hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
English clause syntax
This article describes the syntax of clauses in the English language, chiefly in Modern English. A clause is often said to be the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. But this semantic idea of a clause leaves out much of English clause syntax. For example, clauses can be questions,: 161  but questions are not propositions. A syntactic description of an English clause is that it is a subject and a verb. But this too fails, as a clause need not have a subject, as with the imperative,: 170  and, in many theories, an English clause may be verbless.: 222  The idea of what qualifies varies between theories and has changed over time.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Lim Hock Seng
Lim Hock Seng is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of the Penang State Executive Council (EXCO) in the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) state administration under Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng as well as Member of the Penang State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Bagan Jermal from August 1986 to October 1990 and March 2008 to May 2018 as well as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bagan from 1990 to 1995 and September 1995 to March 2008. He is a member of Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of Pakatan Harapan (PH) and Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions.

Penang State Executive Council
The Penang State Executive Council is the executive branch of the Penang state government. It is headed by the chief minister, who is appointed by the governor, Penang's head of state. The council also comprises between four and ten other members of the Penang State Legislative Assembly, along with ex officio civil servants – namely the state secretary, the state legal adviser and the state financial officer.

While smaller in size, the Penang State Executive Council is similar in structure and function to the Malaysian federal cabinet. Federal and state responsibilities vary, resulting in portfolios that vary between the two levels of government. The Executive Council is collectively accountable to the Penang State Legislative Assembly.
Vladimir Maksimov (handballer)
Vladimir Salmanovich Maksimov (Russian: Владимир Салманович Максимов; born October 14, 1945, in Kant, Kirghiz SSR) is a Soviet and Russian handball player and coach. After his retirement as a player, he was a coach for the Russian national team, with which he won all three major titles in handball (European champion in 1996, world champion twice in 1993 and 1997 and Olympic champion in 2000). As an active player, he was on the team who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics (three matches played, fifth place) and in the 1976 Summer Olympics (gold medal).

1997 World Men's Handball Championship
The 1997 World Men's Handball Championship was the 15th team handball World Championship. It was held in Kumamoto, Japan and was the first World Championship not played in a European country. Russia won the championship.
Joot
Joot: Are You Ready (transl. Run) is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language masala film directed by Azhagam Perumal, starring Srikanth and Meera Jasmine with Vivek, FEFSI Vijayan and Murali in supporting roles. The film was released on 19 December 2003.

Srikanth (actor, born 1979)
Srikanth is an Indian actor known for his works predominantly in Tamil and Telugu films. He is credited as Sriram in Telugu films. He debuted in K. Balachander's tele serial Jannal – Marabu Kavithaigal (1999). His film debut was in the romantic film Roja Kootam (2002) and went on to star in more such films including April Maadhathil (2002), Parthiban Kanavu (2003), Okariki Okaru (2003) and Kana Kandaen (2005). He subsequently went on to portray action roles in  Drohi (2010). He starred in Nanban (2012), remake of 3 Idiots directed by S. Shankar.
Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar
Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar (born 20 June 1977) is an Indian politician and leader of a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) from Maharashtra currently representing  Nilanga constituency, Maharashtra as Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.

He had represented Nilanga (VidhanSabha constituency) in 2004, 2014 and 2019. Sambhajirao Patil Nilangekar served as Cabinet Minister for Maharashtra State Government. He was also guardian minister of Latur District.

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra Vidhānasabhā) is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India. It consists of 288 members directly elected from single-seat constituencies. The Assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan in Mumbai, though the winter session is held in Nagpur. Along with the Maharashtra Legislative Council, it constitutes the legislature of Maharashtra. The presiding officer of the Assembly is the Speaker. Members of the Assembly are directly elected by the people of Maharashtra through elections held every five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved earlier. The current Assembly was elected in November 2024.
Daniel L. Cease
Daniel L. Cease (March, 25 1864 in Phillipsburg, New Jersey – March 22, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio) was editor and manager of The Railroad Trainman in Cleveland, Ohio. The publication was a monthly published by the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen. In 1913 and again in 1926 he was on the Board of Arbitration of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen (BRT) was a labor organization for railroad employees founded in 1883. Originally called the Brotherhood of Railroad Brakemen, its purpose was to negotiate contracts with railroad management and to provide insurance for members.

