hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sabulina fontinalis
Sabulina fontinalis, commonly called American water starwort or Kentucky starwort, is a flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is a very rare species, endemic to the Nashville Basin of Tennessee, the Kentucky River Pallisades of Kentucky, and in northern Alabama. It is found in wet limestone areas, often on cliffs or ledges where water seeps over the rocks.

Sabulina fontinalis is a winter annual forming dense colonies, which produce very small green flowers in the spring. It has been taxonomically difficult to place, sometimes being included in the genera Stellaria, Sagina, Minuartia, or Arenaria among others. The most recent phylogenetic analysis suggests that it is best placed in the genus Sabulina.

Arenaria (plant)
Arenaria is a genus of flowering plants, within the family Caryophyllaceae. Most species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants, though a small number are spiny subshrubs; many grow in tufts or mats.

Species of this genus are among those plants commonly known as sandworts. Several species formerly classified within Arenaria are now classed in the genera Spergularia, Eremogone and Minuartia.
Forrest Goodwin
Edward Forrest Goodwin (June 14, 1862 – May 28, 1913) was a United States representative from Maine.  He was born in Skowhegan, Maine and attended the common schools, graduated from Skowhegan High School and Bloomfield Academy.  He also graduated from Colby College and the Boston University School of Law.  He was admitted to the bar in 1889 and commenced practice in Skowhegan.

He was elected a member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1889. He was appointed clerk at the Speaker's table under Speaker Thomas B. Reed in the Fifty-first Congress, was elected a member of the Maine Senate for its 1903 and 1905 sessions, and served as its president in 1905.

He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-third Congress and served from March 4, 1913, until his death in Portland, Maine May 28, 1913.  His interment was in Southside Cemetery, Skowhegan.

Boston University School of Law
The Boston University School of Law (BU Law) is the law school of Boston University, a private research university in Boston. Established in 1872, it is the third-oldest law school in New England, after Harvard Law School and Yale Law School. Approximately 630 students are enrolled in the full-time J.D. degree program (approximately 210 per class) and about 350 in the school's five LLM degree programs. BU Law was one of the first law schools in the country to admit students to study law regardless of race or gender.
Cannibalism at sea
Cannibalism at sea was occasionally practiced in extreme cases of disaster, when there was not enough food for the survivors. Traditionally such cannibalism among shipwrecked survivors was considered acceptable as a last resort, provided that corpses were eaten or that lots were drawn to decide who would be killed and eaten so that the others might survive.

Shipwreck
A shipwreck is the wreckage of a ship that is either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water. It results from the event of shipwrecking, which may be intentional or unintentional. There were approximately three million shipwrecks worldwide as of January 1999, according to Angela Croome, a science writer and author who specialized in the history of underwater archaeology  (an estimate rapidly endorsed by UNESCO and other organizations).
When a ship's crew has died or abandoned the ship, and the ship has remained adrift but unsunk, they are instead referred to as ghost ships.
Liouguei Bus Station
The Liouguei Bus Station (traditional Chinese: 高雄客運六龜站; simplified Chinese: 高雄客运六龟站; Hanyu Pinyin: Gāoxióng Kèyùn Liùguī Zhàn; Tongyong Pinyin: Gaosyóng Kèyùn Liòuguei Jhàn) is a bus station in Liouguei Borough, Liouguei District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Tongyong Pinyin
Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, while a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. Taiwan's Ministry of Education approved the system in 2002, but its use was optional.

From 1 January 2009, the Ministry of Education began promoting Hanyu Pinyin. Local governments were not able to get financial aid from the central government if they used Tongyong Pinyin-derived romanizations. However, Tongyong Pinyin has continued in use for the transliteration of some place names and personal names in Taiwan (Republic of China). Some of the romanized names of the districts, subway stations and streets in Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yunlin County and other places are derived from Tongyong Pinyin –  for example, Cijin District (旗津區, Cíjin Cyu).
Habibur Rashid Habib
Habibur Rashid Habib (born 15 September 1973) is a Bangladeshi politician and the incumbent member of the Jatiya Sangsad representing the Dhaka-9 constituency and the incumbent State Minister of Road Transport and Bridges since February 2026. He is affiliated with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and has been active in politics for over 38 years, rising through the party's student wing and local organisations.

Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges
The Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges (Bengali: সড়ক পরিবহন ও সেতু মন্ত্রণালয়) is a Bangladeshi government ministry which is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to road transport, national highways and bridges. It contains two subsidiary divisions.

