hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Münsingen
The Treaty of Münsingen was signed on 14 December 1482. This accord officially reunited the divided County of Württemberg after it was divided by the Treaty of Nürtingen in 1442. The hereditary dispute between the Stuttgart part and the part of Urach were settled after 40 years. Residing in Urach, Count Eberhard V, later Duke Eberhard I of Württemberg, obtained rule and moved the capital to Stuttgart. The succession was laid down for the ruling count in the Stuttgart part of the country, Eberhard VI. With this treaty, that was worked out with collaboration of the council of Württembergian subjects, the indivisibility of Württemberg and the primogeniture became contractual. The treaty prevented the division of Württemberg and thus was an important step to the exaltation to a duchy in 1495. The original document is stored in the main public record office in Stuttgart.

Primogeniture
Primogeniture (/ˌpraɪməˈdʒɛnɪtʃər, -oʊ-/) is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit all or most of their parent's estate, as well as succeed their parent as the ruler of a state.

Primogeniture stands in contrast to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative. In most contexts, it means the inheritance of the firstborn son (agnatic primogeniture). It can also mean by the firstborn daughter (matrilineal primogeniture), or firstborn child (absolute primogeniture).

Research shows that authoritarian regimes that rely on primogeniture for succession were more stable than forms of authoritarian rule with alternative succession arrangements. Scholars have linked primogeniture to a decline in regicide, as clear rules of succession reduce the number of people who could (absent a coup d'état) replace a ruler, thus making it less desirable to cause the death of the monarch.
Dragon Cliff
Dragon Cliff is a basaltic monolith located on western Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is the most striking feature of Expedition Fiord and rises several hundred metres out of the fiord. Dragon Cliff is made of flood basalt lava flows that contain more than 10 flow units totalling over 200 m (660 ft) of stratigraphic thickness. It is part of the Albian Strand Fiord Formation, which in turn forms part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province. The Strand Fiord Formation is interpreted to represent the cratonward extension of the Alpha Ridge.

High Arctic Large Igneous Province
The High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP) is a Cretaceous large igneous province in the Arctic. The region is divided into several smaller magmatic provinces. Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Sverdrup Basin, Amerasian Basin, and northern Greenland (Peary Land) are some of the larger divisions. Today, HALIP covers an area greater than 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi), making it one of the largest and most intense magmatic complexes on the planet. However, eroded volcanic sediments in sedimentary strata in Svalbard and Franz Josef Land suggest that an extremely large portion of HALIP volcanics have already been eroded away.
Premier Volleyball League Finals Most Valuable Player award
The Premier Volleyball League Finals Most Valuable Player award is a Premier Volleyball League award given to the best performing player of each conference's finals series. The award has been given since the league's first conference in 2017.

In the women's division, as of the 2024–25 All-Filipino Conference, Jia Morado-de Guzman won the most Finals MVPs with four. MJ Phillips is the only other player to win multiple Finals MVPs with two.

In the men's division, Lorenzo Capate Jr. and Bryan Bagunas both won two Finals MVPs.

Premier Volleyball League
The Premier Volleyball League (PVL) is the top-level professional women's volleyball league in the Philippines organized by the Sports Vision Management Group, Inc. The PVL was established in 2004 as the inter-collegiate Shakey's V-League (SVL) until  it rebranded to the current entity in 2017. Prior to becoming a full-fledged professional league in 2021, the PVL was open to participation of corporate owned semi-professional clubs and non-collegiate teams backed by local governments.

The PVL previously operated men's and collegiate divisions before they were spun-off into Spikers' Turf and the V-League, respectively, both are also operated by Sports Vision.

The Creamline Cool Smashers are the most successful team with ten titles, which included the league's only Grand Slam in the 2024 season.
Ed Pabst
Edward D. A. Pabst (July 8, 1868 – June 19, 1940) was an American Major League Baseball player. He played outfield in four games for the St. Louis Brows and eight games for the Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association during the 1890 baseball season. He remained active through 1904 in the minor leagues, and even managed during part of the 1902 season.

Philadelphia Athletics (American Association)
The Philadelphia Athletics were a professional baseball team, one of six charter members of the American Association, a 19th-century major league, which began play in 1882 as a rival to the National League. The other teams were the Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Red Stockings, Eclipse of Louisville, Pittsburgh Alleghenys, and St. Louis Brown Stockings. The team took its name from a previous team, which played in the National Association from 1871 through 1875 and in the National League in 1876.
Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
Fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) is a manipulative propaganda tactic used in technology sales, marketing, public relations, politics, polling, and cults. FUD is generally a strategy to influence perception by disseminating negative and dubious or false information and is a manifestation of the appeal to fear.

