hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang (simplified Chinese: 后梁; traditional Chinese: 後梁; pinyin: Hòu Liáng) (1 June 907 – 19 November 923) or the Zhu Liang (Chinese: 朱梁), was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen (Emperor Taizu), after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty.

Southern Han
Southern Han (Chinese: 南漢; pinyin: Nán Hàn; Jyutping: Naam4 Hon3; 917–971), officially Han (Chinese: 漢), originally Yue (Chinese: 越; Jyutping: Jyut6), was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was located on China's southern coast, controlling modern Guangdong and Guangxi. The dynasty greatly expanded its capital Xingwang Fu (Chinese: 興王府; pinyin: Xìngwáng Fǔ; Jyutping: Hing1wong4 Fu2, present-day Guangzhou). It attempted but failed to annex the autonomous polity of Jinghai, which was controlled by the Vietnamese.
Bloomingdale's
Bloomingdale's Inc. is an upmarket American department store chain founded in 1861 by Joseph Bloomingdale and Lyman Bloomingdale. It was acquired by Federated Department Stores in 1930.  Federated purchased Macy's department store chain in 1994 and was renamed Macy's, Inc. in 2007.

As of 2024, Bloomingdale's had a total of 32 directly-owned department stores, 21 outlet stores and 4 Bloomie's by Bloomingdale's concept stores. Nordstrom is its primary competitor.  Internationally, Bloomingdale's has 3 franchised stores in Dubai and Kuwait.

Comparable sales rose 9% in the third quarter of 2025 — the strongest gain in 13 quarters. In 2025 and 2026, the company added  brands including Chloé, Burberry, Casablanca, Bottega Veneta, Jacquemus, Khaite, Roger Vivier, Skims, and Zimmermann. Its headquarters and flagship store are located at 59th Street and Lexington Avenue in  Manhattan, New York City. Its CEO is Olivier Bron.

Barneys New York
Barneys New York is an American brand founded in 1923 by Barney Pressman that operated full-line department stores from 1923 until 2020. Barneys introduced major luxury brands to the American market including Armani, Azzedine Alaïa, Comme des Garçons, Christian Louboutin, and Zegna.

Barneys New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2019. Authentic Brands Group acquired Barneys' intellectual property and has licensed the brand to Saks Fifth Avenue for specialty departments within its flagship stores since 2021. As of 2026, Barneys continues its partnership with Saks Fifth Avenue, with two branches operating in New York City and Greenwich. Along with this, the partnership with Laox Holdings continues with six standalone locations and four outlet stores in Japan. The skincare and fragrance line Barneys New York Beauty also operates under a licence with the South-Korean Gloent Group.
Daz Dillinger
Delmar Drew Arnaud (born May 25, 1973), known professionally as Daz Dillinger or simply Daz (formerly Dat Nigga Daz), is an American rapper and record producer. As a member of Death Row Records in the early 1990s, he is credited with the label in pioneering West Coast hip hop and gangsta rap for mainstream audiences. Alongside Kurupt, he formed the hip hop duo Tha Dogg Pound in 1992, with whom he has released eight albums.

Arnaud learned production from Dr. Dre; his first major production credit was on Dre's debut solo album, The Chronic (1992). He further produced for his cousin, Snoop Dogg's debut album Doggystyle (1993), as well as Tupac Shakur's All Eyez on Me (1996). His debut studio album, Retaliation, Revenge and Get Back (1998) peaked within the top ten of the Billboard 200 and served as his only project with Death Row before founding his own label, Gangsta Advisory Records in 2000 and co-founding D.P.G. Recordz with Soopafly that same year.

