hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Horizon (general relativity)
A horizon is a boundary in spacetime satisfying prescribed conditions.

There are several types of horizons that play a role in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity:

Absolute horizon, a boundary in spacetime in general relativity inside of which events cannot affect an external observer

Event horizon, a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect the observer, thus referring to a black hole's boundary and the boundary of an expanding universe

Apparent horizon, a surface defined in general relativity

Cauchy horizon, a surface found in the study of Cauchy problems

Cosmological horizon, a limit of observability

Killing horizon, a null surface on which there is a Killing vector field

Particle horizon, the maximum distance from which particles can have travelled to an observer in the age of the universe

Particle horizon
The particle horizon (also called the cosmological horizon, the comoving horizon (in Scott Dodelson's text), or the cosmic light horizon) is the maximum distance from which light from particles could have traveled to the observer in the age of the universe. Much like the concept of a terrestrial horizon, it represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe, so its distance at the present epoch defines the size of the observable universe. Due to the expansion of the universe, it is not simply the age of the universe times the speed of light (approximately 13.8 billion light-years), but rather the speed of light times the conformal time. The existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend on the particular cosmological model.
Helen May
Helen May ONZM (born Helen May Bradwell on 25 February 1947; from 1968 to 1983 known as Helen Cook or sometimes Helen May Cook) is a New Zealand education pioneer.  She has been an eloquent activist and academic in education, with a strong feminist focus on early childhood education. Her advocacy has been characterised by its focus on the rights and needs of children and teachers, expressed by an active and collaborative engagement with educational institutions, trade unions, the Ministry of Education and other government agencies.

During her career she has taken on the roles of a schoolteacher of children aged 5–7,  childcare worker, teachers' college and university lecturer, and professor and dean of education.

She is the author of numerous books, mainly on historical and political aspects of early years teaching. Since 2017 she has been an Emeritus Professor of Education at the University of Otago and adjunct professor at Victoria University of Wellington.

Sonja Davies
Sonja Margaret Loveday Davies ONZ JP (née Vile; 11 November 1923 – 12 June 2005) was a New Zealand trade unionist, peace campaigner, and Member of Parliament. On 6 February 1987, Davies was the third appointee to the Order of New Zealand.
2011 Beijing International Challenger – Women's doubles
Sun Shengnan and Zhang Shuai were the defending champions, but both chose not to participate.

Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan defeated Tetiana Luzhanska and Zheng Saisai in the final to win the title.

Chan Hao-ching
Chan Hao-ching (Chinese: 詹皓晴; pinyin: Zhān Hàoqíng;  Taiwanese  Mandarin: [tsán.xâu.tɕʰǐŋ]; born September 19, 1993), also known as Angel Chan, is a Taiwanese professional tennis player. She is primarily a doubles specialist, having won twenty-one WTA Tour, two WTA Challenger and six ITF titles in that discipline. Chan reached the final of the mixed-doubles competition at Wimbledon with Max Mirnyi in 2014, her first major final. She reached two more finals in 2017, the Wimbledon women's doubles with Monica Niculescu, and the US Open mixed doubles with Michael Venus.
Global Certification Forum
The Global Certification Forum, known as GCF, is a London-based partnership between mobile network operators, mobile device manufacturers and the test industry. GCF was founded in 1999, and its membership has been responsible for creating an independent certification programme to help ensure global interoperability between mobile devices and networks.

The GCF certification process is based on technical requirements as specified within dedicated test specifications provided by the 3GPP, 3GPP2, OMA, IMTC, the GSM Association and others. The current GCF membership includes mobile network operators, more than 40 leading terminal manufacturers and over 65 test equipment manufacturers, test laboratories and other organizations from mainly a test environment.

GSMA
The GSM Association (GSMA) is the advocacy and lobbying organization for the mobile communications industry, representing more than 750 mobile operators as full members and a further 400 companies in the broader mobile ecosystem as associate members.

Although legally a non-profit trade association, the GSMA operates on an commercial scale generating estimated annual revenues of approximately $668 million, largely through its flagship event series, the Mobile World Congress (MWC). The MWC event in Barcelona alone contributed over €561 million to the local economy in a recent year, demonstrating the event's massive commercial engine.

