hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Articulatory approach for teaching pronunciation
The Articulatory approach to teaching pronunciation considers learning how to pronounce a second language to be a motor skill which most students are not in a position to develop based on self-evaluation of their production. The role of the teacher is therefore to provide feedback on students' performance as part of coaching them in the movements of the vocal tract articulators (tongue, jaw, lips, etc.) which create speech sounds.

The Articulatory approach is an alternative to the imitative-intuitive and analytic-linguistic approaches, both of which involve the teacher providing a model for her students to imitate. The model might be her own voice or a recording. In the articulatory approach, the students are not asked to match a model but instead to experiment with making sounds, with the teacher acting as a source of ideas, encouragement and feedback on how close the students are getting to the target.

Vocal tract
The vocal tract or speech apparatus is the cavity in mammals and in birds where the sound produced at the sound source (larynx in mammals; syrinx in birds) is filtered.

In mammals, it consists of the laryngeal cavity, the pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity. In birds, it consists of the trachea, the syrinx, the oral cavity, the upper part of the esophagus, and the beak.

The estimated average length of the vocal tract in men is 16.9 cm and 14.1 cm in women.
En la ardiente oscuridad
En la ardiente oscuridad (In the Burning Darkness) is a play by Antonio Buero Vallejo, written in 1947, which made its debut in the Teatro María Guerrero in Madrid on 1 December 1950. A film of the same name was produced in 1958.

Theatre of María Guerrero
The Theatre of María Guerrero (Spanish: Teatro María Guerrero) is a theatre located in Madrid, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural on 1 March 1996. It is the home of the national theatre of Spain, Centro Dramático Nacional.

Its plays was programmed on 15 January 1934 until 1935, when it was remodeled. It was closed on 27 April 1940 because Spanish Civil War started. It was directed successively by Luis Escobar Kirkpatrick (with Huberto Pérez de la Ossa as subdirector) (1940-1952), Claudio de la Torre (1952-1960) and José Luis Alonso Mañés (1960-1975).
Axiochus
Axiochus of Scambonidae, son of Alcibiades (II) (Greek: Ἀξίοχος Ἀλκιβιάδου Σκαμβωνίδης, Axíochos Alkibiádou Skambōnídēs; mid-5th century – late 5th century BCE), was an ancient Athenian political figure and aristocrat of the Alcmaeonidae family. He was the uncle and cohort of the famous general and statesman Alcibiades (III), whom he accompanied in domestic and foreign affairs. This association led to his recurrence within ancient literature, including works attributed to Plato and Lysias.

Lysias
Lysias (/ˈlɪsiəs/; Λυσίας; c. 445 – c. 380 BC) was an Athenian logographer and one of the ten Attic orators later canonized by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace. He wrote speeches for litigants across a wide range of public and private actions during the late fifth and early fourth centuries BC, with thirty-four transmitted in the medieval corpus and many others known by title or fragment. Ancient critics, especially Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and modern scholarship identify Lysias as an exemplar of the plain style, emphasizing idiomatic diction, character-appropriate voice, and concise narrative framing. His speech Against Eratosthenes and the fragmentary Olympic Oration are commonly cited for historical evidence on postwar Athens and for programmatic statements on Greek politics.
Loučka (Zlín District)
Loučka is a municipality and village in Zlín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

Loučka lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) south-east of Zlín and 270 km (170 mi) south-east of Prague.

Zlín
Zlín (in 1949–1989 Gottwaldov; Czech pronunciation: [zliːn]; German: Zlin) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 75,000 inhabitants. It is the seat of the Zlín Region and it lies on the Dřevnice River. It is known as an industrial centre. The development of the modern city is closely connected to the Bata Shoes company and its social scheme, developed after World War I. A large part of Zlín is urbanistically and architecturally valuable and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Alternate Wars
Alternate Wars is an anthology of alternate history science fiction short stories edited by Gregory Benford and Martin H. Greenberg as the third volume in their What Might Have Been series. It was first published in paperback by Bantam Spectra in December 1991. It was later gathered together with Alternate Americas into the omnibus anthology What Might Have Been: Volumes 3 & 4: Alternate Wars / Alternate Americas (Bantam Spectra/SFBC, December 1992).

