hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Těrlicko
Těrlicko (Czech pronunciation: [ˈcɛrlɪtsko]; Polish: Cierlicko, German: Tierlitzko) is a municipality in Karviná District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 4,900 inhabitants.

Moravian-Silesian Region
The Moravian-Silesian Region (Czech: Moravskoslezský kraj) is one of the 14 administrative regions of the Czech Republic. Before May 2001, it was called the Ostrava Region (Czech: Ostravský kraj). The region is located in the north-eastern part of its historical region of Moravia and in most of the Czech part of the historical region of Silesia. The region borders the Olomouc Region to the west and the Zlín Region to the south. It also borders two other countries – Poland (Opole and Silesian Voivodeships) to the north and Slovakia (Žilina Region) to the east.

It is a highly industrialized region, its capital Ostrava was actually called the "Steel Heart of the Republic". In addition, it has several mountainous areas where the landscape is relatively preserved. Nowadays, the economy of the region benefits from its location in the Czech/Polish/Slovak borderlands.
Stream Cliff Farm
Stream Cliff Farm, also called the Stream Cliff Herb Farms, is a historic farm located in southern Jennings County, Indiana, USA, near the village of Commiskey. It was visited by John Hunt Morgan during his cavalry march through Indiana on July 11, 1863. As of 2007, it is the oldest herb farm in Indiana. It opens from April to December.

Commiskey, Indiana
Commiskey is an unincorporated community in central Montgomery Township, Jennings County, Indiana, United States.  It lies along local roads just west of State Road 3, south of the town of Vernon, the county seat of Jennings County.  Although Commiskey is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 47227.
Parliament of Rwanda
The Parliament of Rwanda (French: Parlement du Rwanda; Kinyarwanda: Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda) has consisted of two chambers since 2003:

The Senate (French: Sénat; Kinyarwanda: Sena) (Upper Chamber)

The Chamber of Deputies (French: Chambre des députés; Kinyarwanda: Umutwe w’Abadepite) (Lower Chamber)

Kinyarwanda
Kinyarwanda, officially known as Ikinyarwanda, is a Bantu language and the national language of Rwanda. It is a dialect of the Rwanda-Rundi language that is also spoken in Uganda, where the dialect is known as Ikinyakore, Rufumbira, or Urufumbira. Kinyarwanda is universal among the native population of Rwanda and is mutually intelligible with Kirundi, the national language of neighbouring Burundi.

In 2010, the Rwanda Academy of Language and Culture (RALC) was established to help promote and sustain Kinyarwanda. The organization attempted an orthographic reform in 2014, but it was met with pushback due to their perceived top-down and political nature, among other reasons.
Ontario government debt
The Ontario government debt consists of the liabilities of the Government of Ontario.  Approximately 82% of Ontario's debt is in the form of debt securities (bonds, Treasury bills), while other liabilities include government employee pension plan obligations, loans, and accounts payable.  The Ontario Financing Authority, which manages the province's debt, says that as of March 31, 2020 (for the 2019–20 fiscal year), the Ontario government's net debt is CDN $353.3 billion.  Net debt is projected to rise to $398 billion in 2020–21.  The Debt-to-GDP ratio for 2019–2020 was 39.7%, and is projected to rise to 47.1% in 2020–21.  Interest on the debt in 2019–20 was CDN$12.5 billion, representing 8.0% of Ontario's revenue and its fourth-largest spending area.

Fraser Institute
The Fraser Institute is a conservative Canadian public policy think tank registered as a charity. It is headquartered in Vancouver, with additional offices in Calgary, Toronto, and Montreal. It has links to think tanks worldwide through the Economic Freedom Network and is a member of the free-market Atlas Network.

