hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Melchbourne and Yielden
Melchbourne and Yielden is a civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in the county of Bedfordshire, England.

The two parishes of Melchbourne and Yelden (also known as Yielden) were combined in 1934. Until 1974 the parish formed part of Bedford Rural District.

The official name of the parish as recorded by the Office for National Statistics and Ordnance Survey is "Melchbourne and Yielden", but the parish council calls itself "Melchbourne and Yelden Parish Council", using the other common variant spelling for Yelden. Ordnance Survey maps prior to the 1934 parish merger generally used the name "Yelden" for both the village and parish, whereas their maps since 1934 generally call the village "Yelden" but the parish "Melchbourne and Yielden", suggesting that the official use of the spelling "Yielden"  in the merged parish name may have arisen from the 1934 North Bedfordshire Review Order which merged the parishes.

Bedford Rural District
52°08′10″N 0°28′08″W﻿ / ﻿52.136°N 0.469°W﻿ / 52.136; -0.469

Bedford Rural District was a rural district in Bedfordshire, England from 1894 to 1974. It surrounded but did not include the Municipal Borough of Bedford and Kempston Urban District.
Brian Wright (American football)
Brian Wright (born May 12, 1972) is an American college football coach and former player. He became the head football coach for Northern Arizona University in 2024. He was the head football coach at Pittsburg State University from 2020 to 2023. He was the interim head football coach for Florida Atlantic University in 2013. He also coached for Wooster, Walsh, Youngstown State, Montana State, Florida Atlantic, and Toledo. He played college football for Wooster as wide receiver.

Toledo Rockets football
The Toledo Rockets football team is a college football program in Division I FBS, representing the University of Toledo. The Rockets compete in the Mid-American Conference. Toledo began playing football in 1917, although it did not field teams in 1931, 1943, 1944, and 1945. Since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, Toledo has finished in the Top 25 four times with its highest finish coming in 1970 when it ranked No. 12 after finishing 12–0. Toledo has a 12–11 record in bowl games.
Hammerhead (film)
Hammerhead is a 1968 British Eurospy thriller film directed by David Miller and starring Vince Edwards, Judy Geeson and Diana Dors. Its plot concerns a criminal mastermind who attempts to steal NATO secrets, with an American agent hot on his trail. It is based on the 1964 novel of the same title by English novelist James Mayo, and produced by Irving Allen and written by Herbert Baker, who made the Matt Helm films for Columbia Pictures. It was filmed in London and Portugal.

David Miller (director)
David Miller (November 28, 1909 – April 14, 1992) was an American film director who directed varied films such as Billy the Kid (1941) with Robert Taylor and Brian Donlevy, Flying Tigers (1943) with John Wayne, and Love Happy (1949) with the Marx Brothers.

Emanuel Levy wrote in 2009 that Lonely are the Brave (1962), starring Kirk Douglas, "is the most accomplished film of David Miller, who directs with eloquent feeling for landscape and attention to character." Others feel that Miller's best is his 1952 noir thriller and Joan Crawford vehicle Sudden Fear co-starring Jack Palance and Gloria Grahame. Sudden Fear was nominated for four Academy Awards for Best Actress (Crawford), Best Actor (Palance), Best Costume Design and Best Cinematography by Charles Lang but was a box office failure.
Ichirizuka
Ichirizuka (一里塚) are historic Japanese distance markers akin to milestones. Comprising a pair of earthen mounds (tsuka or zuka) covered in trees and flanking the road, they denoted the distance in ri (3.927 kilometres (2.440 mi)) to Nihonbashi, the "Bridge of Japan", erected in Edo in 1603. Ichirizuka were encountered and described by Engelbert Kaempfer, c.1690: "serving as a milestone are two hills, facing each other, which are raised up on both sides of the road, and planted with one or more trees."

Nihonbashi
Nihonbashi (日本橋, Nihonbashi; Japanese pronunciation: [ɲi.hom.ba.ɕi], also romanized as Nihombashi) is a business district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan, which sprung up around the bridge of the same name that has linked two sides of the Nihonbashi River at this site since the 17th century.  The first wooden bridge was completed in 1603. The current bridge,  designed by Tsumaki Yorinaka and constructed of stone on a steel frame, dates from 1911.  The district covers a large area to the north and east of the bridge, reaching Akihabara to the north and the Sumida River to the east. Ōtemachi and Yaesu are to the west and Kyobashi to the south.

Nihonbashi, together with Kyobashi and Kanda, is the core of Shitamachi, the original downtown center of Edo-Tokyo, before the rise of newer secondary centers such as Shinjuku and Shibuya.
Yakub Abu Bakar
Yakub bin Abu Bakar (31 August 1947 – 20 January 2007) was a politician from Brunei who served as the deputy minister of culture, youth and sports between 2005 and 2007, and deputy minister of finance from 2003 to 2004. He was also among the board of directors of Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah from 1992 to 1995.