Big Tray Deee
Tracy Lamar Davis (born April 27, 1966), better known as Big Tray Deee or simply Tray Deee, is an American rapper. He is a member of rap group Tha Eastsidaz (alongside Goldie Loc and Snoop Dogg), as well as the Diirty OGz (alongside Tha Chill, Kurupt and Weazel Loc).
Provisional Government of Hawaii
The Provisional Government of Hawaii (abbr.: P.G.; Hawaiian: Aupuni Kūikawā o Hawaiʻi) was proclaimed after the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893, by the 13-member Committee of Safety under the leadership of its chairman Henry E. Cooper and former judge Sanford B. Dole as the designated President of Hawaii. It replaced the Kingdom of Hawaii after the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani as a provisional government until the Republic of Hawaii was established on July 4, 1894.

1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom
The 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom was a legal document prepared by anti-monarchists to strip the absolute Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, initiating a transfer of power to a coalition of American, European and native Hawaiian people. It became known as the Bayonet Constitution for the rising by the armed militia which forced King Kalākaua to sign it or be deposed.
Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella is the capital and largest city of Andorra. It is located high in the east Pyrenees, between France and Spain. It is also the name of the Andorran parish that surrounds the capital.

As of 2023, the city had a population of 24,042, and the urban area, which includes Escaldes–Engordany plus satellite villages, has over 40,000 inhabitants.

The principal industry is tourism, and the country also earns foreign income from being a tax haven. It is at an elevation of 1,023 m (3,356 ft), and is the highest capital city in Europe. The city shares a border with Spain.

Encamp
Encamp (Catalan pronunciation: [aŋˈkam]) is one of the parishes of Andorra, located on the Valira d'Orient river. It is also the name of the main town in the parish. Other settlements include Vila, El Pas de la Casa, El Tremat, La Mosquera and Les Bons. As of 2004, it has about 11,800 inhabitants. The centre of the municipality lies 1,226 metres (4,020 ft) above sea level. The highest mountain in the parish is Pic dels Pessons (2,865 m or 9,400 ft). It borders France and Spain.
Jarmo Lehtinen
Jarmo Lehtinen (born 3 January 1969) is a rally co-driver from Finland. He was the co-driver to former World Rally Championship driver Mikko Hirvonen and have scored 15 WRC wins competing under Ford World Rally Team and  Citroën Total. As of 2019, he is current co-driver for M-Sport driver Teemu Suninen.

Miikka Anttila
Miikka Anttila (born 10 September 1972) is a Finnish rally co-driver, mostly known teaming with Jari-Matti Latvala. Anttila has previously served alongside such drivers as Mikko Hirvonen, Janne Tuohino and Kosti Katajamäki.
Warren County, Georgia
Warren County is a county located in the Eastern Piedmont region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 5,215, a decrease from 2010. The county seat is Warrenton. The county was created on December 19, 1793, and is named after General Joseph Warren, who was killed in the Battle of Bunker Hill.

Columbia County, Georgia
Columbia County is a county located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 156,010. The legal county seat is Appling, but the de facto seat of county government is Evans.

Columbia County is included in the Augusta metropolitan area. It is located along the Savannah River.
Compression ratio
The compression ratio is the ratio between the maximum and minimum volume during the compression stage of the power cycle in a piston or Wankel engine.

A fundamental specification for such engines, it can be measured in two different ways. The simpler way is the static compression ratio:
in a reciprocating engine, this is the ratio of the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke to that volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke. The dynamic compression ratio is a more advanced calculation which also takes into account gases entering and exiting the cylinder during the compression phase.

Stroke ratio
Stroke ratio, today universally defined as  bore/stroke ratio, is a term to describe the ratio between cylinder bore diameter and piston stroke length in a reciprocating piston engine.  This can be used for either an internal combustion engine, where the fuel is burned within the cylinders of the engine, or external combustion engine, such as a steam engine, where the combustion of the fuel takes place outside the working cylinders of the engine.
P. D. James
Phyllis Dorothy James White, Baroness James of Holland Park (3 August 1920 – 27 November 2014), known professionally as P. D. James, was an English novelist and life peer. Her rise to fame came with her series of detective novels featuring the police commander and poet, Adam Dalgliesh.

Ruth Rendell
Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, CBE (née Grasemann; 17 February 1930 – 2 May 2015) was an English author of thrillers and psychological murder mysteries.