This funding is reinvested to support the organization's primary missions, which include:

Global Advocacy and Lobbying on behalf of its members, especially concerning radio spectrum allocation and telecom regulatory policy.

Technical Standardization for mobile technologies (from GSM to 5G and beyond).

Industry Convening through its major global events.
1887 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1887 Cork Senior Football Championship was the inaugural staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 30 January 1887. The championship began on 6 March 1887 and ended on 10 July 1887.

On 10 July 1887, Lees won the championship following a 0–04 to 0–01 defeat of Lisgoold in the final at Cork Park. The club subsequently represented Cork in the 1887 All-Ireland Championship.

1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship is the first edition of GAA's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament, played between 12 counties of Ireland. The tournament featured club teams who represented their respective counties after their county championship. The 21 a-side final was between Commercials of Limerick and Young Irelands of Louth. The final was played in Beech Hill, Donnybrook on April 29, 1888, with Commercials winning by 1–4 to 0–3. Unlike later All-Irelands, there were no provincial championships and it was an open draw.
La Savane (Gottschalk)
La Savane (The Savannah), Op. 3, is a composition in the form of a ballade written for piano in 1846 by the American composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk. With the subtitle Ballade Créole, it was first published in 1849 by Gottschalk's publisher 'Escudiers' and again in 1850 by Editions Schott, with a dedication to Maria II of Portugal on the composer's assumption that a trip from Madrid to Lisbon during his concert tour in the spring of that year was likely to happen.

La Savane is supposedly inspired by the local story that the skeletons of runaway slaves who perished in the swamps around New Orleans had turned into oaks. It features an introductory melody that resembles the folk tune Skip to My Lou, but it is actually based on portions of the Creole Louisiana song Lolotte or Pov'piti Lolotte. Written in the key of E-flat minor, it consists of 146 bars and has an 84 bpm Andante tempo, with the mood marked as con malinconia.

Bar (music)
In musical notation, a bar (or measure) is a segment of music bounded by vertical lines, known as bar lines (or barlines), usually indicating one or more recurring beats. The length of the bar, measured by the number of note values it contains, is normally indicated by the time signature.
Boron triazide
Boron triazide, also known as triazidoborane, is a thermally unstable compound of boron and nitrogen with a nitrogen content of 92.1% (by the standard atomic weight). Formally, it is the triazido derivative of borane and is a covalent inorganic azide. The high-energy compound, which has the propensity to undergo spontaneous explosive decomposition, was first described in 1954 by Egon Wiberg and Horst Michaud of LMU Munich.

Azide
In chemistry, azide (/ˈeɪzaɪd/, AY-zyd) is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula N−3 and structure −N=N+=N−. It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid HN3. Organic azides are organic compounds with the formula RN3, containing the azide functional group. The dominant application of azides is as a propellant in air bags.
Kadrina
Kadrina German: Sankt Katharinen) is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Lääne-Viru County, northern Estonia. It is the administrative centre of Kadrina Parish. Kadrina is located in the crossing point of Tallinn–Saint Petersburg (Tallinn–Narva) railway, Pärnu–Rakvere road (nr. 5) and the Loobu River. The nearest towns are Rakvere (12 km east) and Tapa (12 km southwest).

As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 2,269.

The name of Kadrina is derived from the St. Catherine's church and parish which establishment dates back to 1231. Earlier name of the settlement was Tõrvestevere (German: Tristfer).

The development from a village to larger settlement began after the Tallinn–Saint Petersburg railway was built and Kadrina railway station was established in 1870. A school was opened in 1902.

Populated places in Estonia
Populated places in Estonia are cities or settlement units of rural municipalities, but only cities have administrative functions. Settlement units are divided into settlements and urban regions (subdivisions of cities).

Officially there are four types of settlement unit in Estonia:

village (küla) – a sparsely populated settlement or a densely populated settlement with fewer than 300 permanent inhabitants

small borough (alevik) – a densely populated settlement with at least 300 permanent inhabitants

town (alev) – a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants

city (linn) - a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants.

