hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kuruwa
Kuruwa (曲輪, くるわ) is a Japanese term for the walls of a Japanese castle, and the regions bounded by the arrangement of those walls. The term may also be written as 郭, and the term maru (丸) is also used for castles built after the Edo period. The kuruwa serves as a defensive territory, provides space for additional castle facilities, and contains the living quarters for common soldiers, making it an important fixture of all Japanese castles. Most castles built during the Middle Ages contain many kuruwa of small area, while those built during or after the early modern period often contain a lesser number of kuruwa of larger area. The western equivalent is the motte-and-bailey.

Motte-and-bailey castle
A motte-and-bailey castle is a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade. Relatively easy to build with unskilled labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Low Countries it controlled, in the 11th century, when these castles were popularized in the area that became the Netherlands. The Normans introduced the design into England and Wales. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries.
2009 Breeders' Cup
The 2009 Breeders' Cup World Championships were the 26th edition of thoroughbred racing's season ending premier event, and took place on November 6 and 7 during the Oak Tree meeting at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California. The event was telecast by ESPN. The Breeders' Cup is generally regarded as the end of the North America racing season, although a few Grade I events take place in later November and December.

The highlight of the weekend was Zenyatta's victory in the Breeders' Cup Classic, marking the first time a female horse had won the race. Horses from Europe and California won the majority of races.

Arcadia, California
Arcadia is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, located about 13 miles (21 km) northeast of downtown Los Angeles in the San Gabriel Valley and at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. It contains a series of adjacent parks consisting of the Santa Anita Park racetrack, the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, and Arcadia County Park. The city had a population of 56,681 at the 2020 census. The city is named after Arcadia, Greece.
Boudrias
Boudrias is a Canadian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

André Boudrias (1943–2019), Canadian ice hockey player

Christine Boudrias (born 1972), Canadian short track speed skater

Luc Boudrias (born 1960), Canadian sound engineer

Michel Boudrias (born 1977), Canadian politician

Christine Boudrias
Christine Boudrias (born September 3, 1972, in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian short track speed skater who competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics and in the 1998 Winter Olympics.

She was a member of the Canadian 3000 m relay team which won silver in 1994, and bronze during the 1998 Winter Olympics.
H. Ralph Gunter
H. Ralph Gunter (August 23, 1891 – 1973) was a politician in the Canadian province of New Brunswick.

He was born in Ludlow, New Brunswick, the son of Herbert and Eliza Gunter.

In the 1935 New Brunswick general election, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly, one of four Liberal Party candidates elected for the four-member riding of York, ousting the four Conservative incumbents.

He and his wife Gladys June Gunter née Richards (Welsh) and born in Edmundston, New Brunswick (1891–1974) are buried together in the Fredericton Rural Cemetery.

Edmundston
Edmundston (/ˈɛdməndstən/) is a city in Madawaska County, New Brunswick, Canada. Established in 1850, it had a population of 16,437 as of 2021.

On January 1, 2023, Edmundston amalgamated with the village of Rivière-Verte and parts of two local service districts; revised census figures have not been released.
Opus sectile
Opus sectile is a form of pietra dura popularized in the ancient and medieval Roman world where materials were cut and inlaid into walls and floors to make a picture or pattern. Common materials were marble, mother of pearl, and glass. The materials were cut in thin pieces, polished, then trimmed further according to a chosen pattern. Unlike tessellated mosaic techniques, where the placement of very small uniformly sized pieces forms a picture, opus sectile pieces are much larger and can be shaped to define large parts of the design.

The term opus sectile was introduced in recent centuries, but the Romans used the term sectilia pavimenta.

Nacre
Nacre (/ˈneɪkər/ NAY-kər, also /ˈnækrə/ NAK-rə), also known as mother-of-pearl, is an organic–inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer. It is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent.

Nacre is found in some of the most ancient lineages of bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods. However, the inner layer in the great majority of mollusc shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, and this usually results in a non-iridescent shine, or more rarely in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure as is found in conch pearls.

