hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Powder keg of Europe
The powder keg of Europe or Balkan powder keg was the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century preceding World War I. There were many overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Empire and, to a lesser degree, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Italy.

In addition to the imperialistic ambitions and interests in this region, there was a growth in nationalism with the indigenous peoples of this region leading to the formation of the independent states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania and Albania.

These tensions had boiled over during the decades long diplomatic crisis in the Balkans: starting with the Macedonian Struggle, the Balkan Wars, and then the 1914 Greco-Turkish war scare, though the Great Powers ruled out military intervention with the region until the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

1914 Greek deportations
The 1914 Greek deportations was the forcible expulsion of around 150,000 to 300,000 Ottoman Greeks from Eastern Thrace and the Aegean coast of Anatolia by the Committee of Union and Progress that culminated in May and June 1914. The deportations almost caused war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire and were an important precursor to the Armenian genocide.
Coat of arms of Uppland
The coat of arms of Uppland in Sweden is Gules, an orb or (that is to say, a golden orb, or globus cruciger, on a red background). The coat of arms is surmounted by a duke's coronet, as are the other Swedish regional coats of arms.

The arms were created for the funeral procession of Gustav Vasa in 1560 in Uppsala Cathedral in this province, and have remained unchanged since. The orb symbolises spiritual and earthly power. (The coat of arms of Uppsala County is identical, but with a royal crown in place of the duke's coronet.) These arms also form the flag of Uppland, and are included in the coat of arms of Stockholm County, along with small versions of the coats of arms of Södermanland and Stockholm.

Arms of Uppland 1633–1634, in the Livrustkammaren (Royal Armoury)

The arms in Suecia antiqua et hodierna, 1668

Flag of Uppland

Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna
Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna ("Ancient and Modern Sweden") is a collection of engravings collected by Erik Dahlbergh during the middle of the 17th century. Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna can be described as a grand vision of Sweden during its period as a great power. Dahlberg's direct source of inspiration was the topographical publications issued by the Swiss publisher Matthäus Merian. In 1661 Dahlberg was granted a royal privilege enabling him to realize his plans, which kept him occupied for a good decade, and a work that would not be printed until after his death. In its final state Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna comprised three volumes containing 353 plates.
Usnic acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Frank H. Curd and Alexander Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.

At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).

Wilhelm Knop
Johann August Ludwig Wilhelm Knop (28 July 1817 – 28 January 1891) was a German agrochemist and, together with Julius von Sachs, co-founder of modern water culture due to his pioneering experiments with the cultivation of crops in nutrient solutions.
Aulitiving Island
Aulitiving Island is an uninhabited island located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Baffin Bay's Isabella Bay by the Davis Strait. It is situated north of Baffin Island's Henry Kater Peninsula. Aulitivik Island is 19.5 km (12.1 mi) to the west, with tiny Bearslide Island lying between them.

Baffin Bay
Baffin Bay (Inuktitut: ᓴᒃᓂᕈᑎᐊᒃ ᐃᒪᖓ Saknirutiak Imanga; Greenlandic: Avannaata Imaa; French: Baie de Baffin; Danish: Baffinsbugten), located between Baffin Island and the west coast of Greenland, is defined by the International Hydrographic Organization as a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.: Art.23  It is sometimes considered a sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is connected to the Atlantic via the Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea. The narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean. The bay is not navigable most of the year because of the ice cover and high density of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas. However, a polynya of about 80,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi), known as the North Water, opens in summer on the north near Smith Sound. Most of the aquatic life of the bay is concentrated near that region.
Dies Irae (Noir Désir album)
Dies Irae (Day of Wrath) is a live album by French rock band Noir Désir, recorded during the tour in support of the album Tostaky and released in 1994. Aside from the band's own originals, the album features two covers:

"I Want You (She's So Heavy)" (The Beatles)

"Long Time Man" (Tim Rose)

The name of the album was selected by the band's guitarist Serge Teyssot-Gay who, while using a dictionary, found Dies Irae, and because of its similarity to a Noir Désir anagram and the translation,  Day of Wrath, he felt the expression suited the band well.

An alternate version of I Want You (She's So Heavy) is featured as a hidden track.

Tim Rose
Timothy Alan Patrick Rose (September 23, 1940 – September 24, 2002) was an American singer and songwriter who spent much of his life in London, England, and had more success in Europe than in his native country.
Gourané
Gourané is a village in western Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Gbonné, Biankouma Department, Tonkpi Region, Montagnes District.

Gourané was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Tonkpi
Tonkpi Region is one of the 31 regions of Ivory Coast. Since its establishment in 2011, it has been one of three regions in Montagnes District. The seat of the region is Man and the region's population in the 2021 census was 1,387,909, predominantly of Dan (Yacouba) ethnicity.

