hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Burstiness
In statistics, burstiness is the intermittent increases and decreases in activity or frequency of an event.
One measure of burstiness is the Fano factor—a ratio between the variance and mean of counts.

Burstiness is observable in natural phenomena, such as natural disasters, or other phenomena, such as network/data/email network traffic or vehicular traffic. Burstiness is, in part, due to changes in the probability distribution of inter-event times. Distributions of bursty processes or events are characterised by heavy, or fat, tails.

Burstiness of inter-contact time between nodes in a time-varying network can decidedly slow spreading processes over the network. This is of great interest for studying the spread of information and disease.

Fano factor
In statistics, the Fano factor, like the coefficient of variation, is a measure of the dispersion of a counting process. It was originally used to measure the Fano noise in ion detectors. It is named after Ugo Fano, an Italian-American physicist.

The Fano factor after a time  is defined as

where  is the standard deviation and   is the mean number of events of a counting process after some time . The Fano factor can be viewed as a kind of noise-to-signal ratio; it is a measure of the reliability with which the waiting time random variable can be estimated after several random events.

For a  Poisson counting process, the variance in the count equals the mean count, so .
Gregor Rajh
Gregor Rajh is a Slovenian archer who participated at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. He finished fourth in the boys' event, losing to Bolot Tsybzhitov of Russia in the bronze medal match. He paired up with Zoi Paraskevopoulou of Greece to win silver in the mixed team event, losing to Gloria Filippi and Anton Karoukin in the gold medal match.

Archery at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' individual
The boys' individual archery event at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was part of the archery programme. It took place at the Kallang Field. Ranking Round was on 18 August 2010. First elimination round took place on 18 August, and eights, quarterfinal, semifinals and medals matches were on 21 August. All archery was done at a range of 70 metres, with targets 1.22 metres in diameter.
Reggae II
Reggae II is an album by flautist Herbie Mann recorded in 1973 and released on the Atlantic label in 1976 in New Zealand and Europe. The album follows up Mann's Reggae from 1973 featuring Tommy McCook's band with Albert Lee and Mick Taylor featured on one track.

Herbie Mann
Herbert Jay Solomon (April 16, 1930 – July 1, 2003), known by his stage name Herbie Mann, was an American jazz flute player and important early practitioner of world music. Early in his career, he also played tenor saxophone and clarinet (including bass clarinet), but Mann was among the first jazz musicians to specialize on the flute. His most popular single was "Hi-Jack", which was a Billboard No. 1 dance hit for three weeks in 1975.

Mann emphasized the groove approach in his music. Mann felt that from his repertoire, the "epitome of a groove record" was Memphis Underground or Push Push, because the "rhythm section locked all in one perception."
Orders, decorations, and medals of Brunei
The orders, decorations, and medals of Brunei consist of Bintang-Bintang Kebesaran (translatable as 'state decorations') and Pingat-Pingat Kehormatan (literally 'medals of honour'). Both are awarded by the Sultan of Brunei on the basis of merit, especially on the contributions to the country. The investiture of some of the state decorations also include the conferment of titles, whereby they become part of the awardees' personal names in official correspondence or when mentioned in formal media in the country. The decorations and medals are under the responsibility of Jabatan Adat Istiadat Negara, a government department under the Prime Minister's Office, which also oversees Bruneian royal traditions and protocol.

The insignia are displayed in the Royal Regalia Museum located in the capital.

Al-Muhtadee Billah
Al-Muhtadee Billah ibni Hassanal Bolkiah (Jawi: المهتدي بالله ابن حسن البلقية; born 17 February 1974) is the eldest son of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and his wife Queen Saleha. He is the Crown Prince of Brunei Darussalam, and is first in the line of succession to the Bruneian throne. He is expected to eventually lead the state and government, and is regarded as the second most significant figure in the political hierarchy.
Flag and coat of arms of Jurbarkas
The flag and coat of arms of Jurbarkas represents Jurbarkas, Lithuania with a red field charged with three silver-white fleurs-de-lis in the center, two over one. An example of heraldic flag design, the flag employs the city's coat of arms, making it a banner of arms. The design of the arms of Jurbarkas is believed to originate from the arms of the Sapieha house, a noble family from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was responsible for Jurbarkas receiving city rights and the coat of arms in 1611.

