hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat
Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat, also known as the Muslim conquest of Gujarat, began in 1299 when the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji sent an army to ransack the Gujarat region of India, which was ruled by the Vaghela king Karna. The Delhi forces plundered several major cities of Gujarat, including Anahilavada (Patan), Khambhat, Surat and Somnath. Karna was able to regain control of at least a part of his kingdom in the later years. However, in 1304, a second invasion by Alauddin's forces permanently ended the Vaghela dynasty, and resulted in the annexation of Gujarat to the Delhi Sultanate.

Ashaval
Ashaval or  Ashapalli or  Yashoval. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area around Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Yashoval or Ashapalli or Ashaval. The city of Ashaval was located on the east of River Sabarmati. Ashaval's existence is traced from 9th - 10th century until the 13th century.

The settlement near the bank of Sabarmati River, today the city of Ahmedabad, was earlier known as Ashaval or Ashapalli. In the tenth century, Ashaval was one of the chief places in Gujarat, as described by Al-Biruni.
Felinine
Felinine, also known as (R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-ylthio)propanoic acid, is an amino acid found in cat urine and a precursor via microbial lyase of the putative cat pheromone and thiol called 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (MMB).

Felinine is excreted by some Felidae species, including bobcats, Chinese desert cats, the kodkod, and domestic cats.

Chinese mountain cat
The Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti), also known as Chinese desert cat and Chinese steppe cat, is a small wild Felis species with sand-coloured fur, faint dark stripes on the face and legs and black tipped ears. It is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau of western China, where it lives in grassland above elevations of 2,500 m (8,200 ft). It has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2002.
Lakshmi College
Lakshmi College is one of the largest parallel colleges in Kerala, India with more than three thousand students. This college was founded in the 1980s by an enterprising trio of teachers Jose, Davis and Pearson. From its humble beginnings in a rented space on the upper storey of a house in the village of Moothakunnam, the college has expanded and is now situated near the Amman Kovil temple at Paravoor.

Located at the heart of North Paravoor, Lakshmi College offers B.Com., B.Sc.(Mathematics), M.Com. and M.A.(Economics). The students opting for these courses are enrolled with the Mahatma Gandhi University and the Calicut University.

Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), commonly referred to as MG University, is a state owned public university headquartered in Kottayam in the state of Kerala, India. It was established on 2 October 1983 on Gandhi Jayanti day.

Mahatma Gandhi University (formerly Gandhiji University) has been approved by University Grants Commission (UGC) and accredited with the highest grade of 'A++ (CGPA - 3.61) by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council of India. The university has 31 departments of teaching and research and around 260 affiliated colleges spread over five districts in central Kerala.

In March 2025, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam has been awarded the prestigious Category 1 Grade by the University Grants Commission (UGC). This  recognition granted MGU extensive autonomy to launch new initiatives and establish institutions without prior UGC approval, making it the first university in the state to achieve this distinction.
Redemptionis donum
Redemptionis donum (English: The gift of the Redemption) is a post-synodal apostolic exhortation of Pope John Paul II, signed on 25 March 1984.

Written at the sole initiative of the Pope, the document speaks of religious consecration in the light of the mystery of Redemption. John Paul II signed it on March 25, 1984, on the Solemnity of the Annunciation falling in the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church. After the Second Vatican Council, there was a crisis in the number of vocations for the religious orders. Many religious men and women left their monasteries. The exhortation was an attempt to introduce the ideal of consecrated life. It highlights the theology, spirituality and apostolic dimension of religious life. The Pope presented religious life in its trinitarian, paschal and eschatological dimensions.

Religious order
A religious order is a subgroup within a larger confessional community that has members who lead a contemplative lifestyle devoted to prayer and service. Religious orders often trace their lineage from their founders and have a text describing their lifestyle called a rule of life. Such orders exist in a number of the world's religions and their denominations.
Hazel Grove
Hazel Grove is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Cheshire, and became part of Greater Manchester in 1974. The built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics had a population of 20,170 at the 2021 census.

Buxton
Buxton is a spa town in the borough of High Peak, Derbyshire, in the East Midlands region of England. It is England's highest market town, sited at some 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level. It lies close to Cheshire to the west and Staffordshire to the south, on the edge of the Peak District National Park. In 1974, the municipal borough merged with other nearby boroughs, including Glossop, to form the local government district and borough of High Peak.

