hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wedge prism
The wedge prism is a prism with a shallow angle between its input and output surfaces. This angle is usually 3 degrees or less. Refraction at the surfaces causes the prism to deflect light by a fixed angle. When viewing a scene through such a prism, objects will appear to be offset by an amount that varies with their distance from the prism.

Refraction
In physics, refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another. The redirection can be caused by the wave's change in speed or by a change in the medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. How much a wave is refracted is determined by the change in wave speed and the initial direction of wave propagation relative to the direction of change in speed.

Optical prisms and lenses use refraction to redirect light, as does the human eye. The refractive index of materials varies with the wavelength of light, and thus the angle of the refraction also varies correspondingly. This is called dispersion and allows prisms  and raindrops in rainbows to divide white light into its constituent spectral colors.
Desert Center Unified School District
Desert Center Unified School District is located in the eastern part of Riverside County in California. The district services the unincorporated areas of Eagle Mountain, Desert Center,  Lake Tamarisk and Chiriaco Summit.

Chiriaco Summit, California
Chiriaco Summit is a small unincorporated community and travel stop located along Interstate 10 in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It lies 19 miles (31 km) west of Desert Center on the divide between the Chuckwalla Valley and the Salton Sea basin at an elevation of 1,706 feet (520 m).

The ZIP Code is 92201, and the community is inside area codes 442 and 760.

The town has a general aviation airport, Chiriaco Summit Airport.  A California Department of Transportation rest stop on Interstate 10, west of Chiriaco Summit, is called "Cactus City", an ironic name referring to a non-existent city.

Lifeline transit service is provided by Palo Verde Valley Transit Agency towards both Indio and Blythe.
Kalutara District
Kalutara District (Sinhala: කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය; Tamil: களுத்துறை மாவட்டம் Kaḷuttuṟai Māvaṭṭam) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka, the second level administrative division of the country. The district is administered by a District Secretariat headed by a District Secretary (previously known as a Government Agent) appointed by the central government of Sri Lanka. The capital of the district is the city of Kalutara
.

Government of Sri Lanka
The Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය, romanised: Śrī Laṅkā Rajaya; Tamil: இலங்கை அரசாங்கம், romanised: Ilaṇkai Aracāṅkam) is a semi-presidential republic determined by the Sri Lankan Constitution. It administers the island from both its commercial capital of Colombo and the administrative capital of Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte.
Adly Yakan Pasha
Adly Yeghen Pasha (Arabic: عدلي يكن باشا; 18 January 1864  – 22 October 1933), was from the Yeghen/Yakan Family and a member of the Muhammed Ali Dynasty. He was sometimes referred to as Adly Pasha, was an Egyptian political figure. He served as the 14th prime minister of Egypt between 1921 and 1922, again between 1926 and 1927, and finally in 1929. He held several prominent political posts including foreign minister, interior minister and Speaker of the Egyptian Senate.

Prime Minister of Egypt
The prime minister of Egypt (Arabic: رئيس مجلس الوزراء, romanized: raʾīs majlis al-wuzarāʾ), sometimes referred to as "President of the Government" and Minister-President of Egypt, is the head of the Egyptian government. A direct translation of the Egyptian Arabic-language title is "President of the Council of Ministers".