In 2020, the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Think Tanks' Global Go To Think Tank Index Report ranked Fraser 14th on its "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" listing, and 1st on its list of "Top Think Tanks in Mexico and Canada".
Square Butte (Montana)
Square Butte is a name used for 11 buttes in the U.S. state of Montana. Two of the most prominent are located in Cascade County, Montana, about 22 miles (35 km) due west of Great Falls, and Chouteau County, Montana, about 50 miles (80 km) due east of Great Falls and about 15 miles (24 km) east of the Highwood Mountains. Charles Marion Russell, the noted Montana western artist, used both features as backgrounds in his paintings of Montana.

Stanford, Montana
Stanford is a town in and the county seat of Judith Basin County, Montana, United States. The population was at 403 as of the 2020 census.

Stanford was frequented by C.M. Russell and is featured in some of his landscape paintings.
Phyllonorycter ovalifoliae
Phyllonorycter ovalifoliae is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the Nepal.

The wingspan is 7-7.5 mm.

The larvae feed on Lyonia ovalifolia. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.
Gude language
Gude is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria in Adamawa State in Mubi South LGA and in Borno State in some parts of Askira-Uba LGA.  It is also spoken in neighboring Cameroon.  Different dialects are spoken in Nigeria and Cameroon.

Gude is also spoken in the southern part of Bourrha commune (Mayo-Tsanaga department, Far North Region) and the western end of Mayo-Oulo district (Mayo-Louti department, North Region). It is spoken by about 28,000 people.

Mayo-Louti
Mayo-Louti is a department of North Province in Cameroon. The department covers an area of 4,161 km2 (1,607 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a total population of 334,312. The capital of the department is Guider.
Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum
Field Marshal Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum (1 April 1646 – Donauwörth, 8 July 1704), count of Limburg Stirum and Bronckhorst, sovereign lord zu Gemen, was the son of Adolf Ernst of Limburg Stirum and an imperial Field Marshal.

He inherited the immediate lordship of Gemen in 1675, being 18 years after the death of his father during which the regency on Gemen was exercised by his mother Isabella countess von Vehlen und Meggen zu Raesfeld. The reason for the regency is not known. On 15 September 1700, a decision by the Courts confirmed its succession right over Gemen.

Donauwörth
Donauwörth (German: [ˌdoːnaʊˈvøːɐ̯t] ⓘ; Swabian: Donawerd) is a town and the capital of the Donau-Ries district in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is said to have been founded by two fishermen where the rivers Danube (Donau) and Wörnitz meet. The city is part of the scenic route called "Romantische Straße" (Romantic Road).

The city is situated between Munich and Nuremberg, 46 km north of Augsburg.
Chengdu Plain
The Chengdu Plain (Chinese: 成都平原; pinyin: Chéngdū Píngyuán), referred to in Sichuanese as the Western Sichuan Plain (Chinese: 川西坝子; Sichuanese Pinyin: Cuan1xi1 Ba4zi3), is an alluvial plain located in the western part of the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China. Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, is located at the center of it.

The plain has fertile soil and a favorable climate for rice cultivation, giving it importance in agriculture.

The Chengdu Plain has historically been difficult to reach from the coastal regions of China, leading to it developing its own distinct culture. Only after the beginning of the 20th century, transportation became less inconvenient. In Chinese and Western literature and travel accounts, the plain has long been celebrated for its fertile land, good climate and varying landscape.

Southwestern China
Southwestern China (Chinese: 西南; pinyin: Xīnán) is a region in the People's Republic of China. It consists of five provincial administrative regions, namely Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet.
Subhang
Subhang, or Suvang, is a village development committee (VDC) in Panchthar district, in the Mechi Zone of eastern Nepal. It is surrounded by the Bharapa, Ekteen, Panchami, Tharpu, Chiyandada and Chattedhunga VDCs. The Suvang khola and Tambar Khola (Tamur River) are the major rivers. Major market areas in Subhang include Jorpokhari and Chatture bazaar. Every two weeks, the Chatture local mela is organised. The main economic activity in Subhang is agriculture. Cash crops and staple crops are cultivated, with the main cash crop being cardamom; other cash crops include amlisho, ginger and vegetables. Animals such as chickens, pigs, cattle, goats, buffaloes and sheep are raised for husbandry.

