hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jacob Duché Sr.
Colonel Jacob Duché (1708–1788) was a mayor of Philadelphia in the colonial province of Pennsylvania.

Duché was born in Philadelphia, the son of Anthony Duché (c. 1682-1762), a potter from a Huguenot family who had emigrated to England. Anthony had come with his wife to America in the same ship as William Penn in about 1700.
Jacob was appointed a colonel of the militia. He served as mayor of Philadelphia from 1761 to 1762. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society through his election in 1768.

He was for many years a vestryman of Christ Church; when the congregation grew too large to be accommodated there, he headed the committee that oversaw the erection of its daughter church, St. Peter's.

Christ Church (Philadelphia)
Christ Church is an Episcopal church in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1695 as a parish of the Church of England, it played an integral role in the founding of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. In 1785, its rector, William White, became the first Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church.
Electronic evidence
Electronic evidence consists of these two sub-forms:

analog (no longer so prevalent, but still existent in some sound recordings e.g), and

digital evidence (see longer article)

This rather complex relationship can be depicted graphically as shown in this part of an EU-funded project on the topic embedded here at the right. Chapter 10 of the associated 2018 book goes into more detail, as does the website,  http://www.evidenceproject.eu/categorization

Electronic evidence can be abbreviated as e-evidence; this shorter term is gaining in acceptance in Continental Europe. This page covers mainly activity there and on the international level.

CLOUD Act
The Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act or CLOUD Act (H.R. 4943) is a United States federal law enacted in 2018 by the passing of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, PL 115–141, Division V.

The CLOUD Act primarily amends the Stored Communications Act (SCA) of 1986 to allow federal law enforcement to compel U.S.-based technology companies via warrant or subpoena to provide requested data stored on servers regardless of whether the data are stored in the U.S. or on foreign soil.
Secretary for Development
The Secretary for Development of the Hong Kong Government is responsible for planning, land development and public works related development policy in Hong Kong.  The position was created in 2007 to replace portions of the previous portfolios of Secretary for the Environment, Transport and Works and Secretary for Housing, Planning and Lands.

Land development
Land development is the alteration of landscape in any number of ways, such as:

Changing landforms from a natural or semi-natural state for a purpose such as agriculture or housing

Subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes

Real estate development or changing its purpose, for example by converting an unused factory complex into a condominium
Marisol Paíno
Marisol Paíno Serrano  (born 31 August 1955) is a former Spanish professional basketball player representing Spain. She played in the Spanish League  with  Celta de Vigo for seven seasons (1976-1983), winning three Leagues and two Cups. She was six times the topscorer of the league and three times MVP. She played four consecutive Spanish Cup finals, winning in 1981 and 1982. She is third all-time scorer in Cup finals, with 102 points. She was one of the first professional players of the Spanish league.

Copa de la Reina de Baloncesto
The Copa de la Reina de Baloncesto (English: Queen's Cup of Basketball) is an annual cup competition for Spanish women's basketball teams. The first edition of the competition, originally named Women's Senior Basketball Championship, took place in 1943, which makes it the oldest Spanish women's basketball competition, but it was only since 1978, when it took its current name, that it has been carried every year. The 2012 cup marked the 50th edition of the competition.

The cup is played by the top teams of the Spanish Women's League's table in the mid of the season. After several formats in previous years, the 2019 edition reverted to the Final Eight format.

CB Avenida is the defending champion and in 2019 won its eighth title,  surpassing both Ros Casares and Picadero JC as the most successful team in the competition.
2026 Formula Winter Series
The 2026 Formula Winter Series is the fourth season of the Formula Winter Series. It is a multi-event motor racing championship for open-wheel, formula racing cars regulated according to Formula 4 regulations by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), and is organised by Gedlich Racing.

The championship consists of five rounds in Portugal and Spain, beginning on 24 January at Circuito do Estoril and ending on 15 March at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. The rookies' championship features a separate classification for the first time, rather than the title being awarded to the highest-placed rookie in the drivers' championship.

