hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Counterfeiting Coin Act 1797
The Counterfeiting Coin Act 1797 (37 Geo. 3. c. 126) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain which made it high treason to counterfeit copper coins. The Counterfeiting Coin Act 1741 (15 Geo. 2 c. 28) had already made it treason to counterfeit some copper coins, namely halfpennies and farthings, but counterfeiting other copper coins was only a misdemeanour. On 19 July 1797 Parliament extended the scope of that act to cover all coins made of copper. The acts are now repealed.

The long title of the act was "An act to prevent the counterfeiting any copper coin in this realm made, or to be made, current by proclamation, or any foreign gold or silver coin; and to prevent the bringing into this realm, or uttering, any counterfeit foreign gold or silver coin."

Farthing (British coin)
The farthing (from Old English fēorðing, from fēorða, a fourth) was a British coin worth one quarter of a penny, or ⁠1/960⁠ of a pound sterling. Initially minted in copper, and then in bronze, it replaced the earlier English farthing. Between 1860 and 1971, the farthing's purchasing power ranged between 12p and 0.2p in 2017 values.

The farthing's reverse bore an image of Britannia until 1937, when a wren was introduced. As with all British coins, the obverse bore the image of the reigning monarch. The farthing ceased to be legal tender in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1961.
Champion of the Seas
Champion of the Seas was the second largest clipper ship destined for the Liverpool, England - Melbourne, Australia passenger service. Champion was ordered by James Baines of the Black Ball Line from Donald McKay. She was launched 19 April 1854 and was abandoned 3 January 1877, off Cape Horn.

Champion of the Seas set a record for the fastest day's run in 24 hours: 465 nautical miles (861 km) noon to noon 10–11 December 1854 under the command of Captain Alexander Newlands (which translates into 19.5 knots). This record stood until August 1984, nearly 130 years.

James Baines (merchant)
James Baines (1822 – 8 March 1889) was a British merchant, shipowner and shipbroker by trade. He became famous as the founder of James Baines & Co. that ran a fleet of 86 ships on the Liverpool Black Ball line between England and Australia in 1851–1871.
Martin Stokhof
Martin Stokhof (born 1950, Amsterdam) is a Dutch logician and philosopher. Stokhof wrote a joint Ph.D. dissertation with Jeroen Groenendijk on the semantics of questions, under the supervision of Renate Bartsch and Johan van Benthem. He was also an important figure in the development of dynamic semantics (together with Groenendijk, Veltman and others, following work by Irene Heim and Kamp). He is also known for his work on Ludwig Wittgenstein.

He is a former director of the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation at the University of Amsterdam and a member of the group collectively publishing under the pseudonym L. T. F. Gamut.

In 2006 he was elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbr. KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam.

In addition to various advisory and administrative functions it operates a number of research institutes and awards many prizes, including the Lorentz Medal in theoretical physics, the Dr Hendrik Muller Prize for Behavioural and Social Science and the Heineken Prizes.
Bond stretch isomer
In chemistry, bond stretch isomerism is a concept of isomerism based on variations of bond length.  The concept was proposed in the 1970s but was refuted in the 1990s.

The phenomenon was first invoked to explain the observation of blue and green isomers of mer-MoOCl2(PMe2Ph)3, where PMe2Ph is dimethylphenylphosphine.  These isomers were shown, purportedly, by X-ray crystallography to differ with respect to the length of the Mo-O bond, which differed by 0.2 Å.  Subsequent work showed that the supposed green bond stretch isomer consisted of blue mer-MoOCl2(PMe2Ph)3 contaminated with a small amount of yellow mer-MoCl3(PMe2Ph)3.  The nearly isomorphous replacement of Mo-O unit with small amounts of Mo-Cl unit results in artifactually long Mo-O distance in the green sample. In essence the deception arises because the crystallographic disorder was not modeled appropriately.  Several such examples were uncovered.

Crystallographic disorder
In X-ray crystallography, crystallographic disorder describes the cocrystallization of more than one rotamer, conformer, or isomer where the center of mass of each form is identical or unresolvable.  Due to disorder, the crystallographic solution is the sum of the various forms.  In many cases, the components of the disorder are equally abundant, and, in other cases, the weighting coefficients for each component differ.  Disorder can entail a pair or several components, and usually arises when the forms are nearly equal in energy and the crystal lattice is sufficiently spacious to accommodate the various components.

