hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mal'cev's criterion
In differential geometry, Mal'cev's criterion, proved by Anatoly Mal'cev, states that a simply connected nilpotent Lie group admits a lattice, i.e., a discrete co-compact subgroup, if and only if the associated Lie algebra admits a basis such that the structure constants are rational.

The relevance of Mal'cev's criterion comes from the fact that it gives us a one-to-one correspondence between isomorphism classes of Lie algebras with rational structure constants and compact nilmanifolds. Indeed, Mal'cev showed that compact nilmanifolds are precisely quotients of simply connected nilpotent Lie groups by a lattice.

Nilpotent Lie algebra
In mathematics, a Lie algebra  is nilpotent if its lower central series terminates in the zero subalgebra. The lower central series is the sequence of subalgebras

We write , and  for all . If the lower central series eventually arrives at the zero subalgebra, then the Lie algebra is called nilpotent. The lower central series for Lie algebras is analogous to the lower central series in group theory, and nilpotent Lie algebras are analogs of nilpotent groups.

The nilpotent Lie algebras are precisely those that can be obtained from abelian Lie algebras, by successive central extensions.

Note that the definition means that, viewed as a non-associative non-unital algebra, a Lie algebra  is nilpotent if it is nilpotent as an ideal.
Uganda at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Uganda sent a delegation to compete at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, United States. The country thus made its return to the Summer Paralympic Games after a twenty-year absence. It entered only one athlete, who competed in powerlifting. He did not win a medal.

1996 Summer Paralympics
The 1996 Summer Paralympic in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, were held from August 15 to 25. It was the first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship, and had a budget of USD $81 million.

It was the first Paralympic Games where International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability athletes were given full medal status.
2-Methoxyethoxymethyl chloride
2-Methoxyethoxymethyl chloride is an organic compound with formula CH3OCH2CH2OCH2Cl.  A colorless liquid, it is classified as a chloroalkyl ether.  It is used as an alkylating agent. In organic synthesis, it is used for introducing the methoxyethoxy ether (MEM) protecting group.  MEM protecting groups are generally preferred to methoxymethyl (MOM) protecting groups, both in terms of formation and removal.

Typically, the alcohol to be protected is deprotonated with a non-nucleophilic base such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, Hunig's base) in dichloromethane followed by addition of 2-methoxyethoxymethyl chloride.

The MEM protecting group can be cleaved (deprotection) with a range of Lewis and Bronsted acids.

Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane (DCM, methylene chloride, or methylene bichloride) is an organochlorine compound with the formula CH2Cl2. This colorless, volatile liquid with a chloroform-like, sweet odor is widely used as a solvent. Although it is not miscible with water, it is slightly polar and miscible with many organic solvents.
Frank Neese
Frank Günther Neese is a German theoretical chemist at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research. He is the author of more than 440 scientific articles in journals of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics. His work focuses on the theory of magnetic spectroscopies (electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetic circular dichroism) and their experimental and theoretical application, local pair natural orbital correlation theories, spectroscopy oriented configuration interaction, electronic and geometric structure and reactivity of transition metal complexes and metalloenzymes. He is lead author of the ORCA quantum chemistry computer program. His methods have been applied to a range of problems in coordination chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, and bioinorganic chemistry.

Theoretical chemistry
Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular orbitals, orbital interactions, and molecule activation.
Isabelle Pantin
Isabelle Pantin (born 1952, née Carteron) is a French literary scholar, historian of science, and expert on Renaissance literature, scientific publications from the Renaissance, and the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. She is a professor emerita of literature and language at the École normale supérieure (Paris).

Renaissance literature
Renaissance literature refers to European literature which was influenced by the intellectual and cultural tendencies associated with the Renaissance. The literature of the Renaissance was written within the general movement of the Renaissance, which arose in 14th-century Italy and continued until the mid-17th century in England while being diffused into the rest of the western world. It is characterized by the adoption of a humanist philosophy and the recovery of the classical Antiquity. It benefited from the spread of printing in the latter part of the 15th century.
Football Association of Mykolaiv Oblast
Football Association of Mykolaiv Oblast is a football governing body in the region of Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine. The association is a member of the Regional Council of UAF and the collective member of the UAF itself.

