hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dimitar Ludzhev
Dimitar Petrov Ludzhev (Bulgarian: Димитър Петров Луджев) (born 27 March 1950) is a Bulgarian politician and economist who served as vice-Prime Minister in the Dimitar Popov government between 1990 and 1991 and Minister of Defence in the Filip Dimitrov cabinet from 1991 to 1992.

Philip Dimitrov
Philip Dimitrov Dimitrov (Bulgarian: Филип Димитров Димитров [ˈfilip dimiˈtrɔf]; born 31 March 1955) is a Bulgarian politician, Prime Minister of Bulgaria  1991–2, MP in the 36th (1991–1994), 37th (1994–1997) and the 40th (2005–2007) National Assembly, and MEP from January 2007 to May 2007.
1918 Birthday Honours (MBE)
This is a list of Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) awards in the 1918 Birthday Honours.

The 1918 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette in early June 1918.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

Distinguished Conduct Medal
The Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) was a British military decoration instituted in 1854 by Queen Victoria to recognise gallantry in the field by other ranks of the British Army. It was the oldest British award for gallantry and served as the second highest military decoration for bravery, ranking just below the Victoria Cross. The medal remained in use until 1993, when it was discontinued and succeeded by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross. In addition to British personnel, the medal was also awarded to non-commissioned members of the armed forces from other Commonwealth Dominions and Colonies.
Gavin Watson
Gavin Joseph Watson (12 July 1948 – 26 August 2019) was a disgraced and corrupted South African businessman who served as Chief Executive Officer of African Global Operations, previously known as Bosasa, from 2000 until his death in 2019. His company was implicated in state capture during judicial hearings in January 2019.

State capture
State capture is a type of systemic political corruption in which private interests significantly influence a state's decision-making processes to their own advantage.

The term was first used by the World Bank in 2000 to describe certain Central Asian countries making the transition from Soviet communism, where small corrupt groups used their influence over government officials to appropriate government decision-making in order to strengthen their own economic positions.

Allegations of state capture have led to protests against the government in Bulgaria in 2013–2014 and in 2020–2021 and Romania in 2017, and have caused an ongoing controversy in South Africa beginning in 2016. Turkey is considered as a post-2002 example of state capture. The term has also been used against Elon Musk by critics of U.S. President Donald Trump.
1913 Asmara earthquake
The 1913 Asmara earthquake took place outside Asmara, Eritrea on 27 February. The data as to the magnitude of the earthquake is imprecise due to the frequency and magnitude of aftershocks, but a maximum felt intensity of VI (Strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale was recorded at Asmara. The "felt" area of the earthquake extended into Northern Ethiopia as well as Kassala in Sudan. The earthquake caused significant damage in Asmara (VI), Keren (IV), Massawa (V) and Adi Ugri (V).

Keren, Eritrea
Keren (Tigrinya and Tigre: ከረን, Arabic: كرن, Italian: Cheren), historically known as Sanhit, is the second-largest city in Eritrea. It is situated around 91 kilometres (57 mi) northwest of Asmara at an elevation of 1,590 metres (5,220 ft) above sea-level. The city sprawls on a wide basin surrounded by granitic mountains on all sides. It serves as the capital of the Anseba Region, and is home to a number of ethnic groups including the Bilen people and Tigre people.
A Second Knock at the Door
A Second Knock at the Door is a documentary  on friendly fire in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The film follows military families after they are told their family member died in a "fratricide" incident.
All the families profiled in the film only learned their family member was killed by a comrade, not an enemy, months after they first learned of their death.

Director Christopher Grimes has described being inspired by the alleged coverup of former sport star Pat Tillman being killed by his comrades.

The film was screened at the Flyway Film Festival in 2011, and the East Lansing Film Festival in 2012.

