hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Physics (magazine)
Physics is an open-access online publication containing commentaries on the best of the peer-reviewed research published in the journals of the American Physical Society. The editor-in-chief of Physics is Matteo Rini. It highlights papers in Physical Review Letters and the Physical Review family of journals. The magazine was established in 2008.

Physical Review Letters
Physical Review Letters (PRL), established in 1958, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society. The journal is considered one of the most prestigious in the field of physics. Over a quarter of Physics Nobel Prize-winning papers between 1995 and 2017 were published in it.

PRL is published both online and as a print journal. Its focus is on short articles ("letters") for a broad readership. The Lead Editor (main science advisor) is Rafael Fernandes. The Chief Editor (responsible for the journal content), is Robert Garisto.
Phostria tedea
Phostria tedea is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stoll in 1780. It is found in the southern United States, where it has been recorded from Arizona, to Central America, including Mexico, Costa Rica and Belize.

The wingspan is about 33 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in August and September.

Caspar Stoll
Caspar Stoll (Hesse-Kassel, probably between 1725 and 1730 – Amsterdam, December 1791) was a naturalist and entomologist, best known for the completion of De Uitlandsche Kapellen, a work on butterflies begun by Pieter Cramer. He also published several works of his own on other insect groups. Stoll's 1787 publication on stick insects, mantises, and their relatives is also well known. It was translated into French in 1813.
Dracula (1995 play)
Dracula is a 1995 stage adaptation co-authored and by John Godber and Jane Thornton from Bram Stoker's 1897 novel of the same title.  Its world premier was at the Spring Street Theatre, home of Hull Truck Theatre at Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire.

Hull Truck Theatre
Hull Truck Theatre is a theatre in Kingston upon Hull, England, which presents drama productions, and also tours. In March 2022, the theatre's original premises on Coltman Street, Hull, was recognised by a blue plaque to coincide with the theatre's 50-year anniversary.
Baron Barnard
Baron Barnard, of Barnard Castle in the Bishopric of Durham, is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1698 for Christopher Vane, who had previously served as a member of parliament for County Durham and Boroughbridge. Vane was the son of Sir Henry Vane the Younger and grandson of Sir Henry Vane the Elder. His grandson, the third Baron, notably served as Paymaster of the Forces and as Lord Lieutenant of County Durham. In 1754 he was created Viscount Barnard (of Barnard Castle) and Earl of Darlington, both in the County Palatine of Durham. Lord Darlington was the husband of Lady Grace FitzRoy, daughter of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland, the illegitimate son of King Charles II by his mistress Barbara Villiers, 1st Duchess of Cleveland.

Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland
Charles Palmer, later Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland, 1st Duke of Southampton, Chief Butler of England (18 June 1662 – 9 September 1730) was an English nobleman and illegitimate son of Charles II. He was styled Baron Limerick before 1670; Earl of Southampton between 1670 and 1675; and known as the Duke of Southampton from 1675 until 1709, when he succeeded his mother as Duke of Cleveland.
Nikolai Vlasik
Nikolai Sidorovich Vlasik (Russian: Никола́й Си́дорович Вла́сик; 22 May 1896 – 18 June 1967) was a ranking Soviet state security (NKVD-NKGB-MGB) officer, best known as head of Joseph Stalin's personal security from 1931 to 1952.

People's Commissariat for State Security
The People's Commissariat for State Security (Russian: Народный комиссариат государственной безопасности, romanized: Narodnyy komissariat gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti)  or NKGB,  was the name of the Soviet secret police, intelligence and counter-intelligence force that existed from 3 February 1941 to 20 July 1941, and again from 14 April 1943 to 15 March 1946, before being renamed the Ministry for State Security (MGB).
Henry L. Langhaar
Henry Louis Langhaar (October 14, 1909 – September 28, 1992) was a mathematician, engineer, researcher, educator, and author in the field of engineering mechanics. In 1978, he retired as Professor Emeritus, after 31 years in the Department of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics (TAM) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

His interests were centered on dimensional analysis, spanning fluid to solid mechanics, and specific research areas included aircraft structures, plates and shells, and buckling theory.