Ministry of Finance and Economy (Brunei)
The Ministry of Finance and Economy (MoFE; Malay: Kementerian Kewangan dan Ekonomi) is a cabinet-level ministry in the government of Brunei which is responsible for the monetary, fiscal and economic policies and development in the country. It was established immediately upon Brunei's independence on 1 January 1984. It is currently led by a minister in which the incumbent is Hassanal Bolkiah, the Sultan of Brunei, as well as a second minister and two deputy ministers.
Leighton Bennett
Leighton Bennett (born 31 December 2005) is an English former professional darts player who competed in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) and British Darts Organisation (BDO) events. He won the 2019 BDO World Youth Championship. He has received an eight-year suspension from DRA–sanctioned darts events after being found guilty of match-fixing.

Darts
Darts is a competitive sport in which two or more players bare-handedly throw small sharp-pointed projectiles known as darts at a round target known as a dartboard.

Points can be scored by hitting specific marked areas of the board, though unlike in sports such as archery, these areas are distributed all across the board and do not follow a principle of points increasing toward the board's bullseye. Though a number of similar games using various boards and rules exist, the term "darts" usually now refers to a standardised game involving a specific board design and set of rules.

Darts is both a professional throwing sport and a traditional pub game.  Darts is commonly played in the British Isles, and recreationally loved around the world.
Point-to-multipoint communication
In telecommunications, point-to-multipoint communication (P2MP, PTMP or PMP) is communication which is accomplished via a distinct type of one-to-many connection, providing multiple paths from a single location to multiple locations.

Point-to-multipoint telecommunications is typically used in wireless Internet and IP telephony via gigahertz radio frequencies. P2MP systems have been designed with and without a return channel from the multiple receivers. A central antenna or antenna array broadcasts to several receiving antennas and the system uses a form of time-division multiplexing to allow for the return channel traffic.

Radio frequency
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses.  Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
Warrior Women with Lupita Nyong'o
Warrior Women with Lupita Nyong'o is a 2019 documentary about the actress' journey to Benin to learn about the history and culture of an all-woman army, the Ahosi (Ahojie or Ahoji), referred to by early European historians as the Amazons of Dahomey. The film explores the evolution of Lupita Nyong'o's understanding of the Ahosi, from her glorification of the women warriors at the onset of the film to her ultimate comprehension of Ahosi's complicated history at the film's conclusion.

Wakanda
Wakanda (/wəˈkɑːndə, -ˈkæn-/), officially the Kingdom of Wakanda, is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the country first appeared in Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966). Wakanda is located in sub-Saharan Africa and has been depicted as being in East Africa. It is home to the superhero Black Panther.

Wakanda has appeared in comics and various media adaptations, such as in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, where it is depicted as the most technologically advanced nation on Earth.
Temagami Island
Temagami Island, formerly spelt as Timagami Island, is an island in Lake Temagami in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is the largest island within the lake, with Bear Island coming second. The island has many hiking trails that lead into the old-growth forest that is a mix of large white and red pine trees. Temagami Mine, later known as Copperfields Mine, was a copper mine that opened on Temagami Island in 1954. It was considered to be the largest deposit of nearly pure chalcopyrite ever discovered in Canada. The mine closed in 1972.

Temagami Island lies within n'Daki Menan, the homeland of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai, which covers almost 4,000 square miles (10,000 km2).

Temagami Island is also home to Camp Wabikon, an overnight summer camp for youth ages 6–16.

A bright white palladium mercury telluride mineral was discovered on Temagami Island in 1973 called temagamite, named after its discovery locality in Copperfields Mine, originally known as Temagami Mine.

Copper extraction
Copper extraction is the multi-stage process of obtaining copper from its ores. The conversion of copper ores consists of a series of physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes. Methods have evolved and vary with country depending on the ore source, local environmental regulations, and other factors. The copper smelters with the highest production capacity (metric tons of copper yearly) lie in China, Chile, India, Germany, Japan, Peru and Russia. China alone has over half of the world's production capacity and is also the world's largest consumer of refined copper.

Precious metals and sulfuric acid are often valuable by-products of copper refining. Arsenic is the main type of impurity found in copper concentrates to enter smelting facilities. There has been an increase in arsenic in copper concentrates over the years since shallow, low-arsenic copper deposits have been progressively depleted.
Michael Houser
Michael Houser (January 6, 1962 – August 10, 2002) was an American guitarist known as a founding member and lead guitarist of the band Widespread Panic.  He appeared on seven studio albums during his 16-year tenure with the band from 1986 till 2002.  He is also featured on 4 live albums by Widespread Panic as well as several archive releases, live video concerts and compilations.  Two solo albums by Houser were released posthumously.