As of 2024, there were 47 cities, 13 towns, 186 hamlets and 4457 villages in Estonia. There were 3 cities with under 1000 permanent inhabitants as of 2023.
Sarah Conrad
Sarah Conrad (born March 9, 1985, in Halifax, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian snowboarder, specializing in the halfpipe.

Conrad made her World Cup debut in December 2002 at Whistler, British Columbia. She made her first World Cup podium at Stoneham, Canada in March 2008, where she won silver. To date, she has won one other medal, a bronze in March 2009.

Conrad has also competed in two FIS Snowboarding World Championships, with her best performance coming in 2009, when she finished 12th.

Conrad competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics, in the halfpipe. She finished 20th in the first qualifying round and 9th in the second, not enough to qualify for the final.

Conrad was also selected as a member of the Canadian team for the 2010 Winter Olympics.

FIS Snowboard World Championships
The FIS Snowboarding World Championships is the world championship organized by the FIS for Snowboarding. It was first held in 1996 and is now held every odd year. The championship events include Big air, Halfpipe, Parallel giant slalom, Parallel slalom, Slopestyle and Snowboard cross for both genders as well as mixed team events in Parallel slalom and Snowboard cross.
REScoop Vlaanderen
REScoop Vlaanderen is the energy cooperative for renewable energy in Flanders, Belgium.

It was created in 2011 on the initiative of the Flemish energy cooperative Ecopower. 
REScoop Vlaanderen is a member of the European group of cooperatives for renewable energy, REScoop.eu.

RESCoop stands for Renewable Energy Sources Cooperatives. 
A co-operative (also known as co-op, cooperative or coop) is an autonomous association of persons united voluntary to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled business.

The following energy cooperatives are member of RESCoop Vlaanderen:

Ecopower

BeauVent

Wase Wind

PajoPower

Energiris

CORE

Social Green Energy

Campina Energy

Bronsgroen

REScoop.eu
REScoop.eu is the European federation of renewable energy cooperatives, founded in 2011.

As of 1 February 2025, it had 121 member organisations (energy communities, regional federations or small businesses and associations) in 25 European countries, representing 2,500 individual REScoops and their 2 million citizens.

On December 24, 2013, the European federation of groups and cooperatives of citizens for renewable energy (REScoop.EU) was legally established under Belgian national law with a European scope, to develop the activities of the federation and build a European renewable energy cooperative alliance.

REScoop is a short term for Renewable Energy Source Cooperative.
No htamin
No htamin (Burmese: နို့ထမင်း; IPA: [no̰ tʰəmɪ́ɴ], also known in English as milk rice) is a festive rice dish in Burmese cuisine, typically associated with celebratory occasions and generally regarded for its restorative properties.

Buttered rice uses long-grained paw hsan hmwe or basmati rice, and is cooked with milk, shallots, butter, salt, and optionally with spices such as garam masala, cumin and aniseed. It is typically eaten with Burmese curries.

Garam masala
Garam masala (Hindustani: garam masālā, lit. 'hot or warm spices') is a blend of ground spices originating from the India. It is common in Indian, Pakistani, Nepalese, Bangladeshi,  and Caribbean cuisines. It is used alone or with other seasonings. The specific combination differs by region, but it regularly incorporates a blend of flavours like cardamom, cinnamon, cumin, cloves, bay leaves, star anise, and peppercorns. Garam masala is used in a wide range of dishes, including marinades, pickles, stews, and curries.
Martin McGregor
Martin Robert McGregor (22 February 1859 – 17 August 1936) was an Australian politician.

McGregor was born in Hobart to clerk and later wine merchant Duncan Robert McGregor and Betsy née Roberts. He grew up in Melbourne, and became a public servant with the Chief Secretary's Department. After eighteen years in the public service he went to Queensland to work on the land, and ten years later became a farmer at Narracan. On 24 September 1902 he married Agnes Marshall. He served on Narracan Shire Council from 1908 to 1936 and was thrice president (1908–09, 1917–18, 1929–30).

