hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Minimum-cost spanning tree game
A minimum-cost spanning-tree game (MCST game) is a kind of a cooperative game. In an MCST game, each player is a node in a complete graph. The graph contains an additional node - the supply node - denoted by s. The goal of the players is that all of them will be connected by a path to s. To this end, they need to construct a spanning tree. Each edge in the graph has a cost, and the players build the minimum cost spanning tree. The question then arises, how to allocate the cost of this MCST among the players?

The solution offered by cooperative game theory is to consider the cost of each potential coalition - each subset of the players. The cost of each coalition S is the minimum cost of a spanning tree connecting only the nodes in S to the supply node s. The value of S is minus the cost of S. Using these definitions, various solution concepts from cooperative game theory can be applied. MCST games were introduced by Bird in 1976.

Complete graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique edge.  A complete digraph is a directed graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a pair of unique edges (one in each direction).

Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete graphs, with their vertices placed on the points of a regular polygon, had already appeared in the 13th century, in the work of Ramon Llull. Such a drawing is sometimes referred to as a mystic rose.
Emma Shapplin
Emma Shapplin (born Crystêle Madeleine Joliton, 19 May 1974) is a French soprano singer, composer and visual artist known for her fusion of operatic singing with electronic and pop music influences. She debuted in 1997 with the album Carmine Meo, which achieved multi‑platinum status and sold over two million copies worldwide.

Pendragon Records
Pendragon Records was a short-lived American industrial and electronic music record label that was founded in 1997 by Irish expatriate Colm O'Connor.  The label was based out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  Pendragon released a total of 25 albums from artists based in the United States, Canada, and Germany.  Notable bands signed to Pendragon included Haujobb, Gridlock, Velvet Acid Christ, and Xorcist.

Its first release, PEN100, was Haujobb's Homes and Gardens. The label was bought out by Metropolis Records in 1999, shortly after it released Halo_Gen's self-titled album as PEN125. When Metropolis Records bought Pendragon, they continued to sell Pendragon's backstock. Some of the bands that had been signed to Pendragon, such as Haujobb and Imperative Reaction, continued to release music on Metropolis Records. Others, such as Gridlock, switched labels after the acquisition.
Jonathan Adendorf
Jonathan Wallis 'Kraai' Adendorf (born 23 August 1985) is a South African rugby union player for Griquas in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge. His regular playing position is flanker. Adendorf previously played for the Pumas. He has also played for Maties in the Varsity Cup.

Rugby Challenge (South Africa)
The Rugby Challenge – known as the SuperSport Rugby Challenge for sponsorship reasons – was the secondary domestic rugby union competition in South Africa from 2017 to 2019. The competition was organised by the South African Rugby Union and featured all fourteen South African provincial unions plus Namibian side the Welwitschias and the Zimbabwe Academy. The inaugural season of the competition was in 2017, and was intended as the long-term successor of the Vodacom Cup competition.

The competition was played at roughly the same time as Super Rugby each season, and featured a combination of Super Rugby players returning from injury, reserve players attempting to maintain their fitness levels and younger players trying to break through to the Super Rugby or Currie Cup sides. It therefore served as an important developmental competition for South African rugby.
475 °C embrittlement
Duplex stainless steels are a family of alloys with a two-phase microstructure consisting of both austenitic (face-centred cubic) and ferritic (body-centred cubic) phases. They offer excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and toughness compared to other types of stainless steel. However, duplex stainless steel can be susceptible to a phenomenon known as 475 °C (887 °F) embrittlement or duplex stainless steel age hardening, which is a type of aging process that causes loss of plasticity in duplex stainless steel when it is heated in the range of 250 to 550 °C (480 to 1,020 °F). At this temperature range, spontaneous phase separation of the ferrite phase into iron-rich and chromium-rich nanophases occurs, with no change in the mechanical properties of the austenite phase. This type of embrittlement is due to precipitation hardening, which makes the material become brittle and prone to cracking.

Brittleness
A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it fractures with little elastic deformation and without significant plastic deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength. Breaking is often accompanied by a sharp snapping sound.