Open-wheel car
An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, which have their wheels below the body or inside fenders. Open-wheel cars are built both for road racing and oval track racing. Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads (street legal), such as the Ariel Atom, are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use.
Serhiy Kernozhytskyi
Serhiy Kernozhytskyi (Ukrainian: Сергій Юрійович Керножицький; born 23 June 1997) is a professional Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for Metalurh Zaporizhya.

Kernozhytskyi is a product of FC Kosmos Zaporizhya youth sportive school. He made his debut for FC Zirka entering as a second-half substitute against FC Helios Kharkiv on 3 October 2015 in the Ukrainian First League.

FC Helios Kharkiv
FC Helios Kharkiv (FC Gelios) is a Ukrainian football club located in Kharkiv, Ukraine. From 2003 to 2018 the club competed at professional level. In 2018 it was expected to be succeeded by FC Kobra Kharkiv, but unsuccessfully. FC Helios dissolved its professional team, but kept its football academy which competes at regional level.
Vlára
The Vlára is a river in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, a right tributary of the Váh. It flows through the Zlín Region in the Czech Republic and through the Trenčín Region in Slovakia. It is 44.7 km (27.8 mi) long. It is the only significant watercourse in the Czech Republic that does not belong to the Elbe, Morava and Oder river basins.

Trenčín Region
The Trenčín Region (Slovak: Trenčiansky kraj, pronounced [ˈtrentʂɪɐnski ˈkraj]; Czech: Trenčínský kraj; Hungarian: Trencséni kerület) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. It consists of nine districts (okresy). The region was established in 1996: previously it had been a part of the West Slovak Region (Západoslovenský kraj) and partly the Central Slovak Region (Stredoslovenský kraj). Industry is a major sector of the region's economy.
Jakob Edsen
Jakob Edsen  (born 1993) is a Danish orienteering competitor. He was born in Aarhus. He competed at the 2018 World Orienteering Championships in Latvia, where he placed 15th in the sprint final, and won a bronze medal in the mixed sprint relay with the Danish team. He won a silver medal in the relay at the 2012 Junior World Orienteering Championships in Kosice, and placed fourth in the sprint and seventh in the long distance in the same championship.

Orienteering
Orienteering is a group of sports in which participants use a map and compass to navigate from point to point in unfamiliar terrain as quickly as possible.

The sport originated from military land-navigation training in the late 19th century. It has since evolved into several competitive forms where participants race against the clock and other competitors while navigating through checkpoints. Variants include automobile, underwater, mountain bike, ski, and trail orienteering. The most common form is foot orienteering, also known as FootO.

In formal foot-orienteering competitions, participants are given a specially prepared orienteering map, usually topographical, which they use to locate control points.

Orienteering is part of the World Games and the World Police and Fire Games.
Herpothallon confluenticum
Herpothallon confluenticum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Originally described from specimens collected in Thailand, it was formally described as new to science in 2009 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Robert Lücking. The lichen has also been recorded in other localities in Asia, Australia, and South America. It contains confluentic acid as a major lichen product.

André Aptroot
André Aptroot (Heemskerk, 1961) is a Dutch mycologist and lichenologist. His primary research focus is on biodiversity, particularly tropical lichens, encompassing systematics, floristic surveys, and taxonomic reviews. A prolific researcher, he has published more than 500 scientific papers and described hundreds of new fungal and lichen species.
Tangendorf disc brooch
The Tangendorf disc brooch (German: Scheibenfibel von Tangendorf) is an Iron Age fibula from the 3rd century AD, which was dug up in 1930 from the sand of a Bronze Age tumulus near Tangendorf, Toppenstedt, Harburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. The front of the elaborately crafted garment fibula is decorated with a rear-facing four-legged animal, probably a dog or a deer. It is one of Harburg's most important finds from the period of the Roman Empire, and is in the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg.
An image of this fibula is part of the logo of this museum.