The outer layer of cultured pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Other mollusc families that have a nacreous inner shell layer include marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae.
Arcano (horse)
Arcano (foaled 14 February 2007) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was one of the best European colts of his generation in 2009 when he was unbeaten in three races including the July Stakes and the Prix Morny. He failed to win in two races as a three-year-old and was retired at the end of his second season. He has stood at a breeding stallion in Ireland and Italy and has had some success as a breeding stallion.

Prix Morny
The Prix Morny is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to two-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Deauville over a distance of 1,200 metres (about 6 furlongs), and it is scheduled to take place each year in August.
The Butcher's Ballroom
The Butcher's Ballroom is the debut studio album by Swedish avant-garde metal band Diablo Swing Orchestra, released in 2006. It features all four songs from their EP and disc debut Borderline Hymns, along with 9 new songs, for a total of 13 tracks divided into two acts. It is the band's first release with singer AnnLouice Lögdlund.

It received the Biggest Surprise award at the 2006 Metal Storm Awards.

Avant-garde metal
Avant-garde metal (also known as avant-metal, experimental metal, art metal and experimetal) is a subgenre of heavy metal music loosely defined by use of experimentation and innovative, avant-garde elements, including non-standard and unconventional sounds, instruments, song structures, playing styles, and vocal techniques. Avant-garde metal is influenced by progressive rock and extreme metal, particularly death metal, and is closely related to progressive metal. Some local scenes include Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and Seattle in the United States, Oslo in Norway, and Tokyo in Japan.
Heathcote Football Club
The Heathcote Football Club is an Australian Rules Football club which competes in the HDFL.

The club, known as the Heathcote Saints, is based in Heathcote, Victoria and has participated in the HDFL since 1967. The club is a result of a merger between two former Heathcote based teams, Heathcote North & Heathcote Rovers.

The Saints have appeared in 16 grand finals, winning seven; the most recent in 2010.

Heathcote, Victoria
Heathcote (/ˈhiːθkət/) is a town in central Victoria, Australia, situated on the Northern Highway 110 kilometres north of Melbourne and 40 kilometres south-east of Bendigo via the McIvor Highway. Heathcote's local government area is the City of Greater Bendigo, and it is part of the federal electorate of Bendigo and the state electorate of Euroa. At the 2021 census, Heathcote had a population of 2,962, while the estimated resident population of the wider region in 2024 was 5,329.
Pennsylvania Railroad 1361
Pennsylvania Railroad 1361 is a K4 class 4-6-2 "Pacific" type steam locomotive built in May 1918 by the Pennsylvania Railroad's (PRR) Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania. It hauled mainline passenger trains in Pennsylvania and commuter trains in the northern New Jersey Shore on the PRR until its retirement from revenue service in 1956. Afterwards, in 1957, it was refurbished and put on static display next to the PRR's famous Horseshoe Curve in Blair County, Pennsylvania.

Restored to operating condition for excursion service in 1987, No. 1361 and its other surviving fellow K4 locomotive, No. 3750, were designated as the official state steam locomotives by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. In late 1988, it was sidelined due to mechanical problems and a second restoration attempt stalled. As of 2025, the locomotive is owned by the Railroaders Memorial Museum (RMM) in Altoona, Pennsylvania where is it has been undergoing operational restoration.

Pennsylvania General Assembly
The Pennsylvania General Assembly is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is a bicameral body consisting of an upper house, the Pennsylvania State Senate, with 50 members, and a lower house, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, with 203 members. The legislature convenes in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg.

During colonial times (1682–1776), the legislature was known as the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly and was unicameral. Since the Constitution of 1776, the legislature has been known as the General Assembly. The General Assembly became a bicameral legislature in 1791.
Nikolai Lavrov
Lavrov, Nikolai Vladimirovich (Russian: Лавро́в, Никола́й Влади́мирович; 1802–1840) was a Russian baritone opera singer.

