hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galactarate dehydratase
The enzyme galactarate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.42) catalyzes the chemical reaction

D-galactarate  5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H2O

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-galactarate hydro-lyase (5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate-forming). This enzyme is also called D-galactarate hydro-lyase.  This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism.

Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Duc d'Auerstaedt
The title of Duc d'Auerstaedt (sometimes written Auerstädt) was created by Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, for the Marshal of France Louis Nicolas Davout in 1808 as a victory title rewarding and commemorating Davout's splendid victory at the Battle of Auerstaedt in 1806.

The title became extinct in 1853 but was then given to the descendants of one of Marshal Davout's brothers, Charles Isidore d'Avout, by an imperial edict of Napoleon III.

Victory title
A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation. The practice is first known in Ancient Rome and is still most commonly associated with the Romans, but it was also adopted as a practice by many later empires, especially the French, British and Russian Empires.
Marge Bishop
Marjorie Claire Bishop (3 January 1910 – 26 January 1960) was a New Zealand cricketer who played as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm off break. She appeared in one Test match for New Zealand, their first, in 1935, and was awarded with the first Test cap for the New Zealand women's team. She played domestic cricket for Otago.

All-rounder
An all-rounder is a cricketer who regularly performs well at both batting and bowling. Although all bowlers must bat and quite a handful of batsmen do bowl occasionally, most players are skilled in only one of the two disciplines and are considered specialists. Some wicket-keepers have the skills of a specialist batter and have been referred to as all-rounders, but the term wicket-keeper-batter is more commonly applied to them, even if they are substitute wicket keepers who also bowl.
Erasmus D. Campbell
Erasmus Daniel Campbell (January 11, 1811 – April 16, 1873) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 6th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin, and 2nd Mayor of La Crosse, Wisconsin.  In historical sources, he was sometimes referred to as "E. D. Campbell." In at least one source, he was incorrectly referred to as "Edward Campbell."

He is the namesake of Campbell, Wisconsin.

La Crosse, Wisconsin
La Crosse (/ləˈkrɒs/ ⓘ lə-KROSS) is a city in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. Positioned alongside the Mississippi River, La Crosse is the most populous city on Wisconsin's western border. The population was 52,680 at the 2020 census. The La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area has an estimated 140,000 residents.

La Crosse's economy serves as a regional educational, medical, manufacturing, and transportation hub for Western Wisconsin producing a gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.1 billion for the La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area as of 2023. Home to the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, Viterbo University, and Western Technical College, the city has nearly 20,000 students. The La Crosse area is home to the headquarters or regional offices of Kwik Trip, Organic Valley, Mayo Clinic, Gundersen Health System, Gensler, La Crosse Technology, City Brewing Company, and Trane.
Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula (1993)
The 1993 submarine Incident off Kola Peninsula was a collision between the US Navy nuclear attack submarine USS Grayling and the Russian Navy nuclear ballistic missile submarine K-407 Novomoskovsk some 150 km (90 mi) north of the Russian naval base of Severomorsk, on 20 March 1993. The incident took place when the American submarine, who was trailing her Russian counterpart, lost track of Novomoskovsk. At the time that Grayling reacquired the other submarine, the short distance of only half a mile made the collision unavoidable. The incident happened just a week before the first summit between American president Bill Clinton and the president of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin.

SSN (hull classification symbol)
An SSN is a nuclear-powered general-purpose attack submarine – SSN is the US Navy hull classification symbol for such vessels.  SS means "Submarine, General" according to the NATO Standard Ship Designator System (STANAG 1166,) with SSN referring to a "Submarine Attack Nuclear" vessel. The "SS" designator is consistent with other examples of STANAG 1166 using double letter referring to a type of vessel – for example,  "BB" designates a Battleships, "DD" is a Destroyer, "CC" a Cruiser, "FF" a Frigate, and so on.
Villers-le-Gambon
Villers-le-Gambon is a village of Wallonia in the municipality of Philippeville, located in the province of Namur, Belgium.

The area has been settled since pre-Christian times. Excavations have brought to light graves from the Frankish era. When the Florennes Abbey was founded, Villers-le-Gambon was among the villages donated to the abbey. After the Middle Ages, the village suffered devastation during the wars between Spain and France. The current village church, in Neo-Gothic style, dates from 1850.

Namur Province
Namur (French: [namyʁ] ⓘ; Walloon: Nameur; Dutch: Namen [ˈnaːmə(n)] ⓘ) is a province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the West) on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French department of Ardennes. Its capital and largest city is the city of Namur. As of January 2024, the province of Namur has a population of about 0.5 million.
Twin Creeks gold mine
Twin Creeks gold mine, also known as Twin Creeks Mine, is an active open pit mine near Winnemucca, Nevada.

