hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Foothills Mall (Arizona)
Foothills Mall was an indoor regional shopping mall located in Casas Adobes, Arizona, United States, with a Tucson postal address. Foothills Mall had capacity for over 90 stores and outlets, along with 8 restaurants and an AMC Theatres Foothills 15. As of 2023, the mall has been demolished, with plans to convert the existing mall into a mixed-use project.

Casas Adobes, Arizona
Casas Adobes (Spanish: "Adobe Houses") is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located in the northern metropolitan area of Tucson, Arizona (in Pima County). The population was 66,795 at the 2010 census. Casas Adobes is situated south and southwest of the town of Oro Valley, and west of the community of Catalina Foothills.

The attempted assassination of Representative Gabby Giffords, and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona, John Roll, and five other people on January 8, 2011, took place at a Safeway supermarket in Casas Adobes.
Hirsch–Plotkin radical
In mathematics, especially in the study of infinite groups, the Hirsch–Plotkin radical is a subgroup describing the normal locally nilpotent subgroups of the group. It was named by Gruenberg (1961) after Kurt Hirsch and Boris I. Plotkin, who proved that the join of normal locally nilpotent subgroups is locally nilpotent; this fact is the key ingredient in its construction.

The Hirsch–Plotkin radical is defined as the subgroup generated by the union of the normal locally nilpotent subgroups (that is, those normal subgroups such that every finitely generated subgroup is nilpotent).  The Hirsch–Plotkin radical is itself a locally nilpotent normal subgroup, so is the unique largest such. In a finite group, the Hirsch–Plotkin radical coincides with the Fitting subgroup but for 
infinite groups the two subgroups can differ.  The subgroup generated by the union of infinitely many normal nilpotent subgroups need not itself be nilpotent, so the Fitting subgroup must be modified in this case.

Union (set theory)
In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all elements in the collection. It is one of the fundamental operations through which sets can be combined and related to each other. 
A nullary union refers to a union of zero (⁠⁠) sets and it is by definition equal to the empty set.

For explanation of the symbols used in this article, refer to the table of mathematical symbols.
Maksymilianów, Poddębice County
Maksymilianów [maksɨmiˈljanuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zadzim, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) east of Zadzim, 15 km (9 mi) south of Poddębice, and 37 km (23 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice
Poddębice [pɔdːɛmˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Poddębice County. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Łódź. Population is 7,245 (2020). It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Alchemilla tytthantha
Alchemilla tytthantha, the Crimean lady's mantle, is a species of lady's mantle found in Europe. It is originally native to Crimea, but has been introduced to the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Belgium, and Great Britain. It was first reported in Britain (at Selkirk) in 1956 and has been treated as a weed in Britain since.

The plant has relatively small flowers and is only slightly hairy.

Selkirk, Scottish Borders
Selkirk (Scottish Gaelic: Salcraig) is a town and historic royal burgh in the Scottish Borders council district of southeastern Scotland. It lies on the Ettrick Water, a tributary of the River Tweed. The people of the town are known as Souters, which means cobblers (shoe makers and menders). At the time of the 2011 census, Selkirk's population was 5,784.
St Johns railway station
St Johns railway station is in the London Borough of Lewisham. It lies 5 miles 47 chains (9.0 km) down the South Eastern Main Line from London Charing Cross, and is situated between New Cross and Lewisham.

Southeastern (train operating company)
SE Trains Limited, trading as Southeastern, is a state-owned British train operating company in the south east of England. It operates services to destinations in Kent, London and East Sussex, including the domestic services on High Speed 1.

It is owned by DfT Operator, which took over operating the South Eastern franchise from privately owned London & South Eastern Railway (which also traded as Southeastern) on 17 October 2021.
Draba lactea
Draba lactea, the Lapland whitlow-grass or milky whitlow-grass, is a flower common throughout the high Arctic. It stretches further south in mountainous areas of Norway, Montana, Canada, and Greenland.