Structure of pentamethylmolybdenum, Mo(CH3)5, showing 4-fold disorder of one methyl group.

One of four rotamers of Mo(CH3)5.
Benjamin Thomsen
Benjamin Thomsen (born August 25, 1987), also known as Ben Thomsen, is a World Cup alpine ski racer from Canada. Born in Invermere, British Columbia, he primarily competes in the speed events of Downhill and Super G. Thomsen's father Glenn is a former national team coach for Alpine Canada. Thomsen made his World Cup debut in March 2010; his only podium came in February 2012, a second-place finish at the pre-Olympic downhill at Rosa Khutor in Russia.

FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the top international circuit of alpine skiing competitions, launched in 1966 by a group of ski racing friends and experts that included French journalist Serge Lang and the alpine ski team directors from France (Honore Bonnet) and the USA (Bob Beattie). It was soon backed by International Ski Federation president Marc Hodler during the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1966 at Portillo, Chile, and became an official FIS event in the spring of 1967 after the FIS Congress at Beirut, Lebanon.

The inaugural World Cup race was held on 5 January 1967 in Berchtesgaden, West Germany, a slalom won by Heinrich Messner of Austria. Jean-Claude Killy of France and Nancy Greene of Canada were the overall winners for the first two seasons.
Gods and Monsters (I Am Kloot album)
Gods and Monsters is the third album by English rock band I Am Kloot which was released on 11 April 2005. It reached No. 74 in the UK. As well as being released on vinyl and CD, the CD version of the album also appeared in a gate-fold sleeve edition with a second disc: a DVD titled Live At The Ritz + Videos which contained filmed live tracks from a gig, music videos, and a band interview.

Jay Ryan (artist)
Jay Ryan (born June 15, 1972, in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American poster designer, and rock musician. He is noted for his squirrel posters, as well as being a bassist in the band Dianogah. He works in Skokie, Illinois.
Mat Chapman
Mat Chapman (13 April 1865 – 28 November 1909) was an English cricketer active from 1890 to 1895 who played over 50 times for Leicestershire. As Leicestershire was a second-class county until 1894, his first-class debut was made for Liverpool and District in 1893. He appeared in 28 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who sometimes kept wicket. He scored 633 first-class runs with a highest score of 56 and completed 21 catches with two stumpings.

In April 1882 when he was 17 years old Chapman enlisted in the Leicestershire Regiment of the Militia or Army Reserve, he was described as a Labourer.

Liverpool and District cricket team
The Liverpool and District cricket team played 14 first-class matches between 1882 and 1894, all at their home ground Aigburth.

In 1895, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was asked to give a ruling on the status of an 1895 match versus Cambridge University and declared it not first-class. From that date no matches played by Liverpool and District have been ranked first-class in Wisden or other publications. In 1904, the Liverpool authorities applied to MCC for first-class status for their matches versus first-class teams but, as recorded in the MCC Minutes for May 1904, it was ruled that no Liverpool matches should rank first-class.
Treder
Treder is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hans-Jürgen Treder (1928–2006), German theoretical physicist

Jerzy Treder (1942–2015), Polish philologist and linguist, known as an expert in Kashubian studies

Matt Treder, American pianist, arranger, and composer

Jerzy Treder
Jerzy Treder (14 April 1942 – 2 April 2015) was a Polish philologist and linguist, focusing on Kashubian studies, among other interests. He was born in Weißfluß, Rahmel (now Biała Rzeka, Rumia), in the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia of Nazi Germany. In 1987–1990 he was deputy director of the Institute of Polish Philology in Gdańsk University.
2006 Italian Formula Three Championship
The 2006 Italian Formula Three Championship was the 42nd Italian Formula Three Championship season. It began on 9 April at Adria and ended on 22 October at Misano after 16 races.

Mauro Massironi of Passoli Racing dominated the season with a win at Magione and another eight successive wins at Vallelunga, Mugello, Varano,  and Pergusa and ultimately clinched the title. He finished 28 points clear of Corbetta Competizioni driver Davide Rigon, who won the opening race at Adria, a race at Magione and both of the season-ending races at Misano. Third place went to Lucidi Motors driver Alex Frassineti, who took one victory, and he finished ahead of Imola winner Michele Rugolo, who competed with Team Ghinzani.