The prime minister is the holder of the second-highest office in Egypt, after the president of Egypt. The president appoints the prime minister but cannot dismiss them, only request their resignation. The Government of Egypt, including the prime minister, can be dismissed by the House of Representatives. Upon appointment, the prime minister proposes a list of ministers to the president. Decrees and decisions signed by the prime minister, like almost all executive decisions, are subject to the oversight of the administrative court system. Ministers defend the programmes of their ministries to the prime minister, who makes budgetary choices.
Johannes Hartlieb
Johannes Hartlieb (c. 1410 – 18 May 1468) was a physician of Late Medieval Bavaria, probably of a family from Neuburg an der Donau. He was in the employment of Louis VII of Bavaria and Albert VI of Austria in the 1430s,  and of Albert III of Bavaria from 1440, and of the latter's son Sigismund from 1456. 
In 1444, he married Sibilla, possibly the daughter of Albert and Agnes Bernauer.
Hartlieb wrote a compendium on herbs in ca. 1440, and in 1456 the puch aller verpoten kunst, ungelaubens und der zaubrey (book on all forbidden arts, superstition and sorcery) on the artes magicae, containing the oldest known description of witches' flying ointment.
Hartlieb also produced German translations of various classical and medieval authors (Trotula, Macrobius, Gilbertinus, Muscio).

Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
Albert III the Pious of Bavaria-Munich (German: Albrecht III. der Fromme, Herzog von Bayern-München; 27 March 1401 – 29 February 1460), was Duke of Bavaria-Munich from 1438 to 1460. He was the son of Ernest, Duke of Bavaria and Elisabetta Visconti, daughter of Bernabò Visconti.
Tembor
The tembor (simplified Chinese: 弹拨尔; traditional Chinese: 彈撥爾; pinyin: tánbō'ěr; Uyghur: تەمبۈر, Тембор) is a long-necked lute used in the music of Xinjiang, a diverse region of western China. Specifically, it is used by the Uyghur ethnic group.

It has five strings in three courses and is tuned A A, D, G G. The strings are made of steel and the instrument is roughly 1.5 m (59 in) long from the top of the headstock to the horn string plate at the other end. The player attaches a metal wire pick under the fingernail of the right index finger with thread. The instrument features a guard for the playing hand in the shape of a fish, and the whole instrument is, as is common with most Uyghur instruments, covered in fine marquetry in geometric designs. One of the most challenging Uyghur instruments, it is known as "the father of music". It is an important instrument in the Ili Valley, where it is used alongside the dutar and accompanies vocal performances.

Marquetry
Marquetry (also spelled as marqueterie; from the French marqueter, to variegate) is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer to a structure to form decorative patterns or designs. The technique may be applied to case furniture or even seat furniture, to decorative small objects with smooth, veneerable surfaces or to freestanding pictorial panels appreciated in their own right.

Marquetry differs from the more ancient craft of inlay, or intarsia, in which a solid body of one material is cut out to receive sections of another to form the surface pattern.  The word derives from a Middle French word meaning "inlaid work".
Brian Campfield
Brian Campfield is a trade unionist from Northern Ireland.

Campfield began working for the Northern Ireland Public Service Alliance (NIPSA) in 1978.  During the 1980s, he was the Communist Party of Ireland's officer with responsibility for Northern Ireland, and in 1989 he and Michael O'Riordan visited East Germany to take part in celebrations of the country's fortieth anniversary, shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall.  Around that time, he was elected as President of Belfast Trades Union Council, serving until the 2010s.

In the 2000s, Campfield became Deputy General Secretary of NIPSA, and in 2009 he won election to the Irish Congress of Trade Unions'  (ICTU) Executive Council.  He became General Secretary of NIPSA in 2010, defeating Kieran Bannon in the election, remaining in post until his retirement in 2015.  That year, he became President of ICTU for a two-year term.

Communist Party of Ireland
The Communist Party of Ireland (CPI) is a Marxist–Leninist party, founded in 1970 and active in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland following a merger of the Irish Workers' Party and the Communist Party of Northern Ireland. It rarely contests elections and has never had electoral success. The party is a member of the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties. Throughout the period of the Cold War, the CPI openly aligned with the Soviet Union. During the Troubles, the party procured some arms for the faction which became the Official IRA. The party closely supported the Cuban Revolution and campaigns such as the Birmingham Six. Minor splits from the CPI included the Eurocommunist-inspired Irish Marxist Society.
Zacco family
The Zacco family originated from Spain, where they  are first recorded in when Stefano Zacco was a councillor of King Alfonso II of Aragon in the 12th century.