The BRT grew to become the largest brotherhood of operating railroad employees. In 1969, it merged with three other unions to form the United Transportation Union.
Steam Detectives
Steam Detectives (Japanese: 快傑蒸気探偵団, Hepburn: Kaiketsu Jōki Tanteidan) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kia Asamiya. The manga was originally serialized in Monthly Shōnen Jump and later moved to Ultra Jump at the magazines start. It was later adapted into a 26-episode anime television series which ran from October 1998 to March 1999 on TV Tokyo. In North America, the anime is licensed by ADV Films and the manga by Viz Media.

Ultra Jump
Ultra Jump (Japanese: ウルトラジャンプ, Hepburn: Urutora Janpu) is a Japanese monthly seinen manga magazine published by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines. Originally, the magazine was a special issue of Weekly Young Jump which was first issued in 1995. On October 19, 1999, the special issue became the new monthly publication Ultra Jump. The manga titles serialized in the magazine are published in tankōbon volumes under the Young Jump Comics Ultra label.
Kentavros Vrilission F.C.
Kentavros Vrilission F.C. (Greek: Ποδοσφαιρικός Αθλητικός Όμιλος Βριλησσίων Κένταυρος) is a football  club, based in Vrilissia, Athens. The Greek club was founded in the autumn of 2003 and participates in the first Athens domestic football league (E.P.S.A.).

Sports league
A sports league is a group of individual athletes, sports teams or clubs who form a league to compete against each other and gain points in a specific sport. At its simplest, it may be a local group of amateur athletes who form teams among themselves and compete periodically, at its most complex, it can be an international professional league making large amounts of money and involving dozens of teams and thousands of players.
Rahoon–Newcastle GAA
Rahoon–Newcastle GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club that takes in an area stretching from Barna to Corcullen (townland on Moycullen–Rahoon parish border) and all the way to Newcastle in Galway City, Ireland. The club, which was founded in 1889, is almost exclusively concerned with the game of hurling.

Barna
Barna, officially known as Bearna in both Irish and English, is a coastal village on the R336 regional road in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. Located approximately 7 km west of the centre of Galway city, it has become a satellite village of Galway. The village, which is mostly Irish speaking, is a constituent part of the regions of Ireland that make up the Gaeltacht.
Daniel Rees (priest)
Daniel Rees (8 February 1793 – 13 June 1857) was a Welsh clergyman and hymnwriter.

Rees was born at Felin Newydd, Llangeler in Carmarthenshire, Wales, on 8 February 1793.  He went to Castellhywel school before attending Jesus College, Oxford.  After being ordained, he was curate of Goetre, Monmouthshire, from 1818 to 1823, before becoming perpetual curate of Aberystruth, Monmouthshire.  His publications included Casgliad o Psalmau a Hymnau in 1831, and A Selection of Psalms and Hymns in 1832; the popularity of both books was demonstrated by the fact that each book was reprinted on several occasions in the following 30 years.  The books included some of Rees's original hymns and translations.  He died on 13 June 1857.

Aberystruth
Aberystruth was an ancient ecclesiastical parish in Wales, located beside the north-west corner of the county of Monmouthshire against the border with Breconshire and between the parishes of Bedwellty and Trevethin. It extended from Beaufort in the north beyond Abertillery in the south.
Gardens of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
The Gardens of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Occitan: Jardins de Provença-Alps-Còsta d'Azur) is a list and description of the parks and gardens in the region, which are classified by the Committee of Parks and Gardens of the French Ministry of Culture as among the Notable Gardens of France.

Bastide
Bastides (Occitan: Bastidas) are fortified new towns built in medieval Languedoc, Gascony, Aquitaine, England and Wales during the 13th and 14th centuries, although some authorities count Mont-de-Marsan and Montauban, which was founded in 1144, as the first bastides.