The three fleurs-de-lis design was abolished during the final years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but officially restored in 1993 after the independence of present-day Lithuania. Before restoration, several variant designs, such as using one over two fleurs-de-lis, had been restored and abolished. The original two over one version was briefly readopted in 1970 during the Soviet period, but abolished that same year.

Banner of arms
A banner of arms is a type of heraldic flag, characterised by sharing its imagery with that of the coat of arms (i.e. the shield of a full heraldic achievement, rendered in a square or rectangular shape of the flag).

The term is derived from the terminology of heraldry but mostly used in vexillology. Examples of modern national flags which are banners of arms are the flags of Austria, Iraq, and Switzerland.

The banner of arms is sometimes simply called a banner, but a banner is in a more strict sense a one of a kind personal flag of a nobleman held in battle.
DOM Inspector
DOM Inspector (DOMi) is a web developer tool created by Joe Hewitt and was originally included in Mozilla Application Suite as well as versions of Mozilla Firefox prior to Firefox 3. It is now included in Firefox, and SeaMonkey. Its main purpose is to inspect and edit the Document Object Model (DOM) tree of HTML and XML-based documents.

A DOM node can be selected from the tree structure, or by clicking on the browser chrome. As well as the DOM tree viewer, other viewers are also available, including Box Model, XBL Bindings, CSS Rules, Style Sheets, Computed Style, JavaScript Object, as well as a number of viewers for document and application accessibility. By default, the DOM Inspector highlights a newly selected non-attribute node with a red flashing border.

Similar tools exist in other browsers, e.g., Opera's Dragonfly, Safari's Web Inspector, the Internet Explorer Developer Toolbar, and Google Chrome's Developer Tools.

Safari (web browser)
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple. It is built into several of Apple's operating systems, including macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and visionOS, and uses Apple's open-source browser engine WebKit, which was derived from KHTML.

Safari was introduced in an update to Mac OS X Jaguar in January 2003, and made the default web browser with the release of Mac OS X Panther that same year. It has been included with the iPhone since the first-generation iPhone in 2007. At that time, Safari was the fastest browser on the Mac. Between 2007 and 2012, Apple maintained a Windows version, but abandoned it due to low market share. In 2010, Safari 5 introduced a reader mode, extensions, and developer tools. Safari 11, released in 2017, added Intelligent Tracking Prevention, which uses artificial intelligence to block web tracking. Safari 13 added support for Apple Pay, and authentication with FIDO2 security keys. Its user interface was redesigned in Safari 15, Safari 18, and Safari 26.
The Brides of Fu Manchu
The Brides of Fu Manchu is a 1966 British/West German Constantin Film co-production adventure crime film based on the fictional Chinese villain Dr. Fu Manchu, created by Sax Rohmer. It was the second film in a series, and was preceded by The Face of Fu Manchu. The Vengeance of Fu Manchu followed in 1967, The Blood of Fu Manchu in 1968, and The Castle of Fu Manchu in 1969.  It was produced by Harry Alan Towers for Hallam Productions. Like the first film, it was directed by Don Sharp, and starred Christopher Lee as Fu Manchu. Nigel Green was replaced by Douglas Wilmer as Scotland Yard detective Nayland Smith.

The action takes place mainly in London, where much of the location filming took place.

Sax Rohmer
Arthur Henry "Sarsfield" Ward (15 February 1883 – 1 June 1959), better known as Sax Rohmer, was an English novelist. He is best remembered for his series of novels featuring the master criminal Fu Manchu.
Berndt Seite
Berndt Seite (born 22 April 1940 in Hahnswalde, Trebnitz) is a German politician. He was the 2nd minister president  of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern from 1992 to 1998 and the 45th president of the German Bundesrat in 1992.