Tonkpi is currently divided into five departments: Biankouma, Danané, Man, Sipilou, and Zouan-Hounien.
Camel's Hump State Park
Camel's Hump State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Vermont. The park straddles the northern Green Mountains in an area bounded by Vermont Route 17 on the south and the Winooski River on the north. As of 2017, the park covered a total of 21,224 acres (8,589 ha), making it the largest state park in Vermont.

The primary natural feature in the park is Camel's Hump, the third highest mountain in Vermont at 4,085 feet (1,245 m). The summit of Camel's Hump, which is surrounded by 10 acres (4.0 ha) of alpine tundra, is the focal point of Camel's Hump Natural Area, a 7,850-acre (3,180 ha) protected area in the heart of Camel's Hump State Park.

Alpine tundra
Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high elevation, with an associated harsh climate. As the latitude of a location approaches the poles, the threshold elevation for alpine tundra gets lower until it reaches sea level and merges with polar tundra.

The high elevation causes an adverse climate, which is too cold and windy to support tree growth. Alpine tundra transitions to sub-alpine forests below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra ecotone are known as krummholz. With increasing elevation it ends at the snow line where snow and ice persist through summer.

Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra is characterized by dwarf shrubs close to the ground. The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by adiabatic cooling of air, and is similar to polar climate.
Fernanda Peleja Patrício
Fernanda Peleja Patrício (1929 – 2000) was a Portuguese communist who opposed the country's Estado Novo regime. After the overthrow of the Estado Novo, she served on the Constituent Assembly of Portugal and in the first legislature of the Assembly of the Republic.

Constituent Assembly of Portugal
The Constituent Assembly (Portuguese: Assembleia Constituinte) was the Portuguese constituent assembly elected on 25 April 1975, after the Carnation Revolution (25 April 1974), for the purpose of adopting a constitution for the Third Portuguese Republic, the Constitution of 1976.
The Investigators (Australian TV series)
The Investigators is an Australian consumer affairs television series, which aired on the ABC from 1985 to 1995.

The program's host and chief reporter was Helen Wellings, who replaced original host Sonia Humphrey in 1987. Other reporters who worked on the program include foreign correspondent Eric Campbell, politician Sarah Henderson, reporter Leigh McClusky, and radio presenter Jon Faine.

The Investigators was one of the ABC's highest-rating programs, and presenter Helen Wellings claimed the program received an average of 500 complaints per week from consumers about products or services.

The program won the 1993 Logie Award for Most Outstanding Achievement in Public Affairs.

The program was cancelled in 1995, as a result of cost-cutting measures at the ABC which included the axing of the state-based editions of The 7.30 Report.

Jon Faine
Jonathan Eric Faine AM (born 21 September 1956) is an Australian former radio presenter who hosted the morning program on ABC Radio Melbourne in Melbourne. Faine is recognised as a prominent and influential member of the Australian Jewish community.
TrillStatik
TrillStatik is a collaborative studio album by producer/DJ Statik Selektah and American rapper Bun B. The album features guest appearances from Method Man, Fat Joe, Smoke DZA, Westside Gunn, Uncle Murda, Big K.R.I.T., Talib Kweli and Paul Wall, among others. It was created entirely during an 11 hour livestream on YouTube, and was initially released exclusively through Tidal on April 20, 2019.

Westside Gunn
Alvin Lamar Worthy (born July 27, 1982), known professionally as Westside Gunn, is an American rapper, fashion designer and professional wrestling promoter. He co-founded the hip-hop record label Griselda Records in 2012 with his half-brother Conway the Machine and their cousin Benny the Butcher.

Since 2005, he has released five studio albums, in addition to a wide catalog of mixtapes and extended plays. Gunn was affiliated with Shady Records from 2017 to 2020, but has since returned to independent work.
Defense against swimmer incursions
Defenses against swimmer incursions are security methods developed to protect watercraft, ports and installations, and other sensitive resources in or near vulnerable waterways from potential threats or intrusions by swimmers or scuba divers.

Speargun
A speargun is a ranged underwater fishing device designed to launch a tethered spear or harpoon to impale fish or other marine animals and targets. Spearguns are used in sport fishing and underwater target shooting. The two basic types are pneumatic and elastic (powered by rubber bands). Spear types come in a number of varieties including threaded, break-away and lined. Floats and buoys are common accessories when targeting larger fish.
Jelly's Last Jam
Jelly's Last Jam is a musical with a book by George C. Wolfe, lyrics by Susan Birkenhead, and music by Jelly Roll Morton and Luther Henderson.  Based on the life and career of Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe, known as Jelly Roll Morton and generally regarded as one of the primary driving forces behind the introduction of jazz to the American public in the early 20th century, it also serves as a social commentary on the African-American experience during the era. LaMothe was born into a Louisiana Creole family that was established and free before the Civil War.

