hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2015–2016 stock market selloff
The 2015–2016 stock market selloff was the period of decline in the value of stock prices globally that occurred between June 2015 to June 2016. It included the 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence, in which the SSE Composite Index fell 43% in just over two months between June 2015 and August 2015, which culminated in the devaluation of the yuan. Investors sold shares globally as a result of slowing growth in the GDP of China, a fall in petroleum prices, the Greek debt default in June 2015, the effects of the end of quantitative easing in the United States in October 2014, a sharp rise in bond yields in early 2016, and finally, in June 2016, the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, in which Brexit was voted upon.

By July 2016, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) recovered and achieved record highs. The FTSE 100 Index did not do so until later in 2016.

Nasdaq Composite
The NASDAQ Composite (ticker symbol ^IXIC) is a stock market index that includes almost all stocks listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. Along with the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500, it is one of the three most-followed stock market indices in the United States. The composition of the NASDAQ Composite is heavily weighted towards companies in the information technology sector. The Nasdaq-100, which includes 100 of the largest non-financial companies in the Nasdaq Composite, accounts for about 80% of the index weighting of the Nasdaq Composite.

The Nasdaq Composite is a capitalization-weighted index; its price is calculated by taking the sum of the products of closing price and index share of all of the securities in the index. The sum is then divided by a divisor which reduces the order of magnitude of the result.
Barbara Hofland
Barbara Hofland (1770 – 4 November 1844) was an English writer of some 66 didactic, moral stories for children, and of schoolbooks and poetry. She was asked by John Soane to write a description of his still extant museum in London's Lincoln's Inn Fields.

Didacticism
Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasises instructional and informative qualities in literature, art, and design. In art, design, architecture, and landscape, didacticism is a conceptual approach that is driven by the urgent need to explain.
Bridge mix
Bridge mix or grand slam mix is a type of snack mix or candy consisting of nuts, fruits, and "cremes" covered in milk and dark chocolate. Some common ingredients in bridge mix include peanuts, almonds, raisins, macadamia nuts, malted milk balls, fruits, and nougats.

Brach's is one of the major US producers of bridge mix. Hershey Canada sells it under the name "Bridge Mixture."

Bridge mix may have been named for the card game bridge, since bridge tournaments are notorious for providing dishes of candy and snacks at the game tables. Alternatively, See's Bridge Mix may have begun as rejected candy bits that were pulled from "the bridge," a mechanical conveyor belt.

Nut (fruit)
A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, many dry seeds are called nuts, but in a botanical context, "nut" implies that the shell does not open to release the seed (indehiscent).

Most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell, but this is not the case in nuts such as hazelnuts, chestnuts, and acorns, which have hard shell walls and originate from a compound ovary.
Shobha Gyawali
Shobha Gyawali is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the CPN (UML) Party. She is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category.

2022 Nepalese general election
General elections were held in Nepal on 20 November 2022 to elect the 275 members of the House of Representatives. There were two ballots in the election; one to elect 165 members from single-member constituencies via FPTP, and the other to elect the remaining 110 members from a single nation-wide constituency via party-list proportional representation.

The election was held alongside provincial elections for the seven provincial assemblies.

After power sharing talks between the outgoing Democratic Left Alliance broke down on 25 December 2022, CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal became prime minister, its eight-member cabinet consisting of MPs from his party, CPN (UML), Rastriya Swatantra Party and Janamat Party, with the confidence and supply of RPP, JSP, NUP and three independents.
Lehenga-style sari
A lehenga-style sari is a modern garment introduced in India that blends elements of the traditional sari and lehenga choli. A lehenga-style sari is normally 4.5 metres (5 yards) to 5.5 metres (6 yards) long. To wear one, unlike a sari, one does not have to form pleats but may simply tuck and drape.

Like that of a traditional sari, the lehenga-style sari is worn over a petticoat (inskirt; pavadai or langa in the south, and shaya in eastern India, Lehenga in western India), along with a  blouse called the choli, which is the upper garment. The style of choli mostly resembles that of the choli of a conventional lehenga or ghagra choli. Sometimes conventional blouses are also matched with lehenga-style sari. The choli is mostly of a halter neck style, deep neck, or backless style. As with choli worn with the sari, these cholis are also embellished with kundan, beads, mirrors, etc.

Blouse
A blouse (/blaʊz, blaʊs, bluːz/) is a loose-fitting upper garment that may be worn by workmen, peasants, artists, women, and children. It is typically gathered at the waist or hips (by tight hem, pleats, parter, or belt) so that it hangs loosely ("blouses") over the wearer's body.  Today, the word most commonly refers to a girl's or woman's dress shirt, although there is considerable confusion between a true blouse and a women's shirt. It can also refer to a man's shirt if it is a loose-fitting style (e.g. poet shirts and Cossack shirts), though it rarely is. Traditionally, the term has been used to refer to a shirt which blouses out or has an unmistakably feminine appearance, although even many "standard" shirts today have a somewhat blousy fit, and the numbers of men wearing such shirts may match (or even exceed) that of women wearing actual blouses.

