hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Distribution-free control chart
Distribution-free (nonparametric) control charts are one of the most important tools of statistical process monitoring and control. Implementation techniques of distribution-free control charts do not require any knowledge about the underlying process distribution or its parameters. The main advantage of distribution-free control charts is its in-control robustness, in the sense that, irrespective of the nature of the underlying process distributions, the properties of these control charts remain the same when the process is smoothly operating without presence of any assignable cause.

Early research on nonparametric control charts may be found in 1981 when P.K. Bhattacharya and D. Frierson introduced a nonparametric control chart for detecting small disorders. However, major growth of nonparametric control charting schemes has taken place only in the recent years.

Common cause and special cause (statistics)
Common and special causes are the two distinct origins of variation in a process, as defined in the statistical thinking and methods of Walter A. Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming. Briefly, "common causes", also called natural patterns, are the usual, historical, quantifiable variation in a system, while "special causes" are unusual, not previously observed, non-quantifiable variation.

The distinction is fundamental in philosophy of statistics and philosophy of probability, with different treatment of these issues being a classic issue of probability interpretations, being recognised and discussed as early as 1703 by Gottfried Leibniz; various alternative names have been used over the years. The distinction has been particularly important in the thinking of economists Frank Knight, John Maynard Keynes and G. L. S. Shackle.
Pearl City Mansion
Pearl City Mansion is a 34-storey, 109 m (358 ft) skyscraper at 22-36 Paterson Street in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong near Causeway Bay station. When completed in 1971, it was the tallest building in the city, surpassing Wing On House in Central. It was also the first building in the city to achieve a height greater than 100 metres.

Causeway Bay
Causeway Bay is an area and a bay on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, straddling the border of the Eastern and the Wan Chai districts. It is a major shopping, leisure and cultural centre in Hong Kong, with a number of major shopping centres. The rents in the shopping areas of Causeway Bay were ranked as the world's most expensive for around a decade after overtaking New York City's Fifth Avenue in 2012. The area's Cantonese name "Tung Lo Wan" is never used to refer to the area in English, and "Causeway Bay" is always used instead.
The Message of the Mouse
The Message of the Mouse is a 1917 American silent drama film directed by J. Stuart Blackton, written by Edward J. Montagne, George Randolph Chester, and Lillian Chester.  The film stars Anita Stewart, Julia Swayne Gordon, and Rudolph Cameron.

Edward J. Montagne
Edward J. Montagne (1885–1932) was a British screenwriter who worked in the American film industry during the silent era. He worked for Vitagraph for six years, eventually being poached by Selznick Pictures, and later working for Universal Pictures. He was the father of the producer and director Edward Montagne.
Bill C-12
Bill C-12 refers to various legislation introduced into the House of Commons of Canada, including:

An Act to amend the Criminal Code (protection of children and other vulnerable persons) and the Canada Evidence Act, introduced in 2004 to the third session of the 37th Parliament; not passed but subsequently re-introduced

Safeguarding Canadians' Personal Information Act, introduced in 2011 to the first session of the 41st Parliament; not passed

Strengthening Canada's Immigration System and Borders Act, introduced in 2025 to the first session of the 45th Parliament; pending Senate approval as of January 2026

Safeguarding Canadians' Personal Information Act
The Safeguarding Canadians' Personal Information Act (French: Loi protégeant les renseignements personnels des Canadiens, Bill C-12) is an act to amend the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. Introduced by the Conservative government of Stephen Harper on September 29, 2011, during the 41st Parliament.  It was not enacted into law.

There was a great deal of controversy surrounding the act as it appears to bring in warrantless surveillance by police much like Bill C-30 proposed. As well while it is supposed to protect Canadian's privacy rights it erodes them by greatly increasing the number of exceptions to the rules of passing information around.