Harburg (district)
District Harburg is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It takes its name from the town of Harburg upon Elbe, which used to be the capital of the district but is now part of Hamburg and therefore no longer within the district. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Lüneburg, Heidekreis, Rotenburg (Wümme) and Stade, by the City of Hamburg and the State of Schleswig-Holstein (District of Lauenburg).
Montfort Secondary School
Montfort Secondary School (MSS) is a government-aided Roman Catholic all-boys' secondary school located in Hougang, Singapore. Founded in 1916, it is one of the seven institutions governed by St Gabriel's Foundation.

Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level
The Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level (or Singapore-Cambridge GCE O-Level) is a school qualification jointly conducted by the Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB) and the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), with exams taking place in Singapore annually. Students are graded in the bands ranging from A to F and each band has a respective grade point, a lower grade point indicates poor performance (e.g. A1 band equates to 1 grade point). The number at the end of each grade corresponds to the grade point that they receive (i.e. A1 = 1, A2 = 2, B3 = 3, B4 = 4, C5 = 5, C6 = 6, D7 = 7 E8 = 8, F9 = 9). To pass an individual O-Level subject, a student must score at least C6 (6 grade points) or above. The highest grade a student can attain is A1 (1 grade point).
Vadim Selyukin
Vadim Selyukin (born 26 March 1977) is a Russian sledge hockey player and a captain of the Russian sledge hockey team. In 2013 he led his team to the bronze medal at the IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships which were hosted in Goyang, South Korea.

2013 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships
The 2013 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships was the seventh IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships that took place in the SPART Complex in Goyang, South Korea from 12 to 20 April 2013. It was the first time that South Korea hosted the IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships. In the final match, Canada defeated the United States 1–0, to win their third title. Russia defeated the Czech Republic 3-0 for the bronze medal.
Grant Township, Stone County, Missouri
Grant Township is an inactive township in Stone County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

Grant Township was erected in 1870, taking its name from Ulysses S. Grant, a general in the Civil War and afterward President of the United States.

Stone County, Missouri
36°44′N 93°28′W﻿ / ﻿36.74°N 93.47°W﻿ / 36.74; -93.47

Stone County is located in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 31,076. Its county seat is Galena.

Stone County was part of the Branson micropolitan area until 2023.
Gazi Salahuddin
Gazi Salahuddin (born 8 November 1984) is a first class and list a cricketer from Bangladesh. He made his first class debut for Chittagong Division in the 2003/04 season. He also represented Bangladesh A in 2006/07. He has recorded 4 first class centuries and 13 fifties, with a fine knock of 165 against Barisal Division

Chittagong Division
Chittagong Division (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম বিভাগ), officially Chattogram Division, is geographically the largest of the eight administrative Divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the southeasternmost areas of the country, with a total area of 34,529.97 km2 (13,332.10 sq mi) and a population according to the 2022 census of 33,202,326, which made it the second most populous division of Bangladesh and the 45th most populous subnational entity in the world — more populous than all but 43 other countries.
Chittagong Division is home to Cox's Bazar, the longest natural sea beach in the world; as well as St. Martin's Island, Bangladesh's sole coral reef.
Gurumalleshwara
Gurumalleshwara was a 19th-century Veerashaiva saint, Lingayat ascetic, Teacher of Shakti Vishishtadvaita and parama daasOhi. He was born in North Karnataka and came to Mysore and took penance under Bunde swamiji of Mahalingeshwara Mutt, Agrahara, Mysore. In later days he moved to Devanuru, Nanjangud talluk, Mysore, Karnataka, India and initiated a movement over there by his teachings and invented a new Veerashaiva Dasoha Mutt over there, currently which is an institution and is a Pattada Mutta (Authorizable Institution). He is venerated as an avatar(incarnation) of Lord Nandi (the vahana of Supreme lord Shiva) and every Lingayat home in and around Mysore will have portraits of him without a single miss. His Mutt in Devanuru, is considered as a sect of Shri Srishailam Veerashaiva Mutt (one of the five major Lingayat pancha-peethas).
He is believed to have received Linga deekshe directly from Bhagawan Renukacharya.

