hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ken Pugh
Kenneth R. Pugh (born c. 1957) is president, director of research, and a senior scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut and professor in the Department of Psychology at University of Connecticut. He is also an associate professor in the Department of Linguistics at Yale University, an associate professor in the Department of Diagnostic Radiology at the Yale School of Medicine, and director of the Yale Reading Center. Pugh is a cognitive neuroscientist and experimental psychologist who is best known for his work on the neural, behavioral and cognitive underpinnings of reading and other cognitive activities.

Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), punctuation, alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol or an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (e.g., braille).

There is a growing body of evidence which illustrates the importance of reading for pleasure for both educational purposes as well as personal development.
Berenice Panchrysos
Berenice Panchrysos (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη Πάνχρυσος,  Steph. B., s. v.; Strabo xvi. 771), was an ancient town of ancient Egypt, near Sabae in the Regio Troglodytica, on the west coast of the Red Sea, between the 20th and 21st degrees of North latitude, in modern-day Sudan.

It obtained the appellation of all-golden (Panchrysos) from its vicinity to the gold mines of Jebel Allaqi (Jebel Ollaki), from which the ancient Egyptians drew their principal supplies of that metal, and in the working of which they employed criminals and prisoners of war. (Plin. vi. 34.)

Stephanus of Byzantium
Stephanus or Stephen of Byzantium (Latin: Stephanus Byzantinus; Ancient Greek: Στέφανος Βυζάντιος, Stéphanos Byzántios; fl. 6th century AD) was an Eastern Roman grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Ἐθνικά). Only meagre fragments of the dictionary survive, but the epitome is extant, compiled by one Hermolaus, not otherwise identified.
The Rose Family
The Rose Family (French: Les Rose) is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Félix Rose and released in 2020. The film centres on the filmmaker's status as the son of Paul Rose, a onetime leader of the Front de libération du Québec who was convicted of kidnapping and murder in the death of Pierre Laporte, and his efforts to come to terms with his complicated familial legacy.

The film was criticized by Lise Ravary of the Montreal Gazette for purportedly romanticizing the FLQ; although Félix Rose denied this, and stated that "the idea was not to minimize what they did, on the contrary, it was to put it in context, to allow us to understand what led to it."

Pierre Laporte
Pierre Laporte (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ lapɔʁt]; 25 February 1921 – 17 October 1970) was a Canadian lawyer, journalist and politician. He was deputy premier of the province of Quebec when he was kidnapped and murdered by members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) during the October Crisis.
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
The Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje (UKIM) (Macedonian: Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“ во Скопје (УКИМ), romanized: Univerzitet "Sv. Kiril i Metodij" vo Skopje (UKIM)) is a public research university in Skopje, North Macedonia. It is the oldest and largest public university in the country. It is named after the Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries Cyril and Methodius. As of 2018–19 school year, a total of 25,220 students are enrolled at the university. Furthermore, the teaching and research staff number 2,390 people; this is further supported by over 300 members in the university's institutions.

The primary language of instruction is Macedonian, but there are a number of courses which are carried out in English, German, French, Italian and Albanian.

Romanization of Macedonian
The romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in Macedonian from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Romanization can be used for various purposes, such as rendering of proper names in foreign contexts, or for informal writing of Macedonian in environments where Cyrillic is not easily available. Official use of romanization by North Macedonia's authorities is found, for instance, on road signage and in passports. Several different codified standards of transliteration currently exist and there is widespread variability in practice.

Although used for transliteration, Macedonian Latin script is neither widespread nor used in any formal or semi-formal communication in Macedonia. The language law of Macedonia emphasizes Cyrillic as the only alphabet of Macedonian language.
Iverk
Iverk (Irish: Uíbh Eirc) is a barony in the south-west of County Kilkenny, Ireland. The size of the barony is 167.3 square kilometres (64.6 sq mi). There are 15 civil parishes in Iverk. The chief town today is Piltown.  The N24 crosses the barony.

Iverk lies at the south-west of the county, with the baronies of Kells and Knocktopher to the north (whose chief towns are Kells and Knocktopher), and the baronies of Ida and Kilculliheen to the east. County Waterford is located to the south of the boundary.

The barony was part of the historic kingdom of Osraige (Ossory).  Today it is part of the Roman Catholic Church diocese of Ossory and the Church of Ireland diocese of Cashel and Ossory. Iverk is currently administered by Kilkenny County Council.

