hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Senna hirsuta
Senna hirsuta, commonly known as woolly senna, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is native to Central and South America, but is naturalised in many other countries. It is an erect or spreading shrub or herbaceous perennial with pinnate leaves, with two to six pairs of egg-shaped leaflets, and yellow flowers arranged in groups of two to six, with six fertile stamens and four staminodes in each flower.

Staminode
In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen.  Staminodes are frequently inconspicuous and stamen-like, usually occurring at the inner whorl of the flower, but are also sometimes long enough to protrude from the corolla.

Sometimes, the staminodes are modified to produce nectar, as in the witch-hazel (Hamamelis).

Staminodes can be a critical characteristic for differentiating between species, for  instance in the orchid genus Paphiopedilum, and among the penstemons.

In the case of cannas, the petals are inconsequential and the staminodes are refined into eye-catching petal-like replacements.

A spectacular example of staminode is given by Couroupita guianensis, a tropical tree growing in South America also known as the cannonball tree.
Permutation matrix
In mathematics, particularly in matrix theory, a permutation matrix is a square binary matrix that has exactly one entry of 1 in each row and each column with all other entries 0.: 26  An n × n permutation matrix can represent a permutation of n elements. Pre-multiplying an n-row matrix M by a permutation matrix P, forming PM, results in permuting the rows of M, while post-multiplying an n-column matrix M, forming MP, permutes the columns of M.

Every permutation matrix P is orthogonal, with its inverse equal to its transpose: .: 26   Indeed, permutation matrices can be characterized as the orthogonal matrices whose entries are all non-negative.

Sign (mathematics)
In mathematics, the sign of a real number is its property of being either positive, negative, or 0. Depending on local conventions, zero may be considered as having its own unique sign, having no sign, or having both positive and negative sign. In some contexts, it makes sense to distinguish between a positive and a negative zero.

In mathematics and physics, the phrase "change of sign" is associated with exchanging an object for its additive inverse (multiplication with −1, negation), an operation which is not restricted to real numbers. It applies among other objects to vectors, matrices, and complex numbers, which are not prescribed to be only either positive, negative, or zero.

The word "sign" is also often used to indicate binary aspects of mathematical or scientific objects, such as odd and even (sign of a permutation), sense of orientation or rotation (cw/ccw), one sided limits, and other concepts described in § Other meanings below.
Street's Disciple
Street's Disciple is the seventh studio album by American rapper Nas, released as a double album by Ill Will Records, Columbia Records, and Sony Urban Music. Originally scheduled for a September 14, 2004 release, the album was ultimately released on November 30, 2004. Named after one of his lyrics from "Live at the Barbeque" by Main Source, the album's cover art was digitally created using photos of Nas to create an adaptation of The Last Supper. The album marked the end of Nas' tenure with Columbia Records after ten years.

Street's Disciple was well received by critics and debuted at number 5 on the US Billboard 200, selling over 232,000 copies in its first week of sales. It was Nas's seventh consecutive platinum record in the United States, having shipped over 1 million copies.

Doug E. Fresh
Douglas Davis (born September 17, 1966), known professionally as Doug E. Fresh, is a Barbadian-born American rapper, record producer, and beatboxer, also known as the "Human Beat Box". The pioneer of 20th-century American beatboxing, Fresh is able to accurately imitate drum machines and various special effects using only his mouth, lips, gums, throat, tongue and a microphone.

In the early 1980s he formed the Lover Boy Crew with DJs Chill Will and Barry B and later added rapper Slick Rick.  Two of their songs "The Show" and "La Di Da Di" are considered early hip hop classics.  "La Di Da Di", in particular, is one of the most sampled songs in music history.
Ronnie Dunn
Ronald Gene Dunn (born June 1, 1953) is an American country music singer-songwriter and record executive. Starting in 2011, Dunn has worked as a solo artist following the temporary dissolution of Brooks & Dunn. He released his self-titled debut album for Arista Nashville on June 7, 2011, reaching the Top 10 with its lead-off single, "Bleed Red". After leaving Arista Nashville in 2012, Dunn founded Little Will-E Records. On April 8, 2014, Ronnie Dunn released his second solo album, Peace, Love, and Country Music through Little Will-E Records. On November 11, 2016, he released his third album Tattooed Heart on NASH Icon label. His fourth album Re-Dunn was released on January 10, 2020.

