hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Medinilla theresae
Medinilla theresae is an endemic species of flowering evergreen shrub or liana in the family Melastomataceae, occurring on ultramafic soils on the dwarf forests of Mt. Redondo, Dinagat Island at 700-840 elevation, and at Mt. Hamiguitan, Philippines at growing at 900 m elevation on the edges of upper montane forest, which reaches up to the 'mossy-pygmy' forest with elevation ranges of 1160−1200 m and 1460−1600 m elevation, respectively. This terrestrial, cauliflorous shrub can grow erect at 1.5 m high. The species whorled leaves, flowers which are 4-merous, and the pendulous inflorescences likened the species to M. pendula. However, it differed from the latter on distinct secondary veins on the leaves adaxial surface, the inflorescences which are cauline or axillary, and its straight anthers.

Dinagat Island
Dinagat Island is an island located northeast of Mindanao in the Philippines.

Until December 2006, it was part of the province of Surigao del Norte. Being its main island, almost all municipalities of the province of Dinagat Islands are located on it.
Uruguayan Americans
Uruguayan Americans (Spanish: uruguayo-estadounidenses, norteamericanos de origen uruguayo or estadounidenses de origen uruguayo) are Americans of Uruguayan ancestry or birth. The American Community Survey of 2006 estimated the Uruguayan American population to number 50,538, a figure that notably increased a decade later.

Since Uruguay experienced large waves of European immigration from the 19th century until the mid-20th century, and approximately 93% of the country’s population is of European descent—mainly Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese—many Uruguayan Americans identify not only with their national heritage, but also with their families’ countries of origin.

Immigration to Uruguay
Immigration to Uruguay began in several millennia BCE with the arrival of different populations from Asia to the Americas through Beringia, according to the most accepted theories, and were slowly populating the Americas. The most recent waves of immigrants started with the arrival of Spaniards in the 16th century, during the colonial period, to what was then known as the Banda Oriental.

Throughout its history, Uruguay has experienced massive waves of immigration from all around the world, specifically from the European continent, and today 90–95% of the Uruguayan population has European ancestry. The largest of these waves of immigration occurred between the last third of the 19th century and World War II, when the whole European continent was in turmoil. The largest groups of immigrants in Uruguay are the Spanish and Italians, both establishing the backbone of modern-day Uruguayan culture and society.
Prime Minister of the Philippines
The prime minister of the Philippines (Filipino: punong ministro ng Pilipinas) was the official designation of the head of the government (whereas the president of the Philippines was the head of state) of the Philippines from 1978 until the People Power Revolution in 1986. During martial law and the fourth republic, the prime minister served as the head of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. A limited version of this office, officially known as the president of the Council of Government, existed temporarily in 1899 during the First Philippine Republic.

Salvador Laurel concurrently served as the last prime minister and the first post-martial law vice president of the Philippines from February 25 to March 25, 1986, after which he continued to serve solely as vice president until 1992.

Schurman Commission
The Schurman Commission, also known as the First Philippine Commission, was established by United States President William McKinley on January 20, 1899, and tasked to study the situation in the Philippines and make recommendations on how the U.S. should proceed after the sovereignty of the Philippines was ceded to the U.S. by Spain on December 10, 1898, following the 1898 Treaty of Paris.

Its final report was submitted on January 3, 1900, and recommended the establishment of a civil government having a bicameral legislature and being financially independent from the U.S. The report also recommended the establishment of a system of public education. Following on this report, President McKinley established the Taft Commission, also known as the Second Philippine Commission on March 16, 1900.
Rydal Hall
Rydal Hall is a large detached house on the outskirts of the village of Rydal, Cumbria, in the English Lake District. It has an early nineteenth-century front facade, but includes some earlier fabric.

The hall is Grade II* listed on the National Heritage List for England and its gardens are listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

The terraces to the south of the hall and the barns and stables to the north and east are listed Grade II*. The summerhouse, game larder, and ice house in the grounds of the hall are all individually Grade II* listed. The bridge over Rydal Beck is listed Grade II*.

Summer house
A summer house or summerhouse is a building or shelter used for relaxation in warm weather. This would often take the form of a small, roofed building on the grounds of a larger one, but could also be built in a garden or park, often designed to provide cool shady places of relaxation or retreat from the summer heat. It can also refer to a second residence, usually located in the country, that provides a cool and relaxing home to live in during the summer, such as a vacation property.
Neville Bulpitt
Neville John Bulpitt (born 15 April 1957) is a former English cricketer who was active in one-day cricket in 1979. He played as a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler.

