hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Bray (baseball)
James Howard Bray (December 12, 1898 – July, 1931) was an American Negro league baseball catcher in the 1920s and 1930s.

A native of Troy, Alabama, Bray made his Negro leagues debut with the Chicago American Giants in 1925. He spent several seasons with the team, and played on Chicago's 1927 Colored World Series championship squad. Bray died in 1931 at age 32 as a result of a fight with teammate John Hines.

Troy, Alabama
Troy is a city in and the county seat of Pike County, Alabama, United States. It was formally incorporated on February 4, 1843.

Between  1763 and 1783, the area where Troy sits was part of the colony of British West Florida. After 1783, the region fell under the jurisdiction of the newly created United States of America.

As of the 2020 census, its population was 17,727, down from 18,033 in 2010. The 2022 estimated population was 17,774. The City of Troy had previously been considered one of the fastest-growing cities in Alabama. Troy is home to Troy University, the fourth-largest university in total enrollment in Alabama.
Bondage (1933 film)
Bondage is a 1933 pre-Code American drama film directed by Alfred Santell and written by Arthur Kober and Doris Malloy. The film stars Dorothy Jordan, Alexander Kirkland, Merle Tottenham, Nydia Westman, Jane Darwell, and Edward Woods. The film was released on March 31, 1933, by Fox Film Corporation.

Alfred Santell
Alfred Allen Santell (1895–1981), was an American film director and film producer.

Santell directed over 60 films, beginning in 1917, most of which were two-reel comedy short subjects for Hal Roach and other productions companies. Taking up feature films from about 1924, Santell worked for several major studios.

In 1934, he was married to actress Jane N. Keithley; they remained married until her death.

He left the business in 1947 after a contract dispute with Republic Studios.

Santell died on June 19, 1981, in Salinas, California.
E (novel)
e (originally subtitled The Novel of Liars, Lunch and Lost Knickers) is a comic novel by Matt Beaumont first published in 2000. Written in the epistolary tradition, it consists entirely of e-mails written between the employees of an advertising agency and some of their business partners. Thus, the novel is a multiple-perspective narrative where events are seen through the eyes of various people working for the agency, from temp to CEO. e centres on corporate business structures, leadership, creativity, headhunting for and firing people to keep up appearances, work efficiency, business ethics, and all kinds of human weaknesses which stall progress by having employees waste their time and energy on unimportant things and which eventually prevent success.

Beaumont worked as a copywriter himself before embarking on a literary career; e was his debut novel.

Efficiency ratio
The efficiency ratio indicates the expenses as a percentage of revenue (expenses / revenue), with a few variations – it is essentially how much a corporation or individual spends to make a dollar; entities are supposed to attempt minimizing efficiency ratios (reducing expenses and increasing earnings). The concept typically applies to banks. It relates to operating leverage, which measures the ratio between fixed costs and variable costs.

Efficiency means the extent to which cash is generated over time and relative to other enterprises. Efficiency ratios for a given year may therefore be used to determine whether an enterprise has generated enough cash in relation to other years and in relation to other institutions (Koen and Oberholster, 1999). For measuring efficiency can be used receivable collection period ratio.
Elektra: Assassin
Elektra: Assassin is an eight-issue limited series published by Epic Comics, an imprint of American company Marvel Comics, between August 1986 and March 1987. Written by Frank Miller and illustrated by Bill Sienkiewicz, Elektra: Assassin satirizes ultra-violence, politics, comic book clichés like ninjas and cyborgs, and the portrayal of women.

As with Ronin and Born Again, Miller wrote the series with the full script method.

Epic Comics
Epic Comics (also known as the Epic Comics Group) was an imprint of American publishing company Marvel Comics, active from 1982 to 1996. A spin-off of the publisher's Epic Illustrated magazine, it published creator-owned work unconnected to Marvel's superhero universe, and without the restrictions of the Comics Code. The name was revived by Marvel in the mid-2000s for a short-lived program inviting new writers to pitch series proposals to the publisher.
Burham Marsh
Burham Marsh nature reserve is an 11 hectare tidal Reed bed on the River Medway 5 miles northwest of Maidstone. It is just east of Snodland but being on the east bank of the river it is accessed via Burham. It is part the Holborough to Wouldham Marshes Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Reed bed
A reedbed or reed bed is a natural habitat found in floodplains, waterlogged depressions and 
estuaries. Reedbeds are part of a succession from young reeds colonising open water or wet ground through a gradation of increasingly dry ground. As reedbeds age, they build up a considerable litter layer that eventually rises above the water level and that ultimately provides opportunities in the form of new areas for larger terrestrial plants such as shrubs and trees to colonise.