Plate theory
In continuum mechanics, plate theories are mathematical descriptions of the mechanics of flat plates that draw on the theory of beams.  Plates are defined as plane structural elements with a small thickness compared to the planar dimensions.  The typical thickness to width ratio of a plate structure is less than 0.1.  A plate theory takes advantage of this disparity in length scale to reduce the full three-dimensional solid mechanics problem to a two-dimensional problem.  The aim of plate theory is to calculate the deformation and stresses in a plate subjected to loads.

Of the numerous plate theories that have been developed since the late 19th century, two are widely accepted and used in engineering. These are

the Kirchhoff–Love theory of plates (classical plate theory)

The Reissner-Mindlin theory of plates (first-order shear plate theory)
Visual ethics
Visual ethics is an emerging interdisciplinary field of scholarship that brings together religious studies, philosophy, photo and video journalism, visual arts, and cognitive science in order to explore the ways human beings relate to others ethically through visual perception. Historically, the field of ethics has relied heavily on rational-linguistic approaches, largely ignoring the importance of seeing and visual representation to human moral behavior. At the same time, studies in visual culture tend to analyze imagistic representations while ignoring many of the ethical dimensions involved. Visual ethics is a field of cross-fertilization of ethics and visual culture studies that seeks to understand how the production and reception of visual images is always ethical, whether or not we are consciously aware of this fact.

Gail Levin (art historian)
Gail Levin is an American art historian, biographer, artist, and a Distinguished Professor of Art History, American Studies, Women's Studies, and Liberal Studies at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She is a specialist in the work of Edward Hopper, feminist art, abstract expressionism, Eastern European Jewish influences on modernist art  and American modernist art. Levin served as the first curator of the Hopper Collection at the Whitney Museum of American Art.
Pirate television
A pirate television station is a broadcast television station that operates without a broadcast license.  Like its counterpart pirate radio, the term pirate TV lacks a specific universal interpretation. It implies a form of broadcasting that is unwelcome by the licensing authorities within the territory where its signals are received, especially when the country of transmission is the same as the country of reception. When the area of transmission is not a country, or when it is a country and the transmissions are not illegal, those same broadcast signals may be deemed illegal in the country of reception. Pirate television stations may also be known as "bootleg TV", or confused with licensed low-power broadcasting (LPTV) or amateur television (ATV) services.

Hunter, New York
Hunter is a town located in Greene County, New York, United States. The population was 3,035 at the time of the 2020 census. The town contains two villages, one named Hunter on the west, and the second called Tannersville, as well as a number of hamlets such as Haines Falls, Platte Clove, Lanesville and Edgewood. Additionally, there are three residential parks location within town limits: Onteora Park, Twilight Park and Elka Park. The town is on the southern border of Greene County and abuts the towns of Woodstock and Saugerties, located in Ulster County.
1991 Campeonato Paulista
The 1991 Campeonato Paulista da Primeira Divisão de Futebol Profissional was the 90th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. São Paulo won the championship for the 17th time. São Bento was relegated.

Campeonato Paulista
The Campeonato Paulista Série A1, commonly known as Campeonato Paulista, nicknamed Paulistão, is the top-flight professional state football league in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Run by the São Paulo State Football Federation (FPF), the league is contested by 16 clubs and typically lasts from January to April. Rivalries amongst four of the best-known Brazilian teams (Corinthians, Palmeiras, Santos and São Paulo) have marked the history of the competition. The Campeonato Paulista is the oldest established league in Brazil, being held since 1902 and professionally since 1933.
Samayal Express
Samayal Express is a 2024 Indian Tamil-language cooking game show which airs on Zee Tamil and streamed on ZEE5. Over two years, Samayal Express has rolled out two seasons. The first season premiered on 15 September 2024 and ended on 30 March 2025. The first season is hosted by Ayesha Zeenath and judged by Seetha (episodes 1-5), Krishna McKenzie and Sujitha. It features Tamil dishes.