The book collects twelve novellas, novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with an introduction by Benford.

Martin H. Greenberg
Martin Harry Greenberg (March 1, 1941 – June 25, 2011) was an American academic and anthologist in many genres, including mysteries and horror, but especially in speculative fiction. In all, he compiled 1,298 anthologies and commissioned over 8,200 original short stories. He founded Tekno Books, a packager of more than 2000 published books. He was also a co-founder of the Sci-Fi Channel. Greenberg was also an expert in terrorism and the Middle East. He was a longtime friend, colleague and business partner of Isaac Asimov.
Ovarian vein syndrome
Ovarian vein syndrome is a rare (possibly not uncommon, certainly under-diagnosed) condition in which dilation of the ovarian vein compresses the ureter (the tube that brings the urine from the kidney to the bladder). This causes chronic or colicky abdominal pain, back pain and/or pelvic pain. The pain can worsen on lying down or between ovulation and menstruation. There can also be an increased tendency towards urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis (kidney infection). The right ovarian vein is most commonly involved, although the disease can be left-sided or affect both sides. It is currently classified as a form of pelvic congestion syndrome.

Bladder
The bladder (from Old English  blædre 'bladder, blister, pimple') is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys. In placental mammals, urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra during urination. In humans, the bladder is a distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor. The typical adult human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 ml (10 and 17 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.

The Latin phrase for "urinary bladder" is vesica urinaria, and the term vesical or prefix vesico- appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins. The modern Latin word for "bladder" – cystis – appears in associated terms such as cystitis (inflammation of the bladder).
Romanovka, Olkhovsky District, Volgograd Oblast
Romanovka (Russian: Романовка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Romanovskoye Rural Settlement, Olkhovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 543 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

Olkhovsky District
Olkhovsky District (Russian: Ольхо́вский райо́н) is an administrative [district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Olkhovsky Municipal District. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 3,300 square kilometers (1,300 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Olkhovka. Population: 17,626 (2010 census); 19,178 (2002 Census); 18,356 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Olkhovka accounts for 30.6% of the district's total population.
2017 Grand Est Open 88 – Doubles
Cindy Burger and Laura Pous Tió were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.

Anastasiya Komardina and Elitsa Kostova won the title, defeating Manon Arcangioli and Sara Cakarevic in the final, 6–3, 6–4.

Anastasiya Komardina
Anastasiya Andreyevna Komardina (Russian: Анастасия Андреевна Комардина; born 8 July 1997) is an inactive Russian tennis player.

Komardina has reached a career-high junior ranking of No. 15 in July 2014.

On 10 April 2017, she achieved her best singles ranking of world No. 172. On 11 June 2018, she peaked at No. 89 in the doubles rankings. In her career, she won 12 titles in singles and 22 in doubles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Komardina made her main-draw debut on the WTA Tour at the 2015 Hong Kong Tennis Open, where she received entry as lucky loser.

She had her major debut at the 2017 Australian Open, at the qualifying stage.
Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum
The Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum (本川小学校平和資料館 Honkawa Shogakkou Heiwa Shiryokan) is a museum of the Peace in Honkawacho, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.

The school was the closest school to ground zero of the Hiroshima bombing. They lost about 400 students and more than 10 teachers, and the building took great amounts of damage from the atomic bomb dropped on August 6, 1945.

The Peace Museum is the part of the school building with the basement of the former Hiroshima City Honkawa Elementary School; it is kept as a place to learn about the importance of peace. The museum is operated by the Honkawa Elementary School PTA, as well as former members of the PTA, and is cleaned and maintained by the students.

