hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
UGC 2140
UGC 2140 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Aries. It was thought to be a compact group of galaxies, catalogued as HCG 18, but in 1999 the object was found to be a single galaxy with multiple star-forming regions.

Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions"—collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products.  It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy.  Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred to as star clusters or stellar associations.
African Study Monographs
African Study Monographs (ASM) is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal that covers African studies. Since the first issue published in 1981, African Study Monographs has been widely circulated and read by researchers as a leading journal on African studies. The journal publishes regular issues and special issues (Supplementary Issues). In principle, all recent papers are open access, and accepted papers are immediately published on the ASM website. Since 2021, the journal is published yearly as a soft cover book and is distributed to African countries and more than 200 African research institutes around the world. In particular, it has provided a venue for young researchers to publish their research results.

African studies
African studies is the study of Africa, especially the continent's cultures and societies (as opposed to its geology, geography, zoology, etc.). The field includes the study of Africa's history (pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial), demography (ethnic groups), culture, politics, economy, languages, and religion (Islam, Christianity, traditional religions). A specialist in African studies is often referred to as an "Africanist".

Africanists argue that there is a need to "deexoticize" Africa and banalise it, rather than understand Africa as exceptionalized and exoticized. African scholars, in recent times, have focused on decolonizing African studies, and reconfiguring it to reflect the African experience through an African lens.
Laysan millerbird
The Laysan millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris) is an extinct subspecies of the millerbird, similar in appearance to the remaining subspecies, the Nihoa millerbird. Its dorsal side was brown, and its belly was grayish. Its name derives from its favorite food, several species of moths of the genus Agrotis (such as the endemic and likewise extinct Agrotis laysanensis) commonly referred to as "millers" (Butler & Usinger, 1963).

Bird extinction
Bird extinction is the complete elimination of all species members under the taxonomic class, Aves. Out of all known bird species, (approximately 11,154), 159 (1.4%) have become extinct, with 226 (2%) being critically endangered. There is a general consensus among ornithologists that if anthropogenic activities continue as current trends suggest, one-third of all bird species, and an even greater proportion of bird populations, will be rendered extinct by the end of the 21st century.

For critically endangered species, scientists estimate they will face extinction in a few decades without proper conservation efforts; for some of these species, the current presence of extant populations is uncertain.
Hup taem
Hup taem or hoop taem (Thai: ฮูปแต้ม, lit. 'picture painting') is an Isan folk art style of murals found on the ordination halls, or sim, at Buddhist temples. Some hup taem are influenced by traditional Thai and Lan Xang artistic conventions, but the Isan folk art style created by local artists called chang taem (ช่างแต้ม) features simple techniques with few elements. These hup taem murals are found mostly in Khon Kaen, Roi Et, and Maha Sarakham provinces in Northern Thailand.

Roi Et province
Roi Et (Thai: ร้อยเอ็ด, pronounced [rɔ́ːj ʔèt]; Northeastern Thai: ร้อยเอ็ด, pronounced [lɔ᷆ːj ʔět]) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in central northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Kalasin, Mukdahan, Yasothon, Sisaket, Surin, and Maha Sarakham.
1972 Cambodian general election
General elections were held in the Khmer Republic in September 1972, the first after the 1970 coup d'état. Elections for the National Assembly took place on 3 September and were contested by the Social Republican Party and Pracheachon (although the latter only had 10 candidates), whilst they were boycotted by the Republican Party and the Democratic Party in protest at the new electoral law. The SRP won all 126 seats with 99.1% of valid votes. Elections for the Senate were held on 17 September, with the SRP winning all 32 seats.

1970 Cambodian coup d'état
The 1970 Cambodian coup d'état (Khmer: រដ្ឋប្រហារឆ្នាំ១៩៧០, French: Coup d'État de 1970) was the removal of the Cambodian Chief of State, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, after a vote in the National Assembly on 18 March 1970. Emergency powers were subsequently invoked by the Prime Minister Lon Nol, who became effective head of state, and led ultimately to the removal of Queen Sisowath Kossamak and the proclamation of the Khmer Republic later that year.  It is generally seen as a turning point in the Cambodian Civil War. No longer a monarchy, Cambodia was semi-officially called "État du Cambodge" (State of Cambodia) in the intervening six months after the coup, until the republic was proclaimed.

It also marked the change of Cambodia involvement in the Vietnam War, as Lon Nol issued an ultimatum to North Vietnamese forces to leave Cambodia.
Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)
Bojhena Se Bojhena (transl. They Don’t Understand) is an Indian Bengali-language romantic television soap opera that premiered on 4 November 2013 on Star Jalsha. Produced by Shree Venkatesh Films, the series is an official remake of the Hindi television series Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?, which aired on StarPlus. The show starred Yash Dasgupta and Madhumita Sarkar in the lead roles.

