hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Isnad
In the Islamic study of hadith, an isnād (chain of transmitters, or literally "supporting"; Arabic: اِسْناد) refers to a list of people who passed on a tradition, from the original authority to whom the tradition is attributed to, to the present person reciting or compiling that tradition. The tradition an isnad is associated with is called the matn. Isnads are an important feature of the genre of Islamic literature known as hadith and are prioritized in the process that seeks to determine if the tradition in question is authentic or inauthentic.

According to the traditional Islamic view, the tradition of the hadith sciences has succeeded in the use of isnads to distinguish between authentic and inauthentic traditions going back to Muhammad and his companions. The contemporary view in modern hadith studies, however, is that isnads were commonly susceptible to forgery and so had to be scrutinized before being used to guarantee the transmission of a tradition.

Hadith terminology
Hadith terminology (Arabic: مصطلح الحديث, romanized: muṣṭalaḥu l-ḥadīth) is the body of terminology in Islam which specifies the acceptability of the sayings (hadith) attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by other early Islamic figures of significance such as the companions and followers/successors. Individual terms distinguish between those hadith considered rightfully attributed to their source or detail the faults of those of dubious provenance. Formally, it has been defined by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani as: "knowledge of the principles by which the condition of the narrator and the narrated are determined." This page comprises the primary terminology used within hadith sciences.
4-8-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels and two trailing wheels. This type of steam locomotive is commonly known as the Mountain type, though the New York Central Railroad used the name Mohawk for their 4-8-2s.

2-10-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-10-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels, ten powered and coupled driving wheels, and two trailing wheels. In the United States and elsewhere the 2-10-2 is known as the Santa Fe type, after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway that first used the type in 1903.
Yellow-throated big-eared bat
The yellow-throated big-eared bat or orange-throated bat(Lampronycteris brachyotis) is a species of bat that ranges from southern Mexico to Brazil. It is the only species within the genus Lampronycteris. A frugivore and insectivore, it is found in lowland forest up to an elevation of 700 m.  Its activity is greatest in the first two hours after sunset, and peaks again after midnight.

Wrinkle-faced bat
The wrinkle-faced bat (Centurio senex) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae and the only identified member of the genus Centurio. This bat is found in various countries in and around Central America. It eats fruit but is not classified within the fruit bats, and is instead classified as a leaf-nosed bat even though it does not have a leaf nose. It has an unusually shaped skull which is thought to allow it to eat a wider range of foods than other bats.
Prix du Cadran
The Prix du Cadran is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbreds aged four years or older. It is run at Longchamp over a distance of 4,000 metres (about 21⁄2 miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in early October.

It is France's most prestigious race for "stayers" – horses which specialise in racing over long distances. It is the French equivalent of the Gold Cup, the leading stayers' race in Great Britain.

Prix Kergorlay
The Prix Kergorlay is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at Deauville over a distance of 3,000 metres (about 1+7⁄8 miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in August.
Mini Abismo Negro
Mini Abismo Negro (born November 21, 1976) is the ring name of a Mexican Luchador enmascarado who works in the Mini-Estrella division for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA). Mini Abismo Negro is a former, two time Mexican National Mini-Estrellas Champion and the former AAA World Mini-Estrella Champion, the only wrestler to hold both titles. Mini Abismo Negro's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Working in the Mini division does not automatically mean that he has dwarfism as several short wrestlers work in the "Mini" division, including Mini Abismo Negro.

Faby Apache
Fabiola Balbuena Torres (born 26 December 1980) is a Mexican Luchadora, or female professional wrestler, Currently signed with WWE appearing in their sister company  Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) where she performs as Faby Apache (sometimes written as "Fabi Apache").

