hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Radicals
The Philosophical Radicals were a philosophically minded group of English political radicals in the nineteenth century inspired by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and James Mill (1773–1836). Individuals within this group included Francis Place (1771–1854), George Grote (1794–1871), Joseph Parkes (1796–1865), John Arthur Roebuck (1802–1879), Charles Buller (1806–1848),  John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), Edward John Trelawny (1792–1881), and William Molesworth (1810–1855).

Several became Radical members of Parliament, and the group as a whole attempted to use the Westminster Review to exert influence on public opinion.
They rejected any philosophical or legal naturalism and furthered Jeremy Bentham's utilitarian philosophy. Utilitarianism as a moral philosophy argues that maximizing happiness should be the moral standard by which our actions should be measured. It thereby stands in contrast to the rationalistic ethics of Immanuel Kant as well as to the convictions of idealism, amongst others.

Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet
Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet, PC (23 May 1810 – 22 October 1855) was a Radical British politician, who served in the coalition cabinet of The Earl of Aberdeen from 1853 until 1855 as First Commissioner of Works, and then in the Whig cabinet of Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston from 1855 until his death later that year as Secretary of State for the Colonies.

Much later, when justifying to the Queen his own new appointments, Gladstone told her: "For instance, even in Ld Aberdeen's Govt, in 52, Sir William Molesworth had been selected, at that time, a very advanced Radical, but who was perfectly harmless, & took little, or no part... He said these people generally became very moderate, when they were in office", which she admitted had been the case.
Al-Bahariyah
Al-Bahariyah (Arabic: البحارية) is a village in eastern Ghouta, 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Damascus city center. The village is administratively a part of the Douma District in the Rif Dimashq Governorate.  Damascus International Airport is located 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) south of Al-Bahariyah.  It had a population of 2,568 at the time of the 2004 Census. The village was largely destroyed in August 2013 and was the site of an alleged chemical weapons attack during the Syrian Civil War.

Douma District
Douma District (Arabic: منطقة دوما, romanized: manṭiqat Dūmā) is a district of the Rif Dimashq Governorate in southern Syria.

The second largest district of Syria following Tadmur, it stretches from the northeastern outskirts of Metropolitan Damascus to the Jordanian border, covering large swaths of the sparsely inhabited Syrian Desert. The administrative centre is the city of Douma, located just some 10 km (6 mi) to the northeast of Damascus.

At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 433,719.
David Grimes (meteorologist)
David Grimes CM is a career meteorologist who studied mathematics and nuclear and quantum physics at Brock University in Ontario, Canada. He has been assistant deputy minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada in charge of the Meteorological Service of Canada since July 2006. From 2011 to 2019, he was elected president of the World Meteorological Organization by its 189 members, succeeding Alexander Bedritskiy of Russia.

In 2020, he was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada. The same year, Grimes was given the International Meteorological Organization Prize.

Meteorologist
A meteorologist is a scientist who studies and works in the field of meteorology aiming to understand or predict Earth's atmospheric phenomena including the weather. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists in research, while those using mathematical models and knowledge to prepare daily weather forecasts are called weather forecasters or operational meteorologists.

Meteorologists work in government agencies, private consulting and research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations, and in education. They are not to be confused with weather presenters, who present the weather forecast in the media and range in training from journalists having just minimal training in meteorology to full-fledged meteorologists.
Sixmilebridge
Sixmilebridge (Irish: Droichead Abhann Ó gCearnaigh, meaning 'bridge of the river of O'Kearney') is a large village in County Clare, Ireland. Located midway between Ennis and Limerick city, the village is a short distance away from the main N18 road. Locally, it is commonly called 'the Bridge'.

Sixmilebridge partly serves as a dormitory village for workers in the Limerick city, Ennis and Shannon region, with a number of modern housing developments having been built to accommodate demand.

Dormitory
A dormitory (originated from the Latin word dormitorium, often abbreviated to dorm,) is a room that sleeps multiple people. It may also refer (in the US) to a building primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people such as student accommodation for university or college students,  or, with reference to military personnel, a barracks.

A building providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people may also be called a house (members of a religious community or pupils at a boarding school), or a hostel (students, workers or travelers).
Kausala
Kausala is a village and administrative center in Iitti municipality in Päijät-Häme, Finland. Kausala has a population of 3,775, which makes it the largest village of the municipality in terms of population. The significance of Kausala for the municipality is largely due to its central location along the highway, Finnish national road 12 (Vt12), and the Lahti–Kouvola railway passing through the village. The nearest lakes are Lake Leininselkä and Lake Urajärvi in the northern part of the village.

There are several shops in Kausala, such as S-market and K-Market grocery stores, and Iitin Maatilatori, the municipality's own village store. The village also has three schools and three kindergartens, a library, an ice rink and a health center. KymiRing motor racing circuit is located in the vicinity of the village. In the western part of the village, along the highway, there is also a resting place Matkakeidas Kausala.