Bulpitt had played second XI cricket since 1975, but it wasn't until 1979 that he made his debut for Warwickshire in a List A (one-day) match against Leicestershire in the John Player League at Edgbaston. He would play two further List A matches in that tournament, against Gloucestershire at Moreton-in-Marsh, and Yorkshire at Edgbaston. He scored a total of 18 runs in his three List A matches, with a best score of 11. He took 2 wickets with the ball, with best figures of 1/31. He did not make any appearances in first-class cricket for Warwickshire.

Seam bowling
Seam bowling is a bowling technique in cricket, in which the ball is deliberately bowled to hit the ground on its seam, to cause a random deviation when it bounces. A bowler who uses this technique is called a seam bowler or seamer.

Seam bowling is a form of fast bowling, although seam can also be a factor in medium-pace bowling. Although there are specialist seamers that make deliberate use of off cutter and leg cutter at the expense of bowling slower than regular fast bowlers, most bowlers employ the seam to some effect and so the terms "seamer" and "fast bowler" are largely synonymous. This was far less the case in the past, even the recent past. Bowlers such as Tom Cartwright and Derek Shackleton bowled seamers at a pace in the low 70mphs and were very successful due to their mastery of control and variation.
Linoleic acid
Linoleic acid (LA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH. Both alkene groups (−CH=CH−) are cis. It is a fatty acid sometimes denoted 18:2 (n−6) or 18:2 cis-9,12. A linoleate is a salt or ester of this acid.

Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated, omega−6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid that is virtually insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. It typically occurs in nature as a triglyceride (ester of glycerin) rather than as a free fatty acid. It is one of two essential fatty acids for humans, who must obtain it through their diet, and the most essential, because the body uses it as a base to make the others.

The word "linoleic" derives from Latin  linum 'flax' and  oleum 'oil', reflecting the fact that it was first isolated from linseed oil.

Glycerol
Glycerol (/ˈɡlɪsərɒl/) is a sugar alcohol with chemical formula C3H5(OH)3. It has three carbon atoms and as many hydroxyl groups. It is a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid at Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP). Because of its three hydroxyl groups, glycerol is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature.

The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides, where one or more of the hydroxyl groups are esterified with fatty acids. The most abundant of glycerides are triglycerides (found in animal fats and vegetable oils), the form in which glycerol is most commonly found in nature. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations.

Modern use of the word glycerine (alternatively spelled glycerin) refers to commercial preparations of less than 100% purity, typically 95% glycerol.
Swimming at the 1995 Pan American Games – Women's 200 metre individual medley
The women's 200 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events at the 1995 Pan American Games took place between March 12–17 at the Complejo Natatorio. The last Pan American Games champion was Lisa Summers of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, one each in backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle swimming.

Swimming at the 1991 Pan American Games – Women's 200 metre individual medley
The women's 200 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events at the 1991 Pan American Games took place on 17 August. The last Pan American Games champion was Susan Habermas of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, one each in backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle swimming.
Agapeta hamana
Agapeta hamana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe (from the Iberian Peninsula to the Ural Mountains), western and southern Siberia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, western China and northern India.

The wingspan is 15–25 mm. The pale yellow forewing has the costa moderately arched. The base of the costa, and a streak from the disc to beyond the middle of the tornus are ferruginous-fuscous. Sometimes there are several irregular variable ferruginous marks towards the margins. The hindwings are rather dark grey. Julius von Kennel provides a full description.

The moth flies from June to August, from dusk.

The larvae feed on Carduus.

South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia, or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, which are sometimes collectively known as the Caucasian States. The total area of these countries measures about 186,100 square kilometres (71,850 square miles). The South Caucasus and the North Caucasus together comprise the larger Caucasus geographical region that divides Eurasia.
True Files (film)
True Files (also known as Shanghai Lilly) is a 2002 film directed by John D. Lamond and starring Sam Bottoms, Lim Kay Tong, Leah Di Stasio, and Glory Annen.

The film was shot in 1997 in a backlot in Singapore.  The film languished in legal limbo for a time after one of the financiers suffered a stroke but Lamond managed to sell it to 10 territories, mostly in Asia.

Lim Kay Tong
Lim Kay Tong (born 10 July 1954) is a Singaporean film, television and stage actor. Notably, he played supporting roles in films including Shanghai Surprise (1986) and Brokedown Palace (1999), and series like Noble House (1988), and was the lead actor in Growing Up (1996–2001), Perth (2004), and The Old Man And His Car (2025). Lim has been called "Singapore's finest actor", "Singapore's best-known actor", and Singapore's answer to thespians Ian McKellen and Alec Guinness.