The series concluded on 18 June 2016 after airing 822 episodes.

Due to its sustained popularity, the series was re-telecast multiple times. During the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, it was re-aired on Star Jalsha as part of nostalgia programming. The show returned for another rerun in July 2023.

StarPlus
StarPlus is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Reliance Industries, Viacom18 and Disney India. Its programming consists of family dramas, romantic comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films.
Litcham Common
Litcham Common is a  24.9-hectare (62-acre) Local Nature Reserve in   Norfolk. It is owned by Neil Foster, Lexham Estate, and managed by Norfolk County Council, Lexham Estate and  the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

This heathland site has areas of acid grassland, wet and dry heath, scrub and mature oak and birch woodland.

There is access from Dunham Road and the Nar Valley Way, which both go through the common.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is a ministerial department of the government of the United Kingdom. The department is responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. Concordats set out agreed frameworks for cooperation, between it and the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive, which have devolved responsibilities for these matters in their respective nations.

Defra also leads for the United Kingdom on agricultural, fisheries and environmental matters in international negotiations on sustainable development and climate change, although a new Department of Energy and Climate Change was created on 3 October 2008 to take over the last responsibility; later transferred to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy following Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister in July 2016.
Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics – Men's 150 metre individual medley SM4
The men's 150m individual medley SM4 event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics took place at the Beijing National Aquatics Center on 14 September. There were two heats; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.

Water Cube
The Water Cube (水立方), fully a.k.a. the National Aquatics Centre (国家游泳中心), is a swimming center at the Olympic Green in Chaoyang, Beijing, China.

The Water Cube was originally constructed to host the aquatics competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. During the 2008 Olympics—where it hosted diving, swimming and synchronized swimming events—25 world records were broken in this facility. In July 2010, a renovation of the facility was completed, which included the addition of a 12,000 m2 (130,000 sq ft) public water park. After renovation and adaptive configuration, the Water Cube also hosted the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.
Jim Thomson (Scottish cricketer)
James Thomson (13 February 1940 – 21 September 2022) was a Scottish cricketer.

Thomson was born in February 1940 at Kilmarnock. A club cricketer for Kilmarnock, Thomson made his debut for Scotland in first-class cricket against Ireland at Greenock in 1962. There followed a gap of 22 years before his next appearance in first-class cricket for Scotland, which came against Ireland at Glasgow in 1984; this is the 15th longest gap between first-class appearances in the history of first-class cricket. He made a third and final first-class appearance, also against Ireland, the following year at Dublin.

Considered to be Scotland's premium slow left-arm bowler, he took seven wickets in his three first-class matches at an average of 42.42, with best figures of 4 for 116. Thomson made two appearances for Scotland in List A one-day cricket in the 1985 Benson & Hedges Cup against Derbyshire at Aberdeen and Nottinghamshire at Glasgow.

Titwood
Titwood is a cricket ground in the Pollokshields area of Glasgow, Scotland. It is the home of the Clydesdale Cricket Club and is one of four international grounds in Scotland approved by the International Cricket Council (ICC) as a home venue for the Scotland national cricket team.

Titwood was approved by the ICC in May 2007 for the hosting of  One-Day International (ODI) matches. It became the fourth Scottish ground to be granted ODI status, as it was seen as a hub of cricket in Scotland, along with the Grange, Aberdeenshire's Mannofield and Ayr's New Cambusdoon.

The first of these, an 'offshore international' between India and Pakistan in July 2007, was a victim of the wet weather. The second game was played in August the same year, between Scotland and India.

In January 2014, Titwood hosted Scotland’s last three Clydesdale Bank 40 home group games.
Cellulose diacetate
Cellulose diacetate, sometimes called diacetate, is a synthetic polymer made by treating cellulose with acetic acid. It consists of two acetyl functional groups on each unit of D-anhydroglucopyranose of the cellulose molecule. It was first developed in the United States.

It is fragile since it is based on cellulose. When cellulose diacetate deteriorates, it shrinks and releases acetic acid causing  vinegar syndrome.

Cellulose diacetate has been used to make fabrics, membranes, filaments, and many consumer products. From 1922 to 1957 it was used to make film stock, mainly in smaller formats such as 8 mm, 16 mm, 35 mm, and 70 mm. It has also been used in seed coating applications.

In photography, a film substrate made from cellulose diacetate is called safety film.

