hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Larry Kramer (legal scholar)
Larry D. Kramer (born June 23, 1958) is an American legal scholar who has been the president and vice chancellor of the  London School of Economics since 2024. Previously, he was president of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation from 2012 to 2023. Prior to that role, he was the Dean of Stanford Law School (2004–2012). He is a scholar of constitutional law and history, conflict of laws (private international law), and civil procedure.

Civil procedure
Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and regulations along with some standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits (as opposed to procedures in criminal law matters). These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced; what kind of service of process (if any) is required; the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases; the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure; the conduct of trials; the process for judgment; the process for post-trial procedures; various available remedies; and how the courts and clerks must function.
Curculio nucum
Curculio nucum, the nut weevil, is a medium-sized beetle, with an especially elongated snout, characteristic of the Curculionini tribe of the weevil family (Curculionidae). Its larvae develop in hazel nuts Corylus avellana, being a serious pest in hazelnut orchards.  It occurs in most of Europe, from south Sweden, Finland and Great Britain to the Mediterranean.

Nut (fruit)
A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, many dry seeds are called nuts, but in a botanical context, "nut" implies that the shell does not open to release the seed (indehiscent).

Most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell, but this is not the case in nuts such as hazelnuts, chestnuts, and acorns, which have hard shell walls and originate from a compound ovary.
An Jeong-hwan
An Jeong-hwan (Korean: 안정환; born 28 January 1984) is a South Korean judoka.

An was born in Daegu, South Korea. He is a nephew of Olympic gold medalist Ahn Byeong-keun. At the age of 15, An moved to Japan and continued his judo career in Fukuoka. Upon graduation from Yamanashi Gakuin University in 2006, he came back to Korea and joined the Pohang City Hall judo club.

On 26 August 2009, An won a bronze medal in the ‍–‍66 kg division at the 2009 World Judo Championships in Rotterdam, Netherlands.

2009 World Judo Championships
The 2009 World Judo Championships was held in the Ahoy indoor sporting arena in Rotterdam, the Netherlands on 26 to 30 August.

Women's heavyweight champion Tong Wen was stripped of her gold medal because of a doping offence, but was later reinstated.
Word n-gram language model
A word n-gram language model is a statistical model of language which calculates the probability of the next word in a sequence from a fixed size window of previous words. If one previous word is considered, it is a bigram model; if two words, a trigram model; if n − 1 words, an n-gram model.

Special tokens are introduced to denote the start and end of a sentence  and . To prevent a zero probability being assigned to unseen words, the probability of each seen word is slightly lowered to make room for the unseen words in a given corpus. To achieve this, various smoothing methods are used, from simple "add-one" smoothing (assigning a count of 1 to unseen n-grams, as an uninformative prior) to more sophisticated techniques, such as Good–Turing discounting or back-off models.

Word n-gram models have largely been superseded by recurrent neural network–based models, which in turn have been superseded by Transformer-based models often referred to as large language models.

Computational linguistics
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the computational modelling of natural language, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions. In general, computational linguistics draws upon linguistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematics, logic, philosophy, cognitive science, cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, anthropology and neuroscience, among others. Computational linguistics is closely related to mathematical linguistics.
Unité d'Habitation of Briey
The Unité d'Habitation of Briey (also Cité radieuse de Briey-en-Forêt) is a housing unit built between 1959 and 1960 in Briey (Meurthe-et-Moselle) by the Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier according to the Unité d'habitation design principle established for Marseille. It was originally built for the HLM departmental office but was eventually abandoned by the landlord and threatened with destruction in the 1980s. It has since been gradually rehabilitated.

Briey
Briey (French pronunciation: [bʁijɛ] ⓘ; German: Brietz) is a former commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in northeastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val de Briey.

It is located both above and in a steep section of the valley of the river Woigot, five kilometers to the north of the autoroute that connects Strasbourg with Paris, and 22 km northwest of Metz. The population of the town itself has been around 5,000 since the 1960s.
Robert Greenhill-Russell
Sir Robert Greenhill-Russell, 1st Baronet (1763 – 12 December 1836), born Robert Greenhill, was a British politician.