The Safeguarding Canadians' Personal Information Act was not progressed during the 41st parliament, and has not become law.
Casopitant
Casopitant (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name),: 208  former tentative trade names Rezonic (U.S.) and Zunrisa (Europe), is an NK1 receptor antagonist which was undergoing research for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It was under development by GlaxoSmithKline. In July 2008, the company filed a marketing authorisation application with the European Medicines Agency. The application was withdrawn and development was discontinued in September 2009 because GlaxoSmithKline decided that further safety assessment was necessary. However, a 2022 review listed casopitant as under development as a potential novel antidepressant for the treatment of major depressive disorder, with a phase 2 clinical trial having been completed.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common side-effect of many cancer treatments. Nausea and vomiting are two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side effects for cancer patients and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that patients receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side effects, respectively. Up to 20% of patients receiving highly emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused, potentially curative treatments.  Since the 1990s, several novel classes of antiemetics have been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to better manage these symptoms in a large portion of patients.  Efficient mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the patient, and better overall health of the patient, and, due to better patient tolerance, more effective treatment cycles.
Piteå
Piteå (Swedish: [ˈpǐːtɛɔ]; Finnish: Piitime; Meänkieli: Piitin) is a locality and the seat of Piteå Municipality in Norrbotten County, Sweden. Piteå is Sweden's 58th largest city, with a population of 23,326.

Pite River
The Pite River (Bidumedno in Pite Sami. Piteälven, Pite älv or Piteå älv in Swedish.) is a river in northern Sweden, flowing through the Norrbotten County. It is one of the four major rivers in Norrland that have been left mostly untouched by water power plants, the river has a single dam at Sikfors approximately 15 km upstream from the sea.

It starts in the large lakes in western Sweden, such as Tjeggelvas, Vuolvojaure and Labbas, in Jokkmokk Municipality, and flows to the east coast, discharging in the Gulf of Bothnia, in the Piteå Municipality.

It has a length of 400 kilometers, covering an area of 11,200 km².

Its largest waterfall is Storforsen, which has also become the most popular place to visit in Norrbotten. It is located in Älvsbyn Municipality.
Conewago Creek
Conewago Creek can refer to the following streams in Pennsylvania in the United States. All are in the 
Chesapeake Bay drainage basin via the Susquehanna River, and are located either east or west of the river.

Conewago Creek (west) has its source in Adams County and mouth in York County. It has the following tributaries with "Conewago" as part of their name:
Little Conewago Creek (west), a tributary in York County
South Branch Conewago Creek, a tributary that rises in Carroll County, Maryland, and is also located in Adams and York counties

Conewago Creek (east) has its source in Lebanon County and mouth in Dauphin and Lancaster counties (it forms the border between them). It has the following tributary with "Conewago" as part of its name:
Little Conewago Creek (east), a tributary in Lebanon County

Conewago Creek (east)
Conewago Creek is a 23.0-mile-long (37.0 km) tributary of the Susquehanna River in Lebanon, Dauphin, and Lancaster counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. The source is at an elevation of 1,100 feet (340 m) at Mount Gretna Heights in Lebanon County. The mouth is the confluence with the Susquehanna River at an elevation of 261 feet (80 m) at the border of Dauphin and Lancaster counties, just south of Three Mile Island in the river and just north of the unincorporated village of Falmouth in Conoy Township, Lancaster County.
2008 Toulon Tournament
The 2008 Toulon Tournament was the 36th edition of the Toulon Tournament, and was held from 20 May to 29 May 2008. Tournament finished with the final between Italy and Chile at Stade Mayol in Toulon as Italy had the title after the final score of 1–0, scored by Pablo Osvaldo in the 70th minute.

Universal Time
Universal Time (UT or UT1) is a time standard based on Earth's rotation. While originally it was mean solar time at 0° longitude, precise measurements of the Sun are difficult. Therefore, UT1 is computed from a measure of the Earth's angle with respect to the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF), called the Earth Rotation Angle (ERA, which serves as the replacement for Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time). UT1 is the same everywhere on Earth. UT1 is required to follow the relationship

where Tu = (Julian UT1 date − 2451545.0).
Freeman Marius O'Donoghue
Freeman Marius O'Donoghue (1849 – 9 December 1929) was an art historian and biographer of Irish descent.