Cellulose diacetate is hydrophilic and biodegradable.

16 mm film
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film (about 2⁄3 inch); other common film gauges include 8 mm and 35 mm. It is generally used for non-theatrical (e.g., industrial, educational, television) film-making, or for low-budget motion pictures. It also existed as a popular amateur or home movie-making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film and later Super 8 film. Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm "outfit" in 1923, consisting of a Ciné-Kodak camera, Kodascope projector, tripod, screen and splicer, for US$335 (equivalent to US$6,330 in 2025).: 334  RCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932, and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935.: 231
New Domohani railway station
New Domohani railway station (Station code:NQH) is a railway junction station which serves Domohani, and lies along the bank of River Teesta, the other station is Domohani railway station (station code DOI) which lies in New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line in Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal. New Domohani station lies in New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section of  Barauni–Guwahati line of Northeast Frontier Railway in Alipurduar railway division.

Barauni–Guwahati line
The Barauni–Guwahati railway line connects Barauni, Saharsa, Purnia and Katihar in the Indian state of Bihar and Bongaigaon, Kamakhya and Guwahati in Assam via Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar and Alipurduar in West Bengal. It is a linkage of prime importance for Northeastern India with Capital of india.
ISO/IEC 27000
ISO/IEC 27000 is one of the standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 series of information security management systems (ISMS)-related standards. The formal title for ISO/IEC 27000 is Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management systems — Overview and vocabulary.

The standard was developed by subcommittee 27 (SC27) of the first Joint Technical Committee (JTC1) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

ISO/IEC 27000 provides:

An overview of, and introduction to, the entire ISO/IEC 27000 series.

A formally defined glossary or vocabulary of the specialist terms used throughout the ISO/IEC 27000 series.

ISO/IEC 27000 is available for free via the ITTF website.

Information Technology Task Force
The ISO/IEC Information Technology Task Force (ITTF) is a body jointly formed by ISO and IEC responsible for the planning and coordination of the work of JTC 1. It has several responsibilities described in the JTC 1 Directives clause 4.1 including:

day-to-day planning and coordination of the technical work

supervising the application of rules

advising JTC 1 on points of procedure

administration of ballots

publishing activities, including the printing, distribution and sale of International Standards
Alberto J. Mora
Alberto José Mora (born April 11, 1952) is a former General Counsel of the Navy. He led an effort within the Defense Department to oppose the legal theories of John Yoo and to try to end the use of torture at Guantanamo Bay.

Mora is featured in two documentaries: the 2008 Academy Award-winning Taxi to the Dark Side and Torturing Democracy.

Taxi to the Dark Side
Taxi to the Dark Side is a 2007 American documentary film directed by Alex Gibney, and produced by Gibney, Eva Orner, and Susannah Shipman. It won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. It focuses on the December 2002 killing of an Afghan taxi driver named Dilawar, who was beaten to death by American soldiers while being held in extrajudicial detention and interrogated at a black site at Bagram air base.

It was part of the Why Democracy? documentary film series produced by The Why Foundation. The series consisted of ten documentary films from around the world questioning and examining contemporary democracy. As part of this series, the documentary was broadcast in over 30 countries from October 8–18, 2007. The BBC showed the film in its Storyville series.
Joseph Pairin Kitingan
Joseph Pairin Kitingan (born 17 August 1940) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 7th Chief Minister of Sabah from April 1985 to March 1994 and Member of Parliament (MP) for Keningau from August 1986 to May 2018. He is founding President of the United Sabah Party (PBS) and brother of Jeffrey Kitingan, the Deputy Chief Minister I and State Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries of Sabah and President of Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR) as well as uncle of Maximus Ongkili, the former Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of Sabah and Sarawak affairs and former President of PBS. He is the longest-serving MP in Sabah.

Keningau (federal constituency)
Keningau is a federal constituency in Interior Division (Keningau District and Tambunan District), Sabah, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 1974.

The federal constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.
John Vlahos
John Vlahos (December 26, 1917 – April 8, 2004) was an American screenwriter.

Along with his contemporaries, Horton Foote, Reginald Rose, and Rod Serling, he was one of the leading screenwriters of the 1950s and 1960s, writing for television series, including The Philco Television Playhouse, Studio One, Robert Montgomery Presents, Goodyear Television Playhouse, The United States Steel Hour, Climax!, Playhouse 90, The Alcoa Hour, Boris Karloff's Thriller, Route 66, The Defenders, The Nurses, Doctor Kildare, and Marcus Welby, M.D..

