hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dwarf spheroidal galaxy
A dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) is a term in astronomy applied to small, low-luminosity galaxies with very little dust and an older stellar population. They are found in the Local Group as companions to the Milky Way and as systems that are companions to the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). While similar to dwarf elliptical galaxies in appearance and properties such as little to no gas or dust or recent star formation, they are approximately spheroidal in shape and generally have lower luminosity.

Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions"—collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products.  It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy.  Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred to as star clusters or stellar associations.
Al-Thawrah, Hama Governorate
Al-Thawrah (Arabic: الثورة ath-thawrah, meaning "the revolution")  is a Syrian village located in Qalaat al-Madiq Subdistrict in Al-Suqaylabiyah District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the village had a population of 632 in the 2004 census.

Qalaat al-Madiq Subdistrict
Qalaat al-Madiq Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية قلعة المضيق)  is a Syrian nahiyah (subdistrict) located in al-Suqaylabiyah District in Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Qalaat al-Madiq Subdistrict had a population of 85,597 in the 2004 census.
Case presentation
A case presentation is a formal communication between health care professionals such as doctors and nurses regarding a patient's clinical information.

Essential parts of a case presentation include:

Identification

Reason for consultation/admission

Chief complaints (CC) - what made patients seek medical attention.

History of present illness (HPI) - circumstances relating to chief complaints.

Past medical history (PMHx)

Past surgical history

Current medications

Allergies

Family history (FHx)

Social history (SocHx)

Physical examination (PE)

Laboratory results (Lab)

Other investigations (imaging, biopsy etc.)

Case summary and impression

Management plans

follow up in clinic or hospital

Adherence of the patient to treatment

success of the treatment or failure.

causes of success or failure.

Physical examination
In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally consists of a series of questions about the patient's medical history followed by an examination based on the reported symptoms. Together, the medical history and the physical examination help to determine a diagnosis and devise the treatment plan. These data then become part of the medical record.
Transhydrogenase
Transhydrogenase may stand for

NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (Re/Si-specific)

NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (Si-specific)

Proton-Translocating NAD(P)+ Transhydrogenase

Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase

Glutathione—cystine transhydrogenase

Lactate—malate transhydrogenase

Glutathione—homocystine transhydrogenase

Glutathione—CoA-glutathione transhydrogenase

Glutathione—homocystine transhydrogenase
Glutathione—homocystine transhydrogenase (EC 1.8.4.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The substrates of this enzyme are glutathione and homocystine. Its products are glutathione disulfide and homocysteine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with a disulfide as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is glutathione:homocystine oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in methionine metabolism and glutathione metabolism.
El Cisne
El Cisne is a city in the southern region of Ecuador, in Loja province, about 74 km (46 mi) from the city of Loja.

The city is known for the much venerated Marian National Shrine of Our Lady of El Cisne.

Loja Province
Loja Province (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlo.xa]) is one of 24 provinces in Ecuador and shares its southern border on the west with El Oro Province, on the north with El Azuay, and on the east with Zamora-Chinchipe. Founded on its present site in 1548 by Captain Alonso de Mercadillo (Spanish), the site had been previously moved and rebuilt from La Toma due to earthquakes. It also is named as "Cuxibamba Valley", from the Quichua language, which means the "Smiley Valley".
Johann Lindner
Johann "Hans" Lindner (born 3 May 1959 in Tragail, Paternion, Carinthia) is a retired hammer thrower from Austria, who represented his native country in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1984. He also competed at the Winter Olympics, in 1984 as a bobsledder.

Carinthia
Carinthia (German: Kärnten [ˈkɛʁntn̩] ⓘ; Slovene: Koroška [kɔˈɾóːʃka] ⓘ or avstrijska Koroška; Italian: Carinzia [kaˈrintsja]) is the southernmost and least densely populated Austrian state, in the Eastern Alps, and is noted for its mountains and lakes. The Lake Wolayer is a mountain lake on the Carinthian side of the Carnic Main Ridge, near the Plöcken Pass. The main language is Austrian German, with its non-standard dialects belonging to the Southern Bavarian group; Carinthian Slovene dialects, forms of a South Slavic language that predominated in the southeastern part of the region up to the first half of the 20th century, are now spoken by a small minority in the area.