The town population was 20,048 at the 2021 Census (down from 21,108 at the 2011 Census). Sights include Poole's Cavern, a limestone cavern; St Ann's Well, fed by a geothermal spring bottled by Buxton Natural Mineral Water (owned by Nestle); and many historic buildings, including John Carr's restored Buxton Crescent, Henry Currey's Buxton Baths and Frank Matcham's Buxton Opera House. The Devonshire Campus of the University of Derby occupies historic premises. Buxton is twinned with Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany.
Maria McNamara
Maria Eithne McNamara, MRIA, is an Irish palaeontologist. She is Professor of Palaeobiology at University College Cork.

McNamara's research focuses on the preservation of soft tissues in the fossil record, fossil colour, and feather evolution through the use of laboratory analytical techniques, including FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, synchrotron-XRF and XANES. Furthermore, controlled laboratory-based taphonomic experiments that simulate aspects of the fossilization process are done to illustrate how information on biological structures and chemistry is lost during decay and diagenesis, and help to predict what sort of information is likely to preserve in fossils.

X-ray absorption near edge structure
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), also known as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.
Service Mapping Description
Service Mapping Description (SMD) is a proposed standard for describing, in a machine-readable JSON format, the web services available at a particular endpoint. The goal is similar in principle to WSDL.

JSON
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation, pronounced /ˈdʒeɪsən/ or /ˈdʒeɪˌsɒn/) is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of name–value pairs and arrays (or other serializable values). It is a commonly used data format with diverse  uses in electronic data interchange, including that of web applications with servers.

JSON is a programming language-independent data format. It was derived from JavaScript, but many modern programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format data. JSON filenames use the extension .json.

Douglas Crockford originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s. They and Chip Morningstar sent the first JSON message in April 2001.
License Fee (horse)
License Fee (1995–2001) was a chestnut Thoroughbred racehorse mare, by Black Tie Affair and out of the Deputy Minister mare Star Deputy. She was bred by Pedigree Farms in Ontario, Canada, and went on to win four graded stakes races. License Fee was initially trained by  Stanley Hough. After being sold for US$330,000 to WinStar Farm in November 1999, she was trained by W. Elliott Walden.

License Fee had 16 wins out of 43 starts, with total earnings of US$1,200,416. Her wins include:

2000 Ballston Spa Handicap (US$125,700), won by one and a half lengths, ridden by Pat Day.

2001 Gallorette Handicap (US$60,000), won by half a length, ridden by Pat Day.

2001 Just a Game Stakes (US$175,000), won by a short head, ridden by Pat Day.

2001 Sixty Sails Handicap (US$300,000), won by five lengths, ridden by Larry Melancon.

In June 2001, License Fee broke her right front leg during the Molly Pitcher Stakes, and was euthanized at the Monmouth Park Racetrack.

Ballston Spa Stakes
The Ballston Spa Stakes is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares that are four years old or older over a distance of one and one-sixteenth miles on the turf course scheduled annually in late July or early August at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. The event currently carries a purse of $300,000.
Baishan Dam
The Baishan Dam (Chinese: 白山大坝, meaning: "White Mountain Dam") is an arch-gravity dam on the Second Songhua River near the town of Baishanzhen, Huadian, Jilin Province, China. The purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and flood control. The dam supplies water to five turbine-generators in two different powerhouses for an installed capacity of 1,500 megawatts (2,000,000 hp) while it can also control a design 19,100-cubic-metre-per-second (670,000 cu ft/s) flood. Additionally, it has a 300-megawatt (400,000 hp) pumped-storage hydroelectric generation capacity. It is named after Baekdu Mountain (White Mountain), near the city of Baishan.

Huadian, Jilin
Huadian (simplified Chinese: 桦甸; traditional Chinese: 樺甸; pinyin: Huàdiàn) is a city in south-central Jilin province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jilin City.
Rock Hill Cardinals
The Rock Hill Cardinals were a minor league baseball team based in Rock Hill, South Carolina. From 1963 to 1968, Rock Hill teams played as members of the Class A level Western Carolinas League. Rock Hill played as the "Wrens" in 1963 and the Rock Hill "Cardinals" played from 1964 to 1966 as a minor league affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals, winning the 1965 league championship. The franchise became a Cleveland Indians affiliate for the 1967 and 1968 seasons and adopted the corresponding "Indians" nickname.

Two Baseball Hall of Fame members are alumni of the Rock Hill Cardinals. Sparky Anderson managed the team to the 1965 league championship and Steve Carlton pitched for the Rock Hill Cardinals in 1964 in his first professional season at age 19.

The Rock Hill teams hosted minor league home games at Municipal Stadium in Rock Hill. The site still hosts sporting events today.