Kesko
Kesko Corporation (Finnish: Kesko Oyj, Swedish: Kesko Abp) is a Finnish retailing conglomerate with its head office in Kalasatama, Helsinki. It is engaged in the grocery trade, building and technical trade, and car trade. It also has operations in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.
SS Suffolk (1899)
SS Suffolk was a refrigerated cargo steamship that was built in England in 1899 for the Federal Steam Navigation Company. In the Second Boer War she took horses from Australia to South Africa. She was wrecked in 1900 on a voyage from Austria-Hungary to South Africa, with the loss of 930 horses.

This was the first of three Federal Steam ships that were named after the English county of Suffolk. The second was a steamship that was built in 1902 and scrapped in 1927. The third was a motor ship that was built in 1939 and scrapped in 1968.

Reefer ship
A refrigerated cargo ship, also known as a reefer ship, is a refrigerated cargo ship typically used to transport perishable cargo, which require temperature-controlled handling, such as fruits, meat, vegetables, dairy products, and similar items.
Samuel Cook Silliman
Samuel Cook Silliman (also Samuel Cook Syllyman) (November 12, 1742 – February 14, 1795) was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk. He served several non-consecutive terms starting in 1779 and ending in 1794.

He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in all of the following sessions:

May 1779

May 1780, October 1780

October 1781, May 1782

May 1783, October 1783

October 1784, May 1785, October 1785

October 1786, May 1787, October 1787

October 1788, May 1789, October 1789

May 1791

May 1792, October 1792

May 1794, October 1794

Connecticut House of Representatives
The Connecticut House of Representatives is the lower house in the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The house is composed of 151 members representing an equal number of districts, with each constituency containing nearly 22,600 residents. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits.
The House convenes within the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford.
Lille tramway
The Lille tramway (French: Tramway de Lille) is a public transit system in the city of Lille in Hauts-de-France, France. The tramway is often called the Mongy, after Alfred Mongy, the engineer who created the interurban lines that make up the current system. It is operated by Ilévia, the public transport operator for the Lille Métropole. Ilévia also operates the Lille Metro, a two-line underground and elevated VAL system, and 68 urban bus routes, all of which share a common ticketing system.

The system consists of two interurban lines, connecting central Lille to the nearby communities of Roubaix and Tourcoing, and has 36 stations.  The lines were built at the same time as the boulevards linking Lille to its two neighbours, and the lines run on reserved track within the boulevards for most of their length.

Véhicule Automatique Léger
Véhicule Automatique Léger (lit. 'automatic light vehicle') or VAL is a type of driverless (automated), rubber-tyred, light metro (people mover). The technology was developed at the Lille University of Science and Technology, was marketed by Matra, and first used in the early 1980s for the Lille Metro system, one of the world's first fully automated mass-transit rail networks, preceded only by the Port Island Line in Kobe, Japan. The VAL technology is now marketed by Siemens, which acquired Matra in the late 1990s.

A total of 11 lines in 8 systems based on the VAL technology are currently in operation worldwide. The current version of the VAL product is marketed as NeoVal (with a distinction between AirVal for airport environments and CityVal for more conventional transit environments).

The name is a backronym, with the first project to use the technology nicknamed VAL after the routing of the line: Villeneuve d'Ascq à Lille (lit. 'Villeneuve d'Ascq to Lille').
1912 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1912 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 9 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

South Carolina was won by the Democratic nominees, New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson and Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall. Wilson and Marshall defeated incumbent President William Howard Taft, and his running mate Vice President James S. Sherman and Progressive Party candidates, former President Theodore Roosevelt and his running mate California Governor Hiram Johnson.

Wilson won South Carolina by a landslide margin of 93.37%.

James S. Sherman
James Schoolcraft Sherman (October 24, 1855 – October 30, 1912) was the 27th vice president of the United States, serving from 1909 until his death in 1912, under President William Howard Taft. A member of the Republican Party, Sherman was previously a United States representative from New York from 1887 to 1891 and 1893 to 1909. He was a member of the interrelated Baldwin, Hoar, and Sherman families, prominent lawyers and politicians of New England and New York.

Although not a high-powered administrator, he made a natural congressional committee chairman, and his genial personality eased the workings of the House, so that he was known as 'Sunny Jim'. He was the first vice president to fly in an airplane (1911), and also the first to throw out the ceremonial first pitch at a baseball game. Sherman was the seventh and most recent vice president to have died in office.
Iberogast
Iberogast, also known as STW5, is a liquid formulation of nine herbs used for functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome.  A proprietary blend, it was developed in Germany in 1961 and is available (without prescription) in other countries.  Named after the genus (Iberis) of one of its ingredients, it is also claimed to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and free radical–inhibiting properties as well as the ability to reduce gastric acid secretion.