Bangladesh has four ministries responsible for transportation within the country. They have specific responsibilities, such as:

Road safety: Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges

Civil aviation: Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism

Maritime transport: Ministry of Shipping

Rail transport: Ministry of Railways
Polar forests of the Cretaceous
Cretaceous polar forests were temperate forests that grew at polar latitudes towards the end of the Mesozoic Era, known as the Cretaceous Period (145–66 Ma). At this time, global average temperature was about 10 °C (18 °F) higher and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were around 1000 parts per million (ppm), 2.5 times the current concentration in Earth's atmosphere. High atmospheric carbon dioxide is one of the main causes of a pronounced greenhouse Earth in the Cretaceous, with a low global temperature gradient. This means that high latitudes in both hemispheres were much warmer than they are now, and the Earth lacked ice caps.

High temperatures strengthened Earth's water cycle by moisture evaporation from the ocean surface. Absolute sea levels were much higher than they are today. Continental encroachment of seawater formed widespread shallow seas with some epeiric seas.

Inland sea
An inland sea (also known as an epeiric sea or an epicontinental sea) is a continental body of water which is very large in area and is either completely surrounded by dry land (landlocked), or connected to an ocean by a river, strait or "arm of the sea". An inland sea will generally be brackish, with higher salinity than a freshwater lake but usually lower salinity than seawater. As with other seas, inland seas experience tides governed by the orbits of the Moon and Sun.
2 Become 1 (Jewel song)
"2 Become 1" is a song by American pop singer–songwriter Jewel from her fifth studio album, 0304 (2003). Written by Jewel and Guy Chambers and produced by Jewel and Lester Mendez (who co-wrote and co-produced 0304's two previous singles, "Intuition" and "Stand"), the song was released as the album's third and final single in December 2003. It failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and all other Billboard charts except for the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks, where it peaked at number 33 in late January 2004. The single also charted moderately in Australia at number 49.

In 2008 the song was re-recorded and retitled "Two Become One" for Jewel's country album, Perfectly Clear, produced by John Rich.

Adult Pop Airplay
The Adult Pop Airplay (formerly known as Adult Pop Songs and Adult Top 40) chart is published weekly by Billboard magazine and ranks "the most popular adult top 40 as based on radio airplay detections measured by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems."

It is a format in which the genre is geared more towards an adult audience who are not into hard rock, hip hop, or soft adult contemporary fare. The main genres within this format are a mix of soft and energetic adult contemporary music alongside adult alternative rock and adult-oriented pop music. It is not to be confused with the Adult Contemporary chart which contains more ballad-driven songs played on the radio. The current number-one song on the chart is "Opalite" by Taylor Swift.
1899–1900 Southampton F.C. season
The 1899–1900 season was the 15th since the foundation of Southampton F.C. and their sixth in league football, as members of the Southern League.

They ended the season third in the Southern League, but reached the final of the FA Cup, thus becoming the first southern professional side to do so, and the first side from south of the midlands since 1883. In the final, they played badly as a result of divisions amongst the players and lost 4–0 to Bury.

Peter Meehan (footballer)
Peter Meehan (often misspelled "Meechan") (28 February 1872 – 26 June 1915) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a full-back. He won the English league championship in 1894–95 with Sunderland and the Scottish Football League championship with Celtic in 1895–96. He also played in the 1897 FA Cup Final for Everton and the 1900 FA Cup Final for Southampton, and made one appearance for Scotland in 1896.
Margery Fee
Margery Fee (born 1948) FRSC is a professor emeritus of English at the University of British Columbia (UBC). From 2015 to 2017, Fee was the Brenda and David McLean Chair In Canadian Studies at UBC. She publishes in the fields of Canadian, postcolonial and Indigenous studies and Canadian English usage and lexicography.

Royal Society of Canada
The Royal Society of Canada (RSC; French: Société royale du Canada, SRC), also known as the Academies of Arts, Humanities, and Sciences of Canada (French: Académies des arts, des lettres et des sciences du Canada), is the senior national, bilingual council of distinguished Canadian scholars, humanists, scientists, and artists in Canada.