Mugello Circuit
Mugello Circuit (in Italian: Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello; in English: Mugello International Autodrome) is a motorsport race track in Scarperia e San Piero, Florence, Tuscany, Italy. The circuit length is 5.245 km (3.259 mi). It has 15 turns and a 1.141 km (0.709 mi) long straight. The circuit stadium stands have a capacity of 50,000.

The Italian motorcycle Grand Prix is held annually at the circuit (for MotoGP and smaller classes). Since 1988, the track has been owned and used by Scuderia Ferrari for Formula One testing.

The circuit hosted its first ever Formula One race on 13 September 2020, named the Tuscan Grand Prix, as part of the season being restructured due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This Grand Prix was the 1000th Grand Prix for Scuderia Ferrari.
1958 International Cross Country Championships
The 1958 International Cross Country Championships was held in Cardiff, Wales, at the Pontcanna Fields on 22 March 1958. Tunisia entered a team for the first time after gaining independence.  A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.

Complete results, medalists, and the results of British athletes were published.

The Herald (Glasgow)
The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running national newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The title was simplified from The Glasgow Herald in 1992. Following the closure of the Sunday Herald, the Herald on Sunday was launched as a Sunday edition on 9 September 2018.
Zielony Lasek
Zielony Lasek (Polish: [ʑɛˈlɔnɨ ˈlasɛk]) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Ryn, within Giżycko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) south-east of Ryn, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Giżycko, and 73 km (45 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Ryn
Ryn [rɨn] (German: Rhein) is a town in northeastern Poland located 19 km (12 mi) southwest of Giżycko, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in Masuria. It had a population of 3,062 inhabitants as of December 31, 2004.

Ryn is located between Lake Ryn and Lake Ołów. Among the notable landmarks of the town are a former Ordensburg castle of the Teutonic Knights (erected ca. 1337) and a 19th-century Dutch windmill. Below the castle in the center of the town, a subterranean channel connects the Matussek pond, a shoaled bay of Lake Ołów, with Lake Ryn and the pond of a mill built by the Teutonic Knights.
Warden Law
Warden Law is a rural civil parish in the Sunderland district of Tyne and Wear, England. Its small settlements are mostly along the B1404 road between Houghton-le-Spring and Seaham, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of the centre of Houghton and 5 miles (8 km) south-west of Sunderland city centre.

The area has several prehistoric burial sites and other neolithic groundworks and remains, largely destroyed by ploughing. The hill at Wrdlau is mentioned in one account of the 10th-century journey of St Cuthbert's shrine which led to the establishment of Durham Cathedral.

The parish had a population of 33 at the 2001 census. At more recent censuses the population remained less than 100 and therefore details were included in the civil parish of Hetton. In 1872, the population was 73 and Warden-Law was described as a township in Houghton-le-Spring parish, Durham.

It is home to a karting track called Karting North East.

Kart racing
Kart racing or karting is a motorsport discipline using open-wheel, four-wheeled vehicles known as go-karts or shifter karts. They are usually raced on scaled-down circuits, although some professional kart races are also held on full-size motorsport circuits. Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher ranks of motorsports. Most modern Formula One drivers, including Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher, Fernando Alonso, Kimi Räikkönen, Lewis Hamilton, Sebastian Vettel, Nico Rosberg, and Max Verstappen, have begun their racing careers in karting. NASCAR Cup driver Connor Zilisch also got his start in karting.

Karts vary widely in speed, and some (known as superkarts) can reach speeds exceeding 160 kilometres per hour (100 mph), while recreational go-karts intended for the general public may be limited to lower speeds.
Yuya Motojima
Yūya Motojima (元嶋佑弥, Motojima Yūya; born 10 April 1991) is a Japanese racing driver who currently competes in Super GT for JLOC and in the Super Taikyū Series for TKRI. He is the reigning champion of Super GT's GT300 class alongside longtime teammate Takashi Kogure, as well as a two-time class champion in Super Taikyū and the 2015 Porsche Carrera Cup Japan champion.

