hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Poland in the Middle Ages
This article covers the history of Poland in the Middle Ages. This time covers roughly a millennium, from the 5th century to the 16th century. It is commonly dated from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, and contrasted with a later Early Modern Period. The time during which the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance and the Reformation unfolded is generally associated with the transition out of the Middle Ages, with European overseas expansion as a succeeding process, but such dates are approximate and based upon nuanced arguments.

Millennium
A millennium (pl. millennia or millenniums) is a period of one thousand years, one hundred decades, or ten centuries, It is also sometimes called a kiloannum (ka) or kiloyear (ky).

Normally, the word is used specifically for periods of a thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the calendar in consideration and at later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after the start point. The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Millennia sometimes have religious or theological implications (see millenarianism).

The word millennium derives from the Latin mille, meaning 'thousand', and annus, meaning 'year'.
Zenit B
Zenit B (Russian: Зени́т B) is a 35mm single lens reflex camera made by Russian camera manufacturer Zenit in quantities of 889,617 units. It was produced from 1968–1977, either with an M42 mount, or the M39 mount. Shutter speeds were B, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250 and 1/500. It is very similar to the Zenit-E, except it does not have a built in light-meter. It also had an instant return mirror, which was common in the era the camera was made. In other countries, the camera was branded as the Kalimar SR100, the Revueflex-B, the Prinzflex-500, and as the Zenit B Global.

Single-lens reflex camera
In photography, a single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is a type of camera that uses a mirror and prism system to allow photographers to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured. SLRs became the dominant design for professional and consumer-level cameras throughout the late 20th century, offering interchangeable lenses, through-the-lens (TTL) metering, and precise framing. Originating in the 1930s and popularized in the 1960s and 70s, SLR technology played a crucial role in the evolution of modern photography. Although digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras succeeded film-based models, the rise of mirrorless cameras in the 2010s has led to a decline in SLR use and production. With twin lens reflex and rangefinder cameras, the viewed image could be significantly different from the final image. When the shutter button is pressed on most SLRs, the mirror flips out of the light path and allows light to pass through to the light receptor and the image to be captured.
Govindaya Namaha
Govindaya Namaha (transl. Hail Govinda) is a 2012 Indian Kannada language comedy drama film directed by debutante Pawan Wadeyar. The film was released on 30 March 2012 across cinema halls. It stars Komal Kumar, Anna Georgia, Madhulika, Rekha Vedavyas and Parul Yadav in the lead roles. The music is composed by Gurukiran. This film is remade as Potugadu in Telugu. The movie was accused to be a copy of 2006 Kannada movie Avnandre Avne. However Karnataka Film Directors Association writer's wing set aside the allegations as far from truth.

Music of this film has been received well and the song Pyarge Aagbittaite written by Pawan in Kannada and Urdu language mixture recorded an amazing hit in YouTube by hitting more than 1500000 views in less than a week of its release. This song is performed by Chethan and Indu Nagaraj and music by Gurukiran song was picturized on Komal Kumar and Parul at Bijapur Fort and Ibrahim Roza.

Parul Yadav
Parul Yadav is an Indian actress who primarily appears in Kannada films. Her acting debut was in the 2004 Tamil film Dreams. Her performance in Aatagara (2015) earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada. Yadav also won praises for her films, Bachchan (2013), Shivajinagara (2014), Vaastu Prakaara (2015) and Killing Veerappan (2016).
Alexander Brown (cricketer)
Alexander Gordon Brown (born 10 February 1967) was an English cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Northumberland. He was born in Stockfield.

Brown, who represented Newcastle in the North East Premier League between 2001 and 2004, and Chester-le-Street between 2005 and 2006, made a single appearance in the C&G Trophy in August 2003, against Shropshire. Batting in the tailend, Brown scored 4 runs in a game curtailed by rain.

Brown bowled 4.1 overs in the match, conceding 24 runs.

Northumberland County Cricket Club
Northumberland County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England, and Wales. It represents the historic county of Northumberland.