Panchacharyas
Panchacharyas  are religious figures of Veerashiva denomination of Shaivism. Veerashaivism is thought to be an evolution of the Kalamukha Shaiva Jiyar tradition. Panchacharya means five sages, referring to Renukacharya, Darukacharya, Ekorama,  Panditharadhya, and Vishwaradhya, their iconography is sage emerging from the five Shivalingams of the Panchapeethas. They are seated in Panchapeethas (five monasteries) known as Veera (Rambhapuri), Saddharma (Ujjaini), Vairagya (Kedar), Surya (Srisailam), and Jnana (Kashi) Shimhasanas. Renukacharya is first mentioned in Siddhanta Shikhamani, in the Sanskrit language written by Shivayogi Shivacharya, it is regarded as holy book for the Veerashaivas.
Bardarash
Bardarash (Arabic: بردرش, Kurdish: بەردەڕەش, romanized: Berdereş) or ʿAshā'ir al-Sabaʿ (Arabic: عشائر السبع) is a town and subdistrict in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. It is regarded as part of Akre District in the Nineveh Governorate by the Iraqi government, however, it is de facto controlled by the Kurdistan Regional Government, as part of the Bardarash district of the Dohuk Governorate.

Bardarash is mostly inhabited by Sunni Muslims.

Romanization of Kurdish
The romanization of Kurdish language is the practice of transcribing the Kurdish, traditionally written in both Arabic and Latin scripts, into a standardized Latin alphabet. The development of Kurdish romanization systems supports the need for digital communication, linguistic research, and accessibility for Kurdish speakers and Kurdish speakers in diaspora communities. These systems strive to maintain phonetic precision and consistency across the diverse Kurdish dialects.
Thunder Rail
Thunder Rail is a short line railway located in the North East region of Saskatchewan, with its headquarters located in the community of Arborfield. The line came into being when Carlton Trail Railway decided to abandon the line due to its isolated proximity from their headquarters in Prince Albert. CTRW worked with the community of Arborfield to ensure the line would not be removed, but instead could be owned and operated by the residents of Arborfield. In March 2005 Thunder Rail came into existence, utilizing former Providence and Worcester Railroad M-420R(W) locomotive #2004.

The track is predominantly used for hauling grain products like wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa pellets and more recently canola products. Customers include CanPro Ingredients Ltd., Arborfield Grain Producers and any farmer that wishes to load producer cars on the line. Thunder Rail also provides railcar storage on many seldom used spurs.

MLW M-420
The MLW M-420 was a diesel-electric locomotive manufactured between 1973 and 1977 in Montreal, Canada by the Montreal Locomotive Works. A total of 90 units were built for Canadian railways, including eight B units built for the British Columbia Railway; most of production went to Canadian National. Only seven units were sold outside of Canada, to the State Railways Institution in Venezuela and the Providence and Worcester Railroad in the United States.

The M-420 was one of the first locomotive models (along with the EMD GP38-2) to use the wide-nosed Canadian comfort cab, pioneered by Canadian National. By the early 1990s, variations on this cab design had become the standard of the industry. As with wide-nosed General Motors Diesel units from the same period, references to the model commonly add a "W" at the end of the model name, but it is not part of the official model designation. Most M-420 units rode on MLW ZWT (Zero Weight-Transfer) trucks.
Espen Nordahl
Espen Nordahl is a Norwegian visual effects artist. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Visual Effects for the film Sinners.

In addition to his Academy Award nomination, he won a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Special Visual Effects for his work on the television program The Last of Us. His win was shared with Alex Wang, Sean Nowlan, Joel Whist, Stephen James, Nick Marshall, Simon Jung, Dennis Yoo and Jonathan Mitchell.

Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects
This is a list of the winning and nominated programs of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a series, miniseries, film, or special. Since the award ceremony of 1998, the category has been divided into Special Visual Effects for a Series and Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special. In 1991, the Television Academy nominated four programs, but did not determine a winner.