Ben Vereen
Benjamin Augustus Vereen (né Middleton; October 10, 1946) is an American actor, dancer, and singer. He gained prominence for his performances in the original Broadway productions of the musicals Jesus Christ Superstar, for which he received a Tony Award nomination, and Pippin, for which he won the 1973 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical.
Christopher Chaplin (cricketer)
Christopher Robert McNairn Chaplin (13 December 1938 – 27 February 2025) was an English cricketer.  Chaplin was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break.  He was born in Calcutta, Bengal in the British Raj.

Chaplin made his Minor Counties Championship debut for Cornwall in 1966 against Devon.  From 1966 to 1978, he represented the county in 73 Minor Counties Championship matches, the last of which came against the Somerset Second XI.

Chaplin also represented Cornwall in 3 List A matches.  These against Glamorgan in the 1970 Gillette Cup, Oxfordshire in the 1975 Gillette Cup and Lancashire in the 1977 Gillette Cup.  In his 3 List A matches, he scored 45 runs at a batting average of 15.00, with a high score of 22.

Chaplin died on 27 February 2025, at the age of 86.

1977 Gillette Cup
The 1977 Gillette Cup was the fifteenth Gillette Cup, an English limited overs county cricket tournament. It was held between 29 June and 3 September 1977. The tournament was won by Middlesex County Cricket Club who defeated Glamorgan County Cricket Club by 5 wickets in the final at Lord's.
Male, Belgium
Male (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmaːlə] ⓘ) is a former hamlet and today a quarter in the east of Sint-Kruis, a sub-municipality of Bruges, West Flanders, Belgium. The hamlet, which retains its small historic center, clusters around Male Castle, best known as the birthplace of Louis, count of Flanders in 1329.

Deelgemeente
A deelgemeente (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdeːlɣəˌmeːntə] ⓘ, literally sub-municipality), or section (French pronunciation: [sɛksjɔ̃] ⓘ), is a subdivision of a municipality in Belgium and, until March 2014, in the Netherlands as well.
Isabelle Galmiche
Isabelle Galmiche (Gal-MEE-sh; born 19 November 1971) is a French rally co-driver and mathematics teacher. As of January 2022, she is the co-driver for nine-time World Rally Champion Sebastien Loeb, driving for M-Sport Ford in the World Rally Championship.

World Rally Championship
The World Rally Championship (WRC) is an international rallying series owned and governed by the FIA. Inaugurated in 1973, it is the second oldest FIA world championship (after Formula One). Each season lasts one calendar year, and typically consists of 13 three- to four-day rally events driven on surfaces ranging from gravel and tarmac to snow and ice. Each rally is usually split into 15–25 special stages which are run against the clock on up to 350 kilometres (220 mi) of closed roads.

Separate championship titles are awarded to drivers, co-drivers and manufacturers. There are also two support championships, WRC2 and WRC3, which are contested on the same events and stages as the WRC, but with progressively lower maximum performance and running costs of the cars permitted. Junior WRC is also contested by younger drivers on five events of the World Rally Championship calendar.
Ohio's 4th senatorial district
Ohio's 4th senatorial district has been based in southwestern Ohio and now consists of almost all of Butler County.  It encompasses Ohio House of Representatives districts 51, 52 and 53.  It has a Cook PVI of R+14.  Its current Ohio Senator is Republican George Lang.

Ohio Republican Party
The Ohio Republican Party is the Ohio affiliate of the Republican Party. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1854.

It currently holds the bulk of the state's political power, controlling 10 of Ohio's 15 U.S. House seats, both of its U.S. Senate seats, all statewide executive offices,  supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature, and a majority on Ohio's State Supreme Court.
Rose Mary Allen
Rose Mary Allen (born 1950) is a Curaçaoan anthropologist, who has published on the oral history of former enslaved people of the Dutch Caribbean islands. Her dissertation, "Di ki manera: a social history of Afro-Curaçaoans, 1863-1917" draws largely on the collected oral histories of Afro-Curaçaoans. She holds a PhD and is a lecturer at the University of Curaçao.

In 2015 she was awarded a knighthood in the Order of Orange-Nassau by the Netherlands and she also won the Cola Debrot Prize.

University of Curaçao
The Dr. Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez University of Curaçao, formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles (UNA; Dutch: Universiteit van de Nederlandse Antillen), is the state university of Curaçao. It is a public university, graduating approximately three hundred students per year. The quality and level of the program are similar to those in the Netherlands. All programs provided at the university are accredited by The Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatieorganisatie (NVAO).
Șugag
Șugag (German: Schugag; Hungarian: Sugág) is a commune located in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Arți (Arctelep), Bârsana (Barzonatelep), Dobra (Dobratelep), Jidoștina (Jidostinatelep), Mărtinie (Martiniatelep), Șugag, and Tău Bistra (Vartótelek).