In public policy, a similar concept has been referred to as manufactured uncertainty, which involves casting doubt on academic findings, exaggerating their claimed imperfections. A manufactured controversy is a contrived disagreement, typically motivated by profit or ideology, designed to create public confusion concerning an issue about which there is no substantial academic dispute.

Clorox
The Clorox Company (formerly Clorox Chemical Company) is an American multinational manufacturer and marketer of consumer and professional products.  Clorox ranked annually on the Fortune 500 list from 2000 to 2024, where it last held the #485 spot.

Clorox products are sold primarily through mass merchandisers, retail outlets, e-commerce channels, distributors, and medical supply providers. Clorox brands include its namesake bleach and cleaning products as well as Burt's Bees, Formula 409, Glad, Hidden Valley, Kingsford, Kitchen Bouquet, KC Masterpiece, Liquid-Plumr, Brita (in the Americas), Mistolin, Pine-Sol, Poett, Green Works Cleaning Products, Soy Vay, Tilex, S.O.S., and Fresh Step, Scoop Away, and Ever Clean pet products.
Marián Olejník
Marián Olejník (born 1976) is a Slovak slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1993 to 2007, specializing in the C2 event.

He and his partner in the boat Milan Kubáň won three medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with two silvers (C2: 2005, C2 team: 1999) and a bronze (C2 team: 2006). The silver medal in the C2 event at the 2005 World Championships in Penrith was their greatest achievement.

At the European Championships Kubáň and Olejník won a total of 5 medals (2 golds, 1 silver and 2 bronzes), including a bronze medal in the C2 event at the 1998 European Championships in Roudnice nad Labem. The remaining four medals have come from team events.

They have earned a total of eight World Cup podiums, including 4 wins.

Roudnice nad Labem
Roudnice nad Labem (Czech pronunciation: [ˈroudɲɪtsɛ ˈnad labɛm]; German: Raudnitz an der Elbe) is a town in Litoměřice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

A steel road bridge dating from the early 20th century spans the Elbe in Roudnice nad Labem. Its medieval predecessor was the third oldest stone bridge in Bohemia (after Prague and Písek) and the first bridge to connect both banks of the river. Roudnice nad Labem features a castle of late Romanesque origin, now reconstructed in Baroque style.
1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours
The 1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours were announced on 11 June 1977 to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee and Birthday in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Barbados, Mauritius, Fiji, the Bahamas, Grenada, and Papua New Guinea.

The Queen's Birthday Honours are announced on or around the date of the Queen's Official Birthday in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The dates vary, both from year to year and from country to country. All are published in supplements to the London Gazette and many are conferred by the monarch (or her representative) some time after the date of the announcement, particularly for those service people on active duty.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

British Aerospace
British Aerospace plc (BAe) was a British aircraft, munitions and defence-systems manufacturer that was formed in 1977. Its head office was at Warwick House in the Farnborough Aerospace Centre in Farnborough, Hampshire. It purchased Marconi Electronic Systems, the defence electronics and naval shipbuilding subsidiary of the General Electric Company, in 1999 to form BAE Systems.
2015 in tennis
This page covers all the important events in the sport of tennis in 2015. Primarily, it provides the results of notable tournaments throughout the year on both the ATP and WTA Tours, the Davis Cup, and the Fed Cup.

2015 Dubai Tennis Championships
The 2015 Dubai Tennis Championships (also known as the 2015 Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships for sponsorship reasons) was an ATP 500 event on the 2015 ATP World Tour and a WTA Premier 5 on the 2015 WTA Tour. Both events were held at the Aviation Club Tennis Centre in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The women's tournament took place from February 15 to 21, 2015, while the men's tournament took place from February 23 to 28, 2015.
Claverie (surname)
Claverie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carlos Claverie (born 1996), Venezuelan swimmer

Cédric Claverie (born 1976), French judoka

Charles Claverie (1949–2005), better known as Charles Rocket, American actor

Pierre Claverie (1938–1996), French Roman Catholic priest

Charles Rocket
Charles Adams Claverie (August 28, 1949 – October 7, 2005), known by stage names Charlie Hamburger, Charlie Kennedy, and Charles Rocket, was an American actor. He was a cast member on Saturday Night Live, played the villain Nicholas Andre in the film Dumb and Dumber, and played Dave Dennison in Disney's Hocus Pocus.
Kahvi
Kahvi (Finnish for "coffee") is a netlabel founded in 1998 and currently operated by 4T Thieves. Based in Helsinki, Finland, it aims to release music in the Ogg Vorbis, MP3, WAV and video formats to anyone online on various distribution sites such as Bandcamp, Mixcloud, Scene.org and the Kahvi website. The label has always had a strong connection with the demoscene, and is one among several well-known netlabels, such as Monotonik.