The term is also used for some men's military uniform jackets.
David Lee (athlete)
David Lee (born April 23, 1959) is an American former hurdler. Lee qualified for the 1980 U.S. Olympic team but was unable to compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. He did however receive one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes.

Competing for the Southern Illinois Salukis track and field team, Lee won the 1980 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships in the 400 metres hurdles.

Lee won the British AAA Championships title in the 400 metres hurdles event at the 1983 AAA Championships.

Southern Illinois Salukis
The Southern Illinois Salukis are the varsity athletic teams representing Southern Illinois University Carbondale. The nickname comes from the Saluki, the Royal Dog of Egypt and the Persian greyhound, which ties into the fact that southern Illinois has had the nickname "Little Egypt" for just under 200 years.

The Salukis play their home basketball games at Banterra Center and football games at Saluki Stadium.

Southern Illinois University was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1913 to 1962. The school is currently a member of the Missouri Valley Conference in most sports. The football team is a member of the Division I Football Championship Subdivision Missouri Valley Football Conference.
Internet Social Forum
The Internet Social Forum emerged from the World Social Forum (WSF) as a means to envision the role of the internet in help shape a new world on broadly similar lines to the WSF. It was founded in March 2015 at the Tunis WSF Conference.

Leading voices in its creation were Africa - Alex Gakaru, Asia - Rishab Bailey, Europe - Norbert Bollow, North America - Michael Gurstein and in South America - Sally Burch.

Michael Gurstein
Michael Gurstein (October 2, 1944 – October 8, 2017) was a Canadian best known for his work in the development and definition of community informatics as the area of research and practice concerned with enabling and empowering communities through the use of information and communications technology. He was a native of Edmonton, Alberta, but grew up in Melfort, Saskatchewan and did his first degree at the University of Saskatchewan in Philosophy and Politics.

Gurstein held a PhD in Social Science from Cambridge University.
Variable interest entity
A variable interest entity (VIE) is a legal structure defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) for situations where control over a legal entity may be demonstrated through means other than voting rights. A public company with a financial interest in such entities may be subject to certain financial reporting requirements.

VIEs gained notoriety in the early 2000s due to their role in the Enron scandal, where the company used special-purpose entities to hide mounting losses from investors. VIEs have also been employed by Chinese companies, such as Alibaba, to circumvent Chinese government regulations that restrict foreign ownership of certain assets and industries, thus gaining access to foreign capital.

VIEs have faced criticism for their lack of transparency and limited rights provided to foreign investors, with some experts calling for the banning of future listings and delisting of existing Chinese companies using VIEs.

Financial Accounting Standards Board
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is a private standard-setting body whose primary purpose is to establish and improve Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) within the United States in the public's interest. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) designated the FASB as the organization responsible for setting accounting standards for public companies in the U.S. The FASB replaced the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' (AICPA) Accounting Principles Board (APB) on July 1, 1973. The FASB is run by the nonprofit Financial Accounting Foundation.

FASB accounting standards are accepted as authoritative by many organizations, including state Boards of Accountancy and the American Institute of CPAs (AICPA).
Carnegie Mellon CyLab
The Carnegie Mellon CyLab Security and Privacy Institute is a computer security research center at Carnegie Mellon University. Founded in 2003 as a university-wide research center, it involves more than 50 faculty and 100 graduate students from different departments and schools within the university. It is "one of the largest university-based cyber security research and education centers in the U.S."

CyLab works with the CERT Coordination Center as well as US-CERT on matters relating to cybersecurity. The institute is often cited for its security and privacy research.

CERT Coordination Center
The CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC) is the coordination center of the computer emergency response team (CERT) for the Software Engineering Institute (SEI), a non-profit United States federally funded research and development center. The CERT/CC researches software bugs that impact software and internet security, publishes research and information on its findings, and works with businesses and the government to improve the security of software and the internet as a whole.
Bulgarian Energy Holding
Bulgarian Energy Holding EAD (BEH EAD) is a state-owned energy holding company in Bulgaria. It was incorporated on 18 September 2008 after renaming Bulgargaz Holding EAD.  In November 2009, the Bulgarian Government decided to list the company on the Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia.

It is the owner of the  Maritsa Iztok-2 power station. This power station was ranked as the industrial facility that is causing the highest damage costs to health and the environment in Bulgaria and the entire European Union in November 2014 by the European Environment Agency.