Carinthia's main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry, and agriculture.
Canonical S-expressions
A Canonical S-expression (or csexp) is a binary encoding form of a subset of general S-expression (or sexp).  It was designed for use in SPKI to retain the power of S-expressions and ensure canonical form for applications such as digital signatures while achieving the compactness of a binary form and maximizing the speed of parsing.

The particular subset of general S-expressions applicable here is composed of atoms, which are byte strings, and parentheses used to delimit lists or sub-lists. These S-expressions are fully recursive.

While S-expressions are typically encoded as text, with spaces delimiting atoms and quotation marks used to surround atoms that contain spaces, when using the canonical encoding each atom is encoded as a length-prefixed byte string. No whitespace separating adjacent elements in a list is permitted. The length of an atom is expressed as an ASCII decimal number followed by a ":".

XML Schema (W3C)
XSD (XML Schema Definition), a recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), specifies how to formally describe the elements in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) document. It can be used by programmers to verify each piece of item content in a document, to assure it adheres to the description of the element it is placed in.

Like all XML schema languages, XSD can be used to express a set of rules to which an XML document must conform to be considered "valid" according to that schema. However, unlike most other schema languages, XSD was also designed with the intent that determination of a document's validity would produce a collection of information adhering to specific data types. Such a post-validation infoset can be useful in the development of XML document processing software.
Medoacus
Medoacus or Mediochos (Ancient Greek Μηδείοχος) is the Latin name of two rivers (originally two distributaries of the same river) in Northern Italy:

Medoacus Major (Greater Medoacus), modern Brenta (river)

Medoacus Minor (Lesser Medoacus), modern Bacchiglione

Bacchiglione
The Bacchiglione (Latin: Medoacus Minor, "Little Medoacus") is a river that flows in Veneto, northern Italy. It rises in the Alps and empties about 90 miles (140 km) later into the Brenta River near Chioggia. It flows through and past a number of cities, including Vicenza and Padua. It acted for many centuries as a significant waterway up to Vicenza, above which it ceases to be navigable. It was connected in the 19th century to the Adige by a canal.
Season of Love (2019 film)
Season of Love is a 2019 American romantic comedy film directed by Christin Baker, from a screenplay written by Kathryn Trammell. Featuring an ensemble cast including Dominque Provost-Chalkley, Sandra Mae Frank, Laur Allen, Janelle Marie Rodriguez, Jessica Clark, and Emily Goss, the story follows three female  couples as they fall in love over the holiday season. The film was described as "a Love, Actually for our [queer] community".

The film was produced in-house by Tello Films and released on the company's streaming platform on November 29, 2019.

Christin Baker
Christin Marie Baker is an American producer, director, and screenwriter from Nashville, Tennessee. She is the founder and CEO of Tello Films, a streaming network, production, and distribution company of films and web series with a lesbian focus.
Buisman
Buisman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Sybrandus Keverling Buisman (1890–1944), Dutch civil engineer and Professor of Applied Mechanics

Christine Buisman (1900–1936), Dutch phytopathologist

Hendrik van Borssum Buisman (1873–1951), Dutch painter

Jan van Borssum Buisman (1919–2012), Dutch painter

Christine Buisman
Christine Johanna Buisman (Dutch pronunciation: [krɪsˈtinə joːˈɦɑnaː ˈbœysmɑn]; 22 March 1900 – 27 March 1936) was a Dutch phytopathologist who dedicated her short career to the research of Dutch elm disease and the selection of resistant elm seedlings. In 1927, Buisman provided the final proof that Graphium ulmi (later named Ophiostoma ulmi) was the causal agent of the disease, concluding the controversy which had raged among Dutch and German scientists since 1922.