He was born in 1763 to the Rev. John Russell Greenhill and Elizabeth Noble. He was the grandson of Elizabeth Russell, who belonged to the Russell of Chequers Court family descended from Oliver Cromwell. He changed his last name to Greenhill-Russell upon inheriting Chequers from his father in 1815.

Between 1806 and 1832 he served as Member of Parliament for Thirsk. He was granted the title Baronet Greenhill-Russell of Chequers Court on 15 September 1831.

Greenhill-Russell died in 1836 and the baronetcy became extinct. Chequers passed into the hands of his kinsman Sir Robert Frankland-Russell, 7th Baronet. He was buried at Ellesborough, Bucks.

Ellesborough
Ellesborough is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England. The village is at the foot of the Chiltern Hills just to the south of the Vale of Aylesbury, two miles (three kilometres) from Wendover and five miles (eight kilometres) from Aylesbury. It lies between Wendover and the village of Little Kimble.

The civil parish includes the hamlets of Butlers Cross, Chalkshire, Dunsmore, North Lee and Terrick, and had a population of 820 at the 2011 Census, an increase from 811 at the 2001 Census.

Close to Ellesborough is the Prime Minister's country residence Chequers.
2022 National Hurling League
The 2022 National Hurling League, known for sponsorship reasons as the Allianz Hurling League, was the 91st season of the National Hurling League, an annual hurling competition held in Ireland for county teams. Three English county teams also featured (having missed the 2021 tournament due to COVID-19 restrictions).

Galway and Kilkenny entered the season as holders, having shared the 2021 NHL title.

On 2 April, Waterford won the National Hurling League for the fourth time after a 4-20 to 1-23 win against Cork in the final.

Galway county hurling team
The Galway county hurling team (/ˈɡɔːlweɪ/ GAWL-way) represents Galway in hurling and is governed by Galway GAA, the county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The team competes in the three major annual inter-county competitions; the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship and the National Hurling League. It formerly competed in the abolished Connacht Senior Hurling Championship, winning the last title in 1999.

Galway's home ground is Pearse Stadium, Salthill. The team's manager is Micheál Donoghue.

The team last won the Leinster Senior Championship in 2018, the All-Ireland Senior Championship in 2017 and the National League in 2021.
Frederick Henry Litchfield
Frederick Henry Litchfield (27 May 1832 – 1 March 1867), pastoralist, gold miner, explorer, usually known as Fred, is a South Australian prominently associated with the early exploration of the Northern Territory, and more particularly with the discovery of gold there.

Royal Leicestershire Regiment
The Leicestershire Regiment (Royal Leicestershire Regiment after 1946) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, with a history going back to 1688. The regiment saw service for three centuries, in numerous wars and conflicts such as both World War I and World War II, before being amalgamated, in September 1964, with the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk), the 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire) and the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) to form the present day Royal Anglian Regiment, of which B Company of the 2nd Battalion continues the lineage of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment.
2011 Soweto Open – Women's doubles
Vitalia Diatchenko and Irini Georgatou were the defending champions but Diatchenko decided not to participate.
Georgatou played alongside Oksana Kalashnikova, but lost in the Quarterfinals to Nina Bratchikova and Valeria Savinykh.
Unfortunately, all semifinal matches were cancelled by the supervisor, due to heavy rain and flooding.

Oksana Kalashnikova
Oksana Kalashnikova (Georgian: ოქსანა კალაშნიკოვა, romanized: oksana k'alashnik'ova, pronounced [okʰsana kʼalaʃnikʼova]; born 5 September 1990) is a Georgian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. She has a career-high doubles ranking by the WTA of world No. 42, achieved on 11 September 2023. She also reached a best singles ranking of No. 156 on 7 June 2010, before suffering a lower back injury that led her to focus primarily on doubles.