Artificial reedbeds are used to remove pollutants from greywater, and are also called constructed wetlands.
Yuanxing (beef cattle)
Yuanxing (Chinese: 源興牛; pinyin: Yuánxing níu) is an original Tajima strain's breed of Taiwanese beef cattle. This breed was found and purchased by former President of Taiwan Lee Teng-hui from Qingtiangang Grassland in Yangmingshan National Park in 2016, and originally imported from Japanese colonial government. The breed has originally 19 heads of cattle, and is currently raised in Hualien.

Yangmingshan
Yangmingshan National Park is one of the nine national parks in Taiwan, located in both Taipei and New Taipei City. The districts that are partially in the park include Taipei's Beitou and Shilin Districts; and New Taipei's Wanli, Jinshan, Sanzhi and Tamsui Districts. The national park is known for its cherry blossoms, hot springs, sulfur deposits, fumaroles, venomous snakes, and hiking trails, including Taiwan's tallest dormant volcano, Qixing (Seven Star) Mountain rising to 1,120 m (3,675 ft). In June 2020, Yangmingshan National Park was certified as the world’s first Urban Quiet Park Quiet Parks International in recognition of World Environment Day.
Sodium hypobromite
Sodium hypobromite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaBrO. It is a sodium salt of hypobromous acid. It consists of sodium cations Na+ and hypobromite anions −OBr. It is usually obtained as the pentahydrate, so the compound that is usually called sodium hypobromite actually has the formula NaOBr·5H2O. It is a yellow-orange solid that is soluble in water. It adopts a monoclinic crystal structure with a Br–O bond length of 1.820 Å. It is the bromine analogue of sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient in common bleach. In practice the salt is usually encountered as an aqueous solution.

Sodium hypobromite arises by treatment of aqueous solution of bromine with base:

Br2 + 2 NaOH → NaBr + NaOBr + H2O

It can be prepared in situ for use as a reagent, such as in the synthesis of 3-aminopyridine from nicotinamide (Hofmann rearrangement).

Sodium hypobromite slowly disproportionates to sodium bromide and sodium bromate:

3 NaOBr → 2 NaBr + NaBrO3

Water of crystallization
In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.

Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost.

Compared to inorganic salts, proteins crystallize with large amounts of water in the crystal lattice. A water content of 50% is not uncommon for proteins.
Duonfla
Duonfla is a village in central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Bouaflé, Bouaflé Department, Marahoué Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District.

Duonfla was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Bouaflé Department
Bouaflé Department is a department of Marahoué Region in Sassandra-Marahoué District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 300,305 and its seat is the settlement of Bouaflé. The sub-prefectures of the department are Bégbessou, Bouaflé, N'Douffoukankro, Pakouabo, and Tibéita.
New Eltham
New Eltham is a suburban area of South East London, England, primarily in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with some parts in the London Borough of Bexley. It is located south east of Eltham and north west of Sidcup.

London Borough of Bexley
The London Borough of Bexley (/ˈbɛksli/ ⓘ) is a London borough in south-east London, forming part of Outer London. It has a population of 248,287. The main settlements are Sidcup, Erith, Bexleyheath, Belvedere, Crayford, Welling and Old Bexley. The London Borough of Bexley is within the Thames Gateway, an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. The local authority is Bexley London Borough Council.
Franck Verzy
Franck Verzy (French: [fʁɑ̃k vɛʁzi]; 13 May 1961 – 2 July 2025) was a French high jumper, born in Lyon.

Verzy finished 20th at the 1982 European Indoor Championships and won the bronze medal at the 1983 Mediterranean Games. He also competed at the 1982 European Championships, the 1983 World Championships and the 1984 Olympic Games without reaching the final.

He became French champion in 1982, 1984, and 1986. His personal best was 2.32 metres, achieved in 1983.

Verzy died on 2 July 2025, at the age of 64.

1983 World Championships in Athletics – Men's high jump
These are the official results of the men's high jump event at the 1983 IAAF World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. There were a total of 38 participating athletes, with the qualifying with two groups held on 12 August 1983 and the final held on 13 August.
Simbang, Maros
Simbang  is a district in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. In mid-2023, this district was inhabited by 26,038 people. This district has an area of 105.31 km2 and its capital is located in Jenetaesa village.

Maros Regency
Maros Regency (Makasar: ᨆᨑᨘᨔᨘ, romanized: Màrusu’, Makasar pronunciation: [ˈmarusuʔ]) is a regency of South Sulawesi province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,619.12 sq.km, and had a population of 319,002 at the 2010 Census and 391,774 at the Census of 2020. The official population estimate for mid-2023 was 407,920 according the Province's official estimates but only 389,277 (comprising 195,800 males and 193,477 females) according to the Regency's official estimates.

Almost all of the regency lies within the official metropolitan area of the city of Makassar. The administrative centre of the regency is the town of Maros.
1999 MLS College Draft
The 1999 Major League Soccer College Draft was held on February 6 and 7, 1999 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.  The first round of the draft took place on February 6 with the second and third rounds on February 7. The College Draft was followed by the 1999 MLS Supplemental Draft later on February 7.