Kells, County Kilkenny
Kells (Irish: Ceanannas) is a village in County Kilkenny in Ireland. It is about 15 km south of Kilkenny. It is situated on high ground to the south of the Kings River. The village is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

Kells Priory, though in ruins, is one of the best preserved in Ireland.

The Cotterell family were the leading landowners in Kells in medieval times. One member of the family, Sir  John, was executed for treason in 1346. On the other hand, his cousin Walter Cotterell (who died after 1388) was a valued servant of the English Crown who frequently sat as an extra judge.

Kilree round tower and 9th century high cross, said to be the burial place of Niall Caille, is located 2 km south of Kells.

The champion racehorse Red Rum was bred at Rossenarra stud in Kells.

Olympian Michelle Smith de Bruin lives in Kells.
Gozdów, Łódź Voivodeship
Gozdów [ˈɡɔzduf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stryków, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north of Stryków, 17 km (11 mi) north-east of Zgierz, and 22 km (14 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Zgierz
Zgierz [zɡʲɛʂ] ⓘ is a city in central Poland, located just to the north of Łódź, and part of the Łódź metropolitan area. As of 2021, it had a population of 54,974. Located within the historic Łęczyca Land, it is the capital of Zgierz County in the Łódź Voivodeship.
Crystal, West Virginia
Crystal is an unincorporated community in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States. Crystal is located on Crane Creek and County Route 11, 7.6 miles (12.2 km) north-northwest of Bluefield.

The community most likely derives its name from the Crystal Coal and Coke Company.

Bluefield, West Virginia
Bluefield is a city in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States. Its population was 9,658 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Bluefield micropolitan area extending into Virginia, which had a population of 106,363 in 2020. The city is home to Bluefield State University, a public, historically black university serving nearly 1,300 students.
The Vegetarian Myth
The Vegetarian Myth: Food, Justice, and Sustainability is a 2009 book by Lierre Keith published by PM Press. Keith is an ex-vegan who believes that "veganism has damaged her health and others". Keith argues that agriculture is destroying not only human health but entire ecosystems, such as the North American prairie, and destroying topsoil. Keith also considers modern agriculture to be the root cause of slavery, imperialism, militarism, chronic hunger, and disease.

Keith argues humans should accept death as a necessary precursor to food in that "everyone will get eaten, sooner or later". In sum, her proposition is that herbivores eat grass, humans eat herbivores, and then (eventually) worms/bacteria/etc. eat humans.

Militarism
Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional military class and the "predominance of the armed forces in the administration or policy of the state" (see also: stratocracy and military junta).
Prescott and Russell (provincial electoral district)
Prescott and Russell was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It existed from 1967 to 1999, when it was abolished into Glengarry—Prescott—Russell and Ottawa—Orléans when ridings were redistributed to match their federal counterparts. It consisted of the United Counties of Prescott and Russell as well as the Township of Cumberland.

United Counties of Prescott and Russell
The United Counties of Prescott and Russell  (French: Comtés unis de Prescott et Russell) is a county located in the Canadian province of Ontario. Its county seat is L'Orignal. It is located in Eastern Ontario, in the wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa River and St. Lawrence River, approximately 55 kilometres (34 mi) east of the City of Ottawa.

The county was created as a result of a merger between Russell County and Prescott County in 1820. Under Ontario law, the county is an Upper-tier Municipality.
If I Had a Ribbon Bow
"If I Had a Ribbon Bow" is Fairport Convention's debut single.

The song written by Hughie Prince and Lou Singer had been recorded previously by Maxine Sullivan (a.k.a. Marietta Williams) in 1936, Odetta (1956), Carolyn Hester (1961), The Simon Sisters and Mildred Bailey. Fairport Convention recorded their first album for Track Records in 1968. Their American producer Joe Boyd suggested they release a single. He suggested the old 1930s dance song "If I Had a Ribbon Bow."

The band cut the song with singer Judy Dyble playing the harmonium. Her legs were not long enough to reach the pedals/bellows so two other members of the group had to pump them. Tristan Fry, a friend of the group, played the vibes at the beginning and end of the song. Iain Matthews, who was then a new member of the group, added a few spoken words. "If I had a Ribbon Bow" was released as a 45 with "If (Stomp)", a track from their first album, as the B-side. It was a minor hit on the BBC.

Odetta
Odetta Holmes (December 31, 1930 – December 2, 2008), known as Odetta, was an American singer, often referred to as "The Voice of the Civil Rights Movement". Her musical repertoire consisted largely of American folk music, blues, jazz, and spirituals.