Super GT
Super GT (stylized as SUPER GT) is a sports car racing series that began in 1993. Launched as the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship (全日本GT選手権, Zen Nihon GT Senshūken), the series was renamed to Super GT in 2005. It is the top level of sports car racing in Japan.

The series is sanctioned by the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) and managed by the GT Association (GTA). Autobacs has been the title sponsor of the series and its predecessor since 1998.
Noel Wilby
Noel Wilby LVO QPM (1914–1975)  was an Australian police officer and chief commissioner of Victoria Police from 1969 to 1971.

Wilby, the son of a butcher from Bendigo, joined Victoria Police in 1938. Wilby served on the beat, in the homicide squad and in the wireless squad. In 1963, he was promoted to assistant commissioner and given responsibility for traffic and technical matters.  In 1968 he was appointed to deputy commissioner and one year later was appointed chief commissioner on the resignation of Rupert Arnold.

Poor health affected Wilby's term as chief commissioner. He suffered from hypertension and in 1970, a heart attack. In 1971 Wilby retired from the force, on the advice of his doctor.

Beat (police)
In police terminology, a beat is the territory that a police officer is assigned to patrol. Beats are used to effectively divide available officers across a law enforcement agency's jurisdiction, ensuring organized police presence across a wide area.

"Beat" often refers to specifically foot patrols or bicycle patrols, though "beat" can also be used to simply describe a designated area patrolled by a police officer through any means, such as an officer in a police car or police aircraft. "Police beat" is also used by news media to refer to reports on local crimes and police incidents, often crime reports detailing recent incidents and arrests handled by local law enforcement.
Demonology
Demonology is the study of demons within religious belief and myth. Depending on context, it can refer to studies within theology, religious doctrine, or occultism. In many faiths, it concerns the study of a hierarchy of demons. Demons may be nonhuman separable souls, or discarnate spirits which have never inhabited a body. A sharp distinction is often drawn between these two classes, notably by the Melanesians, several African groups, and others. The jinns, for example, are not reducible to modified human souls. At the same time, these classes are frequently conceived as producing identical results, e.g., diseases.

Ifrit
Ifrit, also spelled as efreet, afrit, and afreet (Arabic: عفريت, romanized: ʿifrīt [ʕifriːt] ⓘ), plural عفاريت ʿafārīt), is a powerful type of demon in Islamic culture. The ʿafārīt are often associated with the underworld and identified with the spirits of the dead, and have been compared to evil genii locorum in European culture. In Quran, hadith, and Mi'raj narrations the term functions as an epithet, always followed by the phrase "among the jinn". Due to the ambiguous meaning of the term jinn, their relation to other spirits is often unclear.

In Arabic dialects, the term is a substantive referring to independent entities, powerful chthonic demons or ghosts of the dead who sometimes inhabit desolate places such as ruins and temples. Their true habitat is the Jahannam or underworld.
Berger Paints
Berger Paints India Ltd is an Indian multinational paint company, based in Kolkata. This company has 16 manufacturing units in India, 2 in Nepal, and 1 each in Poland, Russia and Pakistan. It has manufacturing units at Howrah, Rishra, Arinso, Taloja, Naltoli, Goa, Devla, Hindupur, Jejuri, Jammu, Puducherry and Anand. The company has presence in six countries – India, Pakistan, Russia, Poland, Nepal and Bangladesh. It has an employee strength of over 3,600 and a countrywide distribution network of more than 25,000 dealers.

Taloje Panchnand
Taloja is a census town in the Raigad district of Navi Mumbai city, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is an extension of the Kharghar node and governed by the Panvel Municipal Corporation. The Navi Mumbai Metro Phase I originates from the Pendhar station in Taloja. CIDCO has divided Taloja into Phase I and Phase II. It has developed a mass housing project in Phase II, and development work is currently in progress. The town is connected to parts of Navi Mumbai through Indian Railways, Navi Mumbai Metro, and NMMT buses and will eventually be served by the Navi Mumbai International Airport.
Lilaia railway station
Lilaia railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Λιλαίας, romanized: Sidirodromikós stathmós Lilaias) is a railway station near Ano Kalyvia at Amfikleia, Phthiotis, Greece. The station opened in 1905. In 1915 the station was called Souvala.

