hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Patriotic Bill
The Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Amendment Bill 2022, commonly known as the Patriotic Bill is a Zimbabwean law that criminalises damaging the national interest of the country or critique of the Government of Zimbabwe.

The bill became law on May 31, 2023. The ruling ZANU-PF government said that the law is modelled around the United States' Logan Act. Legal scholars criticised the law for being "ambiguously worded, complicated, and difficult to understand." Opposition party Citizens Coalition for Change stated that the law's introduction signalled "a full-blown dictatorship run by a regime worse than Robert Mugabe".

Consequences for breaking the law include removal of citizenship and death.

Logan Act
The Logan Act (1 Stat. 613, 18 U.S.C. § 953,) is a United States federal law that criminalizes the negotiation of a dispute between the United States and a foreign government by an unauthorized American citizen. It is intended to prevent unauthorized negotiations from undermining the U.S. government's position.

The Act was passed following George Logan's unauthorized negotiations with France in 1798; it was signed into law by President John Adams on January 30, 1799. The Act was amended in 1994, changing the penalty for violation from "fined $5,000" to "fined under this title"; this appears to be the only amendment to the Act. Violation of the Logan Act is a felony, punishable with imprisonment for up to three years.

Only two people have ever been indicted on charges of violating the Act, one in 1802 and the other in 1852; neither was convicted.
Carajás mine
The Carajás Mine is the largest iron ore mine in the world. It is located in the municipality of Parauapebas, state of Pará in the Carajás Mountains of northern Brazil. The mine is operated as an open-pit mine, and is estimated to contain roughly 7.2 billion metric tonnes of iron ore, plus gold, manganese, bauxite, copper, and nickel.
 The mine is run by the Brazilian mining corporation Vale (formerly the Companhia Vale do Rio Doce), and was initially part-owned with US Steel from 1970 to 1977.

The mine is located in the mining concession area of the Carajás National Forest, which "contains known reserves of 18 billion tons with an average grade of 65.4% Fe."

The mine is largely powered by hydroelectric power from the Tucuruí Dam. In 2025 Vale was using artificial intelligence in managing operations at the mine, including the use of driverless trucks.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Graham Russell Mitchell
Graham Russell Mitchell OBE, CB (4 November 1905 – 19 November 1984), was an officer of MI5, the British Security Service, between 1939 and 1963, serving as its deputy director general between 1956 and 1963. In 1963 Roger Hollis, the MI5 director general, authorised the secret investigation of Mitchell following suspicions within the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) that he was a Soviet agent. It is now thought unlikely that Mitchell ever was a "mole". Mitchell was an International Master of correspondence chess who represented Great Britain.

International Correspondence Chess Federation
International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) was founded on 26 March 1951 as a new appearance of the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA), which was founded in 1945, as successor of the Internationaler Fernschachbund (IFSB), founded on 2 December 1928.

The current president is Eric Ruch, while the first president was Jean-Louis Ormond.
Devil Dinosaur
Devil Dinosaur is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Devil Dinosaur #1 (April 1978). Devil Dinosaur is depicted as resembling an enormous, crimson Tyrannosaurus-like dinosaur. The character and his inseparable ape-like friend, Moon-Boy, are natives of "Dinosaur World," a version of Earth in a parallel universe where dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures co-exist with tribes of primitive humanoid beings. Later, Devil Dinosaur is transported to the main universe and befriends Moon Girl in the new series Moon Girl And Devil Dinosaur.

Devil Dinosaur has appeared in various forms of media outside comics, primarily animated television series. Steve Blum and Fred Tatasciore voiced the character in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. and Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur respectively.

Humanoid
A humanoid (/ˈhjuːmənɔɪd/; from English human and -oid "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. By the 20th century, the term came to describe fossils which were morphologically similar, but not identical, to those of the human skeleton.

Although this usage was common in the sciences for much of the 20th century, it is now considered rare. More generally, the term can refer to anything with distinctly human characteristics or adaptations, such as possessing opposable anterior forelimb-appendages (i.e. thumbs), visible spectrum-binocular vision (i.e. having two eyes), or biomechanic plantigrade-bipedalism (i.e. the ability to walk on heels and metatarsals in an upright position). Humanoids may also include human-animal hybrids (where each cell has partly human and partly animal genetic contents). Science fiction media frequently present sentient extraterrestrial lifeforms as humanoid as a byproduct of convergent evolution.
Italian idealism
Italian idealism, born from interest in the German movement and particularly in Hegelian doctrine, developed in Italy starting from the spiritualism of the nineteenth-century Risorgimento tradition, and culminated in the first half of the twentieth century in its two greatest exponents: Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile.