Between 2005 and 2009, she was involved in a long running storyline that revolved around her relationship with Billy Boy, her real-life husband, as well as her father Gran Apache, sister Mari Apache and even saw Billy Boy and Faby Apache's son Marvin play a part in it. She won the 2008 Reina de Reinas tournament and has held the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship four times.
Jung Seung-hwan (singer)
Jung Seung-hwan (Korean: 정승환; born August 21, 1996) is a South Korean singer signed under Antenna. He is best known as the runner-up contestant in SBS' K-pop Star Season 4. He is best known for his cover performance of Kim Johan's "I Want to Fall in Love" (사랑에 빠지고 싶다) on K-pop Star 4 and dominated the Melon Charts for weeks. Before he made his debut, he became popular with his hit OST "If It Was You" (너였다면). Throughout his career, he has released several OSTs that have charted. He made his debut in November 2016 with the EP His Voice and later released his full studio album Spring Again, in February 2018. In April 2019, he released his second EP Dear, My Universe.  In May 2021, he released his third EP Five Words Left Unsaid.

Lee Jin-ah
Lee Jin-ah (Korean: 이진아; born March 16, 1991) is a South Korean singer-songwriter and jazz pianist. After finishing in third place on SBS's K-pop Star 4, she signed with Antenna in 2015.
Her distinctive musical style combines jazz with pop and R&B, often featuring whimsical lyrics.
Larimer County, Colorado
Larimer County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 359,066. The county seat and most populous city is Fort Collins. The county was named for William Larimer, Jr., the founder of Denver. Larimer County comprises the Fort Collins–Loveland metropolitan area. The county is located at the northern end of the Front Range, at the edge of the Colorado Eastern Plains along the border with Wyoming.

Gilpin County, Colorado
Gilpin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado, smallest in land area behind only the City and County of Broomfield. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,808. The county seat is Central City. The county was formed in 1861, while Colorado was still a territory, and was named after Colonel William Gilpin, the first territorial governor. Gilpin County is part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Dixon of Dock Green
Dixon of Dock Green is a BBC police procedural television series about daily life at a fictional London police station, with the emphasis on petty crime, successfully controlled through common sense and human understanding. It ran from 1955 to 1976. The central character, George Dixon, first appeared in the film The Blue Lamp (1950). Dixon is a mature and sympathetic police constable, who was played by Jack Warner in all of the 432 episodes.

Dixon is the supposed embodiment of a typical "bobby" who would be familiar with the area in which he patrolled and its residents and often lived there himself. The series contrasted with later programmes such as Z-Cars, which more realistically reflected a more aggressive policing culture. It retained a faithful following throughout its run and was voted second-most popular programme on British television in 1961.

The Gentle Touch
The Gentle Touch is a British police procedural drama series made by London Weekend Television for ITV which began on 11 April 1980 and ran until 24 November 1984. The series is notable for being the first British series to feature a female police officer as its leading character, premiering four months ahead of the similarly themed BBC series Juliet Bravo.
Fernando Ayala
Fernando Ayala (2 July 1920 – 11 September 1997) was an Argentine film director, screenwriter and film producer of the classic era.

Ayala initially began as a trainee assistant director in 1942, in El Viaje, and within two years he had become an assistant director. By 1949 he had obtained his first job as director, and from 1958 he also served as producer for the films he directed and some others. Between 1950 and 1987 he was involved in the direction and production of well over 40 films, such as Ayer fue primavera in 1955 and Argentinísima and Argentinísima II in 1972 and 1973 respectively. In 1963 he was a member of the jury at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival. His 1983 film The Deal was entered into the 13th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Diploma.

Héctor Olivera (film director)
Héctor Emilio Olivera (born 5 April 1931) is an Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter. Olivera worked mainly in the cinema of Argentina, but also has directed or contributed to several films made for the United States market.
Grassland
A grassland is an area (or ecosystem) where the vegetation is dominated by grasses. Sedges and rushes can also be found along with some of legumes such as clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except for Antarctica and are found in most ecoregions of the Earth. Furthermore, grasslands are one of the largest biomes on Earth, covering 31–69% of the Earth's land area. There are different types of grasslands: natural grasslands, semi-natural grasslands, and agricultural grasslands.