As Canada's national academy, the RSC exists to promote Canadian research and scholarly accomplishment in both of Canada's official languages; advise governments, non-governmental organizations, and Canadians generally on matters of public interest; recognize academic and artistic excellence; and mentor young scholars and artists.
Point Widdows
Point Widdows (67°42′S 45°25′E﻿ / ﻿67.700°S 45.417°E﻿ / -67.700; 45.417) is a point at the west side of the entrance to Freeth Bay on the coast of Enderby Land. It was plotted from aerial photos taken by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) in 1956, and was named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for E.I. Widdows, meteorologist at Mawson Station in 1959.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Point Widdows". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Mawson Station
Mawson Station, commonly called Mawson, is one of three permanent bases and research outposts in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). Mawson lies in Holme Bay in Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica in the Australian Antarctic Territory, a territory claimed by Australia. Established in 1954, Mawson is Australia's oldest Antarctic station and the oldest continuously inhabited Antarctic station south of the Antarctic Circle. It houses approximately 20 personnel over winter and up to 53 in summer.

Mawson was named in honour of the Australian Antarctic explorer Sir Douglas Mawson.

Mawson was listed on the Register of the National Estate in 2001 and listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004, reflecting the post-World War Two revival of Australia's scientific research and territorial interests in Antarctica.
Bill Robertson (Australian intelligence officer)
William Thomas Robertson, CBE, MC (2 February 1917 – 2 January 2011) was the fourth Director-General of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), from 1968 until 1975, when was dismissed by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam; the reasons for Robertson's dismissal have remained a matter of controversy.

During the Second World War, Robertson served as an Australian Army officer. He served as an infantry officer in North Africa, where he was wounded in action, and in Greece, before being appointed to staff roles in New Guinea. During 1944–45, he was attached to the British Army in North West Europe and held senior staff roles with two different British divisions.

In 1952, Robertson was a founding member of the ASIS; its existence was to remain officially secret for two and a half decades.

North West Europe campaign
The North West Europe campaign was a campaign by the British Commonwealth armed forces in North West Europe, including its skies and adjoining waters during World War II.  The term Western Front has also sometimes been used informally. The United States military refers to this campaign as the European Theater of Operations.

Hence the battle honour "North-West Europe" was awarded to any unit involved in land, sea and air campaigns and operations in, over or near Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II. It includes many more specific campaigns and/or battle honours.
Dunbrody Country House Hotel
Dunbrody Country House Hotel (also referred to as Dunbrody Country House Hotel and Restaurant) is an Irish Georgian manor-turned-restaurant in County Wexford, owned by Irish chef Kevin Dundon and his wife Catherine. It is located near the village of Arthurstown.

County Wexford
County Wexford (Irish: Contae Loch Garman) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Southern Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella (Uí Ceinnsealaigh), whose capital was Ferns. Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 163,527 at the 2022 census.
Ivo Cassol
Ivo Cassol (born January 20, 1959) is a Brazilian politician. He has represented Rondônia in the Federal Senate since 2011. Previously, he was Governor of Rondônia from 2004 to 2010, when he resigned to seek election to the Senate. He is a member of the Progressive Party.

Federal Senate (Brazil)
The Federal Senate (Portuguese: Senado Federal) is the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil. When created under the Imperial Constitution in 1824, it was based on the House of Lords of the British Parliament, but since the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 and under the first republican Constitution the Federal Senate has resembled the United States Senate.

The current president of the Federal Senate is Davi Alcolumbre, a member of UNIÃO from Amapá. He was re-elected in February 2025 for his two-year non-consecutive term, as he had already led the Senate between 2019-21 during Bolsonaro's government.
Chemical physics
Chemical physics is a branch of physics that studies chemical processes from a physical point of view. It focuses on understanding the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems, using principles from both physics and chemistry. This field investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics.

The United States Department of Education defines chemical physics as "A program that focuses on the scientific study of structural phenomena combining the disciplines of physical chemistry and atomic/molecular physics. Includes instruction in heterogeneous structures, alignment and surface phenomena, quantum theory, mathematical physics, statistical and classical mechanics, chemical kinetics, and laser physics."

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Sergey Khristianovich
Sergey Alekseyevich Khristianovich (Russian: Сергей Алексеевич Христианович, 9 November 1908 – 28 April 2000) was a mechanics scientist from the Soviet Union. Academician of Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and then Russian Academy of Sciences, since 1943 (corresponding member since 1939), Hero of Socialist Labour (1969).

Sergey Khristianovich graduated from Leningrad State University in 1930.  He has made a huge contribution into development of mechanics in Russia and is well known for his studies in aerodynamics.