His credits include seventeen film screenplays, seventy radio scripts, fifty-two network television live and film dramas, and more than two hundred episodes for various daytime shows.

Robert Montgomery Presents
Robert Montgomery Presents is an American drama television series which was produced by NBC from January 30, 1950, until June 24, 1957. The live show had several sponsors during its eight-year run, and the title was altered to feature the sponsor, usually Lucky Strike cigarettes, for example, Robert Montgomery Presents Your Lucky Strike Theater, ....The Johnson's Wax Program, and so on.
2004 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament
The 2004 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament was the 30th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champions of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's Division III collegiate basketball in the United States.

The field contained forty-eight teams, and each program was allocated to one of four sectionals. All sectional games were played on campus sites, while the national semifinals, third-place final, and championship finals were contested at the Salem Civic Center in Salem, Virginia.

Wisconsin–Stevens Point defeated defending champions Williams, 84–82, in the championship, clinching their first national title.

The Pointers (29–5) were coached by Jack Bennett.

Nick Bennett, also from Stevens Point, was named Most Outstanding Player.

Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers
The University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers (casually known as the UW–Stevens Point Pointers) are the athletic teams of the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point. The Pointers athletic teams compete in NCAA Division III.

The visible mascot and logo of the Pointers is a pointer dog. The first use of a "pointer" mascot was on a student newspaper from 1916, with a side-profile view consistent with the current UW-Stevens Point athletics logo. "Stevie the Pointer" was first mentioned in a 1953 yearbook.
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(OH)(CO2H). It is one of the several hydroxynaphthoic acids.  It is a precursor to some azo dyes and pigments. It is prepared by carboxylation of 2-naphthol by the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction.

Azo dye
Azo dyes are organic compounds bearing the functional group R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ are usually aryl and substituted aryl groups. They are a commercially important family of azo compounds, i.e. compounds containing the C−N=N−C linkage. Azo dyes are synthetic dyes and do not occur naturally. Most azo dyes contain only one azo group but there are some that contain two or three azo groups, called "diazo dyes" and "triazo dyes" respectively. Azo dyes comprise 60–70% of all dyes used in food and textile industries. Azo dyes are widely used to treat textiles,  leather articles, and some foods. Chemically related derivatives of azo dyes include azo pigments, which are insoluble in water and other solvents.
Archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo
The Archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo (Latin: Archidioecesis Potentina-Murana-Marsicensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Basilicata, southern Italy, created in 1986. In that year the Diocese of Muro Lucano was united into the Archdiocese of Potenza e Marsico Nuovo, which had been elevated to an archdiocese in 1973, and made a metropolitan see in 1976. The historical Diocese of Potenza was united with the Diocese of Marsico Nuovo in 1818.

The Ecclesiastical Province of Potenza (Basilicata) is composed of Potenza and five suffragan dioceses: the Archdiocese of Acerenza, the Archdiocese of Matera-Irsina, the Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa, the Diocese of Tricarico, and the Diocese of Tursi-Lagonegro.

Theatines
The Theatines, officially named the Congregation of Clerics Regular (Latin: Ordo Clericorum Regularium; abbreviated CR), are members of a Catholic order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men. The order was founded in virtue of faculties granted by Pope Clement VII on 24 June 1524 in the Brief Exponi Nobis.
HIP 57274
HIP 57274 is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Major with a system of three planets. It is invisible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 8.96. The distance to this system is 84.4 light years based on stellar parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +30 km/s. The star has a relatively high rate of proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.382 arcsecond/year.

This is an ordinary K-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of K5V. It appears to be older than the Sun with an age of roughly eight billion years and is spinning slowly with a projected rotational velocity of under 1 km/s. The star has 73% of the mass of the Sun and 68% of the Sun's radius. The abundance of elements heavier than helium is about the same or slightly higher than in the Sun. The star is radiating just 19% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,640 K.

Stellar rotation
Stellar rotation is the angular motion of a star about its axis. The rate of rotation can be measured from the spectrum of the star, or by timing the movements of active features on the surface.

The rotation of a star produces an equatorial bulge due to centrifugal force. As stars are not solid bodies, they can also undergo differential rotation. Thus the equator of the star can rotate at a different angular velocity than the higher latitudes. These differences in the rate of rotation within a star may have a significant role in the generation of a stellar magnetic field.

In its turn, the magnetic field of a star interacts with the stellar wind. As the wind moves away from the star its angular speed decreases. The magnetic field of the star interacts with the wind, which applies a drag to the stellar rotation. As a result, angular momentum is transferred from the star to the wind, and over time this gradually slows the star's rate of rotation.