hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Luca Trevisan
Luca Trevisan (21 July 1971 – 19 June 2024) was an Italian professor of computer science at Bocconi University in Milan.

His research area was theoretical computer science, focusing on randomness, cryptography, probabilistically checkable proofs, approximation, property testing, spectral graph theory, and sublinear algorithms. He also ran a blog, in theory, about theoretical computer science.

Spectral graph theory
In mathematics, spectral graph theory is the study of the properties of a graph in relationship to the characteristic polynomial, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors of matrices associated with the graph, such as its adjacency matrix or Laplacian matrix.

The adjacency matrix of a simple undirected graph is a real symmetric matrix and is therefore orthogonally diagonalizable; its eigenvalues are real algebraic integers.

While the adjacency matrix depends on the vertex labeling, its spectrum is a graph invariant, although not a complete one.

Spectral graph theory is also concerned with graph parameters that are defined via multiplicities of eigenvalues of matrices associated to the graph, such as the Colin de Verdière number.
Canadians in Hong Kong
Like their American counterparts, a significant number of Canadians live and work in Hong Kong. In February 2011 research from the Asia Pacific Foundation, conducted with Hong Kong Baptist University, suggests there are at least 295,000 Canadians in Hong Kong, which is more than the population of places like Regina or Saskatoon. Nearly 85% of Canadians in Hong Kong were born in Canada, a figure higher than in Canada itself (80.2%). This represents the third largest community of Canadians, after Canada itself and the United States. The overwhelming majority of these are ethnic Chinese.

The government of Hong Kong does not recognise dual nationals originally from Hong Kong as Canadian citizens, so that government circa 2014 counted about 16,000 Canadians in Hong Kong, while the Consulate-General of Canada in Hong Kong counted 300,000 Canadians.

Lydia Shum
Lydia Shum Din-ha or Lydia Sum Tin-ha (Chinese: 沈殿霞; 21 July 1945 – 19 February 2008) was a Hong Kong comedian, emcee, actress and singer. Known for her portly figure, signature dark-rimmed glasses and bouffant hairstyle, she was affectionately known to peers and fans as Fei-fei (肥肥, lit. "Fat Fat" or "Fatty") or Fei Jie (肥姐 lit. "Fat Sister").
Despina Zapounidou
Despina Zapounidou (Greek: Δέσποινα Ζαπουνίδου; born 5 October 1985 in Thessaloniki) is a Greek race walker. She competed in the 20 kilometres event at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics. She holds two Greek records: 1:37:40.59 hours for the 20,000 m track walk and 12:35.16 minutes for the 3000 m indoor walk.

As a junior athlete, she was 12th in the 10,000 m track walk at the 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics and fifth in the 10 km road walk at the 2004 IAAF World Race Walking Cup. She entered the senior 20 km event at the 2006 and 2008 Race Walking Cup but failed to finish on both occasions. She also failed to finish at the 2005 Universiade and the 2013 European Race Walking Cup.

From 2017 to 2021, Zapounidou served a four-year competition ban for violating anti-doping regulations.

2006 IAAF World Race Walking Cup
he 2006 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held on 13 and 14 May 2006 in the streets of A Coruña, Spain.
Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results was given for the IAAF.

Complete results were published.
Dark-sided thrush
The dark-sided thrush (Zoothera marginata) is a species of bird in the thrush family Turdidae. It is also known as the lesser brown thrush, the long-billed ground-thrush, and the dark-sided ground-thrush. The species is monotypic (lacking subspecies) and is closely related to a number of thrushes in the genus Zoothera, including the long-billed thrush and the widespread scaly thrush. It was described by Edward Blyth in 1847 based upon a specimen collected in Rakhine in Burma (Myanmar).

Thrush (bird)
The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World flycatchers. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.
East Lyn Valley
East Lyn Valley is a valley of Exmoor, covering northern Devon and western Somerset, England.