Bubalina
Bubalina is a subtribe of Bovini (wild cattle) that includes the various species of true buffalo. Species include the African buffalo, the anoas, and the wild water buffalo (including the domesticated variant water buffalo). Buffaloes can be found naturally in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, and domestic and feral populations have been introduced to Europe, the Americas, and Australia. In addition to the living species, bubalinans have an extensive fossil record where remains have been found in much of Afro-Eurasia.

American bison are commonly referred to as "buffalo" but are not members of Bubalina.
Stretham
Stretham /ˈstrɛtəm/ is a village and civil parish 4 miles (6 km) south-south-west of Ely in Cambridgeshire, England, about 74 miles (119 km) by road from London. Its main attraction is Stretham Old Engine, a steam-powered pump used to drain the fens. The pump is still in use today although converted to electric power. It has open days throughout the year.

Royal Observer Corps
The Royal Observer Corps (ROC) was a civil defence organisation intended for the visual detection, identification, tracking and reporting of aircraft over Great Britain. It operated in the United Kingdom between 29 October 1925 and 31 December 1995, when the Corps' civilian volunteers were stood down (ROC headquarters staff at RAF Bentley Priory stood down on 31 March 1996). Composed mainly of civilian spare-time volunteers, ROC personnel wore a Royal Air Force (RAF) style uniform and latterly came under the administrative control of RAF Strike Command and the operational control of the Home Office. Civilian volunteers were trained and administered by a small cadre of professional full-time officers under the command of the Commandant Royal Observer Corps; latterly a serving RAF Air Commodore.
Spermatic fascia
The spermatic fascia is a bilayered fascia covering the testis; both layers are derived from abdominal muscle or fascia.

The more superficial of these two layers, the external spermatic fascia, lies deep to the skin and dartos fascia of the testes, superficial to the cremaster muscle, and is a continuation of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

The deeper internal spermatic fascia is deep to the cremaster muscle, directly surrounds the spermatic cord and its contents, and is a continuation of the abdominal transversalis fascia.

Testicle
A testicle, also called testis (pl. testes) is the male gonad in all gonochoric animals, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary, which is the female gonad.  Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens, primarily testosterone.

The release of testosterone is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Sperm production is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland and by testosterone produced within the gonads.
Măeriște
Măeriște (Hungarian: Krasznahídvég; German: Bruckend) is a commune located in Sălaj County, Crișana, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Criștelec (Kerestelek), Doh (Doh), Giurtelecu Șimleului (Somlyógyőrtelek), Măeriște, Mălădia (Maladé), and Uileacu Șimleului (Somlyóújlak).

Crișana
Crișana (Romanian: Crișana, Hungarian: Körösvidék, German: Kreischgebiet) is a geographical and historical region of Romania named after the Criș (Körös) River and its three tributaries: the Crișul Alb, Crișul Negru, and Crișul Repede. In Romania, the term is sometimes extended to include areas beyond the border, in Hungary; in this interpretation, the region is bounded to the east by the Apuseni Mountains, to the south by the Mureș River, to the north by the Someș River, and to the west by the Tisza River, the Romanian-Hungarian border cutting it in two. However, in Hungary, the area between the Tisza River and  the Romanian border is usually known as Tiszántúl.
Shihezi Economic and Technological Development Zone
The Shihezi Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese: 石河子经济技术开发区) is an economic and technical development zone at the national level located in the eastern suburbs of Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. It is situated east to Hetan Road (河滩路), west to the Dongsi and Dongqi Roads (东七路), south to the Northern Xinjiang railway, north to G312 National Highway, the total planning area is 11.2 square kilometers.

Shanghai Stock Exchange
The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) is a stock exchange based in the city of Shanghai, China. It is one of the three stock exchanges operating independently in mainland China, the others being the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's third-largest stock market by market capitalization, exceeding $6 trillion in July 2024. It is also Asia's biggest stock exchange. Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is still not entirely open to foreign investors and is often affected by the decisions of the central government due to capital account controls exercised by the Chinese authorities.

