hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Environmental issues in Somalia
Somalia continues to suffer from many environmental issues like land degradation and overfishing. Land degradation caused by overgrazing, soil erosion, loss of topsoil, and loss of vegetation due to the cutting of trees continues to effect Somalia's socio-political climate. Additionally, overfishing caused by a lack of government surveillance and foreign exploitation of Somali waters encourages piracy and terrorist activities along with exacerbating natural habitat destruction and climate change.

Piracy off the coast of Somalia
Piracy off the coast of Somalia occurs in the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel, and Indian Ocean, in Somali territorial waters and other surrounding places and has a long troubled history with different perspectives from different communities. It was initially a threat to international fishing vessels during the early 2000s, only to rapidly escalate and expand to international shipping during the War in Somalia (2006–2009). The escalation of conflict between local Somali fishermen and foreign vessels occurred in a context where Somalia is estimated to lose approximately $300 million annually since 1991 due to the unauthorized extraction of marine resources using harmful methods, such as dynamite fishing, which is prohibited in a number of other regions.
Buxar Thermal Power Plant
Buxar Thermal Power Plant is a coal-based thermal power plant located at Chausa village in Buxar district, Bihar, India. It was conceptualized in 2013 when SJVN signed an MoU with Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (BSPHCL) and Bihar Infrastructure Company (BPIC). Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for this project in March 2019. Larsen & Toubro Limited holds the contract for the construction, at an estimated cost of Rs 7,000 crores. It is scheduled to start power generation in March 2025.

Buxar district
Buxar district is one of the 38 districts of Bihar, India. Located in the southwestern part of the state, it is a primarily agricultural district. The district headquarters is at the town of Buxar. Buxar district was carved out from Bhojpur district on 17 March 1991.Buxar district is in South western Bihar.
The Incognito Lounge (poem)
The Incognito Lounge is a sonnet by Denis Johnson and first published his collection The Incognito Lounge and Other Poems in 1982 by Random House. The poem has appeared in the Carnegie Mellon Classic Contemporary Series in 2008.

Denis Johnson
Denis Hale Johnson (July 1, 1949 – May 24, 2017) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and poet. He is perhaps best known for his debut short story collection, Jesus' Son (1992). His most successful novel, Tree of Smoke (2007), won the National Book Award for Fiction. Johnson was twice shortlisted for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Altogether, Johnson was the author of  nine novels, one novella, two books of short stories, three collections of poetry, two collections of plays, and one book of reportage. His final work, a book of short stories titled The Largesse of the Sea Maiden, was published posthumously in 2018. Ted Geltner's biography of the writer, Flagrant, Self-Destructive Gestures, appeared in late 2025.
Agglomeration community of Hauts de Bièvre
The Communauté d'agglomération des Hauts de Bièvre was a Communauté d'agglomération, in France. It covered seven communes: five in the Hauts-de-Seine and two in the Essonne département. It was created in December 2002. It was merged into the Métropole du Grand Paris in January 2016.

Antony was the seat of the Communauté d'agglomération. The Communauté comprised the following communes:

In the Hauts-de-Seine département:
Antony
Bourg-la-Reine
Châtenay-Malabry
Le Plessis-Robinson
Sceaux

In the Essonne département:
Verrières-le-Buisson
Wissous

Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine
Sceaux (French pronunciation: [so] ⓘ) is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.7 km (6.0 mi) from the centre of Paris. As of 2023, the population of the commune was 20,884. Sceaux is one of the most affluent areas of France and is known for its very high housing costs.
Biafra Referendum
The Biafra Referendum, otherwise known as the Biafra self-referendum, was a  self-determination poll organized and conducted by the Biafra Republic Government in Exile to determine the declaration of the restoration of Biafra, a partially recognised state in West Africa that declared independence from Nigeria and existed from 1967 until 1970. Following the conclusion of the referendum on 28 November 2024, the restoration of Biafra was declared on 29 November 2024, with its capital in Ebube.