Khristianovich was one of the organizers of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SBRAS), one of the organizers of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and a co-founder of Novosibirsk State University.

He was dismissed from SBRAS in 2003.

Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union).

In 1991, by the decree of the President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Russian Academy of Sciences was established on the basis of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.
Cazones de Herrera
Cazones de Herrera, or Cazones, is a town and municipality located in the north of the Mexican state of Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico. While it has tourist attractions along its shore, especially in the Barra de Cazones area, the municipality, including the seat, has a high level of socioeconomic marginalization. Most of the municipality's population works in agriculture.

Tuxpan
Tuxpan (or Túxpam, fully Túxpam de Rodríguez Cano, for Enrique Rodríguez Cano) is both a municipality and city located in the Mexican state of Veracruz. The population of the city was 89,557 and of the municipality was 154,600 inhabitants, according to the INEGI census of 2020, residing in a total area of 1,051.89 km2 (406.14 sq mi). The municipality includes many smaller outlying communities, the largest of which are Alto Lucero (20,380 inhabitants) and Santiago de la Peña (8,178 inhabitants). A local beachside community is also nearby.

In the 1870s, a small colony of some hundreds of former Confederate (Southern U.S.) officers, soldiers and diplomats was established.
Alan P. F. Sell
Alan Philip Frederick Sell  FSA, FRhistS (15 November 1935 – 7 February 2016) was a minister of the United Reformed Church and was formerly Professor of Christian Doctrine and Philosophy of Religion at the United Theological College, Aberystwyth in Wales. An author in the fields of philosophy, theology, ethics and history he held prominent positions in various ecumenical organizations including the World Alliance of Reformed Churches.

University of Chester
The University of Chester is a public university located in Chester, England. The university originated as the first purpose-built teacher training college in the UK. As a university, it now occupies five campus sites in and around Chester, one in Warrington, and a University Centre in Shrewsbury. It offers a range of foundation, undergraduate and postgraduate courses, as well as undertaking academic research.

The university is a member of AACSB, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Cathedrals Group, the North West Universities Association and Universities UK. It holds an overall Silver Award in the 2023 Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF).

A 2021 article in Times Higher Education described the University of Chester as being the fifth-oldest higher education establishment in England, with only the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham and London predating it.
HMS Flamborough
Three vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Flamborough, after the English town:

HMS Flamborough (1697) was a 24-gun post ship launched at Chatham Dockyard in 1697 and captured by the French ship Jason near Cape Spartel on 10 October 1705.

HMS Flamborough (1707) was a 24-gun post ship launched at Woolwich Dockyard on 29 January 1707. It was rebuilt as a 20-gun post ship in 1727 at Portsmouth and sold on 10 January 1748.

HMS Flamborough (1756) was a 20-gun post ship launched at Limehouse on 14 May 1756 and sold on 23 September 1772.

Limehouse
Limehouse is a district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London. It is 3.9 miles (6.3 km) east of Charing Cross, on the northern bank of the River Thames. Its proximity to the river has given it a strong maritime character, which it retains through its riverside public houses and steps, such as The Grapes and Limehouse Stairs.

The area gives its name to Limehouse Reach, a section of the Thames which runs south to Millwall after making a right-angled bend at Cuckold's Point, Rotherhithe. The west-to-east section upstream of Cuckold's Point is properly called the Lower Pool.
Pleuranthodium pelecystylum
Pleuranthodium pelecystylum is a monocotyledonous plant species first described by Karl Moritz Schumann, and given its current name by Rosemary Margaret Smith. Pleuranthodium pelecystylum is part of the genus Pleuranthodium and the family Zingiberaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalog of Life.

Karl Moritz Schumann
Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist.

Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the Deutsche Kakteen-Gesellschaft (German Cactus Society) which he founded on 6 November 1892. He died in Berlin.

Karl Moritz Schumann participated as a collaborator in Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien by  Adolf Engler and K. A. E. Prantl and in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.

The genera Schumannianthus (Gagnepain), Schumanniophyton (Harms), Schumannia (Kuntze) and several species were named after him, including:
Schempp-Hirth TG-15
Schempp-Hirth TG-15 is a designation used by the United States military.  It has two variants:

TG-15A: high performance two seat glider, Schempp-Hirth Duo Discus

TG-15B: Standard Class glider, the Schempp-Hirth Discus-2

Glider (sailplane)
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.

In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.