The plant is 2–5 cm tall, and caespitose. The flower stems are glabrous. The leaves have stellate hairs on the surface and simple hairs at the margins. The flowers are pure white, and there are many flowers on each stem. Flowers bloom June to August.

Draba species are found on dry as well as moist localities such as wet meadows, fields and prairies. Most of the species have a circumpolar distribution, but there is considerable variation within this group.

Wet meadow
A wet meadow is a type of wetland with soils that are saturated for part or all of the growing season which prevents the growth of trees and brush. Debate exists whether a wet meadow is a type of marsh or a completely separate type of wetland. Wet prairies and wet savannas are hydrologically similar.
Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001
Ireland was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 with the song "Without Your Love", written by Pat Sheridan, and performed by Gary O'Shaughnessy. The Irish participating broadcaster, Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), organised the national final Eurosong 2001 in order to select its entry for the contest. Seven songs faced a regional televote, ultimately resulting in the selection of "Without Your Love" performed by Gary O'Shaughnessy as the Irish Eurovision entry.

Ireland competed in the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 12 May 2001. Performing during the show in position 12, Ireland placed twenty-first out of the 23 participating countries, scoring 6 points.

Dana Rosemary Scallon
Dana Rosemary Scallon (born Rosemary Brown; 30 August 1950), known professionally as Dana (/ˈdɑːnə/), is an Irish singer, songwriter and politician. While still a schoolgirl she won the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest with "All Kinds of Everything". It became a worldwide million-seller and launched her music career.

She entered politics in 1997, as Dana Rosemary Scallon, running unsuccessfully in the Irish presidential election, but later being elected as an MEP for Connacht–Ulster in 1999. Scallon was again an independent candidate in the Irish 2011 presidential election, but was eliminated on the first count. Scallon served as a politician as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2004.
I Constitutional Government of Portugal
The 1st Constitutional Government was the first non-provisional government of the Third Portuguese Republic, following the promulgation of the new Constitution of Portugal in April 1976. It had Mário Soares as the Prime Minister and lasted from 23 July 1976 to 23 January 1978.

Promulgation
Promulgation is the formal proclamation or the declaration that a new statutory or administrative law is enacted after its final approval. In some jurisdictions, this additional step is necessary before the law can take effect.

After a new law is approved, it is announced to the public through the publication of government gazettes and/or on official government bulletins. National laws of extraordinary importance to the public may be announced by the head of state or head of government on a national broadcast. Local laws are usually announced in local newspapers and published in bulletins or compendia of municipal regulations.
Boserup
Boserup is a Danish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anders Boserup (1940–1990), Danish researcher

Bodil Boserup (1921–1995), Danish politician

Ester Boserup (1910–1999), Danish economist

Julia Boserup (born 1991), American tennis player

Anders Boserup
Anders Boserup (January 15, 1940 – May 4, 1990) was a Danish researcher. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen in 1965 with a Magister in physics and became a lecturer in sociology in 1972. He was the co-founder of the Danish Institute for Peace and Conflict Research and the Nordic Peace Foundation.  He researched peace, security and disarmament. He is well known for his work with non-offensive defence. He worked as a consultant for the UN, SIPRI and the Danish Foreign Ministry in relation to disarmament.
Revolutions (Jean-Michel Jarre album)
Revolutions is the ninth studio album by electronic musician and composer Jean-Michel Jarre, first released in September 1988. The album reached number 2 in the UK charts, Jarre's best chart position since Oxygène. The Destination Docklands concert in London coincided with the release of the album.

Roland D-50
The Roland D-50 is a synthesizer produced by Roland and released in 1987. Its features include linear arithmetic synthesis, on-board effects, a joystick for data manipulation, and an analog synthesis-styled layout design. The external Roland PG-1000 (1987) programmer could also be attached to the D-50 for more complex manipulation of its sounds. It was also produced in a rack-mount variant design, the D-550, with almost 450 user-adjustable parameters.

