hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Toponymy
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of toponyms (names of places, also known as place names and geographical names), including their origins, meanings, usage, and types. Toponym is the general term for the name of any geographical feature, and the full scope of the term also includes names of all cosmographical features.

In a more specific sense, the term toponymy refers to an inventory of toponyms, while the discipline researching such names is referred to as toponymics or toponomastics. Toponymy is a branch of onomastics, the study of names of all kinds. A person who studies toponymy is called toponymist.

Ethnonym
An ethnonym (from Ancient Greek  ἔθνος (éthnos) 'nation' and  ὄνομα (ónoma) 'name') is a name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used by the ethnic group itself).

For example, the dominant ethnic group of Germany is the Germans. The ethnonym Germans is a Latin-derived exonym used in the English language, but the Germans call themselves Deutsche, an endonym. The German people are identified by a variety of exonyms across Europe, such as Allemands (French), tedeschi (Italian), tyskar (Swedish), and Niemcy (Polish).

As a sub-field of anthroponymy, the study of ethnonyms is called ethnonymy or ethnonymics.

Ethnonyms should not be confused with demonyms, which designate all the people of a geographic territory, regardless of ethnic or linguistic divisions within its population.
S-200 missile system
The NPO Almaz S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna (Russian: С-200 Ангара/Вега/Дубна), NATO reporting name SA-5 Gammon (initially Tallinn), is a long-range, high-altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s to defend large areas from high-altitude bombers or other targets. In Soviet service, these systems were deployed primarily on the battalion level, with six launchers and a fire control radar.

The S-200 can be linked to other longer-range radar systems.

9K33 Osa
The 9K33 Osa (Russian: 9К33 «Оса»; English: "wasp"; NATO reporting name SA-8 Gecko) is a highly mobile, low-altitude, short-range tactical surface-to-air missile system developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and fielded in 1972. Its export version name is Romb.
Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prizes (/ˈpʊlɪtsər/ PUUL-it-sər) are 23 annual awards given by Columbia University in New York City for achievements in the United States in "journalism, arts and letters". They were established in 1917 by the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher.

Prizes in 2024 were awarded in these categories, with three finalists named for each:

Each winner receives a certificate and $15,000 in cash, except in the Public Service category, where a gold medal is awarded.

Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence.  In its first six years (1942–1947), it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting – International.
Madhan Karky
Madhan Karky Vairamuthu is an Indian lyricist, screenwriter, research associate, software engineer, and entrepreneur. A holder of a doctorate in computer science from the University of Queensland, Karky began his professional career as an assistant professor at the College of Engineering, Guindy, and soon after ventured into the Tamil cinema, working as a lyricist and dialogue writer. He resigned from his teaching profession in early 2013 and began working full-time in the film industry, while also launching the Karky Research Foundation (KaReFo), an educational research organization which primarily focuses on language computing and language literacy. He also founded the Mellinam Education, which develops educational games and story books designed to propagate learning among children, and DooPaaDoo, an online music platform which promotes independent music and serves a distributor for film soundtracks.

Yugabharathi
Yugabharathi is a Tamil poet and lyricist. He started his career as editor in Kanaiyazhi and turned into a lyricist in Tamil film industry. Debuting in the film Aanandham with lyrics for the song "Pallankuzhiyin vattam parthaen", he has become a successful lyricist penning more than 1000 songs.
Tokyo Verdy
The Tokyo Verdy 1969 (東京ヴェルディ1969, Tōkyō Berudi) is a professional football club based in Tokyo, Japan. They compete in the J1 League, the top tier of Japanese football.the inaugural champions of the J1 League.

Kashiwa Reysol
Kashiwa Reysol (柏レイソル, Kashiwa Reisoru) is a Japanese professional football club based in Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture, part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The club plays in the J1 League, which is the top tier of football in the country. Their home stadium is Sankyo Frontier Kashiwa Stadium, also known as "Hitachidai". Reysol is a portmanteau of the Spanish words Rey and Sol, meaning "Sun King". The name alludes to their parent company Hitachi, whose name means "rising sun" in Japanese.