When used in materials science, it is generally applied to materials that fail when there is little or no plastic deformation before failure. One proof is to match the broken halves, which should fit exactly since no plastic deformation has occurred.
2000 Wyoming Senate election
The 2000 Wyoming Senate election was held on November 7, 2000, to elect members to the Wyoming Senate for its 56th session as part of the 2000 United States elections. Partisan primaries were held on August 22. All even-numbered seats were up for election. Neither party made any gains in the chamber. Of the fifteen seats up for election, seven went to either party unopposed.

Wyoming Senate
The Wyoming Senate is the upper house of the Wyoming State Legislature. There are 31 Senators in the Senate, representing an equal number of constituencies across Wyoming, each with a population of at least 17,000. The Senate meets at the Wyoming State Capitol in Cheyenne.

Members of the Senate serve four-year terms without term limits. Term limits were declared unconstitutional by the Wyoming Supreme Court in 2004, overturning a decade-old law that had restricted Senators to three terms (twelve years).

Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Wyoming Senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions, boards, or justices to the Wyoming Supreme Court.
CC Vest
CC Vest is a Norwegian shopping centre in Lilleaker, Oslo. It has 78 outlets, and mainly serves western Oslo as well as eastern Bærum.

It was opened in 1989. The localities were previously used for industrial production by the company O. Mustad & Son, who by the 1980s wanted to cease this activity. The mall went through expansions in 1990, 1991, 2000 and 2004.

O. Mustad & Son
Mustad Fishing (O. Mustad & Søn A.S.) is a Norwegian company that manufactures and sells fishing tackle and accessories since 1877. The Mustad product range includes fish hooks, multifilament and monofilament fishing lines, fishing lures, fishing flies, fly hooks, terminal tackle and fishing apparel. The corporate headquarters are in Gjøvik, Norway.
Gustaf Franzen
Gustaf Franzen (born September 22, 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for BIK Karlskoga of the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv).

Franzen made his Swedish Hockey League debut playing with HV71 during the 2013–14 SHL season. Franzen moved to North America and played two seasons of major junior with the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League.

Undrafted, Franzen opted to return to the SHL in Sweden, signing a two-year deal with Örebro HK on April 27, 2016. He made his Örebro debut in the opening two games of the 2016–17 season before he was assigned to Allsvenskan affiliate, a former youth club, HC Vita Hästen, on September 26, 2016.

BIK Karlskoga
BIK Karlskoga is a Swedish ice hockey club based in Karlskoga, Sweden. They are currently playing in the second highest league in Sweden, the HockeyAllsvenskan. In 1963, the club IFK Bofors was merged with Karlskoga IF and formed KB 63 (formally IF Karlskoga/Bofors). Between 1978 and 2011 the club was known as Bofors IK, which was then changed to its current name.

Karlskoga has been a stable fixture in Sweden's second tier leagues, playing in HockeyAllsvenskan and its predecessors since 1997. They're the only team to have played all seasons of Sweden's second tier since that time, as well as the only team to have played every season of its current form, HockeyAllsvenskan.
Romain-Joseph de Brigode-Kemlandt
Romain-Joseph de Brigode-Kemlandt (1775–1854) was a baron of the Empire, owner of Annappes.

He was appointed deputy of the Northern department Nord (French department), during 19 years between 1805 and 1837, and mayor of Annappes from 1814 to 1848. He expanded his castle and made an English park, the park of Brigode.  In 1854, he founded, Gabrielle, old people's home in Annappes, today called villa Gabrielle.

Nord (French department)
Nord (French pronunciation: [nɔʁ] ⓘ; officially French: département du Nord; Picard: départémint dech Nord; Dutch: Noorderdepartement, lit. 'northern department') is a department in Hauts-de-France region, France, bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.