Buisman developed the inoculation method for screening large numbers of elm plants for resistance, and in 1932 discovered the generative form of the fungus, Ceratostomella ulmi. The first ever resistant elm clone released in the Netherlands was named for her in 1937, following her untimely death the previous year.
To Better Days (album)
To Better Days is the fourth studio album by American rock band Slaves, released on August 7, 2020, through SBG Records as a follow-up to their third studio album, Beautiful Death (2018). The album was produced by Jimmy Alexander and is the band's first release to feature lead vocalist Matt McAndrew, rhythm guitarist Felipe Sanchez, and drummer Zachary Baker. It is also their first release since the departure of original lead vocalist Jonny Craig, who left the group in January 2019.

It's the band's final album released under the name Slaves, having changed their name briefly to Rain City, then finally to Rain City Drive in 2021. The album is marketed under the Rain City Drive catalog on digital retailers; in such places, the Slaves logo has been removed from the cover art.

Jonny Craig
Jonathan Monroe Craig (born March 26, 1986) is an American-Canadian singer, widely recognised for his tenure as the former lead vocalist of renowned post-hardcore bands such as Dance Gavin Dance, Emarosa, and then Slaves, as well as his role as co-lead vocalist in the short-lived supergroup Isles & Glaciers. Presently, he serves as the lead vocalist for the American post-hardcore band Old Flame. As a solo artist, Craig has released two studio albums, two EPs, and a live album, garnering acclaim for his distinctive soul-based singing style.
Beverley Martyn
Beverley Martyn (born Beverley Kutner 24 March 1947) is a British folk singer, songwriter and guitarist. At various times, she has worked with John Martyn, Levon Helm, Jimmy Page, Dave Pegg, Richard Thompson, John Renbourn, Ralph McTell, Davy Graham and Sandy Denny.

Dave Pegg
Dave Pegg (born 2 November 1947) is an English musician, songwriter and record producer, primarily a bass guitarist. He is the longest-serving member of the British folk rock band Fairport Convention and has been bassist with a number of folk and rock groups including the Ian Campbell Folk Group and Jethro Tull.
Mark Cane
Mark A. Cane is an American climate scientist. He obtained his PhD at MIT in 1975. He is currently the G. Unger Vetlesen Professor of Earth and Climate Sciences at Columbia University and the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory.  He actively pursues several research and teaching initiatives, and supports the Columbia climate kids corner . As of November 11, 2015, his publications have been cited over 22,600 times, and he has an h-index of 75.

He was involved in the first numerical prediction of El Niño-Southern Oscillation in 1986.

Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research institution of Columbia University specializing in the Earth system science. It is located on its own campus north of Manhattan in Palisades, New York.

The observatory was one of the centers of research that led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics as well as many other notable scientific developments.
Matilde Fidalgo
Matilde Mota Veiga Santiago Fidalgo (born 15 May 1994) is a Portuguese professional former footballer who last played as a right-back or a centre-back for Famalicão and the Portugal women's national team.

Fidalgo made her senior debut for Portugal in September 2013 and represented her country at UEFA Women's Euro 2017.

Taça de Portugal Feminina
The Taça de Portugal Feminina (english: Women's Cup of Portugal) is an annual association football competition and the premier knockout tournament in Portuguese female football. It was founded in 2003. For sponsorship reasons, it has been known as Taça de Portugal Feminina Allianz. It is disputed from the clubs from the Campeonato Nacional Feminino and the Campeonato Nacional II Divisão Feminino.

The winners dispute the Supertaça de Futebol Feminino against the first league winners.

1º de Dezembro were the first winners, in the 2003–04 season, and hold the record of most wins (7). SCU Torrense are the current holders (1st title) after beating S.L. Benfica 2–1 after extra time in the 2025 final.
Kei Ling Ha
Kei Ling Ha (Chinese: 企嶺下) is an area of Shap Sze Heung, on the Sai Kung Peninsula, in eastern New Territories of Hong Kong. Administratively, it is part of Tai Po District. It is a popular place for countryside visits, picnicking and bird watching.