Lim is a co-founder and former board member of TheatreWorks. He played founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1965, a film that was shot to celebrate Singapore's Golden Jubilee.
2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final
The 2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, the 131st event of its kind and the culmination of the 2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, was played at Croke Park in Dublin on 19 August 2018.

The final was shown live in Ireland on RTÉ2 as part of The Sunday Game live programme, presented by Michael Lyster from Croke Park, with studio analysis from Liam Sheedy, Henry Shefflin and Ger Loughnane. Match commentary was provided by Marty Morrissey with analysis by Michael Duignan. The game was also shown live on Sky Sports, presented by Rachel Wyse and Brian Carney.

Limerick won the final, ending a 45-year wait for a title.

The match drew a peak audience of more than 1 million on RTÉ. The TV audience for The Sunday Game coverage peaked at 1,007,500 by the end of the final.

Brian Carney (rugby)
Brian Carney (born 23 July 1976) is an Irish professional rugby league commentator and former dual-code rugby international player. He most recently played rugby league for Warrington Wolves, but he also played for Gateshead Thunder, Hull F.C. and Wigan Warriors in the Super League, as well as Newcastle Knights in the National Rugby League. Carney crossed codes to play rugby union for Munster between 2007 and 2009. He earned caps for international representation, for Ireland in both rugby league and rugby union, and also Great Britain and Ireland in rugby league. He also played Gaelic football as a junior.
Wenbi Tower
Wenbi Tower (Chinese: 文笔塔) is a tower in Changzhou, China, located near Hongmei Park. It was built during the Southern Dynasties, Qi Gaozu, Xiao Daocheng (萧道成), Jianyuan (479－482), and first named Jianyuan Temple. Later, it was changed to Peace Tower. Because the tower looks like a pen, people changed the name into Wenbi Tower. As time went on, the temple had been deteriorated because of wars, natural disasters and the Cultural Revolution. Not until the Chinese economic reform did Liu Biru, a Chinese-American, subsidized restoration of the temple in 1982.

Changzhou
Changzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China. It was previously known as Yanling, Lanling, and Jinling. Located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, Changzhou borders the provincial capital of Nanjing to the west, Zhenjiang to the northwest, Wuxi to the east, and the province of Zhejiang to the south. The population of the Changzhou Municipality was 5,278,121 at the 2020 census. The city is the birthplace of Zhou Youguang who created the pinyin romanization system.
Rajpur, Rohtas
Rajpur is a village and corresponding community development block in Rohtas district of Bihar, India. As of 2011, the village of Rajpur had a population of 11,780, in 1,778 households, while Rajpur block had a population of 75,213.

Community development block
In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply a block is a sub-division of a district, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a block development officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, the local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area.
Southeast Conference (Wisconsin)
The Southeast Conference is a high school athletic conference consisting of large schools in southeastern Wisconsin.  The conference and its member schools are affiliated with the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association.

Athletic conference
An athletic conference is a collection of sports teams which play competitively against each other in a sports league. In many cases conferences are subdivided into smaller divisions, with the best teams competing at successively higher levels. Conferences often, but not always, include teams from a common geographic region.
Malcolm Broomhead
Malcolm William Broomhead AO (born 11 September 1952) is an Australian businessman who has held various directorships and senior positions in the Australian engineering, industrial and resources sectors. As of 2018, he is a director of BHP and Chairman of Orica. Journalist Andrew Crook wrote of Broomhead in 2012 that "nobody is more connected in Australian business".

Orica
Orica Limited (ASX: ORI) is an Australian-based multinational corporation that is one of the world's largest providers of commercial explosives and blasting systems to the mining, quarrying, oil and gas, and construction markets, a supplier of sodium cyanide for gold extraction, and a specialist provider of ground support services in mining and tunnelling.

Orica has a workforce of around 15,000 employees and contractors, servicing customers across more than 100 countries. Orica is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. It has in recent years been subject to a number of high-profile industrial accidents and fatalities.
Saltoria gens
The gens Saltoria was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome.  No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but a few are known from inscriptions, including two from Alba Fucens in Sabinum.

Alba Fucens
Alba Fucens was an ancient Italic town located at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) elevation at the base of Monte Velino, approximately 6.5 km (4.0 mi) north of Avezzano, Abruzzo, central Italy. Its ruins can be found in the comune of Massa d'Albe.