Iberogast is a mixture of extracts from bitter candytuft (Iberis amara), angelica root (Angelicae radix), milk thistle fruit (Silybi mariani fructus), celandine herb (Chelidonium majus), caraway fruit (Carvi fructus), liquorice root (Liquiritiae radix), peppermint herb (Menthae piperitae folium), balm leaf (Melissae folium), and chamomile flower (Matricariae flos).

Chelidonium majus
Chelidonium majus, the greater celandine, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. One of two species in the genus Chelidonium, it is native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.

The plant known as lesser celandine (Ficaria verna) is not closely related, as it belongs to the buttercup family Ranunculaceae.
Judiciary of Virginia
The Judiciary of Virginia is defined under the Constitution and law of Virginia and is composed of the Supreme Court of Virginia and subordinate courts, including the Court of Appeals, the Circuit Courts, and the General District Courts. Its administration is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Judicial Council, the Committee on District Courts, the Judicial Conferences, the Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission, and various other offices and officers.

Misdemeanor
A misdemeanor (American English, spelled misdemeanour elsewhere) is any "lesser" criminal act in some common law legal systems. Misdemeanors are generally punished less severely than more serious felonies, but theoretically more so than administrative infractions (also known as minor, petty, or summary offences) and regulatory offences. Typically, misdemeanors are punished with prison time of no longer than one year, monetary fines, or community service.
Alfonso Rueda
Alfonso Rueda Valenzuela (born 8 July 1968) is a Spanish People's Party (PP) politician. Elected to the Parliament of Galicia in 2009, he succeeded Alberto Núñez Feijóo as president of the People's Party of Galicia (PPdeG) and President of the Regional Government of Galicia in 2022. In the 2024 election, he led the party to another absolute majority.

2009 Galician regional election
A regional election was held in Galicia on Sunday, 1 March 2009, to elect the 8th Parliament of the autonomous community. All 75 seats in the Parliament were up for election. It was held concurrently with a regional election in the Basque Country.

The election saw the People's Party (PP) retake control of the parliament from the coalition of the Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) and the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG), with a majority of 1 seat. As a result, Alberto Núñez Feijoo became the new President of Galicia.
Dragon Wing
Dragon Wing (1990) is a fantasy novel by American authors Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman, the first book in their Death Gate Cycle series. Following the Rose of the Prophet trilogy, Weis and Hickman embarked on an ambitious seven-volume series that began with Dragon Wing. As described by the publisher, "Preeminent storytellers Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman have redefined epic fantasy. Since the publication of their Dragonlance series, millions of readers have enjoyed their imaginative world-building, rich characterization, and intricate storylines. Now these bestselling authors bring their talents to one of the most innovative fantasy creations ever in Dragon Wing, the first volume in The Death Gate Cycle."

Tracy Hickman
Tracy Raye Hickman (born November 26, 1955) is an American fantasy author and designer of games and virtual reality (VR) experiences. He co-authored the original Dragonlance novels with Margaret Weis as well as numerous other books. He also designed and created role playing game material while working for TSR and has cowritten novels with his wife, Laura Hickman. He is the author or co-author of over 60 books.
NRL Schoolboy Cup
The NRL Schoolboy Cup is the premier secondary schools rugby league competition in Australia, held annually since 1975. Formerly known under such names as the Amco Shield, Commonwealth Bank Cup, Arrive Alive Cup and GIO Schoolboy Cup nearly 450 schools from throughout Australia compete in the knock-out competition.

The player of the tournament is awarded the Peter Sterling Medal, renamed in 1996 after Peter Sterling, who won the medal in 1978, for Patrician Brothers' College, Fairfield. The competition is televised on Fox Sports and The Daily Telegraph.

The most successful school is St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, with nine titles, followed by Patrician Brothers' College, Fairfield with six. The most recent champions are Palm Beach Currumbin State High School, who won their fourth title in 2024.

Education in Australia
Education in Australia encompasses the sectors of early childhood education (preschool and pre-primary) and primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (high schools and senior high schools), and finally tertiary education, which includes higher education (universities and other higher education providers) and vocational education (registered training organisations). Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories; however, the Australian Government also contributes to funding.

Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of four, five, or six and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the state or territory and the date of birth.
Friesens
Friesens Corporation is Canada's largest printer of hardcover books. They are employee-owned, specializing in hardcover books and yearbooks, and located in Altona, Manitoba, Canada. Friesens also operates a self-publishing subsidiary named FriesenPress, launched in 2009.