Flyway Film Festival
The Flyway Film Festival was an annual independent film festival along the shores of Lake Pepin in Wisconsin and Minnesota, United States, held in October. It was founded in 2008 by Rick Vaicius in Pepin, Wisconsin, and expanded to include screenings in Stockholm and Alma, Wisconsin and Red Wing and Wabasha, Minnesota.

In 2017, Rick Vaicius, Flyway's longtime executive director, departed the organization. A new non-profit and board were established to carry the organization forward.

This non-profit, the Flyway Film Society, relaunched the film festival in 2018 under the guidance of interim director Lu Lippold.

It has been on hiatus since 2019.
Swimming at the 2025 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 50 metre butterfly
The women's 50 metre butterfly event at the 2025 World Aquatics Championships was held from 1 to 2 August 2025 at the World Aquatics Championships Arena at the Singapore Sports Hub in Kallang, Singapore.

2025 World Aquatics Championships
The 2025 World Aquatics Championships, the 22nd edition of the World Aquatics Championships, were held in Singapore from 11 July to 3 August 2025. It was the first city in Southeast Asia to host the World Championships.
USS Abner Read (DD-769)
USS Abner Read (DD-769) was a planned United States Navy Gearing-class destroyer laid down during World War II but never completed. The ship was to be the second ship named for Abner Read (1821–1863), a United States Navy officer killed during the American Civil War. She was assigned the name during construction when the first Abner Read (DD-526), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was sunk by a kamikaze during the Battle of Leyte, 1 November 1944.

Battle of Leyte
The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the amphibious invasion of the island of Leyte in the Philippines by American forces and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur. The combined forces fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines led by General Tomoyuki Yamashita. The operation, codenamed King Two, launched the Philippines campaign of 1944–45 for the recapture and liberation of the entire Philippine Archipelago and to end almost three years of Japanese occupation.
The Bombing of Pan Am 103
The Bombing of Pan Am 103 is a British television drama miniseries starring Connor Swindells, Merritt Wever and Patrick J. Adams. It is about the 1988 disaster of Pan Am Flight 103, which was the deadliest terrorist attack in British history. The series premiered on 18 May 2025 on BBC One.

Lauren Lyle
Lauren Lyle (born 12 July 1993) is a Scottish actress best known for her main role as Marsali MacKimmie Fraser in the Starz television drama Outlander, and peace protester Jade Antoniak in the BBC drama Vigil. Since 2022, Lyle has played the award-winning leading role in the ITV crime thriller Karen Pirie.
Ponza, Lazio
Ponza is a comune (municipality) of the Province of Latina in the Italian region Lazio. It comprises the four islands of the western part of the Pontine archipelago in the Gulf of Gaeta (central Tyrrhenian Sea):  Ponza itself, Palmarola, Zannone, and Gavi.  The economy of Ponza is essentially based on fishing and summer tourism.

Zannone
Zannone (It. for "Big Fang") is an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy. It is part of the Pontine Islands and belongs administratively to the comune of Ponza. The entire island is about 1 square kilometre (0.4 square miles) in size and about 10 km (6 mi) from Ponza island.

The uninhabited island, home to the Punta Varo Lighthouse, is supervised by the State Forestry Corps, which maintains a station and a small educational exhibit on top of Monte Pellegrino, the highest point on the island.
John (Lil Wayne song)
"John" is a song by American rapper Lil Wayne, and the second single from his album Tha Carter IV. The song features fellow American rapper Rick Ross, and it peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100. "John" was released on March 24, 2011, on iTunes. The song uses the hook from Rick Ross' song "I'm Not a Star" from his album Teflon Don. The song title is a reference to English musician John Lennon. Lil Wayne performed the song at 2011's MTV Video Music Awards to the riff of Black Sabbath song, Iron Man.

Teflon Don (album)
Teflon Don is the fourth studio album by American rapper Rick Ross, released on July 20, 2010, on Maybach Music Group, Slip-n-Slide Records and Def Jam Recordings. Production for the album took place during 2009 to 2010 and was handled by several record producers, including Clark Kent, No I.D., The Olympicks, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Lex Luger, Danja, The Inkredibles, The Remedy, and Kanye West.