Oak savanna
An oak savanna is a type of savanna (or lightly forested grassland), where oaks (Quercus spp.) are the dominant trees. It is also generally characterized by an understory that is lush with grass and herbaceous plants. The terms "oakery" or "woodlands" are also used commonly, though the former is more prevalent when referencing the Mediterranean area. Oak savannas typically exist in areas with low precipitation or high fire frequency and may feature poor soils. Predominant land uses include rangeland agriculture. Naturally, these savannas depend on natural wildfires (e.g. caused by lightning) to maintain their open vegetation.
Sumy
Sumy (Ukrainian: Суми, IPA: [ˈsumɪ] ⓘ, Russian: Сумы) is a city in northeastern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Sumy Oblast. The city is situated on the banks of the Psel River and has a population of 256,474 (2022 estimate), making it the 23rd-largest in the country.

The city of Sumy was founded in the 1650s by Cossacks within the historical region of Sloboda Ukraine. The city experienced rapid development starting from the second half of the 19th century and became a centre of sugar, machine building, metalworking and textile industry, as well as an important trade fair location. Today Sumy is one of the chief industrial and cultural centres in Northern Ukraine.

Luhansk
Luhansk (UK: /luːˈhænsk/, US: /-ˈhɑːn-/; Ukrainian: Луганськ, IPA: [lʊˈɦɑnʲsʲk] ⓘ), also known as Lugansk (UK: /-ˈɡæn-/, US: /-ˈɡɑːn-/; Russian: Луганск, IPA: [lʊˈɡansk] ⓘ), is a city in the Donbas in eastern Ukraine. As of 2022, the population was estimated to be 397,677 (2022 estimate), making Luhansk the 12th-largest city in Ukraine.

Luhansk served as the administrative center of Luhansk Oblast, before pro-Russian separatists seized control of the city in 2014 and made it the capital of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic. The Ukrainian administration was located in Sievierodonetsk from 2014 to 2022 during the war in Donbas, due to Ukraine not being in control of Luhansk. Sievierodonetsk was captured by Russia in 2022 and Luhansk Oblast was later annexed by Russia in late 2022.
Pamir Mountains
The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between Central Asia and South Asia. They are located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, the Hindu Kush, and the Himalayas. They are among the world's highest mountains.

Much of the range lies in the Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan. Spanning the border parts of four countries, to the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan Province, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan regions of Pakistan. To the north, they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the east, they extend to the range that includes China's Kongur Tagh, in the "Eastern Pamirs", separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains.

Since the Victorian era, they have been known as the "Roof of the World", presumably a translation from Persian.

Hisar Range
The Hisar Range, formerly the Gissar Range, is a mountain range in Central Asia, in the western part of the Pamir-Alay system, stretching over 200 km in the general east–west direction across the territory of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Great Plague of London
The Great Plague of London, lasting from 1665 to 1666, was the most recent major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England. It happened within the centuries-long Second Pandemic, a period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics that originated in Central Asia in 1331 (the first year of the Black Death), and included related diseases such as pneumonic plague and septicemic plague, which lasted until 1750.

The Great Plague killed an estimated 100,000 people—almost a quarter of London's population—in 18 months. The plague was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, which is usually transmitted to a human by the bite of a flea or louse.

The 1665–66 epidemic was on a much smaller scale than the earlier Black Death pandemic. It became known afterwards as the "great" plague mainly because it was the last widespread outbreak of bubonic plague in England during the 400-year Second Pandemic.

Second Anglo-Dutch War
The Second Anglo-Dutch War began on 4 March 1665 and concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Breda on 31 July 1667. It was one in a series of naval wars between England and the Dutch Republic, driven largely by commercial disputes.

Despite several major battles, neither side was able to score a decisive victory, and by the end of 1666 the war had reached stalemate. Peace talks made little progress until the Dutch Raid on the Medway in June 1667 forced Charles II to agree to the Treaty of Breda.

