hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nicotinate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
Nicotinate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.17.2.1, nicotinic acid hydroxylase, nicotinate hydroxylase) is an enzyme with systematic name nicotinate:cytochrome 6-oxidoreductase (hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

This two-component enzyme from Pseudomonas belongs to the family of xanthine dehydrogenases.

Xanthine
Xanthine (/ˈzænθiːn/ or /ˈzænθaɪn/, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós 'yellow' for its yellowish-white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.

Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation.

It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase.

It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase.

It is also created from xanthosine by purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme.
Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators
The science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators  is a multidimensional ranking of the world's scientists produced since 2015 by a team of researchers led by John P. A. Ioannidis at Stanford.

Scientometrics
Scientometrics is a subfield of informetrics that studies quantitative aspects of scholarly literature. Major research issues in scientometrics include the measurement of the impact of research papers and academic journals, the understanding of scientific citations, and the use of such measurements in policy and management contexts.

In practice, there is a substantial overlap between scientometrics and other scientific fields, including information systems, information science, the science of science policy, the sociology of science, and metascience. Critics have argued that overreliance on scientometrics has created a system of perverse incentives, producing a publish or perish environment that leads to low-quality research.
Charles Heidelberger
Charles Heidelberger (December 23, 1920 – January 18, 1983) was a cancer researcher who developed and patented an anticancer drug called 5-Fluorouracil that remains widely used against cancers of the stomach, colon and breast. He was also director of basic research at the University of Southern California's Comprehensive Cancer Center. He received an American Cancer Society National Award in 1974. Heidelberger served on editorial boards of  various scientific journals: Cancer Research, Molecular Pharmacology, Biochemical Pharmacology, the International Journal of Cancer, In Vitro, and the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.
He served as director for Basic Research of the USC Cancer Center, and was a Distinguished Professor at the University of Southern California. His former home in Madison, Wisconsin, now known as the Dr. Charles and Judith Heidelberger House, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Biochemical Pharmacology (journal)
Biochemical Pharmacology is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier. It covers research on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs and non-therapeutic xenobiotics. The editor-in-chief is Jacques Piette, University of Liege.
Ndu languages
The Ndu languages are the best known family of the Sepik languages of East Sepik Province in northern Papua New Guinea. Ndu is the word for 'man' in the languages that make up this group. The languages were first identified as a related family by Kirschbaum in 1922.

Along with the Arapesh languages, Ndu languages are among the best documented languages in the Sepik basin, with comprehensive grammars available for many languages.

A diagnostic innovative feature in the Ndu languages is the replacement of the proto-Sepik pronoun *wun ‘I’ with proto-Ndu *an ~ *na.

Sepik
The Sepik (/ˈsiːpɪk/) is the longest river on the island of New Guinea, and the third largest in Oceania by discharge volume after the Fly and Mamberamo. The majority of the river flows through the Papua New Guinea (PNG) provinces of Sandaun (formerly West Sepik) and East Sepik, with a small section flowing through the Indonesian province of Papua.

The Sepik has a large catchment area, and landforms that include swamplands, tropical rainforests and mountains. Biologically, the river system is often said to be possibly the largest uncontaminated freshwater wetland system in the Asia-Pacific region. But, in fact, numerous fish and plant species have been introduced into the Sepik since the mid-20th century.
Spring Hill Cemetery (Marlborough, Massachusetts)
Spring Hill Cemetery is a historic cemetery at High and Brown Streets in Marlborough, Massachusetts.  Established in 1675, it is the city's oldest cemetery.  It has about 650 known burials, dating from its establishment to 1977.  It is located on a 2.62-acre (1.06 ha) parcel on a hill just east of the downtown area, and is accessed via a single entrance marked by granite posts at High and Brown Streets.  Burials are laid out generally in rows, with headstones facing west.  There are four earth-covered tombs near the entrance dating to the first half of the 19th century.  Another prominent burial is that of Marlborough's first minister, William Brimsmead (d. 1701).

