hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Halver Halversen
Halver “Hal” Halversen was born in 1876 in Winona, Minnesota. After growing up in Minnesota, he moved to Iowa where he worked for several years. Halverson then became a traveling jewelry auctioneer, before moving to North Carolina where he owned a jewelry store. Halverson was interviewed by the Federal Writer's Project in 1939.

Winona, Minnesota
Winona (/wɪnˈoʊnə/ win-OH-nə) is a city in and the county seat of Winona County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 25,948 at the 2020 census.  Located in bluff country, otherwise known as the Driftless Area on the Mississippi River, its most noticeable physical landmark is Sugar Loaf. Winona is known as the home of Winona State University, Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, and the Minnesota Marine Art Museum.
Amresh Kumar Singh
Amresh Kumar Singh (Nepali: अमरेश कुमार सिंह) is a Nepalese politician who is currently member of Rastriya Swatantra Party. He was a member of Nepali Congress in past after MJF, Nepal on whose ticket he served as the Member of the House of Representatives elected from Sarlahi 4.

He got elected as Member of Parliament from Sarlahi for three consecutive terms from Nepali Congress ticket. He was also elected to the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly in 2014 from Sarlahi 6. He's known widely for switching between parties as he gets opportunity.

Federal Parliament of Nepal
The Federal Parliament of Nepal (संघीय संसद नेपाल, Saṅghīya Sansada Nēpāla) is the bicameral federal and supreme legislature of Nepal established in 2018 (2074 BS). It consists of the National Assembly and the House of Representatives as parallel houses.
Democratization
Democratization, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction. The opposite process of democratic transition is known as democratic backsliding or autocratization. Whether and to what extent democratization occurs can be influenced by various factors, including economic development, historical legacies, civil society, and international processes. Some accounts of democratization emphasize how elites drove democratization, whereas other accounts emphasize grassroots bottom-up processes. How democratization occurs has also been used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows.

Sheri Berman
Sheri E. Berman (born 1965) is an American political scientist. She is a Professor of Political Science at Barnard College, Columbia University. She is the author of scholarly books and articles on European social democracy, fascism, populism and the development of democracies and dictatorships.

She has also published in a wide variety of non-scholarly publications, including The New York Times,  The Washington Post,  The Wall Street Journal,  Foreign Affairs,  Foreign Policy,  VOX,  The Guardian  and Dissent. She is on the boards of the Journal of Democracy,  Political Science Quarterly,  Dissent and Persuasion.
Haydarpaşa Cemetery
Haydarpaşa Cemetery, also known as Haidar Pasha Cemetery, Istanbul, (Turkish: Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı), located in the Haydarpaşa neighborhood of Üsküdar district in the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey, is a burial ground established initially for British military personnel who took part in the Crimean War (1854–1856). The cemetery also contains graves of Commonwealth soldiers from the two World Wars, and civilians of British nationality.

Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora, the Marmara Sea or Propontis /prəˈpɒntɪs/ (ancient Greek: Προποντίς /pro.ponˈdis/), is a small inland sea entirely within the borders of Turkey. It links the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea via the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, separating Turkey's European and Asian sides. It has an area of 11,350 km2 (4,380 sq mi), and its dimensions are 280 km × 80 km (174 mi × 50 mi). Its greatest depth is 1,370 m (4,490 ft).
Winnie Kaburu
Winnie Kaburu Kinyua is a Kenyan businesswoman who ran for Deputy President in the March 2013 Kenyan Presidential election as the running mate of James ole Kiyiapi, of the Restore and Build Kenya party.

Winnie Kaburu ran for governor of Meru County in the 2017 elections as the candidate for Wiper Democratic Movement.

She is a native of Meru County, Kenya, and holds a bachelor's degree in Political Science and a Masters in Gender and Development, both from the University of Nairobi. She currently owns businesses across multiple sectors and received a Head of State Commendation in 2003 from President Kibaki for her work in the Kenyan business community.

Kaburu Kinyua is a co-founder and the former Vice Chair of the Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), as well as a co-founder of the Fair Trade Organisation. She is also an advocate for women in business, founding the National Association of Self Employed Women of Kenya (NASWOK).

Restore and Build Kenya
Restore and Build Kenya (RBK) is a Kenyan political party launched in April 2012 by former Permanent Secretary Professor James ole Kiyiapi as part of his campaign to become the fourth  President of Kenya.
Pseudoprospero
Pseudoprospero  is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). The genus has a single species Pseudoprospero firmifolium, which is endemic to South Africa (the Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal).