Ugo Spirito
Ugo Spirito (September 9, 1896, Arezzo – April 28, 1979, Rome) was an Italian philosopher. At first a fascist political philosopher and subsequently an idealist thinker, he was also an academic and a university teacher.
Gabriel Mendy
Gabriel Mendy (born 9 April 1967) is a Gambian Roman Catholic prelate and professed member from the Spiritans who is the current Bishop of Banjul in the Gambia since his appointment on 30 November 2017. He is the first Gambian national to be appointed to the diocese and the first Gambian to be made a bishop.

Demographics of the Gambia
The demographic characteristics of the population of The Gambia are known through national censuses, conducted in ten-year intervals and analyzed by The Gambian Bureau of Statistics (GBOS) since 1963. The latest census was conducted in 2013. The population of The Gambia at the 2013 census was 1.8 million. The population density is 176.1 per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in The Gambia is 64.1 years. Since the first census of 1963, the population of The Gambia has increased every ten years by an average of 43.2 percent. Since 1950s, the birth rate has constantly exceeded the death rate; the natural growth rate is positive. The Gambia is in the second stage of demographic transition. In terms of age structure, The Gambia is dominated by 15- to 24-year-old segment (57.6%). The median age of the population is 19.9 years, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.98 males per female.
Clan Moubray
Clan Moubray is a Scottish clan of the Scottish Lowlands. The clan is officially recognized by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, however as the clan does not currently have a chief recognized by the Court of the Lord Lyon, it is therefore considered an Armigerous clan.

Court of the Lord Lyon
The Court of the Lord Lyon, or Lyon Court,  is a standing court of law, based in New Register House in Edinburgh, which regulates heraldry in Scotland. The Lyon Court maintains the register of grants of arms, known as the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland, as well as records of genealogies.

The Lyon Court is a public body, and the fees for grants of arms are paid to His Majesty's Treasury. It is headed by the Right Honourable the Lord Lyon King of Arms, who must be legally qualified, as he has criminal jurisdiction in heraldic matters, and the court is fully integrated into the Scottish legal system, including having a dedicated prosecutor, known in Scotland as a procurator fiscal.

Its equivalent in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, in terms of awarding arms, is the College of Arms, which is a royal corporation and not a court of law. The High Court of Chivalry is a civil court in England and Wales with jurisdiction over cases dealing with heraldry.
2016–17 George Washington Colonials women's basketball team
The 2016–17 George Washington Colonials women's basketball team represented George Washington University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Colonials, led by first year head coach Jennifer Rizzotti, played their home games at Charles E. Smith Center and were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 20–10, 13–3 in A-10 play to share the A-10 regular season title with Dayton. They lost in the quarterfinals of the A-10 women's tournament to Duquesne. They received an automatic bid to the Women's National Invitation Tournament where they lost to Navy in the first round.

2017 Atlantic 10 women's basketball tournament
The 2017 Atlantic 10 women's basketball tournament was a postseason tournament that played at campus sites on February 25 and 26 for the first round and the quarterfinals; the semifinals and championship game were held on March 3–5 at the Richmond Coliseum in Richmond, Virginia. Dayton won their second A-10 tournament title and earn an automatic bid to the NCAA women's tournament.
Bridgeland Community, Texas
Bridgeland is a planned community near Houston, Texas, built by Howard Hughes Holdings.

Bridgeland is an 11,500-acre (47 km2) master-planned community to the northwest of Houston in Harris County, between U.S. Route 290 and Interstate 10. Bisecting Bridgeland is Segment E of the Grand Parkway, a 15.2-mile thoroughfare for which construction broke ground in 2011 and opened in December 2013.

Planned for 20,000 homes and approximately 70,000 residents, Bridgeland is developed by Howard Hughes Holdings Inc., which also develops The Woodlands and The Woodlands Hills master planned communities in the Greater Houston area; Seaport District in New York City; Downtown Columbia in Maryland; Summerlin in Las Vegas; Ward Village in Honolulu, Hawaii; and Teravalis in the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, area.

Texas State Highway 99
State Highway 99 (SH 99), also known as the Grand Parkway, is a partial beltway in the U.S. state of Texas. Its first section opened on August 31, 1994. If the route is completed, it will be the longest beltway in the U.S., the world's eighth-longest metropolitan ring road (and largest outside of China, Russia, and Egypt), and the third (outer) loop of the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area, with Interstate 610 being the first (inner) loop and Beltway 8 (Sam Houston Tollway) being the second (middle) loop. The proposed 176.6-mile (284.2 km) loop has been divided into 11 separate segments for construction and funding purposes.  In May 2019, the Texas Department of Transportation gave the Grand Parkway a secondary designation as the Mayor Bob Lanier Memorial Parkway, honoring Bob Lanier, who served as the mayor of Houston from 1992 to 1998 and who had spearheaded the creation of the Grand Parkway.
By a Monster's Hand
"By a Monster's Hand" is a song by Danish rock band Volbeat. It was released as the lead single from their ninth album God of Angels Trust. It topped the Billboard Mainstream Rock Airplay chart in May 2025.