The club was formed in 1940 and was a founding member ("Original Eight") of the Japan Soccer League (JSL) in 1965. Since the league's inception, they have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of Japanese football. They have been Japanese League champions twice in 1972 and 2011, and have won three League Cups in 1976, 1999 and 2013, and three Emperor's Cups in 1972, 1975 and 2012.
Woleai
Woleai (Woleaian: Weleya), also known as Oleai, is a coral atoll of 22 islands in the western Caroline Islands in the Pacific Ocean, forming a legislative district in the Yap State in the Federated States of Micronesia, and located approximately 57 kilometers (35 mi; 31 nmi) west-northwest of Ifalik and 108 kilometers (67 mi; 58 nmi) northeast of Eauripik. Woleai is also the name of the largest of the islets constituting the atoll, lying to the northeast.

The population of the atoll was 1,081 in 2000, on an area of 4.5 km2.

Satawal
Satawal is a solitary coral atoll of one island with about 500 people on just over 1 km2 (0.39 sq mile) located in the Caroline Islands in the Pacific Ocean. It forms a legislative district in Yap State in the Federated States of Micronesia. Satawal is the easternmost island in the Yap island group and is located approximately 70 kilometers (43 mi) east of Lamotrek.
Lowell George
Lowell Thomas George (April 13, 1945 – June 29, 1979) was an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. He was the primary guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter for the rock band Little Feat. Before forming Little Feat, he was a member of Frank Zappa's band the Mothers of Invention.

Roy Estrada
Roy Ralph Estrada (also known as "Roy Ralph Moleman Guacamole Guadalupe Hidalgo Estrada" and "Orejón"; April 17, 1943 – August 14, 2025) was an American musician. He is best known for being the original bassist of both the Mothers of Invention and Little Feat. He was also later a member of Captain Beefheart's the Magic Band and occasionally still worked with Frank Zappa in Zappa's solo career following the Mothers' split.

Estrada was incarcerated in the Texas State Prison System. He was convicted for sex offenses on at least three occasions between 1977 and 2012. He would not have been eligible for release until 2037, at which time he would have been between 93 and 94 years old.
Cannonball Adderley
Julian Edwin "Cannonball" Adderley (September 15, 1928 – August 8, 1975) was an American jazz alto saxophonist of the hard bop era of the 1950s and 1960s.

Adderley is perhaps best remembered by the general public for the 1966 soul jazz single "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy", which was written for him by his keyboardist Joe Zawinul and became a major crossover hit on the pop and R&B charts. A cover version by the Buckinghams, who added lyrics, also reached No. 5 on the charts. Adderley worked with Miles Davis, first as a member of the Davis sextet, appearing on the seminal records Milestones (1958) and Kind of Blue (1959), and then on his own 1958 album Somethin' Else. He was the elder brother of jazz trumpeter Nat Adderley, who was a longtime member of his band.

Stan Kenton
Stanley Newcomb Kenton (December 15, 1911 – August 25, 1979) was an American popular music and jazz artist. As a pianist, composer, arranger and band leader, he led an innovative and influential jazz orchestra for almost four decades. Though Kenton had several pop hits from the early 1940s into the 1960s, his music was always forward-looking. Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University.
CNBC
The Consumer News and Business Channel (CNBC) is an American business news channel owned by Versant. The network broadcasts live business news and analysis programming during the morning, daytime business day, and early-evening hours, with the remaining hours (such as weekday prime time and weekends) filled by business-related documentaries and reality television programming, as well as occasional sports presentations from USA Sports (previously served by NBC Sports). CNBC operates an accompanying financial news website, CNBC.com, which includes news articles, video and podcast content, as well as subscription-based services. CNBC's headquarters and main studios are located in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, while it also maintains a studio at the Nasdaq MarketSite in Times Square, New York City.

Yahoo Finance
Yahoo Finance is a media property that is part of the Yahoo network. It provides financial news, data and commentary including stock quotes, press releases, financial reports, and original content.  It also offers online tools for personal finance management, including portfolio tracking, interactive charts, and stock screening. In addition to posting paid partner content from other web sites, it posts original stories by its team of staff journalists. Comscore ranked Yahoo Finance as the number 1 most popular financial news and research site in 2008, a ranking it has continued to maintain as of May 2024. As of April 2024, the site had approximately 150 million monthly active users.

In 2017, Yahoo Finance added the feature to look at news surrounding cryptocurrency.