Ebubechukwu
Ebubechukwu (audioⓘ) is a given name of the Igbo people from the southeastern region of Nigeria. The direct English translation is “God’s glory”. Its diminutive and commonest form is Ebube, which means “glory”. While the name is peculiar to both the male and female gender, another variation of this name with the same meaning is Ebubechi.
Degree of a continuous mapping
In topology, the degree of a continuous mapping between two compact oriented manifolds of the same dimension is a number that represents the number of times that the domain manifold wraps around the range manifold under the mapping. The degree is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientations.

The degree of a map between general manifolds was first defined by Brouwer, who showed that the degree is homotopy invariant and used it to prove the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Less general forms of the concept existed before Brouwer, such as the winding number and the Kronecker characteristic (or Kronecker integral).

In modern mathematics, the degree of a map plays an important role in topology and geometry. In physics, the degree of a continuous map (for instance a map from space to some order parameter set) is one example of a topological quantum number.

Range of a function
In mathematics, the range of a function may refer either to the codomain of the function, or the image of the function. 
In some cases the codomain and the image of a function are the same set; such a function is called surjective or onto. For any non-surjective function  the codomain  and the image  are different; however, a new function can be defined with the original function's image as its codomain,  where  This new function is surjective.
Chrysler Open
The Chrysler Open was a women's professional golf tournament on the Ladies European Tour that took place in Sweden.

Held at Sjögärde Golf Club in 1998, the tournament was moved to Halmstad Golf Club, host of the 2007 Solheim Cup, in 1999.  The tournament's name is the result of a sponsorship agreement with Harry Karlsson Bilimport AB, importer of Chrysler vehicles.

Laura Davies won the 1998 and 1999 installments scoring 284 (72-71-71-70) and 273 (71-69-66-67).

Carin Koch won the final tournament after scoring 277 (−11) following rounds of 70-73-65-69, finishing 4 strokes ahead of Samantha Head at 281 and 7 strokes ahead of Sophie Gustafson and Catrin Nilsmark at 284. Laura Davies, at 289 strokes, finished tied for 10th place along with Helen Alfredsson, Judith Van Hagen and Åsa Gottmo (still an amateur).

Åsa Gottmo
Åsa Gottmo (born 22 June 1971 in Kalmar) is a retired Swedish professional golfer who played on the Ladies European Tour 1993–2008. She won the 2002 Wales WPGA Championship of Europe and finished 5th in the Order of Merit twice.
SS and Police Leader
The title of SS and Police Leader (German: SS- und Polizeiführer) designated a senior Nazi Party official who commanded various components of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and the Ordnungspolizei (Orpo; regular uniformed police), before and during World War II in the German Reich proper and in the occupied territories.

Gruppenführer
Gruppenführer ([ˈɡʁʊpm̩fyːʁɐ], lit. 'Group leader') was an early paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), first created in 1925 as a senior rank of the SA. Since then, the term Gruppenführer is also used for leaders of groups/teams of the police, fire departments, military and several other organizations.
Cristóbal Téllez Almazán
Cristóbal Téllez Almazán was an auditor licentiate taking over military affairs before becoming the 12th governor of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule. He is the first governor-general of the Philippines from the Real Audiencia of Manila. A series of Japanese insurrections began just last year, 1606, when a son of a Japanese was killed by a Spaniard. The Japanese then plotted a revolt. A second Japanese insurrection occurred in 1607.

Real Audiencia of Manila
The Real Audiencia of Manila (Spanish: Real Audiencia de Manila) was the Real Audiencia of the Spanish East Indies, which included modern-day Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Micronesia and the Philippines. Similar to Real Audiencias throughout the Spanish Empire, it was the highest tribunal within the territories of the Captaincy General of the Philippines, a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

The Governor-General of the Philippines was appointed as its highest judge, although on many occasions his absence forced other members to rule the tribunal and assume temporary civilian and military powers.
1985 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles
John Lloyd and Wendy Turnbull were the two-time defending champions but lost in the quarterfinals to Mark Edmondson and Kathy Jordan.