The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Marlborough, Massachusetts
Marlborough is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 41,793 at the 2020 census. Marlborough became a prosperous industrial town in the 19th century and made the transition to high technology industry in the late 20th century after the construction of the Massachusetts Turnpike. It is part of the Worcester metropolitan area.

Marlborough was declared a town in 1660, and was incorporated as a city in 1890 when it changed its municipal charter from a New England town meeting system to a mayor–council government.
Nicanor of Syria
Nicanor (/naɪˈkeɪnər/; Greek: Nικάνωρ Nīkā́nōr) was a Syrian Greek who lived in the 3rd century BC under Seleucid Empire.

Together with a Gaul named Apaturius, he assassinated Seleucus III Ceraunus during his expedition into Asia against Attalus I in 222 BC. He was immediately seized and executed by order of the general Achaeus.

(Polybius 4.48; Eusebius Armenian text 165.)

Seleucus III Ceraunus
Seleucus III Ceraunus (Ancient Greek: Σέλευκος Κεραυνός, Séleukos Keraunós), later also known as Soter (Ancient Greek: Σωτήρ, Sōtḗr; born 244 or 243 BCE; died 223 BCE in Phrygia), was the eldest son of Seleucus II Callinicus and Laodice II, and for a few years—between 226/5 and 223 BCE—king of the Seleucid Empire. His epithets mean "Thunderbolt" and "Savior," while his birth name was Alexander. In 225 BCE, following the death of his father Seleucus II—who succumbed to injuries from a fall from his horse—Seleucus III succeeded him as king of the Seleucid Empire. In 223 BCE, he was assassinated in Asia Minor by courtiers during a campaign against Attalus I of Pergamon. His brother Antiochus subsequently ascended the throne.
52nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 52nd Infantry Brigade was a formation of the British Army, which was first formed in 1914 as part of Kitchener's Army. The brigade was disbanded in 1919, but reformed in British India during the Second World War and disbanded in 1945. It was again formed in 1982, and existed until 2010.

Kitchener's Army
The New Army, often referred to as Kitchener's Army or, disparagingly, as Kitchener's Mob,
was an (initially) all-volunteer portion of the British Army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914 onwards following the outbreak of hostilities in the First World War in late July 1914. It originated on the recommendation of Herbert Kitchener, then the Secretary of State for War to obtain 500,000 volunteers for the Army. Kitchener's original intention was that these men would be formed into units that would be ready to be put into action in mid-1916, but circumstances dictated the use of these troops before then. The first use in a major action of Kitchener's Army units came at the Battle of Loos (September–October 1915).
QuEST
Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology (QuEST) is a research program, announced by the DARPA Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) in 2008. As a follow-on to the QuIST Program, its goal was to further accelerate development in the field of quantum information science.

Example areas under investigation included:

Shor's factoring algorithm,

Quantum machine learning,

Quantum game theory,

Secure quantum communications,

Quantum ghost imaging and interaction-free measurement, quantum image processing,

Remote sensing, quantum radar and quantum metrology, e.g. entanglement-assisted gravitomagnetic interferometry.

Ghost imaging
Ghost imaging (also called "coincidence imaging", "two-photon imaging" or "correlated-photon imaging") is a technique that produces an image of an object by combining information from two light detectors:  a conventional, multi-pixel detector that does not view the object, and a single-pixel (bucket) detector that does view the object. Two techniques have been demonstrated.  A quantum method uses a source of pairs of entangled photons, each pair shared between the two detectors, while a classical method uses a pair of correlated coherent beams without exploiting entanglement. Both approaches may be understood within the framework of a single theory.
Thee Faction
Thee Faction are a British garage rock/garage punk band from Surrey, England, noted for their explicit socialist agenda. They refer to their music, which incorporates elements of garage rock, pop and rhythm and blues as "Socialist RnB". Their album Up The Workers! was rated one of the Daily Mirror's top twenty albums of 2011.