Yahoo Finance video programs have been made available via connected TVs and devices, including Apple TV, Samsung TV Plus, YouTube, Amazon Freevee, and DirecTV.
Richard P. Ross Jr.
Richard Potts Ross Jr. (March 18, 1906 – October 6, 1990) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. He is most noted for his service with the 1st Marine Division during the Battle of Okinawa and later during the Occupation of North China.

Archie E. O'Neil
Archie Edward O'Neil (August 22, 1905 – January 16, 1986) was an officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of Brigadier general. He is most noted for his service as Commanding officer, 9th Defense Battalion during the Recapture of Guam in July 1944.
TM88
Bryan Lamar Simmons (born April 4, 1987), known professionally as TM88, is an American record producer. He is part of the Atlanta-based record production team 808 Mafia, as one of its lead members alongside Southside. Simmons produced the 2017 hit single "XO Tour Llif3" by Lil Uzi Vert, which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and received diamond certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). His other notable production credits include Young Thug, Future, Gucci Mane, Migos, Wiz Khalifa, and Juicy J, and formed the group TGOD Mafia with the latter two in 2016, with whom he released a collaborative studio album in June of that year.

DJ Spinz
Gary Rafael Hill, known professionally as DJ Spinz, is an American record producer, songwriter and disc jockey. Spinz became a DJ in the late 2000s before shifting into music production. He has since produced the Billboard Hot 100-top 40 singles "Cashin' Out" by Cash Out and "Flex (Ooh, Ooh, Ooh)" by Rich Homie Quan, as well as the multi-platinum-certified singles "Fuck Up Some Commas" by Future, "Blasé" by Ty Dolla Sign, and "Bring It Back" by Travis Porter. He has also been credited on albums by Waka Flocka Flame, Gucci Mane, French Montana, Jacquees, Rick Ross, 2 Chainz, and Lil B, among others.
BMW M4
The BMW M4 is a high-performance version of the BMW 4 Series automobile developed by BMW's motorsport division, BMW M GmbH, that has been built since 2014.

As part of the renumbering that splits the coupé and convertible variants of the 3 Series into the 4 Series, the M4 replaced those variants of the BMW M3. Upgrades over the standard BMW 4 Series include an upgraded engine, suspension, exhaust system, brakes and weight reduction measures including increased use of carbon fiber, such as on the roof of the car, and the door cards.

The M4 also had a Competition Sport Lightweight (CSL) version that was 100kg lighter than the standard M4.

Lamborghini Huracán
The Lamborghini Huracán (Spanish for "hurricane"; [uɾaˈkan]) is a mid-engine, two-seater sports car made by Lamborghini from 2014 to 2024. Revealed online in December 2013, the Huracán made its worldwide debut at the 2014 Geneva Auto Show and was released to the market in the second quarter of 2014, replacing the Gallardo. The Huracán was succeeded by the Temerario, announced in 2024.
Emperor Reigen
Satohito (Japanese: 識仁), posthumously honored as Emperor Reigen (霊元天皇, Reigen-tennō; 9 July 1654 – 24 September 1732) was the 112th emperor of Japan,  according to the traditional order of succession. Reigen's reign spanned the years from 1663 through 1687.

Tsuki no wa no misasagi
Tsuki no wa no misasagi (月輪陵) is the name of a mausoleum in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto used by successive generations of the Japanese Imperial Family. The tomb is situated in Sennyū-ji, a Buddhist temple founded in the early Heian period, which was the hereditary temple or bodaiji (菩提寺) of the Imperial Family.
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC is an American professional soccer team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1998 and beginning play in 1999, the club plays in the Eastern Conference of the USL Championship, the second tier of the American soccer pyramid. Since 2013, the Riverhounds have played their home games at the 5,000-seat Highmark Stadium, a soccer-specific stadium located in Station Square. Their current head coach is Rob Vincent. Saint Lucian international David Flavius currently holds the club records for most appearances and goals which he set over his eight seasons with the Riverhounds between 1999 and 2006.

The Riverhounds have an affiliated women's soccer team, Pittsburgh Riveters SC, that plays in the USL W League.