Cape Province
The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: Provinsie Kaap die Goeie Hoop), commonly referred to as "the Cape Province" (Afrikaans: Kaapprovinsie) and colloquially as "The Cape" (Afrikaans: Die Kaap), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Colony, as well as Walvis Bay, and had Cape Town as its capital. In 1994, the Cape Province was divided into the new Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces, along with part of the North West.
Imperium (play cycle)
Imperium: The Cicero Plays is a stage adaptation of the Cicero trilogy of novels by Robert Harris (Imperium, Lustrum and Dictator). It was premiered by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Swan Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon from 16 November 2017 to 10 February 2018, directed by Gregory Doran and with Richard McCabe as Cicero. It played at the Gielgud Theatre in London from 14 June to 8 September 2018.

Gregory Doran
Sir Gregory Doran (born 24 November 1958) is an English theatre director known for his Shakespearean work. The Sunday Times called him "one of the great Shakespearians of his generation".

Doran was artistic director of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), succeeding Michael Boyd in September 2012. In an interview, announcing his appointment, Doran said that whilst Boyd had concentrated on the "Company", he would be concentrating on the "Shakespeare" in the Royal Shakespeare Company logo. Since April 2022, he is director emeritus at the Royal Shakespeare Company.

His notable productions include a production of Macbeth starring Antony Sher, which was filmed for Channel 4 in 2001, as well as Hamlet in 2008, starring David Tennant and Patrick Stewart.
Sovereign Press
Sovereign Press, Incorporated is a publisher and distributor of role-playing games based in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.  It was founded in 1998 by Margaret Weis and Don Perrin and is one of two companies that Weis owns.

Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. Situated on Geneva Lake, the population was 8,277 at the 2020 census. It is located 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Milwaukee and 65 miles (105 km) northwest of Chicago.

Given its relative proximity to the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas, Lake Geneva has become a popular resort town that thrives on tourism. Since the late 19th century, it has been home to numerous lakefront mansions owned by wealthy Chicagoans as second homes, leading it to be nicknamed the "Newport of the West."
Yecapixtla
Yecapixtla (Nahuatl languages: Yecapixtlān Nahuatl pronunciation: [jekaˈpiʃt͡ɬaːn]) is a town and municipality located in the northeast of the state of Morelos in central Mexico. Yecapixtla means, Land of men and women with sharp noses. The town is home to one of the monastery complexes associated with the Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatépetl World Heritage Site. Yecapixtla is famously known for its tasty, high-quality beef, cecina (cured dry meat).

The population of the municipality is 52,651 according to the 2015 census. The town was hit hard by the September 19, 2017 Puebla earthquake, in which two people died and the church was damaged.

Merlon
A merlon is the solid, upright section of a battlement (a crenellated parapet) in medieval architecture or fortifications. Merlons are sometimes pierced by narrow, vertical embrasures, or tooth-like slits designed for observation and fire. The space between two merlons is called a crenel, and a succession of merlons and crenels is a crenellation. Crenels designed in later eras for use by cannons were also called embrasures.
Sharpe's rail
Sharpe's rail (Gallirallus sharpei) is a species of bird in the family Rallidae. It is known only from the type specimen of unknown origin, but it has been speculated that it originated from Indonesia. Due to the lack of recent records, it has been considered extinct, but new evidence suggests it is possibly better regarded as a morph of the buff-banded rail.

The common name and Latin binomial name commemorate  the British zoologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe.

Rail (bird)
Rails (avian family Rallidae) are a large, cosmopolitan family of small- to medium-sized terrestrial or semi-amphibious birds. The family exhibits considerable diversity in its forms, and includes such ubiquitous species as the crakes, coots, and gallinule; other rail species are extremely rare or endangered. Many are associated with wetland habitats, some being semi-aquatic like waterfowl (such as the coot), but many more are wading birds or shorebirds. The ideal rail habitats are marsh areas, including rice paddies, and flooded fields or open forest. They are especially fond of dense vegetation for nesting. The rail family is found in every terrestrial habitat with the exception of dry desert, polar or freezing regions, and alpine areas (above the snow line). Members of Rallidae occur on every continent except Antarctica. Numerous unique island species are known.
Hellmut Wilhelm
Hellmut Wilhelm (10 December 1905 – 5 July 1990) was a German Sinologist known for his studies of both Chinese literature and Chinese history.  Wilhelm was an expert on the ancient Chinese divination text I Ching (Yi jing), which he believed to represent the  essence of Chinese thought. He also produced one of the most widely used German-Chinese dictionaries of the 20th century.  He held teaching positions at Peking University and the University of Washington.

Wilhelm's father, Richard Wilhelm, was also a noted Sinologist, and held the first chair of Sinology at the University of Frankfurt.

Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and begins with the earliest recorded inscriptions, court archives, building to the major works of philosophy and history written during the Axial Age. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties were considered golden ages of poetry, while the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) were notable for their lyrics (ci), essays, dramas, and plays. During the Ming and Qing, mature novels were written in written vernacular Chinese, an evolution from the preeminence of Literary Chinese patterned off the language of the Chinese classics. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. Around the turn of the 20th century, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of vernacular Chinese literature.
Keshelashvili
Keshelashvili or Qeshelashvili (Georgian: ქეშელაშვილი, Russian: Кешелашвили) is a Georgian surname that is from the Shida Kartli and Kvemo Kartli regions of Georgia, it is most common in the village of Tsinarekhi, Gori, Thezi, Kavthiskhevi, Kaspi and in the capital city of Tbilisi. It is mostly occurrent in Georgia, Russia and Turkey. The surname originated from the Kingdom of Kartli during the reign of Luarsab II of Kartliv between the years 1606 and 1615.

Kvemo Kartli
Kvemo Kartli (Georgian: ქვემო ქართლი, IPA: [kʰʷemo kʰaɾtʰli]; lit. 'Lower Kartli') is a historic province and current administrative region (mkhare) in southeastern Georgia. The city of Rustavi is the regional capital.
Federal Correctional Institution, Fairton
The Federal Correctional Institution, Fairton (FCI Fairton) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Fairfield Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp housing minimum-security male offenders and a completely separate medium-security unit that houses inmates admitted into the federal Witness Security Program.

FCI Fairton is located 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Philadelphia and 40 miles (64 km) west of Atlantic City.

Federal Bureau of Prisons
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) is a federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Justice that is responsible for all federal prisons in the country and provides for the care, custody, and control of federal prisoners.
2019 Women's European Volleyball League
The 2019 Women's European Volleyball League was the 11th edition of the annual Women's European Volleyball League, which features women's national volleyball teams from 20 European countries.

The tournament had two divisions: the Golden League, featuring twelve teams, and the Silver League, featuring eight teams.

It also acted as the European qualifying competition for the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Challenger Cup, securing two vacancies (Czech Republic and Croatia) for the tournament that served as the qualifying competition for the 2020 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League. Winners of Silver League, Romania, qualified for 2020 edition of the Golden European League.

Croatia women's national volleyball team
The Croatia women's national volleyball team represents Croatia in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches. The team's biggest successes came in 1995, 1997 and 1999 when Croatia won three silver medals at the European Championships.
Alfred Law
Sir Alfred Joseph Law (31 May 1860 – 18 July 1939) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Born in West Bromwich, he was elected at the 1918 general election as member of parliament (MP) for the Rochdale constituency in Lancashire, but was defeated at the 1922 general election.

He was returned to the House of Commons at the 1929 general election for the High Peak constituency in Derbyshire, and held the seat until his death in Littleborough 1939, aged 79.

In 1921 Law donated the trophy for a rugby league match between Oldham and Rochdale. It was originally known as the Infirmaries Cup and later renamed as the Law Cup.

Sir Alfred was the owner of the poet Robert Burns's First Commonplace Book 1783–1785 manuscript volume that he had inherited from William Law of Honresfield, Lancashire, his uncle. The poet's second commonplace book, the Edinburgh Journal is held by the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum in Alloway, South Ayrshire.

Alloway
Alloway (Scottish Gaelic: Allmhaigh, pronounced [ˈal̪ˠavaj]) is a suburb of Ayr, and former village, in South Ayrshire, Scotland, located on the River Doon. It is best known as the birthplace of Robert Burns and the setting for his poem "Tam o' Shanter". Tobias Bachope, the mason responsible for the construction of Hopetoun House, Craigiehall, and Kinross House, also hailed from Alloway. Some historic parts of the village make up a conservation area.

A former village in its own right, Alloway and its surrounding areas were incorporated into the Royal Burgh of Ayr in 1935, and the extended village is now a suburb of Ayr.
Independence Day (Somalia)
Independence Day is a national holiday occurring annually on June 26. The date celebrates the unification of the Trust Territory of Somalia and the State of Somaliland into the Somali Republic and the independence from the Italian republic on June 26, 1960. A government was subsequently formed by Abdullahi Issa, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as president. On July 20, 1961, through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution.

Abdullahi Issa
Abdullahi Issa Mohamud (Somali: Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud, Arabic: عبد الله عيسى محمد (1921 – March 24, 1988) was a Somali politician. He was the Prime Minister of  Italian Somalia during the trusteeship period, serving from February 29, 1949, to July 7, 1960.
Frank "Muddy" Waters Stadium
Frank "Muddy" Waters Stadium is an American football stadium located in south-central Michigan in the town of Hillsdale. The facility is owned and operated by the Hillsdale College, serving as home to the Hillsdale Chargers college football team, which competes at the NCAA Division II level as a member of the Great Midwest Athletic Conference (G-MAC).