The memorial service for the students and teachers killed in the blast is held  every August 5 at the school. The school has also appeared in the manga Barefoot Gen, written by Keiji Nakazawa.

Keiji Nakazawa
Keiji Nakazawa (中沢 啓治, Nakazawa Keiji; March 14, 1939 – December 19, 2012) was a Japanese manga artist and writer. He is best known for his semi-autobiographical series Barefoot Gen, a landmark work depicting the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and its aftermath. A hibakusha (atomic bomb survivor) himself, Nakazawa was in Hiroshima during the bombing in August 1945 and lost most of his family. His experiences shaped his artistic and political vision, leading to pioneering manga that confronted war trauma, nuclear devastation, and postwar Japanese society with stark realism and deep humanism. Barefoot Gen, serialized from 1973, became one of the first Japanese comics to gain international recognition and remains a foundational work in the genre of A-bomb manga. Through his work, Nakazawa combined personal testimony with bold criticism of militarism and nationalism, establishing manga as a medium for historical and political reflection.
Inger Heldal
Inger Heldal (10 January 1940 – 22 April 2020) was a Norwegian stage and film actress.

Born in Skien, she made her stage debut in 1962, and was assigned with the theatres Riksteatret, Det Norske Teatret, and Den Nationale Scene. Among her characters were Ismene in Antigone, Marthe in Goethe's tragedy Faust, and Sittah in Den Nationale Scene's adaptation of Lessing's Nathan the Wise. Her film appearances include Lasse & Geir from 1975, the 1990 movie Til en ukjent, directed by Unni Straume, and Musikk for bryllup og begravelser from 2002.

She died in Spain on 22 April 2020.

Riksteatret
Riksteatret (English: National Traveling Theater) is a Norwegian touring theatre. It was established by law in 1948. Its first performance was in Kirkenes in 1949, with Sigurd Christiansen's play En reise i natten. The theatre plays on about 200 different stages throughout the country. Its first theatre director was Fritz von der Lippe, who held this position from 1949 to 1968. Ellen Horn was theatre director from 2005 to 2015, Tom Remlov from 2015 to 2020, and Arne Nøst since 2020.
Hugh de Burdet I
Hugh de Burdet I (c.1045 – c.1091), also listed as Burdett, Bordet, or Bourdet, was a Norman knight, landowner, and companion of William the Conqueror during the Norman Conquest, specifically at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Burdet's name appears on the Falaise Roll, the Dives-sur-Mer Roll, and the Battle Abbey Roll as a knight accompanying William the Conqueror. Burdet was later ennobled as part of the Anglo-Norman nobility and appointed as a vassal and sub-tenant in the service of both Judith of Lens and Hugh de Grandmesnil. The Domesday Book in 1086 lists Burdet as owning considerable amounts of land in the county of Leicestershire.

Ennoblement
Ennoblement is the conferring of nobility—the induction of an individual into the noble class. Currently only a few kingdoms still grant nobility to people; among them Spain, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Vatican. Depending on time and region, various laws have governed who  could be ennobled and how. Typically, nobility was conferred on individuals who had assisted the sovereign. In some countries (e.g. France under the Ancien Régime), this degenerated into the buying of patents of nobility, whereby rich commoners (e.g.  merchants) could purchase a title of nobility.
No Man's Land (1939 film)
No Man's Land (Italian: Terra di nessuno) is a 1939 Italian drama film directed by Mario Baffico and starring Mario Ferrari, Nelly Corradi and Laura Solari. It is based on two novels by Luigi Pirandello.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Alberto Tavazzi. It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. Location filming took place at Todi near Perugia.

