hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
MATS (satellite)
MATS (Mesospheric Airglow/Aerosol Tomography and Spectroscopy) is a Swedish research satellite designed for studying waves in Earth's atmosphere. Launch occurred on 4 November 2022 from the Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1 at the Mahia Peninsula in New Zealand.

MATS is planned to study atmospheric waves, providing data for atmospheric models monitoring future changes in the mesosphere, the atmospheric layer 50-100 km above sea level. In particular, MATS is designed to measure noctilucent clouds and atmospheric airglow from oxygen molecules.

Airglow
Airglow is a faint emission of light by a planetary atmosphere. In the case of Earth's atmosphere, this optical phenomenon causes the night sky never to be completely dark, even after the effects of starlight and diffused sunlight from the far side are removed. This phenomenon originates with self-illuminated gases and has no relationship with Earth's magnetism or sunspot activity, causing aurorae.

Airglow occurs in two forms, as a result of a pair of interlinked but different processes. Dayglow occurs during the day and is caused by the splitting of atmospheric molecules but is too faint to be seen in daylight. During the night airglow occurs as nightglow, when the molecules split during daytime recombine.
Sunpu Domain
Sunpu Domain (駿府藩, Sunpu-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. The domain centered at Sunpu Castle is what is now the Aoi-ku, Shizuoka.  From 1869 it was briefly called Shizuoka Domain (静岡藩).

Aoi-ku, Shizuoka
Aoi-ku (葵区, Aoi-ku) is one of three wards of the city of Shizuoka in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, located in the northern part of the city. Aoi-ku borders Suruga-ku in the south and Shimizu-ku to the southeast; the west faces Shimada, Fujieda and Kawanehon and its northern tip extends into the border between Nagano Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture.  It is the largest ward in Japan in terms of geographic area.

Aoi-ku was created on April 1, 2003, when Shizuoka became a city designated by government ordinance (a "designated city"). It consists of the area of Shizuoka prior to its merger with Shimizu, north of the Tōkaidō Main Line rail tracks.

The ward is home to both the Shizuoka city offices as well as the Shizuoka prefectural offices.
Jonathan Fisher (priest)
Jonathan Parker Fisher (baptised 28 September 1757  – 31 July 1838) was Archdeacon of Barnstaple during 1805: he was later Sub-Dean of Exeter Cathedral.

He was the son of Rev. John Fisher and Elizabeth Fisher. His elder brother was Rev. John Fisher, Bishop of Salisbury. He was educated at Charterhouse School in Surrey. and University College, Oxford (BA, 1778; MA, 1780; BD, 1802; DD, 1807). He died at the rectory in Farringdon, Devonshire, aged 81.

Bishop of Salisbury
The Bishop of Salisbury is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Salisbury in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers much of the counties of Wiltshire and Dorset. The see is in the City of Salisbury where the bishop's seat is in the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The current bishop is Stephen Lake.
Cohens v. Virginia
Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264 (1821), is a landmark case by the Supreme Court of the United States that asserts the Court's power to review state supreme court decisions in criminal law matters if defendants claim that their constitutional rights have been violated. The Court had previously asserted a similar jurisdiction over civil cases involving U.S. parties (see Martin v. Hunter's Lessee).

The defendants were members of a prominent Baltimore banking family. A U.S. senator and two U.S. representatives served as attorneys for the opposing sides. The two defendants, Mendes I. Cohen and Philip I. Cohen, would later rise to the positions of U.S. Army Colonel and Maryland Delegate (Mendes), and U.S. Postmaster (Philip).

Postmaster
A postmaster is the head of an individual post office, responsible for all postal activities in a specific post office.  When a postmaster is responsible for an entire mail distribution organization (usually sponsored by a national government), the title of Postmaster General is commonly used. 
Responsibilities of a postmaster typically include management of a centralized mail distribution facility, establishment of letter carrier routes, supervision of letter carriers and clerks, and enforcement of the organization's rules and procedures. The postmaster is the representative of the Postmaster General in that post office.

In Canada, many early places are named after the first postmaster.
Artie Young
Artie Francis Young (February 24, 1915 – July 30, 1989) was an African-American dancer, and actress of theater and film in the 1930s and 1940s. Her film work includes soundies. Young was considered one of the prettiest girls from Harlem in the 1940s. She went by many name variations, including Artie Brandon, Artie Brandon Young Reed, and Artie Young Davis.

Soundie
A soundie is a short American film displaying both the audio and video of a musical performance. 
Over 1,850 soundies were produced between 1939 to 1947, regarded today as "precursors to music videos". Soundies exhibited a variety of musical genres in an effort to draw a broad audience.