Paul McNamee and Martina Navratilova defeated John Fitzgerald and Elizabeth Smylie in the final, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2 to win the mixed doubles tennis title at the 1985 Wimbledon Championships. Due to bad weather, the Mixed Doubles tournament became delayed and after McNamee and Navratilova won their semifinal match against Scott Davis and Betsy Nagelsen, ending 23–21 in the final set on a match played on Court 2, the team remained on court with only a thirty minute rest interval to play the final on the same court.

John Lloyd (tennis)
John Lloyd (born 27 August 1954) is a British former professional tennis player. Lloyd reached an ATP world ranking of 23 in July 1978, and was ranked as UK number 1 in 1984 and 1985. He now works as a tennis commentator.

During his career, he reached one Grand Slam singles final – losing to Vitas Gerulaitis in the 1977 Australian Open. Lloyd won three Grand Slam mixed doubles titles with tennis partner Wendy Turnbull: the French Open in 1982 and Wimbledon in 1983 and 1984. Lloyd was a member of the Great Britain team that reached the final of the 1978 Davis Cup, losing to the United States.

He was the first husband of the former top woman player Chris Evert and is the younger brother of the former British Davis Cup captain David Lloyd. He served as the British Davis Cup captain himself from August 2006 until March 2010. He is a member of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.
Norm Lusney
Norman Lusney (February 10, 1937 – December 10, 2007) was a political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Pelly from 1977 to 1986 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a New Democratic Party (NDP) member.

He was born in Kamsack, Saskatchewan and grew up on the family farm. In 1958, he married Loretta Horkoff. Lusney worked in mining in British Columbia, on the railroad in Ontario, in the dairy industry in Moose Jaw and with the Post Office in Roblin, Manitoba. He also operated a service station and worked the family farm. Lusney was first elected to the Saskatchewan assembly in a 1977 by-election held following the death of Leonard Larson. He was defeated by Rod Gardner when he ran for reelection to the assembly in 1986. He died in 2007.

Roblin, Manitoba
Roblin is an incorporated urban community located within the Municipality of Roblin in Manitoba, Canada. Situated approximately 400 kilometres (250 miles) northwest of Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Prior to 1 January 2015, Roblin was designated as a town. In 2010, the Town of Roblin and the former Rural Municipalities of Hillsburg and Shell River had a total population of 3,284.

About 40% of the population is involved in agriculture and other resource-based industries. Services, tourism and the processing of wood and agricultural products largely contribute to the local economy.
North Hastings High School
North Hastings High School (NHHS) is a high school located in Bancroft, Ontario, Canada serving students in the northern portion of Hastings County and part of the Hastings and Prince Edward District School Board. NHHS offers specialized 4-credit courses which allow students to learn principles of resource management and environmental studies, which help them to gain employment in resource-based careers.

Hastings County
Hastings County is a county and census division of the Canadian province of Ontario. Geographically, it is located on the border of Eastern Ontario and Central Ontario. Hastings County is the second-largest county in Ontario, after Renfrew County. Its county seat is Belleville, which is, along with Quinte West, independent of Hastings County.

Hastings County has trademarked the moniker "Cheese Capital of Canada".
Zelnik (surname)
Zelnik is a surname of Slovak and Slovene origin, originating as a topographic name meaning "cabbage". Notable people with the surname include:

Frederic Zelnik (1885-1950), Austrian producer, director, and actor

Jerzy Zelnik (born 1945), Polish actor

Jerzy Zelnik
Jerzy Zelnik (born 14 September 1945) is a Polish actor. He has appeared in more than 60 films and television shows since 1963. He was awarded the Badge of Merit in Culture (1997) and Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2007).
Acworth (surname)
Acworth is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bernard Acworth (1885–1963), British writer and creationist

George Acworth (disambiguation)

Harry Arbuthnot Acworth, author

Peter Acworth (born 1970), British pornographer

William Mitchell Acworth (1850–1925), British railway economist, barrister and politician