The second season premiered on 13 July 2025 on every Sunday. Sujitha returned to host and judged, along with Shaalin Zoya.

Shaalin Zoya
Shaalin Zoya is an Indian actress, dancer and director who works in Malayalam and Tamil films and television. She is best known for playing the negative role of Deepa Rani in Asianet TV's soap opera Autograph (2009–2012) and a supporting role of Jessy in Elsamma Enna Aankutty (2010).
Orheim Point
Orheim Point (79°23′S 84°19′W﻿ / ﻿79.383°S 84.317°W﻿ / -79.383; -84.317) is a rock point at the end of Inferno Ridge in the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Olav Orheim, Norwegian glaciologist on the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse II, 1965–66.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Orheim Point". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
GDDR3 SDRAM
GDDR3 SDRAM (Graphics Double Data Rate 3 SDRAM) is a type of DDR SDRAM specialized for graphics processing units (GPUs) offering less access latency and greater device bandwidths compared to DDR2 SDRAM of the same generation. Its specification was developed by ATI Technologies in collaboration with DRAM vendors including Elpida Memory, Hynix Semiconductor, Infineon (later Qimonda) and Micron. It was later adopted as a JEDEC standard.

SK Hynix
SK Hynix Inc. (Korean: 에스케이하이닉스 주식회사), stylized SK hynix, is a South Korean semiconductor company that manufactures dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chips and flash memory chips. SK Hynix is one of the world's largest semiconductor vendors, and along with Samsung Electronics and Micron is one of the "Big Three" memory manufacturers.

Founded in 1983 as Hyundai Electronics, SK Hynix was integrated into the SK Group in 2012 following a series of mergers, acquisitions, and restructuring efforts. After being incorporated into the SK Group, SK Hynix became a major affiliate alongside SK Innovation and SK Telecom.

The company's major customers include Microsoft, Apple, Asus, Dell, MSI, HP Inc., and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (formerly Hewlett-Packard). Other products that use Hynix memory include DVD players, cellular phones, set-top boxes, personal digital assistants, networking equipment, and hard disk drives.
Bowling Green High School (Ohio)
Bowling Green High School (BGHS) is a public high school in Bowling Green, Ohio, United States.  It is the only high school in the Bowling Green Area School District.  It serves the greater Bowling Green community, which includes the city and surrounding areas. As of 2021, the enrollment is 877.

Secondary education in the United States
Secondary education is the last six or seven years of statutory formal education in the United States. It reaches the climax with twelfth grade (age 17–18). Whether it begins with sixth grade (age 11–12) or seventh grade (age 12–13) varies by state and sometimes by school district.

Secondary education in the United States occurs in two phases. The first, as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), is the lower secondary phase, either called a middle school or junior high school. A middle school is for students sixth grade, seventh grade and eighth grade and a junior high school is only for students in seventh and eighth grade.

The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, a high school or senior high school for students ninth grade through twelfth grade. There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states; also, middle school often includes grades that are almost always considered primary school.
2012 Holland Ladies Tour
The 15th edition of the annual Holland Ladies Tour was held from September 4 to September 9, 2012. The women's stage race with an UCI rating of 2.2 started in Neerijnen, and ended in Berg en Terblijt.

The Holland Ladies Tour 2012 had financial problems due to sponsoring problems. Their sponsor quit and it was unsure if the Tour would be organized in 2012. The organization initially decided to organize the tour without a new sponsor, before signing a sponsorship contract with Dutch hairdressing salon chain BrainWash and renaming the 15th edition of the race the BrainWash Ladies Tour.