Tai Po District
Tai Po District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is located in the New Territories. The suburban district covers the areas of Tai Po New Town (including areas such as Tai Po Market, Tai Po Old Market, Tai Po Industrial Estate, Tai Wo Estate), Tai Po Tau, Tai Po Kau, Hong Lok Yuen, Ting Kok, Plover Cove, Lam Tsuen Valley, Tai Mei Tuk and other surrounding areas, and its exclaves Sai Kung North, in the northern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula and including islands such as Grass Island (Tap Mun), and Ping Chau (Tung Ping Chau). Tai Po proper and Sai Kung North are divided by the Tolo Channel and the Tolo Harbour (Tai Po Hoi). The district is located in the Eastern New Territories. The de facto administrative centre of the district is Tai Po New Town.

Like Yuen Long, the area of Tai Po used to be a traditional market town. Tai Po New Town, a satellite town, developed around the area of Tai Po and on reclaimed land on the estuaries of Lam Tsuen and Tai Po rivers.
Shinichiro Furumoto
Shinichiro Furumoto (古本 伸一郎, Furumoto Shinichirō; born March 11, 1965) is a former Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, who served as a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature).

A native of Takamatsu, Kagawa and graduate of Ritsumeikan University, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 2003. As a member of the Diet, he represents the 11th District of Aichi prefecture, which includes the cities of Toyota and Miyoshi.

Toyota, Aichi
Toyota (豊田市, Toyota-shi; pronounced [toꜜjota ɕi]), formerly known as Koromo, is a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019, the city had an estimated population of 426,162 and a population density of 464 people per km2. The total area was 918.32 square kilometres (354.57 sq mi). It is located about 50 minutes from Nagoya by way of the Meitetsu Toyota Line.

Several of Toyota Motor Corporation's manufacturing plants, including the Tsutsumi plant, are located there. The longstanding ties between the Toyota Motor Corporation and the town of Toyota, formerly known as Koromo (挙母市, Koromo-shi), gave the town its current name. The city's flag (and seal), is a unicursal hexagram.
Slaughterhouse (2023)
Slaughterhouse (2023) was a professional wrestling event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW). It was the first annual Slaughterhouse and took place on October 14, 2023, at the 2300 Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was MLW's third live special produced for FITE, with additional matches being taped for future episodes of MLW Fusion.

The event also featured the MLW return of Tom Lawlor after a two-year sabbatical, who then later announced that he had signed with MLW.

Major League Wrestling
Major League Wrestling (MLW) is an American professional wrestling promotion based in New Rochelle, New York. The promotion was founded in 2002 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by former WWE writer Court Bauer. The promotion markets its product as "Hybrid Wrestling", with its roster featuring a mix of different wrestling styles.

The promotion originally ran live events until 2004, with these events seen on the television series, MLW Underground TV. MLW returned to promoting events in July 2017, and resumed weekly television programming with the premiere of MLW Fusion in April 2018.
Trainbow
Trainbow is the nickname that is given to the LGBT marketing concept by train operating companies, initially in the United Kingdom, to cover their trains and carriages in rainbows or pride flags. The word is a portmanteau of the words "train" and "rainbow".

Pride flag
A pride flag is any flag that represents a segment or part of the LGBTQ community. Pride in this case refers to the notion of LGBTQ pride. The terms LGBTQ flag and queer flag are also often used interchangeably.

The rainbow flag, which represents the entire LGBTQ community, is the most widely used pride flag. Pride flags can represent various sexual orientations, romantic orientations, gender identities, subcultures, and regional purposes. Some pride flags, however, are not exclusively related to LGBTQ communities, such as the flag for leather subculture.