Mykolaiv Oblast
Mykolaiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Миколаївська область, romanized: Mykolaivska oblast, IPA: [mɪkoˈlɑjiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also referred to as Mykolaivshchyna (Ukrainian: Миколаївщина, IPA: [mɪkoˈlɑjiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast (province) of Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Mykolaiv. At the most recent estimate, the population of the oblast stood at 1,091,821 (2022 estimate).
Yunus Rajabiy
Yunus Rajabiy (5 January 1897 – 23 April 1976) was a Soviet-Uzbek composer, instrumentalist, folklorist, academic, and leader of Uzbek music groups. In addition to composing much celebrated music, he systematically collected, documented, and recorded many Uzbek songs, preserving songs from collective memory.

Rajabiy received many awards for his work including the Soviet Order of Lenin, the title People's Artist of the Uzbek SSR, and the Order of Outstanding Merit of Uzbekistan. Several locations in Uzbekistan bear his name, including a station on the Tashkent Metro. In 1997, on the occasion of his 100th birthday, the Yunus Rajabiy Museum was inaugurated in Tashkent.

Tashkent Metro
The Tashkent Metro (Uzbek: Toshkent metropoliteni, Тошкент метрополитени) is the rapid transit system serving the city of Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. It was the seventh metro to be built in the former USSR, opening in 1977, and the first metro in Central Asia. Each station is designed around a particular theme, often reflected in the station name.

The Tashkent Metro consists of four lines, operating on 70.4 kilometres (43.74 mi) of route and serving 50 stations. In 2025, the metro carried 286.8 million passengers, which corresponds to a daily average of approximately 785,000 passengers.
Isbergues
Isbergues (French pronunciation: [isbɛʁɡ]; West Flemish: Iberge; Picard: Iberque) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France about 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Béthune and 29 miles (47 km) west of Lille by the banks of the Canal d’Aire.

On 1 January 1996, the former communes of Molinghem, Berguette and Isbergues were consolidated into a single commune and took the name of Isbergues.

Pas-de-Calais
The Pas-de-Calais (French: [pɑ d(ə) kalɛ] ⓘ, 'strait of Calais'; Picard: Pas-Calés; Dutch: Nauw van Calais) is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has the most communes of all the departments of France, with 887, and is the 8th most populous. It had a population of 1,465,278 in 2019. The Calais Passage connects to the Port of Calais on the English Channel. The Pas-de-Calais borders the departments of Nord and Somme and is connected to the English county of Kent via the Channel Tunnel.
Novosedly (Strakonice District)
Novosedly is a municipality and village in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Novosedly lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Strakonice, 58 km (36 mi) north-west of České Budějovice, and 103 km (64 mi) south-west of Prague.

České Budějovice
České Budějovice (Czech: [ˈtʃɛskɛː ˈbuɟɛjovɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Budweis) is a city in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 97,000 inhabitants. The city is located in the valley of the Vltava River, at its confluence with the Malše.

České Budějovice is the largest city in the region and its political and commercial capital, the seat of the Diocese of České Budějovice and the University of South Bohemia. It is famous for the Budweiser Budvar Brewery. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Ōsawa
Ōsawa, Osawa or Oosawa (written: 大沢 or 大澤 lit. "big swamp") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chiho Osawa (大澤 ちほ, born 1992), Japanese ice hockey player

Eiji Osawa (born 1935), Japanese chemist

Itsumi Osawa (born 1966), Japanese actress, writer and singer

Kenji Osawa (born 1976), Japanese mixed martial artist

Kisaburo Osawa (1910–1991), Japanese aikidoka

Masaaki Ōsawa (born 1946), Japanese politician and governor of Gunma Prefecture

Masayo Ōsawa (1913–1945), Japanese diver

Masayuki Osawa (大沢 正行, born 1946), Japanese swimmer

Reiko Ōsawa (born 1915), Japanese diver

Shigeki Osawa (born 1986), Japanese mixed martial artist

Shinichi Osawa (born 1967), Japanese musician better known as Mondo Grosso

Takao Osawa (born 1968), Japanese actor

Reiko Ōsawa
Reiko Ōsawa (大沢 礼子, Ōsawa Reiko; 28 November 1915 – 2010) was a Japanese diver. She competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in the 10 m platform event and finished in fourth place.

