hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Memphis and Charleston Railroad
The Memphis and Charleston Railroad, completed in 1857, was the first railroad in the United States to link the Atlantic Ocean with the Mississippi River.  Chartered in 1846, the 311 miles (501 km) 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge railroad ran from Memphis, Tennessee, to Stevenson, Alabama, through the towns of Corinth, Mississippi, and Huntsville, Alabama. The portion between Memphis and LaGrange, Tennessee, was originally to be part of the LaGrange and Memphis Railroad, chartered in 1838. From Stevenson, the road was connected to Chattanooga, Tennessee, via the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. In Alabama, the railroad followed the route of the Tuscumbia, Courtland and Decatur Railroad between Tuscumbia and Decatur, the first railroad to be built west of the Appalachian Mountains.

In many instances, it was the larger cities and towns, with higher populations, that received superior service and rail line access, as well as higher-quality trains.

5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways
Railways with a railway track gauge of 5 ft (1,524 mm) first appeared in the United Kingdom and the United States. This gauge became commonly known as "Russian gauge", because the government of the Russian Empire chose it in 1843. Former areas and states (such as Finland) of the Empire have inherited this standard. However in 1970, Soviet Railways redefined the gauge as 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in).

With about 225,000 km (140,000 mi) of track, 1,520 mm is the second-most common gauge in the world, after 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge.
X-Cutioner's Song
"X-Cutioner's Song" is a crossover storyline published by Marvel Comics' in twelve parts from November 1992 to early 1993. It ran in Uncanny X-Men, X-Men (vol. 2), X-Factor, and X-Force, and featured Stryfe as the central villain.

The main issues of the crossover were sold polybagged with a special trading card that featured Stryfe's personal views of key characters from the crossover. Because of this, the issues were priced at $1.50, twenty-five cents more than their normal price of $1.25.

Crossover (fiction)
A crossover is the placement of two or more otherwise discrete fictional characters, settings, or universes into the context of a single story. They can arise from legal agreements between the relevant copyright holders (known as intercompany crossovers), common corporate ownership or unofficial efforts by fans.

This is different from a spoof, where one discrete character, setting, or universe, copies another character, setting, or universe, often in a comedic manner.
The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang
The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang is an American animated science fiction comedy series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and Paramount Television and originally broadcast during the Saturday morning schedule on ABC from November 8, 1980, until November 28, 1981. It is a spin-off of the live-action sitcom Happy Days.

Television comedy
Television comedy is a category of broadcasting that has been present since the early days of entertainment media. While there are several genres of comedy, some of the first ones aired were variety shows. One of the first United States television programs was the comedy-variety show Texaco Star Theater, which was most prominent in the years that it featured Milton Berle (from 1948 to 1956). The range of television comedy has become broader, with the addition of sitcoms, improvisational comedy, and stand-up comedy, while also adding comedic aspects into other television genres, including drama and news. Television comedy provides opportunities for viewers to relate the content in these shows to society. Some audience members may have similar views about certain comedic aspects of shows, while others will take different perspectives. This also relates to developing new social norms, sometimes acting as the medium that introduces these transitions.
Belyounech
Belyounech (Spanish: Beliones, Arabic: بليونش) is a town and rural commune in the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma region of Morocco. The city has many alternate transliterations, including Beliunech and Bel Younech.

Belyounech borders the community of Benzú in the Spanish autonomous city of Ceuta, and is located 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) from the city of Ceuta. Incidents involving the Ceuta border fence have had people trying to cross the border from the west side of the fence in Belyounech into Ceuta.

The community is a popular stop for people looking to ascend Jebel Musa because it is the nearest town to the base of the mountain.

Jebel Musa (Morocco)
Jebel Musa (Arabic: جبل موسى, Jabal Mūsā; Berber languages: Adrar n Musa; meaning "Mount Moses") is a mountain in the northernmost part of Morocco, on the African side of the Strait of Gibraltar. It is part of the Rif mountain chain. The mountain is claimed by some to be the southern Pillar of Hercules, Mons Abila (Mount Abila or Abyla).
Volyn Deposit
The Volyn Deposit is a unique occurrence of chamber pegmatites located in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine, near the urban-type settlement of Khoroshiv (formerly Volodarsk-Volynskyi). It forms part of the Northwestern Megablock of the Ukrainian Shield and is renowned as one of the world's most significant sources of gemstones and rare minerals. The deposit formed approximately 2 billion years ago through pegmatization processes, resulting in the creation of large, high-purity crystals.

Beryl
Beryl (/ˈbɛrəl/ BERR-əl) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2(SiO3)6. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring  hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, pink, and red (the rarest). It is an ore source of beryllium.
Sam Rainbird
Samuel Leigh Rainbird (born 5 June 1992) is a former Australian cricketer. He is a left-arm fast bowler. He is best known for his time with Tasmania and multiple Big Bash League franchises.