Peter Acworth
Peter Thomas Acworth (born 12 October 1970) is a British web entrepreneur based in San Francisco. He founded Kink.com, an internet pornography producer that focuses on BDSM and fetish themes. According to the San Francisco Bay Guardian, Acworth's work has been guided by "Kink's principles of intimate, conversational, playful, and mutually enjoyable interactions", and he has expressed the belief that "a product line should come from an individual's actual fantasies."
Duodenal cancer
Duodenal cancer is a cancer in the first section of the small intestine known as the duodenum. Cancer of the duodenum is relatively rare compared to stomach cancer and colorectal cancer. Its histology is usually adenocarcinoma.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Gardner syndrome, Lynch syndrome, Muir–Torre syndrome, celiac disease, Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, Crohn's disease and juvenile polyposis syndrome are risk factors for developing this cancer.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. It is located between the stomach and the jejunum. After foods combine with stomach acid, they descend into the duodenum where they mix with bile from the gallbladder and digestive fluid from the pancreas.

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (often abbreviated PJS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and hyperpigmented macules on the lips and oral mucosa (melanosis). This syndrome can be classed as one of various hereditary intestinal polyposis syndromes and one of various hamartomatous polyposis syndromes. It has an incidence of approximately 1 in 25,000 to 300,000 births.
Area (EP)
The Area EP is the follow-up release by The Futureheads after their self-titled debut album.
The stand-alone EP was recorded in September 2005 in London and Newcastle upon Tyne.
These tracks were re-released on the US version of News and Tributes.The title track of the EP was first premiered on the Shockwave NME Awards Tour 2005 during The Futureheads set.

The Futureheads (album)
The Futureheads is the debut studio album by British rock band the Futureheads. It was released on 12 July 2004 and spawned the singles "First Day", "Decent Days and Nights", "Meantime", and "Hounds of Love" (a Kate Bush cover). The album received critical praise and was re-released as a special edition in 2005 featuring a DVD and coming with a slightly re-designed cover in pink rather than the standard LP's grey.
Clear Springs, Missouri
Clear Springs is an unincorporated community in southern Texas County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is located on Missouri Route Y, one mile east of Missouri Route 137. The spring is on the South Prong Jacks Fork, 1.5 miles south of the community site.

Missouri supplemental route
A supplemental route is a state secondary road in the U.S. state of Missouri, designated with letters. Supplemental routes were various roads within the state which the Missouri Department of Transportation was given in 1952 to maintain in addition to the regular routes, though lettered routes had been in use from at least 1932. The four types of roads designated as Routes are:

Farm to market roads

Roads to state parks

Former alignments of U.S. or state highways

Short routes connecting state highways from other states to routes in Missouri

Supplemental routes make up 19,064 miles (30,681 km) (59%) of the state highway system.
Horrible Histories
Horrible Histories is an educational entertainment franchise encompassing many media including books, magazines, audio books, stage shows, TV shows, and more.

In 2013, Lisa Edwards, UK publishing and commercial director of Scholastic Corporation, described Horrible Histories as one of the company's "crown jewels", and said it is at an "advanced stage of evolution". She added: "We have covered every possible era that has a commercial outcome...We're now in the era of the box set, annuals, newly presented editions and licensed products".

Educational entertainment
Educational entertainment, also referred to by the portmanteau edutainment, is media designed to educate through entertainment. The term has been used as early as 1933. Most often it includes content intended to teach but has incidental entertainment value. It has been used by academia, corporations, governments, and other entities in various countries to disseminate information in classrooms and/or via television, radio, and other media to influence viewers' opinions and behaviors.
HouseBroken
HouseBroken is an American animated sitcom created by Jennifer Crittenden, Clea DuVall, and Gabrielle Allan that aired on Fox from May 31, 2021 to August 6, 2023. In August 2021, the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on December 4, 2022. The show reunited Nat Faxon and Sharon Horgan in roles similar to their characters in Disenchantment.

In May 2024, the series was canceled after two seasons due to low ratings.

Animated sitcom
An animated sitcom is a subgenre of a Western television sitcom that is animated, and is usually made or created for adult audiences. The Simpsons, Family Guy, South Park, SpongeBob SquarePants, American Dad! and King of the Hill are six of the longest-running American animated sitcoms.
Joseph Macaluso
Joseph Angelo Macaluso (April 6, 1931 – March 22, 2011) was a Canadian Member of Parliament for the riding of Hamilton West, and a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.