Michael Poulsen
Michael Schøn Poulsen (born 1 April 1975) is a Danish musician. He is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist and main songwriter of the rock band Volbeat. Prior to Volbeat, he was the vocalist for the death metal band Dominus.
IRAS F17179+5444
IRAS F17179+5444 is a Seyfert type 2 galaxy located in the constellation of Draco. The redshift of the object is (z) 0.147 and it was first discovered by astronomers in 1994 from the QDOT survey, designated as QDOT 171754.3+544450. It is classified as an ultraluminous infrared galaxy with a star formation rate of 2.29 ± 0.05 Mʘ per year.

Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions"—collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products.  It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy.  Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred to as star clusters or stellar associations.
Barthélemy Thimonnier
Barthélemy Thimonnier (19 August 1793 in L'Arbresle, Rhône - 5 July 1857 in Amplepuis) was a French inventor, who is attributed with the invention of the first sewing machine that replicated sewing by hand. He was born in L'Arbresle, in Rhône in France.

Rhône (department)
Rhône (French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Arpitan: Rôno) is a French department located in the east-central administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Rhône, its prefecture is Lyon. Its sole subprefecture is Villefranche-sur-Saône. Including the Lyon Metropolis, it had a population of 1,875,747 in 2019.
Prandini
Prandini is an Italian surname. Notable people with this name include:

Giovanni Prandini (1940–2018), Italian politician

Jenna Prandini (born 1992), American track and field athlete

Maria Prandini (born 1969), Italian electrical engineer

Jenna Prandini
Jenna Elizabeth Prandini (born November 20, 1992) is an American track and field athlete who has competed in both sprinting and long jump. She is a two-time national champion at 200 meters (2015, 2018), and a two-time Olympian in 2016 and 2020. She won a silver medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics as part of the United States 4 × 100 m relay team, and won a gold medal with the US 4 × 100 m relay at the 2022 World Athletics Championships.
Leben (Schiller album)
Leben is the third studio album by German electronic musician, composer and producer Christopher von Deylen under his Schiller alias. It features collaborations with renowned vocalists such as Sarah Brightman, Maya Saban, Peter Heppner and Kim Sanders.
Schiller used Daf and Tombak which are the two most Powerful Persian percussive instruments on the 10th track of this album (The Smile ft Sarah Brightman)

The album achieved platinum status in Germany in 2016.

Maya Saban
Maya Saban (born 8 October 1978) is a German singer. She was born in Berlin, Germany to an Israeli father, Shlomo Saban, and a German mother. As a child, she took music and dance lessons. Saban sang backing vocals for singer Sabrina Setlur and later appeared on the album Leben by German electronic act Schiller. On 25 July 2005, she released her solo debut album, Mit Jedem Ton (With Every Note), with Virgin Records.

She provided the vocal's for Schiller's songs "I've Seen it All" and "I Miss You". She also provided backing vocals for Satellite, the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 2010.
Mäkitalo
Mäkitalo is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Mika Mäkitalo (born 1985), Finnish footballer

Östen Mäkitalo (1938–2011), Swedish electrical engineer

Tom Makitalo (born 1995), Swedish ice hockey player

Tom Mäkitalo
Tom Mäkitalo (born May 6, 1995) is a Swedish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

Mäkitalo made his Swedish Hockey League debut playing with Leksands IF during the 2014–15 SHL season.

Mäkitalo's father, Jarmo Mäkitalo, is a Finnish former ice hockey player who played in the Elitserien.
Central Finance Company
Central Finance Company PLC is one of the oldest non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) in Sri Lanka having founded in 1957. The company is listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange in 1969. Brand Finance ranked the company the 28th most valuable brand in Sri Lanka for the year 2021. Central Finance Company was ranked 44th in the LMD 100 for the fiscal year 2019/20 by LMD.

LMD (magazine)
LMD, formerly known as Lanka Monthly Digest, is an English language Sri Lankan business magazine. Media Services (Pvt) Ltd owns the magazine, and was first issued in August 1994. The magazine is available in print and online versions. Hiran Hewavisenti is the magazine's editor-in-chief. LMD derives its revenue from advertising and subscription fees. Monthly circulation is about 5,000 while monthly readership is around 30,000-40,000. The magazine has a subscriber base of about 1,800. Living and Discover Sri Lanka are the sister publications of the magazine.
M. Qasim Jan
M. Qasim Jan (born 10 January 1944) is a geologist and research scientist from Pakistan. He has been the vice-chancellor of three Pakistani universities. His research has been in geology, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, and tectonics. He has authored or edited a dozen books, and has published numerous papers on geology and tectonics of the North-West Himalayas. Presently, he is Professor Emeritus at the National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar. Jan is also currently the Secretary General of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, and of the Association of the Academies of Sciences in Asia. He is also a fellow of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS).

