hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Log transformation (statistics)
In statistics, the log transformation is the application of the logarithmic function to each point in a data set—that is, each data point zi is replaced with the transformed value yi = log(zi). The log transform is usually applied so that the data, after transformation, appear to more closely meet the assumptions of a statistical inference procedure that is to be applied, or to improve the interpretability or appearance of graphs.

The log transform is invertible, continuous, and monotonic. The transformation is usually applied to a collection of comparable measurements. For example, if we are working with data on peoples' incomes in some currency unit, it would be common to transform each person's income value by the logarithm function.

Statistical inference
Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying probability distribution. Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is sampled from a larger population.

Inferential statistics can be contrasted with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population. In machine learning, the term inference is sometimes used instead to mean "make a prediction, by evaluating an already trained model"; in this context inferring properties of the model is referred to as training or learning (rather than inference), and using a model for prediction is referred to as inference (instead of prediction); see also predictive inference.
Impermanence
Impermanence, also known as the philosophical problem of change, is a philosophical concept addressed in a variety of religions and philosophies. In Eastern philosophy it is notable for its role in the Buddhist three marks of existence. It is also an important element of Hinduism. In Western philosophy it is most famously known through its first appearance in Greek philosophy in the writings of Heraclitus and in his doctrine of panta rhei (everything flows). In Western philosophy the concept is also referred to as becoming.

Eastern philosophy
Eastern philosophy (also called Asian philosophy or Oriental philosophy) includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia, including Chinese philosophy, Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy, and Vietnamese philosophy, which are dominant in East Asia; and Indian philosophy (including Hindu philosophy, Jain philosophy, Buddhist philosophy), which are dominant in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Japan and Mongolia.
Alena Mrnjavčević
Jevrosima (Serbian Cyrillic: Јевросима), or Alena or Aljena (Serbian Cyrillic: Алена or Аљена, Old Cyrillic: Алѣна), also known as Jelena "Lena" Mrnjavčević (Serbian Cyrillic: Јелена "Лена" Мрњавчевић), was a Serbian noblewoman who later became Queen Consort of Serbia, from 1365 until 1371.

Early Cyrillic alphabet
The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is an alphabetic writing system that was developed in Bulgaria in the Preslav Literary School during the late 9th century. The systematization of Cyrillic may have been undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893. It is used to write the Church Slavonic language, and was historically used for its ancestor, Old Church Slavonic.

It was also used for other languages, but between the 18th and 20th centuries was mostly replaced by the modern Cyrillic script, which is used for some Slavic languages (such as Russian), and for East European and Asian languages that have experienced a great amount of Russian cultural influence.
Maryland Route 94
Maryland Route 94 (MD 94) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known as Woodbine Road, the state highway runs 6.25 miles (10.06 km) from the Montgomery–Howard county line at the Patuxent River north to Old Frederick Road near Lisbon.  MD 94 originally extended into southern Carroll County in addition to connecting the western Howard County communities of Lisbon and Florence.  The state highway was constructed from Lisbon to Woodbine in the late 1910s.  MD 94 was constructed from Lisbon south through Florence and from Woodbine north to the village of Daniel south of MD 26 in the late 1920s and early 1930s.  The state highway was extended south and removed from the state highway system north of Lisbon in 1956.  MD 94 was relocated when its interchange with Interstate 70 (I-70)/U.S. Route 40 (US 40) was built in the mid-1970s.  The state highway has two roundabouts, one of which was the first modern roundabout in Maryland.

Patuxent River
The Patuxent River is a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in the state of Maryland.  There are three main river drainages for central Maryland:  the Potomac River to the west passing through Washington, D.C., the Patapsco River to the northeast passing through Baltimore, and the Patuxent River between the two.  The 908-square-mile (2,352 km2) Patuxent watershed had a rapidly growing population of 590,769 in 2000. It is the largest and longest river entirely within Maryland, and its watershed is the largest completely within the state.
2016–17 East of Scotland Football League
The 2016–17 East of Scotland Football League (known for sponsorship reasons as the Central Taxis East of Scotland League) was the 88th season of the East of Scotland Football League, and the 3rd season as the sixth tier of the Scottish football pyramid system. The season began on 3 September 2016 and finished on 13 May 2017. Leith Athletic were the defending champions.

The league was reduced to a 12-team division following the departure of Civil Service Strollers and Hawick Royal Albert who left to join the Lowland Football League, Craigroyston who left to join the Scottish Junior Football Association and Spartans Reserves who withdrew.

Tweedmouth Rangers joined from the North Northumberland League, however Duns resigned before the season began.

Leith Athletic F.C.
Leith Athletic Football Club is a football club based in the Leith area of Edinburgh, Scotland. They compete in the East of Scotland Football League, First Division. First team matches are played at Meadowbank Stadium.