The shorts were originally viewed in public places on some 5,000 "Panorams", coin-operated, 16mm rear-projection machines built by the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago. Panorams offered multiple selections of a constantly changing rotation of soundies, and were typically located in public venues like nightclubs, bars, amusement centers, and restaurants. As World War II progressed, soundies also featured patriotic messages and advertisements for war bonds. Hollywood films were censored but soundies weren't, so the films occasionally had daring content like burlesque acts; these were produced to appeal to soldiers on leave.
The Children of Men
The Children of Men is a dystopian novel by English writer P. D. James, published in 1992. Set in England in 2021, it centres on the results of mass infertility. James describes a United Kingdom that is steadily depopulating and focuses on a small group of resisters who do not share the disillusionment of the masses.

The book received very positive reviews from many critics such as Caryn James of The New York Times, who called it "wonderfully rich" and "a trenchant analysis of politics and power that speaks urgently". The academic Alan Jacobs said, "Of all James' novels, The Children of Men is probably the most pointed in its social criticism, certainly the deepest in its theological reflection."

About writing the story P. D. James said, "I thought, if there was no future, how would we behave?"

Human extinction
Human extinction or omnicide is the end of the human species, either by population decline due to extraneous natural causes, such as an asteroid impact or large-scale volcanism, or via anthropogenic destruction (self-extinction).

Some of the many possible contributors to anthropogenic hazards are climate change, global nuclear annihilation, biological warfare, weapons of mass destruction, and ecological collapse. Other scenarios center on emerging technologies, such as advanced artificial intelligence, biotechnology, or self-replicating nanobots.

The scientific consensus is that there is a relatively low risk of near-term human extinction due to natural causes. The likelihood of human extinction through humankind's own activities, however, is a current area of research and debate.
Angus Bell
Angus Stephen Bell (born 4 October 2000) is an Australian rugby union player who plays loose head prop for Ulster in the United Rugby Championship, on sabbatical from the New South Wales Waratahs in Super Rugby, and for the Australian national team.

The son of former Australian international hooker Mark Bell, he captained Australia at schools and under-18 level, and was part of the Australia under-20 that was runner-up in the 2019 under-20 World Championship. he made his debut for the Waratahs in 2019, and his first start in February 2020. He made his international debut for Australia on 7 November 2020, coming on as an injury replacement for James Slipper in the 40th minute of a test match versus the New Zealand All Blacks in Brisbane. Despite injury issues which made him consider retirement, he made his 50th appearance for the Waratahs in April 2025.

He joined Irish side Ulster on a six-month sabbatical in December 2025.

2019 World Rugby Under 20 Championship
The 2019 World Rugby Under 20 Championship was the twelfth edition of the premier age-grade competition for rugby. The tournament was held in Argentina for the second time, having been hosted there in 2010.

Defending champions France won the under 20 title again in 2019, defeating Australia in a closely fought final by 24–23 at the Racecourse Stadium in Rosario. The city of Santa Fe also hosted matches in the 2019 championship.
The Kids of Catan
The Kids of Catan is a German board game designed for children using the theme from The Settlers of Catan.  Like other Catan titles, the game is created by Klaus Teuber and published by Kosmos in German and Mayfair Games in English.

Mayfair Games
Mayfair Games was an American publisher of board, card, and roleplaying games that also licensed Euro-style board games to publish them in English. The company licensed worldwide English-language publishing rights to The Settlers of Catan series between 1996 and 2016.
Raids on Boulogne
The raid on Boulogne in 1801 was a failed attempt by elements of the Royal Navy led by Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson to destroy a flotilla of French vessels anchored in the port of Boulogne, a fleet which was thought to be used for the invasion of England, during the French Revolutionary Wars. At dawn on 4 August, Nelson ordered five bomb vessels to move forward and open fire against the French line. Despite the inferior gunpowder of French artillery and the high number of shots fired by the bomb vessels, the British sustained more casualties and withdrew. The night of 16 August Nelson returned and tried to bring off the flotilla, attacking with seventy boats and nearly two thousand men organized into four divisions, but the attack was successfully repelled by the defenders, led by Admiral Latouche Tréville.

Bomb vessel
A bomb vessel, bomb ship, bomb ketch, or simply bomb was a type of wooden sailing naval ship. Its primary armament was not cannons (long guns or carronades) – although bomb vessels carried a few cannons for self-defence – but mortars mounted forward near the bow and elevated to a high angle, and projecting their fire in a ballistic arc. Explosive shells (also called bombs at the time) or carcasses were employed rather than solid shot. Bomb vessels were specialized ships designed for bombarding (hence the name) fixed positions on land. In the 20th century, this naval gunfire support role was carried out by the most similar purpose-built World War I- and II-era monitors, but also by other warships now firing long-range explosive shells.
Mesoniviridae
Mesoniviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales which infect mosquitoes. The family is named after the size of the genomes relative to other nidoviruses, with meso- coming from the Greek word mesos, which means medium, and -ni being an abbreviation of nido.