The team is currently a member of the Minor Counties Championship Eastern Division and plays in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. Northumberland played List A matches occasionally from 1971 until 2005, but is not classified as a List A team per se.

The club is based at Osborne Avenue, Jesmond and also plays matches around the county at Benwell Park and at the South Northumberland CC ground at Gosforth.
Massimo Pica Ciamarra
Massimo Pica Ciamarra (Naples, 9 July 1937) is an Italian architect and theoretician. He has been active since the 1960s, designing over thirty buildings recognised by the Italian Ministry of Culture as "significant for the history of contemporary architecture" in Italy, across nine regions, including, in Naples, the ENEL Twin Towers, the Monte Sant'Angelo Campus of the University of Naples Federico II, and the Piazzale Tecchio in Fuorigrotta. He served as vice-president of the Italian Institute of Architecture from 1997 until 2011, and has been, since 2006, the editor-in-chief of The Carré Bleu. From 1971 until retirement in 2007, he held a professorship in architectural design at the University of Naples Federico II.

Città della Scienza
The Città della Scienza ("city of science") is a museum in Naples, in Campania in southern Italy. It was opened to the public in 1996 and features various areas where visitors can explore and learn about science, natural phenomena, and hosts a wide large number of science exhibits and culture events. The museum also promotes sustainable technologies activities and enterprises.

Its structures are located in Bagnoli, the ex industrial district in Naples, and its nucleus was built in a 19th-century workshops industry archeological site.
Rondin Johnson
Rondin Allen Johnson (born December 16, 1958) is an American former Major League Baseball player. He played with the Kansas City Royals of the American League. Johnson played second base in eleven games in 1986 with eight hits in 31 at-bats for a .258 batting average.

Johnson attended the University of Washington, where he played college baseball for the Huskies from 1978 to 1980.

Washington Huskies baseball
The Washington Huskies baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball team of the University of Washington, located in Seattle, Washington, United States. The program has been a member of the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference since the start of the 2025 season, preceded by the Pac-12 Conference and the Pacific Coast Conference.

The team has played at Husky Ballpark since 1998; the on-campus venue was renovated extensively for the start of the 2014 season. Jason Kelly has been the program's head coach since the start of the 2023 season. The program has appeared in nine NCAA tournaments. It has won two Pac-10 North-South Division playoffs, six Pac-10 North Division Titles, eight PCC North Division Titles, and two PCC Regular season Championships. As of the start of the 2014 season, 18 former Huskies have appeared in the major leagues.
André-Line Beauparlant
André-Line Beauparlant (born 1966 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian art director, production designer, set decorator, and film director. She was nominated for a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Art Direction/Production Design for Continental, a Film Without Guns (Continental, un film sans fusil) at the 28th Genie Awards, and for Happy Camper (Camping sauvage), The Negro (Le nèg'), and The Woman Who Drinks (La Femme qui boit) at the 25th Genie Awards. At the 28th Genie Awards, she was also nominated for Best Feature Length Documentary for her film Antlers (Panache).

In 2002, she was nominated for three Jutra Awards: Best Art Direction for The Woman Who Drinks and Marriages (Mariages), and Best Documentary for Three Princesses for Roland (Trois princesses pour Roland).

She is an alumna of the University of Montreal and a 1993 graduate of the National Theatre School of Canada.

In 2018, she was nominated for Best Art Direction at the Prix Iris for Infiltration.

Marriages (2001 film)
Marriages (French: Mariages) is a Canadian drama film, directed by Catherine Martin and released in 2001. The film centres on Yvonne (Marie-Ève Bertrand), a young girl in 19th-century Quebec whose life is turned upside down by both her own sexual awakening and the apparent return of her mother, who died giving birth to her.

The film's cast also includes Guylaine Tremblay, Hélène Loiselle, David Boutin, Mirianne Brûlé and Raymond Cloutier.
Mark Hammond (Australian politician)
Mark John Hammond (15 November 1844 – 4 February 1908) was an Australian politician.