Bulgarian Stock Exchange
The Bulgarian Stock Exchange (BSE; Bulgarian: Българска фондова борса, Romanized: Bulgarska fondova borsa) is the sole licensed and operating stock exchange in Bulgaria. It was founded on 10 October 1991.

The BSE is 50.5% owned by the Bulgarian government, which is actively seeking potential investors, some of them being the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Athens Stock Exchange, OMX, and the Prague Stock Exchange.

The exchange has a pre-market session from 9:00 am to 9:20 am, regular trading hours from 9:20 am to 1:45 pm, and a post-market session from 1:45 pm to 4:00 pm on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays.
Cleveland (European Parliament constituency)
Cleveland was a European Parliament constituency covering Cleveland and parts of North Yorkshire in England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland, and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The seat consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Cleveland and Whitby, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar, Richmond (Yorkshire), Scarborough, Stockton-on-Tees, and Thornaby.  In 1984, almost all the seat became part of the new Cleveland and Yorkshire North constituency.

Thornaby (UK Parliament constituency)
Thornaby was a parliamentary constituency centred on the former borough of Thornaby-on-Tees in Teesside.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The constituency was created for the February 1974 general election, mostly from the old seat of Middlesbrough West. It was abolished for the 1983 general election.
Mediolanum (company)
Mediolanum S.p.A. was an Italian financial services company based in Basiglio, in Metropolitan City of Milan, founded by Ennio Doris in 1982. Mediolanum Group was headed by Mediolanum S.p.A., until reversed merger with subsidiary Banca Mediolanum in 2015.

Doris remains the chief executive officer and largest shareholder with around 40% of the company today. The second-largest shareholder with over 36% is Berlusconi's Fininvest. Mediolanum is active in the banking (as Banca Mediolanum and Banco Mediolanum in Spain), life insurance and mutual fund sectors and aims much of its products towards individuals and families. The firm also operates in other European countries, notably Spain where it owns Fibanc.

The company Mediolanum S.p.A. was listed on the Borsa Italiana and was a constituent of the FTSE MIB index until the end of 2015 when it was merged with Banca Mediolanum.

Basiglio
Basiglio (Milanese: Basej [baˈzɛj]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Milan. In terms of median income it is the richest municipality of Italy.

Basiglio borders the following municipalities: Zibido San Giacomo, Rozzano, Pieve Emanuele, Lacchiarella.
Liberty Center (Bucharest)
Liberty Center Mall was the fifth shopping mall in Bucharest, Romania. Opened in 2008, the construction site was an uncompleted hunger circus abandoned after the fall of the Communist system.

Liberty Center Mall featured a 3D Cinema and an indoor ice rink. It was located on 151-171 Progresului Road near the intersection with Rahova street.

In 2023, the Greek store retailer Jumbo S.A. acquired the shopping center, with plans to open a Jumbo store on its 2nd floor. In the autumn of the same year, the shopping center was partially closed for renovations, and was inaugurated, under the name of Jumbo Mall, in November 2024.

Jumbo S.A.
Jumbo Anonymi Etairia is a Greek company whose main operation is retail sale of toys, baby items, seasonal items, decoration items, books and stationery. The company was incorporated in 1986 and has its headquarters in Moschato, part of the Athens Urban Area.

Jumbo Group operates 87 stores, 55 of which are located in Greece, 6 in Cyprus, 10 in Bulgaria and 16 in Romania. Furthermore, the company, through collaborations, had presence, with 27 stores operating under the Jumbo brand, in seven countries. Jumbo collaborates with Balfin Group in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Montenegro, Veropoulos in North Macedonia and Serbia, and Fox Group in Israel.

The company has been listed on the Athens Exchange since 19.7.1997, and since June 2010 it has participated in FTSE/Athex 20 index.
The Betrayal (Dunmore novel)
The Betrayal is a 2010 historical novel by English writer Helen Dunmore. It is set in Leningrad in 1952, ten years after the Siege of Leningrad, and takes place during political repression in the Soviet Union and the plot against doctors in the Stalin era. The book was longlisted for the 2010 Man Booker Prize, and shortlisted for the 2011 Commonwealth Writer's Prize and the Orwell Prize.

The Betrayal is the second of a two-book series. The first, The Siege was published in 2001 and is set in Leningrad during the siege.

Commonwealth Foundation prizes
Commonwealth Foundation has presented a number of prizes since 1987. The main award was called the Commonwealth Writers' Prize and was composed of two prizes: the Best Book Prize (overall and regional) was awarded from 1987 to 2011; the Best First Book prize was awarded from 1989 to 2011. In addition the Commonwealth Short Story Competition was awarded from 1996 to 2011.

