hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Buchach
The Treaty of Buchach was signed on 18 October 1672 in Buczacz (Buchach) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, who had been unable to raise a suitable army, on the one side  and the Ottoman Empire on the other side, ending the first phase of the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676).

Under the treaty Poland:

ceded territory of Podolian Voivodeship to the Ottomans

agreed to pay a yearly tribute of 22,000 thaler

ceded territory of Bratslav Voivodeship and southern Kiev Voivodeship to the Cossack Hetmanate (Ottoman Ukraine), which fought alongside the Ottomans under Petro Doroshenko.

The hostilities would resume already in the spring of 1673 as the Sejm never ratified the treaty. In 1676, it was revised with the Treaty of Żurawno (today in Zhuravne, Stryi Raion).

Kiev Voivodeship
The Kiev Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo kijowskie; Latin: Palatinatus Kioviensis; Ukrainian: Київське воєводство, romanized: Kyivske voievodstvo) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1471 until 1569 and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 until 1793, as part of Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. On some maps Kiev Voivodeship was also named as the Lower Volhynia.

The voivodeship was established in 1471 upon the death of the last prince of Kiev Simeon Olelkovich and transformation of the Duchy of Kiev (appanage duchy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) into the Voivodeship of Kiev.
A Pagan Poem
A Pagan Poem is a tone poem for orchestra composed in 1906 by Charles Martin Loeffler.  Originally scored for piano, woodwinds, violin, and contrabass, the work was rescored for two pianos and three trumpets.  The final version, which, in addition to traditional forces includes piano, solo English horn, and three solo trumpets, was introduced on November 23, 1907, by the Boston Symphony under the direction of Karl Muck.

Loeffler derived inspiration for the work from the eighth eclogue of Virgil, in which a maiden of Thessaly uses magic to revive her lover's ardor once he deserts her.  Rather than follow the program literally, the composer chose to depict moods suggested by the text.  Loeffler used extended harmonies to evoke an antique sound.

Contrabass
Contrabass (from Italian: contrabbasso) refers to several musical instruments of very low pitch—generally one octave below bass register instruments. While the term most commonly refers to the double bass (which is the bass instrument in the orchestral string family, tuned lower than the cello), many other instruments in the contrabass register exist.

The term "contrabass" is relative, usually denoting a very low-pitched instrument of its type, rather than one in a particular range.

For example, the contrabass flute's lowest note is approximately an octave higher than that of the contrabass clarinet.

Instruments tuned below contrabass instruments, such as the double contrabass flute or subcontrabass saxophone, may be referred to as "double contrabass," "triple contrabass," "subcontrabass," or "octocontrabass" instruments.

On the other hand, the "contrabass" classification often includes such instruments.
Active Learning in Higher Education
Active Learning in Higher Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers three times a year in the field of Education. The journal's editor is Virginia Clinton-Lisell (University of North Dakota). It has been in publication since 2000 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. Its 2-year impact factor is 4.765.

University of North Dakota
The University of North Dakota (UND) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States. It was established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota.

The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. The John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences was the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operation. Several national research institutions are on the university's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral universities – very high research activity".
Nicaragua (anthem)
“Nicaragua” or “La patriótica” was the first national anthem of Nicaragua, premiered during a tertulia in Masaya in 1876 and adopted by the government of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro in the same year.: 7 : 15  It was composed by José del Carmen Vega, with lyrics written by Fernando Álvarez.: 104 : 8  It was used until 1889, when it was replaced by Marcha Roberto Sacasa.: 17

During the early years of José Santos Zelaya’s administration, readoption of the music of this anthem was taken into consideration,: 17  but ultimately a different anthem, Hermosa Soberana, has been adopted.: 19

Tertulia
A tertulia (Spanish: [teɾˈtulja], Galician: [teɾˈtuljɐ]; Portuguese: tertúlia [tɨɾˈtuliɐ]; Catalan: tertúlia [təɾˈtuliə]) is a social gathering with literary or artistic overtones, especially in Iberia or in Spanish America. The word can also mean an informal meeting of people to talk about current affairs, arts, etc. The word is originally Spanish, and was later borrowed into Catalan and Portuguese. It is typically not used in English outside of an Iberian or Latin American cultural context.

Occasionally, a tertulia may also describe a television magazine or chat show programme in a similar (albeit perhaps more sensationalist) format to its older counterpart.
Schizachyrium sanguineum
Schizachyrium sanguineum, also known as crimson bluestem, is a species of perennial graminoid found in the United States, as well as in Central and South America. Within the United States, this species occurs in two disconnected regions, one encompassing the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, and the other encompassing Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

S. sanguineum can be found in habitats such as in disturbed sandy sites, sandhill systems, and in pine flatwoods.

Reaching a height of up to 4 ft (1.2 m), S. sanguineum is a type of grass that produces white to brown panicles from June through October.