The East Lyn River is formed from several main tributaries including Hoar Oak Water beginning near Weir Water. Its mouth is at Lynmouth at the confluence with the West Lyn River. The valley is abundant with wildlife, including dippers, grey wagtails and heron. During the Ice Age glacial erosion eroded one side of the valley resulting in the steep valley which is seen today. This was responsible for floods in the valley in 1952.

The area was the setting for Lorna Doone by R. D. Blackmore and James Herbert's The Secret of Crickley Hall.  The church at Oare appeared in the novel. St Brendan's church in the village of Brendon also overlooks the valley; the current building dates to 1738.

West Lyn River
The West Lyn is a river in England which rises high in Exmoor, Somerset, and joins the East Lyn at Lynmouth in Devon.

The upper reaches have been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of the geomorphological landforms created in the 1952 flood.

The lower reaches of the river towards Lynmouth, known as the Glen Lyn Gorge, is a tourist attraction including a museum about the local water cycle, the floods of 1952, and a small hydroelectric plant.

Water is piped from the river to power the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway, a water-balance funicular railway.
2016 Auto GP Formula Open Championship
The 2016 Auto GP Formula Open was the seventh and final year of the Auto GP, and the seventeenth season of the former Euroseries 3000. The championship was due to on 9 April at Misano and should have finished on 16 October in Mugello after six double-header rounds. For the first round, the championship was open to all the single-seaters from 2 to 4 liters, such as Formula One, GP2, World Series, International Formula 3000, Formula Masters and Formula 3 cars. After the first round, Auto GP merged with the BOSS GP Series due to a number of teams and drivers moving over.

World Series Formula V8 3.5
The World Series Formula V8 3.5, formerly the World Series by Nissan from 1998 to 2004, the Formula Renault 3.5 Series from 2005 to 2015 and the Formula V8 3.5 in 2016 and 2017, was a motor racing series promoted by RPM Racing (1998–2004) and Renault Sport (2005–2015).
Fold (higher-order function)
In functional programming, a fold is a higher-order function that analyzes a recursive data structure and, through use of a given combining operation, recombines the results of recursively processing its constituent parts, building up a return value. Fold is also termed as reduce, accumulate, aggregate, compress, or inject. Typically, a fold is presented with a combining function, a top node of a data structure, and possibly some default values to be used under certain conditions. The fold then proceeds to combine elements of the data structure's hierarchy, using the function in a systematic way.

Folds are in a sense dual to unfolds, which take a seed value and apply a function corecursively to decide how to progressively construct a corecursive data structure, whereas a fold recursively breaks that structure down, replacing it with the results of applying a combining function at each node on its terminal values and the recursive results (catamorphism, versus anamorphism of unfolds).

Terminal and nonterminal symbols
In formal languages, terminal and nonterminal symbols are parts of the vocabulary under a formal grammar. Vocabulary is a finite, nonempty set of symbols. Terminal symbols are symbols that cannot be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary. Nonterminal symbols are symbols that can be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary by the production rules under the same formal grammar.

A formal grammar defines a formal language over the vocabulary of the grammar.

In the context of formal language, the term vocabulary is more commonly known as alphabet. Nonterminal symbols are also called syntactic variables.
Susanna Dalton
Susanna Dalton is an American actress, who made her TV debut in 1979 in the Show Delta House as Mandy Pepperidge. She also played C.C. Brandt in Stunts Unlimited (1980), Gloria in Paternity (1981) and Nancy Barwood in A Little Sex (1982). She now teaches at the Westchester Conservatory of Music and resides in New York City.  She grew up in Havertown, PA, graduating from Haverford High School in 1972.  She is known for her distinctive husky voice and does many voice overs.