Capricorn Records
Capricorn Records was an independent record label founded by Phil Walden and Frank Fenter in 1969 in Macon, Georgia. Capricorn Records is often credited by music historians as creating the southern rock genre.
Euphemia (given name)
Euphemia, also spelled Eufemia, is a feminine given name of Greek origin meaning "well spoken", from a combination of the Greek word elements eu , meaning "good", and phēmí, "to speak". Several early Christian saints were called Euphemia. The name was in vogue in the Anglosphere during the 1800s and has traditionally been particularly well-used in Scotland.

Anglosphere
The Anglosphere, also known as the Anglo-American world, is a sphere of influence among Anglophone countries. The core group of this sphere of influence comprises five developed countries that maintain close social, cultural, political, economic, and military ties with each other: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Anglosphere countries are generally aligned with each other on global issues and collaborate extensively in matters of security, as exemplified by alliances like Five Eyes. The core countries of the Anglosphere are either NATO members or designated by the United States as major non-NATO allies.
Hawkmoor Hospital
Hawkmoor Hospital, originally known as Hawkmoor County Sanatorium, was a specialist hospital near Bovey Tracey in Devon, England, founded in 1913 as a pulmonary tuberculosis sanatorium as part of a network of such facilities, instigated by the Public Health (Tuberculosis Regulations) 1912. From 1948, the hospital catered for patients with a range of chest ailments (including tuberculosis), as well as chest surgery, and mental disability patients. From 1973, the facility dealt solely with mental health problems until its closure in 1987.

Sanatorium
A sanatorium (from Latin sānāre 'to heal'), also sanitarium or sanitorium, is a historic name for a specialised hospital for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments, and convalescence.

Sanatoria were often in a healthy climate, usually in the countryside. The idea of healing was an important reason for the historical wave of establishments of sanatoria, especially at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The most common issue treated at sanatoria was tuberculosis (before the discovery of antibiotics). Some sanatoria also treated alcoholism as well as hysteria, masturbation, fatigue and emotional exhaustion. Facility operators were often charitable associations, such as the Order of St. John and the newly founded social welfare insurance companies.

Sanatoria should not be confused with the Russian sanatoria from the time of the Soviet Union, which were a type of sanatorium resort residence for workers.
League of Cambrai
The League of Cambrai was a military coalition against the Republic of Venice formed on 10 December 1508, by the main European powers, the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of France, in order to expand their hegemony over the Italian Peninsula. The League was formalized by two treaties, both signed on 10 December 1508 in Cambrai, first being a dynastic treaty between Habsburg and Valois rulers, and the second being a wider treaty of military alliance against the Venetians. It gave name to the War of the League of Cambrai (1508-1511). In March 1509, the League was joined by the Crown of Aragon, and also by Pope Julius II, who issued an interdict against the Venetians on 27 April. Already in 1510 the League was left by the Pope, who sided with the Venetians. In 1511 the League continued to dissolve, being abandoned by the king of Aragon, and it finally collapsed in 1512 when the emperor concluded truce with the Venetians, thus leaving the French to continue the war alone.

Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana) is located within the Italian geographical region; it extends from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
The peninsula is also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Italian Boot, or Mainland Italy.
Stigmella hakekeae
Stigmella hakekeae is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found in the North, South and Stewart Islands. The larvae feed on Olearia species and are leaf miners. This species pupates in a silk cocoon on the ground underneath its host plant. Adults are on the wing most months of year except for March and April. They have been observed flying during the day near their host plant. There are four or five generations per year. This species is regarded as being widely distributed and locally abundant.

Olearia ilicifolia
Olearia ilicifolia is a shrub or small tree endemic to New Zealand. Common names include: Māori-holly, mountain holly, hakeke or hākēkeke and New Zealand holly. It is a spreading shrub or small tree of the family Asteraceae, and has largely serrated and undulating grey-green leaves. It is closely related to the sub-alpine Olearia macrodonta, with which it shares the names mountain holly and New Zealand holly, however it is much more common than Olearia macrodonta. It is found in lowland and sub-alpine forests from sea level to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).
Jean-Claude Raphael
Jean-Claude Raphael (born 5 March 1973) is a Mauritian judoka.

Raphael represented Mauritius at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 and achieved 9th at the Sydney Olympics in 2000. He is a Commonwealth Games Gold medalist, Indian Ocean Games Gold medalist, African Judo Championship Gold medalist and has competed internationally for many years before retiring from professional competition after the Sydney Olympic Games.