The present club considers itself to be a continuation of the original Leith Athletic F.C., which was founded in 1887. They played in the Scottish Football League in four different spells between 1897 and 1953, but went out of business in 1955. The name was revived at local youth level in 1996. In 2008, Leith Athletic returned to senior football when they amalgamated with Edinburgh Athletic and took the latter's place in the East of Scotland League.
1st Siklab Sports Youth Awards
The 1st Siklab (Spark) Sports Youth Awards, or the 1st Phoenix Siklab Sports Youth Awards, for sponsorship reasons, is an awarding ceremony bestowed upon young Philippine sports personalities aged 17 and below who are excelled in different local and international sports competitions. The Siklab Sports Youth Awards is organized by the PSC–POC Media Group, an organization composed of esteemed sportswriters, both print and online who are covering the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC), the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC), the National Sports Associations (NSAs), and the National Athletes and Teams beat assignments, and it is headed by June V. Navarro of the Philippine Daily Inquirer.

The inaugural edition of the yearly event was originally scheduled for April 2018, but it was later moved to June 27, 2018, set to be held at the Century Park Hotel Grand Ballroom, Malate, Manila.

Philippine Sports Commission
The Philippine Sports Commission (PSC; Filipino: Komisyon sa Palakasan ng Pilipinas) is an agency of the Philippine government that tackles matters concerning sports in the country. The sports agency is independent from the Philippine Olympic Committee, a privately-ran organization that enjoys autonomy from the government.
Crow's Nest, Cornwall
Crow's Nest is a village in Cornwall, England. It is located within the civil parish of St Cleer, on the southeastern edge of Bodmin Moor, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the town of Liskeard.

A Site of Special Scientific Interest, also named Crow's Nest, is located 200m north of the village. It is noted for its geological interest, as well as various species of moss, specifically for being one of only two sites in the world where Cornish path moss (Ditrichum cornubicum) grows, a distinction it shares with the Phoenix United Mine, also located in Cornwall. The SSSI also forms part of Phoenix United Mine and Crow's Nest Special Area of Conservation.

Part of the land designated as Crow's Nest Site of Special Scientific Interest is owned by the Ministry of Defence.

Liskeard
Liskeard (/lɪˈskɑːrd/ ⓘ lih-SKARD; Cornish: Lyskerrys) is an ancient stannary and market town and civil parish in south-east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Plymouth, 14 miles (23 km) west of the Devon border, and 12 miles (20 km) east of Bodmin. The Bodmin Moor lies to the north-west of the town. At the 2021 census the population of the parish of 10,902.
Mykolaivka Raion
Mykolaivka Raion (Ukrainian: Миколаївський район) was a raion (district) in Odesa Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Mykolaivka. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Mykolaivka Raion was merged into Berezivka Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 15,399 (2020 est.).

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of three hromadas:

Andriivo-Ivanivka rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Andriivo-Ivanivka;

Mykolaivka settlement hromada with the administration in Mykolaivka;

Striukove rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Striukove.

Mykolaivka settlement hromada, Odesa Oblast
Mykolaivka settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Миколаївська селищна громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Berezivka Raion, Odesa Oblast. Its administrative center is the town of Mykolaivka.

It has an area of 537.0 square kilometres (207.3 sq mi) and a population of 7,172, as of 2020.

The hromada includes 23 settlements: 1 rural settlement (Mykolaivka) and 22 villages:
Kebero
A kebero (Amharic and Tigrinya: ከበሮ) is a double-headed, conical hand drum used in the traditional music of Eritrea, Sudan and Ethiopia. A piece of animal hide is stretched over each end of the instrument, thus forming a membranophone. A large version of the kebero is also used in Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Christian liturgical music, while smaller versions are used in secular celebrations. The kebero is primarily used in weddings, funerals and other ceremonies. The instrument is made from the hollowed out section of a tree trunk and then hard particles are inserted into it. The shell is then covered with two cow leather membranes, so that one can be tuned higher than the other. A kebero is also used in a worship called wereb. It is mostly done in Eritrea and Ethiopia.

Membranophone
A membranophone  is any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane. It is one of the four main divisions of instruments in the original Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification.

According to Sachs,

The sound is produced by a membrane ["skin" or "head"] stretched over an opening. Most, but not all, membranophones are generally called drums. They are classified according to material,  if it's single or double headed, shape, skin(s), skin fastening, playing positions, and manner of playing.
2005 Down District Council election
Elections to Down District Council were held on 5 May 2005 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used four district electoral areas to elect a total of 23 councillors.