In 2019, Dunn was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame as a member of Brooks & Dunn.

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, is one of the world's largest museums and research centers dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of American country music. Chartered in 1964, the museum has amassed one of the world's most extensive musical collections.
Attimis
Attimis (Friulian: Atimis; German: Attems; Slovene: Ahten) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Udine.

Attimis borders the following municipalities: Faedis, Nimis, Povoletto, Taipana.

Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italian: [friˈuːli veˈnɛttsja ˈdʒuːlja]) is one of the 20 regions of Italy and one of five autonomous regions with special statute. The regional capital is Trieste on the Gulf of Trieste, a bay of the Adriatic Sea.

Friuli-Venezia Giulia has a population of 1,194,095 in an area of 7,924.36 square kilometres (3,059.61 sq mi) as of 2025. A natural opening to the sea for many central European countries, the region is traversed by the major transport routes between the east and west of Southern Europe. It encompasses the historical-geographical region of Friuli and a small portion of the historical region of Venezia Giulia—also known in English as the Julian March—each with its own distinct history, traditions and identity.
Mike Panetta
Michael Joseph Panetta (born July 14, 1971) is a former District of Columbia shadow representative, having served from 2007 to 2013. Though elected by the citizens of Washington, Panetta was not recognized by Congress. A shadow representative is different from a delegate to Congress, an office held by Eleanor Holmes Norton while Panetta was shadow representative. The office of delegate is created by the U.S. House of Representatives and delegates are recognized by that body.

Shadow congressperson
The posts of shadow United States senator and shadow United States representative are held by elected or appointed government officials from subnational polities of the United States that lack congressional vote. While these officials are not seated in either chamber of Congress, they seek recognition for their subnational polity, up to full statehood. This would enfranchise them with full voting rights on the floor of the U.S. House and Senate, alongside existing states. As of 2021, only the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have authorized shadow delegations to Congress.

This is distinct from shadow delegates, who are elected or appointed from subnational polities of the United States to seek non-voting participation in the House. As of 2024, only the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians elect shadow delegates.
Mahmoud Abo El-Nasr
Mahmoud Mohamed Mahmoud Abo El-Nasr  (born 1953) is an Egyptian engineering professor and politician. He was the minister of education in the interim government of Hazem Al Beblawi and held the position in the interim government of Ibrahim Mahlab.

Ibrahim Mahlab
Ibrahim Roshdy Mahlab (Arabic: إبراهيم رشدي محلب, pronounced [ebɾɑˈhiːm ˈɾoʃdi ˈmæħlæb]; born 8 May 1949) is an Egyptian engineer and politician who served as the 52nd prime minister of Egypt from 1 March 2014 until 19 September 2015. Previously he served as Minister of Housing.
Cantilever enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy
Cantilever enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy enables the detection of small amount of trace gases which is vital in many applications. Photoacoustic spectroscopy is one of the most sensitive optical detection schemes. It is based on detecting a gas specific acoustic wave generated that originates from the absorption of light in the medium. The sensitivity of the traditional membrane microphones is limited by electrical noise and the nonlinearity of the displacement of the mechanical sensor at high optical power levels. Conventional membrane microphones can be replaced with optically measured micromechanical cantilevers to enhance sensitivity.