Socialist Standard
Socialist Standard is a monthly socialist magazine published without interruption since September 1904 by the Socialist Party of Great Britain (SPGB). The magazine is written in a simple, direct style and focuses mainly on socialist advocacy and Marxian analysis of current events, particularly those affecting the United Kingdom. Some articles have been published in party pamphlets.
2011–12 USC Upstate Spartans men's basketball team
The 2011–12 USC Spartans men's basketball team represented the University of South Carolina Upstate during the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Spartans, led by tenth year head coach Eddie Payne, played their home games at the G. B. Hodge Center and are members of the Atlantic Sun Conference.

For the first time, the Spartans were eligible for the Atlantic Sun Basketball tournament and NCAA postseason play, having completed their transition process to Division I.

They finished the season 21–13, 13–5 in A-Sun play to finish in a tie for second place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Atlantic Sun Basketball Tournament to Florida Gulf Coast. They were invited to the 2012 CollegeInsider.com Tournament, their first ever Division I postseason appearance, where they defeated Kent State in the first round before falling to Old Dominion in the second round.

2012 Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament
The 2012 Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament took place from February 29 – March 3, 2012 at University Center in Macon, Georgia. Belmont, in its final year in the A-Sun before moving to the Ohio Valley Conference, won the tournament and with it an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.
HMNZS Kahu
HMNZS Kahu has been the name of the following ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy:

HMNZS Kahu (ML400), a Fairmile B motor launch, 1943–1965

HMNZS Kahu (A04), a Moa-class patrol boat used for training purposes, 1988–2009

HMNZS Kahu (P3571)
HMNZS Kahu (P3571) was a Fairmile B motor launch of the Royal New Zealand Navy.

Originally commissioned on 20 December 1943, with the pendant number Q 411, she was part of the 80th Motor Launch Flotilla. Early in 1944, she went to the Solomon Islands where she served under the operational control of COMSOPAC.

She was recommissioned from 1947 to 1965 as HMNZS Kahu I (P3571)
Penaea sarcocolla
Penaea sarcocolla is a species of shrub in the genus Penaea. It is endemic to the Western Cape, along the coast up to Cape Agulhas and extending inland to Franschhoek, Hottentots Holland Mountains, Villiersdorp and Genadendal. It is also known as the Cape fellwort.

It takes its name from a supposed resemblance to sarcocolla, the Asian source of Persian gum.

Cape Agulhas
Cape Agulhas (/əˈɡʊljəs/; Portuguese: Cabo das Agulhas [ˈkaβu ðɐz ɐˈɣuʎɐʃ], "Cape of Needles") is a rocky headland in Western Cape, South Africa. It is the geographic southern tip of Africa and the beginning of the traditional dividing line between the Atlantic and Indian oceans according to the International Hydrographic Organization. It is approximately half a degree of latitude, or 55 kilometres (34 mi), farther south than the Cape of Good Hope.

Historically, the cape has been known to sailors as a significant hazard on the traditional clipper route. It is sometimes regarded as one of the great capes. It was most commonly known in English as Cape L'Agulhas until the 20th century. The town of L'Agulhas is near the cape.
Kimball House (Atlanta)
The Kimball House was the name of two historical hotels in Atlanta, Georgia. United States. Both were constructed on an entire city block at the south-southeast corner of Five Points, bounded by Whitehall Street (now part of Peachtree Street), Decatur Street, Pryor Street, and Wall Street, a block now occupied by a multi-story parking garage.