Viral envelope
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. A viral envelope protein or E protein is a protein in the envelope, which may be acquired by the capsid from an infected host cell.
Orlando Watters
Orlando L. Watters (born October 26,   1971) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL) in 1994. He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks.

Arkansas Razorbacks football
The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas in the sport of American football. The Razorbacks compete in the 
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Home games are played at stadiums on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System: Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock.

The program began in 1894 and has compiled an all-time record of 740–539–40, for a .576 winning percentage. The Razorbacks have won 13 conference championships and have had 58 players honored as All-Americans. Arkansas claims one national championship (1964) awarded by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA).
Surratt House Museum
The Surratt House (also known as the Mary Surratt House and the Surratt House Museum) is a  historic house and house museum located at 9110 Brandywine Road in Clinton (formerly Surrattsville), Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The house is named for John and Mary Surratt, who built it in 1852.  Mary Surratt was hanged in 1865 for being a co-conspirator in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. It was acquired by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC) in 1965, restored, and opened to the public as a museum in 1976.

Prince George's County, Maryland
Prince George's County (often shortened to PG County, PG, or PGC) is located in the U.S. state of Maryland bordering the eastern portion of Washington, D.C. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 967,201, making it the second-most populous county in Maryland, behind neighboring Montgomery County. The 2020 census counted an increase of nearly 104,000 in the previous ten years. Its county seat is Upper Marlboro. It is the most populous African American-majority county in the United States, as well as the second most affluent behind neighboring Charles County.

The county is part of the Capital region of the state, though portions of the county are considered to be in Southern Maryland. The county also hosts many federal governmental facilities, such as Joint Base Andrews and the United States Census Bureau headquarters.
Belcastro (surname)
Belcastro is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

James Belcastro (1895–1945), American mobster

Lisa Belcastro (born 1988), American politician

Luca Belcastro (born 1964), Italian classical composer

Marie Belcastro (1920–2015), American murder victim

Pete Belcastro, American television and radio personality

Sarah-Marie Belcastro (born 1970), American mathematician known for mathematical knitting

Pete Belcastro
Pete Belcastro is a longtime American television and radio personality who has worked as a sports commentator, news anchor and reporter and is running for political office.  He is the former director at Rogue Valley Community Television and was football and basketball commentator for the Southern Oregon University on local radio.  He resides in Ashland, Oregon.
1954–55 Lancashire Cup
The 1954–55 Lancashire Cup was the forty-second occasion on which English rugby league's Lancashire Cup competition had been held.
This year, the first time for many years save a new name on the trophy. Barrow changed codes to rugby league in 1897, were promoted into the league for season 1900–01 and have taken part in every one of the Lancashire Cup competitions since their inception in 1905, and now finally, almost 50 years later, they won the trophy by beating Oldham in the final by the score of 12–2.
The match was played at Station Road, Pendlebury (historically in the county of Lancashire). The attendance was 25,204 and receipts were £4,603.

Oldham R.L.F.C.
Oldham Rugby League Football Club is a professional rugby league football club based in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. The club plays home games at Bower Fold in Stalybridge, and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Oldham have won the League Championship four times, Challenge Cup three times and the Second Division three times.

The clubs traditional home kits are red and white hooped jerseys, navy blue shorts and red socks. They share a local rivalry with Rochdale Hornets, Salford Red Devils and Swinton Lions and cross county rivalries with nearby Huddersfield Giants and Halifax.
Knut Frostad
Knut Mauritz Frostad (born 4 June 1967 in Harstad, Norway) is a Norwegian yachtsman, who has participated in a broad range of world championship level sailing events, including the Volvo Ocean Race and the Olympic Games, the latter in windsurfing.

He has twice participated in the Olympic Games (1988 and 1992) and four times the Volvo Ocean Race, twice as skipper.

In 2004, he won the Scandinavian Nokia Oops Cup and, in 2005, he finished second.

In 2024, he was appointed Executive Chairman of Henri Lloyd.

Windsurfing
Windsurfing is a wind-propelled water sport that is a combination of sailing and surfing. It is also referred to as "sailboarding" and "boardsailing", and emerged in the late 1960s from the Californian aerospace and surf culture. Windsurfing gained a popular following across Europe and North America by the late 1970s and had achieved significant global popularity by the 1980s. Windsurfing became an Olympic sport in 1984.
Byham Theater
The Byham Theater is a landmark building at 101 Sixth Street in the Cultural District of Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Originally built in 1903 as The Gayety Theater, the former vaudeville house was renovated and reopened as The Byham Theater in 1990.