Hardcover
A hardcover, hard cover, or hardback (also known as hardbound, and sometimes as casebound) book is one bound with rigid protective covers (typically of binder's board or heavy paperboard covered with buckram or other cloth, heavy paper, or occasionally leather). It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened. Modern hardcovers may have the pages glued onto the spine in much the same way as paperbacks. Following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk.
La Savane, Terre-de-Haut
La Savane (French pronunciation: [la savan]) is a quartier of Terre-de-Haut Island, located in Îles des Saintes archipelago in the Caribbean. It is a residential area located in the central part of the island. It is built in the valley called Bois D'inde under the mount called Morne Caret.  The hotel Les petits Saints is situated in this quartier.

Terre-de-Haut Island
Terre-de-Haut Island (French pronunciation: [tɛʁ də ʔo]; Guadeloupean Creole: Tèdého; also formerly known as Petite Martinique) is the easternmost island in the Îles des Saintes, part of the archipelago of Guadeloupe.  Like name of neighboring Terre-de-Bas Island, name Terre-de-Haut comes from the maritime vocabulary, which called the islands exposed to the "highland" winds and those protected from the wind, "lowlands".
Fayaux railway station
Fayaux railway station (French: Gare de Fayaux), is a railway station in the municipality of Blonay – Saint-Légier, in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is an intermediate stop and a request stop on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Vevey–Les Pléiades line of Transports Montreux–Vevey–Riviera.

Vevey–Les Pléiades railway line
The Vevey–Les Pléiades railway line is a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge railway line in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It runs 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) from Vevey, on Lake Geneva, to Les Pléiades, in the Swiss Prealps. The line is owned and operated by Transports Montreux–Vevey–Riviera (MVR). It was originally built by the Chemins de fer électriques Veveysans (CEV).
Van Bruggen
Van Bruggen is a Dutch toponymic surname translating to "from/of [the] bridge[s]". Variant names with the same origin are Ter Brugge(n), Ter Brugghen, Van de(r) Brug, Van der Brugge(n), Van der Brugghen, and Verbrugge(n). Different settlements and houses with the name (de) Brug(ge) ("the bridge") could also be at the source of each family name.  People with these surnames include:

Van Bruggen

Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen (1929–2016), Dutch malacologist

Carry van Bruggen (1881–1932), Dutch novelist

Claudia van Bruggen (born 1980), Dutch politician

Coosje van Bruggen (1942–2009), Dutch-American sculptor and art historian

Damian van Bruggen (born 1996), Dutch football defender

Harry van Bruggen (1927–2010), Dutch amateur botanist

John van Bruggen, Canadian animation writer and director

Van der Bruggen

Hannes Van der Bruggen (born 1993), Belgian football midfielder

Maurice van der Bruggen (1852–1919), Belgian politician, Minister of Agriculture 1899–1907

Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen
Adolph Cornelis 'Dolf' van Bruggen (9 July 1929 – 3 June 2016) was a Dutch malacologist, entomologist, and botanist. His interest in the tropics and tropical Africa dominated his broad scientific interest for more than five decades. He was an expert especially in the land snail families Streptaxidae, Achatinidae and Maizaniidae. As of 2008, he had authored some 655 scientific publications.
John Finn
John Joseph Finn (born September 30, 1952) is an American character actor known as one of the leads of the television programs Cold Case and EZ Streets. Finn has also had supporting roles in the films The Hunted (2003), Analyze That (2002), Catch Me If You Can (2002), True Crime (1999), Turbulence (1997), Blown Away (1994), The Pelican Brief (1993), and Glory (1989).

TV series that Finn has had recurring roles on include Dawson's Creek, The Practice, The X-Files, Strange World, NYPD Blue (he also appeared two other times on Blue as different characters), Chicago Hope, and eight episodes of Brooklyn South.

True Crime (1999 film)
True Crime is a 1999 American mystery thriller film directed by Clint Eastwood, based on Andrew Klavan's 1995 novel of the same name. Eastwood also stars as a journalist covering the execution of a death row inmate, only to discover that the convict may actually be innocent.

The film was released by Warner Bros. on March 19, 1999, grossing $16.6 million against its $55 million production budget.
Viru Folk
Viru Folk is an Estonian music festival held in August in Käsmu since 2008.

It is organised by the nonprofit organization (MTÜ) Viru Folk, and Peep Veedla is the main organiser of the festival. Since 2013, Viru Folk has focused on the music and culture of one region per festival.

Between the years 2010–2020, the amount of festival visitors have varied from 4,000 (in 2020, due to Corona) to 12,000. According to the study, 63% of the visitors were aged between 21–50 and 66% of the visitors were women.

Viru Folk has been awarded the European Festivals Association's EFFE Label twice (2015 and 2017).

European Festivals Association
The European Festivals Association (EFA) is an umbrella group for various festivals in Europe and other countries. It supports artistic cooperation among festivals and offers programs for new festival and artistic managers. It represents more than 100 music, dance, theatre and multidisciplinary festivals along with national festival and cultural organizations from about thirty eight, mostly European, countries.