Mauritians
Mauritians (singular Mauritian; French: Mauricien; Creole: Morisien) are nationals or natives of the Republic of Mauritius and their descendants. Mauritius is a melting pot of multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-religious peoples. Mauritian is made up of blended groups of people who come mainly from South Asian (notably Indian), African (Mozambique, Madagascar and Zanzibar), European (White/European Mauritians), and Chinese descent, as well as those of a mixed background from any combination of the aforementioned ethnic groups. Creol-Mauritian is the blending of the different cultures; this is why it is complex to define Creol-Mauritian.
Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
Gianotti–Crosti syndrome (/dʒəˈnɒti ˈkrɔːsti/), also known as infantile papular acrodermatitis, papular acrodermatitis of childhood, and papulovesicular acrolocated syndrome,: 389  is a reaction of the skin to a viral infection. Hepatitis B virus and Epstein–Barr virus are the most frequently reported pathogens. Other viruses implicated  are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus, cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, rotavirus, rubella virus, HIV, and parainfluenza virus.

It is named for Ferdinando Gianotti and Agostino Crosti.

Human parainfluenza viruses
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease. Virions are approximately 150–250 nm in size and contain negative sense RNA with a genome encompassing about 15,000 nucleotides.

The viruses can be detected via cell culture, immunofluorescent microscopy, and PCR. HPIVs lack antiviral drug options and vaccine, remain a major contributor toward the annual burden of hospitalisations among children younger than age 5—being second only to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in this regard—and are the predominant cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (also known as croup).
Kingsley McGowan
Kingsley Marshall McGowan (born December 18, 1992) is an American rugby union player who plays for the United States national rugby union team, and his club rugby with Trinity in Dublin, Ireland. McGowan usually plays at the wing or center positions, but has played a variety of positions in the backs. Despite being born with missing fingers and experiencing a left knee reconstruction in 2012 that required two surgeries, McGowan debuted for the U.S. national team at the 2016 Americas Rugby Championship against the Argentina Jaguars at BBVA Compass Stadium in his hometown of Houston.

McGowan picked up the sport of rugby during his junior year of high school at St. Thomas High School in Houston, Texas. McGowan played for the U.S. national under-20 team for the 2012 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy. McGowan played his college rugby at St. Mary's in California, where he was an All-American and led the team to the 2014 D1A national championship and 2015 D1A national championship.

2016 Americas Rugby Championship
The 2016 Americas Rugby Championship was the first series of the Americas Rugby Championship (sometimes informally called the "Americas Six Nations", a reference to Europe's Six Nations Championship), a new annual western hemisphere rugby union championship. It was contested by Argentina XV (Argentina's secondary national team), Canada, United States, Uruguay, Brazil, and Chile. All matches will be full international test matches with caps awarded, including for Argentina XV players and their opponents, but Argentina XV matches will not count to World Rankings for either team.
Aon noctuiformis
Aon noctuiformis, the aon moth, is the only species in the monotypic moth genus Aon in the family Erebidae. The species is known to live in the US state of Texas. Both the genus and the species were first described by Berthold Neumoegen in 1892.

Berthold Neumoegen
Berthold Neumoegen (November 19, 1845 – January 21, 1895) was a German-born American stock-market investor and amateur entomologist who specialized in the Lepidoptera.

Neumoegen (German orthography: Neumögen) was born in Frankfurt-am-Main where he was educated and known for his fluency in six languages. He became a member of the New York Stock Exchange from May 29, 1879, and was a broker and banker at M. Neumoegen Co., 40 Exchange Place. He collected butterflies and moths from around 1874 and collaborated with entomologists like Harrison Dyar and Herman Strecker. He employed Jacob Doll to curate his private collections and to make collection on trips.  He died from a long drawn tuberculosis infection (consumption). His collections were donated to the Brooklyn Museum and then transferred to the US National Collection.

A species of hesperiid, Agathymus neumoegeni was named after him by Henry Edwards in 1882.
Khar-Us Lake (Uvs)
Khar-Us Lake (Mongolian: Хар-Ус нуур, ᠬᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ, lit. "black water lake") is a lake located in western Mongolia in the Uvs Province between the districts of Ömnögovi and Ölgii. Khar-Us Lake is located south of the city of Ulaangom and about 80 km (50 mi) north of the homonymous and larger Khar-Us Lake in the Khovd Province.

Districts of Mongolia
A district or sum (/sʊm/; Mongolian: сум ᠰᠤᠮᠤ) is a second-level administrative subdivision of Mongolia. The 21 provinces of Mongolia are divided into 330 sums.

On average, each district administers a territory of 4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi) with about 5,000 inhabitants, primarily nomadic herders. Its total revenue is 120 million Tögrög, 90% of which comes from national subsidies.

Each district is again subdivided into bags (brigades; sometimes spelled baghs). Most bags are of an entirely virtual nature. Their purpose is to sort the families of nomads in the district into groups, without a permanent human settlement.

Officially, and occasionally on maps, many district seats (sum centers) bear a name different from that of the district. However, in practice the district seat (sum center) is most often referred to under the name of the district, to the point of the official name of the district seat (sum center) being unknown even to the locals.