Acoustic wave
Acoustic waves are types of mechanical waves that propagate through matter—such as gas, liquid, and/or solids—by causing the particles of the medium to displace from their equilibrium positions. These waves carry energy and are characterized by properties like acoustic pressure, particle velocity, and acoustic intensity. The speed of an acoustic wave depends on the properties of the medium it travels through and on temperature; for example, it travels at approximately 343 meters per second in air, and 1480 meters per second in water. Acoustic waves encompass a broad range of phenomena, from audible sound to seismic waves and ultrasound, finding applications in diverse fields like acoustics, engineering, and medicine.
Lethrinops leptodon
Lethrinops leptodon is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi where it prefers areas with sandy substrates.  This species grows to a length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) TL.  It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, (Swahili: Ziwa Nyasa) is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.

It is the fourth largest freshwater lake in the world by volume, the ninth largest lake in the world by area and the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. Lake Malawi is home to more species of fish than any other lake in the world, including at least 700 species of cichlids. The Mozambique portion of the lake was officially declared a reserve by the Government of Mozambique on June 10, 2011, while in Malawi a portion of the lake is included in Lake Malawi National Park.

Lake Malawi is a meromictic lake, meaning that its water layers do not mix. The permanent stratification of Lake Malawi's water and the oxic-anoxic boundary are maintained by moderately small chemical and thermal gradients.
KKAT (AM)
KKAT (860 kHz) is an AM radio station broadcasting a talk radio format. KKAT is licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah and is owned by Cumulus Media. The station's studios are located in South Salt Lake (behind the I-15/I-80 interchange).

KKAT broadcasts at 10,000 watts by day but must reduce its power to 196 watts at night because it is on a clear channel frequency reserved for CJBC Toronto, the dominant Class A station on 860 kHz.  During critical hours, KKAT transmits with 3,000 watts.  It uses a non-directional antenna at all times.  The transmitter is off West 2590 South, near the Redwood Nature Area in West Valley City.

CJBC (AM)
CJBC (860 kHz) is a French language, non-commercial, public radio station in Toronto, Ontario. It is the Ici Radio-Canada Première Network's outlet for much of Southern Ontario. The studios are in the Canadian Broadcasting Centre on Front Street West in Downtown Toronto.

CJBC is a Class A station. It runs at 50,000 watts, the maximum power for Canadian AM stations. It uses a non-directional antenna. The transmitter is on Auburn Road in Milton near Ontario Highway 401. CJBC programming is heard on five rebroadcasters around Southern Ontario.
Frederick Fass
Frederick Peter Fass (October 30, 1859 – July 5, 1930) was a professional baseball player.  He was a pitcher for one season (1887) with the Indianapolis Hoosiers.  For his career, he compiled an 0–1 record in four appearances, recording a 10.34 earned run average and no strikeouts.

He died in Burnt Mill, Colorado at the age of 70.

St. Louis Maroons/Indianapolis Hoosiers
The St. Louis Maroons were a professional baseball club based in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1884 to 1886.  The club, established by Henry Lucas, were the one near-major league quality entry in the Union Association, a league that lasted only one season, due in large part to the dominance of the Maroons.  When the UA folded after playing just one season, the Maroons joined the National League.  In 1887 the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers, where they played three more seasons before folding.
The Daffodil Affair
The Daffodil Affair is a 1942 mystery novel and thriller novel by the British writer Michael Innes. It is the eighth in his series featuring John Appleby, a young Detective Inspector in the Metropolitan Police. It takes place during the early years of the Second World War. Like many entries in the series it contains elements of farcical and surrealist humour, and does not follow the standard pattern of the Golden Age detective novel. Like the previous entry in the series, Appleby on Ararat, it is noted for its exotic setting. In the Times Literary Supplement, reviewer Maurice Willson Disher described it as "an incoherent sandwich: alternate slabs of instruction and entertainment".

Farce
Farce is a form of comedy that relies on exaggerated, improbable, or ridiculous situations to entertain an audience. It is typically marked by physical humor, absurdity, satire or parody, improbable scenarios, misunderstandings, and broadly stylized characters and performances.
Crown Point Station
25°30′06″S 134°23′05″E﻿ / ﻿25.5017°S 134.3848°E﻿ / -25.5017; 134.3848﻿ (Crown Point Station)

Crown Point Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Alice Springs region of the Northern Territory.