In 1891, Shanghai founded China's first exchange system. The current stock exchange was re-established on November 26, 1990, and was in operation on December 19 of the same year. It is a non-profit organization directly administered by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).
Bolshevistskaya Street, Novosibirsk
Bolshevistskaya Street (Russian: Большевистская улица) is a street in Oktyabrsky City District of Novosibirsk, Russia. It starts from the road junction called Engineer Budagov Square, runs southeast along the right bank of the Ob River and ends near the bridge over the Inya River. The length of the street is more than 7 km.

Bolshevistskaya Street is one of the most important traffic arteries of the city, besides it is part of the Federal Highway R256.

R256 highway (Russia)
The Russian route R256 is a trunk road in Novosibirsk Oblast, Altai Krai and Altai Republic of Russia. Its length is 953 kilometres. The width is 7 metres. It is also a part of the Asian Highway AH4.

The highway, constructed in the early 1930s by gulag inmates, extends from Novosibirsk to Russia's border with Mongolia, passing through Berdsk, Novoaltaysk, Biysk, but bypassing Barnaul and Gorno-Altaysk.

Between Novosibirsk and Biysk the road follows the right bank of the Ob River, then traverses a steppe region and the Altay Mountains, where it continues through the altitudes of up to 2000 metres.

On November 17, 2010, in accordance with Government Resolution 928, the M52 was given a new designation, R256 (in Cyrillic Р256); the M52 designation was used until the end of 2017 when the highway was officially designated as R256.
President of the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man
The President of the Legislative Council (Eaghtyrane y Choonceil Slattyssagh) is the principal officer of the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man. Until 1980, the Lieutenant Governor presided ex officio. From 1980 to 1990, the members elected a president from among their number. Since 1990, the President of Tynwald has been elected by the members of Tynwald from among their number and sits ex officio as the President of the Legislative Council.

The president of the council, as the presiding officer, remains impartial. but has casting vote; that is, in the case of a tied vote, the president breaks the tie.

The president is also responsible for controlling the procedure of the council and for the authoritative interpretation of its standing orders, and has the duty of nominating the member of the council to be responsible for promoting each Bill which is to come before council.

Tynwald
Tynwald (Manx: Tinvaal), or more formally, the High Court of Tynwald (Ard-whaiyl Tinvaal) or Tynwald Court, is the legislature of the Isle of Man. It consists of two chambers, known as the branches of Tynwald: the directly elected House of Keys and the indirectly chosen Legislative Council. When the two chambers sit together, they become "Tynwald Court".

The chambers sit jointly, on Tynwald Day at St John's for largely ceremonial purposes, and usually once a month in the Legislative Buildings in Douglas. Otherwise, the two chambers sit separately, with the House of Keys originating most legislation, and the Legislative Council acting as a revising chamber.
Mulonga Mbulalubilo
Mulonga Mbulalubilo (died c. 1430) was the founder and first king of the Tumbuka people, known for leading the group out of the Luba-Congo region toward what is today central and northern Malawi, and eastern Zambia. He is regarded as the founder of the leadership lineage that eventually led to formation of the Nkhamanga Kingdom and the Chikulamayembe dynasty.

Rumphi District
Rumphi is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The capital is Rumphi. The district covers an area of 4,769 km.² and has a population of 128,360. Chitumbuka is the major and predominant language spoken in the district. The major ethnic group is the Tumbuka people, followed by its sub-group, the Phoka people.
Market allocation scheme
Market allocation or market division schemes are agreements in which competitors divide markets among themselves.  In such schemes, competing firms allocate specific customers or types of customers, products, or territories among themselves. For example, one competitor will be allowed to sell to, or bid on contracts let by, certain customers or types of customers.  In return, he or she will not sell to, or bid on contracts let by, customers allocated to the other competitors.  In other schemes, competitors agree to sell only to customers in certain geographic areas and refuse to sell to, or quote intentionally high prices to, customers in geographic areas allocated to conspirator companies.