Hellenic Train
Hellenic Train S.A., formerly TrainOSE S.A. (Greek: ΤραινΟΣΕ Α.Ε.), is a private railway company in Greece which operates passenger and freight trains on OSE lines. Hellenic Train employs train crews, operators and manages most of the rail services throughout the Greek railway network, leasing rolling stock owned by GAIAOSE except for ETR 470 trains.

The company was a subsidiary of the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE) until 2008, when it became an independent state-owned company until its privatisation in 2017. 
TrainOSE was acquired in September 2017 by the Italian national railway company Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane. In 2022 the company rebranded as Hellenic Train.
Chinchpada
Chinchpada is a panchayat village located in Nashik division of the Kandesh region of Maharashtra state in India. The village used to be called Bodhgaon. Administratively, Chinchpada is under Navapur Taluka, Nandurbar District, Maharashtra. There is only the single village of Chinchpada in the Chinchpada gram panchayat.
It is located on National Highway 6, running from Hazira (near Surat) in Gujarat to Kolkota, West Bengal. It is about 100 km from Dhule and about 120 km from Surat.

Khandesh
Khandesh, also spelt Qhandesh, is a historical and geographical region located in northwestern Maharashtra, India. It broadly covers the valley of the Tapi (Tapti) River, bounded by the Satpura ranges to the north, the Ajanta hills to the south, and the Western Ghats to the west and southwest. The region includes the present-day districts of Jalgaon, Dhule and Nandurbar, along with the northern parts of present-day Nashik district. The Burhanpur district of Madhya Pradesh also formed an integral part of Khandesh and served as the capital of the Khandesh Sultanate (1382–1601).

The use of the Khandeshi language is prevalent in this region, and the language itself derives its name from the name of the region. This language is sometimes considered as a dialect of Marathi due to its mutual intelligibility with it, and hence has lower numbers in the census due to people opting their language as Marathi instead. This region is famous for banana agriculture and is a leading producer of it.
Abdul Samad
Abdul Samad Abdul Samed, etc.  It may be roughly translated as "servant of the Self-sufficient Master" or "servant of the Eternal Refuge".

Because the letter s is a sun letter, the letter l of the al- is assimilated to it. Thus although the name is written with letters corresponding to Abd al-Samad, the usual pronunciation corresponds to Abd as-Samad. Alternative transliterations include Abdus Samad and others, all subject to variant spacing and hyphenation.

Notable people with the surname include:

Sun and moon letters
In Arabic and Maltese, all consonants are classified into two distinct groups known as sun letters (Arabic: حروف شمسية ḥurūf shamsiyyah, Maltese: konsonanti xemxin) and moon letters (Arabic: حروف قمرية ḥurūf qamariyyah, Maltese: konsonanti qamrin).

This distinction affects the way the definite article (equivalent to "the" in English) is assimilated or pronounced before consonants: when a word begins with a sun letter, the definite article assimilates with the initial consonant of the word.

The names stem from how the definite article interacts with the nouns "Sun" and "Moon" in Arabic (and Maltese). In Arabic, al-shams (“the Sun”) becomes ash-shams (assimilating the lām), while al-qamar (“the Moon”) remains unchanged. Similarly, in Maltese, "the Sun" is ix-xemx (with assimilation), while "the Moon" is il-qamar (without assimilation).
Dynamic relaxation
Dynamic relaxation is a numerical method, which, among other things, can be used to do "form-finding" for cable and fabric structures. The aim is to find a geometry where all forces are in equilibrium. In the past this was done by direct modelling, using hanging chains and weights (see Gaudi), or by using soap films, which have the property of adjusting to find a "minimal surface".

The dynamic relaxation method is based on discretizing the continuum under consideration by lumping the mass at nodes and defining the relationship between nodes in terms of stiffness (see also the finite element method). The system oscillates about the equilibrium position under the influence of loads. An iterative process is followed by simulating a pseudo-dynamic process in time, with each iteration based on an update of the geometry, similar to leapfrog integration and related to velocity Verlet integration.

Dynamics (mechanics)
In classical mechanics, dynamics  is the study of forces and their effect on motion. It is in contrast to statics, which deals with forces on objects at rest. The fundamental principle of dynamics is linked to Newton's second law.