Her elder sister, Masayo Ōsawa, also competed in that edition of the Olympics, in the 3 m springboard and the 10 m platform events.
Gardenia jasminoides
Gardenia jasminoides, commonly known as gardenia and cape jasmine, is an evergreen flowering plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae. It is native to the subtropical and northern tropical parts of the Far East. Wild plants range from 30 centimetres to 3 metres (about 1 to 10 feet) in height. They have a rounded habit with very dense branches with opposite leaves that are lanceolate-oblong, leathery or gathered in groups on the same node and by a dark green, shiny and slightly waxy surface and prominent veins.

With its shiny green leaves and heavily fragrant white summer flowers, it is widely used in gardens in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates. It also is used as a houseplant in temperate climates. It has been in cultivation in China for at least a thousand years, and it was introduced to English gardens in the mid-18th century. Many varieties have been bred for horticulture, with low-growing, and large, and long-flowering forms.

Houseplant
A houseplant, also known as a pot plant, potted plant, or indoor plant, is an ornamental plant cultivated indoors for aesthetic or practical purposes. These plants are commonly found in homes, offices, and various indoor spaces, where they contribute to the ambiance by adding natural beauty and improving air quality. Most houseplants are tropical or semi-tropical species, as they thrive in the warm, humid conditions often found indoors. Many of them are epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants), succulents (which store water in their leaves), or cacti, which are particularly well-suited to indoor environments due to their low maintenance requirements.
Fred Roberts (RAF officer)
Air Vice-Marshal John Frederick Roberts, CB, CBE (24 February 1913 – 20 April 1996) was a Welsh cricketer and Royal Air Force officer.

Fred Roberts was born in Pontardawe and educated at Pontardawe Grammar School. Playing for Glamorgan from 1934 to 1936 and for Combined Services from 1946 to 1949, he appeared in eight first-class matches as a left-handed batsman. He scored 204 runs with a highest score of 52.

He joined the Royal Air Force in 1938, served in the Middle East during World War II and was mentioned in despatches. After the war he rose to the rank of air vice-marshal and was appointed a CBE and CB. He was the RAF's Director General of Ground Training.

Pontardawe
Pontardawe (Welsh pronunciation: [pɔntarˈdawɛ] ⓘ) is a town and a community in the lower Swansea Valley (Welsh: Cwmtawe). It had a population of approximately 7,172 in the 2021 Census for Pontardawe Parish, and forms part of the county borough of Neath Port Talbot.

On the opposite bank of the River Tawe is the village of Alltwen, part of the community of Cilybebyll, and is administered separately from Pontardawe. The town is at the crossroads of the A474 road and the A4067 road.

Pontardawe came into existence as a small settlement on the north-western bank of the River Tawe, where the drovers' road from Neath and Llandeilo crossed the river to go up the valley to Brecon. The National Cycle Route 43 from Swansea to Builth Wells passes through the town and the recreation ground.
Dalcerides dulciola
Dalcerides dulciola is a moth in the family Dalceridae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in southern Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, northern Ecuador and northern Venezuela. The habitat consists of tropical wet, tropical moist, tropical premontane wet and tropical premontane rain forests.

The length of the forewings is 6–9 mm. Adults are on wing year round.

Harrison Gray Dyar Jr.
Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric progression in the growth of insect parts, is named after him. He was also noted for eccentric pursuits which included digging tunnels under his home. He had a complicated personal life and along with his second wife he adopted the Baháʼí Faith.
Gurko
Gurko is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Iosif Gurko (1828–1901), Russian field marshal

Leo Gurko (1914–2008), Polish-American author

Vasily Gurko (1864–1937), Russian army officer

Vladimir Gurko (1862–1927), Russian government official

Vasily Gurko
Vasily Iosifovich Romeyko-Gurko (Russian: Васи́лий Ио́сифович Роме́йко-Гу́рко; 20 May 1864 in Tsarskoye Selo – 11 February 1937) served for a brief period as a Chief-of-Staff of the Imperial Russian Army before being forced out of the country in exile following the October Revolution of 1917.
Quaife (surname)
Quaife is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Quaife-Hobbs (born 1991), British racing driver