Customer
In sales, commerce, and economics, a customer (sometimes known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is the recipient of a good, service, product, or an idea, obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier via a financial transaction or an exchange for money or some other valuable consideration.
Group alerting and dispatching system
In telecommunications, a group alerting and dispatching system is a service feature that (a) enables a controlling telephone to place a call to a specified number of telephones simultaneously, (b) enables the call to be recorded, (c) if any of the called lines is busy, enables the equipment to camp on until the busy line is free, and (d) rings the free line and plays the recorded message.

This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22.

Message
A message is a unit of communication that conveys information from a sender to a receiver. It can be transmitted through various forms, such as spoken or written words, signals, or electronic data, and can range from simple instructions to complex information.

The consumption of the message relies on how the recipient interprets the message, there are times where the recipient contradicts the intention of the message which results in a boomerang effect. Message fatigue is another outcome recipients can obtain if a message is conveyed too much by the source.

One example of a message is a press release, which may vary from a brief report or statement released by a public agency to commercial publicity material. Another example of a message is how they are portrayed to a consumer via an advertisement.
Hammett acidity function
The Hammett acidity function (H0) is a measure of acidity that is used for very concentrated solutions of strong acids, including superacids. It was proposed by the physical organic chemist Louis Plack Hammett and is the best-known acidity function used to extend the measure of Brønsted–Lowry acidity beyond the dilute aqueous solutions for which the pH scale is useful.

In highly concentrated solutions, simple approximations such as the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation are no longer valid due to the variations of the activity coefficients. The Hammett acidity function is used in fields such as physical organic chemistry for the study of acid-catalyzed reactions, because some of these reactions use acids in very high concentrations, or even neat (pure).

Acid catalysis
In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H+) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions. In these reactions, the conjugate acid of the carbonyl group is a better electrophile than the neutral carbonyl group itself. Depending on the chemical species that act as the acid or base, catalytic mechanisms can be classified as either specific catalysis and general catalysis. Many enzymes operate by general catalysis.
Keglevich Palace
Keglevich Palace (Slovak: Keglevičov palác or Keglevics Palace) is a Baroque mansion on Panska Street 27 in Bratislava, Slovakia. It is included among the National Monuments Reservation of the city and is also listed as a Cultural Real-estate Monument. The last reconstruction was in 1998, involving the roof and facade rendering. Following the reconstruction a new street was named Strakova Street. It is between Venturian Street and Hviezdoslavovo námestie (Bratislava) (literally Hviezdoslav Square).

Hviezdoslavovo námestie (Bratislava)
Hviezdoslavovo námestie ('Hviezdoslav Square') is  a town square in Bratislava. It is located in the Old Town, between the New Bridge and the Slovak National Theater. The square is named after Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav.
Germany national badminton team
The Germany national badminton team (German: Deutsche badminton-nationalmannschaft) represents Germany in international badminton team competitions. It is controlled by the German Badminton Association (German: Deutscher Badminton-Verband), the national organization for badminton in the nation. Germany have two bronze finishes at the Uber Cup, particularly in 2006 and 2008. The women's team were also champions in the 2012 Women's Team Badminton Championships.

In the mixed team competition, the German team won gold in the 2013 European Mixed Team Badminton Championships after upsetting Denmark with a score of 3-0 in the final tie.

2006 Thomas & Uber Cup
The 2006 Thomas & Uber Cup was held from 28 April to 7 May in Sendai and Tokyo, Japan. It was the 24th tournament of Thomas Cup and 21st tournament of Uber Cup, men's and women's badminton tournaments.

Sendai hosted all of the group stage and play-off matches while Tokyo hosted the event starting from the quarter-finals until the final.

This was first time the Thomas & Uber Cup was played with a three-game 21-point scoring system.

China emerged as champions of both tournaments after beating Denmark and Netherlands in the men's and women's competitions respectively.