヴィッセル神戸, Visseru Kōbe) is a Japanese professional football club based in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture. The club plays in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country. They are currently the J1 League champions. The club's home stadium is Noevir Stadium Kobe, in Hyōgo-ku, though some home matches are played at Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium in Suma-ku.

Ventforet Kofu
Ventforet Kofu (ヴァンフォーレ甲府, Vanfōre Kōfu) is a Japanese professional football club from Kōfu in Yamanashi Prefecture. The team currently competes in the J2 League, Japanese second tier of professional football, hosting their home matches in the JIT Recycle Ink Stadium, located in Kōfu.

Ventforet has won a total of 1 J2 League title and 1 Emperor's Cup in their history.
Nadym
Nadym (Russian: Нады́м) is a town in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the river Nadym. The population has fluctuated over time:  46,611 (2010 Census); 45,943 (2002 Census); 52,586 (1989 Soviet census).

Novy Urengoy
Novy Urengoy (Russian: Но́вый Уренго́й, lit: “New Urengoy”) is the most populous city in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. In 2021, it had a population of 107,251. Novy Urengoy is located around 450 kilometres or 280 miles from Salekhard, the capital of the autonomous okrug.
Governors of Maui
The Governor of Maui (Hawaiian: Kiaʻaina o Maui) was the royal governor or viceroy of the Island of Maui in the Kingdom of Hawaii. The Governor of Maui resided at Lahaina and was usually a Hawaiian chief or prince and could even be a woman. The governor had authority over four of the eight islands: Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, and Kahoʻolawe. It was up to the governor to appoint lieutenant governors to assist them. The governor had replaced the old Moʻi of Maui, but sovereignty remained with the king. The island governors were under the jurisdiction of the Ministers of the Interiors.

Hoapili
Ulumāheihei Hoapili (c. 1775 – January 3, 1840) was a member of the nobility during the formation of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He was a trusted military and political advisor to Kamehameha I. Although trusted with one of the last symbolic rites of the Hawaiian religion, he later became a supporter of Christian missionaries.
Humboldt Park, Chicago
Humboldt Park is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago in Illinois, United States, located on the West Side of Chicago. The Humboldt Park neighborhood is known for its dynamic social and ethnic demographic change over the years. The Puerto Rican community has identified strongly with the area since the 1970s. Humboldt Park is also the name of the Chicago Park District's historic 207-acre (0.8 km2) park or public garden adjacent to the community area.

Hermosa, Chicago
Hermosa is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago in Illinois, United States, located on the northwest side of Chicago. It contains the Kelvyn Park and Hermosa neighborhoods. The area includes the birthplace of Walt Disney and is the former headquarters of the Schwinn Bicycle Company. While being one of the smaller community areas, Hermosa is one of the city's most densely populated neighborhoods.

Today, Hermosa is a predominantly Hispanic blue collar community, with a sizable manufacturing base. Many of the people who reside in Hermosa have done so because of its convenient location to work, its relative proximity to downtown, and because of its healthy public transportation options. The Consulate-General of Honduras in Chicago is located in Hermosa at 4439 West Fullerton Avenue.

On December 31, 2018, the Hermosa Bungalow Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Cityplace/Uptown station
Cityplace/Uptown station (formerly Cityplace station) is a DART rail station located in Dallas, Texas. The station is located on the Red Line, Blue Line, Orange Line and serves the Cityplace and Uptown districts. It also serves as a transfer point to the M-Line Trolley.

The station is located beneath North Central Expressway (US 75) at its intersection with Haskell Avenue, and it is located on a 3.5-mile (5.6 km) tunnel connecting Downtown Dallas to SMU/Mockingbird station. The station is the only underground station on the DART rail system, as well as the only active underground rail station in the state of Texas.

St. Paul station (DART)
St. Paul station is a DART rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is located on Bryan Street, between St. Paul and Harwood Streets, near the Arts District in Downtown Dallas. It opened on June 14, 1996, and is a station on the Red Line, Orange Line, Green Line and Blue Line, serving the Trammell Crow Center, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Nasher Sculpture Center, Patriot Tower and First Baptist Church.

St. Paul station takes its name from its namesake street, which received its name in the 1930s, not out of religious interest, but as a protest against the Volstead Act, a national law that banned alcoholic beverages. The city fathers located a passage in the Bible, attributed to St. Paul, that said "drink a little wine, for your stomach's sake".
2012 Women's County Championship
The 2012 Women's County One-Day Championship was the 16th cricket Women's County Championship season. It ran from May to September and saw 33 county teams and teams representing Ireland, Scotland, Wales and the Netherlands compete in a series of divisions. Kent Women won the County Championship as winners of the top division, beating Essex in the division final. The Championship was Kent's fifth title, and their second in two seasons.

2011 Women's County Championship
The 2011 Women's County One-Day Championship was the 15th cricket Women's County Championship season. It ran from April to September and saw 33 county teams and teams representing Ireland, Scotland, Wales and the Netherlands compete in a series of divisions. Kent Women won the County Championship as winners of the top division, with Sussex finishing second. The Championship was Kent's fourth title, and their first of two titles in 2011, as they later won the 2011 Women's Twenty20 Cup.