Trzebnica
Trzebnica (Polish pronunciation: [tʂɛbˈɲit͡sa]; German: Trebnitz, Czech: Třebnice) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in south-western Poland. It is the seat of Trzebnica County, and of the smaller administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Trzebnica. It is part of the Wrocław metropolitan area. As of 2019, it has a population of 13,331.

Founded in the medieval period, Trzebnica is home to the Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga, one of the historical burial sites of Polish monarchs and consorts and a regional pilgrimage site since the 14th century, listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.

Trzebnica was the temporary capital of Lower Silesia in 1945. In 2017, the town was the co-host of the World Games (orienteering, middle distance).
Skiotocharax
Skiotocharax is a monospecific genus of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Crenuchidae, the South American darters. The only species in this genus is Skiotocharax meizon, a species endemic to Guyana where it is found in the basins of the Mazaruni and Berbice Rivers.

Mazaruni River
The Mazaruni River is a tributary of the Essequibo River in northern Guyana. Its source is in the remote western forests of the Pakaraima Mountains and its confluence with the Cuyuni River is near Bartica. As it descends from the Guiana Highlands the river runs south-east, past Issano, then northward to Bartica. The river is a source of alluvial gold.
Ajax, Ontario
Ajax (/ˈeɪdʒæks/; 2021 population: 126,666) is a waterfront town in Durham Region in Southern Ontario, Canada, located in the eastern part of the Greater Toronto Area.

The town is named for HMS Ajax, a Royal Navy cruiser that served in the Second World War. It is approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of Toronto on the shores of Lake Ontario and is bordered by the City of Pickering to the west and north, and the Town of Whitby to the east.

Pickering Casino Resort
The Pickering Casino Resort is a casino, resort, and entertainment venue that is currently under development in the Canadian city of Pickering, Ontario. The resort is part of a wider entertainment complex called Durham Live.
Treason must be made odious
"Treason must be made odious" was the most common shorthand rendering of a stump speech (a standardized campaign speech repeatedly made by a politician at a series of locations and times) made by Tennessean Andrew Johnson when he was military governor and a U.S. vice-presidential candidate in 1864. The phrase became relevant to the post-American Civil War legal issues surrounding the potential prosecution of former Confederate politicians and officers, as well as questions of enfranchisement of freedmen versus the re-enfranchisement of ex-Confederates. It has been described as "one of the best-remembered sayings of one of the least-remembered of our Presidents."

Stump speech
A political stump speech is a standard speech used by a politician running for office. Typically a candidate who schedules many appearances prepares a short standardized stump speech that is repeated verbatim to each audience, before opening to questions.
Loving (surname)
Loving is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alvin D. Loving (1935–2005), African-American painter

Candy Loving (born 1956), American model

Cynthia Loving or Lil' Mo (born 1975), American R&B singer and radio personality

Dwight J. Loving, American soldier on death row

Frank Loving (1860–1882), American Old West gambler and gunman

George G. Loving, Jr. (1923–2016), American Air Force lieutenant general

James C. Loving (1836–1902), American cattleman and rancher in Texas

Mildred and Richard Loving, the plaintiffs in Loving v. Virginia

Oliver Loving (1812–1867), American cattle rancher and pioneer

Richard Loving (artist) (1924–2021), American painter

Ruth B. Loving (1914–2014), American activist

Susan B. Loving, American lawyer, Oklahoma's first female attorney general

Walter Loving (1872–1945), American soldier and musician, leader of the Philippine Constabulary Band

Warren Loving (born 1960), American football player

Candy Loving
Candy Loving (born Candis Loving; September 4, 1956) is an American model. She was Playboy's Playmate of the Month for the January 1979 issue, which made her the magazine's 25th Anniversary Playmate. Her centerfold was photographed by Dwight Hooker.
Haveli
A haveli is a traditional townhouse, mansion, or manor house, in the Indian subcontinent, usually one with historical and architectural significance, and located in a town or city. The word haveli is derived from Arabic hawali, meaning "partition" or "private space", popularised under the Mughal Empire, and was devoid of any architectural connotation. Later, the word haveli came to be used as a generic term for various styles of regional mansions, manor houses, and townhouses found in the Indian subcontinent.