Local government in Northern Ireland
Local government in Northern Ireland is divided among 11 single-tier districts known as local government districts (abbreviated LGDs) and formerly known as district council areas (DCAs). Councils in Northern Ireland do not carry out the same range of functions as those in the rest of the United Kingdom; for example they have no responsibility for education, road-building or housing (although they do nominate members to the advisory Northern Ireland Housing Council). Their 
functions include planning, waste and recycling services, leisure and community services, building control and local economic and cultural development. The collection of rates is handled centrally by the Land and Property Services agency of the Northern Ireland Executive.
Mike Donnelly (American football)
Michael B. "Duke" Donnelly (c. 1952 – October 4, 2017) was an American college football coach. He was the head coach for Muhlenberg College from 1997 until his death in 2017. He also coached for Whitman High School, Albany, East Stroudsburg, RPI, Ithaca, Lafayette, Buffalo, and Columbia. He played college football for Ithaca as a linebacker.

Donnelly also coached track and field for Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Ithaca College.

Donnelly died from Leukemia on October 4, 2017.

RPI Engineers
The RPI Engineers are composed of 21 teams representing Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in intercollegiate athletics, including men and women's basketball, cross country, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, and track and field. Men's sports include baseball, football, and golf. Women's sports include field hockey, and softball. The Engineers compete in the NCAA Division III and are members of the Liberty League for all sports except ice hockey, which competes in NCAA Division I, as a member of ECAC Hockey.
Namur (Chamber of Representatives constituency)
Namur (Dutch: Namen; German: Namür) is one of the 11 multi-member constituencies of the Chamber of Representatives, the lower house of the Belgian Federal Parliament, the national legislature of Belgium. The constituency was established as Namur-Dinant-Philippeville (Dutch: Namen-Dinant-Philippeville) in 1995 following the fourth Belgian state reform. It was renamed Namur in 2003 following the re-organisation of constituencies across Belgium along provincial lines. It is conterminous with the province of Namur. The constituency currently elects seven of the 150 members of the Chamber of Representatives using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2024 federal election the constituency had 390,007 registered electors.

David Clarinval
David Clarinval (French pronunciation: [david klaʁɛ̃val]; born 10 January 1976) is a Belgian politician of the Reformist Movement who has been serving as Minister of Labour and Economy in the De Wever government since February 2025. Additionally he was serving as Minister of Agriculture since October 2020 in both the De Croo government and the De Wever government.  Before that he served as Minister of the Middle Class, SMEs, Self-employed, Social Integration and Urban Policy in the De Croo government.
Boyajian
Boyajian (Armenian: Պոյաճեան) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert A. Boyajian (born 1940), American business leader and founder of the Armenian American Political Action Committee

Garen Boyajian (born 1987), Canadian actor

Hampartsoum Boyadjian (1867–1915), also known as Murad the Great), Armenian militia member and political activist

Tabetha S. Boyajian, American astronomer

Zabelle C. Boyajian (1873–1957), Ottoman Armenian painter, writer, and translator

Boyajian family, the character family depicted in the 2002 American television film A Christmas Visitor

Albert A. Boyajian
Albert A. Boyajian (Armenian: Ալբերտ Բոյաջյան, born June 4, 1940, Aleppo, Syria) is an American business leader, activist for Armenian causes, and philanthropist.

He is the founder and chairman of the Armenian American Political Action Committee (A.A.P.A.C.), which promotes Armenian issues in Washington D.C. concerning free trade, social financial, cultural activities, and cooperation between Armenia and the United States government.
Going Too Far
Going Too Far: the Rise and Demise of Sick, Gross, Black, Sophomoric, Weirdo, Pinko, Anarchist, Underground, Anti-establishment Humor is a 1987 American non-fiction book by British-born humorist Tony Hendra about black humor, what Hendra calls "boomer humor", a twisted style of humor that was popular with the baby boomer generation. Going Too Far was published by Dolphin Doubleday in New York.

In the book, Hendra talks about the history of anti-establishment humor, starting with pioneers such as Mort Sahl and Lenny Bruce and also later comics such as John Belushi and Eddie Murphy. Hendra also discusses improvisational theater groups, including The Second City, and popular anti-establishment magazines such as National Lampoon magazine and Mad Magazine.

The book is also partly a memoir about Hendra's time at National Lampoon magazine. The second half of the book (Part Two–Fusion) is primarily about the magazine and its related projects.

The Second City
The Second City is an improvisational comedy enterprise. It is the oldest improvisational theater troupe to be continuously based in Chicago, with training programs and live theaters in Toronto and New York. Since its debut in 1959, it has become one of the most influential and renowned in the English-speaking world. In February 2021, ZMC, a private equity investment firm based in Manhattan, purchased the Second City.