Numerous communities have embraced distinct flags, with a majority drawing inspiration from the rainbow flag. These flags are often created by amateur designers and later gain traction online or within affiliated organizations, ultimately attaining a semi-official status as a symbolic representation of the community. Typically, these flags incorporate a range of colors that symbolize different aspects of the associated communities.
Gödel numbering for sequences
In mathematics, a Gödel numbering for sequences provides an effective way to represent each finite sequence of natural numbers as a single natural number. While a set theoretical embedding is surely possible, the emphasis is on the effectiveness of the functions manipulating such representations of sequences: the operations on sequences (accessing individual members, concatenation) can be "implemented" using total recursive functions, and in fact by primitive recursive functions.

It is usually used to build sequential “data types” in arithmetic-based formalizations of some fundamental notions of mathematics. It is a specific case of the more general idea of Gödel numbering. For example, recursive function theory can be regarded as a formalization of the notion of an algorithm, and can be regarded as a programming language to mimic lists by encoding a sequence of natural numbers in a single natural number.

Transitive relation
In mathematics, a binary relation R on a set X is transitive if, for all elements a, b, c in X, whenever R relates a  to b and b to c, then R also relates a to c.

Every partial order and every equivalence relation is transitive. For example, less than and equality among real numbers are both transitive: If a < b and b < c then a < c; and if x = y and y = z then x = z.
Skiba
Skiba is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksander Skiba (1945–2000), Polish volleyball player and coach

Bridgette Skiba (born 1999), American soccer player

Daniel Skiba (born 2000), Polish footballer

Galina Skiba (born 1984), Russian ice hockey player

Gerhard Skiba (1947–2019), Austrian politician

Henri Skiba (1927–2018), French football player

Jakub Skiba (born 1961), Polish civil servant and diplomat

Jeff Skiba (born 1984), American Paralympian athlete

Krzysztof Skiba (born 1964), Polish musician, songwriter, satirist, essayist and actor

Leszek Skiba (born 1978), Polish banker and politician

Matt Skiba (born 1976), American musician

Paige Skiba, American economist

Piotr Skiba (born 1982), Polish professional footballer

Russell Skiba, American educational psychologist

Witold Skiba, Polish theoretical physicist

Zuzanna Skiba, German artist

Henri Skiba
Heinrich "Henri" Skiba (14 July 1927 – 11 March 2018) was a French football player and manager who played as a striker. Of German origin, he played for the France national team.

Skiba was born in German Upper Silesia. After World War II, as a refugee from Silesia, he was discovered by 1. FC Nürnberg when their "Oldies" team played a Bavarian non-league side in 1949. He was signed for the first team but appeared in only two Oberliga Süd matches in the early stages of 1949–50 before moving on to France. He became an international for the France national team  and won his first full cap at 32.

As a manager, Skiba worked in Switzerland and France.

He died in Limoges, France in March 2018.
Brundidge
Brundidge could refer to:

Brundidge, Alabama, United States, a city

Brundidge Building, a commercial building in Hope, Arkansas, United States

Myles Brundidge, American curler

Sheletta Brundidge, American children's author

Stephen Brundidge Jr., American lawyer and politician

Myles Brundidge
Myles Brundidge (born 1960 in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin) is an American curler. He competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, where the American team placed 4th, and at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, where they placed 7th. In 1999 he was named the United States Curling Association and United States Olympic Committee Male Athlete of the Year.
Tumu United
Tumu United is a Ghanaian professional football team that plays in the 1A Zone of the Ghana Division One League. Zone 1A has seven competing teams from the part of the Ashanti Region, Brong Ahafo Region and the three Northern Regions of Ghana.

Brong-Ahafo region
The Brong-Ahafo region was a region in central Ghana. Brong-Ahafo was bordered to the north by the Black Volta river and to the east by the Lake Volta, and to the south by the Ashanti, Eastern and Western regions. The capital of Brong-Ahafo is Sunyani. Brong-Ahafo was created on 14 April 1959 from the then Western Ashanti and named after the main ethnic groups, the Brong and Ahafo. In 2019, as a result of the 2018 Ghanaian new regions referendum, the region was divided into three, namely Bono, Bono East and Ahafo regions, and ceased to exist.