Central Australia
Central Australia, also sometimes referred to as the Red Centre, is an inexactly defined region associated with the geographic centre of Australia. In its narrowest sense it describes a region that is limited to the town of Alice Springs and its immediate surrounds including the MacDonnell Ranges. Commonly, it refers to an area up to 600 km (370 mi) from Alice Springs, in every direction. In its broadest use it can include almost any region in inland Australia that has remained relatively undeveloped, and in this sense is synonymous with the term Outback.

In a modern, more formal sense it can refer to the administrative region used by the Northern Territory government, as of 2022.

Centralia is another term associated with the area, most commonly used by locals.
Killing of Mitchell Moore
The killing of Mitchell Lee Moore occurred on April 5, 2009, at a Shoot Straight gun range in Casselberry, Florida, United States. Moore was shot in the back of the head by his mother Marie Moore, who subsequently committed suicide.

As investigations indicated that mental illness could have been a reason for the killing, Mitchell's father sued Shoot Straight for allowing Marie inside the shooting range despite having been banned from accessing firearms due to a previous suicide attempt and hospitalization at a mental health facility.

After the suicide of a 26-year-old man at the same venue three weeks later, Shoot Straight banned firearms rentals until the state provided access to background checks, including mental health records.

Suicide attempt
A suicide attempt is an act in which an individual tries to end their own life but survives. Mental health professionals discourage describing suicide attempts as "failed" or "unsuccessful", as doing so may imply that a suicide resulting in death is a successful or desirable outcome.
2/1 game forcing
2/1 game forcing (Two-over-one game forcing) is a bidding system in modern contract bridge structured around the following responses to a one-level opening bid:

a non-jump response in a new suit at the one-level is constructive and forcing for one round,

a non-jump response in a new suit at the two-level is forcing to game, and

a 1NT response to a major opening is forcing for one round and indicates insufficient values to immediately commit to game or bid a suit at the one-level.

The 2/1 game force does not apply to responses by a passed hand, or if there is an intervening call by an opponent. Other responses are per Standard American methods in accordance with partnership agreement.

Hand evaluation
In contract bridge, various bidding systems have been devised to enable partners to describe their hands so that they may reach the optimum contract. Key to this process is that players evaluate and re-evaluate the trick-taking potential of their hands as the auction proceeds and additional information about partner's hand and the opponent's hands becomes available.

Hand evaluation methods assess various features of a hand, including: its high card strength, shape or suit distribution, controls, fit with partner, quality of suits and quality of the whole hand. The methods range from basic to complex, requiring partners to have the same understandings and agreements about their application in their bidding system.
Khongbantabam Ibomcha
Khongbantabam Ibomcha (1955) is an Indian politician from Manipur. He is an MLA from Lamlai Assembly constituency in Imphal East district. He won the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election, representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Imphal East district
Imphal East district (Meitei pronunciation: /ˈɪmfəl or ɪmˈfɑːl/) is one of the 16 districts of Manipur state in northeastern India. In 2011, it was the second most populous district in the state, after Imphal West. In 2016, the Jiribam subdivision, which was an exclave at the western periphery of the state, was separated as an independent district.
We Bury the Dead
We Bury the Dead is a 2024 zombie survival horror thriller film written and directed by Zak Hilditch. It stars Daisy Ridley, Mark Coles Smith, and Brenton Thwaites. The plot centers on a woman desperate to find her missing husband and follows her journey as she takes on grief and the undead.

We Bury the Dead had its world premiere in November at the 2024 Adelaide Film Festival. It had a theatrical release in North America on January 2, 2026, and was released in Australia and New Zealand on February 5, 2026.