He sang in Moscow at the Bolshoi Theatre. He possessed a voice of beautiful timbre and wide range, and was especially famous for his roles in the operas Robert le diable by Giacomo Meyerbeer, Zampa by Louis Herold and Askold's Grave by Alexey Verstovsky.

Alexey Verstovsky
Alexey Nikolayevich Verstovsky (Russian: Алексéй Никола́евич Верстóвский) (March 1 [O.S. February 18] 1799 – November 17 [O.S. November 5] 1862) was a Russian composer, musical bureaucrat and rival of Mikhail Glinka.
2022 Men's British Open Squash Championship
The Men's 2022 Allam British Open was the men's edition of the 2022 British Open Squash Championships, which is a 2021–22 PSA World Tour event. The event took place at the Sports Complex at the University of Hull in Hull in England between 28 March and 3 April 2022. The event was sponsored by Dr Assem Allam.

In a repeat of the 2021 final New Zealand's Paul Coll defeated Egypt's Ali Farag.

University of Hull
The University of Hull is a public research university in Kingston upon Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was founded in 1927 as University College Hull. The main university campus is located in Hull and is home to the Hull York Medical School, a joint initiative with the University of York. Students are served by Hull University Union.

The first chancellor of the university was Lord Middleton (1954–1969), followed by Lord Cohen (1970–1977), Lord Wilberforce (1978–1994), Lord Armstrong (1994–2006) and Virginia Bottomley (Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone) (2006–2023). Alan Johnson was installed as the current chancellor in July 2023.
KTBY
KTBY (channel 4) is a television station in Anchorage, Alaska, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. The station is owned by Coastal Television Broadcasting Company LLC, which provides certain services to dual ABC/CW+ affiliate KYUR (channel 13) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with owner Vision Alaska LLC. The two stations share studios on East Tudor Road in Anchorage; KTBY's transmitter is located in historic downtown Anchorage atop the Hilton Anchorage East Tower hotel.

Some of KTBY's programming is broadcast to rural communities via low-power translators through the Alaska Rural Communications Service (ARCS).

Hilton Hotels & Resorts
Hilton Hotels & Resorts (formerly known as Hilton Hotels) is a global brand of full-service hotels and resorts and the flagship brand of American multinational hospitality company Hilton Worldwide.

The original company was founded by Conrad Hilton. As of December 30, 2019, 584 Hilton Hotels & Resorts properties with 216,379 rooms in 94 countries and territories are located across six continents. This includes 61 properties that are owned or leased with 219,264 rooms, 272 that are managed with 119,612 rooms, and 251 that are franchised with 77,451 rooms. In 2020, Fortune magazine ranked Hilton Hotels & Resorts at number one on their Fortune List of the Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2020 based on an employee survey of satisfaction.
Jambes
Jambes (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃b] ⓘ; Walloon: Djambe) is a sub-municipality of the city of Namur located in the province of Namur, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1977. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Namur.

Jambes is known for the former Géronsart Abbey, the 13th century Enhaive or Anhaive keep (donjon d'Enhaive or Anhaive), the old bridge on the river Meuse and the seat of the Government of Wallonia (Élysette).

Fusion of the Belgian municipalities
The fusion of the Belgian municipalities (French: fusion des communes, Dutch: fusie van Belgische gemeenten) was a Belgian political process that rationalized and reduced the number of municipalities in Belgium between 1964 and 1983. In 1961, there were 2,663 such municipalities; by 1983, these had been re-arranged and combined into 589 larger municipalities.
Bogen (surname)
Bogen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Bogen (1882–1961), Austrian fencer