There are over 400 releases from 100+ artists, that are hand picked and released either once or twice a month. All releases have cover artwork, mp3 and ogg download versions and a podcast also broadcasts the release as a single mix.

WAV
Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE, or WAV due to its filename extension; pronounced /wæv/ or /weɪv/ ) is an audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on personal computers. The format was developed and published for the first time in 1991 by IBM and Microsoft. It is the main format used on Microsoft Windows systems for uncompressed audio. The usual bitstream encoding is the linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) format.

WAV is an application of the Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) bitstream format method for storing data in chunks, and thus is similar to the 8SVX and the Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively.
Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld
Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld (1 October 1849, in Kiel – 11 January 1917, in Gautzsch) was a German medievalist and Romance scholar. He was a brother of pathologist Felix Victor Birch-Hirschfeld.

He studied philology at the University of Leipzig as a pupil of Adolf Ebert and Friedrich Karl Theodor Zarncke. He received his habilitation in 1878, and for several years conducted research in Paris. In 1884 he became a professor of modern languages at the University of Giessen, and in 1891 returned to Leipzig as a professor of Romance philology.

University of Giessen
University of Giessen, official name Justus Liebig University Giessen (German: Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen), is a large public research university in Giessen, Hesse, Germany. It is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the German-speaking world. It is named after its most famous faculty member, Justus von Liebig, the founder of modern agricultural chemistry and inventor of artificial fertiliser. It covers the areas of arts/humanities, business, dentistry, economics, law, medicine, science, social sciences and veterinary medicine. Its university hospital, which has two sites, Giessen and Marburg (the latter of which is the teaching hospital of the University of Marburg), is the only private university hospital in Germany.
Texas's 12th Senate district
District 12 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Wise County, and portions of Dallas, Denton and Tarrant counties in the U.S. state of Texas.

The current senator from District 12 is Tan Parker.

Dallas County, Texas
Dallas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,613,539, and was estimated to be 2,656,028 in 2024, making it the second-most populous county in Texas and the eighth-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Dallas, the third-most populous city in Texas and the ninth-most populous city in the United States. The county was founded on March 30, 1846 and was possibly named for George Mifflin Dallas, the 11th Vice President of the United States under U.S. President James K. Polk. Dallas County is included in the eleven-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area, which is the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States.

Municipal expansion within Dallas County has blurred the geographic lines between cities and between neighboring counties.
Monir Benmoussa
Monir Benmoussa (born 19 July 1994) is a Norwegian football striker who plays for Holmlia SK.

He started his youth career in Holmlia SK. He made his Norwegian Premier League debut for Vålerenga Fotball in September 2013 against Molde, but only played that sole game.

Ahead of the 2014 season he joined Bærum SK. Ahead of the 2016 season he joined Fredrikstad. After one season where he only featured in four games, he moved on to Florø SK. He was injured and on free transfer for the first half of 2018, then signed for Lysekloster. In 2019 he returned to his childhood club of Holmlia.

Vålerenga Fotball
Vålerenga Fotball (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈvôːɽɛŋɑ] ⓘ) is a Norwegian professional football club from Oslo, and a part of the multi-sport club Vålerengens IF. The club currently competes in the Eliteserien after being promoted from the Norwegian First Division in 2024. Founded in 1913, the club is named after the neighbourhood of Vålerenga. Vålerenga's home ground is Intility Arena, located in Valle-Hovin. Vålerenga are five-time league champions and four-time Norwegian Football Cup champions, having last won the league in 2005 and the cup in 2008. Vålerenga is generally considered to be the largest football club in Oslo, and they are known for their loyal supporters.
Juliette Arnaud
Juliette Arnaud (born March 6, 1973) is a French actress, screenwriter, radio and television host.

Following the sacking of her France Inter co-host Guillaume Meurice from the weekly radio show Le Grand Dimanche Soir, she co-founded the radio show La Dernière alongside her former colleagues Meurice, Pierre-Emmanuel Barré, and Aymeric Lompret which is broadcast since 2024 on Radio Nova.

France Inter
France Inter (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃s ɛ̃tɛʁ]) is a French public radio channel and part of Radio France.

It is the successor to Paris Inter, later known as France I, and created as a merger of the France I and France II networks, first as RTF Inter in October 1963, then renamed to its current name in December of that year. It is a "generalist" station, aiming to provide a wide national audience with a full service of news and spoken-word programming, both serious and entertaining, liberally punctuated with an eclectic mix of music. It is broadcast on FM and DAB+ from a nationwide network of transmitters, as well as via the internet.

It is the most popular station in France with over 7 million daily listeners.
The Last Word (radio show)
The Last Word is an Irish radio news review show hosted by Matt Cooper on Today FM on weekday evenings between 4:30pm and 7pm.