In 1922 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for Gippsland Province as a Nationalist. He was a minister without portfolio from 19 March 1924 to 18 July 1924 and again from 18 November 1924 to 20 May 1927. McGregor held his seat until his death at Narracan on 17 August 1936.

Gippsland Province
Gippsland Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council 
from November 1882 until 2006. It was based in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia.

Gippsland Province was created in the redistribution of provinces in 1882 when the Central and Eastern Provinces were abolished. The new Gippsland, North Central, South Yarra, North Yarra, South Eastern and Melbourne Provinces were then created.

Gippsland province was defined in The Legislative Council Act 1881 and consisted of the divisions of Buln Buln, Narracan and Traralgon, Alberton, Rosedale, Maffra, Avon, Bairnsdale, Omeo, Towong, Yackandandah, Wodonga, Wood's Point, Walhalla and Sale.

Gippsland Province was abolished from the 2006 state election in the wake of the Bracks Labor government's reform of the Legislative Council. The Eastern Victoria Region now covers much of the area of the old Gippsland Province.
Hyung-joo
Hyung-joo, also spelled Hyung-ju, is a Korean given name.

People with this name include:

Ha Hyung-joo (born 1962), South Korean judoka

Kim Hyung-ju (born 1976), South Korean judoka

Kim Hyung-joo (born 1985), South Korean freestyle wrestler

Lim Hyung-joo (born 1986), South Korean singer

Park Hyung-joo (born 1995), South Korean swimmer

Kim Hyung-joo
Kim Hyung-joo (Korean: 김형주; born 12 September 1984) is a South Korean freestyle wrestler. In the women's 48 kg freestyle wrestling event at the 2008 Summer Olympics, she reached the quarter-finals, losing to Carol Huynh.  She competed in the freestyle 48 kg event at the 2012 Summer Olympics and was eliminated in the 1/8 finals by Iryna Merleni. Kim was born in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.
Mynydd y Drum
Mynydd y Drum is a hill on the border between the unitary authorities of Powys and Neath Port Talbot, south Wales.  The summit of the hill is in Neath Port Talbot (the traditional county of Glamorgan) at 298 metres (978 feet) and lies towards the western end of a broad curving ridge, the larger part of which is in Powys (traditional county of Brecknockshire). The eastern half of the hill is currently being opencasted for coal. The hill is sometimes referred to simply as The Drum (a Welsh word, so pronounced 'drim').

Neath Port Talbot
Neath Port Talbot (Welsh: Castell-nedd Port Talbot) is a county borough in the south-west of Wales. Its principal towns are Neath, Port Talbot, Briton Ferry and Pontardawe. The county borough borders Bridgend County Borough and Rhondda Cynon Taf to the east, Powys and Carmarthenshire to the north; and Swansea to the west.

Neath Port Talbot is the eighth-most populous local authority area in Wales and the third most populous county borough. The population at the 2011 census was 139,812. The population in the coastal areas is mainly English-speaking, whereas in the valleys in the north of the borough there are many who are Welsh-speaking.
Ruhollah Hosseinian
Hojatoleslam Ruhollah Hosseinian (Persian: روح الله حسینیان, March 5, 1956 – August 25, 2020) was an Iranian principalist politician.

He was born in Shiraz, and worked in the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and National Security (or VEVAK) as deputy to Ali Fallahian. In April 2007 was appointed by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as the security advisor to the president.

He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Islamic Revolution Document Center, and from 2007 to 2009, he was a member of the Council for Spreading Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Thoughts. He was also a member of parliament from 2008 to 2016.

Iranian principlists
The Principlists (Persian: اصول‌گرایان, romanized: Osul-Garāyān, lit. 'followers of principles or fundamentalists'), also interchangeably known as the Iranian Conservatives and formerly referred to as the Right or Right-wing, are one of two main political camps in post-revolutionary Iran; the Reformists are the other camp. The term hardliners that some Western sources use in the Iranian political context usually refers to the faction. The faction rejects the status quo internationally, but favors domestic preservation.
Hironaka decomposition
In mathematics, a Hironaka decomposition is a representation of an algebra over a field as a finitely generated free module over a polynomial subalgebra or a regular local ring. Such decompositions are named after Heisuke Hironaka, who used this in his unpublished master's thesis at Kyoto University (Nagata 1962, p.217).