Before his first contract with Tasmania in 2011, Rainbird played Australian Rules Football for the Clarence Football Club in the Tasmanian Football League. He was born in Hobart and was educated at MacKillop College and Guilford Young College.

In March 2022, during the 2021–22 Sheffield Shield season, Rainbird took eight wickets for 21 runs against Queensland, recording the best bowling figures for Tasmania in a first-class match. Rainbird then took a five-wicket haul in the second innings of the match, resulting in the best match figures for Tasmania in the Sheffield Shield, with totals of 13 for 42.

Clarence Football Club
The Clarence Football Club, nicknamed the Kangaroos, is an Australian rules football club playing in the Southern Football League, based in Bellerive, Tasmania. Before 1947, they existed as Bellerive Football Club.

The Club play their home games at  Ninja Stadium  (formerly Bellerive Oval And Blundstone Arena), Hobart's Test Cricket ground, they share the facilities with Tasmania's cricket team, the Tasmanian Tigers.
Glaucosciadium
Glaucosciadium is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae.

Its native range is Southern Turkey, Cyprus, Iran.

Species:

Glaucosciadium cordifolium (Boiss.) B.L.Burtt & P.H.Davis

Glaucosciadium insigne (Pimenov & Maassoumi) Spalik & S.R.Downie

Apiaceae
Apiaceae (/ˌeɪpiˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ ⓘ), also called Umbelliferae, is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.
Antoni Wachholz
Antoni Wachholz (or Anton Wacholz; 6 February 1814 in Biała – 18 July 1873 in Kraków) was a Polish historian and rector of Jagiellonian University in 1865. He was also a member of the Galician Diet during its first term.

After completing his studies, he worked at a school in Chernivtsi. In 1847, he was appointed to the Chair of General History at Jagiellonian University, but in 1848, he moved to the University of Lviv, where he served as dean and later as rector from 1857 to 1858. In 1860, he returned to Kraków, but due to his limited proficiency in Polish, he conducted lectures in German. He was appointed by Austrian authorities as rector of Jagiellonian University for the term 1864–1865.

He was married to Joanna Zagórska, and his son, Leon Wachholz, was a professor at Jagiellonian University. Antoni Wachholz was buried at Rakowicki Cemetery (section IX, south side).

Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria
The Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and of the Grand Duchy of Cracow was the regional assembly of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a crown land of the Austrian Empire, and later Austria-Hungary. In the history of the Polish parliaments, it is considered the successor of the former sejm walny, or general sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and also of the sejmik, or local councils, in the territories of the Austrian Partition. It existed from 1861 until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918.
16α-Iodo-E2
16α-Iodo-E2, or 16α-iodoestradiol, is a synthetic, steroidal, potent estrogen with slight preference for the ERα over the ERβ that is used in scientific research. The KD of 16α-iodo-E2 for the ERα is 0.6 nM and for the ERβ is 0.24 nM, a 4-fold difference in affinity, whereas estradiol is considered to have similar affinity for the two receptor subtypes. Unlike the case of the much weaker estriol (16α-hydroxyestradiol), 16α-iodo-E2 is considered to be equipotent with estradiol in terms of estrogenic activity. Radiolabeled [16α-125I]iodo-E2 has been employed in imaging to study the estrogen receptor.

Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Examples include the lipid cholesterol, sex hormones estradiol and testosterone,: 10–19  anabolic steroids, and the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug dexamethasone. Hundreds of steroids are found in fungi, plants, and animals. All steroids are manufactured in cells from a sterol: cholesterol (animals), lanosterol (opisthokonts), or cycloartenol (plants). All three of these molecules are produced via cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
André Flajolet
André Flajolet is a French politician. He was born on 6 December 1946 in Saint-Floris, department of Pas-de-Calais. He is a philosophy teacher.
He was elected on 16 June 2002 deputy of the 9th circonscription of Pas-de-Calais (Béthune and surroundings) for the 12th Legislature so as becoming the first right-wing deputy for many years.
He was re-elected on 17 June 2007 deputy of the 13th Legislature.
During his two mandates, he was  member of the Union for a Popular Movement parliamentary group.

Saint-Floris
Saint-Floris (West Flemish: Sint-Floris) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France about 9 miles (14 km) north of Béthune and 30 miles (48 km) west of Lille. The canalized river Lys flows through the commune, forming part of the border with the department of Nord.
Lower Otay Reservoir
Lower Otay Reservoir is a reservoir in San Diego County, California. It is flanked by Otay Mountain to the southeast, the Jamul Mountains to the east, Otay Lakes Road and Upper Otay Reservoir to the north, and the city of Chula Vista to the west.