An important figure in the American folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s, she influenced many of the key figures of the folk-revival of that time, including Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Mavis Staples, and Janis Joplin. In 2011 Time magazine included her recording of "Take This Hammer" on its list of the 100 Greatest Popular Songs, stating that "Rosa Parks was her No. 1 fan, and Martin Luther King Jr. called her the queen of American folk music."
Thinking Machines Corporation
Thinking Machines Corporation (TMC) was a supercomputer manufacturer and artificial intelligence (AI) company, founded in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1983 by Sheryl Handler and W. Daniel "Danny" Hillis to turn Hillis's doctoral work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on massively parallel computing architectures into a commercial product named the Connection Machine. The company moved in 1984 from Waltham to Kendall Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts, close to the MIT AI Lab. Thinking Machines made some of the most powerful supercomputers of the time, and by 1993 the four fastest computers in the world were Connection Machines. The firm filed for bankruptcy in 1994; its hardware and parallel computing software divisions were acquired in time by Sun Microsystems.

MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) is a research institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab). Housed within the Ray and Maria Stata Center, CSAIL is the largest on-campus laboratory as measured by research scope and membership. It is part of the Schwarzman College of Computing but is also overseen by the MIT Vice President of Research.
WTCM (AM)
WTCM (580 kHz) is an AM radio station broadcasting in Traverse City, Michigan with a news/talk radio format.  It is owned by the Biederman family and their company, Midwestern Broadcasting. WTCM's studios on East Front Street in Downtown Traverse City.

WTCM is powered at 50,000 watts during the day, the maximum allowed for AM stations.  To protect other stations on 580 AM from interference, it must lower power at night to 1,100 watts. The station also uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array.  The signal covers much of Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula during the day.  The transmitter is on Secor Road in Long Lake Township, near Long Lake.

Dan Bongino
Daniel John Bongino (/bɒndʒiːnoʊ/ bon-JEE-noh; born December 4, 1974) is an American conservative podcaster, radio host, and law enforcement officer who served as the 20th deputy director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2025 to 2026. He hosted The Dan Bongino Show on Rumble and previously hosted Unfiltered with Dan Bongino on Fox News until April 2023.

Bongino began his career as a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer from 1995 to 1999 before serving as a U.S. Secret Service agent from 1999 to 2011. He later unsuccessfully ran for Congress three times as a Republican. On February 23, 2025, President Donald Trump announced that Bongino had been named the next deputy director of the FBI. He assumed office on March 17, after concluding his commentating roles on March 14.

On December 17, 2025, Bongino announced on Twitter that he would leave his post in January 2026; he officially left his position on January 3.
Ruth Amiran
Ruth Amiran (Hebrew: רות עמירן; née Brandstetter; December 8, 1914 – December 14, 2005) was an Israeli archaeologist whose 1970 book Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land: From Its Beginnings in the Neolithic Period to the End of the Iron Age is a standard reference for archaeologists working in Israel.

Ruth Amiran was born in the moshava Yavne'el in the Galilee area of the Ottoman Empire. In 1908 her father Yehezkel Brandshteter had immigrated from Tarnów in Poland (Galicia) to the area, where he married her mother Devora in 1913. She went to school in Haifa and in 1933 became a student of archeology at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. While a student, Amiran excavated at a dig led by Judith Marquet-Krause at et-Tell.

Et-Tell
Et-Tell (Arabic: التل, lit. 'the ruin-heap') or Khirbet et-Tell (also meaning "heap of ruins") is an archaeological site in the West Bank in Palestine. The site is commonly identified with the biblical city of Ai.
Moscow Chord Ring
The Chord Ring of Moscow is a ring road under construction between the Third Ring Road and the Moscow Ring Road, formed of four separate chords and bypasses: the North-Eastern, North-Western and South-Eastern chords, as well as the Southern Rocade. Currently, some sections of the chord ring are ready, others are in the phase of design and active construction. The total cost of the road ring is estimated at 630 billion rubles. Completion of construction is scheduled for 2024.

North-Eastern Chord
The North-Eastern Chord (Russian: Северо-Bосточная Xорда, romanized: Severo-Vostochnaya Khorda), abbreviated as CBX, is a motorway in Moscow that was completed and opened on September 22, 2022.