The city is largely visible after excavation and is probably the most important ancient site in Abruzzo.
1993 du Maurier Classic
The 1993 du Maurier Classic was contested from August 26–29 at London Hunt Club. It was the 21st edition of the du Maurier Classic, and the 15th edition as a major championship on the LPGA Tour.

This event was won by Brandie Burton in a sudden-death playoff with Betsy King with a birdie on the first extra playoff hole.

Betsy King
Betsy King was also a childhood name for Lizzie Lloyd King.

Betsy King (born August 13, 1955) is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1977 and won six major championships and 34 LPGA Tour victories in all.
Yrjö Pulkkinen
Yrjö Rafael Pulkkinen (1 April 1875 – 4 February 1945) was a Finnish lawyer and politician, who was born in Parkano. He was a member of the National Coalition Party. He served as Minister of Finance in Lauri Ingman's second cabinet (31 May 1924 – 31 March 1925), as Minister of Trade and Industry in Antti Tulenheimo's cabinet (31 March 1925 – 31 July 1925) and as a Member of Parliament (5 September 1922 – 31 July 1929).

Ingman II cabinet
Lauri Ingman's second cabinet was the 11th Government of independent Finland, serving between 31 May 1924 – 31 March 1925. It was formed following the 1924 parliamentary elections between four parties—National Coalition Party, Agrarian Party, National Progressive Party and Swedish People's Party—and had a majority in the parliament during the first six months. Overall, the cabinet lasted 305 days in office.

The cabinet lost its parliamentary majority after the Agrarian Party withdrew following a disagreement on the pension of government officials. The Ingman cabinet finally resigned four months due to defeat of an election bill in the parliament.
Logic and rationality
As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, logic is of essential importance to rationality. Arguments may be logical if they are "conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity", while they are rational according to the broader requirement that they are based on reason and knowledge.

Logic and rationality have each been taken as fundamental concepts in philosophy. They are not the same thing. Philosophical rationalism in its most extreme form is the doctrine that knowledge can ultimately be founded on pure reason, while logicism is the doctrine that mathematical concepts, among others, are reducible to pure logic.

Logicism
In philosophy of mathematics, logicism is a school of thought comprising one or more of the theses that – for some coherent meaning of 'logic' – mathematics is an extension of logic, some or all of mathematics is reducible to logic, or some or all of mathematics may be modelled in logic. Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead championed this programme, initiated by Gottlob Frege and subsequently developed by Richard Dedekind and Giuseppe Peano.
Marian Apartments (Lafayette, Indiana)
The Marian Apartments, also known as Marian Flats, is a historic apartment building located at Lafayette, Indiana.  It was designed by Oliver W. Pierce, Jr. and built in 1907.  It is a three-story, rectangular, brick building with limestone and wood trim.  It features polygonal three-story projecting bays.

They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Lafayette, Indiana
Lafayette (/ˌlɑːfiˈɛt, ˌlæf-/ LA(H)F-ee-ET) is a city in and the county seat of Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States. The population was 70,783 at the 2020 census. It sits across the Wabash River from West Lafayette, home to Purdue University, which plays a major role in both communities. Together, Lafayette and West Lafayette make up the core of the Lafayette metropolitan area, home to 235,066 people in 2020.

Lafayette was founded in 1825 on the southeast bank of the Wabash River near where the river becomes impassable for riverboats upstream, though a French fort and trading post had existed since 1717 on the opposite bank and three miles downstream. It was named for the French general Marquis de Lafayette, a Revolutionary War hero. Lafayette is 63 miles (101 km) northwest of Indianapolis and 125 miles (201 km) southeast of Chicago.
Toomas Trapido
Toomas Trapido (born 15 April 1972) is an Estonian biologist, researcher, educator, and politician. He was a member of the XI Riigikogu.

Trapido was born in Tallinn. He is a member of the Estonian Greens party.

Estonian Greens
The Estonian Greens (Estonian: Erakond Eestimaa Rohelised, EER) is a green political party in Estonia. Founded in 2006, the party held six seats in the Riigikogu from 2007 to 2011. Its objective is to ensure that Estonia's development is environmentally friendly, sustainable, politically stable and economically efficient.
Fritz Gromotka
Fritz Gromotka (2 June 1915 – 2 November 1979) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II.   Fritz Gromotka was credited with 29 aerial victories, 27 on the Western Front and 2 on the Eastern Front.

Staffelkapitän
Staffelkapitän is a command appointment, rather than a military rank, in the air force units of German-speaking countries.

The rank normally held by a Staffelkapitän has changed over time. In the present-day German Luftwaffe – part of the Bundeswehr – the position is usually held by an Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) or Major.