When  Sicily became subject to Aragonese rule in 1282, following the Sicilian Vespers,  the Zacco family arrived with King Peter I, various branches of the family were soon established in the principal cities of Sicily - Palermo, Modica, Lentini and Siracusa.  Members of the Zacco family were active in the higher echelons of Sicilian society in the roles of Governors, the Church, the military, and the magistracy.

The Palazzo Zacco, an important example of Sicilian Baroque, in Ragusa was purchased from the Melfi family by a branch of the Zacco family in the late 18th century.  By 1848 the family were probably extinct, as they are no longer listed in the "Sicilian Golden Book of Nobility" (Libro d'Oro).

Ragusa, Sicily
Ragusa (Italian: [raˈɡuːza] ⓘ; Sicilian: Rausa [raˈuːsa]; Latin: Ragusia) is a city and comune, capital of the province of Ragusa in the autonomous island region of Sicily in southern Italy. As of 2025, with a population of 73,778, Ragusa is the 6th-largest city in Sicily and the 74th-largest in Italy.

It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. Together with seven other cities in the Val di Noto, it is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Capitol View/Stifft's Station
Capitol View/Stifft's Station is a neighborhood of Little Rock, Arkansas, in the west-central portion of the city with approximately 1500 homes. Roughly, its boundaries include the area south of West Markham, north of Interstate 630, east of Pine, and west of Summit, as well as south of Riverview between Park and Summit.  Capitol View/Stifft's Station is just west of Downtown, north of the Central High School Historic District, southeast of Pulaski Heights and uses the 72205 ZIP code.

West Markham
West Markham or Markham Clinton is a village and civil parish 23 miles (37 km) north east of Nottingham, in the Bassetlaw district, in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. In the 2011 census, the parish had a population of 170, and this increased marginally to 175 residents at the 2021 census. The parish touches Bevercotes, West Drayton, East Markham, Bothamsall, Walesby and Tuxford. The A1 previously went through the village but its now been bypassed.
Bjørnar Håkensmoen
Bjørnar Håkensmoen (or Bjoernar Haakensmoen, born July 18, 1969)  was the head coach of the Norwegian cross-country skiing team at the 2006 Winter Olympics. He rose to fame after offering Canadian skier Sara Renner his ski pole after hers broke during the women's team sprint event.  This act of sportsmanship allowed Renner to go on to claim the silver medal with teammate Beckie Scott, edging the Norwegian entry of Ella Gjømle Berg and Marit Bjørgen into fourth place.

Canada responded to this act of kindness with many gifts and gestures, including:

Over 600 letters, telephone calls and e-mails of thanks were received by the Norwegian Embassy in Canada.

Canadian businessman Michael Page donated 7400 cans of maple syrup to the Norwegian Olympic Committee.

Renner herself sent Håkensmoen a bottle of wine as a token of her appreciation.

Beckie Scott
Rebecca Scott OC AOE MSM (born August 1, 1974) is a Canadian retired cross-country skier. She is an Olympic gold and silver medallist, and the first Canadian to win an Olympic medal in cross-country skiing. She is the founder of a national organization dedicated to improving health, wellness and education outcomes for Indigenous youth through sport and play. Scott was Chair of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Athlete Committee, and gained notoriety for her position during the Russian (2014–2019) doping scandal. She served as an International Olympic Committee member by virtue of being elected to the IOC Athlete's Commission along with Saku Koivu between 2006 and 2014. She is married to the American former cross-country skier Justin Wadsworth. They have two children.
Β-Mannosidase
β-Mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25}, mannanase, mannase, β-D-mannosidase, β-mannoside mannohydrolase, exo-β-D-mannanase, lysosomal β A mannosidase) is an enzyme  with systematic name β-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, which is in humans encoded by the MANBA gene. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing β-D-mannose residues in β-D-mannosides

This gene encodes a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family. The encoded protein localizes to the lysosome where it is the final exoglycosidase in the pathway for N-linked glycoprotein oligosaccharide catabolism. Mutations in this gene are associated with β-mannosidosis, a lysosomal storage disease that has a wide spectrum of neurological involvement.