The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 176,300 copies in its first week. It attained some international charting and produced three singles with moderate Billboard chart success. On its release, Teflon Don received generally positive reviews from most music critics, earning praise for its cinematic production and Ross' lyrical persona. Based on an average score of 79 at Metacritic, it remains Ross's most critically acclaimed album to date.
United States Post Office (Ballston Spa, New York)
The U.S. Post Office in Ballston Spa, New York, is located on Front Street in the village's commercial center. It is a brick building constructed in the mid-1930s, serving the 12020 ZIP Code, which covers the village and the surrounding areas of the Town of Ballston, Town of Milton, and Town of Malta

Designed by Louis A. Simon, supervising architect of the Treasury Department, it uses an extremely restrained version of the Colonial Revival architectural style common on most post offices in small towns from that period. Only one other post office in New York is similar to it. In 1988 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Milton, Saratoga County, New York
Milton is a town in Saratoga County, New York, United States.  The population was 18,800 at the 2020 census. Some believe that the town was named after the poet, John Milton, while other sources state that it is a shortening of "Mill-town" for the early mill activity.

Milton is an interior town in the central part of the county. It is southwest of Saratoga Springs.
Rakshasudu (2019 film)
Rakshasudu (transl. Monster) is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language psychological thriller film directed by Ramesh Varma. The film stars Bellamkonda Sreenivas and Anupama Parameswaran, and it is the official remake of the 2018 Tamil film Ratsasan.

The soundtrack was composed by Ghibran. The film began production in March 2019 and was released on 2 August 2019. The film was released to positive reviews.

Rakshasa
Rakshasa (Sanskrit: राक्षस, pronounced [ɾɑːk.ʂɐ.s̪ɐ], romanized: rākṣasa; Pali: rakkhasa; lit. 'demon'  or 'fiend')  are a race of usually malevolent beings prominently featured in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Indonesian folk Islam. They reside on Earth but possess supernatural powers, which they usually use for evil acts such as disrupting Vedic sacrifices or eating humans.

The term is also used to describe asuras, a class of power-seeking beings that oppose the benevolent devas. They are often depicted as antagonists in Hindu scriptures, as well as in Buddhism and Jainism. The feminine form of rakshasa is rakshasi (राक्षसी, IPA: [ɾɑːk.ʂɐ.s̪iː], rākṣasī).
Universal curve
The term universal curve is used:

In the mathematical field of fractals and curves: Menger sponge

To describe the Inelastic mean free path of electrons in solids.

A universal object for the moduli of curves.

Menger sponge
In mathematics, the Menger sponge (also known as the Menger cube, Menger universal curve, Sierpiński cube, or Sierpiński sponge) is a fractal curve. It is a three-dimensional generalization of the two-dimensional Sierpinski carpet. It was first described by Karl Menger in 1926, in his studies of the concept of topological dimension.

It has similar properties as the Cantor set and the Cantor dust, because the construction requires in both cases the removal of the inner third.
Battle of Xuge
The Battle of Xuge (Chinese: 繻葛之戰) took place in 707 BC, when the Eastern Zhou dynasty invaded its vassal the neighboring Zheng state. The defeat of the Eastern Zhou forces, representing the Son of Heaven, destroyed any residual prestige that the Zhou court had since establishing itself in Luoyang, and allowed for the rise of the feudal states that would characterise the Spring and Autumn period.

This battle is an early example of a pincer movement being employed against an enemy.

Pincer movement
The pincer movement, or double envelopment, is a military maneuver in which forces simultaneously attack both flanks (sides) of an enemy formation. This classic maneuver has been important throughout the history of warfare.