The Second City has produced television programs in both Canada and the United States, including SCTV, Second City Presents, and Next Comedy Legend. It has been a starting point for many comedians, award-winning actors, directors, and others in show business, including Joan Rivers, Alan Alda, Harold Ramis, Bill Murray, John Candy, John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, Chris Farley, Mike Myers, Steve Carell, Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Stephen Colbert and Jason Sudeikis.
Ferrée River (lac des Eaux Mortes)
The rivière Ferrée flows in the administrative region of Bas-Saint-Laurent, in the province of Quebec, in Canada, in the regional county municipalities of:

MRC of Rimouski-Neigette Regional County Municipality: Rimouski Wildlife Reserve;

MRC of La Mitis Regional County Municipality: unorganized territory Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes (Rimouski county).

The Ferrée river is a tributary of the southwest shore of the Lac des Eaux Mortes which is crossed by the Mistigougèche River; the latter flows to the southwest shore of the Mitis River, which flows northwest to the southeast coast of the St. Lawrence River where it flows at height of Sainte-Flavie and Grand-Métis.

Sainte-Flavie
Sainte-Flavie (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t flavi]) is a parish municipality in the La Mitis Regional County Municipality of Quebec, Canada, located on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, about 3 km (2 mi) northwest of Mont-Joli. It is named after Flavia, a martyred saint.

Sainte-Flavie is the westernmost point of Route 132's loop around the Gaspé Peninsula at which the road intersects with itself.
Petrovskoye, Petrovsky District, Tambov Oblast
Petrovskoye (Russian: Петровское) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Petrovsky District, Tambov Oblast, Russia. Population:  5,710 (2010 Census); 5,993 (2002 Census); 5,828 (1989 Soviet census).

Tambov Oblast
Tambov Oblast (Russian: Тамбовская область, IPA: [tɐmˈbofskəjə ˈobɫəsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Tambov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,091,994.
Star Wars: Threads of Destiny
Star Wars: Threads of Destiny is a 2014 English-language Swedish fan film, created by fans of George Lucas' Star Wars saga. The film takes place after Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, and explores new adventures in a familiar galaxy.

Compared to the average fan film, Threads of Destiny runs long with a length of 110 minutes, and was relatively inexpensive to make, with a final budget between $5,500 and $6,000. The film was released online on February 23, 2014.

Threads of Destiny was originally uploaded to YouTube but was removed for violating copyright laws by Walt Disney Records in 2017.

Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book, book, or video game created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. It is a form of fan fiction. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in quality, as well as in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to full-length motion pictures. Fan films are also examples of fan labor and the remix culture. Closely related concepts are fandubs, fansubs and vidding which are reworks of fans on already released film material.
Nitrovasodilator
A nitrovasodilator is a pharmaceutical agent that causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) by donation of nitric oxide (NO), and is mostly used for the treatment and prevention of angina pectoris.

This group of drugs includes nitrates (esters of nitric acid), which are reduced to NO in the body, as well as some other substances.

Coronary reflex
Coronary reflex is the change of coronary diameter in response to chemical, neurological or mechanical stimulation of the coronary arteries.
The coronary reflexes are stimulated differently from the rest of the vascular system.
Marco Bembo
Marco Bembo was a Venetian diplomat and colonial official in the 1260s and 1270s.

Along with Pietro Zeno, he negotiated the ten-year peace treaty with the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, signed at Constantinople on 4 April 1268. In 1269–1270 he served as one of the castellans of Coron, during which time he dealt with the murder of a Venetian archdeacon by a Byzantine sebastokrator (possibly the half-brother of the Emperor, Constantine), who had been captured on a ship off the Morea. In 1270–1271 he was Bailo of Constantinople, and in 1273–1274 Bailo of Negroponte. In 1275 he was sent on an embassy to Genoa with Giovanni Corner, and in the next year, he was sent to negotiate a new treaty with the Byzantine Emperor, along with Matteo Gradenigo. Gradenigo died during the long negotiations, and the two-year agreement was finally concluded by Bembo alone on 19 March 1277.

Koroni
Koroni or  Corone (Greek: Κορώνη) is a town and a former municipality in Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pylos-Nestor, of which it is a municipal unit. Known as Corone by the Venetians and Ottomans, the town of Koroni (pop. 1,193 in 2021) sits on the southwest peninsula of the Peloponnese on the Gulf of Messinia in southern Greece, 56 km (35 mi) by road southwest of Kalamata. The town is nestled on a hill below a Venetian castle and reaches to the edge of the gulf. The town was the seat of the former municipality of Koróni, which has a land area of 105 km2 (41 sq mi) and a population of 3,600 (2021 census). The municipal unit consists of the communities Akritochori, Charakopio, Chrysokellaria, Falanthi, Kaplani, Kompoi, Koroni, Vasilitsi, Vounaria and Iamia. It also includes the uninhabited island of Venétiko.