Haverford High School
Haverford Senior High School is the public high school of Haverford Township, Pennsylvania, United States, operated by the School District of Haverford Township. It is at 200 Mill Road in Havertown. The school serves the entirety of Haverford Township, including all of the unincorporated community of "Havertown" (a place name created by the United States Postal Service to designate ZIP code 19083, which is wholly within Haverford Township), and the Haverford Township portions of the unincorporated communities of Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Ardmore, Drexel Hill, and Wynnewood.
Pleah sach ko
Pleah sach ko (Khmer: ភ្លាសាច់គោ) is a Cambodian ceviche consisting of thinly sliced raw beef cured in lime juice flavoured with palm sugar, lemongrass and garlic, mixed with shallots, bean sprouts, mint and Asian basil leaves in a dressing made out of prahok, fish sauce, lime juice, palm sugar, garlic and bird's eye chilli, and garnished with roasted peanuts.

A salad, where the beef is marinated for a shorter time and seared is called nhoam sach ko.

Garnish (cooking)
A garnish is an item or substance used as a decoration or embellishment accompanying a prepared food dish or drink. In many cases, it may give added or contrasting flavor.  Some garnishes are selected mainly to augment the visual impact of the plate, while others are selected specifically for the flavor they may impart. This is in contrast to a condiment, a prepared sauce added to another food item primarily for its flavor. A food item which is served with garnish may be described as being garni, the French term for "garnished."

The difference between garnish and decoration, is garnish is edible.  For example, plastic grass for sushi presentation is considered a decoration, not a garnish.
Kadish
Kadish is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alan Kadish (born 1956), American cardiologist, academic administrator

Ben-Ami Kadish (1923–2012), U.S. Army mechanical engineer and agent for Israel

George Kadish (1910–1997), Lithuanian photographer

Karl Kadish (born 1945), American chemist

Kevin Kadish (born 1971), American songwriter

Mark J. Kadish, American judge

Mike Kadish (born 1950), American football player

Reuben Kadish (1913–1992), American artist

Ronald T. Kadish (born 1948), U.S. Air Force general

Sanford Kadish (1921–2014), American criminal law scholar

Sharman Kadish (born 1959), British Jewish historian

Sanford Kadish
Sanford "Sandy" H. Kadish (September 7, 1921 – September 5, 2014) was an American criminal law scholar and theorist.  He specialised in criminology and criminal law theory, and was one of the drafters of the American Model Penal Code.
Nasibo
Nasibo (also spelled as Naseebo) is a 1994 Indian Punjabi-language film, directed by Manmohan Singh, starring Raj Babbar, Kavita Kamal (Kimi Verma), Preeti Sapru, Amitoj Maan and others. Gurdas Maan gave a special appearance.

Priti Sapru
Priti Sapru (also spelled Preeti Sapru) is an Indian actress known for her works in Punjabi and Hindi cinema. She appeared in a number of films, including Nimmo, and Qurbani Jatt Di, among others, with actors Veerendra, Gurdas Maan and Raj Babbar.
Court of Referees
The Court of Referees is a twelve-member committee of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, established in 1865. It is tasked with considering the rights of a petitioner (until 2017 known as their locus standi) to argue against a private bill, in cases where the promoters of the bill have challenged that right.

It is chaired by the Chairman of Ways and Means (the principal Deputy Speaker). The other members are the other two Deputy Speakers, the Speaker's Counsel (the Speaker's legal adviser) and eight backbench MPs.

Three of the court's members, or referees, form a quorum. The court meets rarely; Erskine May reporting in 2021 that "The court met once in 2016; prior to that meeting, it had last met in 2002".

Quorum
A quorum is the minimum number of members of a group necessary to constitute the group at a meeting. In a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature), a quorum is necessary to conduct the business of that group.  In contrast, a plenum is a meeting of the full (or rarely nearly full) body. A body, or a meeting or vote of it, is quorate if a quorum is present (or casts valid votes).

The term quorum is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin quorum, "of whom", genitive plural of qui, "who". As a result, quora as plural of quorum is not a grammatically well-formed Latin-language construction. In modern times, a quorum might be defined as the minimum number of voters needed for a valid election. Quorums are often part of parliamentary procedure.
Benjamin Yate Ashwell
Benjamin Yate Ashwell (26 May 1810 – 29 September 1883) was an Anglican missionary and a member of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) mission in New Zealand in the 19th century. He was missionary to the Māori in the western Waikato region. In 1839 he was sent to Kaitotehe, near Mount Taupiri, where he established the Kaitotehe Mission, with branch missions at Te Awamutu and Otawhao in the valley of the Waipā River.