Todi
Todi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtɔːdi]; Tuder in antiquity) is a town and comune (municipality) of the province of Perugia (region of Umbria) in central Italy. It is perched on a tall two-crested hill overlooking the east bank of the river Tiber, commanding distant views in every direction. It was founded in antiquity by the Umbri, at the border with Etruria; the gens Ulpia of Roman emperor Trajan came from Todi.
Kyle Nunataks
The Kyle Nunataks (66°47′S 51°20′E﻿ / ﻿66.783°S 51.333°E﻿ / -66.783; 51.333) are three nunataks 2.5 nautical miles (5 km) east of Mount Hampson, in the northern part of the Tula Mountains in Enderby Land, Antarctica. They were plotted from air photos taken from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions aircraft in 1956, and were named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for J.T. Kyle, a member of the crew of the Discovery during the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929–31.

British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
The British Australian (and) New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) was a research expedition into Antarctica between 1929 and 1931, involving two voyages over consecutive Austral summers. The expedition was led by Australian geologist Sir Douglas Mawson.
Between the Ears
Between the Ears is a programme on BBC Radio 3 that airs brief documentary features in experimental formats. A season of Between the Ears programmes is produced roughly twice a year, and when the programmes are in season they are broadcast late on Saturday nights, UK time.

Between the Ears won a 2017 New York Festivals Radio Gold Award for best sound for an adaptation of The Shepherd by Amber Barnfather, which was performed by actor Luke Thompson in December 2016. Sound design was by David Chilton, with music and mouth/body percussion by the Saint Martin Singers, and Vampire aircraft sound effects recorded at the Royal Air Force Museum London.

Radio program
A radio program, radio programme, or radio show is a segment of content intended for broadcast on radio. It may be a one-time production, or part of a periodically recurring series. A single program in a series is called an episode.
Mike Knoll
Mike Knoll (born October 1, 1951) is an American former college football coach. He served as the head football coach at New Mexico State University from 1986 to 1989 and at Upper Iowa University from 2005 to 2008, compiling a career head coaching record of 15–73. Knoll also worked as an assistant coach at Missouri Western State University, the University of Tulsa, Iowa State University, the University of Miami, Northwestern University, Bacone College, and Northeastern State University.

Upper Iowa University
Upper Iowa University (UIU) is a private university in Fayette, Iowa, United States. It enrolls around 3,000 students and offers distance education programs that include centers in the U.S., an online program, an independent study program, and formerly had centers in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia.

Upper Iowa offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs with 29 undergraduate majors, including art, business, conservation management, education, human services, information technology, liberal arts, math, nursing, psychology, science, and 6 graduate programs. It operates on two eight-week terms per semester, allowing students to take two classes per term. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

UIU is the only NCAA Division II Athletics Program in the state of Iowa and a member of the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC).
Nemanja Stjepanović
Nemanja Stjepanović (born 7 February 1984) is a Bosnian retired footballer who played as a midfielder. He last played for Bosnian Premier League club Tuzla City.

He holds both the Bosnian and Serbian citizenships.

Serbian passport
Serbian passport (Serbian: Пасош Србије, romanized: Pasoš Srbije) is the primary document of international travel issued to nationals of Serbia. Passports are issued and renewed by the Serbian Police on behalf of the Ministry of Internal Affairs or, if the citizen resides abroad, by the Serbian diplomatic missions. Besides serving as proof of identity and of citizenship, it facilitates the process of securing assistance from Serbian consular officials abroad, if needed.

The Serbian biometric passports were introduced on 7 July 2008 and were handed out in the beginning of August in the same year. All outdated Yugoslav passports became invalid on 31 December 2011. Citizens can not have multiple Serbian passports at the same time.
The Log Inn
The Log Inn is a family-style restaurant located in Southeastern Johnson Township in Gibson County, Indiana. It was founded around 1825 by Mr. Henry Haub, the namesake of nearby Haubstadt. During its lifetime it has been used as a host to Abraham Lincoln; a stop on the Underground Railroad; a stop on the Dixie Highway, the main road between Chicago and Florida, which eventually became US 41. A dance hall was later built above the tavern and store and the complex would later become known as The Log Inn.  The Log Inn is officially recognized as the oldest restaurant in Indiana. In recent years, The Log Inn was featured in Food Network's Best of Viewer's Choice Program.