It is produced by Patrick Haughey and includes regular contributions from American conservative commentator Cal Thomas.

An hour-long weekend edition, called  The Best of The Last Word formerly (The Very Last Word) airs  on Saturday and Sunday early mornings (12:00AM) featuring highlights from the weekday programmes, is broadcast each Saturday morning at 7am.

Eamon Dunphy originally hosted the show but stepped down in November 2002. The then Sunday Tribune editor Matt Cooper replaced him. Kevin Myers was a regular stand-in presenter in the early years of the show.

David Norris gave his first full interview to the programme after announcing his withdrawal from the 2011 Irish presidential election. The show also had a debate with the candidates, including Norris when he re-entered the race.

Sunday Tribune
The Sunday Tribune was an Irish Sunday broadsheet newspaper published by Tribune Newspapers plc. It was founded in 1980 as a tabloid, before converting to broadsheet in 1981. It closed in 1982 and relaunched in 1983. It reverted to tabloid in 2010 and entered receivership in February 2011 after which it ceased to trade. Over the years of its publication it was edited by Conor Brady, Vincent Browne, Peter Murtagh, Matt Cooper, Paddy Murray and Nóirín Hegarty.
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) (film)
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) is a 1972 American sex comedy anthology film directed by Woody Allen. It consists of a series of short sequences loosely inspired by David Reuben's 1969 book of the same name.

The film was an early success for Woody Allen, grossing over $18 million in North America alone against a $2 million budget, making it the 10th highest-grossing film of 1972.

Sexual comedy
Sexual comedy (also known as sex comedy and erotic comedy) is a genre in which comedy is motivated by sexual situations and love affairs. Although "sexual comedy" is primarily a description of dramatic forms such as theatre and film, literary works such as those of Ovid and Giovanni Boccaccio may be considered sexual comedies.

Sexual comedy was popular in 17th century English Restoration theatre. From 1953 to 1965, Hollywood released a number of sexual comedies, some featuring stars such as Doris Day, Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe. The United Kingdom released a spate of sexual comedies in the 1970s, notably the Carry On series. Hollywood released Animal House in 1978, which was followed by a long line of teen sexual comedies in the early 1980s, e.g. Porky's, Bachelor Party and Risky Business. Other countries with a significant sexual comedy film production include Argentina (comedia picaresca), Brazil (pornochanchada), Italy (commedia sexy all'italiana) and Mexico (sexicomedias).
Briery Mountain Wildlife Management Area
The former Briery Mountain Wildlife Management Area was located on 1,162 acres (470 ha) near Kingwood in Preston County, West Virginia. The wildlife management area was part of the Camp Dawson Army Training Center, owned by the West Virginia State Armory Board.  Briery Mountain WMA was sited on Briery Mountain, overlooking Camp Dawson and the Cheat River valley. The land had been cooperatively managed by the WV State Armory Board and the WV Division of Natural Resources.  Construction of a live-fire range forced the permanent closure of the WMA.

Cheat River
The Cheat River is a 78.3-mile-long (126.0 km) tributary of the Monongahela River in eastern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. Via the Ohio River, the Cheat and Monongahela are part of the Mississippi River watershed. Owing to the ruggedness of the surrounding Allegheny Mountains, the Cheat remains largely remote with few settlements or developments along its banks. Its headwaters are in the Cheat-Potomac Ranger District of the Monongahela National Forest.
Chemically inert
In chemistry, the term chemically inert is used to describe a substance that is not chemically reactive. From a thermodynamic perspective, a substance is inert, or nonlabile, if it is thermodynamically unstable (negative standard Gibbs free energy of formation) yet decomposes at a slow, or negligible rate.

Most of the noble gases, which appear in the last column of the periodic table, are classified as inert (or unreactive). These elements are stable in their naturally occurring form (gaseous form) and they are called inert gases.

Standard Gibbs free energy of formation
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (Gf°) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).

The table below lists the standard Gibbs function of formation for several elements and chemical compounds and is taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. Note that all values are in kJ/mol.  Far more extensive tables can be found in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and the NIST JANAF tables.  The NIST Chemistry WebBook (see link below) is an online resource that contains standard enthalpy of formation for various compounds along with the standard molar entropy for these compounds from which the standard Gibbs free energy of formation can be calculated.
Gače
Gače (pronounced [ˈɡaːtʃɛ]; German: Gatschen, Gottscheerish: Gatschn) is a remote abandoned settlement in the Municipality of Semič in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. Its territory is now part of the village of Komarna Vas and it is registered as a cultural heritage site.

Komarna Vas
Komarna Vas (pronounced [kɔˈmaːɾna ˈʋaːs]; German: Muckendorf or Obertappelwerch) is a village on the eastern edge of Kočevski Rog in the Municipality of Semič in Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.