Some of the first bastides were built under Raymond VII of Toulouse to replace villages destroyed in the Albigensian Crusade. He encouraged the construction of others to colonize the wilderness, especially of southwest France. Almost 700 bastides were built between 1222 (Cordes-sur-Ciel, Tarn) and 1372 (La Bastide d'Anjou, Tarn).
Katažina Sosna
Katažina Sosna–Pinelė (born 30 November 1990) is a Lithuanian racing cyclist. She competed in the 2012 UCI Road World Championships in Valkenburg aan de Geul and in the 2013 UCI women's time trial in Florence.

2013 UCI Road World Championships – Women's time trial
The Women's time trial of the 2013 UCI Road World Championships took place on 24 September 2013 in the region of Tuscany, Italy. The course of the race was 22.05 km from Parco delle Cascine to the Nelson Mandela Forum in Florence.

Ellen van Dijk from the Netherlands lived up her expectations as main favourite and won the time trial by dominating the race, beating perennial podium finisher Linda Villumsen and the surprising American Carmen Small.
Henry Iden
Henry Iden (died 1568) was an English writer, Member of Parliament, and government official. He translated Giambattista Gelli’s Circe in 1557 (as Circes), sat for Shaftesbury in 1564, and served as surveyor-general of the Royal Ordnance between 1565 and his death in 1568.

Royal Ordnance
Royal Ordnance plc was formed on 2 January 1985 as a public corporation, owning the majority of what until then were the remaining United Kingdom government-owned Royal Ordnance Factories (abbreviated ROFs) which manufactured explosives, ammunition, small arms including the Lee–Enfield rifle, guns and military vehicles such as tanks. It owned some 16 factories; and employed about 19,000 staff.

Royal Ordnance plc was bought by British Aerospace (BAe) in April 1987, which became BAE Systems in 1999. The name Royal Ordnance was retained for almost another twenty years; and the sites retained their former names, either as Royal Ordnance or later RO Defence sites. The Royal Ordnance name was dropped in 2004 and after having traded as Land Systems, the division is now known as Land UK.
A.R.E.S.: Extinction Agenda
A.R.E.S. Extinction Agenda is a side-scrolling platform shooter for Windows. It was developed by Thai independent developer Extend Studio. An updated version called Extinction Agenda EX was released for Xbox Live Arcade on October 2, 2013, and for Windows via Steam on October 3, 2014.

Side-scrolling video game
A side-scrolling video game (alternatively side-scroller) is a video game viewed from a side-view camera angle where the screen follows the player as they move left or right. The jump from single-screen or flip-screen graphics to scrolling graphics during the golden age of arcade games was a pivotal leap in game design, comparable to the move to 3D graphics during the fifth generation.

Hardware support of smooth scrolling backgrounds is built into many arcade video games, some game consoles, and home computers. Examples include 8-bit systems like the Atari 8-bit computers and Nintendo Entertainment System, and 16-bit consoles, such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis. These 16-bit consoles added multiple layers, which can be scrolled independently for a parallax scrolling effect.
Scotts Mountain
Scotts Mountain is a mountain in Warren County, New Jersey. The mountain covers portions of Harmony, Lopatcong, Franklin and Washington Townships; the main summit rises to 1,086 feet (331 m), and is located in Harmony. It is part of the New York–New Jersey Highlands of the Appalachian Mountains, although somewhat isolated to the west of the main body of the Highlands.

Lopatcong Township, New Jersey
Lopatcong Township (/loʊˈpætkɒŋ/) is a township in Warren County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 8,776, an increase of 762 (+9.5%) from the 2010 census count of 8,014, which in turn reflected an increase of 2,249 (+39.0%) from the 5,765 counted in the 2000 census.
Vidiyum Munn
Vidiyum Munn (transl. Before dawn) is a 2013 Indian Tamil action thriller film directed by Balaji K. Kumar. The film stars Pooja Umashankar and Malavika Manikuttan in the lead roles, while R. Amarendran, Vinoth Kishan, and John Vijay play supporting roles. The music was composed by Girishh Gopalakrishnan with cinematography by Sivakumar Vijayan and editing by Sathyaraj Natarajan. The film is about a prostitute trying to rescue a girl from the clutches of prostitution.