The pincer movement typically occurs when opposing forces advance towards the center of an army that responds by moving its outside forces to the enemy's flanks to surround it. At the same time, a second layer of pincers may attack the more distant flanks to keep reinforcements from the target units.
Ahungalla
Ahungalla is a small coastal town, located in Galle District, Southern Province, Sri Lanka, governed by an Urban Council. It is approximately 76.6 kilometres (47.6 mi) south of Colombo and is situated at an elevation of 12 metres (39 ft) above the sea level.

Galle District
Galle (Sinhala: ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය gālla distrikkaya; Tamil: காலி மாவட்டம் Kāli māvattam) is a district in Southern Province, Sri Lanka. It is one of 25 districts of Sri Lanka, the second level administrative division of the country. The district is administered by a District Secretariat headed by a District Secretary (previously known as a Government Agent) appointed by the central government of Sri Lanka.
New South Wales Albatross Study Group
The New South Wales Albatross Study Group (NSWASG) was an amateur ornithological fieldwork group that banded albatrosses and other seabirds off the coast of eastern New South Wales, Australia.  Primarily targeting winter feeding aggregations of wandering albatrosses near Sydney, it developed its own catching methods and initiated what has become the longest-running continuous albatross research study in the world.

Bird ringing
Bird ringing (UK) or bird banding (US) is the attachment of a small, individually numbered metal or plastic tag to the leg or wing of a wild bird to enable individual identification. This helps in keeping track of the movements of the bird and its life history. It is common to take measurements and examine the conditions of feather moult, subcutaneous fat, age indications and sex during capture for ringing. The subsequent recapture, recovery, or observation of the bird can provide information on migration, longevity, mortality, population, territoriality, feeding behaviour, and other aspects that are studied by ornithologists. Other methods of marking birds may also be used to allow for field based identification that does not require capture.
Hisua
Hisua is a city and a municipality in Nawada district in the India state of Bihar. It is situated on the right bank of the Tilaiya river along Gaya and Nawada road, 9 miles (14 km) west of Nawada and 27 miles (43 km) east of Gaya. The city lies adjacent to the Tilaiya Junction railway station on the Southern Bihar Railway. The primary occupation of Hisua's residents is agriculture, and the town is known for its pottery and local poetry. Hisua is also known for gold jewellery shops. Tilkut, lai, anarsa and khaja are among the traditional sweets from Hisua that are popular in Bihar.

Kodarma
Kodarma (also spelled as Koderma) is a city and a notified area in the Koderma subdivision of the Koderma district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It is also the administrative headquarter of Koderma district.
Moira Whyte
Dame Moira Katherine Brigid Whyte (born 25 September 1959) is a Scottish physician and medical researcher who is the Sir John Crofton Professor of Respiratory Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. She was the Director the Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research and was Vice-Principal and Head of the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. Whyte is also a trustee of Cancer Research UK.

Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a council of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom.

The MRC focuses on high-impact research and has provided the financial support and scientific expertise behind a number of medical breakthroughs, including the development of penicillin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Research funded by the MRC has produced 32 Nobel Prize winners to date.
NTTV
NTTV (North Texas Television) is a student television station at the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas, and is multicast locally on Spectrum channel 22 as well as on Verizon FiOS channel 46.

Run by volunteers, student staff and a faculty station manager, NTTV airs programming produced by (and geared toward) students. The station has also aired programming from National Lampoon Networks, Zilo, and other universities. Since 2004, NTTV has broadcast 24/7, and typically has 15 student shows in production each Fall and Spring semester, totaling over 100 hours of content.

In 2005, 2006, and 2007, NTTV won Lone Star Emmy awards for original entertainment programming and, in 2009 and 2010, won Emmys for original news coverage in both live and packaged formats.