Born in Sydney, he received a brief education at Newtown before following his father to the Braidwood gold diggings in 1852; the family moved to Sofala in 1853. He became a blacksmith and jockey and joined a Hill End mining company in 1868. On 14 July 1869 he married Mary Ann Fitzpatrick at Bathurst, with whom he had three children. He was an alderman of Ashfield Council from 1876 and served as mayor in 1882. In 1884 Hammond was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Canterbury, serving until 1887. From 1900 to 1903 he was a mining agent in Sydney and campaigned on behalf of municipal government. Hammond died at Manly in 1908.

Manly, New South Wales
Manly is a beach-side suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of the Sydney central business district and is currently one of the three administrative centres of the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Manly has a long-standing reputation as a tourist destination, owing to its attractive setting on the Pacific Ocean and easy accessibility by ferry.
Falésia Beach
Falésia Beach (Portuguese: Praia da Falésia, meaning Cliff Beach) is a beach in Albufeira, Algarve, southern Portugal. It has a cliff that begins in the Barranco das Belharucas Beach and extends to Vilamoura.

Albufeira
Albufeira (pronounced [alβuˈfɐjɾɐ] ⓘ, locally [aɫbʷˈfeɾɐ, aɫbˈfeɾɐ]), officially the City of Albufeira (Portuguese: Cidade de Albufeira), is a city and municipality of Faro District in the Algarve region of southern Portugal. The population in 2021 was 44,158, in an area of 140.66 square kilometres (54.31 square miles). The city proper had a population of 28,645 in 2021. It is 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Lisbon, close to Paderne Castle. Lagoa is 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the west, and Faro 45 kilometres (28 mi) to the southeast. A tourist destination due to its coastal conditions, Albufeira's population expands to around 300,000 in the summer and at Christmas and New Year owing to the number of hotels that includes marina facilities, golf courses, restaurants and bars.
Karl Plutus
Karl Plutus (11 September 1904 – 12 November 2010) was an Estonian jurist and the oldest verified living man in Estonia 2006–2010.

Plutus was born in Kolu Manor, Virumaa. He spent his childhood in Eastern Estonia and Saint Petersburg, where his family had moved to in 1913, and witnessed the October Revolution. In 1921, his family returned to Estonia. During The Second World War he was in Soviet rear and was not sent to the front line. He studied law instead and became a jurist. He worked in this occupation until his retirement in 1992.

In his later years Plutus lived with his sister who was younger than him by eight years. His hobbies were fishing and dancing. He died on 12 November 2010 at age 106.

Virumaa
Virumaa or Viru (Latin: Vironia; Low German: Wierland; Old Norse: Virland) is a historical region in northeastern Estonia and a medieval independent Estonian county (maakond). In most part, the historical Virumaa region overlaps with modern Lääne-Viru ("West Viru") and Ida-Viru ("East Viru") counties.

Medieval people of Virumaa, the Vironians, built many strongholds, like Tarwanpe (modern Rakvere) and Agelinde (now Punamägi Hill in Äntu village). Vironians were divided into five clans (kilikunda), Maum (in Estonian "Mahu"), Laemund  (Lemmu) also known as Pudiviru, Askele, Revele (Rebala), Alentagh (Alutaguse). Like other Estonian tribes, Vironians remained predominantly pagan before Northern Crusades in the 13th century.
Clerc Classic
The Clerc Classic Basketball Tournament originated at the Model Secondary School for the Deaf in 2000 under its Athletic Director, Michael Weinstock, who envisioned a national basketball tournament for outstanding athletes from the top Deaf schools. The tournament typically occurs during the second weekend of January. The school who wins that year's tournament often wins the year's Deaf Prep National Championship.

Texas School for the Deaf
Texas School for the Deaf (TSD) is a state-operated primary and secondary school for deaf children in Austin, Texas. Opened in 1857 "in an old frame house, three log cabins, and a smokehouse", it is the oldest continually-operated public school in Texas. The school struggled under inadequate funding during the American Civil War, and its aftermath, with the students eating food that they grew themselves on the school farm. In 1951, the State Board of Education assumed oversight of the school.
Hospital Center Line
The Hospital Center Line, designated Route D8, was a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Washington Union Station and MedStar Washington Hospital Center. The line operated every 20–30 minutes at all times. Route D8 trips were roughly 45 minutes.