Alexander Bogen (1916–2010), Polish-Israeli artist

Bjarne Bogen (born 1951), Norwegian immunologist

Boris D. Bogen (1869–1929), Russian-American educator and social worker

Debra Bogen, American pediatrician and public health official

James Bogen, American science philosopher

Joel Bogen, English guitarist

Joseph Bogen, American neurophysiologist

Nancy Bogen, American scholar, author, and artist

Øystein Bogen (born 1969), Norgwegian journalist and documentary filmmaker

Paul Logasa Bogen, United States Army officer

Rico Bogen, German triathlete

Joseph Bogen
Joseph E. Bogen (July 13, 1926 – April 22, 2005) was an American neurophysiologist who specialized in split brain research and focused on theories of consciousness. He was a clinical professor of neurosurgery at the University of Southern California, Adjunct Professor of Psychology at UCLA, and a visiting professor at Caltech.
Robert Kinoshita
Robert Kinoshita (February 24, 1914 – December 9, 2014) was an American artist, art director, set and production designer who worked in the American film and television industries from the 1950s through the early 1980s.

The Phantom Planet
The Phantom Planet is a 1961 independently made American black-and-white science fiction film produced by Fred Gebhardt, directed by William Marshall, and starring Dean Fredericks, Coleen Gray, Anthony Dexter, and Francis X. Bushman. It was the first credited appearance of Richard Kiel, although he is not identifiable in the masked monster costume used for the film. The Phantom Planet was released on December 13, 1961 in the U.S. by American International Pictures as a double feature with Assignment Outer Space (1960).

The film was featured on the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 as episode #902.
HMS Bombay (1828)
HMS Bombay was an 84-gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 17 February 1828 at Bombay Dockyard.

She was fitted with screw propulsion in 1861 at Chatham Dockyard. This was a significant modification and involved cutting the ship in half and inserting a section to lengthen her, as well as fitting a Humphrys, Tennant and Dykes steam engine that gave a speed of 10 knots. Under the command of Captain Colin Andrew Campbell, she was sent to South America as the flagship of Rear-Admiral Charles Elliot.

On 8 December 1864, members of the crew fielded a cricket side to play against the Buenos Aires Cricket Club in the opening of the BACC's new game field in Parque Tres de Febrero in Palermo, Buenos Aires, located where the Galileo Galilei planetarium is today. That day the BACC defeated the Bombay team by 85 runs to 31.

Parque Tres de Febrero
Parque Tres de Febrero, popularly known as Bosques de Palermo (Palermo Woods), is an urban park of approximately 400 hectares (about 989 acres) located in the neighborhood of Palermo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Located between Libertador and Figueroa Alcorta Avenues, it is known for its groves, lakes, and rose gardens (El Rosedal).
Dazemard River
The Dazemard River is a tributary of the east bank of the Wetetnagami River flowing into Senneterre in the RCM of La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, in Quebec, in Canada.

This river crosses successively (from the upstream) the cantons of Souart, Moquin and Effiat.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector; recreational tourism activities, second.

The Dazemard River Valley is served by the R1015 Forest Road (North-South direction) passing west of the Wetetnagami River Valley; this road joins the road R1051 towards the North (East-West direction).

The surface of the Dazemard River is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Abitibi-Témiscamingue (French pronunciation: [abitibi temiskamɛ̃ɡ] ⓘ) is an administrative region located in western Québec, Canada, along the border with Ontario. It became part of the province in 1898. It has a land area of 57,736.50 square kilometres (22,292.19 sq mi) and its population was 147,082 people as of the 2021 census. The region is divided into five regional county municipalities (French: municipalité régionale de comté, or MRC) and 79 municipalities. Its economy continues to be dominated by resource extraction industries. These include logging and mining all along the rich geologic Cadillac Fault between Val-d'Or and Rouyn-Noranda, as well as agriculture.
MatlinPatterson
MatlinPatterson is a distressed securities fund that participates in distressed and credit opportunities on a global basis. The firm was established in 2002 as a spinout from Credit Suisse First Boston. It is headquartered in New York City and has offices in London and Hong Kong. MatlinPatterson was founded by David Matlin and Mark Patterson. MatlinPatterson, through MatlinPatterson Global Advisers, manages private equity vehicles with a distressed-for-control mandate as well as an open-ended strategy seeking non-control credit investment opportunities.