The D-50 has been used by musicians including Prince, Sting, Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Rick Wakeman, Michael Jackson and Enya. The D-50 has also been used by Jean-Michel Jarre, Tangerine Dream and the Pet Shop Boys in various years, since the synthesizer came out in 1987.
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: کانیجلی سیاوش پاشا, Serbo-Croatian: Sijavuš-paša Kanjižanin, died 1602, Istanbul) was an Ottoman statesman from the Sanjak of Bosnia, who served as a Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He was also the Beylerbey of Rumelia.

Sanjak of Bosnia
The Sanjak of Bosnia (Turkish: Bosna Sancak; Serbo-Croatian: Bosanski sandžak / Босански санџак) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established in 1463, after the lands conquered from the Kingdom of Bosnia were transformed into a sanjak. Its first sanjakbey was Isa Bey Ishaković.

Between 1463 and 1580, it was part of the Rumelia Eyalet. Due to its strategic position on the border, it functioned as a krajište (frontier province), serving as a military base for Ottoman raids into Hungary and Croatia.

After the Bosnia Eyalet was established in 1580, the Sanjak of Bosnia became its central and main province. Between 1864 and the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878, it was part of the Bosnia Vilayet. Although the Bosnia Vilayet formally remained part of the Ottoman Empire until 1908, the Sanjak of Bosnia de facto ceased to exist in 1878.
Gooday
Gooday is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Graeme John Norman Gooday (born 1965), British historian and philosopher of science

Graham Gooday (1942–2001), British molecular biologist

Leslie Gooday (1921–2013), British architect

Sydney Gooday (1887–1964), British and Canadian swimmer

Graham Gooday
Graham William Gooday FRSE (1942–2001) was a British molecular biologist. He was Professor of Microbiology at Aberdeen University. He was presented with the inaugural Fleming Prize Lecture for the Microbiological Society in 1976. He served as Director of the Institute of Marine Biology.
2013–14 Ford Trophy
The 2013–14 Ford Trophy was the 43rd season of the official List A cricket tournament in New Zealand, and the third in a sponsorship deal between New Zealand Cricket and Ford Motor Company. The competition ran from 2 March 2014 to 5 April 2014. The tournament was won by the Wellington for the seventh time, after defeating Northern Districts in the final by four wickets.

New Zealand Cricket
New Zealand Cricket, formerly the New Zealand Cricket Council, is the governing body for professional cricket in New Zealand. Cricket is the most popular and highest profile summer sport in New Zealand.

New Zealand Cricket operates the New Zealand cricket team, organising Test tours and One-Day Internationals with other nations. It also organises domestic cricket in New Zealand, including the Plunket Shield first-class competition, The Ford Trophy men's domestic one-day competition, the Hallyburton Johnstone Shield women's domestic one-day competition, as well as the Men's Super Smash and Women's Super Smash domestic Twenty20 competitions.

Scott Weenink is the Chief Executive Officer of New Zealand Cricket. Tom Latham is the current Blackcaps Test captain, succeeding Tim Southee who still represents the team. Sophie Devine is the current White Ferns captain.
China Lake (film)
China Lake is a 1983 psychological thriller film starring Charles Napier as a deranged police officer who rides around on a motorbike "targeting" people that have offended him in some way while vacationing near the film's titular location of China Lake.

The short film was directed by Robert Harmon, who funded this movie personally to promote himself as a director.

In 1990, the film was made into a feature-length made-for-TV movie titled The China Lake Murders, which is considered to be a remake of this film rather than an actual sequel.

Robert Harmon
Robert Harmon (born 1953) is an American film and television director.  He is best known for the 1986 horror film The Hitcher, starring Rutger Hauer, as well as for films like They and Nowhere to Run.

His television work is distinguished by the series of made-for-TV movies featuring fictional Paradise (Mass.) Police Chief Jesse Stone, which began in 2005 with Stone Cold, starring Tom Selleck, as well as the Emmy-nominated biopics Ike: Countdown to D-Day (also starring Selleck) and Gotti, starring Armand Assante.  He has directed a few episodes of the TV show Blue Bloods, which also stars Tom Selleck.
Burnett Memorial Fountain
Frances Hodgson Burnett Memorial Fountain, located near Fifth Avenue and the Museum of the City of New York in Manhattan's Central Park, is an outdoor bronze sculpture and fountain which serves as a memorial to Burnett, the author of several literary classics including The Secret Garden and Little Lord Fauntleroy.