Dema Kovalenko
Dmytro Hennadiiovych Kovalenko (born 28 August1977) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He spent the majority of his playing career in the United States after moving there in 1992, most notably for Chicago Fire and D.C. United. His DC team won the MLS Cup in 2004. He retired from the game in February 2011 after being released by Los Angeles Galaxy at the end of the 2010 season.
Kurabka
Kurabka [kuˈrapka] is a village situated in the administrative district of Gmina Bolimów, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) north of Bolimów, 20 km (12 mi) north of Skierniewice, and 62 km (39 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Skierniewice County
Skierniewice County (Polish: powiat skierniewicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Skierniewice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county); there are no towns within the county.

The county covers an area of 756.12 square kilometres (291.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 37,779.
Sackey Shivute
Sakaria 'Sackey' Shivute (born 10 October 1965) is a Namibian boxer. Shivute competed for Namibia at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Fighting as a middleweight, Shivute lost to Australian Justann Crawford in the first round. He also represented Namibia at the 1994 Commonwealth Games and at the 1995 All-Africa Games, where he won a silver medal.

1994 Commonwealth Games
The 1994 Commonwealth Games (French: XVéme Jeux du Commonwealth) were held in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, between 18 and 28 August 1994. It was the 15th Commonwealth Games. These were the fourth and most recent Commonwealth Games to be hosted by Canada, after Hamilton 1930, Vancouver 1954, and Edmonton 1978.

The Games featured ten sports: athletics, aquatics (diving and swimming), badminton, boxing, cycling, gymnastics, lawn bowls, shooting, weightlifting and wrestling. Judo which had replaced wrestling in 1990 was dropped in favour of wrestling returning, the latter being dropped from the Games for the first time in 1990.
Alexander Leslie of Auchintoul
Alexander Leslie of Auchintoul (1590–1663) was a Scottish soldier in Swedish and Russian service, Russia's first General and reformer of the Muscovite army in cooperation with Boyar Boris Morozov. He was the son of William Leslie, third laird of Crichie, a branch of the Balquhain Leslies. In 1618 he was an officer in Polish employ, captured by the Russians, but released. He was the owner of Gerchikovo manor and voivode of Smolensk.

Stuartfield
Stuartfield is a small inland village in the Buchan area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, situated 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) south of Old Deer. The village was originally known as New Crichie, with the name Crichie still used locally. The name Crichie derives from the Gaelic word for clay.
The village was founded in the late 18th century by John Burnett, Laird of Crichie, who named it in honour of his grandfather, Captain John Stuart, who had purchased the estate around 1700.
Dumre
Dumre  is a village development committee in Udayapur District in the Sagarmatha Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 11,749 people living in 2510 individual households.

There is another nepali town Dumre nearby Bandipur (about 3 km).

Surname : Dumre(डुम्रे) is also surname and represents Brahmin caste and Gotra is ‘Dhananjaya’. People of this caste are usually from Syangja District.

Udayapur District
Udayapur District (Nepali: उदयपुर जिल्लाListenⓘ, is one of the 14 districts of Koshi Province in eastern Nepal. The district, with Triyuga as its district headquarters, covers an area of 2,063 km2 (797 sq mi) and in 2001 had a population of 287,689, in 2011 of 317,532, in 2021 of 342,773

Rivers and hills form natural borders for Udayapur District. The Koshi River to the east separates it from Sunsari District and the Sun Kosi River to the north separates it from Bhojpur and Khotang Districts. The Tawa Khola separates it from Sindhuli District to the west and the Siwalik foothills to the south separate it from the outer Tarai of Siraha and Saptari. The Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve lies to the east in Udayapur, Sunsari and Saptari Districts.

According to the former administrative divisions of Nepal, Udayapur falls in Eastern Development Region in Sagarmatha Zone.
Johanna Stegen
Johanna Stegen (11 January 1793, Lüneburg - 12 January 1842, Berlin) was a German woman of the Napoleonic Wars.

On 2 April 1813, German troops (made up of the fusiliers and volunteer Jägers of the 1st Pommerschen infantry regiment) clashed with Napoleonic troops near Lüneburg.  In the course of the battle, the Prussian regiment risked running out of ammunition, and so Stegen rushed ammunition to them in her apron, thus significantly contributing to the Prussian victory.  She was glorified soon afterwards in the patriotic poems of Friedrich Rückert. In 1817, she married the Prussian corporal Wilhelm Hindersin in Berlin - he had recently become a Royal Masterprinter in the war ministry. In her memory a young woman dresses as her once a year to clean the war monument in Lüneburg and to tell onlookers of her actions, and streets in Lüneburg and Berlin-Steglitz are still named after her.