The facility is named in honor of College Football Hall of Fame coach Frank "Muddy" Waters, who led the Chargers to a 138–47–5 record from 1954 through 1973.  The stadium has an official seating capacity of 8,500.

Muddy Waters (American football)
Franklin Dean "Muddy" Waters Jr. (January 30, 1923 – September 20, 2006) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Hillsdale College (1954–1973), Saginaw Valley State University (1975–1979), and Michigan State University (1980–1982), compiling a career college football head coaching record of 173–96–7. Waters was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 2000.
Seyfal mulk
"Seyfal mulk" (Azerbaijani: Seyfəl mülk) – is an Azerbaijani opera composed in 1915, by composer Mashadi Jamil Amirov.

Mirza Gadir Ismayilzade, known as "Vusagi" (Mikayil Mushfig's father) was the author of a libretto.

The opera was staged in 1915, in Ganja for the first time and a year later was staged at Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre (now Paliashvili Theater of Opera and Ballet of Georgia). Sidgi Ruhulla was a staging director of the opera. Singers such as Majid Behbudov (Rashid Behbudov’s father), Bulbul, Malibeyli Hamid and others performed the parts in the opera. According to contemporary writers, composer Mashadi Jamil Amirov was the conductor of the opera. The opera was staged in Tbilisi and other cities of the South Caucasus. Data about these tours are in the 304th issue of "Kommunist" newspaper of 1957 and 61st issues of "Bakinskiy Rabochiy" newspaper of March 16, 1988.

Bulbul (singer)
Bulbul (22 June 1897 – 26 September 1961, born Murtuza Mashadi Rza oghlu Mammadov) was an Azerbaijani and Soviet operatic tenor, folk music performer, and one of the founders of vocal arts and national musical theatre in Azerbaijan.
Richard R. Wilk
Richard R. Wilk (born 22 May 1953) is an American anthropologist best known for his work in economic anthropology focusing most recently on food, though he has published widely on diverse topics including human ecology, consumer behavior, beauty pageants, Maya culture, bad poetry, and visual anthropology. Wilk has published 89 works, and his research has been translated into five languages. He was the Director of the Open Anthropology Institute.

Human ecology
Human ecology is the interdisciplinary study of the relationships between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. Emerging from ecology and the social sciences in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it integrates perspectives from biology, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, public health, and related fields.

The discipline examines how human populations adapt to environmental conditions, how cultural and social structures influence ecological interactions, and how technological and economic systems shape sustainability.

Human ecology has informed urban planning, epidemiology, resource management, and environmental policy, while also drawing on traditional and indigenous knowledge of human–environment relations. Today, it serves as a framework for understanding global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and social resilience.
Fred Gingell
Fred Gingell (November 18, 1930 – July 6, 1999) was an English-born political figure in British Columbia. He represented Delta South in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1991 to 1999 as a Liberal. He was born in London.

He served as finance critic in the provincial assembly. Gingell was leader of the opposition in the provincial assembly from February 1993 to March 1994. He served as the first president of Kwantlen College. Gingell died in office from cancer.

Fred Gingell Park in Tsawwassen was named in his honour. A provincial program to treat stuttering is named the Fred Gingell Memorial Stuttering Treatment Support Program.

Delta South
Delta South is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada.

The electoral district was created for the 1991 election from part of the dual-member Delta riding.
Anthology 3
Anthology 3 is a compilation album by the Beatles, released on 28 October 1996 by Apple Records as part of The Beatles Anthology series. The album includes rarities and alternative tracks from the final two years of the band's career, ranging from the initial sessions for The Beatles (better known as "the White Album") to the last sessions for Let It Be and Abbey Road in 1969 and early 1970. It is the third in a quartet of albums with Anthology 1 and Anthology 2, and Anthology 4, all of which tie in with the televised special The Beatles Anthology.

The album was certified 3× Platinum by the RIAA and was the group's third double album in a row to reach number one on the US charts, equalling a record set by Donna Summer in the 1970s.

The Anthology albums were remastered and made available digitally on the iTunes Store on 14 June 2011, individually and as part of the Anthology Collection box set.

Apple Records
Apple Records is a British record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 as a division of Apple Corps Ltd. It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin, James Taylor, Badfinger, and Billy Preston. In practice, the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists. Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973, then it was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs. Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones. Jones stepped down on 21 October 2024 and was replaced by Tom Greene in September 2025.