Before becoming well-known directors, Neill Blomkamp, Gareth Edwards, and Robert Stromberg were nominees for the award.
Quipu (supercluster)
Quipu is a large-scale superstructure of galaxies of the Universe, a wall of galaxies or galaxy hypercluster composed of knots of galaxy clusters. As of 2025, it is the largest known structure in the Universe, some 400 megaparsecs or 1.3 billion light years long (1.3×109 light-years (7.6×1021 mi; 1.2×1022 km)); and the most massive known structure, containing 2×1017 solar masses (4.0×1047 kg; 8.8×1047 lb; 4.0×1044 t), or about 200,000 times the mass of the Milky Way.

The structure was discovered by Hans Böhringer and colleagues using data from the ROSAT X-ray satellite, and described in a 2025 paper on arXiv. It was named "quipu" as it is reminiscent of the Andean knotted textile called quipu that Böhringer had seen in a museum near Santiago, Chile, while he was working at the European Southern Observatory.

Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses. Clusters consist of galaxies, heated gas, and dark matter. They are the biggest known gravitationally bound structures in the universe. They were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. Together, galaxy groups and clusters form superclusters.
Rose Keegan
Rose Keegan is a British actress of stage, film and television. She trained at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama. Her mother is the writer Susanne Keegan. Her father was the writer and military historian Sir John Keegan.

John Keegan
Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan (15 May 1934 – 2 August 2012) was an English military historian, lecturer, author and journalist. He wrote many published works on the nature of combat between prehistory and the 21st century, covering land, air, maritime, intelligence warfare and the psychology of battle.
Abdullahi Yousuf
Abdullahi Yousuf (died 1977) was an Oromo politician, a member of the  All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement (Meison).

Abdullahi Yousuf was active in the leftist Union of Ethiopian Students in Europe, along with Haile Fida. During their student years Haile Fida and Abdullahi Yousuf made significant contributions to the development of Afaan Oromoo as a written language. During the early years of the Ethiopian Revolution, he was appointed head of the Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs in Hararghe. As a POMOA leader, he disarmed Shoan Christian settlers and implemented land reform in Hararghe.

Abdullahi Yousuf was killed in August 1977 during a visit to Addis Ababa. The murder occurred in the midst of the break between Meison and the Derg.

Land reform
Land reform (also known as agrarian reform) involves the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership, land use, and land transfers. The reforms may be initiated by governments, by interested groups, or by revolution.

Land reform is often considered a contentious process, as land is a key driver of a wide range of social, political and economic outcomes. The structure and distribution of land rights has been linked to state formation, economic growth, inequality, political violence, and identity politics, making land reform highly consequential for the long-term structures of society.
Nasonovia ribisnigri
Nasonovia ribisnigri is a species of aphid. Their primary hosts are currant plants, including blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum) and gooseberries (Ribes uva-crispa), while the secondary hosts are a wider range of plants, including members of the Compositae (Hieracium, Lapsana, Crepis, Leontodon, Lactuca and Cichorium), Lamiales (Veronica and Euphrasia) and Solanaceae (Nicotiana and Petunia). They are an important agricultural pest in lettuce and endive cultivation.

Males grow to a length of 2.5 millimetres (0.098 in), while viviparous females are 1.7–3.2 mm (0.067–0.126 in) long, but oviparous female only reach 1.6–1.7 mm (0.063–0.067 in).

Nicotiana
Nicotiana (/ˌnɪkoʊʃiˈeɪnə, nɪˌkoʊ-, -kɒti-, -ˈɑːnə, -ˈænə/) is a genus of herbaceous plants and shrubs in the family Solanaceae that is indigenous to the Americas, Australia, Southwestern Africa and the South Pacific. Various Nicotiana species, commonly referred to as tobacco plants, are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. N. tabacum is grown worldwide for the cultivation of tobacco leaves that are used for manufacturing and producing tobacco products, including cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, snuff, snus, etc.