Vidiyum Munn was the fifth Indian film to be released on the Auro 3D 11.1 surround sound system. The film was released by PVR Pictures on 29 November 2013 to critical acclaim but was an average grosser at the box office. The film is an uncredited remake of the 2006 British film London to Brighton.

John Vijay
John Vijay (born 20 November 1976) is an Indian actor who works in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi and Kannada films. He is well known for his performances in Oram Po (2007), Thillalangadi (2010), Mouna Guru (2011), Kalakalappu (2012) and Sarpatta Parambarai (2021).
Military Order of Cross-bearers with the Red Star on a Blue Field
The Bethlehemites or Military order of cross-bearers with the red star on a blue field (Italian: Betlemitani) was a military order active in the 12th to 15th centuries. It arose in the Holy Land under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Bethlehem.

To the commander  Giuseppe Vallerga di Loano, the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem gave the right to found a seminary in Bethlehem. Varazze became the location for many of the Bethlehemites from around 1100 to 1440, following their expulsion from the Holy Land.

In the Roman Catholic Diocese of Asti during the 13th century, thanks to the encouragement of the bishop Landolfo di Vergiate, the order managed the administration of the churches of Saint George and Saint Pancras in the city as well as that of Gamalero and the hospital of Quattordio.

The order continued up through the 16th century, where its ownership of a house in San Paolo Solbrito is documented. It was eventually suppressed in 1656 by Pope Alexander VII.

Quattordio
Quattordio (Quatòrdi in Piedmontese) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) west of Alessandria.

Quattordio borders the following municipalities: Castello di Annone, Cerro Tanaro, Felizzano, Masio, Refrancore, and Viarigi.
Despite its small population, the town has been, for more than 70 years, an important industrial site (particularly with regard to paint industry). The name derives from the Latin Quattuordecimum ("fourteenth"), indicating its distance from Asti.
Joeli Cawaki
Joeli Ratulevu Cawaki is a Fijian politician and former Assistant Minister and Member of the Parliament of Fiji.

Cawaki is a former naval officer. From 2010 to 2014 he was Commissioner of the Western Division. He resigned in July 2014 in order to become a candidate for the FijiFirst Party.

Cawaki was elected to Parliament in the 2014 election, in which he won 3,394 votes. He was appointed Assistant Minister for Agriculture, Natural Disaster Management.

Cawaki was not selected by FijiFirst as a candidate for the 2018 election.

FijiFirst
FijiFirst (FF, Fijian: iMatai ni Viti; Fiji Hindi: फिजी प्रथम) was a liberal political party in Fiji. The party was formed in March 2014 by then Prime Minister, Frank Bainimarama. It was deregistered on 1 July 2024.
Comparison of birth control methods
There are many methods of birth control (or contraception) that vary in requirements, side effects, and effectiveness. As the technology, education, and awareness about contraception has evolved, new contraception methods have been theorized and put in application. Although no method of birth control is ideal for every user, some methods remain more effective, affordable or intrusive than others. Outlined here are the different types of barrier methods, hormonal methods, various methods including spermicides, emergency contraceptives, and surgical methods and a comparison between them.

While many methods may prevent conception, only male and female condoms are effective in preventing sexually transmitted infections.

Effectiveness
Effectiveness or effectivity is the capability of producing a desired result or the ability to produce desired output. When something is deemed effective, it means it has an intended or expected outcome, or produces a deep, vivid impression.
Sir William Wentworth, 1st Baronet
Sir William Wentworth (1562-1614) was an English landowner.

He was born in 1562, the son of Thomas Wentworth and Margaret Gascoigne or Gascoyne, heiress of Gawthorpe. His sister was Elizabeth Wentworth who was the mother of the heir Christopher Danby (1582–1624). A story was told of Wentworth's visit to Bolling Hall and a vision concerning St Ann's well at Buxton.

