hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Growth model
Growth model can refer to:

Population dynamics in demography

Economic growth

Solow–Swan model in macroeconomics
Fei-Ranis model of economic growth
Endogenous growth theory
Kaldor's growth model
Harrod-Domar model
W.A Lewis growth model
Rostow's stages of growth

Kaldor's growth model
Nicholas Kaldor in his essay titled A Model of Economic Growth, originally published in Economic Journal in 1957, postulates a growth model, which follows the Harrodian dynamic approach and the Keynesian techniques of analysis. In his growth model, Kaldor attempts “to provide a framework for relating the genesis of technical progress to capital accumulation”, whereas the other neoclassical models treat the causation of technical progress as completely exogenous.

According to Kaldor, “The purpose of a theory of economic growth is to show the nature of non-economic variables which ultimately determine the rate at which the general level of production of the economy is growing, and thereby contribute to an understanding of the question of why some societies grow so much faster than others.”
Adarsh Vidya Niketan Secondary School
Adarsh Vidya Niketan is a higher secondary school located at Bhimduttnagar, Kanchanpur District, Nepal. Also known as AVN, it is located in Far-western Development Region. It conducts various programs every week, including social awareness programs. Bhoj Raj Pant is the principal of AVN. Seema Joshi is the coordinator.

The school has a campus at Bhimduttnagar known as Adarsh Vidya Niketan. It is a management college.

2075 Batch photo

2075 12th Batch

Campus
A campus traditionally refers to the land and buildings of a college or university. This will often include libraries, lecture halls, student centers and, for residential universities, residence halls and dining halls.

By extension, a corporate campus is a collection of buildings and grounds that belong to a company, particularly in the technology sector. Examples include Bell Labs, the Googleplex and Apple Park.
Oracle Call Interface
The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) consists of a set of C-language software APIs which provide an interface to the Oracle database.

OCI offers a procedural API for not only performing certain database administration tasks (such as system startup and shutdown), but also for using PL/SQL or SQL to query, access, and manipulate data. The OCI library, based on Oracle's undocumented User Programmatic Interface (UPI), acts as an "interpreter" between applications and the low-level database network protocol.

Language interpretation
Interpretation is translation from a spoken or signed language into another language, usually in real time to facilitate live communication. It is distinguished from the translation of a written text, which can be more deliberative and make use of external resources and tools.

The most common two modes of interpretation are simultaneous, which is performed contemporaneously with the expression of the source language, and consecutive, where the interpreted speech is heard only during associated breaks in the original speech.

Interpretation is an ancient human activity which predates the invention of writing.
National Organization of Black Women in Law Enforcement
The National Organization of Black Women in Law Enforcement, Inc. (NOBWLE) is a United States non-profit organization devoted to furthering the hiring, training, retention, and promotion of females in law enforcement. The organization promotes a spirit of professionalism by preparing women through education and training to keep abreast of current theories and techniques. It is headquartered in Fort Washington, MD, and have chapters in Maryland, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and Newark. The organization holds training conferences throughout the year.

NOBWLE was founded in 1985 by Special Agent Gladys Jones and several others from the Washington, DC Metropolitan area, to give women a network and a voice within their profession. NOBWLE seeks both women and men to help mentor women in the law enforcement community, to give back NOWBLE members' children, to help support families with needs, and to continue being strong role models in order to lift each other up.

Fort Washington, Maryland
Fort Washington is an unincorporated area and census-designated place in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It borders the Potomac River, situated 20 miles south of downtown Washington, D.C. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 24,261. The Fort Washington community is located west of Maryland Route 210, with some additional area to the east of the highway.
Basketball Löwen Braunschweig
Basketball Löwen Braunschweig (English: Basketball Lions Braunschweig) is a basketball club based in Braunschweig, Germany. The club currently plays in the Basketball Bundesliga, the top tier of German basketball. The club's home arena is Volkswagen Halle. Founded in 2001 as Metabox Braunschweig, the club was established as the separated professional team of SG Braunschweig.

TXU Energy
TXU Energy is an American retail electricity provider headquartered in Irving, Texas, serving residential and business customers in deregulated regions of Texas since the deregulation of the Texas electricity market in 2002. A subsidiary of Vistra Corp, it is one of the largest retail electricity providers in Texas.
Joseph Francis Kuhn
Joseph Francis Kuhn (December 24, 1924 – March 10, 1962)  was an American symphonic composer, arranger and conductor, particularly remembered for his sweeping rhapsodies, who was active from the 1950s until 1961, when he retired due to a terminal illness.