Rendell is best known for creating Chief Inspector Wexford. A second string of works was a series of unrelated crime novels that explored the psychological background of criminals and their victims. This theme was developed further in a third series of novels, published under the pseudonym Barbara Vine.

Rendell has sold an estimated 20 million copies of her novels.
Snow goose
The snow goose (Anser caerulescens) is a species of goose native to North America. Both white and dark morphs exist, the latter often known as blue goose. Its name derives from the typically white plumage. The species was previously placed in the genus Chen, but is now typically included in the "gray goose" genus Anser.

Snow geese breed north of the timberline in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and the northeastern tip of Siberia, and spend winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico.

Long-tailed duck
The long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) is a medium-sized sea duck that breeds in the tundra and taiga regions of the arctic and winters along the northern coastlines of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is the only member of the genus Clangula.
Warrington Wolves
The Warrington Wolves are a professional rugby league club based in Warrington, England. They play home games at the Halliwell Jones Stadium and compete in the Super League, the top tier of British rugby league. 
Warrington are the only British-based club to have played every season in the top flight. They have won the League Championship three times and the Challenge Cup nine times.

The club's traditional home colours are white, primrose and blue. Warrington have local rivalries with Widnes Vikings, St Helens, Wigan Warriors, Salford Red Devils and Leigh Leopards.

Barrow Raiders
The Barrow Raiders are a semi-professional rugby league team in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, England. The club play home games at Craven Park and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Barrow have never won the League Championship, their only major honour being winning the Challenge Cup in 1955.

Traditionally the club's home colours are blue and white and main rivals are fellow semi-professional Cumbrian teams Whitehaven and Workington Town.
City of Ipswich
The City of Ipswich is a local government area (LGA) located within the southwest of Greater Brisbane, which in turn, is situated within the vast South East region of the state of Queensland. Positioned between the City of Brisbane and the City of Logan to the east and the Scenic Rim Region to the south, the City of Ipswich also borders the Somerset and Lockyer Valley regions to the north and west, respectively. Ipswich is generally taken to include the urban area encompassing the historical city of Ipswich and the surrounding rural areas. By the 2021 census, the City of Ipswich, as a local government area, had a population of 229,208 people.

City of Moreton Bay
The City of Moreton Bay, known until July 2023 as the Moreton Bay Region, is a local government area in the north of Greater Brisbane in South East Queensland, Australia. Established in 2008, it replaced three established local government areas, the City of Redcliffe and the Shires of Pine Rivers and Caboolture.

With an estimated operating budget of A$391 million and a 2018 population of 459,585, Moreton Bay is the third most populous local government area in Australia behind the City of Brisbane and City of Gold Coast, both of which are also amalgamated entities.

In the 2021 census, the City of Moreton Bay had a population of 476,340 people.
Gustavo Ayón
Gustavo Alfonso Ayón Aguirre (born April 1, 1985) is a Mexican former professional basketball player. He represented the senior Mexican national basketball team in international national team competitions. Standing at a height of 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m), he played at the center position. Ayon is a two−time All-EuroLeague Second Team selection.

Ish Smith
Ishmael Larry Smith (born July 5, 1988) is an American former professional basketball player who is a professional scout for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons. Smith holds the record of playing for the most NBA franchises, at 13. He won an NBA championship with the Denver Nuggets in 2023.
San Diego Sockers (1978–1996)
The San Diego Sockers were a professional soccer and indoor soccer team based in San Diego, California. The team played in the indoor and outdoor editions of the North American Soccer League (NASL) until 1984 as well as the original Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) and the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL). The franchise folded in 1996 and was the last surviving NASL franchise.

The Sockers are considered the most successful indoor soccer team. They made the playoffs in all but one of their 16 seasons of playing indoors.