Born in London, where he also died, he joined the British Museum's Department of Prints and Drawings in the post of junior assistant aged around 17, rising to Assistant Keeper under Sidney Colvin by the time of his retirement (delayed to complete a special catalogue) aged 57. He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and a member of the Reform Club, along with being noted for several contributions to the Dictionary of National Biography.

Reform Club
The Reform Club is a private members' club, owned and controlled by its members, on the south side of Pall Mall in central London, England. As with all of London's original gentlemen's clubs, it had an all-male membership for decades, but it was one of the first all-male clubs to change its rules to include the admission of women on equal terms in 1981. Since its foundation in 1836, the Reform Club has been the traditional home for those committed to progressive political ideas, with its membership initially consisting of Radicals and Whigs. However, it is no longer associated with any particular political party, and it now serves a purely social function.

The Reform Club currently enjoys extensive reciprocity with similar clubs around the world. It attracts a significant number of foreign members, such as diplomats accredited to the Court of St James's. Of the current membership of around 2,700, some 500 are "overseas members", and over 400 are women.
North Pacific Airlines
North Pacific Airlines (NPA) was a commuter air carrier formed in 1987 which operated scheduled passenger service on behalf of United Airlines via a code sharing agreement as a United Express carrier initially from the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport (SEA) to three destinations in Washington state and also to Portland, Oregon.

By 1989, the airline had expanded its route network and was serving fifteen destinations located in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington state (see destination list below).

In 1991, the airline, which was owned by WestAir Holding, Inc., was merged with WestAir Commuter Airlines which operated flights in California and other states as a United Express carrier. WestAir Commuter Airlines was also owned by the WestAir Holding corporation.

Another commuter air carrier which used the North Pacific Airlines name operated in Alaska as NPA from the early to mid-1980s.

United Airlines
United Airlines, Inc. is a major airline in the United States headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It operates an extensive domestic and international route network across the United States and to destinations on six continents. Regional service is provided by independent carriers operating under the United Express brand, and the Star Alliance, of which United was one of the five founding airlines, extends its network throughout the world.

The principal figure behind the formation of the airline was William E. Boeing, founder of the Boeing Aircraft Company in 1916. He launched an air service between Victoria, British Columbia, and Seattle and later acquired three additional airlines, completing the merger by 1931 to form United Air Lines. Through successive mergers and acquisitions, United has remained one of the largest airlines in the world for much of its history.
Azalais d'Altier
Azalais or Azalaïs d'Altier was an early-13th-century trobairitz. She was from Altier in the Gévaudan. She has sometimes been confused with Almucs de Castelnau.

Azalais wrote "Tanz salutz e tantas amors", the only salut d'amor by a woman. It comprises 101 verses of rhyming couplets. Its purpose was to reconcile two lovers, and it was addressed to a woman, possibly Clara d'Anduza. Its similarity in tone to Clara's canso "En greu esmay et en greu pessamen" gives the impression that it may have been written in response. Azalais was well known in troubadour circles, for Uc de Saint-Circ addressed his "Anc mais non vi temps ni sazo" to her in its tornada. Nonetheless, the great troubadour ignored her when composing the vidas.

Azalais herself was a woman of learning, and she must have been familiar with the Matter of Rome through the Roman de Troie of Benoît de Sainte-Maure, which she references in her salut:

There is today a street named "Rue Azalais d'Altier" in Montpellier.