Zombie film
A zombie film is a film genre. Zombies are fictional creatures usually portrayed as reanimated corpses or virally infected human beings. They are commonly portrayed as cannibalistic in nature. While zombie films generally fall into the horror genre, some cross over into other genres, such as action, comedy, science fiction, thriller, or romance. Distinct subgenres have evolved, such as the "zombie comedy" or the "zombie apocalypse". Zombies are distinct from ghosts, ghouls, mummies, Frankenstein's monsters or vampires, so this article does not include films devoted to these types of undead.
Aeroflot Flight 6263
Aeroflot Flight 6263 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Krasnodar International Airport to Perm International Airport, with stopovers in Volgograd, Saratov, and Kazan. Shortly before the flight was scheduled to land in Perm on 21 January 1973, the aircraft entered a downward spiral and crashed in Bolshesosnovsky District approximately 91 km (57 mi; 49 nmi) from Perm International Airport, its intended destination. Of the 39 passengers and crew on board the aircraft, four survived the initial crash; however, all survivors had died by the time rescuers arrived at the scene.

Kazan International Airport
Ğabdulla Tuqay Kazan International Airport (Tatar: Казан Халыкара Аэропорты, romanized: Qazan Xalıqara Aeroportı, Russian: Международный аэропорт Казань; IATA: KZN, ICAO: UWKD) is an international airport in Russia, around 25 km southeast of Kazan. With 5.4 million passengers in 2025 it is the busiest airport in Tatarstan and Volga Federal District, as well as one of the busiest airports in Russia and the Post-Soviet States. In 2019 Airport was renamed to commemorate a Volga Tatar poet, critic, publisher, and towering figure of Tatar literature Ğabdulla Tuqay.
2022 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Trieste
The 2022 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Trieste was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 3rd edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Trieste, Italy between 18 and 24 July 2022.

Zhang Zhizhen
Zhang Zhizhen (simplified Chinese: 张之臻; traditional Chinese: 張之臻; pinyin: Zhāng Zhīzhēn; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʈʂáŋ ʈʂɻ̩́ ʈʂə́n]; born 16 October 1996) is a Chinese professional tennis player. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 31 in July 2024 and a doubles ranking of No. 47 in July 2024. As of July 2023, he became the highest-ever ranked Chinese male tennis player. He is the current No. 3 Chinese player. He has won three singles and two doubles titles on the ATP Challenger, and two singles and two doubles titles on the ITF Futures Tour. He won a silver medal in mixed doubles alongside Wang Xinyu at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

In 2021, Zhang became the first Chinese man in the Open Era to play in the main draw at Wimbledon. In October 2022, he became the first Chinese male player to reach the top 100 in the ATP singles rankings. Then, in 2023 in Madrid, he became the first Chinese man to reach an ATP Tour Masters 1000 quarterfinal.
Catton Grove Chalk Pit
Catton Grove Chalk Pit is a 0.6-hectare (1.5-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the northern outskirts of Norwich in Norfolk, England. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

This Cretaceous site exposes rocks dating to the late Campanian, around 75 million years ago, and it is the type site for the Catton Sponge Bed. Its well preserved fossils include many undescribed sponges and important ammonites.

The site is private land with no public access.

Campanian
The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.2) to 72.2 (± 0.2) million years ago. It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.

The Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas. The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved: it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks.
Flower paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe
The American artist Georgia O'Keeffe is best known for her close-up, or large-scale flower paintings, which she painted from the mid-1920s through the 1950s. She made about 200 paintings of flowers of the more than 2,000 paintings that she made over her career. One of her paintings, Jimson Weed, sold for $44.4 million, making it the most expensive painting sold of a female artist's work as of 2014.

Alfred Stieglitz
Alfred Stieglitz HonFRPS (/ˈstiːɡlɪts/; January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form. In addition to his photography, Stieglitz was known for the New York art galleries that he ran in the early part of the 20th century, where he introduced many avant-garde European artists to the U.S. He was married to painter Georgia O'Keeffe.