Hironaka's criterion (Nagata 1962, theorem 25.16), sometimes called the miracle flatness theorem, states that a local ring R that is a finitely generated module over a regular Noetherian local ring S is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if it is a free module over S. There is a similar result for rings that are graded over a field rather than local.

Free module
In mathematics, a free module is a module that has a basis, that is, a generating set that is linearly independent. Every vector space is a free module, but, if the ring of the coefficients is not a division ring (not a field in the commutative case), then there exist non-free modules.

Given any set S and ring R, there is a free R-module with basis S, which is called the free module on S or module of formal R-linear combinations of the elements of S.

A free abelian group is precisely a free module over the ring  of integers.
Ordina
Ordina (Russian: Ордина) is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Aleksandra Ordina (born 1987), Russian amateur boxer

Antonina Ordina (born 1962), Soviet and Swedish cross-country skier

Tibor Ordina (1971–2016), Hungarian long jumper and triple jumper

Vera Ordina (born 1968), Russian hurdler

Tibor Ordina
Tibor Ordina (17 March 1971 – 12 April 2016) was a Hungarian athlete who specialized in the long jump and triple jump. Born in Budapest, Ordina stood at 1.92 m (6 ft 4 in) tall, and during his active career he weighed 73 kilograms (161 lb).
Moonlight Shadow: Tsuki ni Hoero
"Moonlight Shadow: Tsuki ni Hoero" (MOONLIGHT SHADOW-月に吠えろ, Mūnraito Shadō - Tsuki ni Hoero, lit. "Moonlight Shadow: Howl at the Moon") is the 33rd single by Japanese entertainer Akina Nakamori. Written by Toshihiko Takamizawa and Tetsuya Komuro, the single was released on August 7, 1996, by MCA Victor. It was also the lead single from her 17th studio album Shaker.

Universal Music Japan
Universal Music LLC (Japanese: ユニバーサル ミュージック合同会社, Hepburn: Yunibāsaru myūjikku Gōdō gaisha), often referred to as just Universal Music Japan or UMJ, is a Japanese subsidiary of the Universal Music Group founded in 1990. It is the largest subsidiary for a foreign company in Japan regarding music distribution. The company is responsible for marketing and distribution in Japan for Japanese releases under Universal.

As of 2019, Universal Japan holds the second most shares in the Japanese music market, behind Sony Music Japan, and is followed by Avex.
HMS Baleine
HMS Baleine was a 32-gun fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy.

She had previously been the French East Indiaman Baleine, built at Lorient to a design by Antoine Groignard and launched on 24 May 1757. She was cut out of Pondicherry during the Third Carnatic War by the boats of HMS Southsea Castle, part of Admiral Charles Stevens' squadron. Stevens purchased her for service with the Royal Navy the following month.

She was commissioned under Captain Philip Affleck in 1762, and was under Captain Hyde Parker by 1764. Baleine arrived back in Britain in August 1764 and was surveyed at Chatham Dockyard the following month. She was not recommissioned, and after being surveyed in April 1767 she was put up for sale. She was sold on 23 June 1767 for £365 and was broken up.

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
Clay Lacy
Hershel Clay Lacy (born August 14, 1932) is the founder and former CEO of Clay Lacy Aviation, established in 1968 as the first executive jet charter company in the Western United States.

His professional resume includes airline captain, military aviator, experimental test pilot, air race champion, world record-setter, aerial cinematographer, and business aviation entrepreneur. Lacy has flown more than 300 aircraft types, logged over 50,000 flight hours and accumulated more hours flying turbine aircraft than any other pilot in history.

Air racing
Air racing is a type of motorsport that involves airplanes or other types of aircraft that compete over a fixed course, with the winner either returning the shortest time, the one to complete it with the most points, or to come closest to a previously estimated time.