Kalashnikova has won seven WTA Tour doubles titles and four doubles titles on the WTA Challenger Tour, as well as five singles and 25 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

Playing for Georgia Billie Jean King Cup team since 2007, Kalashnikova has a win–loss record of 29–17 (as of July 2025).
Granulocyte
Granulocytes are cells in the innate immune system characterized by the presence of specific granules in their cytoplasm. Such granules distinguish them from the various agranulocytes. All myeloblastic granulocytes are polymorphonuclear, that is, they have varying shapes (morphology) of the nucleus (segmented, irregular; often lobed into three segments); and are referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN, PML, or PMNL). In common terms, polymorphonuclear granulocyte refers specifically to "neutrophil granulocytes", the most abundant of the granulocytes; the other types (eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells) have varying morphology. Granulocytes are produced via granulopoiesis in the bone marrow.

Defensin
Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, and fungi. They are host defense peptides, with members displaying either direct antimicrobial activity, immune signaling activities, or both. They are variously active against bacteria, fungi and many enveloped and nonenveloped viruses. They are typically 18-45 amino acids in length, with three or four highly conserved disulphide bonds.

In animals, they are produced by cells of the innate immune system and epithelial cells, whereas in plants and fungi they are produced by a wide variety of tissues. An organism usually produces many different defensins, some of which are stored inside the cells (e.g. in neutrophil granulocytes to kill phagocytosed bacteria), and others are secreted into the extracellular medium. For those that directly kill microbes, their mechanism of action varies from disruption of the microbial cell membrane to metabolic disruption.
Atmospheric river
An atmospheric river (AR) is a narrow corridor or filament of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere. Other names for this phenomenon are tropical plume, tropical connection, moisture plume, water vapor surge, and cloud band.

Atmospheric rivers consist of narrow bands of enhanced water vapor transport, typically along the boundaries between large areas of divergent surface air flow, including some frontal zones in association with extratropical cyclones that form over the oceans. Pineapple Express storms are the most commonly represented and recognized type of atmospheric rivers; the name is due to the warm water vapor plumes originating over the Hawaiian tropics that follow various paths towards western North America, arriving at latitudes from California and the Pacific Northwest to British Columbia and even southeast Alaska.

Extratropical cyclone
Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones are low-pressure areas which, along with anticyclones, drive the weather over much of the mid-latitudes of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing a range of weather conditions from wind, cloudiness and mild showers to severe hail, thunderstorms, blizzards, and tornadoes. This type of cyclone is thus defined as a large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather system occurring in the middle latitudes of the Earth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines called weather fronts, which are present about the center of the cyclone.
Kristina Olson
Kristina Reiss Olson is a psychologist and a professor at Princeton University.  She is known for her research on the development of social categories, transgender youth, and variation in human gender development. Olson was recipient of the 2016 Janet Taylor Spence Award from the Association for Psychological Science for transformative early career contributions, and the 2014  SAGE Young Scholars Award. Olson received the Alan T. Waterman Award from the National Science Foundation in 2018, and was the first psychological scientist to receive this prestigious award honoring early-career scientists. Olson is a member of the 2018 cohort of MacArthur fellows.

Association for Psychological Science
The Association for Psychological Science (APS), previously the American Psychological Society, is an international non-profit organization whose mission is to promote, protect, and advance the interests of scientifically oriented psychology in research, application, teaching, and the improvement of human welfare. APS publishes several journals, holds an annual meeting, disseminates psychological science research findings to the general public, and works with policymakers to strengthen support for scientific psychology.
Jack Padjan
Jack Padjan (14 December 1887 – 1 February 1960), also known as Jack Duane, was an American stunt performer and actor.

Padjan was born in Silver Bow, Montana. He began acting in Hollywood Westerns in the 1920s, starting with minor roles in films such as The Ten Commandments and The Covered Wagon. In 1924, he played the role of Wild Bill Hickok in The Iron Horse. This was followed by roles in Land of the Lawless (1928) and Crashing Through (1928), for which he was credited as "Jack Duane".