Rock Hill, South Carolina
Rock Hill is the most populous city in York County, South Carolina, United States, and the 5th-most populous city in the state. It is also the 4th-most populous city of the Charlotte metropolitan area, behind Charlotte, Concord, and Gastonia (all located in North Carolina). As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 74,372.

The city is located approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of Charlotte and approximately 70 miles (110 km) north of Columbia.

Rock Hill offers scenic riverfront views along the Catawba River and is home to numerous nature trails, restaurants, and thirty-one parks which are used for both national and local events. Its historic downtown consist of twelve contiguous buildings built as early as 1840 offering dining and retail options. The city is also home to three colleges, including Winthrop University, a public liberal arts university founded in 1886 which enrolls nearly 6,000 students annually.
Theerarat Samrejvanich
Theerarat Samrejwanich (Thai: ธีรรัตน์ สำเร็จวาณิชย์) is a Thai politician, serving as Deputy Minister of Interior since 2024. In the 2023 Thai general election, she was the only Pheu Thai member among Bangkok's 33 seats elected to the House of Representatives.

Ministry of Interior (Thailand)
The Ministry of Interior (Thai: กระทรวงมหาดไทย, RTGS: Krasuang Mahatthai) is a cabinet-level department in the Government of Thailand. The ministry has wide ranging responsibilities. It is responsible for local administration, internal security, citizenship, disaster management, road safety, land management, issuance of national identity cards, and public works. The ministry is responsible for appointing the 76 governors of the Provinces of Thailand. The Minister of Interior (Thai: รัฐมนตรีกระทรวงมหาดไทย) is the head of the ministry. He is appointed by the King of Thailand on the recommendation of the prime minister. Since 1 September 2023, the head of the ministry has been  Anutin Charnvirakul. He is aided by two deputy ministers. The FY2019 budget of the ministry is 371,802 million baht.
Santa Cruz shrikebill
The Santa Cruz shrikebill (Clytorhynchus sanctaecrucis), or Nendo shrikebill, is a songbird species in the family Monarchidae. The Santa Cruz shrikebill was split from the black-throated shrikebill in 2008 but some authorities still consider it to be its subspecies, C. n. sanctaecrucis.

The Santa Cruz shrikebill is little-known species that has been very rarely sighted. It is endemic to the Solomon Islands. It is found on Nendo in the Santa Cruz Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Monarch flycatcher
The monarchs or monarch flycatchers (family Monarchidae) comprise a family of over 100 passerine birds which includes shrikebills, paradise flycatchers, and magpie-larks.

Monarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails. They inhabit forest or woodland across sub-Saharan Africa, south-east Asia, Australasia, and a number of Pacific islands. Only a few species migrate. Many species decorate their cup-shaped nests with lichen.
VCU Rams
The VCU Rams are the athletic teams of Virginia Commonwealth University of Richmond, Virginia, United States. The Rams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. The most successful teams have been the men's tennis and basketball teams, which have had success in their conference and on the regional and national stages. The school's colors are black and gold. The athletic director is Ed McLaughlin. The official student supporter group is known as the Rowdy Rams.

VCU was founded following the merger of the Medical College of Virginia and the Richmond Professional Institute in 1968. Prior to the VCU Rams, the MCV athletic teams competed as the Medicoes and the RPI athletic teams competed as the Green Devils.

Sports Backers Stadium
Sports Backers Stadium is a 3,250-seat stadium in Richmond, Virginia, owned by Sports Backers, a local sports organization. The facility was opened in 1999 and has also a running track ("Richard A. Hollander Track") surrounding the field.

Sports Backers Stadium is used throughout the year by various parties including the soccer and track and field teams from Virginia Commonwealth University, and Virginia Union University. The "Marathon Training Team" meets at the stadium every Saturday and Sunday for 23 weeks to prepare runners for the Anthem Richmond Marathon.

The stadium hosted two CAA women's soccer tournament finals, in 2004 and 2005. In the first of them, the VCU Rams women's soccer team won their conference tournament after defeating William & Mary 3–1.
North Eastern Sabah Railway Line
The North Eastern Sabah Railway Line (Malay: Laluan Keretapi Utara Timur Sabah) is a proposed railway line from the city of Kota Kinabalu that would connect Kudat, Sandakan and Tawau as part of the Sabah State Railway line extension plan. The plan was supported by the Malaysian federal government represented by Transport Minister Liow Tiong Lai on 17 September 2015. On 21 March 2017, the study to establish the line to Kudat started, with around RM1 million being allocated.