Steglitz
Steglitz (German: [ˈʃteːɡˌlɪt͡s] ⓘ) is a locality of the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough in Southwestern Berlin, the capital of Germany. Steglitz is derived from the Slavic name for the European goldfinch, similar to the German Stieglitz.

Steglitz was also a borough from 1920 to 2000. It contained the localities Steglitz, Südende, Lichterfelde and Lankwitz. In 1960, Südende became a neighborhood within Steglitz.
Wilfredo Rodríguez
Wilfredo José Rodríguez (born March 20, 1979) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher. He appeared in two games for the Houston Astros in the 2001 season. He bats and throws left-handed.

With Houston, Rodríguez posted a 0–0 record with three strikeouts and a 15.00 ERA in three innings. He is most widely known for yielding Barry Bonds' record-tying 70th home run on October 4, 2001. That game was his last appearance in the majors.

After his release by the Astros in 2002, Rodríguez pitched for several more years in the minor leagues. His last year was 2006, when he played for the San Angelo Colts in the independent United League Baseball. He posted a 12.79 ERA in three games.

United League Baseball
United League Baseball was an independent baseball league that operated in Texas. The league operated from 2006 to 2009.  The league then temporarily merged with the Northern League and the Golden Baseball League to form the North American League from 2011–2012. However, after the North American League folded at the end of the 2012 season, ULB was reformed. It dissolved for a second time in January 2015.
Logan Glacier (Montana)
Logan Glacier is in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. The glacier is situated in a cirque to the northeast of Mount Logan. Just east of the Continental Divide, Logan Glacier is northwest of Red Eagle Glacier. Estimated in 2005 to cover an area of 75 acres (0.30 km2), Logan Glacier covered almost 125 acres (0.51 km2) in 1966, a reduction in area of 40 percent in about 40 years. Comparing images of the glacier taken in 1914 with those from 2009, indicates that the glacier has experienced extensive retreat.

Continental Divide of the Americas
The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Great Divide, the Western Divide or simply the Continental Divide; Spanish: Divisoria continental de América, Gran Divisoria) is the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas. The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan, and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean, including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and Hudson Bay.

Although there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas, the Continental Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions.
Sharakpur
Sharakpur is a village in Nakodar in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is also called Sarpura. It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Nakodar, 39 kilometres (24 mi) from Kapurthala, 24 kilometres (15 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 156 kilometres (97 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Jalandhar district
Jalandhar district is a district in Doaba region of the state of Punjab, India. The district headquarters is the city of Jalandhar.

Before the Partition of India, Jalandhar was also the headquarters of the Jalandhar Division, with constituent districts Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ferozepur and Kangra. The entire Jalandhar Division was awarded to India when Punjab was partitioned.
Southampton Courts of Justice
The Southampton Courts of Justice, also known as Southampton Combined Court Centre, is a Crown Court venue, which deals with criminal cases, as well as a County Court venue, which deals with civil cases, in London Road, Southampton, England.

Crown Court
The Crown Court is the criminal court of first instance in England and Wales responsible for hearing all indictable offences, some either way offences and appeals of the decisions of magistrates' courts. It is one of three Senior Courts of England and Wales.

The Crown Court sits in around 92 locations in England and Wales, divided into Circuits.  When sitting in the City of London, it is known as the Central Criminal Court or "Old Bailey".

The  Crown Court is administered by HM Courts and Tribunals Service, an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice.
Astrothelium rubrostiolatum
Astrothelium rubrostiolatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2017 by Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by the authors along a trail near a field station in the Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus); here it was found growing on tree bark in old-growth rainforest. The lichen has a dull yellowish thallus lacking a prothallus, with spherical to pear-shaped ascomata that are either immersed in or are below the thallus surface, typically arranged in groups of 7 to 25. The ascospores number eight per ascus, are muriform (divided in regular chambers), and measure 90–125 by 25–30 μm. The species epithet refers to the red colour in the ostioles. Thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of an anthraquinone that was presumed to be parietin.

Parietin
Parietin, or physcion, is the predominant cortical pigment of lichens in the genus Caloplaca, a secondary product of the lichen Xanthoria parietina, and a pigment found in the roots of curled dock (Rumex crispus). It has an orange-yellow color and absorbs blue light.

Parietin has also been shown to protect lichens against UV-B light, at high altitudes in alpine regions. The UV-B light stimulates production of parietin, protecting the lichens from damage. Lichens in arctic regions such as Svalbard retain this capability though they do not encounter damaging levels of UV-B, a capability that could help protect the lichens in case of ozone layer thinning.

It has also shown antifungal activity against barley powdery mildew and cucumber powdery mildew, more efficiently in the latter case than treatments with fenarimol and polyoxin B.

It reacts with KOH to form a deep, reddish-magenta compound.