The commune is situated at the southwestern edge of the Transylvanian Plateau, at an altitude of 455 m (1,493 ft), on the banks of the river Sebeș and its tributaries, the Bistra and the Mărtinia. It is located at the southern extremity of Alba County, 26 km (16 mi) from the city of Sebeș and 43 km (27 mi) from the county seat, Alba Iulia, on the border with Sibiu County.

Șugag is crossed south to north by the Transalpina (DN67C) national road. The Șugag Dam on the river Sebeș creates the reservoir Lake Tău Bistra.

Sibiu County
Sibiu County (Romanian pronunciation: [siˈbiw]) is a county (Romanian: județ) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. Its county seat (Romanian: reședință de județ) is the namesake town of Sibiu (German: Hermannstadt).
Mahesh Kumar Bartaula
Mahesh Kumar Bartaula is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the CPN (UML) currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election, he was elected from the Makwanpur 2 (constituency).

2022 Nepalese general election
General elections were held in Nepal on 20 November 2022 to elect the 275 members of the House of Representatives. There were two ballots in the election; one to elect 165 members from single-member constituencies via FPTP, and the other to elect the remaining 110 members from a single nation-wide constituency via party-list proportional representation.

The election was held alongside provincial elections for the seven provincial assemblies.

After power sharing talks between the outgoing Democratic Left Alliance broke down on 25 December 2022, CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal became prime minister, its eight-member cabinet consisting of MPs from his party, CPN (UML), Rastriya Swatantra Party and Janamat Party, with the confidence and supply of RPP, JSP, NUP and three independents.
Irishtown, Victoria
Irishtown is a locality in Mount Alexander Shire, Victoria, Australia. It is noted for heritage sites associated with the Victorian Gold Rush, near or within the Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park. These include the Red Hill hydraulic gold sluicing site and the Burying Flat Cemetery, also known as Deadmans Gully Burial Ground. At the 2016 census, Irishtown had a population of 15.

Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park
The Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park is near the town of Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia. The park protects a nationally significant historic cultural landscape of heritage value and relics of the Victorian gold rush.

The Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park was added to the Victorian Heritage Register in December 2003.  It is the largest non-indigenous protected cultural landscape in Australia.  In January 2005 the park was added to the Australian National Heritage List recognizing its outstanding heritage value and importance in the course of Australia’s migration history.
Weinberg v Olivier
Weinberg v Olivier is an important case in South African contract law, especially in the area of exemption clauses. It was heard in the Appellate Division on 20 October 1942, with judgment handed down on 26 November. De Wet CJ, Watermeyer JA, Tindall JA, Centlivres JA and Feetham JA were the judges.

Exclusion clause
Exclusion clauses and limitation clauses are terms in a contract which seek to restrict the rights of the parties to the contract.

Traditionally, the district courts have sought to limit the operation of exclusion clauses. In addition to numerous common law rules limiting their operation, in England and Wales Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 applies to all contracts, but the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, unlike the common law rules, do differentiate between contracts between businesses and contracts between business and consumer, so the law seems to explicitly recognize the greater possibility of exploitation of the consumer by businesses.
2016 Kunming Open – Women's singles
Zheng Saisai, the reigning champion, made the decision to compete in Madrid instead of defending her title.

Zhang Kailin won the championship by defeating Peng Shuai in the final match. The final scoreline read 6–1, 0–6, 4–2, with Peng Shuai ultimately retiring from the match.

2016 Mutua Madrid Open
The 2016 Mutua Madrid Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Park Manzanares in Madrid, Spain from 30 April to 8 May 2016. It was the 15th edition of the event on the ATP World Tour and 8th on the WTA Tour. It was classified as an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2016 ATP World Tour and a Premier Mandatory event on the 2016 WTA Tour.

On 1 May, tournament organizers staged a successful Guinness World Record. 1,474 people—including spectators, players, and tournament officials—bounced tennis balls on racquets simultaneously for ten seconds. This broke the previous record of 767 people set at the 2015 China Open.

Ion Țiriac the former Romanian ATP player and now billionaire businessman is the current owner of the tournament.
Farm to Market Road 109
Farm to Market Road 109 (FM 109) is a farm to market road in the U.S. state of Texas. The highway begins at Business State Highway 71 (SH 71) just north of Columbus in Colorado County. It winds its way to the northeast across Austin County, passing through the communities of New Ulm and Industry before ending at State Highway 36 (SH 36) in Brenham in Washington County.

Farm-to-market road
In the United States, a farm-to-market road or ranch-to-market road (sometimes farm road or ranch road for short) is a state highway or county road that connects rural or agricultural areas to market towns. These are better-quality roads, usually a highway, that farmers and ranchers use to transport products to market towns or distribution centers. Historically used throughout the country, today the term is primarily associated with a large state-maintained highway system in Texas.