Baltimore Blast (1980–1992)
The Baltimore Blast were a longtime member of the Major Indoor Soccer League. From 1978 to 1980, the team played as the Houston Summit, but moved prior to the 1980–81 season. The team won the league's championship in the 1983–84 season. The team folded when the MISL ceased operation in the summer of 1992.
Visokoi Island
Visokoi Island is an uninhabited volcanic island and one the three Traversay Islands that constitute a subgroup of the South Sandwich Islands, in the Southern Ocean.

Visokoi consists of one major volcano, Mount Hodson, whose height is usually given as 1,005 metres (3,297 ft). The mountain is mostly covered by glaciers, except for several low areas on the coast like the northern Finger Point and eastern Irving Point. Several parasitic vents are found especially on the eastern side, and one vent close to Finger Point is still hot. Eruptions were reported in 1830, 1927 and 1930, and a large landslide took place during historical time.

Montagu Island
Montagu Island is the largest of the South Sandwich Islands, located in the Scotia Sea off the coast of Antarctica. Almost entirely ice-covered with only sparse rocky outcrops, Montagu consists of a large caldera with a large parasitic cone, Mount Oceanite. Several secondary volcanic cones have formed in the caldera, including Mount Belinda.

The island is rarely visited owing to the remote location, and there is only sparse vegetation. Penguins and seabirds live along the coasts. Before an eruption in 2001, which continued for several years and formed a lava delta on the northern coast, Mount Belinda was not known to have been active during the Holocene (the past 12,000 years).
Schenectady County, New York
Schenectady County (/skəˈnɛktədi/) is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 158,061. The county seat is Schenectady. The name is from a Mohawk language word meaning "on the other side of the pine lands," a term that originally applied to Albany. The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.

Schenectady County is part of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is west of the confluence of the Mohawk with the Hudson River. It includes territory on the north and the south sides of the Mohawk River.

Otsego County, New York
Otsego County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 58,524. The county seat is Cooperstown. The county's population center is Oneonta. The name Otsego is from a Mohawk or Oneida word meaning "place of the rock." The county is part of the Mohawk Valley region of the state.
Khwarazm
42°18′N 59°9′E﻿ / ﻿42.300°N 59.150°E﻿ / 42.300; 59.150

Khwarazm or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau. It was the center of the Iranian Khwarezmian civilization until the 9th century, when Turkic tribes moved into and ruled the lands. A series of kingdoms such as the Afrighid dynasty and the Anushtegin dynasty, whose capitals were (among others) Kath, Gurganj (now Konye-Urgench) and—from the 16th century on—Khiva. Today Khwarazm belongs partly to Uzbekistan and partly to Turkmenistan.

Karakalpaks
The Karakalpaks, or Qaraqalpaqs (/ˈkærəkɑːlpɑːks, -pæks/ ⓘ; Karakalpak: Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар, قاراقلپقلر), are a Turkic ethnic group native to Karakalpakstan in Northwestern Uzbekistan. During the 18th century, they settled in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and in the (former) delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the Aral Sea. The name Karakalpak comes from two words: qara meaning 'black' and qalpaq meaning 'hat'. The Karakalpaks number nearly 871,970 worldwide, out of which about 726,000 live in the Karakalpakstan region of Uzbekistan.
Tickford Racing
Tickford Racing (formerly known as Prodrive Racing Australia and Ford Performance Racing) is an Australian motor racing team which competes in the Supercars Championship. The team currently campaigns two Ford Mustangs, with their current drivers being Cam Waters and Thomas Randle. Tickford Racing also competes in the Super2 Series with Reuben Goodall, Lochie Dalton, Rylan Gray and Nash Morris.

The team has won the Bathurst 1000 twice, in 2013 (Winterbottom/Richards) and in 2014 (Mostert/Morris). They have won the driver's championship once, in 2015 with Mark Winterbottom.