The Log Inn is located one mile east of U.S. 41 in Warrenton, Indiana, at the intersection of County Road 1250 South and County Road 200 East or 2.5 miles southeast of Haubstadt and less than 1/4 mile north of Interstate 64.() or theloginn.net

Johnson Township, Gibson County, Indiana
Johnson Township is one of ten townships in Gibson County, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 4,467 (up from 4,094 at 2010) and it contained 1,814 housing units.

Johnson Township was organized in 1823.
Isidore Epstein
Ezekiel Isidore Epstein (Hebrew: יחזקאל יצחק אפשטיין; 1894 (1894)–(1962-04-13)13 April 1962) was an English Orthodox rabbi, Jewish studies scholar, and Jewish educator. Epstein edited the first complete English translation of the Babylonian Talmud (the Soncino Talmud), served as the headmaster of Jews' College, London, and was the author of The Faith of Judaism, a work of 20th-century Jewish philosophy. He was also the author of numerous scholarly and popular books on Judaism.

Abraham Isaac Kook
Abraham Isaac HaCohen Kook (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק הַכֹּהֵן קוּק; 7 September 1865 – 1 September 1935), known as HaRav Kook, and also known by the Hebrew-language acronym Hara'ayah (הראי״ה), was an Orthodox rabbi, and the first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine.  He is considered to be one of the fathers of religious Zionism and is known for founding the Mercaz HaRav Yeshiva.
Kulwatha
Kulwatha (Arabic: كلواذا) also called Kulwathi is an ancient city mentioned in the writings of Greek, Arab and Syrian historians. The medieval city of Baghdad was built opposite of this city. It was located on the east bank of the Tigris River.  In ancient times there was a gate named Kulawatha gate. Today this city is part of al-Rusafa and called Karrada.

The city was built in the Neo-Babylonian period. The archaeological evidence indicates that it was built in the time of Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC). The most prominent historians who wrote about this city are Diodorus Siculus, Yaqut al-Hamawi, Al-Masudi, Said al-Andalusi and Bar Hebraeus.

Tigris
The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before merging with the Euphrates and reaching to the Persian Gulf.

The Tigris passes through historical cities such as Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants such as the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser.

Today the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.
Handy Mandy in Oz
Handy Mandy in Oz (1937) is the thirty-first book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the seventeenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The novel was followed by The Silver Princess in Oz (1938).

Ruth Plumly Thompson
Ruth Plumly Thompson (27 July 1891 – 6 April 1976) was an American writer of children's stories, best known for writing many novels placed in Oz, the fictional land of L. Frank Baum's classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels.
Chicago Thanksgiving Parade
The Chicago Thanksgiving Parade, "Chicago's Grand Holiday Tradition", is an annual parade produced and presented by the Chicago Festival Association (CFA). It began in 1934 and is held in downtown Chicago on State Street, every Thanksgiving morning from 8:00 am until 11:00 am CST. It is televised locally on WCIU-TV. From 2007 to 2019, the event was carried on WGN-TV and its superstation feed nationwide.

Michigan Avenue (Chicago)
Michigan Avenue is a north-south street in Chicago that runs at 100 east on the Chicago grid.  The northern end of the street is at DuSable Lake Shore Drive on the shore of Lake Michigan in the Gold Coast Historic District. The street's southern terminus is at Sibley Boulevard in the southern suburb of Dolton, but like many other Chicago streets, it exists in several disjointed segments.

As the home of the Chicago Water Tower, the Art Institute of Chicago, Millennium Park, and the  shopping on the Magnificent Mile, it is a street well-known to Chicago natives as well as tourists to the city.  Michigan Avenue also is the main commercial street of Streeterville. It includes all of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District and most of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District, including the scenic urban space anchored by the DuSable (Michigan Avenue) Bridge.