Mannose
Mannose is a sugar with the formula HOCH2(CHOH)4CHO, which sometimes is abbreviated Man. It is one of the monomers of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates. It is a C-2 epimer of glucose. Mannose is important in human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of certain proteins.  Several congenital disorders of glycosylation are associated with mutations in enzymes involved in mannose metabolism.

Mannose is not an essential nutrient; it can be produced in the human body from glucose, or converted into glucose. Mannose provides 2–5 kcal/g. It is partially excreted in the urine.
Sromów
Sromów [ˈsrɔmuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kocierzew Południowy, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Łowicz and 57 km (35 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Łowicz County
Łowicz County (Polish: powiat łowicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Łowicz, which lies 48 kilometres (30 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 987.13 square kilometres (381.1 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 82,338, out of which the population of Łowicz was 30,204, and the rural population was 52,134.
Olle Inganäs
Olle Inganäs (born 1951), is a Swedish Professor of Biomolecular and Organic Electronics at Linköping University, Sweden.

Professor Inganäs received his doctorate in 1984 from Linköping University.

His research interests are in polymer optoelectronics and bioelectronics, conjugated polymer physics and polymer electrochemistry.

Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically conducting phase (typically an external electric circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless plating) between electrodes separated by an ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution).

When a chemical reaction is driven by an electrical potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if a potential difference results from a chemical reaction as in an electric battery or fuel cell, it is called an electrochemical reaction. In electrochemical reactions, unlike in other chemical reactions,  electrons are not transferred directly between atoms, ions, or molecules, but via the aforementioned electric circuit. This phenomenon is what distinguishes an electrochemical reaction from a conventional chemical reaction.
Park Street, Kolkata
Park Street, is a famous thoroughfare in downtown Kolkata, India. It is one of Kolkata's most visited places, famed for numerous celebrations such as on Christmas and New Year's Eve. The street runs through what was a deer park of Sir Elijah Impey, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Calcutta from 1773 to 1789.

Elijah Impey
Elijah Impey (13 June 1732 – 1 October 1809) was a British judge who served as the first chief justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, Chief Justice of the Sadr Diwani Adalat and Member of Parliament for New Romney.
Wyn Calvin
Wyn Calvin MBE OStJ (born Joseph Wyndham Calvin-Thomas; 28 August 1925 – 25 January 2022), known affectionately as "The Clown Prince of Wales" and "The Welsh Prince of Laughter", was a Welsh comedian, pantomime dame, television and theatre actor, radio personality, television chat show host, after-dinner speaker, lecturer, philanthropist and newspaper columnist. He worked with numerous stars within the entertainment industry including Harry Secombe, Bob Hope, Christopher Biggins, Shirley Bassey, Frankie Vaughan, Vic Morrow, Bud Flanagan, Roy Hudd, Max Boyce, Morecambe and Wise and Ken Dodd.

Vic Morrow
Vic Morrow (born Victor Morozoff; February 14, 1929 – July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He first gained attention for the role of juvenile delinquent Artie West in his debut film Blackboard Jungle (1955). He later came to prominence as one of the leads of the ABC drama series Combat! (1962–1967), which earned him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Series. Active on screen for over three decades, his film roles include Blackboard Jungle (1955), King Creole (1958), God's Little Acre (1958), Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry (1974), and The Bad News Bears (1976). Morrow continued acting up to his death during filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) when  he and two child actors were killed in a helicopter crash on set.
Tempoczów-Kolonia
Tempoczów-Kolonia [tɛmˈpɔt͡ʂuf kɔˈlɔɲa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skalbmierz, within Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) west of Skalbmierz, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Kazimierza Wielka, and 66 km (41 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