In 1930, he coordinated the stunt performers for The Big Trail, and acted as an advisor to lead actor John Wayne. He acted as Victor McLaglen's stunt double in the 1936 film Under Two Flags. He was injured during the filming of The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, while performing a high fall.

He retired from stunt performance work in the late 1930s and worked as a foreman on a ranch in Chatsworth, California.

The Covered Wagon
The Covered Wagon is a 1923 American silent epic Western film released by Paramount Pictures. The film was directed by James Cruze based on a 1922 novel of the same name by Emerson Hough about a group of pioneers traveling through the old West from Kansas to Oregon. J. Warren Kerrigan starred as Will Banion and Lois Wilson as Molly Wingate.  On their quest they experience desert heat, mountain snow, hunger, and Indian attack.

The Covered Wagon is one of many films from 1923 that entered the public domain in the United States on January 1, 2019.
Johann von Leers
Omar Amin (born Johann Jakob von Leers; 25 January 1902 – 5 March 1965) was an Alter Kämpfer and an honorary Sturmbannführer in the Waffen-SS in Nazi Germany, where he was also a professor known for his anti-Jewish polemics.  He was one of the most important ideologues of the Third Reich, serving as a high-ranking propaganda ministry official. He later served in the Egyptian Information Department, as well as an advisor to Gamal Abdel Nasser. He published for Goebbels, in Peron's Argentina, and for Nasser's Egypt. He converted to Islam, and changed his name to Omar Amin.

Alter Kämpfer
Alter Kämpfer (German for "Old Fighter", German pronunciation: [altɐ ˈkɛmpfɐ]; plural: Alte Kämpfer) is a term referring to the earliest members of the Nazi Party, those who joined it before the electoral breakthrough of the Nazis in 1930, with many belonging to the party as early as its first foundation in 1919–1923.

Those who joined the party after the election of September 1930 were known to the Alte Kämpfer as Septemberlings, and those who joined the party after the assumption of power on 30 January 1933 were known as the Märzveilchen.
Felipe Restrepo Pombo
Felipe Restrepo Pombo is a Colombian journalist and writer. He studied literature at university and started his journalistic career in the news magazine Cambio, working alongside Gabriel García Márquez. He has worked for numerous magazines, among them Paris Match, Esquire, Semana, Arcadia, El Espectador and Gente magazine. Most recently, he served as editor-in-chief of Gatopardo magazine of Mexico City.

He has published in a number of fiction and non-fiction genres, including a novel Formas de evasión (Seix Barral, 2016) and a biography of the artist Francis Bacon titled Retrato de una pesadilla (Panamericana, 2008). In 2017 he was named as one of the Bogotá39, a list of the best young writers in Latin America.

Restrepo Pombo was a fellow at the Fundación Prensa y Democracia at Iberoamerican University and attended workshops at the Fundación Nuevo Periodismo with Tomás Eloy Martínez, Carlos Monsiváis and Martín Caparrós.

Gatopardo (magazine)
Gatopardo (Spanish: Leopard) is a Mexican monthly news magazine focusing feature stories and lifestyle from a Latin-American perspective. The magazine was founded and first published in Colombia. It had from the beginning an international perspective in reporting with the backing of Publicaciones Semana S.A. of Colombia, BB&M of Panama, and Reader's Digest of Mexico, and first edited by Miguel Silva and Rafael Molano. Starting in July 2006 with issue N. 70, Gatopardo moved and remains based in Mexico City, keeping the same editorial style and Latin-American perspective, but providing a greater coverage on Mexican topics.
2018 Dubai Tennis Championships
The 2018 Dubai Tennis Championships (also known as the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships for sponsorship reasons) was an ATP 500 event on the 2018 ATP World Tour and a WTA Premier event on the 2018 WTA Tour. Both events were held at the Aviation Club Tennis Centre in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The women's tournament took place from 19 February until 25 February 2018, while the men's tournament took place from 26 February through 3 March 2018.