Rhode Island Avenue station
Rhode Island Avenue station (also known as Rhode Island Avenue–Brentwood) is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C., on the Red Line. The station is located in the Brentwood neighborhood of Northeast, on an elevated platform crossing Rhode Island Avenue NE (U.S. Route 1)
Land Wursten
Land Wursten is a former Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was situated approximately 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Cuxhaven, and 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Bremerhaven. Its seat was in the village Dorum. It was disbanded in January 2015, when its member municipalities merged into the new municipality Wurster Nordseeküste.

Samtgemeinde
A Samtgemeinde (German pronunciation: ['zamtgəˌmaɪndə] ⓘ, lit. 'collective municipality'; plural: Samtgemeinden) is a type of administrative division in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samtgemeinden are local government associations of municipalities, equivalent to the Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg, and the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate.
Galloo Island Light
Galloo Island Light is a historic lighthouse that is located the South Western side of the island of Galloo. It is found six miles off the mainland of Jefferson Country which is part of the state of New York. According to its location, it falls under the jurisdiction of the town of Hounsfield. The light tower and the majority of the island are privately owned. However, because of the law, the Coast Guard is permitted to cross into this private property because of the light in the tower that is used to guide ships. The lighthouse is a fixed white light that produces a beam that is visible at a maximum distance of 15 miles. It also consists of a steam whistle that it sounds when the weather turns foggy. The whistle blows for 10 seconds and then it is silent for 30 seconds. The island does not have a harbor and landings have to be made from smaller boats. Today it stands tall and abandoned, overlooking the waves.

Hounsfield, New York
Hounsfield is a town in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The population was 3,466 at the 2010 census. The name of the town is from Ezra Hounsfield, a land agent and land owner. He once owned the Southern part of the township. The town was named by Augustus Sacket.

Hounsfield is in the western part of the county and is west of Watertown.
Takahashi Taxol total synthesis
The Takahashi Taxol total synthesis published by Takashi Takahashi in 2006 is one of several methods in taxol total synthesis. The method starts from geraniol and differs from the other 6 published methods that it is a formal synthesis (the final product is baccatin III which lacks the amide tail found in taxol itself) and that it is racemic (the product baccatin III is optically inactive). A key feature of the published procedure is that several synthetic steps (construction of rings A, B and C) were performed in an automated synthesizer on a scale up to 300 gram and that purification steps were also automated.

Epoxide
In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a cyclic ether, where the ether forms a three-atom ring: two atoms of carbon and one atom of oxygen.  This triangular structure has substantial ring strain, making epoxides highly reactive, more so than other ethers.  They are produced on a large scale for many applications.  In general, low molecular weight epoxides are colourless and nonpolar, and often volatile.
Collier Bay (horse)
Collier Bay (21 January 1990 – 10 December 2017) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a moderate performer on the flat, winning one minor race from fourteen attempts. He showed considerable improvement when switched to hurdling winning several important races including the Irish Champion Hurdle at Leopardstown and the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham. He later had some success as a steeplechaser, but was increasingly affected by respiratory problems and was retired from racing in 2001.

Champion Hurdle
The Champion Hurdle is a Grade 1 National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run on the Old Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and ½ furlong (2 miles and 87 yards or 3,298 metres), with eight hurdles to be jumped. The most prestigious hurdling event in the British calendar, its list of winners features many of the most highly acclaimed hurdlers in the sport's history. The Champion Hurdle is scheduled to take place each year on the opening day of the Cheltenham Festival in March and is the last leg of the Triple Crown of Hurdling. As part of a sponsorship agreement with the online gambling operator Unibet, the race is now known as the Unibet Champion Hurdle.
Stewart Goetz
Stewart Goetz is an American philosopher and writer.