Neerijnen
Neerijnen (Dutch pronunciation: [neːˈrɛinə(n)] ⓘ) is a village and former municipality in the Netherlands.  It is about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Utrecht and some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of 's-Hertogenbosch.

On 1 January 2019, it merged with Geldermalsen and Lingewaal to form the new municipality of West Betuwe.
McFarlin
McFarlin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Diane McFarlin, American journalist and newspaper publisher

Ivan McFarlin (born 1982), American basketball player

Robert J. McFarlin (1929-2017), American politician

Robert M. McFarlin (1866–1942), American businessman

Robert J. McFarlin
Robert John McFarlin, Sr. (December 3, 1929 – September 24, 2017) was an American politician and a civil engineer.

McFarlin was born in Easton, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the University of Delaware in 1951 and University of North Dakota in 1956 with bachelor's degrees in civil engineering. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives for District 30B from 1967 to 1970, and for District 41B in 1973 to 1974. McFarlin lived with his wife and family in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, and work as a consulting and civil engineer. McFarlin died on September 24, 2017, in Duluth, Minnesota.
Pyropia columbina
Pyropia columbina, Southern laver, karengo in the Māori language and luche in the Spanish language, is a species of edible seaweed traditionally harvested by South Island Māori in New Zealand and Chilote people in Chile. It is closely related to Japanese Nori and Welsh laverbread.

During World War 2 the Māori Battalion were supplied especially with karengo harvested in New Zealand which they chewed raw while on the march.  It is widely available only in health stores, and is sprinkled raw on top of food.

The type locality is the Auckland Islands, and the species authority is Montagne 1842.  It is found around South America from Argentina, Chile and Peru, and around Australia and New Zealand including Macquarie Island.
In the Chilean cuisine it is known as luche.

Macquarie Island
Macquarie Island is a subantarctic island in the south-western Pacific Ocean, about halfway between New Zealand and Antarctica. It has been governed as a part of Tasmania, Australia, since 1880. It became a Tasmanian State Reserve in 1978 and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.

Macquarie Island is an exposed portion of the Macquarie Ridge and is located where the Australian plate meets the Pacific plate.

The island is home to the entire royal penguin population during their annual nesting season. Ecologically, the island is part of the Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra ecoregion.
HMCS Miramichi
Three Canadian naval units have carried the name HMCS Miramichi.

HMCS Miramichi (J169) (I) was a Second World War Bangor-class minesweeper that served in the Royal Canadian Navy.

HMCS Miramichi (MCB 150) (II) was a Bay-class minesweeper, commissioned in July 1954, paid off in October 1954 and sold to France.

HMCS Miramichi (MCB 163) (III) was also a Bay-class minesweeper, commissioned in October 1957.

HMCS Miramichi (MCB 163)
HMCS Miramichi (hull number MCB 163) was a Bay-class minesweeper that was constructed for the Royal Canadian Navy during the Cold War. Entering service in 1957, the vessel was used as a training ship on the West Coast of Canada for the majority of her career. Miramichi was decommissioned in 1998 and the vessel's fate is unknown.
Abu al-Hassan al-Lakhmi
Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad Al-Qayrawani Al-Rab'i Al-Lakhmi (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن محمد القيرواني الربعي اللخمي), also known as Imam al-Lakhmi (c. 1006 – 1085 CE) (390 AH – 478 AH ), was a famous jurist in the Maliki school of Sunni Islamic Law. His nisba indicates that he is from the Arab tribes of Banu Lakhm. He was one of the most important figures in the school and his opinions are still well known and respected to this day. Al-Lakhmi was one of four jurists whose positions were held as authoritative by Khalil ibn Ishaq in his Mukhtassar (one of the most important of the later texts in the relied upon positions of the school).