By eliminating a number of long-standing issues, the terms eventually made it possible for England and the Dutch Republic to unite against the expansionist policies pursued by Louis XIV of France. In the short-term however, Charles's desire to avenge this setback led to the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672.
Margravate of Meissen
The Margravate or Margraviate of Meissen (German: Markgrafschaft Meißen) was a medieval principality in the area of the modern German state of Saxony. It originally was a frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire, created out of the vast Marca Geronis (Saxon Eastern March) in 965. Under the rule of the Wettin dynasty, the margravate finally merged with the former Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg into the Saxon Electorate by 1423.

Theodoric I, Margrave of Meissen
Theodoric I, called the Oppressed (German: Dietrich der Bedrängte; 11 March 1162 – 18 February 1221), was the Margrave of Meissen from 1198 until his death. He was the second son of Otto II, Margrave of Meissen and Hedwig of Brandenburg.
Kühnen
Kühnen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dirk Kuhnen

Michael Kühnen (1955–1991), German neo-Nazi activist

Patrik Kühnen (born 1966), German tennis player

Peter Ludwig Kühnen

Uta Kühnen (born 1975), German judoka

Kuehn (surname)
Kuehn  is a German surname, a spelling variant of Kühn.

Kuehn family, a family of WWII German spies

Andrew J. Kuehn

Art Kuehn

Athena Kuehn

Brenda Corrie-Kuehn

Charles Kuehn

Cherami Leigh Kuehn

Dana Kuehn

F. C. W. Kuehn,  Frank Charles William Kuehn

Ferdinand Kuehn

Gary Kuehn

Greg Kuehn

John Kuehn

Louis Kuehn

Michel Joseph Kuehn

Manfred Kuehn

Rachel Kuehn

Stephanie Kuehn

William Kuehn
IBSF World Championships (bobsleigh and skeleton)
The IBSF World Championships (known as the FIBT World Championships until 2015), part of the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation, have taken place on an annual basis since 1930. Starting with 2002, World Championships are not being held in Winter Olympic years. A two-man event was included in 1931 with a combined championship occurring in 1947. Men's skeleton was introduced as a championship of its own in 1982 while women's bobsleigh and skeleton events were introduced in 2000. Both the women's bobsleigh and skeleton events were merged with the men's bobsleigh events at the 2004 championships. A mixed team event, consisting of one run each of men's skeleton, women's skeleton, 2-man bobsleigh, and 2-women bobsleigh, was held from 2007 to 2019. In 2020 it was replaced with skeleton mixed team event, consisting of one run each of men's and women's skeleton. Women's monobob event was included in 2021.

FIBT World Championships 1987
The FIBT World Championships 1987 took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record fifteenth time. The Swiss city had hosted the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), 1939 (Two-man), 1947, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1965, 1970, 1974, 1977, and 1982. The skeleton event that was at the 1982 championships was not included at this one when the championships returned to St. Moritz.
Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan
Muttahida Qaumi Movement (Pakistan) (MQM-P) is a Pakistani political party with a liberal political position and a Muhajir nationalist ideology. The leader of the party is Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui. The party's symbol is the kite. It is mostly active in Karachi where the majority of Muhajirs currently reside. The party aims to represent the human rights of Muhajirs in Pakistan through peaceful and democratic struggle. The Party is a splinter faction of MQM-L.

Balochistan Awami Party
The Balochistan Awami Party (abbr.  BAP) is a Pakistani political party, based in Balochistan, with a centrist political position and a progressivist ideology. It was founded in 2018 by political dissidents of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) and the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) in Balochistan.

The party emerged as the largest party in Balochistan as a result of the 2018 Pakistani general election. It leads a coalition government in the province and is also a part of the ruling coalition in the National Assembly. It has been described as a pro-establishment party in Balochistan.
Aston Villa W.F.C.
Aston Villa Women Football Club is the women's football team of Aston Villa, currently playing in the Women's Super League. The club has been in existence since 1973. Originally titled Solihull F.C., the team affiliated to Aston Villa in 1989, becoming Villa Aztecs, and became the official Aston Villa women's side in 1996. The club have a senior team, a reserve team and several other teams of younger age groups under a Regional Talent Club FA license.