Nord is the country's most populous département. It had a population of 2,608,346 in 2019. It also contains the metropolitan region of Lille (the main city and the prefecture of the département), the fourth-largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The department is the part of France where the French Flemish dialect of Dutch has historically been spoken as a native language. Similarly, the distinct French Picard dialect Ch'ti is spoken there.
Ohara (surname)
Ohara is the Romanized Japanese form of two Japanese surnames, Ohara (小原 or 尾原) and Ōhara (大原; also Oohara). Notable people with either surname include:

Chiaki Ohara, pianist

Joji Ohara, cinematographer

Ken Ohara, photographer

Koson Ohara, painter and printmaker

Kōyū Ohara, film director

Michiyoshi Ohara, professional wrestler and mixed martial artist

Misuzu Ohara, the real name of singer songwriter Amii Ozaki

Naoshi Ohara (小原 直; 1877–1967), Japanese politician

Noriko Ohara (1935–2024), voice actress

Hajime Ōhara, professional wrestler

Hiroo Ōhara, former Governor of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

Magosaburō Ōhara, businessman and philanthropist

Mariko Ōhara, science fiction writer

Noriko Ōhara (born 1943), ballet dancer

Reiko Ōhara, actress

Sakurako Ōhara (born 1996), actress and singer

Sayaka Ōhara, voice actress

Shōki Ōhara (大原 彰輝; born 1999), Japanese footballer

Takashi Ōhara, voice actor

Yuiko Ōhara (大原 ゆい子; born 1992), Japanese singer

Mariko Ōhara
Mariko Ōhara (大原まり子, Ōhara Mariko; born March 20, 1959 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese science fiction writer. She won the 6th Hayakawa SF Contest in 1980, when she was still a student. Later she published various SF works and became the 10th president of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan. Ōhara is the Winner of the Nihon SF Taisho Award in 1994.
2007 BMW PGA Championship
The 2007 BMW PGA Championship was the 53rd edition of the BMW PGA Championship, an annual professional golf tournament on the European Tour. It was held 24–27 May at the West Course of Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, England, a suburb southwest of London.

Anders Hansen defeated Justin Rose in a playoff to capture his second BMW PGA Championship.

Justin Rose
Justin Peter Rose (born 30 July 1980) is an English professional golfer. At age 17, Rose came to prominence when he finished in fourth place as an amateur at the 1998 Open Championship. He turned professional the next day but struggled during his first few years, making few cuts. In the early 2000s, however, Rose improved, winning his first European Tour title in 2002 and leading the tour's Order of Merit in 2007. In the ensuing years, Rose won a number of notable tournaments on the PGA Tour, culminating with a win at the 2013 U.S. Open. Since then Rose has continued with success, earning a gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics, reaching #1 in the world rankings in 2018, and finishing runner-up at a number of major championships, including a playoff loss to Rory McIlroy at the 2025 Masters.
Awbube
Awbube (Somali: Aw Bube, Amharic: አውቡቤ), (English: Aububah, lit. 'Flying Saint'), (also spelt Awbuube), called after its patron Saint Awbube, also known as Alaua or Halaua, is an ancient and ruined town located in the Awbare district in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It is located 34 km northwest of Borama, the capital city of the Awdal Region in Somaliland via Quljeed, then across the border into the Awbare district in Ethiopia.

Dir (clan)
The Dir (Somali: Dir) is one of the largest and most prominent Somali clans in the Horn of Africa. They are also considered to be the oldest Somali stock to have inhabited the region. Its members inhabit Djibouti, Somalia, Ethiopia (Somali, Harar, Dire Dawa, Oromia and Afar regions), and northeastern Kenya (North Eastern Province).
Devilz Rejects 2: House of the Dead
Devil Rejectz 2: House of the Dead is a collaboration album between American rappers Ampichino and The Jacka.  It peaked at #83 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Devil Rejectz 2: House of the Dead includes guest appearances from T-Nutty, Yukmouth, Mistah F.A.B., Berner and Rydah J. Klyde, amongst other artists.

A music video has been filmed for the song "Hustle In the Rain" featuring Husalah & T-Nutty.