Graminoid
In botany and ecology, a graminoid refers to a herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology, i.e., elongated culms with long, blade-like leaves. They are contrasted with forbs, herbaceous plants without grass-like features.

The plants most often referred to include the families Poaceae (grasses in the strict sense), Cyperaceae (sedges), and Juncaceae (rushes). These are not closely related but belong to different clades in the order Poales. The grasses (Poaceae) are by far the largest family, with some 12,000 species.
Anikó Hódi
Anikó Hódi (born 11 April 1986) is a Hungarian amateur BMX cyclist. She represented her nation Hungary, as a 22-year-old elite rider, at the 2008 Summer Olympics and has been training throughout most of her BMX cycling career for Honvéd Bercsényi SE.

Hodi qualified for the Hungarian squad, as the nation's lone female rider, in women's BMX cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing by receiving an invitational berth from the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) based on her best performance at the UCI World Championships in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. After she grabbed a fifteenth seed on the morning prelims with a time of 41.772, Hodi scored a total of 18 placing points to mount a sixth spot in the semifinals, thus eliminating her from the tournament.

BMX
BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross or bike motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general street or off-road recreation.
Robert C. Williams Museum of Papermaking
The Robert C. Williams Museum of Papermaking is a research institution and public museum dedicated to the preservation of the history of paper and paper technology.  Located inside the Paper Tricentennial Building at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, the museum features the largest collection of paper and paper-related artifacts in the world, including watermarks, papers, tools, machines, and manuscripts. Changing exhibits focus on paper art, and a permanent exhibit details the science and technology used in papermaking.

Paper
Paper is a thin sheet of matted cellulose fibers. Largely derived from lignocellulose, paper is created from a pulp dissolved into a slurry that is drained and dried into sheets. Different types of paper are defined by constituent fiber, paper pulp, sizing, coating, paper size, paper density and grammage.

The papermaking process developed in East Asia at least as early as 105 CE by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although archaeological evidence exists of 2nd century BCE paper-like material in China. Before the industrialization of paper production, the most common paper was rag paper, made from discarded natural fiber textiles collected by ragpickers. The 1843 invention of wood pulp, coupled with the Second Industrial Revolution, made pulpwood paper the dominant variety to this day.
David Riches (anatomist)
David Riches is a British anatomist. He is Emeritus Professor of Anatomy at Queen Mary University of London and a Fellow and Director of Studies at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He is noted for research on dermatology, particularly the basement membrane zone and bullous disorders. He has formerly been Dean of Medical Sciences at the International Medical University in Kuala Lumpur.

He was appointed Arnott Demonstrator of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1976.

Dermatology
Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin. It is a specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist is a specialist medical doctor who has undergone advanced training (typically 4 years beyond medical school) and manages diseases related to skin. Dermatological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, infections, cancers, hair loss, and cosmetic issues are common in the population, and sometimes difficult to diagnose or treat, requiring the services of a dermatologist. In addition to these routine issues, some conditions such as serious burns, angiodema, necrotizing fasciitis, and Stevens–Johnson syndrome are life-threatening dermatological emergencies. Dermatological interventions include systemic and topical medications, surgery, radiation, and physical modalities such as cryosurgery or laser therapy.
Japanese minelayer Sarushima
Sarushima (猿島) was a small Natsushima-class minelayer of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which was in service during World War II. She was named after Sarushima Island, a small island in Tokyo Bay, offshore Yokosuka, Kanagawa. She was designed as an auxiliary minelayer and escort vessel.

Tokyo Bay
Tokyo Bay (東京湾, Tōkyō-wan) is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan spanning the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture, on the southern coast of the island of Honshu. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is the most populous and the largest industrialized area in Japan.
George Hermonymus
George Hermonymus (Greek: Γεώργιος Ἑρμώνυμος; before 1435 – after 1503), also known as Hermonymus of Sparta, was a 15th-century Greek scribe, diplomat, scholar, and lecturer. He was the first person to teach Greek at the Collège de Sorbonne in Paris.

College of Sorbonne
The College of Sorbonne (French: Collège de Sorbonne) was a theological college of the University of Paris, founded in 1253 (confirmed in 1257) by Robert de Sorbon (1201–1274), after whom it was named.

The Sorbonne was disestablished by decree of 5 April 1792, after the French Revolution, along with the other Paris colleges. It was restored in 1808, then closed finally in 1882.
Gary Dickson
Robert Gary Dickson is a lawyer and former member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta  and the first Saskatchewan Information and Privacy Commissioner.

Dickson was initially elected as a member of the Alberta Liberal Party in a 1992 by-election that had been called after the death of famous MLA Sheldon Chumir, defeating Rod Love, a well-known political consultant. He went on to be re-elected for two more terms in the 1993 and 1997 general elections, and retired from the legislature in 2001.