Beginning in 2012, Commonwealth Foundation discontinued its previous awards and created a new cultural initiative called Commonwealth Writers, which offered two new awards: the Commonwealth Book Prize for the best first book, in which regional winners received £2,500 and the overall winner received £10,000; and the Commonwealth Short Story Prize for the best short stories, in which regional winners received £1,000 and the overall winner received £5,000. After two years, the Book Prize was discontinued. The Short Story Prize remains the sole award from Commonwealth Writers.
Frisky & Mannish
Frisky & Mannish is a British musical comedy double act, created and performed by singer Laura Corcoran and pianist-singer Matthew Floyd Jones. Known for their pop music parodies, the duo have toured the fringe festival and comedy festival circuits in the United Kingdom and Australia, and appeared on a number of British television and radio programmes.

The act's name derives from two incidental characters mentioned in one couplet of Byron's Don Juan: "Lady Fitz-Frisky, and Miss Maevia Mannish, / Both longed extremely to be sung in Spanish" (Canto XI, LIII.)

Fringe theatre
Fringe theatre is theatre that is produced outside of the main theatre institutions, and that is often small-scale and non-traditional in style or subject matter. The term comes from the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. In London, the fringe are small-scale theatres (often referred to as the London Fringe and not included as West End theatres), and the equivalent of off-Broadway and Off-off-Broadway theatres in New York City, as well as Europe's "free theatre" groups.

In unjuried theatre festivals, also known as fringe festivals or open-access festivals, all submissions are accepted, and sometimes the participating acts may be chosen by lottery, in contrast to juried festivals in which acts are selected based on their artistic qualities. Unjuried festivals (such as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Edmonton Fringe Festival, Adelaide Fringe, and Fringe World) permit artists to perform a wide variety of works.
Jean Beauverie
Jean Beauverie (18 February 1874 in Fontaines-sur-Saône – 22 February 1938 in Lyon) was a French botanist and mycologist.

In 1894 he obtained his degree in natural sciences, followed by work as a botanical préparateur, then a lecturer, at the University of Lyon. In 1912 he was a lecturer at the faculty of sciences in Nancy, where he eventually became an associate professor. Later he gained a professorship at Clermont-Ferrand, and in 1923 returned as a professor to Lyon.

From 1895 to 1938, he was a member of the Société linnéenne de Lyon, serving as its president on two separate occasions (1907 and 1928). He was also a member of the Société botanique de France (1919), the Société mycologique de France and Société botanique de Lyon (vice-president 1910, president 1912).

In 1912 Jean Paul Vuillemin named the genus Beauveria (family Clavicipitaceae) in his honor for his work the previous year on the type species - B. bassiana - transferring it from Botrytis.

Société mycologique de France
The Société mycologique de France (French pronunciation: [sɔsjete mikɔlɔʒik də fʁɑ̃s], Mycological Society of France), often known by the abbreviation SMF, is an association linking French and French-speaking mycologists.
Canton of Villiers-Saint-Georges
The canton of Villiers-Saint-Georges is a French former administrative division, located in the arrondissement of Provins, in the Seine-et-Marne département (Île-de-France région). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 19 communes, which joined the canton of Provins in 2015.

Arrondissement of Provins
The arrondissement of Provins is an arrondissement of France in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region. It has 174 communes. Its population is 186,339 (2021), and its area is 2,344.6 km2 (905.3 sq mi).
Gemeinhardt Suite
Gemeinhardt Suite is a symphonic band suite composed by Robert W. Smith, in 1997. It was commissioned by, and dedicated to the Gemeinhardt Company, makers of all types of flutes, and piccolos. It is scored for the typical wind orchestra, as well as an extended flute choir.

The piece is considered a staple in flute repertory, though it has been overshadowed by some of Smith’s other, more versatile works – as well as other older, and famous works from other composers. This composition is a contemporary concerto, one of two that Smith wrote, the other being the Willson Suite, for the euphonium.

The entire suite is devoted to the flute family. It is divided into three movements: Carousel, Telling Stories to the Sea, and, Ceremony of Flute and Drum.

Gemeinhardt
Gemeinhardt Co. is a manufacturer of flutes and piccolos.  These musical instruments are developed by this company for all levels of musicians, beginners to professionals. Gemeinhardt was owned by Angel Industries Co. Ltd of Taiwan, widely acknowledged as a premier manufacturer of woodwind musical instruments.  The Gemeinhardt Company is headquartered in Elkhart, Indiana, where many of its instruments are still made. Gemeinhardt Musical Instruments was purchased at the end of 2024 by Ramon Noguera of Raynog Ventures (which also owns Laconia Music in New York).