Mineralogy
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, and their utilization.
Adam Muery
Adam Muery is a politician in the State of Texas and in the United States. He is a Master Texas Peace Officer, a former United States Marine and a licensed pilot. He is a graduate of Texas A&M University and the University of Texas School of Law. He has a wife and four children.

University of Texas School of Law
The University of Texas School of Law (Texas Law or UT Law) is the law school of the University of Texas at Austin, a public research university in Austin, Texas.  According to Texas Law’s ABA disclosures, 93.0% of the Class of 2024 obtained full-time, long-term bar passage required employment (i.e. as attorneys) nine months after graduation.
Italian invasion of Libya
The Italian invasion of Libya occurred in 1911, when Italian troops invaded the Ottoman province of Libya (then part of the Ottoman Empire) and started the Italo-Turkish War. As result, Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica were established, later unified to form the colony of Italian Libya.

Italian Cyrenaica
Italian Cyrenaica (Italian: Cirenaica Italiana; Arabic: برقة الايطالیة) was an Italian colony, located in present-day eastern Libya, that existed from 1911 to 1934. It was part of the territory conquered from the Ottoman Empire during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911, alongside Italian Tripolitania.

The territory of the two colonies was sometimes referred to as "Italian Libya" or Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI). Both names were also used after their unification, with Italian Libya becoming the official name of the newly combined colony.

In 1923, indigenous rebels associated with the Senussi Order organized the Libyan resistance movement against Italian settlement in Libya. The rebellion was put down by Italian forces in 1932, after the so-called "pacification campaign", which resulted in the deaths of a quarter of Cyrenaica's local population.

In 1934, it became part of Italian Libya.
Tucker Robertson
Tucker Robertson (born June 22, 2003) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward for the Lehigh Valley Phantoms of the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract to the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected in the fourth round (123rd overall) by the Seattle Kraken in the 2022 NHL entry draft.

Lehigh Valley Phantoms
The Lehigh Valley Phantoms are a professional ice hockey team based in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The team competes in the American Hockey League (AHL) and serves as the primary development team for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League.

The Phantoms have been the top minor league affiliate for the Flyers since the 1996–97 season, playing in Philadelphia as the Philadelphia Phantoms from 1996 until 2009, then in Glens Falls, New York, as the Adirondack Phantoms from 2010 until 2013, and in Allentown as the Lehigh Valley Phantoms since 2014.

The Lehigh Valley Phantoms play their home games at PPL Center, an 8,500 capacity, $282 million indoor arena that opened in downtown Allentown on September 10, 2014.
Piyush Mishra
Piyush Mishra (born as Priyakant Sharma; 13 January 1962) is an Indian actor, singer, lyricist, playwright, musician, and screenwriter. Mishra grew up in Sambhal, and graduated from National School of Drama, Delhi in 1986. Thereafter, he started his career in Hindi theatre in Delhi. Over the next decade, he established himself as a theatre director, actor, lyricist and singer. He moved to Mumbai in 2002, receiving acclaim for his acting in Maqbool (2003) and Gangs of Wasseypur (2012).

As a film lyricist and singer, he is noted for his songs "Arre Ruk Ja Re Bandeh" in Black Friday (2004), "Aarambh Hai Prachand" in Gulaal (2009), "Ik Bagal" in Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 1 (2012), and "Husna" in Coke Studio (2012).

Hindi theatre
Hindi theatre is theatre performed in the Hindi language, including dialects such as Braj Bhasha, Khari Boli and Hindustani. Hindi theatre is produced mainly in
North India, and some parts of West India and Central India, which include Mumbai and Bhopal. Hindi theatre has its roots in the traditional folk theatre of North India, like Ram lila and Raslila, and also influenced by distant Sanskrit drama. Starting with Bhartendu Harishchandra in the late 19th century and subsequent playwrights like Jaishankar Prasad, Mohan Rakesh, Hindi theatre came of age in the 1940s and 50s, when IPTA movement created a new brand of theatre practitioners in Hindi speaking areas, especially with IPTA Mumbai, Prithvi Theatres of thespian Prithviraj Kapoor, and theatre artiste Habib Tanvir, paving way for next generation of artists who came out once National School of Drama, Delhi started functioning in 1959.
Amia Srinivasan
Amia Srinivasan (born 20 December 1984) is a philosopher and author noted for her work in epistemology and feminist philosophy. Since January 2020, she has been Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford.

London Review of Books
The London Review of Books (LRB) is a British literary magazine published semimonthly that features articles and essays on fiction and non-fiction subjects, which are usually structured as book reviews.