The reservoir is formed by impounding the waters of the Otay River, behind Savage Dam, completed in 1918, and is also the terminus for the second San Diego Aqueduct, which transports imported water from the Colorado River. The dam and reservoir are owned by the City of San Diego.

Jamul Mountains
The Jamul Mountains are a mountain range of the Peninsular Ranges System.

They are located in southernmost San Diego County, California. The Mexico–United States border is nearby to the south.

There is a trail starting at Upper Otay Lake that leads over the western part of the range.
Wylie Rogers
Wylie Rogers (born March 16, 1985) is an American ice hockey goaltender. He played with the Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees of the Central Hockey League.

Prior to turning professional, Rogers attended the University of Alaska Fairbanks where he played four seasons of NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey with the Alaska Nanooks men's ice hockey team.

Rogers played the 2010-11 season in the Netherlands with the Heerenveen Flyers.

UNIS Flyers
The UNIS Flyers are a professional ice hockey club located in Heerenveen, Netherlands. The team competes in the BeNe League and also takes part in the Dutch Cup. Home games are played in the  ice hockey arena  which forms part of the Thialf complex.
Macular sparing
Macular sparing is visual field loss that preserves vision in the center of the visual field, otherwise known as the macula. It appears in people with damage to one hemisphere of their visual cortex, and occurs simultaneously with bilateral homonymous hemianopia or homonymous quadrantanopia. The exact mechanism behind this phenomenon is still uncertain. The opposing effect, where vision in half of the center of the visual field is lost, is known as macular splitting.

Macula
The macula (/ˈmækjʊlə/), in full macula lutea, is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in other animals. The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the umbo, foveola, foveal avascular zone, fovea, parafovea, and perifovea areas.

The anatomical macula, at a size of 5.5 mm (0.22 in), is much larger than the clinical macula, which, at a size of 1.5 mm (0.059 in), corresponds to the anatomical fovea.

The macula is responsible for the central, high-resolution, color vision that is possible in good light. This kind of vision is impaired if the macula is damaged, as in macular degeneration. The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil, as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography.

The term macula lutea comes from Latin macula, "spot", and lutea, "yellow".
Viterbi decoder
A Viterbi decoder uses the Viterbi algorithm for decoding a bitstream that has been
encoded using a convolutional code or trellis code.

There are other algorithms for decoding a convolutionally encoded stream (for example, the Fano algorithm). The Viterbi algorithm is the most resource-consuming, but it does the maximum likelihood decoding. It is most often used for decoding convolutional codes with constraint lengths k≤3, but values up to k=15 are used in practice.

Viterbi decoding was developed by Andrew J. Viterbi and published in the paper Viterbi, A. (April 1967). "Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 13 (2): 260–269. doi:10.1109/tit.1967.1054010.

There are both hardware (in modems) and software implementations of a Viterbi decoder.

Viterbi decoding is used in the iterative Viterbi decoding algorithm.

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Information Theory Society. It covers information theory and the mathematics of communications. It was established in 1953 as IRE Transactions on Information Theory. The editor-in-chief is Venugopal V. Veeravalli (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign). As of 2007, the journal allows the posting of preprints on arXiv.

According to Jack van Lint, it is the leading research journal in the whole field of coding theory. A 2006 study using the PageRank network analysis algorithm found that, among hundreds of computer science-related journals, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory had the highest ranking and was thus deemed the most prestigious. ACM Computing Surveys, with the highest impact factor, was deemed the most popular.
Niels Holst-Sørensen
Niels Holst-Sørensen (19 December 1922 – 24 October 2023) was a Danish athlete and air force officer, and a centenarian. He served as the commander-in-chief of the Royal Danish Air Force from 1970 to 1982, and as Denmark's military representative to NATO from 1982 to 1986. He won gold and silver medals at the 1946 European Athletics Championships and served as a member of the International Olympic Committee from 1977 to 2002.

1946 European Athletics Championships
The 3rd European Athletics Championships were held from 22 August to 25 August 1946 in the Bislett Stadion in Oslo, Norway. For the first time it was a combined event for men and women, and for the first time a city in Scandinavia hosted the championships.  Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald.

Two of the women's medalists from France underwent sex change later.  Claire Brésolles became Pierre Brésolles, and Léa Caurla became Léon Caurla.
Alejandro Sánchez Camacho
Alejandro Sánchez Camacho (born 26 August 1960) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRD. He served as Deputy of both the LX and LXII Legislatures of the Mexican Congress representing the Federal District's 21st congressional district.

On 16 August 2012 he was appointed general secretary of the PRD.

LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LX Legislature (60th session) of the Congress of Mexico met from September 1, 2006, to September 1, 2009. All members of both the lower and upper houses of Congress were elected in the elections of July 2006.
Mick Flavin
Mick Flavin (born 1949 or 1950) is an Irish country singer from Ballinamuck in County Longford. Flavin recorded his first album in Athlone in June 1986. His first big hit was "I'm Gonna Make It After All". Flavin's recordings of "Jennifer Johnston & Me" (1989) and "The Waltz Of Angels" (1998) reached number 22 and number 10 respectively in the Irish Singles Chart. According to his website, in 2005 he was nominated for the Country Music Association's "Global Artist Award".

County Longford
County Longford (Irish: Contae an Longfoirt) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Longford. Longford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 46,634 at the 2022 census. The county is based on the historic Gaelic territory of Annaly (Anghaile), formerly known as Teffia (Teathbha).
Healing Hands (TV series)
Healing Hands (妙手仁心) is a 1998 Hong Kong medical drama series that ran on TVB Jade. It focuses on the lives and loves of the doctors and nurses at the fictional Yan Oi Hospital in Hong Kong. It is noted for its realism in depicting medical situations, thanks to the help of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority, who had loaned actual hospital equipment and facilities for filming. It can be considered the Hong Kong equivalent to the American television series ER, although its storyline are arguably mirrored in another American series, Grey's Anatomy. Lawrence Ng is the main star of the show as neurosurgeon  Dr. Paul Ching Chi Mei. The other main role is played by Bowie Lam, who plays Dr. Henry Lai Kwok Chu as an accident and emergency doctor who is best friends with Paul.

The show was followed by two sequels, Healing Hands II (2000) and Healing Hands III (2005).

TVB Jade
TVB Jade (Chinese: 無綫電視翡翠台), or simply Jade, is a Hong Kong Cantonese-language free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) as its flagship service, alongside its sister network, the English-language TVB Pearl. Broadcasting started on 19 November 1967. It is headquartered at TVB City at the Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate in Tseung Kwan O, in the Sai Kung District. Primarily broadcasting entertainment programming, TVB Jade has historically been the most dominant television channel in the region in terms of viewership, with its closest competitor having been the now-defunct ATV Home.

Jade primarily broadcasts in the Cantonese language; it has also offered programs with alternative audio tracks in Mandarin, English, and other foreign languages. Some shows also offer subtitles in multiple languages.
Hu Changqing (general)
Hu Changqing (Chinese: 胡長青; pinyin: Hú Chángqīng; Wade–Giles: Hu Ch'ang-ch'ing; 2 October 1907 – 31 March 1950) courtesy name, Nanzhang, was a Lieutenant General in the Republic of China Army from Linxiang, Hunan. He graduated from the Fourth Engineering Corps Class of the Whampoa Military Academy and the Ninth Class of the Army University. He died in 1950 during the Battle of Xichang during the Chinese Civil War, where he was wounded and committed suicide. He was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general in August 1971.

Linxiang, Hunan
Linxiang (simplified Chinese: 临湘; traditional Chinese: 臨湘; pinyin: Línxiāng) is a county-level city in Hunan province, China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yueyang. Linxiang is located at the northeastern edge of Hunan province, on the southeastern (right) bank of the Yangtze River, which lies to the east of the city proper. Linxiang is bordered to the northwest and the north across the Yangtze by Jianli County and Honghu City of Hubei, to the east by Chibi City, Chongyang and Tongcheng Counties of Hubei, to the south and southwest by Yueyang County, and to the west by Yunxi District. It covers an area of 1,718 km2 (663 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 537,500. The city has 3 subdistricts and 10 towns under its jurisdiction. The government seat is Chang'an (长安街道).
Derek Mitchell (civil servant)
Sir Derek Jack Mitchell KCB CVO (5 March 1922 - 16 August 2009) was a British civil servant who served as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister between 1964 and 1966, and Second Permanent Secretary at Her Majesty's Treasury between 1973 and 1977.

Permanent secretary
A permanent secretary is the most senior civil servant of a department or ministry charged with running the department or ministry's day-to-day activities. Permanent secretaries are the non-political civil service chief executives of government departments or ministries, who generally hold their position for a number of years (thus "permanent") at a ministry as distinct from the changing political secretaries of state to whom they report and provide advice. The role originated in the civil service of the United Kingdom and has been adopted in several Commonwealth countries as well as other countries influenced by the Westminster system.
Gary Steyn
Gary Vivian Steyn (born 10 March 1961) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer. Born in Umtali (now Mutare), Manicaland, he played one first-class match for Mashonaland Country Districts during the 1994–95 Logan Cup.

1994–95 Logan Cup
The 1994–95 Logan Cup, known as the Lonrho Logan Cup for sponsorship reasons, was a first-class cricket competition held in Zimbabwe from 16 September 1994 – 26 March 1995. It was won by Mashonaland, who beat Mashonaland Under-24s in the final having finished top in the league stage of the competition.