Peachtree Street
Peachtree Street is one of several major streets running through the city of Atlanta, Georgia, United States.  Beginning at Five Points in downtown Atlanta, it runs North through Midtown; a few blocks after entering into Buckhead, the name changes to Peachtree Road at Palisades Road. Much of the city's historic and noteworthy architecture is located along the street, and it is often used for annual parades, (such as the Atlanta St. Patrick's Day Parade and Atlanta Christmas Parade), as well as one-time parades celebrating events such as the 100th anniversary of Coca-Cola in 1986 and the Atlanta Braves' 1995 and 2021 World Series victories.
Jean Chastanié
Jean Chastanié (24 July 1875 in Lorient – 14 April 1948 in Paris) was an early twentieth century French middle-distance athlete who specialized in 2500 metres steeplechase. He participated in Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and won the bronze medal in the 2500 metre event. He also won the silver medal in the 5000 metre team race for the French distance team, as well as taking fourth place in the 4000 metre steeplechase.

Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 4000 metres steeplechase
The men's 4000 metres steeplechase was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was one of the first two times that a steeplechase race was held at the Olympics, with the 2500 metres version held one day earlier. The 4000 metres steeplechase was held on July 16, 1900. The race was held on a track of 500 metres in circumference. Eight athletes from five nations competed in the longer of the two steeplechase events. The three medallists from the 2500 metre steeplechase also competed in the 4000.  The only one among them to win a second medal was Sidney Robinson, who added a bronze medal to the silver he had won earlier. The gold medal was won by John Rimmer of Great Britain, which completed a medal sweep with Rimmer, silver medalist Charles Bennett, and Robinson.
Capital punishment in Egypt
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Egypt. The state carried out at least 44 executions in 2016, at least 35 in 2017, and at least 43 in 2018, according to Amnesty International. The method of execution is hanging for civilian convictions, and by firing squad for convictions by commissioned military personnel at the time of duty.

The Grand Mufti of Egypt Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam, is responsible under Egyptian law for reviewing all death sentences in Egypt. Legally, his opinion is consultative and not binding on the presiding court that handed down the death sentence.

Execution by firing squad
Execution by firing squad, historically called fusillading (from the French fusil, rifle), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war. Some reasons for its use are that firearms are usually readily available and a gunshot to a vital organ, such as the brain or heart, most often will kill relatively quickly.
Mount Hodson
Mount Hodson is an ice-covered stratovolcano and the highest point on Visokoi Island, South Sandwich Islands. It might have erupted in 1830 and 1930, and the summit usually steams. Named after Sir Arnold Wienholt Hodson (1881–1944), Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, 1926–1930.

South Sandwich Islands
The South Sandwich Islands (Spanish: Islas Sandwich del Sur) are a chain of uninhabited volcanic islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. They are administered as part of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The chain lies in the sub-Antarctic region, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) southeast of South Georgia and 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) northeast from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula.

The archipelago comprises 11 main islands forming an island arc running north–south, the largest being Montagu at 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi). It is divided into four groups, from north to south: The Traversay, Candlemas and Central Islands (Saunders, Montagu, and Bristol), and Southern Thule.

The archipelago is prone to violent earthquakes. Over the previous century, nine M 7+ earthquakes have occurred here, the most recent being the M 8.1 in August 2021. None of these earthquakes are known to have caused fatalities due to their remote location.
Liril
Liril is a popular soap brand sold, to a large degree, in India, and Asia, as well as a few places in Europe. The soap is currently manufactured by Hindustan Unilever in India. Liril launched a blue variant called Icy Cool Mint in 2002. It also tried launching an Orange variant, called Liril Orange Splash in India in 2004. Neither of these variants created much splash in the market. The company even changed agencies handling the brand, from Lowe to McCann Erickson before going back to Lowe.

Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, emulsifiers, and catalysts.

Soaps are often produced by mixing fats and oils with a base. Humans have used soap for millennia; evidence exists for the production of soap-like materials in ancient Babylon around 2800 BC.
Bacounoun
Bacounoun is a village in Senegal situated in Basse-Casamance, to the south-west of Nyassia. It is part of the rural district (communauté rurale] of Nyassia in the arrondissement of Nyassia, part of the department of Ziguinchor in the region of Ziguinchor.