The 29 kilometres (18 mi) motorway starts from the south end of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg motorway to along the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, and ends at the Veshnyaki-Lyubertsy interchange with the Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), where east-bound the expressway gives access to Kosinskaya Highway and ultimately the M12 highway. The motorway links the Northern Administrative Okrug and the South-Eastern Administrative Okrug and will help unload traffic at the MKAD by 20—25% and redistribute traffic flows at the Third Ring Road, Shchelkovsky highway, Entuziastov highway, Ryazansky Avenue, and Volgogradsky Avenue.
North East Premier League
The North East Premier League is the top level of competition for recreational club cricket in the North East, serving the historic counties of Durham and Northumberland. Since 2000 it has been a designated ECB Premier League. In 2013, the league expanded into two divisions (Premier and Division 1) following a restructure of the cricketing leagues in the North East of England. Subsequently, the Durham & Northeast Cricket League and Northumberland and Tyneside Cricket League began to feed into the NEPL in the revised pyramid structure for the purposes of promotion and relegation.

The 2020 competition was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. A replacement competition was organised for the later part of the season when cricket again became possible, but with the winners not to be regarded as official league champions.

The most successful team has been South Northumberland who have been champions on fifteen occasions, including six consecutive championships between 2003 and 2008.

Northumbria (modern)
Northumbria, in modern contexts, usually refers to the region of England between the Tees and Tweed, including the historic counties of Northumberland and Durham, but it is often taken to be a synonymous with North East England. The area corresponds to the Viking-age rump of the Kingdom of Northumbria to the north of the Tyne, alongside the Patrimony of St Cuthbert, which lay between the Tyne and Tees. It further corresponds to the Norman-era county of Northumberland, or Comitatus Northumbriae, which originally encompassed the entire area between the Tweed to the Tees. A provincial flag of Northumbria has been registered.
Yangsan Metro
Yangsan Metro (also known as Busan Metro Yangsan Line) is an under construction rubber-tyred metro line connecting Nopo station in Nopo-dong, Geumjeong District, Busan and Bukjeong station in Bukjeong-dong, Yangsan, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Originally, it was promoted as the Nopo-Bukjeong line.

It includes the project to extend the Busan Metro Line 2 to Yangsan Sports Complex station, and the line will connect the northern termini of Line 1 and Line 2. scheduled to open in June 2026.

Rubber-tyred metro
A rubber-tyred metro or rubber-tired metro is a form of rapid transit system that uses a mix of road and rail technology. The vehicles have wheels with rubber tires that run on a roll way inside guide bars for traction. Traditional, flanged steel wheels running on rail tracks provide guidance through switches and act as backup if tyres fail. Most rubber-tyred trains are purpose-built and designed for the system on which they operate. Guided buses are sometimes referred to as 'trams on tyres', and compared to rubber-tyred metros.
Prorella irremorata
Prorella irremorata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1923. It is found in the United States in the desert regions of southern California, Nevada and Arizona.

The wingspan is about 15 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from March to May and in September.

Harrison Gray Dyar Jr.
Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric progression in the growth of insect parts, is named after him. He was also noted for eccentric pursuits which included digging tunnels under his home. He had a complicated personal life and along with his second wife he adopted the Baháʼí Faith.
Daryn Smit
Daryn Smit (born 28 January 1984) is a retired South African cricketer and former captain for the Dolphins. He is a right-handed batsmen, spin bowler and wicket keeper as well as being a commentator for South African broadcaster Supersport, and has been described as 'Daryn of all trades' due to his all around talents. He has played first class, one day and Twenty20 cricket since 2004.

Smit gave up leg spin bowling to increase his chances of selection for the South African national team as a wicket keeper, having once been tipped as the successor of Mark Boucher. Having failed to achieve a call-up, Smit subsequently resumed bowling for the Dolphins.

Smit captained the Dolphins for a number of years but was replaced as captain by Morne Van Wyk, who was signed from South African franchise the Knights.

In March 2017, Smit signed a two-year contract to play county cricket in England for Derbyshire.

Limited overs cricket
Limited overs cricket, also known as white ball cricket, is a version of the sport of cricket in which a match is generally completed within one day. There are a number of formats, including List A cricket (8-hour games), Twenty20 cricket (3-hour games), , 100-ball cricket (2.5 hours) and T10 cricket (1.5 hour games). The name reflects the rule that in the match each team bowls a set maximum number of overs (sets of 6 legal balls), usually between 20 and 50, although shorter and longer forms of limited overs cricket have been played.

The concept contrasts with Test and first-class matches, which can take up to five days to complete. One-day cricket is popular with spectators as it can encourage aggressive, risky, entertaining batting, often results in cliffhanger endings, and ensures that a spectator can watch an entire match without committing to five days of continuous attendance.
1810 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1810.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interaction types, including symbiosis and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.