On November 1, 2003 he was appointed as the first Information and Privacy Commissioner in Saskatchewan.

Rod Love
Roderick Michael Love (August 5, 1953 – October 26, 2014) was a Canadian political strategist.  He served as chief of staff to Ralph Klein during Klein's tenure as Mayor of Calgary and Premier of Alberta.
Hermann Biggs
Hermann Michael Biggs (September 29, 1859 – June 28, 1923) was an American physician and pioneer in the field of public health who helped apply the science of bacteriology to the prevention and control of infectious diseases. He was born in Trumansburg, New York.

Bacteriology
Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species. Because of the similarity of thinking and working with microorganisms other than bacteria, such as protozoa, fungi, and non-microorganism viruses, there has been a tendency for the field of bacteriology to extend as microbiology. The terms were formerly often used interchangeably. However, bacteriology can be classified as a distinct science.
Radical Firearms RF-15
The Radical Firearms RF-15 is an AR-15–style rifle assembled in Stafford, Texas, U.S. by Radical Firearms, originally released in 2016 at SHOT Show. Marketed at a competitively low price, it is considered to be a budget or entry level rifle designed for American consumers optimized for home defense or competition, usually chambered in 5.56/.223 and .300 Blackout.

The RF-15 is considered a competitor to other affordable AR-15-style platforms on the civilian market along with the Hi-Point HP-15 and the Palmetto State Armory PA-15.

Stafford, Texas
Stafford is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, in the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. The city is mostly in Fort Bend County, with a small part in Harris County. As of the 2020 census, Stafford's population was 17,666, down from 17,693 at the 2010 census.
Hot Stuff (1956 film)
Hot Stuff is a 1956 short subject directed by Jules White starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Shemp Howard). It is the 172nd entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

Slapstick
Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity that exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. Slapstick may involve both intentional violence and violence by mishap, often resulting from physical abuse and/or inept use of props such as saws and ladders.

The term arises from a device developed for use in the broad, physical comedy style known as commedia dell'arte in 16th-century Italy. The "slap stick" consists of two thin slats of wood, which makes a "slap" when striking another actor, with little force needed to make a loud—and comical—sound. The physical slap stick remains a key component of the plot in the traditional and popular Punch and Judy puppet show. More contemporary examples of slapstick humor include The Three Stooges, The Naked Gun and Mr. Bean.
Saab Bofors Dynamics CBJ-MS
The Saab Bofors Dynamics CBJ-MS is a personal defense weapon/submachine gun designed and manufactured by Swedish weapon developer CBJ Tech AB, and was also manufactured by Saab Bofors Dynamics.  It can be chambered for both 6.5×25mm CBJ and 9×19mm Parabellum cartridges via simple barrel changes.

CBJ-MS stands for Carl Bertil Johansson's-Modular System.

Gun barrel
A gun barrel is a crucial part of gun-type weapons such as small firearms, artillery pieces, and air guns.  It is the straight shooting tube, usually made of rigid high-strength metal, through which a contained rapid expansion of high-pressure gas(es) is used to propel a projectile out of the front end (muzzle) at a high velocity.  The hollow interior of the barrel is called the bore, and the diameter of the bore is called its calibre, usually measured in inches or millimetres.

The first firearms were made at a time when metallurgy was not advanced enough to cast tubes capable of withstanding the explosive forces of early cannons, so the pipe (often built from staves of metal) needed to be braced periodically along its length for structural reinforcement, producing an appearance somewhat reminiscent of storage barrels being stacked together, hence the English name.
Spas, Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast
Spas (Ukrainian: Спас) is a small village (or selo) in the Lviv Raion (or district), of Lviv Oblast (province), which is in the western part of Ukraine. It is also part of the Kamianka-Buzka urban hromada, one of the many hromadas (analogous to a municipality) of Ukraine. 
The population of the village is just about 207 people, and local government is administered by Streptivska village council.

Lviv Raion
Lviv Raion (Ukrainian: Львівський район) is a raion (district) of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It was created on 18 July 2020 as part of Ukraine's administrative reform. The center of the region is the city of Lviv. The raion was formed by merging four abolished raions, Horodok, Peremyshliany, Pustomyty, and Zhovkva Raions, as well as Lviv Municipality and parts of Kamianka-Buzka and Zolochiv Raions. Population: 1,141,119 (2022 estimate).
Longkümer
Longkümer is an Ao Naga surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Imtikümzük Longkümer (1967–2018), Indian politician

Macnivil (Akaba Martin Longkümer) (born 1992), musician

Sharingain Longkümer (born 1981), Indian politician

Temsüyanger Longkümer, artist

Macnivil
Akaba Martin Longkümer (born 7 July 1992), known professionally as Macnivil, is an Indian rapper, songwriter and music video director from Nagaland. He is considered as one of the pioneers of the Nagamese Hip hop scene in Nagaland. He further gained success after the release of his album Ura Uvie.
Drumclog
Drumclog is a small village in South Lanarkshire, Parish of Avendale and Drumclog, Scotland. The settlement is situated on the A71, between Caldermill and Priestland in East Ayrshire at an elevation of 197 metres (646 feet) and about five miles (eight kilometres) west of Strathaven.