St John's College, Auckland
The College of St John the Evangelist or St John's Theological College is the residential theological college of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia.

The site at Meadowbank in Auckland is the base for theological education for the three Tikanga of the Province with ministry formation onsite as well as diploma level teaching in the regions across New Zealand and Polynesia.  The College has partnerships with various other tertiary providers of degrees in theology.

The College was established in 1843 by George Augustus Selwyn, Bishop of New Zealand, initially at Te Waimate mission.

The College, through the St John's College Trust Board, is one of the best endowed theological colleges in the Anglican Communion, with assets in 2014 of NZ$293m. It was subject to a critical review of its financial sustainability in 2014.
Houghton Island
Houghton Island is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and the easternmost island in the Cole Islands group and National Park. It is located approximately 100 km south-east of Cape Melville, Queensland and measures approximately 73 hectares, or 0.73 square km, in size.

Houghton Island is a vegetated sand cay located 25 km from the coast, well established with coconut palms and sisal that provide a habitat for a number of roosting birds and green turtles and hawksbill turtles.

Cape Melville
Cape Melville is a headland on the eastern coast of the Cape York Peninsula in Australia. To its west lies Princess Charlotte Bay. It is part of the Cape Melville National Park. Cape Melville was named Stoney Cape in 1815 by Lieutenant Charles Jeffreys on the HM Kangaroo but later renamed by him as Cape Melville

Pipon Island is about six km north of the cape and Hales Island about two km east, both part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. King Island lies several kilometres to the north west of the cape.  The highest peak on the cape is Abbey Peak, which named in 1901 by Commander Munro. R.N.,  while aboard HMS Dart.

The cape consists of granite outcrops which formed 250 million years ago.
Protobradys
Protobradys ("early slowness") is an extinct genus of mammal of unknown affinities from the Early Eocene (Casamayoran SALMA, around 50–48 mya) of Chubut Province, Argentina. It was described in 1902 by prolific Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino on the basis of an isolated left maxilla (upper jaw bone) and an erroneously referred tooth. Ameghino described the genus as the earliest known member of Pilosa (sloths), though this assessment has not been supported and later authors believe that it is a nomen vanum of uncertain affinities within Mammalia.

Pilosa
Pilosa /paɪˈloʊsə/ is a order of xenarthran placental mammals, native to the Americas. They include anteaters and sloths (which include the extinct ground sloths). The name comes from the Latin word for "hairy".
Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2020–21
The Pakistan cricket team toured Zimbabwe in April and May 2021 to play two Tests and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. The tour of Zimbabwe followed on from Pakistan's tour of South Africa. On 28 March 2021, the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) confirmed the tour itinerary, with all the matches being played behind closed doors in Harare.

Pakistan won the first T20I match by eleven runs, with Zimbabwe winning the second match by nineteen runs to level the series. It was Zimbabwe's first win against Pakistan in T20Is in sixteen attempts, and their first win in a home T20I match since beating India in June 2016. Pakistan won the third T20I match by 24 runs to win the series 2–1.

Pakistan won the first Test match inside three days, beating Zimbabwe by an innings and 116 runs. Pakistan won the second match by an innings and 147 runs to win the series 2–0.

Shaheen Afridi
Shaheen Shah Afridi (born 6 April 2000) is a Pakistani international cricketer who plays for the Pakistan national team. He is the captain of the national ODI team and previously captained the T20I team. A left-arm fast bowler, he made his international debut in 2018 and was named the ICC Men's Cricketer of the Year in 2021, becoming the first Pakistani to win the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy. He led Lahore Qalandars to Pakistan Super League titles in 2022, 2023, and 2025, becoming the first captain to win three championships.
Concurrent MetateM
Concurrent MetateM is a multi-agent language in which each agent is programmed using a set of (augmented) temporal logic specifications of the behaviour it should exhibit. These specifications are executed directly to generate the behaviour of the agent. As a result, there is no risk of invalidating the logic as with systems where logical specification must first be translated to a lower-level implementation.