It is a gold and silver mine operated by Newmont. The Chimney Creek gold deposit, now part of Twin Creek, was first identified in the 1980s. A rare specimen of orpiment discovered in the mine
was donated to the Smithsonian.

In 1911, the Battle of Kelley Creek occurred in the area.  Eventually, a marker was placed just to the west of where the mine was later located.  The 1996 environmental impact statement mentions a reconfiguration of an overburden and interburden site so as to avoid the location of the marker for the battle.

In 1993, the Twin Creeks mine was created as a combination of the Chimney Creek and Rabbit Creek mines during a coal-for-gold swap between Santa Fe Pacific and Hansen Natural Resources.

Orpiment
Orpiment, also known as yellow arsenic blende, is a deep-colored, orange-yellow arsenic sulfide mineral with formula As2S3. It is found in volcanic fumaroles, low-temperature hydrothermal veins, and hot springs and may be formed through sublimation.

Orpiment takes its name from the Latin auripigmentum (aurum, "gold" + pigmentum, "pigment"), due to its deep-yellow color. Orpiment once was widely used in artworks, medicine, and other applications. Because of its toxicity and instability, its usage has declined.
Buist
Buist is a surname of Scottish origin. It means "homestead." Notable people with the surname include:

Andy Buist (born 1984), English rugby union player

Anne Buist, Australian psychiatrist

Diana Buist, American epidemiologist

George Buist (disambiguation):
George Buist (footballer) (1883–?), English footballer
George Buist (journalist) (1805–1860), Scottish journalist and scientist
George Buist (minister) (1779–1860), Scottish minister of the Church of Scotland

Graham Buist (born 1936), New Zealand cricketer

Grant Buist (born 1973), New Zealand cartoonist

Ian Buist (1930–2012), British diplomat

Marguerite Buist (born 1962), New Zealand long-distance runner

Robert Cochrane Buist (1860–1939), Scottish obstetrician and gynaecologist

Teddy Buist (1885–1959), Australian rules footballer

George Buist (minister)
George Buist (20 March 1779 – 1860) was a Scottish minister of the Church of Scotland who served as  Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1848. He was Professor of Church History at the University of St Andrews.
River Forest Township, Illinois
River Forest Township is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois. The population was 11,717 at the 2020 census. River Forest Township is coterminous with the Village of River Forest. It is one of four coterminous townships in Cook County and one of seventeen coterminous townships statewide. Like the village, the township is bounded by Harlem Avenue, North Avenue, Madison Avenue to Lathrop Avenue, to Central Avenue and back to Harlem.

River Forest, Illinois
River Forest is a suburban village adjacent to Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 11,717. Two universities make their home in River Forest, Dominican University and Concordia University Chicago. The village is closely tied to the larger neighboring community of Oak Park. There are significant architectural designs located in River Forest such as the Winslow House by Frank Lloyd Wright. River Forest has a railroad station with service to Chicago on Metra's Union Pacific West Line.
Psammathodoxa cochlidioides
Psammathodoxa cochlidioides is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1921. It is found from southern Texas to Mexico.

The wingspan is about 25 mm. The forewings are creamy brown, shaded darker except along the costa and basally. The wing is crossed by about fourteen light lines, irregularly waved, giving an irrorated appearance. A straight pale line, brown-edged within, runs from the apex to the middle of the inner margin. The hindwings are brown.

Harrison Gray Dyar Jr.
Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric progression in the growth of insect parts, is named after him. He was also noted for eccentric pursuits which included digging tunnels under his home. He had a complicated personal life and along with his second wife he adopted the Baháʼí Faith.
Aoba (surname)
Aoba (written: 青葉) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ichiko Aoba (青葉 市子) (born 1990), Japanese singer-songwriter

Kaori Aoba (青葉 かおり) (born 1978), Japanese Go player

Ringo Aoba (青葉 りんご), Japanese voice actress

Yukihiro Aoba (青葉 幸洋) (born 1979), Japanese footballer

Ichiko Aoba
Ichiko Aoba (Japanese: 青葉市子, Hepburn: Aoba Ichiko; born 28 January 1990) is a Japanese folk singer-songwriter and guitarist. She plays multiple instruments including guitar, piano, clarinet, accordion, and flute.