Kuhn was born December 24, 1924.  He attended Northeast Catholic High School in Philadelphia and performed with the school band. He graduated in 1942 and joined the U.S. Army 103rd Infantry Division band, which performed for troops during World War II.  While Kuhn was in Paris, he performed with jazz guitarist and composer Django Reinhardt.  Upon his return to Philadelphia after the war, he studied music under the G.I. Bill.  Kuhn had met Anna Marie Hughes while attending high school, and they were married in 1947.  His wife Anna was an operatic singer and performed with the Philadelphia La Scala Opera and the Philadelphia Civic Opera.

103rd Infantry Division (United States)
The 103rd Infantry Division ("Cactus Division") was a unit of the United States Army that served in the U.S. Seventh Army of the 6th Army Group during World War II.

It was variously assigned to the VI Corps, XV Corps, and XXI Corps. By war's end it was part of VI Corps' dash across Bavaria into the Alps, reaching Innsbruck, Austria, taking the Brenner Pass, and earning the honor of linking up with the United States Fifth Army coming north from Vipiteno, Italy, joining the Italian and 
Western European fronts on 4 May 1945.
Nihon Kohden
Nihon Kohden Corporation (日本光電工業株式会社, Nihon Kōdenkōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Tokyo-based leading manufacturer, developer and distributor of medical electronic equipment, which include EEGs, EMG measuring systems, ECGs, patient monitors, Invasive and Non-Invasive Ventilators, Defibrillators, AEDs and clinical information systems, with subsidiaries in the U.S., Europe and Asia. The company's products are now used in more than 120 countries, and it is the largest supplier of EEG products worldwide.

In 1972, Takuo Aoyagi, a researcher at the company, invented and patented the basic principles of pulse oximetry. Two years later he developed the world's first pulse oximeter, the OLV-5100, which has  helped improve patient safety during anaesthesia.

Electromyography
Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph to produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyograph detects the electric potential generated by muscle cells when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. The signals can be analyzed to detect abnormalities, activation level, or recruitment order, or to analyze the biomechanics of human or animal movement. Needle EMG is an electrodiagnostic medicine technique commonly used by neurologists. Surface EMG is a non-medical procedure used to assess muscle activation by several professionals, including physiotherapists, kinesiologists and biomedical engineers. In computer science, EMG is also used as middleware in gesture recognition towards allowing the input of physical action to a computer as a form of human-computer interaction.
Hersham railway station
Opened on 28 September 1936, Hersham railway station is on the London to Woking line and operated by South Western Railway.  The station is 0.7 miles (1.1 km) north of Hersham village centre, adjoined to one side by housing and the other by fields and a golf course. It is 15 miles 73 chains (25.6 km) from London Waterloo and is situated between Esher and Walton-on-Thames.

South West Main Line
The South West Main Line (SWML) is a 143-mile (230 km) major railway line between Waterloo station in central London and Weymouth on the south coast of England. A predominantly passenger line, it serves many commuter areas including south western suburbs of London and the conurbations based on Southampton and Bournemouth. It runs through the counties of Surrey, Hampshire and Dorset. It forms the core of the network built by the London and South Western Railway, today mostly operated by South Western Railway.

Operating speeds on much of the line are relatively high, with long stretches cleared for up to 100 mph (160 km/h) running. The line has four tracks for most of its length between Waterloo and Worting Junction, south west of Basingstoke; most of the rest is double track. A couple of miles from the Waterloo terminus, the line runs briefly alongside the Brighton Main Line west branch out of London Victoria, including through Clapham Junction.
Amelberga of Susteren
Saint Amelberga of Susteren was the Benedictine abbess of Susteren Abbey, Netherlands in the 9th century AD; she died about 900 AD. Her remains are kept in the former abbey church in Susteren, which was dedicated to her in the 19th century. Her feast is celebrated on November 21.

Saint Amelberga of Susteren should not be confused with St. Amalberga of Maubeuge, or the virgin St. Amalberga of Temse.

Susteren
Susteren (Dutch: [ˈsʏstərə(n)]; Limburgish: Zöstere [ˈzœstəʀə]) is a city in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Echt-Susteren, about 7 km northwest of Sittard. It was a separate municipality until 2003, when it was merged with Echt. Susteren received city right in 1276.

Susteren harboured the Benedictine Abbey Susteren, that was founded in the 8th century and was closed at the end of the 18th century. Its Romanesque church was raised to the status of a basilica in 2007 by pope Benedict XVI.
There is a museum ‘t Stift next to the church. Other sights are the Cannon on the market, castle Eyckholt, the mill Dieterdermolen and typical River Meuse valley farms like the Hommelhof.