Chiniot
Chiniot   (Punjabi, Urdu: چنیوٹ) is a city and the administrative headquarters of Chiniot District in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Located on the bank of the river Chenab, it is the 28th most populous city in Pakistan.

Chiniot is known for its intricate wooden furniture, architecture, and mosques. The Shahi Mosque, Omar Hayat Haveli, Laxmi Narayan temple and the shrines of Shah Burhan and Saeen Sukh are some of the notable specimen of Chinioti architecture in the town.
Rinaldo and Armida (play)
Rinaldo and Armida is a 1698 tragedy by the English writer John Dennis. A semi-opera it featured music composed by John Eccles. It is inspired by the 1560 epic poem Jerusalem Delivered  by the Italian writer Torquato Tasso, particularly the characters of Rinaldo and Armida.

It was performed at Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in London by Thomas Betterton's company. The original cast included Betterton as Rinaldo, John Thurmond as Ubaldo, Elizabeth Barry as Armida, Elizabeth Bowman as Urania and Elinor Leigh as Phenissa.

Elizabeth Bowman
Elizabeth Bowman (c. 1677 – 1707) was an English stage actress of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century. The daughter of Sir Francis Watson, 1st Baronet she was adopted by the actor manager Thomas Betterton. In 1692, she married John Bowman and began acting at Drury Lane the following year as Mrs Bowman. She was a member of the United Company until 1695 then joined Betterton's breakaway at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre.
Lords, counts and dukes of Lorges
The land of Lorges, located in Lorges (Loir-et-Cher) in the Canton of La Beauce, was, under the Ancien régime, a seigneury then a county and a duchy, having belonged to the Montgomery family then to the House of Durfort.

Marshal of France
Marshal of France (French: Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration, and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was Marshal of the Empire, not Marshal of France).

Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe, and Soult.

The distinction of Admiral of France is the equivalent in the French Navy.
Venus of Martres
The Venus of Martres is a sculpture fragment from an antique replica of the Aphrodite of Knidos. The replica was made around the first century of the common era. It is on display at Musée Saint-Raymond in Toulouse, France.

Musée Saint-Raymond
Musée Saint-Raymond (in English, Saint-Raymond museum; Occitan: Musèu Sant-Raimond) is the archeological museum of Toulouse, France, opened in 1892. The site originally was a necropolis, and in later constructions was a hospital for the poor and pilgrims, prison, student residence, stables, barracks and presbytery, eventually becoming a museum in 1891. It is housed in the former Saint-Raymond university college dating from the sixteenth century that borders Basilica of Saint-Sernin.

The building has been renovated and reconstructed several times. It preserves and exhibits archaeological collections from protohistory to the early Middle Ages, mainly from the Celtic, Roman and early Christian periods, much from the Toulouse region.
Emir of Qatar
The Emir of the State of Qatar (Arabic: أمير دولة قطر) is the monarch and head of state of Qatar. The emir is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and guarantor of the constitution. The emir holds the most powerful position in the country, controlling all branches of state power, and has a prominent role in foreign relations.

The emirs are members of the House of Thani (Al Thani), whose origins are in the Banu Tamim, one of the largest tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. The current ruler is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, who succeeded on 25 June 2013.

Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually legislation, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinct and clearly articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each branch. To put this model into practice, government is divided into structurally independent branches to perform various functions (most often a legislature, a judiciary and an administration, sometimes known as the trias politica). When each function is allocated strictly to one branch, a government is described as having a high degree of separation; whereas, when one person or branch plays a significant part in the exercise of more than one function, this represents a fusion of powers. When one branch holds unlimited state power and delegates its powers to other organs as it sees fit, as is the case in communist states, that is called unified power.
Gustav Hauser
Gustav Hauser (13 July 1856 in Nördlingen – 30 June 1935 in Erlangen) was a German pathologist and bacteriologist.