The Secret Garden
The Secret Garden is a children's novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett first published in book form in 1911, after serialisation in The American Magazine (November 1910 – August 1911). Set in England, it is seen as a classic of English children's literature. The American edition was published by the Frederick A. Stokes Company with illustrations by M. L. Kirk, and the British edition by Heinemann with illustrations by Charles Heath Robinson.

Several stage and film adaptations have been made of The Secret Garden.
Moscow Art Theatre
The Moscow Art Theatre (or MAT; Russian: Московский Художественный академический театр (МХАТ), Moskovskiy Hudojestvenny Akademicheskiy Teatr (MHAT)) was a theatre company in Moscow. It was founded in 1898 (1898) by the seminal Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski, together with the playwright and director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. It was conceived as a venue for naturalistic theatre, in contrast to the melodramas that were Russia's dominant form of theatre at the time. The theatre, the first to regularly put on shows implementing Stanislavski's system, proved hugely influential in the acting world and in the development of modern American theatre and drama.

It was officially renamed the Gorky Moscow Art Theatre in 1932. In 1987, the theatre split into two troupes, the Moscow Gorky Academic Art Theatre and the Moscow Chekhov Art Theatre.

Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (/tʊərˈɡɛnjɛf, -ˈɡeɪn-/ toor-GHEN-yef, -⁠GAYN-; Russian: Иван Сергеевич Тургенев, IPA: [ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf]; 9 November [O.S. 28 October] 1818 – 3 September [O.S. 22 August] 1883) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West.

His first major publication, a short story collection titled A Sportsman's Sketches (1852), was a milestone of Russian realism. His novel Fathers and Sons (1862) is regarded as one of the major works of 19th-century fiction.
Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve
Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve is a protected area which encompasses most of the Suikerbosrand Range, South Africa. It is one of Gauteng's most frequented ecotourism locations,  located approximately 50 kilometres south-east of Johannesburg, just west of the town of Heidelberg in the upper catchment of the Klip and Suikerbosrand rivers. The altitude varies between 1,545 and 1,917 m (5,069 and 6,289 ft) above sea level.

The reserve, which is 134 km2 (52 sq mi), hosts a representative sample of the fauna and flora of the rocky highveld grassland biome. Its boundaries include hiking trails, and tarred circular route for motorists.

Klip River (Gauteng)
The Klip River (or in Afrikaans: Kliprivier, lit. 'Stone river') is the main river draining the portion of Johannesburg south of the Witwatersrand, and its basin includes the Johannesburg CBD and Soweto. The mouth of the river is at Vereeniging where it empties into the Vaal River, which is a tributary to the Orange River. Besides Vereeniging, other towns along the river include Henley on Klip, Lenasia and Meyerton.
Bill Markham
William Edwin Markham (October 9, 1922 – April 5, 2021) was an American politician who was a member of the Oregon House of Representatives. He served from 1969 to 1999 as a Republican.   Markham was a small business owner in the construction, timber and logging industry. He held a business degree from the University of Washington. He died at the age of 98 in 2021.

Oregon House of Representatives
The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly, the upper house being the Oregon State Senate. There are 60 members of the House, representing 60 districts across the state, each with a population of approximately 65,000. The House meets in the west wing of the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.

Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits. In 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992), that had restricted State Representatives to three terms (six years) on procedural grounds.

In the current legislative session, Democrats have 37 seats, a slim 2 seat supermajority, while the Republicans have a minority of 23 seats.
2025 FIFA Club World Cup Group A
Group A was one of eight groups in the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup, an international club soccer tournament hosted in the United States and organized by FIFA. It comprised four teams: Palmeiras of Brazil; Porto of Portugal; Al Ahly of Egypt; and host Inter Miami CF of the United States. Teams qualified by winning the respective continental club championships of their confederation, through a ranking of their performance in competitions, or as the representative of the host association. Only two clubs per country were allowed to qualify unless three or four won their respective continental club championship. The 2025 edition of the FIFA Club World Cup was the first in the tournament's history to be played under its quadrennial format with 32 teams. The group's matches began on June 14 and concluded on June 23.