Skalbmierz
Skalbmierz [ˈskalbmʲɛʂ] ⓘ is a town in southern Poland, in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in Kazimierza County. It has 1,326 inhabitants (2004). Skalbmierz has a long and rich history, the town belongs to the historic region of Lesser Poland.
United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs
The United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs was one of the five subcommittees within the  House Natural Resources Committee.  Its purview has been split between two successor subcommittees: the Subcommittee on Indian, Insular and Alaska Native Affairs, and the Subcommittee on Water, Power and Oceans.

At the beginning of the 114th Congress, Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah became the new Chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.  He reorganized the committee's structure, eliminated this Subcommittee, and split its duties between the Subcommittee on Indian, Insular and Alaska Native Affairs, and the Subcommittee on Water, Power and Oceans.

Rob Bishop
Robert William Bishop (born July 13, 1951) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Utah's 1st congressional district from 2003 to 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he became the dean of Utah's congressional delegation after the retirement of Orrin Hatch from the U.S. Senate in 2019.

Prior to his congressional tenure, Bishop was a Utah State Representative (1978–1994), including two final years as Speaker of the Utah House of Representatives, as well as Chair of the Utah Republican Party (1997–2001). He was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Utah as Thomas Wright's running mate in the 2020 election.
Peter Hobson (cricketer)
Peter Howard Hobson (born 7 June 1949) is a former South African cricketer who played a single first-class match for Orange Free State during the 1970–71 season.

Hobson was born in Maseru, in present-day Lesotho (formerly the British colony of Basutoland). He is one of only a small number of first-class cricketers to be born in that country. Hobson's sole appearance for Orange Free State came in December 1970, against Border during the 1970–71 season of the Currie Cup. In the match, played at East London's Jan Smuts Ground, he opened the bowling with Michael Jones, taking 0/64 from 15 overs in the first innings. While batting, he came in tenth in the batting order in both innings, scoring five runs in the first and 25 in the second. His team lost by six wickets, having followed on.

East London, South Africa
East London (Xhosa: eMonti; Afrikaans: Oos-Londen), officially KuGompo City since February 2026, is a city on the southeastern coast of South Africa, in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape Province. The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast, largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River, and hosts the country's only river port. As of 2011, East London had a population of over 267,000 with over 755,000 in the surrounding metropolitan area.
Sencot'en Alliance
The Sencot'en Alliance is a First Nations grouping, composed of the Tsartlip, Tsawout, Pauquachin bands from the Saanich Peninsula and the Semiahmoo from White Rock.  "Sencot'en" (the language spoken by the Saanich First Nations people) is equivalent to "Saanich" in ethnographic terms.

Saanich Peninsula
Saanich Peninsula (Straits Salish: W̱SÁNEĆ) is located north of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is bounded by Saanich Inlet on the west, Satellite Channel on the north, the small Colburne Passage on the northeast, and Haro Strait on the east. The exact southern boundary of what is referred to as the "Saanich Peninsula" (or simply as "the Peninsula") is somewhat fluid in local parlance.

Surrounded by the Salish Sea, Saanich Peninsula is separated from Saltspring Island by Satellite Channel, Piers Island and Coal Island by Colburne Passage, and James Island by Cordova Passage in Haro Strait.
Subcostalis muscle
The subcostales (singular: subcostalis) (Infracostales) consist of muscular and aponeurotic fasciculi, which are usually well-developed only in the lower part of the thorax; each originates from the inner surface of one rib, and is inserted into the inner surface of the second or third rib below, near its angle.

Their fibers run in the same direction as those of the intercostales interni.

Depresses the ribs to assist in expiration.

Thorax
The thorax (pl.: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen.

In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the body, each in turn composed of multiple segments.

The human thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. The chest may be affected by many diseases, of which the most common symptom is chest pain.