Aoba is known for her acoustic sound and songwriting inspired by her dreams, as well as her use of field recordings, largely owed to frequent collaborator ZAK of Fishmans fame.
Thénia
Thénia (الثنية), sometimes written as Thenia, with around 40,000 inhabitants, is the chief town in the daïra of the same name, in the wilaya of Boumerdès, in northern Algeria. Historically, the name is a contraction of "Theniet Beni Aicha" (ثنية بني عائشة) ("the mountain pass of the sons of Aisha"), the Arabic translation of the Kabyle Berber toponym  Tizi n At Ɛica. The steep-sided pass, which is only about 800 metres (2,600 ft) wide at its narrowest point, is sometimes taken to mark the transition between Mitidja and Grande Kabylie.

Wilayah
A wilayah (Arabic: وَلاية, romanized: walāya or wilāya, plural wilāyat, wilayat; Urdu, Pashto and Persian: ولایت, romanized: velâyat, welāyat; Turkish: vilayet) is an administrative division, usually translated as "state", "province" or occasionally as "governorate". The word comes from the Arabic root "w-l-y", "to govern": a wāli—"governor"—governs a wālāya (or wilāya), "that which is governed". Under the Caliphate, the term referred to any constituent near-sovereign state.
Habib Rahman (architect)
Habib Rahman (1915 – 19 December 1995) was an Indian architect. Regarded as a pioneer of the Bahaus style of architecture in India, Rahman was known for combining Indian architectural elements into modernist designs.

Born in Calcutta, Rahman was educated at the University of Calcutta and later at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After a brief stint in the United States, he returned to India in 1946, and was appointed senior architect for the government of West Bengal. Rahman's work in West Bengal includes the Gandhi Ghat, Bengal Engineering College, and New Secretariat building.

In 1953, Rahman moved to Delhi to work for the central government, and designed various public buildings, including the National Zoological Park, and the Rabindra Bhavan. He also designed the tombs of Maulana Azad, Zakir Husain, and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.

He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1955, and the Padma Bhushan in 1974.

IIEST, Shibpur
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur(pronunciationⓘ) (abbr. IIEST Shibpur) is a public technologicalresearch university located at Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India. Founded in 1856, it is one of the Institutes of National Importance funded by the Ministry of Education of the Government of India. It is regulated by the Council of NITSER. It is the fourth oldest engineering institute in India. In October 2010, the Union Cabinet approved the proposal for the conversion of the Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) at Shibpur to India's first Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST). IIEST is a member of the Association of Indian Universities.
Morisonianism
Morisonianism was the name given to the principles of the Evangelical Union, a Scottish denomination founded by the Rev. James Morison (1816–1893), of Kilmarnock, on his expulsion from the United Secession  Church in 1843, and united with the Scottish Congregational Union in 1897; differed from the older Presbyterianism in affirming the freedom of the human will to accept or reject salvation, and the universal scope of the offer of salvation as made by God to all men; in polity the Morisonians observed a modified independency.

Salvation
Salvation (from Latin: salvatio, from salva, 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation. In religion and theology, salvation generally refers to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its consequences. The academic study of salvation is called soteriology.
Saraqib chemical attack
The Saraqib chemical attack is an alleged attack that was reported to take place in Saraqib in Idlib Governorate in Syria on 29 April 2013. A further attack occurred in February 2018, during which, according to the United Nations Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Investigation and Identification Team (IIT), “at least one cylinder” of chlorine gas was dropped, spreading “over a large area” and affecting at least 12 Syrians on the ground. The IIT attributed the attack to Syrian government military, specifically the Syrian Arab Army's Tiger Forces.

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an intergovernmental organisation and the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which entered into force on 29 April 1997. The OPCW, with its 193 member states, has its seat in The Hague, Netherlands; it oversees the global endeavour for the permanent and verifiable elimination of chemical weapons.

The organisation promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention, which prohibits the use of chemical weapons and requires their destruction. Verification consists both of evaluation of declarations by member states and onsite inspections.

The organisation was awarded the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons". Nobel Committee chairman Thorbjørn Jagland said, "The conventions and the work of the OPCW have defined the use of chemical weapons as a taboo under international law".
1972 USSR Chess Championship
The 1972 Soviet Chess Championship was the 40th edition of USSR Chess Championship. Held from 16 November to 19 December 1972 in Baku. The tournament was won by Mikhail Tal. The final were preceded by semifinals events at Chelyabinsk, Uzhgorod, Kaliningrad and Odessa.