Geography of association football
The following article gives a list of association football confederations, sub-confederations and associations around the world. The sport's international governing body is FIFA, but those associations not affiliated with FIFA are also included in this article.

Most European, African, and Asian countries have two principal competitions: a more prestigious league which is typically a double round-robin tournament restricted to the elite clubs, and a cup which is a single-elimination tournament open to both the elite and lesser clubs.

In the Americas, leagues are often organised as either multi-stage tournaments or separate Apertura and Clausura stages.
Valerie McDonnell
Valerie McDonnell (born May 25, 2004) is an American politician serving as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives for Rockingham County's 25th District. Elected in November 2022, she assumed office on December 7, 2022.

McDonnell is a member of Generation Z.

Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Rockingham County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 314,176, making it New Hampshire's second-most populous county. The county seat is Brentwood. Rockingham County is part of the Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area and the greater Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area. Per the 2020 census, it was New Hampshire's fastest growing county from 2010 to 2020.

As of 2014–2018 estimates from the American Community Survey, Rockingham County was the fourth- wealthiest county in New England, with a median household income of $90,429.
1978 Ramazzotti Cup
The 1978 Ramazzotti Cup, also known as the Milan Indoor or Milan WCT, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Palazzo dello Sport in Milan in Italy. The event was part WCT Tour which was incorporated into the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 27 March through 2 April 1978. Second-seeded Björn Borg won the singles title. Total attendance for the tournament was 76,841.

Palasport di San Siro
Palasport di San Siro was an indoor arena in Milan, Italy. It was primarily used for basketball and volleyball until the PalaSharp opened in 1985. The arena held 18,000 spectators and opened on 31 January 1976. On 17 January 1985, a large snowfall collapsed the roof and the arena was closed.

On 14 and 15 September 1984, at Palasport di San Siro, British rock band Queen performed their only concerts - other than the 1984 Sanremo Music Festival -  in Italy with Freddie Mercury as frontman.
Timeline of women's legal rights in the United States (other than voting)
The following timeline represents formal legal changes and reforms regarding women's rights in the United States except voting rights. It includes actual law reforms as well as other formal changes, such as reforms through new interpretations of laws by precedents.

Due Process Clause
A Due Process Clause is found in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, which prohibit the deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the federal and state governments, respectively, without due process of law.

The U.S. Supreme Court interprets these clauses to guarantee a variety of protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings); substantive due process (a guarantee of some fundamental rights); a prohibition against vague laws; incorporation of the Bill of Rights to state governments; and equal protection under the laws of the federal government.
Jack Clemons
Jack Clemons (November 9, 1943 – May 29, 2024) was an aerospace engineer and air and space industry professional.  He was a lead engineer on NASA's Apollo and Space Shuttle Programs, and later an aerospace company executive. He appeared as himself in the "Command Module" episode of the 2008 Discovery Science Channel six-part documentary Moon Machines. He also appeared as himself in the 2019 National Geographic Channel documentary Apollo: Back to the Moon.  Following retirement from the aerospace industry, Clemons was a consultant and a professional writer as well as a speaker and presenter on NASA's space programs.

Moon Machines
Moon Machines is a Science Channel HD documentary miniseries consisting of six episodes documenting the engineering challenges of the Apollo program to land men on the Moon. It covers everything from the iconic Saturn V to the Command Module, the Lunar Module, the Space Suits, the Guidance and Control Computer, and the Lunar Rover. It was created by the team that made In the Shadow of the Moon in association with NASA to commemorate the agency's fiftieth anniversary in 2008. It first aired in June 2008 in the U.S. and UK, and was released on DVD a year later in June 2009.