Couplet
In poetry, a couplet (/ˈkʌplət/ CUP-lət) or distich (/ˈdɪstɪk/ DISS-tick) is a pair of successive lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open).  In a formal (closed) couplet, each of the two lines is end-stopped, implying that there is a grammatical pause at the end of a line of verse. In a run-on (open) couplet, the meaning of the first line continues to the second.
Warzyn Drugi
Warzyn Drugi [ˈvaʐɨn ˈdruɡi] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nagłowice, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) south-east of Nagłowice, 9 km (6 mi) west of Jędrzejów, and 42 km (26 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Jędrzejów
Jędrzejów (Polish: [jɛnˈdʐɛjuf] ⓘ; Yiddish: יענדזשעוו, romanized: Yendzshev, Latin: Andreiow) is a town in southern Poland, located in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. It lies approximately 35 kilometres (22 miles) southwest of Kielce. It is the capital of Jędrzejów County. It has 16,139 inhabitants (2011).
Meelis Pai
Meelis Pai (born 9 February 1968 in Tartu, Estonian SSR, Soviet Union) is an Estonian theatre leader and theatre producer and occasional actor.

In 1996 he graduated from Tallinn Pedagogical University in theatre management speciality (Estonian: näitejuhtimine).

From 2000 until 2013, he was the head of NUKU Theatre. Since 2015 he is the artistical leader of Salme Cultural Centre.

He has participated on several television series, including the roles of Kristjan Koorman in Wikmani poisid (1994) and Toomas in Kelgukoerad (2007).

In 2010 he was awarded with Order of the White Star, IV class.

Tallinn University
Tallinn University (TLU; Estonian: Tallinna Ülikool, TLÜ) is a public research university in Estonia. Located in the centre of Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia, Tallinn University is one of the three largest institutions of higher education in the country. Both QS World University and Times Higher Education rankings place it among the top 1000 universities in the world.
In Eker
In Eker (also written as I-n-Eker or In Ekker) is a village in the commune of In Amguel, in Tamanrasset District, Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. It lies on the N1 national highway 39 kilometres (24 mi) north of In Amguel and  145 kilometres (90 mi) north of Tamanrasset city.

Communes of Algeria
The communes of Algeria (Arabic: بلدية (singular)), also known as municipalities, form the third level of administrative subdivisions of Algeria. As of 2002, there were 1,541 municipalities in the country. The municipalities are also known as communes (baladiyahs).
2013 Men's South American Volleyball Club Championship
The 2013 Men's South American Volleyball Club Championship was the fifth official edition of the men's volleyball tournament, played by seven teams over 8–12 May 2013 in Vivo Arena in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The winning team qualified for the 2013 FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship.

Juscelino Kubitschek Arena
The Juscelino Kubitschek Arena is the indoor multisport stadium of the Minas Tênis Clube. The name is an homage to the former Belo Horizonte mayor, former Minas Gerais governor, and former Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek. The stadium is also called the Minas Tênis Clube Arena. In the past, it has been called Telemig Celular Arena and Vivo Arena due to naming rights.

It is located in the Lourdes neighborhood in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and is part of the Minas I complex, the club's headquarters.  The stadium occupies an area of more than 7,000 m2. Its capacity can reach up to 5,000 spectators, depending on the type of event it is hosting.
Markus Fagerudd
Markus Simon Fagerudd (born 1 June 1961) is a Finnish composer.

Fagerudd was born in Jakobstad, Finland. In the 1980s, he studied composition at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki under Olli Kortekangas and Kalevi Aho, while working as a musician and composer at the KOM-Theatre. He studied at the Karlsruhe Music Academy from 1993 to 1994 under Wolfgang Rihm. He was composer in residence with the Lappeenranta City Orchestra, and since 1997 he has been the composer in residence with the Vaasa City Orchestra.

Fagerudd's varied musical output includes works for solo instruments, chamber and symphony orchestras, and choirs. His best-known works include his children's operas commissioned by the Finnish National Opera and the Savonlinna Opera Festival: Gaia; Strawhat, Feltslipper and the Big Bang ("Heinähattu, Vilttitossu ja suuri pamaus"); and The Seven Dog Brothers ("Seitsemän koiraveljestä").