At the census of 2002, the settlement contained 170 inhabitants in 24 habitations.

Ziguinchor department
Ziguinchor department is one of the 46 departments of Senegal, one of three located in the Ziguinchor region in the south-west of the country.

The department has a single urban commune, that of Ziguinchor

The department is also  divided administratively into two arrondissements, Niaguis Arrondissement and Nyassia Arrondissement which are in turn split into rural communities (Communautés rurales).

Niaguis Arrondissement:
Adéane
Niaguis
Boutoupa-Camaracounda

Nyassia Arrondissement:
Enampore
Nyassia
Sprat's Water and Marshes, Carlton Colville
Sprat's Water and Marshes, Carlton Colville is a 57.1-hectare (141-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the western outskirts of Lowestoft in Suffolk, England. It is part of the Broadland Ramsar internationally important wetland site, and Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds, and part of The Broads Special Area of Conservation. The northern part of the site is Carlton Marshes, which is part of Carlton and Oulton Marshes, a nature reserve managed by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust.

The site has open water, mixed fen, alder carr and wet grazing marsh on thick peat. The diverse flora include a number of uncommon species, and the site is also important for breeding birds.

The Angles Way footpath passes through the site, but some parts are closed to the public.

Alder carr
An alder carr is a particular type of carr, i.e. waterlogged wooded terrain populated with alder trees. They can be found across the United Kingdom, sometimes attracting ash trees should they become drier. Many have developed alongside streams in the New Forest, where the Alder's capacity to thrive in a water logged environment allows them to become the dominant species of tree in these areas. The presence of particular bacteria, Frankia alni, enables their root systems to extract nitrogen from the air, thus making up for the lack of nitrogen in waterlogged soil.

Alder carrs have often been coppiced, whereby cutting away growth at ground level encourages new trunks to grow at ground level. This means the wood can be repeatedly harvested. This wood can then be used to make water pipes, wooden pumps, as well as piles under bridges. Other uses have included charcoal for making gun powder, and filters for gas masks.
Northern Plains National Heritage Area
Northern Plains National Heritage Area is a federally designated National Heritage Area along an 80-mile (130 km) length of the Missouri River in central North Dakota. The heritage area promotes and interprets the scenic, cultural and historic heritage of the region. It extends from Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site to Huff Indian Village State Historic Site The area interprets the history of the Three Affiliated Tribes, the passage of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the fur trade, steamboats on the Missouri and Fort Abraham Lincoln.  It also  interprets the area's association with the Northern Pacific Railroad, as well as the area's heritage in agriculture and energy production.

The Northern Plains National Heritage Area comprises portions of Burleigh, Morton, Mercer, McLean and Oliver counties.

Northern Plains National Heritage Area was established by the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009.

Burleigh County, North Dakota
Burleigh County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 98,458, and was estimated to be 103,107 in 2024, making it the second-most populous county in North Dakota. Its county seat and largest city is Bismarck, the state capital and second-largest city in North Dakota. The county was named for Dakota Territory political figure Walter A. Burleigh.

Burleigh County is included in the Bismarck metropolitan area.
Cha Hyung-won
Cha Hyung-won (Korean: 차형원; Hanja: 車亨元; September 5, 1890 – July 2, 1972), was designated as Ingan-munhwage on 16 January 1967 for the Gangneung Danoje festival, which is one of the Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea. He was specialized in Gwanno-Masque playing, a kind of pantomime. It was a satire of the caste system by members of the gwanno class.

Living National Treasure (South Korea)
A Living National Treasure (Korean: 인간 문화재; RR: ingan munhwajae; lit. human cultural asset) is a South Korean popular term for those individuals certified as Holders of Important Intangible Cultural Properties (중요 무형 문화재 보유자), also known as keepers, by the Ministry of Education as based on South Korea's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (문화재 보호법). The term "Living National Treasure" is not formally mentioned in the law, but is an informal term referencing the cultural properties designated as the National Treasures.