Zilo
Zilo Networks Inc. was an entertainment and marketing television network aimed at college students and young adults. The New York City-based company was founded in 1999.  Zilo Networks created Zilo TV, a dorm room campus cable television network, which in Spring 2009 was sold to SirkTV. SirkTV is property of Manhattan-based film, television, and video production company Sirk Productions, a production company founded in 1997 and also based in New York City. Sirk produces films, including the documentaries Severe Clear and Anytown, USA, and television programs, such as The Inside Reel, as well as provides multimedia services to both corporate and non-profit clients.
Ka with hook
Ka with hook (Ӄ ӄ; italics: Ӄ ӄ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is formed from the Cyrillic letter Ka (К к) by the addition of a hook.

Ka with hook is widely used in the alphabets of Siberia and the Russian Far East: Chukchi, Koryak, Alyutor, Itelmen, Yupik, Aleut, Nivkh, Ket, Tofalar and Selkup, where it represents the voiceless uvular plosive /q/. It has been sometimes used in the Khanty language as a substitute for Cyrillic letter Ka with descender, Қ қ, which also stands for /q/.

It was also used to represent /kʰ/, the aspirated voiceless velar plosive, in the Translation Committee's Abkhaz alphabet, which was published around the turn of the 20th century, and to represent /kʼ/, the velar ejective stop, in two old Ossetian alphabets, Anders Johan Sjögren's 1844 alphabet and the Teachers' Congress's 1917 alphabet.

Alyutor language
Alyutor (also called Alutor, Aliutor or Olyutor) is a severely endangered language of Russia that belongs to the Chukotkan branch of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages, by the Alyutors. It is spoken by 172 speakers in the 2021 Russian census.
Honeymoon Bridge (Niagara Falls)
The Upper Steel Arch Bridge, also known as the Honeymoon Bridge or Fallsview Bridge (less frequently Falls View Bridge), was an international bridge which crossed the Niagara River, connecting Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, with Niagara Falls, New York, United States. It was located about 500 feet (150 m) upriver of the present-day Rainbow Bridge. It collapsed on January 27, 1938 after suffering damage from a 100-foot (30 m) ice floe.

Niagara Falls, Ontario
Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario, Canada, adjacent to, and named after, Niagara Falls. As of the 2021 census, the city had a population of 94,415. The city is located on the Niagara Peninsula along the western bank of the Niagara River, which forms part of the Canada–United States border, with the other side being the twin city of Niagara Falls, New York. Niagara Falls is  within the Regional Municipality of Niagara and a part of the St. Catharines - Niagara Census Metropolitan Area (CMA).

Tourism is a major part of the city's economy: its skyline consists of multiple high-rise hotels and observation towers that overlook the waterfalls and adjacent parkland. Souvenir shops, arcades, museums, amusement rides, indoor water parks, casinos, theatres and a convention centre are located nearby in the city's large tourist area. Other parts of the city include historic sites from the War of 1812, parks, golf courses, commercial spaces, and residential neighbourhoods.
Macer Gifford
Harry Rowe (born 1987), known as Macer Gifford, is a British former currency trader and volunteer fighter and medic who, between mid-2015 and 2017, travelled to Syria to fight with the Kurdish YPG militia against the Islamic State group, and as of 2022, is a volunteer medic and recruiter for the Ukrainian Foreign Legion in Ukraine. He took his identity from National Hunt jockey Macer Gifford, the brother of four-time champion jockey Josh Gifford. He spent five months fighting with the YPG in 2015 before returning to the UK in 2015. In 2016 he completed a second tour with the YPG in Syria. In Ukraine, Gifford is reportedly "running a battlefield first aid training programme that he first pioneered with the Kurds [in Syria]."

Combat medic
A combat medic is responsible for providing emergency medical treatment at a point of wounding in a combat or training environment, as well as primary care and health protection and evacuation from a point of injury or illness. Additionally, medics may also be responsible for the creation, oversight, and execution of long-term patient care plans in consultation with or in the absence of a readily available doctor or advanced practice provider. Combat medics may be used in hospitals and clinics, where they have the opportunity to work in additional roles, such as operating medical and laboratory equipment and performing and assisting with procedures.