Built in 1903 and opened Halloween night 1904, the then-named Gayety Theater was stage and vaudeville house, and it featured stars such as Ethel Barrymore, Gertrude Lawrence, and Helen Hayes. It was renamed The Fulton in the 1930s when it became a full-time movie theater. The classic horror film Night of the Living Dead, which was filmed in and around Pittsburgh, had its world premiere at the Fulton in 1968. In 1990 the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust bought the theater and refurbished the Fulton as part of its plan for the Cultural District. Carolyn M. Byham and William C. Byham of Pittsburgh made a major naming gift for a 1995 renovation, and it has been the Byham Theater since.

Ethel Barrymore
Ethel Barrymore (born Ethel Mae Blyth; August 15, 1879 – June 18, 1959) was an American actress and a member of the Barrymore family of actors. Barrymore was a stage, screen and radio actress whose career spanned six decades, and was regarded as "The First Lady of the American Theatre". She received four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, winning for None but the Lonely Heart (1944).
EchoStar
EchoStar Corporation is an American telecommunications company, specializing in satellite communication, wireless telecommunications, and internet services. Echostar also provides multichannel video programming and mobile services through its subsidiaries: Dish Network, Boost Mobile, Sling TV, EchoStar Mobile, and Hughes Network Systems.

Originally establishing the Dish Network brand name in 1996, EchoStar later acquired Dish as a wholly owned subsidiary in 2023. EchoStar was included on the Fortune 500 list in 2024, ranking #242.

Fortune 500
The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest United States corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years. The list includes publicly held companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available. The concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955. The Fortune 500 is more commonly used than its subset Fortune 100 or superset Fortune 1000.
Percina
Percina is a genus of small freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Etheostomatinae, which is part of the family Percidae. The Percidae family also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches from North America. Along with similar fishes in other genera, members of Percina are commonly known as "darters". More specifically, the genus as a whole is known as roughbelly darters, while certain species of Percina displaying vertical bars on their flanks are called logperches.

Vertical and horizontal
In astronomy, geography and related sciences and contexts, an orientation or plane passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point.

Conversely, a orientation, plane or surface is said to be horizontal (or leveled) if it is everywhere perpendicular to the vertical orientation.

More generally, something that is vertical can be drawn from "up" to "down" (or down to up), such as the y-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system.
Guillermo Somoza
Guillermo A. Somoza Colombani is an attorney and the former Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico. He holds a BA in Physiology from the University of Puerto Rico and obtained a JD from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law. Somoza was appointed by Governor Luis Fortuño after the resignation of Antonio Sagardía and confirmed by the Puerto Rico Senate in May, 2010.

Somoza was appointed in 1997 by then-Governor Pedro Rosselló as a Minors Advocate, a post he held until promoted by Sagardía as head of the Minors and Family Advocates Division of the Puerto Rico Department of Justice.

In August 2018, Somoza was stopped by police for speeding in a Porsche while accompanied by his 17-year old son. He was charged with negligence but the final resolution was to pay a $300 fine.

University of Puerto Rico
The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Universidad de Puerto Rico; often shortened to UPR) is the main public university system in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is a government-owned corporation with 11 campuses and approximately 44,200 students and approximately 4,450 faculty members. UPR has the largest and most diverse academic offerings in the commonwealth, with 472 academic programs of which 32 lead to a doctorate.
Sarbekuh
Sarbekuh (Persian: سربكوه, also Romanized as Sarbekūh and Sorbakūh) is a village in Mansuri Rural District, Homeyl District, Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 56, in 11 families.

Eslamabad-e Gharb County
Eslamabad-e Gharb County (Persian: شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب) or Shahabad- Ghrb County (Persian: شهرستان شاه‌آباد غرب) is in Kermanshah Province, Iran, part of what is unofficially referred to as Iranian Kurdistan. Its capital is the city of Eslamabad-e Gharb.
Regulation through litigation
Regulation through litigation refers to changes in society (particularly those that affect industries) brought about by litigation, rather than legislation or self-regulation.

Some laws have "private attorney general" provisions that permit individuals to file suit in court to vindicate important rights.  Many laws for addressing consumer protection, civil rights and employment discrimination provide incentives for the private enforcement of laws by allowing the prevailing party to recover a reasonable attorney's fee.

Regulation through litigation may at times overlap with judicial activism.

Private attorney general
A private attorney general or public interest lawyer is an informal term originating in common law jurisdictions for a private attorney who brings a lawsuit claiming it to be in the public interest, i.e., benefiting the general public and not just the plaintiff, on behalf of a citizen or group of citizens. The attorney may, at the equitable discretion of the court, be entitled to recover attorney's fees if they prevail. The rationale behind this principle is to provide extra incentive to private attorneys to pursue suits that may be of benefit to society at large. Private attorney general suits are commonly, though not always, brought as class actions in jurisdictions that permit the certification of class action lawsuits.