MatlinPatterson is managed by co-founder David Matlin, together with Managing Partner, Peter Schoels and Michael Lipsky.  Mr. Schoels has served as Managing Partner since 2009 and is also responsible for management of the illiquid investment portfolio. Mr. Lipsky, who joined the Firm in early 2011, is responsible for management of the liquid investment portfolio. Co-founder Mark Patterson serves as Chairman of MatlinPatterson Group.

Credit Suisse First Boston
Credit Suisse First Boston (also known as CSFB and CS First Boston) was the investment banking affiliate of Credit Suisse headquartered in New York.

The company was created by the merger of First Boston Corporation and Credit Suisse Group in 1988 and was active in investment banking, capital markets and financial services. In 2006, Credit Suisse reorganized and merged CS First Boston into the parent company and retired use of the "First Boston" brand. In 2022, as part of a major restructuring, Credit Suisse began the process of spinning out the investment bank into an independent company and revived the brand. The process ultimately failed, and Credit Suisse was merged into rival Swiss bank UBS.
Simon, Count of Syracuse
Simon (fl. 1162) was the Norman Count of Syracuse and a member of the Hauteville family. He may be an illegitimate son of Roger II of Sicily, but more likely a son of Henry, Count of Paterno, the brother-in-law of Roger I. He was probably a descendant of his predecessor Tancred.

In 1162, when Frederick Barbarossa was seeking allies for a planned invasion of the Kingdom of Sicily, he made a treaty with the Republic of Genoa, offering them the entire Ligurian coast and the lands of Simon in Sicily. These lands included the cities of Syracuse and Noto and 250 knight's fees (caballariae) in the fertile plain around Noto, the Val di Noto. When the Emperor Henry VI reissued his father's charter to Genoa on 30 May 1191, he retained the promise of Simon's lands, even though Simon was by then dead.

Hauteville family
The Hauteville family (Italian: Altavilla, Sicilian: Autaviḍḍa) was a Norman family, originally of petty lords, from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy. The Hautevilles rose to prominence through their part in the Norman conquest of southern Italy. In 1130, Roger II of Hauteville, was made the first King of Sicily. His male-line descendants ruled the kingdom until 1194. The Hauteville also took part in the First Crusade and ruled the independent Principality of Antioch (1098).
Mark Surman
Mark Surman is a Canadian open internet activist and the president of the Mozilla Foundation. He is a leading advocate for trustworthy AI, digital privacy, and the open internet. Before joining the Mozilla Foundation, Mark spent more than 15 years leading organizations and projects promoting the use of the internet and open source for social empowerment in many countries around the world.

Surman is also an active board member, currently serving as an advisory board member of the McMaster University Masters in Public Policy, Digital Society program, the co-chair of the steering committee for the European AI Fund, and a board member for the Mozilla Foundation.

Surman's writing has appeared in The Washington Post, CNN.com, The Globe and Mail, Chronicle of Philanthropy, MIT's Innovations, and Fast Company. In 2005, Mark published the book Commonspace: Beyond Virtual Community. with Prentice Hall.

Fast Company
Fast Company is an American business magazine published monthly in print and online, focusing on technology, business, and design. Founded in 1995, it releases six print issues annually, in addition to various ranking lists, podcasts, newsletters, and paid communities of business executives. As of 2025, Fast Company attracts millions of monthly readers. It is owned by Mansueto Ventures.
Vanessa Miranville
Vanessa Miranville (born 26 July 1983) is a French politician who has held office as the mayor of La Possession in Réunion since 2014. She is involved in green politics and advocates for more ecologically responsible management of household waste.

Municipal solid waste
Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately. In the European Union, the semantic definition is 'mixed municipal waste,' given waste code 20 03 01 in the European Waste Catalog. Although the waste may originate from a number of sources that has nothing to do with a municipality, the traditional role of municipalities in collecting and managing these kinds of waste have produced the particular etymology 'municipal.'