He was elected in the 1963 Canadian federal election, serving until 1968 when he did not run again.

In the 1984 federal election he sought to make a return to Parliament for Lincoln, Ontario but was defeated.

Macaluso was a barrister/solicitor and served as an alderman for Hamilton, Ontario City Council from 1960 to 1963.

Hamilton City Council (Ontario)
Hamilton City Council is the governing body of the City of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Since 21 November 1960, Council has met at Hamilton City Hall at 71 Main Street West.

The current council consists of the mayor plus fifteen councillors, one elected from each of the city's wards. The incumbent council was elected in a Hamilton municipal election on October 24, 2022.
National anthem of South Africa
The national anthem of South Africa was adopted in 1997 and is a hybrid song combining extracts of the 19th century Xhosa hymn "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" (English: "God Bless Africa", lit. '"Lord Bless Africa"') and the Afrikaans song that was used as the South African national anthem during the apartheid era, "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (English: "The Voice of South Africa"), with new English lyrics.

The anthem is often referred to by its incipit of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", but this has never been its official title, which is simply "National Anthem of South Africa".

The committee responsible for this new composition included Anna Bender, Elize Botha, Richard Cock, Dolf Havemann (Secretary), Mzilikazi Khumalo (chairman), Masizi Kunene, John Lenake, Fatima Meer, Khabi Mngoma, Wally Serote, Johan de Villiers, and Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph.

Mazisi Kunene
Mazisi (Raymond) Kunene (12 May 1930 – 11 August 2006) was a South African poet best known for his translation of the epic Zulu poem Emperor Shaka the Great. While in exile from South Africa's apartheid regime, Kunene was an active supporter and organiser of the anti-apartheid movement in Europe and Africa. He later taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, and become Africa's and South Africa's first poet laureate.
Porto–Lisboa
Porto–Lisbon (Portuguese: Porto–Lisboa) was an annual road cycling race held in Portugal on 10 June in celebration of Portugal Day. Covering a distance of approximately 330-340 kilometres, the race was the longest on the professional calendar after the disappearance of Bordeaux–Paris in 1988. It started in Porto, Portugal's second-largest city, and finished in the Portuguese capital Lisbon around eight or nine hours later.

Although it was the most important classic in Portugal, in its later days it was usually only contested by Portuguese cycling teams. In 2002 Porto–Lisbon was held as a team-race divided in three sectors between Porto and Lisboa. In 2004 the last edition of the race was held. Since its cancellation, Milan–San Remo is the longest one-day race of the year, at approximately 298 km.

Bordeaux–Paris
The Bordeaux–Paris professional cycle race was one of Europe's classic cycle races, and one of the longest in the professional calendar, covering approximately 560 km (350 mi) – more than twice most single-day races. It started in northern Bordeaux in southwest France at 2am and finished in the capital Paris 14 hours later. The professional event was held from 1891 until 1988. It was held as an amateur event in 2014.
Petar Čortanović
Petar Čortanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Петар Чортановић) or Čortanovački (Чортановачки, 1800–1868) was a Serbian painter.
He painted the wall frescoes of the Buđanovci Church in 1838, of the Karlovčić Church in 1845. In 1856 he painted the Battle of Kosovo and members of the Lazarević dynasty.

Buđanovci
Buđanovci (Serbian Cyrillic: Буђановци) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the municipality of Ruma, Srem District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population numbering 1,244 residents (2022 census).
Arbizu
Arbizu is a village and municipality in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain, neighbouring Etxarri-Aranatz. Its traditional "fiesta" falls on June 24, St. John's day, and is noted for the feast held in the main square.

Nativity of John the Baptist
The Nativity of John the Baptist (or Birth of John the Baptist, or Nativity of the Forerunner, or colloquially Johnmas or St. John's Day (in German) Johannistag) is a Christian feast day. It is observed annually on 24 June. The Nativity of John the Baptist is a high-ranking liturgical feast, kept in the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglicanism, and Lutheranism. The sole biblical account of the birth of John the Baptist comes from the Gospel of Luke.