Andreas Haider-Maurer
Andreas Haider-Maurer (German pronunciation: [anˈdʁeːas ˈhaɪdɐ ˈmaʊʁɐ]; born 22 March 1987) is a retired professional tennis player from Austria.

In the first round of the 2010 US Open, he forced world No. 5 Robin Söderling to a fifth set before losing the match. That same year, Haider-Maurer reached the final of his home tournament in Vienna. He lost to compatriot, defending champion and top seed Jürgen Melzer.

In late 2015, Haider-Maurer suffered a right heel injury and it eventually turned out that he missed the whole 2016 season. He retired in January 2019 after 3 years of injury problems.

Haider-Maurer won 9 Challenger events and reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 47 in April 2015.
Bobby Shane
Robert Lee Schoenberger (August 25, 1945 – February 20, 1975), better known as Bobby Shane, who also wrestled as Bobby Schoen and as The Challenger, was an American professional wrestler known for his time in NWA Florida in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was a well-known "heel" in the National Wrestling Alliance and considered a future wrestling star at the time of his death.

American Wrestling Association
The American Wrestling Association (AWA) was an American professional wrestling promotion based in Minneapolis, Minnesota that ran from 1960 until 1991. It was founded by Verne Gagne and Wally Karbo. The promotion was born out of the Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club, originally founded in 1933, which served as the Minnesota-based territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) from 1948 onward, before breaking away from the NWA and becoming an independent territory in 1960.
Det är inte regn som faller
"Det är inte regn som faller" is a ballad song with lyrics by Ingela "Pling" Forsman, and music by Bobby Ljunggren and Henrik Wikström, and recorded by Swedish singer Sonja Aldén on her 2007 album Till dig. The single was released for digital download on 1 November 2007, on the Lionheart International record label. The song charted at Svensktoppen, where it stayed for five weeks between 30 December 2007-27 January 2008, peaking at 6th position before leaving the chart.

Sonja Aldén
Sonja Annika Maria Aldén (born 20 December 1977) is a Swedish pop singer best known for her 2006, 2007, 2012, and 2020 Melodifestivalen entries, as well as for working together with Shirley Clamp and Sanna Nielsen. She has also written songs for other artists, including "Night of Passion" for The Poodles, which was their entry for the Melodifestivalen 2006.
Hansa-Brandenburg W.16
The Hansa-Brandenburg W.16 was a single-seat floatplane fighter designed by the Hansa-Brandenburg Aircraft Company (Hansa Brandenburgische Flugzeugwerke) for the Imperial German Navy's (Kaiserliche Marine) Naval Air Service (Marine-Fliegerabteilung) during World War I. Three prototypes were ordered in 1916, but its performance did not justify a production order.

Gnome Lambda
The Gnome 7 Lambda was a French designed, seven-cylinder, air-cooled rotary aero engine that was produced under license in Britain and Germany. Powering several World War I-era aircraft types it was claimed to produce 80 horsepower (60 kW) from its capacity of 12 litres (730 cubic inches) although recorded figures are lower.

Just under 1,000 units were produced in Britain, the majority (967) by the Daimler Company of Coventry. A 14-cylinder variant was known as the Gnome 14 Lambda-Lambda.

In Germany Motorenfabrik Oberursel license-built the seven-cylinder engine as the Oberursel U.0 and later copied the 14-cylinder design and designated it as the Oberursel U.III.
Goose Lake National Forest
Goose Lake National Forest was established as the Goose Lake Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service in Oregon on August 21, 1906 with 630,000 acres (2,500 km2).  It became a National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1908 the entire forest was added to Fremont National Forest and the name was discontinued.

National forest (United States)
In the United States, national forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands that are largely forest and woodland areas. They are owned collectively by the American people through the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Forest Service is also a forestry research organization that provides financial assistance to the state and local forestry industry. There are 154 national forests in the United States.