Alan Quaife (1945–2019), Australian rules footballer

Barzillai Quaife (1798–1873), British-born editor

Bernard Quaife (1899–1984), English cricketer

Darlene Quaife (born 1948), Canadian novelist

Frank Quaife (1905–1968), English cricketer

Geoffrey Robert Quaife, Australian social historian

John Quaife (born 1955), retired senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force

Milo Quaife (1880–1959), American historian

Phil Quaife (born 1986), British racing driver

Pete Quaife (1943–2010), English musician, artist and author

Walter Quaife (1864–1943), English cricketer

Willie Quaife (1872–1951), English cricketer

Milo Quaife
Milo Milton Quaife (1880–1959) was a historian of Michigan and the Great Lakes region.

Quaife was born in Nashua, Iowa. He received his education at Grinnell College, the University of Missouri and the University of Chicago. He was head of the Wisconsin Historical Society and later secretary-editor at the Detroit Public Library's Burton Collection. He was also a lecturer at Wayne State University and the University of Detroit.  He served as editor of the Lakeside Classics historical series from 1916 to 1957.
Leo Skeete
Leopold Anthony Skeete (born 3 August 1949) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Born in Liverpool, Skeete played non-League football for Burscough and Ellesmere Port Town before signing for Rochdale in April 1973. He played 40 Football League games for Rochdale, scoring 14 goals, before returning to non-League football with Mossley in 1975, serving as caretaker manager in January 1978. He signed for Runcorn in 1982 for £3,500, and then Altrincham in 1983, before retiring in 1984.

Burscough F.C.
Burscough Football Club is an English football club based in Burscough, Lancashire. The club is a member of the North West Counties League, and competes in the Premier Division. Its home ground is The Community Stadium, in Burscough.
Polyisocyanurate
Polyisocyanurate (/ˌpɒlɪˌaɪsoʊsaɪˈænjʊəreɪt/), also referred to as PIR, polyol, or ISO, is a thermoset plastic typically produced as a foam and used as rigid thermal insulation. The starting materials are similar to those used in polyurethane (PUR) except that the proportion of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is higher and a polyester-derived polyol is used in the reaction instead of a polyether polyol. The resulting chemical structure is significantly different, with the isocyanate groups on the MDI trimerising to form isocyanurate groups which the polyols link together, giving a complex polymeric structure.

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is an aromatic diisocyanate. Three isomers are common, varying by the positions of the isocyanate groups around the rings: 2,2′-MDI, 2,4′-MDI, and 4,4′-MDI. The 4,4′ isomer is most widely used, and is also known as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.  This isomer is also known as Pure MDI. MDI reacts with polyols in the manufacture of polyurethane. It is the most produced diisocyanate, accounting for 61.3% of the global market in the year 2000.
Cadre (politics)
In political contexts, a cadre (/ˈkɑːdrə/, also UK: /ˈkɑːdər/, also US: /ˈkɑːdreɪ/) consists of persons who function as leaders within a political organization.
In some socialist states, a cadre is a group of people trained to carry out the goals of the party-state and to disseminate and enforce official ideology. These groups aim to stimulate loyalty by mobilizing citizens and by encouraging ideological and policy consensus. Cadres can be deployed in the field or employed in central offices by a political party, by the state, or by the secret police. They are often formed in order to break apart existing  class hierarchies among citizens of a party-state. Such cadres have operated in a number of different countries: for example in the Soviet Union (1922 to 1991) and in Ethiopia during the Derg (1974 to 1987). As of 2025 the People's Republic of China maintains a cadre system.