South Lanarkshire
South Lanarkshire (Scots: Sooth Lanrikshire; Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Lannraig a Deas) is one of 32 unitary authorities of Scotland. It borders the south-east of the Glasgow City council area and contains some of Greater Glasgow's suburban towns, as well as many rural towns and villages. It also shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and West Lothian. It includes most of the historic county of Lanarkshire.

The administrative centre of South Lanarkshire is Hamilton, with the seat of the local authority, South Lanarkshire Council, located at Lanark County Buildings.
Sharfuddin Ahmed
Sharafuddin Ahmed was a founding officer of the Bangladesh Air Force and recipient of Bir Uttom, the second-highest gallantry award of Bangladesh, for his service during Operation Kilo Flight of the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Bir Uttom
Bir Uttom (Bengali: বীর উত্তম, lit. 'Great Valiant Hero') is the second highest award for individual gallantry in Bangladesh after the Bir Sreshtho and the highest gallantry award for living individual.

Since the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, 69 people have been awarded the Bir Uttom.
Schranz
Schranz is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andreas Schranz (born 1979), Austrian football goalkeeper, played for various Austrian clubs and the Austria national team

Ivan Schranz (born 1993), Slovak football player, plays for Slavia Prague and the Slovakia national team

Karl Schranz (born 1938), Austrian alpine skier

Károly Schranz (born 1952), Hungarian violinist

Wolfgang Schranz (born 1976), Austrian tennis player

Ivan Schranz
Ivan Schranz (born 13 September 1993) is a Slovak professional footballer who plays as a forward or winger for Czech First League club Slavia Prague and the Slovakia national team.

Schranz finished as the joint-top scorer of the UEFA European Championship in 2024 with three goals, as his nation reached the last 16.
Ailsa Lister
Ailsa Lister (born 8 April 2004) is a Scottish cricketer. In October 2020, Lister was named in Scotland's squad to play Ireland at the La Manga Club during their tour of Spain. However, the matches were called off due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2021, Lister was again named in Scotland's squad to face Ireland, this time for a four-match Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) series in Belfast. She made her WT20I debut on 24 May 2021, for Scotland against Ireland.

In January 2022, she was named in Scotland's team for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Cricket Qualifier tournament in Malaysia. In March 2024, it was announced that she had signed a professional contract with North West Thunder.

In September 2024, she was named in the Scotland squad for the 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup.

Lister was part of the Scotland squad for the 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier in Pakistan in April 2025.

La Manga Club
La Manga Club is a sports and leisure resort located in the south-eastern region of Spain, Murcia, south of La Manga, and bordered by the Mar Menor and Calblanque Regional Park. The resort complex opened in 1972 and covers an area of 1,400 acres (560 ha).

La Manga Club - The Resort, in fact resides within an area called Atamaria, and provides sporting services to an established and growing "Small Town" - The La Manga Club Community - LMCC. It comprises over 2,200 privately owned homes with growing resident population. Within LMCC there is a Church - St Teresa's, a Post Office and local Bank offices.
Jovana Micevska
Jovana Micevska (born 26 July 2000) is a Macedonian female handballer for CSM Slatina and the North Macedonia national team.

She represented the North Macedonia at the 2022 European Women's Handball Championship and  2024 European Women's Handball Championship .

North Macedonia women's national handball team
The North Macedonia women's national handball team is the women's national handball team of North Macedonia. It is governed by the Macedonian Handball Federation and takes part in international team handball competitions.
Franconian Rake
The Franconian Rake (German: Fränkischer Rechen) is the name given to the coat of arms of the region of Franconia in Germany. It is described heraldically as per fess dancetty of three points gules and argent. The points represent a stylised heraldic rake.

Division of the field
In heraldry, the field (background) of a shield can be divided into more than one area, or subdivision, of different tinctures, usually following the lines of one of the ordinaries and carrying its name (e.g. a shield divided in the shape of a chevron is said to be parted "per chevron").  Shields may be divided this way for differencing (to avoid conflict with otherwise similar coats of arms) or for purposes of marshalling (combining two or more coats of arms into one), or simply for style.  The lines that divide a shield may not always be straight, and there is a system of terminology for describing patterned lines, which is also shared with the heraldic ordinaries.

French heraldry takes a different approach in many cases from the one described in this article.