Banu Lakhm
The Banu Lakhm (Arabic: بنو لخم) was an Arab tribe best known for its ruling Nasrid, or more commonly, 'Lakhmid', house, which ruled as the Sasanian Empire's vassal kings in the buffer zone with the nomadic Arab tribes of northern and eastern Arabia in the 4th—6th centuries CE from their seat in al-Hirah in modern Iraq. After their first ruler Amr ibn Adi ibn Nasr (r. 293–302), nothing was mentioned of the Lakhmid kings in Iraq until the late 5th century when they emerged as commanders of Sasanian campaigns against nomadic Arab tribes and later the Arab allies of the Byzantine Empire.

A section of the Lakhm dwelt in Syria  at least from the 4th century, during Byzantine rule, and remained allies of Byzantium until the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 630s. Thereafter, they became one the main tribes that made up the Umayyad Caliphate's Arab tribal soldiery in Palestine and were closely associated with the larger tribe of Judham.
Alexander Exarch
Alexander Exarch (Bulgarian: Александър Екзарх, 1810 – 27 September 1891) was a Bulgarian revivalist, publicist and journalist, and an active participant in the struggle for an independent Bulgarian Exarchate.

In 1841, he accompanied as a translator Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, sent by the French government to investigate the consequences of the Niš rebellion (1841). Blanqui reflects it in his diary as Bulgarian, pointing to Niš as the capital of Bulgaria. He strongly opposed the insinuation of Ioannis Kolettis (at that time the Greek ambassador to Paris) that the uprising was Greek. In 1842 - 1846, he sent several memoirs (memos) to the Western European governments to improve the situation of the Bulgarians.

With financial assistance from Russia, he published in Constantinople the Bulgarian „Constantinople newspaper” (1848 - 1862), and served as editor-in-chief 1850 and 1860.

After the Liberation of Bulgaria he was twice a candidate for Head of State (Prince) of Bulgaria (1879, 1886).

Liberation of Bulgaria
The Liberation of Bulgaria is the historical process as a result of the Bulgarian Revival. In Bulgarian historiography, the liberation of Bulgaria refers to those events of the Tenth Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) that led to the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state under the Treaty of San Stefano of 3 March 1878. Today Bulgaria observes its National Liberation Day on 3 March.
Air Manas
Air Manas was a low-cost airline headquartered in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan with its base at Manas International Airport.

In October 2022, it was reported that the airline was grounded due to sanctions imposed on its Russian aircraft lessor.

Osh
Osh (English: /ɒʃ/, Kyrgyz: [Ош] ⓘ, Russian: [Ош]) is the second-largest city in Kyrgyzstan, located in the Fergana Valley in the south of the country. It is often referred to as the "capital of the south". It is the oldest city in the country (estimated by UNESCO to be more than 3,000 years old) and has served as the administrative center of Osh Region since 1939. The city has an ethnically mixed population of 322,164 in 2021, comprising  Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Koreans, and other smaller ethnic groups.
Controversy over Abkhaz and South Ossetian independence
The unilateral declarations of independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia remain controversial, as these entities are only recognized by five countries: Russia issued its recognition after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, being followed by Venezuela, Syria, Nicaragua, and Nauru. Other countries recognize the regions as part of Georgia. Russia's recognition occurred six months after the Western recognition of the unilateral declaration of independence by Serbia's breakaway Republic of Kosovo in February 2008, which was opposed by Russia. This, and resultant non-recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by the West, has led to claims of hypocrisy and double standards on the part of both sides of the recognition divide.

Sui generis
Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique". It denotes an exclusion to the larger system an object is in relation to.

Several disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities. These include:

Biology, for species that do not fit into a genus that includes other species (its own genus)

Creative arts, for artistic works that go beyond conventional genre boundaries (its own genre)

Law, when a special and unique interpretation of a case or authority is necessary (its own special case)
Intellectual property rights, for types of works not falling under general copyright law but protected through separate statutes
Laws of war, for types of actions that are argued to be legal due to exceptional circumstances in conflict

Philosophy, to indicate an idea, an entity, or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower concept or included in a higher concept (its own category)