Brad Jones Racing
Brad Jones Racing is an Australian motor racing team owned by Brad Jones based in Albury. The team competes in the Supercars Championship and the Super2 Series. The team is the only rurally based Supercars team. The team's current drivers are Andre Heimgartner, Cameron Hill and Macauley Jones. The team races three Toyota GR Supras in the Supercars Championship and a pair of Holden ZB Commodores in the Super2 Series.
Muntjac
Muntjacs (/mʌntdʒæk/ ⓘ MUNT-jak), also known as the barking deer or rib-faced deer, are small deer of the genus Muntiacus native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Muntjacs are thought to have begun appearing 15–35 million years ago, with remains found in Miocene deposits in France, Germany and Poland. Most are listed as least-concern species or Data Deficient by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), although others such as the black muntjac, Bornean yellow muntjac, and giant muntjac are vulnerable, near threatened, and critically endangered, respectively.

Assam macaque
The Assam macaque (Macaca assamensis) or Assamese macaque is a macaque of the Old World monkey family native to South and Southeast Asia. Since 2008, it has been listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List, as it is experiencing significant declines due to poaching, habitat degradation, and fragmentation.
Imine
In organic chemistry, an imine (/ɪˈmiːn/ or /ˈɪmɪn/) is a functional group or organic compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond (C=N). The nitrogen atom can be attached to a hydrogen  or an organic group (R). The carbon atom has two additional single bonds.  Imines are common in synthetic and naturally occurring compounds and they participate in many reactions.

Distinction is sometimes made between aldimines and ketimines, derived from aldehydes and ketones, respectively.

Sodium borohydride
Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydridoborate and sodium tetrahydroborate, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBH4 (sometimes written as Na[BH4]). It is a white crystalline solid, usually encountered as an aqueous basic solution. Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent that finds application in papermaking and dye industries. It is also used as a reagent in organic synthesis.

The compound was discovered in the 1940s by H. I. Schlesinger, who led a team seeking volatile uranium compounds. Results of this wartime research were declassified and published in 1953.
Welsh Church Act 1914
The Welsh Church Act 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 91) is an act of Parliament under which the Church of England was separated and disestablished in Wales and Monmouthshire, leading to the creation of the Church in Wales. The Act had long been demanded by the Nonconformist community in Wales, which composed the majority of the population and which resented paying taxes to the Church of England. It was sponsored by the Liberal Party (a stronghold of the Nonconformists) and opposed by the Conservative Party (a stronghold of the Anglicans).

England–Wales border
The England–Wales border, sometimes referred to as the Wales–England border or the Anglo-Welsh border, runs for 160 miles (260 km) from the Dee estuary, in the north, to the Severn estuary in the south, separating England and Wales.

It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of Offa's Dyke; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former marcher lordships which occupied the border area were abolished and new county boundaries were created. The administrative boundary of Wales was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1972. Whether Monmouthshire was part of Wales, or an English county treated for most purposes as though it were Welsh, was also settled by the 1972 Act, which included it in Wales.
Yale Series of Younger Poets
The Yale Series of Younger Poets is an annual event of Yale University Press aiming to publish the debut collection of a promising American poet. Established in 1918, the Younger Poets Prize is the longest-running annual literary award in the United States.

Each year, the Younger Poets Competition accepts submissions from American poets who have not previously published a book of poetry. Once the judge has chosen a winner, the Press publishes a book-length manuscript of the winner's poetry as the next volume in the series. All poems must be original, and only one manuscript may be entered at a time.

Carl Phillips
Carl Phillips (born 23 July 1959) is an American writer and poet. He is Professor Emeritus of English at Washington University in St. Louis. In 2023, he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his Then the War: And Selected Poems, 2007-2020.
Veniamin Borisov
Veniamin Ivanovich Borisov (Russian: Вениами́н Ива́нович Бори́сов; 16 April 1935 – 6 October 2014) was a Soviet Russian painter, a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists (before 1992 – the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation, lived and worked in Saint Petersburg, regarded as one of the representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.

Boris Shamanov
Boris Ivanovich Shamanov (Russian: Бори́с Ива́нович Шама́нов; September 15, 1931 – March 1, 2008) was a Soviet Russian realist painter, graphic artist, and art teacher, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg. He was a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists (before 1992 named as the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation), and regarded as one of the representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.