Birmingham Legion FC
Birmingham Legion FC is an American professional soccer club based in Birmingham, Alabama, that competes in the USL Championship, the second division of American soccer. The team was established in August 2013 and played under the name Birmingham Hammers until 2018 and began their first professional season as Legion FC on March 10, 2019.
Kate Spade New York
Kate Spade New York (stylized as "kate spade NEW YORK" sometimes with a "♠") is an American fashion house founded in January 1993 by Kate and Andy Spade, along with Elyce Arons and Pamela Bell. In 2017, the company was purchased by Tapestry, Inc., formerly known as Coach, Inc.

Ralph Lauren Corporation
Ralph Lauren Corporation is a publicly traded American fashion and lifestyle brand founded in 1967 by Ralph Lauren in New York City. The company markets products in apparel, home, accessories, and fragrances, and is most known for its flagship brand, Polo Ralph Lauren. The company's brands include mid-range, sub-premium, and premium labels up to its highest priced luxury Ralph Lauren Purple Label apparel.

Ralph Lauren licenses its name and branding to Luxottica for eyewear; L'Oréal for fragrances and cosmetics; Hanesbrands for underwear and sleepwear; O5 Apparel for its Chaps brand; Kohl's and Hollander Sleep Products for bedding; Designers Guild for fabric and wallpaper; and Theodore Alexander for home furniture.
Musqueam First Nation
The Musqueam Nation is a First Nation whose traditional territory encompasses the western half of what is now Greater Vancouver, in British Columbia, Canada. It is governed by a band council and is known officially as the Musqueam Indian Band under the Indian Act. "Musqueam" (/ˈmʌskwiəm/ ⓘ MUS-kwee-əm) is an anglicization of the Hunʼqumiʼnum name xʷməθkʷəy̓əm, which means "place of the river grass" or "place where the river grass grows" (məθkʷəy̓ being the Hunʼqumiʼnum name of the plant).

Semiahmoo First Nation
49°00′40″N 122°45′55″W﻿ / ﻿49.01111°N 122.76528°W﻿ / 49.01111; -122.76528

Semiahmoo First Nation (/ˌsɛmiˈɑːmuː/ SEM-ee-AH-moo) is the band government of the Semiahmoo people, a Coast Salish subgroup.  The band's main community and offices are located on the 312 acres (1.3 km2) Semiahmoo Indian Reserve which is sandwiched between the boundary of White Rock, British Columbia and the Canada–United States boundary and Peace Arch Provincial Park.
Z/OS
z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM z/Architecture mainframes, introduced by IBM in October 2000. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390, which in turn was preceded by a string of MVS versions. Like OS/390, z/OS combines a number of formerly separate, related products, some of which are still optional. z/OS has the attributes of modern operating systems but also retains much of the older functionality that originated in the 1960s and is still in regular use—z/OS is designed for backward compatibility.

VM (operating system)
VM, often written VM/CMS, is a family of virtual machine operating systems used on IBM mainframes including the System/370, System/390, IBM Z and compatible systems. It replaced the older CP-67 that formed the basis of the CP/CMS operating system. It was first released as the free Virtual Machine Facility/370 for the S/370 in 1972, followed by chargeable upgrades and versions that added support for new hardware.

VM creates virtual machines into which a conventional operating system may be loaded to allow user programs to run. Originally, that operating system was CMS, a simple single-user system similar to DOS. VM can also be used with a number of other IBM operating systems, including large systems like MVS or VSE, which are often run on their own without VM. In other cases, VM is used with a more specialized operating system or even programs that provided many OS features. These include RSCS and MUMPS, among others.
Sanma Province
15°20′S 166°45′E﻿ / ﻿15.333°S 166.750°E﻿ / -15.333; 166.750

Sanma is a province located in the Northern part of the nation of Vanuatu, occupying the nation's largest island, Espiritu Santo. The province spans an area of 4,248 square kilometres (1,640 sq mi) and has its capital in Luganville, Vanuatu's second-largest city. Named as a portmanteau of Santo and Malo, Sanma is geologically among the oldest parts of the archipelago and includes Mount Tabwemasana, the highest peak in the country. According to the national 2020 census, Sanma had a population of 61,458. The local economy is primarily based on subsistence agriculture and fishing, with cacao, copra, and kava as key cash crops.

Torba Province
Torba (or TorBa) is the northernmost and least populous province of Vanuatu.