His homes were Gawthorpe Hall (demolished) near Harewood House, and Wentworth Woodhouse, near Rotherham. He became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and acquired a baronet's title on 20 June 1611.

Elizabeth Danby
Elizabeth Danby born Elizabeth Wentworth (died 1629) was an English recusant noblewoman. She was the wife of Sir Thomas Danby. She managed the family fortune when her son inherited at the age of eight.
Child abuse in China
Child abuse in the People's Republic of China is the maltreatment, neglect, or exploitation of children, encompassing physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and child labor. Despite increasing public awareness of and government initiatives to tackle child abuse, reports indicate high rates of abuse and neglect among children, with societal attitudes and traditional Confucian values complicating efforts to establish a robust child protection framework. Furthermore, the law of the People's Republic of China does not systematically define or codify child abuse, which critically challenges the extent to which vulnerable children can be protected. Despite recent efforts to combat child abuse, including the creation of sex offender registries and mandatory reporting systems, significant gaps in protection and support remain.

Physical abuse
Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person or animal by way of bodily contact. In most cases, children are the victims of physical abuse, but adults can also be victims, as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence, and may also include sexual abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser, and more than one victim.
Eugen Fried
Eugen Fried (13 March 1900 – 17 August 1943) was a Czechoslovak communist who played a leading role in the French Communist Party in the 1930s and early 1940s as the representative of the Communist International. He ensured that the party leaders were loyal to Joseph Stalin and followed the instructions of Moscow. He was ruthless but discreet, and stayed out of the public eye.

Jacques Duclos
Jacques Duclos (French: [dyklo]; 2 October 1896 – 25 April 1975) was a French Communist politician and member of the Communist International (Comintern) who played a key role in French politics from 1926, when he entered the French National Assembly after defeating Paul Reynaud, until 1969, when he won a substantial portion of the vote in the presidential elections.
Teemu Kesä
Teemu Kesä (born June 7, 1981) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey defenceman. He last played for Malmö Redhawks of the Swedish Allsvenskan. He was selected by the New Jersey Devils in the 4th round (100th overall) of the 1999 NHL Entry Draft.

Malmö Redhawks
The Malmö Redhawks (colloquially referred to simply as Malmö or by past abbreviation MIF) are a Swedish professional ice hockey team based in Malmö, Sweden, which plays in the SHL, with Malmö Arena as the venue for home games.

The history of the team dates back to 1944 as the ice hockey division of the now exclusively football club Malmö FF. In 1972 the team divested from Malmö FF, marking the start of the hockey association initially known as Malmö IF. The team name was changed to MIF Redhawks in 2001 and then to the present name IF Malmö Redhawks in 2004. Officially the team goes by the name Ishockeyföreningen Malmö Redhawks (Ice Hockey Association Malmö Redhawks). The current CEO is Patrik Sylvegård who represented the team during his senior playing career.
Lichtenau, Lübbenau
Lichtenau (German pronunciation: [ˈlɪçtənaʊ] ⓘ; Lower Sorbian: Lichtnow) is a village in the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district of Brandenburg, Germany. It is located in Lower Lusatia, about 90 km (55 mi) south of Berlin. The village was annexed by the municipality Tornow in 1926 (according to different sources in 1928), which was annexed itself by Kittlitz in 1968. Since 26 October 2003, Lichtenau is part of the town Lübbenau.

Oberspreewald-Lausitz
Oberspreewald-Lausitz (Lower Sorbian: Wokrejs Górne Błota-Łužyca, Upper Sorbian: Wokrjes Hornje Błóta-Łužica [ˈwɔkʁʲɛs ˈhɔʁnʲɛ ˈbwʊta ˈwuʒitsa]) is a Kreis (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Dahme-Spreewald, Spree-Neiße, the districts Bautzen and Meissen in Saxony, and the district Elbe-Elster.