The root of the MetateM concept is Gabbay's separation theorem; any arbitrary temporal logic formula can be rewritten in a logically equivalent past → future form. Execution proceeds by a process of continually matching rules against a history, and firing those rules when antecedents are satisfied. Any instantiated future-time consequents become commitments which must subsequently be satisfied, iteratively generating a model for the formula made up of the program rules.

Logical equivalence
In logic and mathematics, statements  and  are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. The logical equivalence of  and  is sometimes expressed as , , , or , depending on the notation being used.
However, these symbols are also used for material equivalence, so proper interpretation would depend on the context. Logical equivalence is different from material equivalence, although the two concepts are intrinsically related.
Karolina Chrapek
Karolina Chrapek (born 18 January 1990 in Würzburg, Germany) is an alpine skier representing Poland. She competed for Poland at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the alpine skiing events. She finished 17th in the combined, 33rd in the downhill and giant slalom, and failed to finish the slalom and super-G. She also competed at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in 2011 and 2013. In 2011, she finished 20th in the super combined, 33rd in the slalom and 34th in the super-G, while in 2013 she finished 27th in the super combined. Chrapek also competed at the 2013 Winter Universiade, where she finished second in the super-G and third in the downhill.

FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011 – Women's super combined
Complete results for Women's Super Combined competition at the 2011 World Championships. It ran on February 11 at 10:00 local time (downhill) and 14:00 local time (slalom), the third race of the championships. 40 athletes from 18 countries competed.
2009 WNBL Finals
The 2009 WNBL Finals was the postseason tournament of the WNBL's 2008–09 season. The Adelaide Lightning were the defending champions but were defeated by Townsville in the Semi-finals. The Canberra Capitals won their sixth WNBL championship with a 61–58 win over the Bulleen Boomers.

University of Canberra Capitals
The University of Canberra Capitals are an Australian professional women's basketball team competing in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). The team is based in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. In 2014 the University of Canberra Union took control of the Capitals from Basketball ACT. The University of Canberra is the current naming rights sponsor for the Capitals.
Blane (given name)
Blane is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Blane Comstock (born 1949), American ice hockey player

Blane De St. Croix (born 1954), American artist

Blane Gaison (born 1958), American football player

M. Blane Michael (1943–2011), American judge

Blane Morgan (born 1977), American football coach

Blane David Nordahl (born 1962), American cat burglar

Blane Smith (born 1954), American football player

Saint Blane (died 590), Scottish bishop and confessor

Blane Muise (born 1993), English musician

Fictional characters named Blane include:

Blane McDonnagh, a character portrayed by Andrew McCarthy in Pretty in Pink

Blane Morgan
Blane Morgan (born 1977) is an American college football coach and former player. He was most recently the head football coach at Lamar University, a position he held from 2020 until 2022. Morgan played as a quarterback at the United States Air Force Academy.
Labial glands
The labial glands are minor salivary glands situated between the mucous membrane and the orbicularis oris around the orifice of the mouth.

They are circular in form, and about the size of small peas; their ducts open by minute orifices upon the mucous membrane.

Like the parotid and buccal glands, the labial glands are innervated by parasympathetic fibres that arise in the inferior salivatory nucleus, travel with the glossopharyngeal nerve and lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion, where they synapse and then continue to the labial glands. Sympathetic innervation is mediated by postganglionary fibres which arise in the superior cervical ganglion and pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing.

Superior cervical ganglion
The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is the upper-most and largest of the cervical sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. It probably formed by the union of four sympathetic ganglia of the cervical spinal nerves C1–C4. It is the only ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system that innervates the head and neck. The SCG innervates numerous structures of the head and neck.