It consists of the Banks Islands and the Torres Islands. It has an area of 882 square kilometres (341 square miles). Its capital is Sola on Vanua Lava.

The province's name is derived from the initial letters of TORres and BAnks.
Black-browed albatross
The black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris), also known as the black-browed mollymawk, is a large seabird of the albatross family Diomedeidae; it is the most widespread and common member of its family.

Light-mantled albatross
The light-mantled albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata), also known as the grey-mantled albatross or the light-mantled sooty albatross, is a small albatross in the genus Phoebetria, which it shares with the sooty albatross. The light-mantled albatross was first described as Phoebetria palpebrata by Johann Reinhold Forster, in 1785, based on a specimen from south of the Cape of Good Hope.
Progressive Liberal Party (Bahamas)
The Progressive Liberal Party (abbreviated PLP) is a populist and social liberal party in the Bahamas. Founded in 1953, it was the first national political party in the Bahamas. After winning the 1967 general election, the party governed from 1967 to 1992, as well as from 2002 to 2007 and 2012 to 2017.

In September 2021, the PLP defeated the ruling FNM in a snap election and Philip Davis was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Bahamas. Davis is the current leader of the party, as both the chairman of the party and Prime Minister and leader of the party in Parliament.

United Bahamian Party
The United Bahamian Party (UBP) was a major political party in the Bahamas in the 1950s and 1960s. Representing the interests of the white oligarchy known as the Bay Street Boys, including Stafford Sands, it was the ruling party between 1958 and 1967. It was led by Roland Theodore Symonette.
Laura Siegemund
Laura Natalie Siegemund (born 4 March 1988) is a German professional tennis player.

Siegemund reached her career-high doubles ranking of world No. 4 on 29 January 2024 and has won fourteen doubles titles on the WTA Tour.
She is a three-time Grand Slam champion, having won the 2020 US Open in women's doubles with Vera Zvonareva, as well as the 2016 US Open and the 2024 French Open in mixed doubles, partnering Mate Pavić and Édouard Roger-Vasselin respectively. Alongside her major titles, she won the 2023 WTA Finals and the 2022 Miami Open in doubles.

In singles, her career-high ranking is world No. 27, achieved in August 2016, and she has won two WTA titles, at the 2016 Swedish Open and 2017 Stuttgart Open. Siegemund's best Grand Slam result in singles was a quarterfinal appearance at the 2020 French Open and at 2025 Wimbledon. She also reached the same stage at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and has represented Germany in the Billie Jean King Cup since 2017.

Demi Schuurs
Demi Schuurs (pronounced [ˈdeːmi sxyrs]; born 1 August 1993) is a Dutch professional tennis player who specializes in doubles.
On 22 October 2018, she peaked at No. 7 in the doubles rankings. In February 2015, she reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 512.

She has won twenty-one doubles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as one singles title and 20 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
Miu Miu
Miu Miu is an Italian high fashion women's clothing and accessory brand and a fully owned subsidiary of Prada. It is headed by Miuccia Prada and headquartered in Milan, Italy.
Silvia Onofri is its CEO.

Off-White (company)
Off-White (stylized as Off-White™ or OFF-WHITE c/o VIRGIL ABLOH™) is an Italian luxury fashion brand founded by American fashion designer and entrepreneur Virgil Abloh in Milan in 2013. In September 2024, LVMH sold it to brand management company Bluestar Alliance.
CA Bordj Bou Arréridj
Chabab Ahly Bordj Bou Arréridj (Arabic: شباب أهلي برج بوعريريج), known as CA Bord Bou Arréridj or simply CABBA for short, is an Algerian football club based in Bordj Bou Arreridj. The club was founded in 1931  and its colours are yellow and black. Their home stadium, 20 August 1955 Stadium, has a capacity of 15,000 spectators. The club is currently playing in the Ligue Régional I.

USM Bel Abbès
Union Sportive de la Médina Bel Abbès (Arabic: الإتحاد الرياضي لمدينة بلعباس), known as USM Bel Abbès or simply USMBA for short, is an Algerian football club located in Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria, that was founded in 1933 and its colors are green and red. Their home stadium, 24 February 1956 Stadium, has a capacity of 50,000 spectators. The club is currently playing in the Inter-Régions Division.