Sibelius Academy
The Sibelius Academy (Finnish: Taideyliopiston Sibelius-Akatemia, Swedish: Sibelius-Akademin vid Konstuniversitetet) is part of the University of the Arts Helsinki and a university-level music school which operates in Helsinki and Kuopio, Finland. It also has an adult education centre in Järvenpää and a training centre in Seinäjoki. The Academy is the only music university in Finland. It is among the biggest European music universities with roughly 1,400 enrolled students. In 2022, the Sibelius Academy was ranked 22nd globally in the field of performing arts by the QS World University Rankings by Subject.

The Sibelius Academy is the organizer of the International Maj Lind Piano Competition and one of the organizers of the International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition held every five years in Helsinki.
Irena Borowik
Irena Borowik (born 1956) is a Polish publisher and professor of religious studies at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. She is the chair and co-founder of the International Study of Religion in Eastern and Central Europe Association (ISORECEA) and has been a board member of the Research Committee on Sociology of Religion of the International Sociological Association. She sits on the editorial boards of the Journal of Contemporary Religion and of Social Compass.

As an editor and publisher, Borowik has brought the Central and Eastern European sociology of religion to the attention of the wider world through her publishing house NOMOS, which has published papers presented at ISORECEA conferences and related works. Inside Poland, she has been responsible for translations of key international writers in religious studies into Polish, especially Eileen Barker, Peter L. Berger, and Thomas Luckmann.

Borowik has also published volumes of poetry in Polish and Belarusian.

Social Compass
Social Compass is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of sociology of religion. The journal's co-directors are Olivier Servais (University of Louvain) and Frédéric Laugrand (University of Louvain). The current Editor is Carolina Sappia (University of Louvain) and the journal is published by SAGE Publications.

It was established in 1953 and published in the Netherlands until coming to be administered by the Catholic organization of FERES (Fédération Internationale des Instituts Catholiques de Recherches socio-religieuses) in the early 1960s, currently the International Federation of Institutes for Social & Socio-Religious Research.
2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – Women's mass start
The women's mass start in the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was contested over six races on six occasions, out of a total of seven World Cup occasions for the season, with the first occasion taking place in Obihiro, Japan, on 14–16 November 2014, and the final occasion taking place in Erfurt, Germany, on 21–22 March 2015. The races were over 16 laps.

The defending champion was Francesca Lollobrigida of Italy. Ivanie Blondin of Canada won the cup. Lollobrigida ended up in sixth place.

Obihiro
Obihiro (帯広市, Obihiro-shi) is a city  located in Tokachi Subprefecture, Hokkaidō, Japan.  As of 31 December 2025, the city had an estimated population of 159,294 in 90105 households, and a population density of 257 people per km2. The total area of the city is 619.34 km2 (239.13 sq mi). The next most populous municipality in Tokachi is the adjacent town of Otofuke, with less than a third of Obihiro's population.  In 2008, Obihiro was designated a "model environmental city" in Japan.
347aidan
Aidan Fuller (born June 8, 2003), known professionally as 347aidan, is a Canadian rapper and singer-songwriter from Cambridge, Ontario. Aidan went to Southwood Secondary School. He is most noted as a two-time Juno Award nominee at the Juno Awards of 2022, receiving nods for Breakthrough Artist of the Year and Fan Choice.

Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year
The Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year is an annual award given by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to the best new musician in Canada. The award has been given since 1974, when it was originally divided into separate awards for men and women under the names Most Promising Female Vocalist of the Year and Most Promising Male Vocalist of the Year. These two awards were merged in 1994 into Best New Solo Artist, which was then changed to New Artist of the Year in 2003, and finally changed to its current title beginning in 2013. The award was customarily presented by the Minister of Canadian Heritage.

The award was discontinued following the Juno Awards of 2024. At the following Juno Awards of 2025, it was merged with the sibling category for Breakthrough Group of the Year into a single category for Breakthrough Artist or Group of the Year.