In 1865, Susteren railway station opened on the Maastricht–Venlo railway line.
Bar 20 Rides Again
Bar 20 Rides Again is a 1935 American Western film directed by Howard Bretherton and written by Gerald Geraghty and Doris Schroeder. The film stars William Boyd, James Ellison, Jean Rouverol, George "Gabby" Hayes, Harry Worth, Frank McGlynn Jr. and Howard Lang. The film was released on December 6, 1935, by Paramount Pictures.

This is the third film in the Hopalong Cassidy series and the first in which George "Gabby" Hayes plays Cassidy's sidekick Windy (not yet "Gabby").

Harry Worth (actor, born 1917)
Harry Bourlon Illingsworth (20 November 1917 – 20 July 1989), professionally known as Harry Worth, was an  English comedy actor, comedian and ventriloquist. Worth portrayed a charming, gentle and genial character, totally bemused by life, creating comedic confusion wherever he went.
Outline of the United Kingdom
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the United Kingdom:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – sovereign country in Europe, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK), or Britain. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain—a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country—the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of four countries – England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, with Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales each having their own devolved government and national parliament.

History of local government in Wales
The history of local government in Wales in a recognisably modern form emerged during the late 19th century. Administrative counties and county boroughs were first established in Wales in 1889. Urban and rural districts were formed in 1894. These were replaced in 1974 by a two-tier authority system across the country comprising eight counties and, within them, thirty-seven districts. This system was itself replaced by the introduction of 22 single-tier authorities in 1996.
Mullen Automotive
Bollinger Innovations, formerly Mullen Automotive, Inc., was an American automotive and electric vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Brea, California. Its products include passenger electric vehicles and commercial vehicles. The company is primarily involved in rebadging Chinese captive imports such as the Mullen Campus, Mullen One, Mullen Three, Mullen Go, and Mullen GT lines. The company intended to field a luxury vehicle, the Mullen Five, then pivot to all-consumer electric vehicle models. Development of the Mullen Five was cancelled in 2024. For the 12 months period ending September 30th 2024, Mullen lost 506 million dollars on revenue of 1 million dollars, and at the end of the period the company had 10 million dollars in cash. The company was delisted from Nasdaq in October 2025 and soon after placed into receivership.

Brea, California
Brea (/ˈbreɪə/ BRAY-uh; Spanish for 'tar') is a city in northern Orange County, California, United States. The population as of the 2020 census was 47,325. It is 33 miles (53 km) southeast of Los Angeles. Brea is part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area.

The city began as a center of crude oil production and was later propelled by citrus production. It is a significant retail center, including the Carbon Canyon Dam, Carbon Canyon Regional Park, Brea Mall and downtown Brea. The city has an extensive public art program that began in 1975 and has over 140 artworks placed throughout the city.
Literary language
Literary language is the register of a language used when writing in a formal, academic, or particularly polite tone; when speaking or writing in such a tone, it can also be known as formal language. It may be the standardized variety of a language. It can sometimes differ noticeably from the various spoken lects, but the difference between literary and non-literary forms is greater in some languages than in others. If there is a strong divergence between a written form and the spoken vernacular, the language is said to exhibit diglossia.

The understanding of the term differs from one linguistic tradition to another and is dependent on the terminological conventions adopted.

Dzongkha
Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ་ [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]), also known by its exonym Bhutanese, is a Tibeto-Burman language in the Sino-Tibetan language family that is primarily spoken by the Bhutanese people. It is the official and national language of Bhutan, and is written using the Tibetan script.

The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.

Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan.
Shooting Times
Shooting Times & Country Magazine, more commonly known as the Shooting Times, is a British shooting, fieldsports, and conservation magazine, published by Time Well Spent Group. The magazine also features articles on fishing, deer stalking, gamekeeping, gundogs, cookery, and conservation.

The magazine was sold by former owner Future plc to Fieldsports Press Ltd in 2023.

Fieldsports Press Ltd rebranded as Time Well Spent Group in 2024.

Shooting
Shooting is the act or process of discharging a projectile from a ranged weapon (such as a gun, bow, crossbow, slingshot, or blowpipe). Even the acts of launching flame, artillery, darts, harpoons, grenades, rockets, and guided missiles can be considered acts of shooting.  When using a firearm, the act of shooting is often called firing as it involves initiating a combustion (deflagration) of chemical propellants.

Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field, in shooting sports, hunting, or in combat.  The person involved in the shooting activity is called a shooter.  A skilled, accurate shooter is a marksman or sharpshooter, and a person's level of shooting proficiency is referred to as their marksmanship.
Wyre (UK Parliament constituency)
53°59′06″N 2°45′47″W﻿ / ﻿53.985°N 2.763°W﻿ / 53.985; -2.763

Wyre was a parliamentary constituency in the Wyre district of Lancashire. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1983 until it was abolished for the 1997 general election. It was then partially replaced by the new constituency of Lancaster and Wyre.

Lancaster and Wyre
53°53′53″N 2°48′45″W﻿ / ﻿53.898°N 2.8126°W﻿ / 53.898; -2.8126

Lancaster and Wyre is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom since its recreation in 2024 by Cat Smith of Labour Party. The seat was originally established in 1997 but was replaced by Lancaster and Fleetwood from 2010 to 2024.
Ellezelles
Ellezelles (French pronunciation: [ɛlzɛl] ⓘ; Dutch: Elzele; Picard: Elzîle; Walloon: Elziele) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

It consists of the following districts: Ellezelles, Lahamaide, and Wodecq. Bordering Flanders, the town is home to a minority of Dutch-speakers.

The village archives contain a document "attesting" to the birth of Hercule Poirot on 1 April 1850.

Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.
Utleya
Utleya is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Ericaceae. It only contains one known species, Utleya costaricensis.

It is native to Costa Rica.

The genus name of Utleya is in honour of Kathleen Burt-Utley (b. 1944) and her husband John F. Utley (b. 1944), both American botanists at the University of Florida and the University of New Orleans. The Latin specific epithet of costaricensis means "of the Costa Rica", where the plant was found.

Both the genus and the sole species were first described and published in Brittonia Vol.29 on page 267 in 1977. The genus is recognized by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service, but they do not list any known species.

Ericaceae
The Ericaceae (/ˌɛrɪˈkeɪsi.aɪ, -iː/) are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most speciose family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron (including azaleas), and various common heaths and heathers (Erica, Cassiope, Daboecia, and Calluna for example).
Ponte di Pioraco
The Ponte di Pioraco is a Roman bridge in Pioraco, central Italy, presumably erected under emperor Augustus (r. 30 BC–14 AD).

It belonged to a branch road of the Via Flaminia, which ran from Nocera Umbra to the east through Pioraco, San Severino, Treia and Osimo to Ancona. The structure has a single arch vault. At one end a small segmental arch springs from the ground to the quarter point of the main arch; it worked as a floodway. The Ponte del Gran Caso, which is also located in central Italy, features a similar design.

San Severino Marche
San Severino Marche is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Macerata in the Italian region Marche, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Ancona and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Macerata.
Daniel Helldén
Daniel Helldén (born 27 June 1965) is a Swedish politician for the Green Party. He has been co-spokesperson of the Green Party since November 2023 and has been Member of the Riksdag since September 2022, representing the constituency of Stockholm Municipality.

Helldén earned a PhD in political science from Stockholm University in 2005, writing his dissertation on the Battle of the Elms. Helldén led the Green Party in the Stockholm Municipality council between 2011 and 2022, and served as Vice Mayor and City Commissioner for Transportation from 2014 to 2022.

Elm Conflict
The Elm Conflict (Swedish: Almstriden), also known as the Battle of the Elms (Swedish: Slaget om almarna), was a dispute and public protest on 11–12 May 1971. Organised by Alternativ stad (the Stockholm branch of Friends of the Earth), the dispute centred on the planned destruction of 13 Scots elm trees located at the entrance to the Kungsträdgården metro station in Kungsträdgården, Stockholm, Sweden. Under the elms was an outdoor coffee house, popular among the youth at the time. The Stockholm city council, supported by the Swedish government, proposed cutting down the trees to prevent damage to the nearby subway.

The Elm Conflict led to an examination of the need for citizens to have more input into the decision-making process of the city council, and received significant attention in Sweden's national media.
Bossiaea arenitensis
Bossiaea arenitensis , commonly known as sandstone winged pea, is a species of flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae and is endemic to the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is an erect, spindly shrub with winged stems, winged cladodes, scale-like leaves and yellow, red and burgundy-coloured flowers.

Papilionaceous flower
Papilionaceous flowers (from Latin: papilion, a butterfly) are flowers with the characteristic irregular and butterfly-like corolla found in many, though not all, plants of the species-rich Faboideae subfamily of legumes. Tournefort suggested that the term Flores papilionacei originated with Valerius Cordus, who applied it to the flowers of the bean.