Uzhhorod
Uzhhorod is a city on the Uzh River in western Ukraine, on the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistant from the Baltic, the Adriatic and the Black Sea (650–690 km) making it the most inland city in this part of Europe. It is the administrative center of Zakarpattia Oblast (region), as well as the administrative center of Uzhhorod Raion (district) within the oblast.  Its population is 115,449 (2022 estimate).
Alex Dezen
Alex Dezen is a platinum-selling songwriter, producer, mixing engineer, solo artist, and the lead singer and songwriter for the American rock and roll band The Damnwells. He holds an MFA degree in English from The University of Iowa's Iowa Writers' Workshop, where he was a Jeffrey G. and Victoria J. Edwards Fellow. As a platinum-selling songwriter, he has written and released songs for artists such as Justin Bieber, Robin Thicke, JoJo (singer), Matt Hires, Court Yard Hounds, The Veronicas, and others. He has also written for and worked with a number of additional artist such as The Dixie Chicks, Dave Grohl, Gary Louris of The Jayhawks, Sara Bareilles, Christina Perri, Genevieve Schatz of Company of Thieves, Simple Plan, Jesse & Joy, Bun E. Carlos and many others. He is currently signed to Warner Chappell Music.

Warner Chappell Music
Warner Chappell Music, Inc. is an American music publishing company and a subsidiary of the Warner Music Group. Warner Chappell Music's catalog consists of over 1.4 million compositions and 150,000 composers, with offices in over 40 countries.

It was formed in 1987 when Warner Music Group acquired Chappell & Co. and combined it with its existing music publishing division. Although the company previously had sheet music publishing activities, these were sold in 2005 and the company now focuses on music licensing and related services.
43 Masonic
The 43 Masonic is a north–south bus line operated by the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA, or Muni). Considered by some locals as one of Muni's most scenic bus routes, the line runs from the Excelsior District to Fort Mason through the Presidio, Pacific Heights, the Haight–Ashbury, Forest Hill, and Ingleside.

Haight-Ashbury
Haight-Ashbury (/ˌheɪt ˈæʃbɛri, -bəri/) is a district of San Francisco, California, named for the intersection of Haight and Ashbury streets. It is also called the Haight and the Upper Haight. The neighborhood is known as one of the main centers of the counterculture of the 1960s.
Alexander Echenique
Alexander Echenique (born 11 November 1971) is a Venezuelan former footballer. He played in 17 matches for the Venezuela national football team from 1993 to 1997. He was also part of Venezuela's squad for the 1993 Copa América tournament.

1993 Copa América
The 1993 Copa América was the 36th Copa América, CONMEBOL's football tournament for national teams. It was held in Ecuador between 15 June and 4 July. All 10 CONMEBOL members took part, but for the first time two nations from outside CONMEBOL were invited to take part in the tournament, to round out the format. Mexico and the United States, both of CONCACAF, were the invited teams for this tournament. Argentina defeated Mexico in the final 2–1 to win their record 14th continental championship, also their last senior title until 2021.

It was the first edition of the Copa América in which neither Brazil nor Uruguay finished in the top four. This next occurred in 2015.
4th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)
The 4th Cavalry Corps was a cavalry corps of the Soviet Red Army, formed three times.

The corps first existed between 1928 and 1938 in the North Caucasus as a territorial unit, and was a Cossack unit for the last two years of its existence. Reformed in June 1938, the corps fought in the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 and converted into a mechanized corps in the summer of 1940. Reformed in Central Asia in January 1941, the corps served in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in August of that year, returning to Central Asia in the fall of 1941 to receive three new cavalry divisions. It remained there until September 1942, when it departed for the Stalingrad Front. During Operation Uranus, the Soviet counteroffensive in the Battle of Stalingrad, the 4th Cavalry Corps was intended to act as an exploitation force, but due to being understrength it was surrounded and suffered heavy losses in November and December. Its remnants did not disband until May and June 1943.

Ivan Kosogov
Ivan Dmitriyevich Kosogov (Russian: Иван Дмитриевич Косогов, 1891 – 1 August 1938) was a Soviet Komkor (corps commander). He fought on the side of the Bolsheviks against the White movement during the Russian Civil War. He was a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner. During the Great Purge, he was arrested in 1937 and executed the following year at the Kommunarka shooting ground.
Phyllergates
The species of tailorbirds listed below are small birds of the genus  Phyllergates .  They were previously placed in the Old World warbler family Sylviidae. However, recent research suggests they more likely belong in the Cettiidae.

They occur in the Old World tropics, principally in Asia.

These warblers are usually brightly colored, with green or grey upperparts and yellow white or grey underparts. They often have chestnut on the head.

Tailorbirds have short rounded wings, short tails, strong legs and long curved bills. The tail is typically held upright, like a wren. They are typically found in open woodland, scrub and gardens.

Tailorbirds get their name from the way their nest is constructed. The edges of a large leaf are pierced and sewn together with plant fibre or spider's web to make a cradle in which the actual grass nest is built.

Old World
The "Old World" (Latin: Mundus vetus) is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously thought of by the Europeans as the entire world, with the "New World", a term for the newly encountered lands of the Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.