He studied medicine at the Universities of Munich and Erlangen, where he worked as an assistant in the gynecological clinic under Paul Zweifel and at the pathological institute of Friedrich Albert von Zenker. In 1883 he obtained his habilitation for pathological anatomy and bacteriology, and in 1895 became a full professor and director of the institute of pathology in Erlangen.

In 1885, Hauser was the first to isolate the bacillus Proteus vulgaris. He is also credited with developing a formalin for the preservation of bacterial cultures.

In Erlangen, the thoroughfare Gustav-Hauser-Straße is named in his honor.

Bacteriologist
A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology— a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically pathogenic ones. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria, as well as using their skills in clinical settings. This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry, phylogenetics, genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing. Alongside human and animal healthcare providers, they may carry out various functions as medical scientists, veterinary scientists, pathologists, or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics, blood banks, hospitals, laboratories and animal hospitals. Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use as well as public health guidelines for restaurants and businesses.
Leonard Steckel
Leonard Steckel (18 January 1901 – 9 February 1971) was a German-Jewish actor and director of stage and screen.

Steckel was born as Leonhard Steckel in Knihinin, a Galician town that is today a district of the city Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine. He began his career as a stage actor and spent the duration of World War II in exile in Zürich, Switzerland, where he had gone to work at the Schauspielhaus Zürich. It was during this time that he began to direct. Steckel was killed in a major rail accident on 9 February 1971 in Aitrang, West Germany.

Kniahynyn
Kniahynyn (Ukrainian: Княгинин, Polish: Knihinin) is a former village and currently a neighborhood in the city of Ivano-Frankivsk, in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine. It is located at northwestern portion of the city on the right bank of Bystrytsia River and known for its alcohol factory "Kniahynyn" that exists since the 19th century.

The first mention of the village was in 1449. In 1921 there were 16,554 inhabitants of the village, and Knihinin had the fourth largest city population of Stanisławów Voivodeship (after Kołomyja, Stanisławów and Stryj).

On January 1, 1925, Knihinin was incorporated into the city of Stanisławów and ceased to be an independent village.
Leo Sack
Leo Paul Sack (May 18, 1914 – January 2, 1987) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball League in six games for the Cincinnati Comellos during the 1937–38 season and averaged 7.2 points per game. He played college football and basketball at Xavier University.

Xavier University
Xavier University (/ˈzeɪvjər/ ZAY-vyure) is a private Jesuit university in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It is the sixth-oldest Catholic and fourth-oldest Jesuit university in the United States. Xavier had an enrollment of approximately 5,600 undergraduate and graduate students as of 2024. The school's system comprises the main campus in Cincinnati, as well as regional locations for its accelerated nursing program in Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio.

Xavier University is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution. It provides an education in the Jesuit tradition, which emphasizes learning through community service, interdisciplinary courses and the engagement of faith, theology, philosophy and ethics studies. Xavier's athletic teams, known as the Xavier Musketeers, compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level in the Big East Conference.
Stratford (given name)
Stratford is a masculine given name borne by:

Stratford Caldecott (1953–2014), British Catholic author, editor, publisher and blogger

Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe (1786–1880), British diplomat

Stratford Johns (1925–2002), British actor

Stratford Caldecott
Stratford Caldecott (26 November 1953 – 17 July 2014) was a Catholic author, editor, publisher, and blogger. His work spanned subjects as diverse as literature, education, theology, apologetics, economics, environmental stewardship, sacred geometry, art, and culture. His books include Secret Fire, Radiance of Being, Beauty for Truth's Sake, All Things Made New, and Not as the World Gives. He was a founding editor of the online journal Humanum and a contributor for several online and print journals. He was inspired by the Catholic author J. R. R. Tolkien and became known as a Tolkien scholar.