Husalah
James "Husalah" Ratliff (born May 13, 1979), is an American rapper. He began his career with the Pittsburg group the Mob Figaz, whose first album, C-Bo's Mob Figaz, was released in 1999. Like his late close friend The Jacka, Husalah is a Muslim, and frequently references Islam in his lyrics. He has released three solo studio albums (Dope, Guns and Religion, Hustlin' Since the '80s, and The H), as well as numerous group projects.
Poland Street
Poland Street is a street in the Soho district of the City of Westminster, London.  It runs from Oxford Street in the north to Broadwick Street in the south.  It was named after the "King of Poland" pub, which was renamed in honour of Poland's King John III Sobieski in the heading of a coalition of western armies, crucially defeated the invading Ottoman forces at the 1683 Battle of Vienna. In the eighteenth century, Polish Protestants settled around Poland Street as religious refugees fleeing the Polish Counterreformation.

It was the site of the St James Workhouse whose infirmary may have been the original St. James Infirmary (see plan). The lane that led into the workhouse in now the driveway to Q-Park Soho garage.

Counter-Reformation in Poland
The Counter-Reformation in Poland (Polish: Kontrreformacja w Polsce) was the response (Counter-Reformation) of Catholic Church in Poland (more precisely, the Kingdom of Poland until 1568, and thereafter the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) to the spread of Protestantism in Poland (the Protestant Reformation). Counter-Reformation in Poland lasted from the mid-16th century until the mid-18th century and ended with the victory of the Catholic Church, which succeeded in significantly reducing the influence of Protestantism in Poland.
William C. Arnold
William Carlile Arnold (July 15, 1851 – March 20, 1906) was an American Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

William C. Arnold was born in Luthersburg, Pennsylvania.  He attended the public schools and Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.  He studied law, was admitted to the bar in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, and practiced in Curwensville and Du Bois, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania.

Arnold was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1898.  He resumed the practice of law in Clearfield County and died in Muskegon, Michigan, while on a business trip.  Interment in Oak Hill Cemetery in Curwensville.

Andover, Massachusetts
Andover is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. It was settled in 1642 and incorporated in 1646. At the 2020 census, the population was 36,569. It is located 20 miles (32 km) north of Boston and 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Lawrence. Part of the town comprises the census-designated place of Andover. It is twinned with its namesake: Andover, Hampshire, England.
The British University in Egypt
The British University in Egypt (BUE; Arabic: الجامعة البريطانية فى مصر, romanized: Al-Jāmi‘a al-Bāritāneya fe-Mīsr) is a private Egyptian university in El Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt. Founded in September 2005, through an inter-governmental agreement, it provides a British education style and awards degrees validated by its partner UK universities and the Egyptian Supreme Council of Universities.

The main university campus is located approximately 30 km (19 mi) from downtown Cairo, the campus covers about 40 acres (16 ha) of land with some 27,000 m2 (290,000 sq ft) of space of modern purpose-built teaching facilities. According to the Center for World University Ranking (CWUR), the BUE was ranked in 2020 among the top 10 universities in Egypt. In December 2022,  Magdi Yacoub, an internationally renowned cardiologist, became the first honorary chancellor of the university.

College and university rankings
College and university rankings order higher education institutions based on various criteria, with factors differing depending on the specific ranking system. These rankings can be conducted at the national or international level, assessing institutions within a single country, within a specific geographical region, or worldwide. Rankings are typically conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics.

In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of wealth, excellence in research, selective admissions, and alumni success. Rankings may also consider various combinations of measures of specialization expertise, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria.
3628 Božněmcová
3628 Božněmcová, provisional designation 1979 WD, is a rare O-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 November 1979, by Czech astronomer Zdeňka Vávrová at Kleť Observatory in the Czech Republic. It is named for Czech writer Božena Němcová.

Kleť Observatory
Kleť Observatory (Czech: Hvězdárna Kleť; obs. code: 046) is an astronomical observatory in the Czech Republic. It is situated in South Bohemia, south of the summit of Mount Kleť, near the town of České Budějovice. Constructed in 1957, the observatory is at an altitude of 1,070 metres (3,510 ft) and has around 150 clear nights per year.
French Island (Victoria)
French Island (Boonwurrung: Bellarmarin, Woone, or Jouap) is the largest coastal island of Victoria, Australia.  Compared with Philip Island and areas on the surrounding mainland, French Island is isolated and undeveloped. There are no water mains, electricity mains, or medical services on the island. There is one small general store and post office located on Tankerton Road about 3 km (1.9 mi) from Tankerton Jetty, and a small school. Many of the locals actively promote environmental tourism. Visitor accommodation includes camping, bed and breakfast, guesthouse, and farmstay.