Socialist state
A socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism. This article is about states that refer to themselves as socialist states, and not specifically about communist states that refer to themselves as socialist states. It includes information on liberal democratic states with constitutional references to socialism as well as other state formations that have referred to themselves as socialist.
Borwick (surname)
Borwick is an English toponymic surname. Notable people with this name include:

Bill Borwick

Neil Borwick

Nancy Borwick

Peter Borwick

Baron Borwick

Thomas Borwick

Leonard Borwick

Victoria Borwick

Broch of Borwick

George Borwick (umpire)

George Borwick (politician)

Jamie Borwick, 5th Baron Borwick

Robert Borwick, 1st Baron Borwick

Other

Borwick Hall

Borwick railway station

St Mary's Church, Borwick

Borwick railway station
Borwick railway station formerly served the village of Borwick in Lancashire, England. It was located on the Furness and Midland Joint Railway line between Carnforth and Wennington, 3 miles (5 km) east of Carnforth Joint station.
Imparja Cup
The Imparja Cup and National Indigenous Cricket Championships are Australian cricket tournaments based in Alice Springs, Northern Territory. The 2025 edition was held in Mackay. The tournaments are contested annually by teams of Indigenous Australian cricketers.

Indoor cricket
Indoor cricket is a variant of and shares many basic concepts with cricket. The game is most often played between two teams each consisting of six or eight players.

Several versions of the game have been in existence since the late 1960s, whilst the game in its present form began to take shape in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The codified sport of indoor cricket is not to be confused with conventional cricket played indoors, or with other modified versions of cricket played indoors (see other forms of indoor cricket below).
Portinscale
Portinscale is a village in Cumbria, England, close to the western shore of Derwentwater in the Lake District National Park 1+1⁄2 miles (2.5 kilometres) from Keswick.

For administrative purposes, Portinscale lies within the civil parish of Above Derwent, the unitary authority of Cumberland, and the ceremonial county of Cumbria. It is within the Penrith and Solway constituency of the United Kingdom Parliament. The village covers approximately 100 acres (40 hectares). At the 2011 census the population was 560.

The name of the village means "the harlot's hut", deriving from the Old English "portcwene" (harlot) and Old Norse "skáli" (hut). The scholar Eilert Ekwall cites an undated early spelling of the name as "Portquenscale".

Eilert Ekwall
Bror Oscar Eilert Ekwall (8 January 1877 in Vallsjö – 23 November 1964 in Lund) was a Swedish academic, Professor of English at Sweden's Lund University from 1909 to 1942 and one of the outstanding scholars of the English language in the first half of the 20th century. He wrote works on the history of English, but he is best known as the author of numerous important books on English place-names (in the broadest sense) and personal names.
Timothy J. Boham
Timothy John Boham (born May 27, 1981), also known as Marcus Allen, is a former gay pornographic film actor who was convicted in 2009 of first-degree murder in the shooting death of 43-year-old Denver businessman John Paul "J P" Kelso. Boham is now a trans woman.

Her case is featured on the Season 2, Episode 9 titled “Betting on Death”, from the show, Deadly Sins and on the season 1, episode 2 titled “The Porn Identity”, from the show Lethally Blonde.

Falcon Entertainment
Falcon Entertainment (also known as Falcon Studios), a United States independent company based in San Francisco, California, is one of the world's largest producers of gay pornography.

Founded in 1971 by Chuck Holmes, the company is one of the most recognizable brand names in gay pornography. The owners/managers of several of its major American competitors, Hot House Entertainment, Colt Studios, Channel 1 Releasing and Titan Media (Steven Scarborough, John Rutherford, Chi Chi LaRue, Bruce Cam,: 262  respectively) previously worked for Falcon.
David Penney (rugby union)
David Nelson Penney (born June 4, 1970) is a Canadian former rugby union international.

Penney, born in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, was a prop who was capped in seven Tests for Canada during the 1990s. He featured on the 1996 tour of Australia and was an unused member of the 1999 Rugby World Cup squad.

Educated at Oxford University, Penney competed for Blackheath and Henley while in England, in addition to representing Oxford University RFC. He played a match for Oxford University against the touring South Africa "A" team in 1996.

Henley Hawks
Henley Hawks is a rugby union club based in Henley-on-Thames and is one of the leading rugby clubs in the Thames Valley. The first team play in the fourth tier of the English league system; National League 2 East.