Goetz obtained a PhD in philosophy from the University of Notre Dame. He a professor in Philosophy and Religion at Ursinus College. He has defended substance dualism. Goetz is a member of the Board of Advisors for the Center on Culture and Civil Society at the Independent Institute. He has debated physicalist Andrew Melnyk on consciousness and free will at Internet Infidels.

Independent Institute
The Independent Institute is an American libertarian think tank founded in 1986 by David J. Theroux and based in Oakland, California. The institute has more than 140 research fellows and is organized into seven centers addressing a range of political, social, economic, legal, environmental, and foreign policy issues. The Independent Institute publishes books, reports, blogs, podcasts, and the quarterly scholarly journal The Independent Review.
HMS Torrington
Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Torrington, while the name has also been used for one ship of the navy during the Commonwealth period:

Torrington was a 62-gun ship launched in 1654. She was renamed Dreadnought in 1660, and foundered in 1690.

HMS Torrington was a 32–gun fifth rate launched in 1676 as HMS Charles Galley. Charles Galley was renamed Torrington in 1729, was hulked in 1740 and sold in 1744.

HMS Torrington (1743) was a 44-gun fifth rate launched in 1743 and sold in 1763.

HMS Torrington (K577) was a Captain-class frigate launched in 1943 under lend-lease, and returned to the US Navy in 1946.

HMS Torrington (K577)
The fourth HMS Torrington (K577) was a British Captain-class frigate of the Royal Navy in commission during World War II. Originally constructed as a United States Navy Buckley class destroyer escort, she served in the Royal Navy from 1944 to 1946.
Bruno Neves
Bruno Neves (5 September 1981 – 11 May 2008) was a Portuguese professional road racing cyclist born in Oliveira de Azeméis. He was one of the best sprinters of the Portuguese peloton, having won one stage in the Volta a Portugal. He was also the winner of the green jersey of the Tour de Avenir in 2006.

On 11 May 2008, Neves was involved in an accident during the Clássica de Amarante, when he was wearing the leader jersey. He was believed to have died from severe injuries caused by the crash, but it was later revealed that he suffered a heart attack while riding his bike, causing the crash. He died shortly before reaching the hospital.

Green jersey
In road bicycle racing (e.g. Grand Tour stage races), the green jersey is a distinctive racing jersey worn by the most consistent highest finisher in the competition.

While the overall race leader in the Tour de France will wear the yellow jersey, or "maillot jaune", the green jersey ("maillot vert") will be worn by the leader in the points competition. Since 2009, the Vuelta a España has also used the green jersey to signify the leader of the points competition. In the Giro d'Italia, the green jersey was, from 1974 to 2011, worn by the King of the Mountains, the leader in the competition for climbing specialists.
I Cry (Ja Rule song)
"I Cry" is the fourth and final single from Ja Rule's second studio album, Rule 3:36. The song samples "Cry Together" by The O'Jays. This was also the final collaborative single by Ja Rule and former associate, Lil' Mo. It was after this release that Irv Gotti decided that Ja Rule should work with Ashanti.

This song became an urban hit during the late spring of 2001, peaking at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 25 on the Rap Charts, and number 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B charts.

In 2008, the song was used as a sample in LL Cool J's record, "Cry", which also happened to feature Lil' Mo.

The O'Jays
The O'Jays are an American R&B group from Canton, Ohio, formed in summer 1958 and originally consisting of Eddie Levert, Walter Lee Williams, William Powell, Bobby Massey, and Bill Isles. The O'Jays made their first chart appearance with the minor hit "Lonely Drifter" in 1963, but reached their greatest level of success once the producers Gamble & Huff signed them to their Philadelphia International label in 1972. With Gamble & Huff, the O'Jays (now a trio after the departure of Isles and Massey) emerged at the forefront of Philadelphia soul with Back Stabbers (1972), and topped the US Billboard Hot 100 the following year with "Love Train". Several other US R&B hits followed, and the O'Jays were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in 2013.