The population was recorded as 139 in 2021. The island is an unincorporated area under the direct administration of the Government of Victoria. Around 70 per cent of the island is covered by  French Island National Park, and the waters directly north of the are a marine park known as French Island Marine National Park.

Parks Victoria
Parks Victoria is a government agency of the state of Victoria, Australia.

Parks Victoria was established in December 1996 as a statutory authority, reporting to the Victorian Minister for Environment. The Parks Victoria Act 2018 updates the previous act, Parks Victoria Act 1998. Under the new Act, Parks Victoria is responsible for managing over  '...18 per cent of Victoria’s landmass (4.1 million hectares) and 70 per cent of Victoria’s coastline'.
Waters and Elsa Burrows Historic District
Waters and Elsa Burrows Historic District is a U.S. historic district in Osprey, Florida south of Sarasota in Sarasota County. It includes the Bay Preserve at Osprey on Little Sarasota Bay. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 3, 2012.

The property was next to one owned by Bertha Palmer. Elsa Maria Scherer Burrows donated the land across U.S. 41 that became Oscar Scherer State Park, named for her father, a leather tanning businessman who immigrated from Germany. Her residence was acquired by a surgeon from New York City.

Osprey, Florida
Osprey is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sarasota County, Florida, United States. The population was 6,690 at the 2020 census, up from 6,100 at the 2010 census. The town is located in Southwest Florida and is part of the North Port–Bradenton–Sarasota, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2009–10 IWBL League
The 2009–10 IWBL League was the ninth season of the WABA League. The study included ten teams from five states, and the winner has become the team Gospić Croatia Osiguranje. In this season participating clubs from Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and from Slovenia.

IWBL League for the season 2009–10 has begun to play 10 October 2009 and ended on 22 February 2010, when he it was completed a Regular season. Final Four to be played from 12–13 March 2010. in Gospić, Croatia. Winner Final Four this season for the team Gospić Croatia Osiguranje from Croatia.

Carla Thomas
Carla Venita Thomas (born December 21, 1942) is an American singer, who is often referred to as the Queen of Memphis Soul. She is best known for her 1960s recordings for Atlantic and Stax including the hits "Gee Whiz (Look at His Eyes)" (1960), "B-A-B-Y" (1966) and "Tramp" (1967), a duet with Otis Redding. She is the daughter of Rufus Thomas.
Gina Capellmann
Gina Capellmann-Lütkemeier (born February 15, 1960, in Würselen) is a German equestrian and trainer. She won a golden team medal in team dressage at the 1986 World Dressage Championships in Cedar Valley and a golden team medal at the 1987 European Dressage Championships in Goodwood.

Capellmann is the older sister of Olympic, World and European Champion Nadine Capellmann and mother of Fabienne Müller-Lütkemeier, who was part of the golden team at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games and the 2013 European Dressage Championships and also served as reserve member for the German team during the 2012 Olympics.

2014 FEI World Equestrian Games
The 2014 Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games were held in the region of Normandy, France. It was the seventh edition of the Games, which are held every four years and run by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). For team events in the dressage, eventing, and show jumping disciplines, these Games were the first qualifying event for the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Choori Chikkanna
Choori Chikkanna (pronunciationⓘ) is a 1969 Indian Kannada-language film, directed by R. Ramamurthy and produced by R. Ramamurthy. The film stars Rajkumar, Narasimharaju, Dinesh and K. S. Ashwath. The film has musical score by Satyam.

Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)
Tiptur Ramaraju Narasimharaju (24 July 1923 – 11 July 1979) was an Indian actor in Kannada cinema who specialised in roles that required ample comic timing. He was the comedy stalwart of the Kannada film industry. He acted in more than 111 Kannada films between 1954 and 1979. He was also referred to as Hasya Chakravarti.