Bridgwater United W.F.C.
Bridgwater United Women's Football Club are an English women's association football club based in Bridgwater, Somerset who were previously known as Yetminster Ladies, Sherborne Ladies, Yeovil Town Ladies and Yeovil United. Founded in 1990, they now play in the FA Women's National League Division One South West.

Following promotion in 2016, the club competed at the top flight of English football in the Women's Super League during the 2017 and 2018–2019 seasons. In 2021, the team merged with men's side Bridgwater Town to become Bridgwater United, but separated in 2024 to become an independent women's club under the same name.
Joseph Karo
Joseph ben Ephraim Karo, also spelled Yosef Caro, or Qaro (Hebrew: יוסף קארו; 1488 – March 24, 1575, 13 Nisan 5335 A.M.), was a prominent Sephardic Jewish rabbi renowned as the author of the last great codification of Jewish law, the Beit Yosef, and its popular analogue, the Shulhan Arukh. Karo is regarded as the preeminent halakhic authority of his time, and is often referred to by the honorific titles HaMechaber (Hebrew: הַמְחַבֵּר, lit. 'the author') and Maran (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מָרַן, lit. 'our master').

Posek
In Jewish law, a posek (Hebrew: פוסק [poˈsek], pl. poskim, פוסקים‎ [posˈkim]) is a legal scholar who determines the application of halakha, the Jewish religious laws derived from the written and Oral Torah, in cases of Jewish law where previous authorities are inconclusive, or in those situations where no clear halakhic precedent exists.

The decision of a posek is known as a psak halakha ("ruling of law"; pl. piskei halakha) or simply a "psak". Piskei halakha are generally recorded in the responsa literature.
Ammanford
Ammanford (Welsh: Rhydaman ⓘ) is a town and community in Carmarthenshire, Wales. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 5,445, and the wider built up area had a population of 8,285.

Ammanford is served by the A483 and A474 roads. Ammanford railway station is a stop on the Heart of Wales Line, with trains to Llanelli and Swansea to the south and Shrewsbury to the north.

Ammanford is twinned with Breuillet, Essonne.

Llandovery
Llandovery (Welsh: Llanymddyfri; Welsh pronunciation: [ɬanəmˈðəvri] ⓘ) is a market town and community in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It lies on the River Tywi and at the junction of the A40 and A483 roads, about 25 miles (40 km) north-east of Carmarthen, 27 miles (43 km) north of Swansea and 21 miles (34 km) west of Brecon.
Ti West
Timon C. West (born October 5, 1980) is an American actor and filmmaker, best known for his work in horror films. He directed the horror films The Roost (2005), Trigger Man (2007), The House of the Devil (2009), The Innkeepers (2011), the Western In a Valley of Violence (2016) as well as the X trilogy. He has also acted in a number of films, mostly in those directed by either himself or Joe Swanberg.

Mia Goth
Mia Gypsy Mello da Silva Goth (born 25 October 1993) is a British actress and model. After modelling as a teenager, Goth made her acting debut in the erotic art film Nymphomaniac (2013). She earned recognition with the films A Cure For Wellness (2016), High Life (2018), Suspiria (2018), and Emma (2020). She achieved a career breakthrough by playing Maxine Minx and Pearl in the X film series (2022–2024) which established her as a scream queen. She has since starred in Infinity Pool (2023) and Frankenstein (2025).
San Jose Museum of Art
The San Jose Museum of Art (SJMA) is a modern and contemporary art museum in downtown San Jose, California, United States. Founded in 1969, the museum holds a permanent collection with an emphasis on West Coast artists of the 20th and 21st centuries. It is located at Circle of Palms Plaza, beside Plaza de César Chávez.  A member of North American Reciprocal Museums, SJMA has received several awards from the American Alliance of Museums.

Crocker Art Museum
The Crocker Art Museum is the oldest art museum in the Western United States, located in Sacramento, California. Founded in 1885, the museum holds one of the premier collections of Californian art. The collection includes American works dating from the Gold Rush to the present, European paintings and master drawings, one of the largest international ceramics collections in the U.S., and collections of Asian, African, and Oceanic art. The Crocker Art Museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.