Until 2021, Sabah Deputy Chief Minister Bung Mokhtar Radin explained that the proposed line was still in the planning stage with the study to be implemented by the following year, in 2022.

Kudat
Kudat (Malay: Pekan Kudat) is the capital of the Kudat District in the Kudat Division of Sabah, Malaysia. Its population was estimated to be around 29,025 in 2010. It is located on the Kudat Peninsula, about 190 kilometres (120 mi) north of Kota Kinabalu, the state capital, and is near the northernmost point of Borneo. It is the largest town in the heartland of the Rungus people which is a sub-ethnic group of the majority Kadazan-Dusun race and is therefore a major centre of Rungus culture. It is also notable for being one of the first parts of Sabah to be settled by Chinese Malaysians, particularly from the Hakka dialect group. It is the northernmost Malaysian city.
Symphony No. 12 (Haydn)
The Symphony No. 12 in E major (Hoboken I/12) is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. The symphony was composed in 1763,  at the age of 31, under the patronage of Prince Nikolaus Esterházy.

It is scored for two oboes, bassoon, two horns, strings, and continuo. The symphony is homotonal and in three movements:

The second movement is in "siciliano", or rocking rhythm, similar to the pastoral slow movements of Symphonies No. 27 and B.

Basso continuo
Basso continuo is a harmonic musical structure, almost universal in the Baroque era (1600–1750), that generally consisted of a bassline and a chord progression. The phrase is often shortened to continuo, and the instrumentalists playing the continuo part are called the continuo group.
Swainson's hawk
Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni) is a large bird species in the Accipitriformes order. This species was named after William Swainson, a British naturalist. It is colloquially known as the grasshopper hawk or locust hawk, as it is very fond of Acrididae (locusts and grasshoppers) and will voraciously eat these insects whenever they are available.

Their breeding habitat is prairie and dry grasslands in western North America. They build a stick nest in a tree or shrub or on a cliff edge. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering in Argentina; it has been recorded as a vagrant in neighboring Chile, in the island countries of the Dominican Republic, and Trinidad and Tobago, and in Norway.

This species or its immediate predecessor is the ancestor of the Galápagos hawk, as demonstrated by recent research. Then later diverged from the mainland birds perhaps 300,000 years ago, a very short time in evolution.

Acrididae
Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known because all locusts (swarming grasshoppers) are of the Acrididae. The subfamily Oedipodinae is sometimes classified as a distinct family Oedipodidae in the superfamily Acridoidea. Acrididae grasshoppers are characterized by relatively short and stout antennae (so they may be called "short-horned grasshoppers"), and tympana on the side of the first abdominal segment.
Vanishing theorem
In algebraic geometry, a vanishing theorem gives conditions for coherent cohomology groups to vanish.

Andreotti–Grauert vanishing theorem

Bogomolov–Sommese vanishing theorem

Grauert–Riemenschneider vanishing theorem

Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem

Kodaira vanishing theorem

Le Potier's vanishing theorem

Mumford vanishing theorem

Nakano vanishing theorem

Ramanujam vanishing theorem

Serre's vanishing theorem

Nadel vanishing theorem

Ramanujam vanishing theorem
In algebraic geometry, the Ramanujam vanishing theorem is an extension of the Kodaira vanishing theorem due to Ramanujam (1972), that in particular gives conditions for the vanishing of first cohomology groups of coherent sheaves on a surface. The Kawamata–Viehweg vanishing theorem generalizes it.
Marton, New Zealand
Marton (Māori: Tutaenui) is a town in the Rangitikei district of the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. It is situated 35 kilometres southeast of Whanganui and 40 kilometres northwest of Palmerston North.

Ngāti Apa are tangata whenua for the Marton area.

The town of Marton is the largest in the Rangitikei district, and began life as a private township in 1866, when shop and housing sections were sold at auction by local landowners.

The town had 5,730 residents as of June 2025.

Marton has always been a service town for the fertile farming lands of the lower Rangitikei Rivers flood plains. Butter, wool, and flour have been among its agricultural products. The arrival of the railway in 1878 led to rapid growth in the area, which soon added industries such as engineering, sawmilling, and textile production to its economy.

Ngāti Apa
Ngāti Apa is a Māori iwi (tribe) in Rangitikei District of New Zealand. Its rohe (traditional tribal lands) extend between the Mangawhero, Whangaehu, Turakina and Rangitīkei rivers. This area is bounded by Whanganui River in the north-west, and Manawatū River in the south-east. The marae in this district include Tini wai tara, Whangaehu, Kauangāroa, and Parewanui.
Teletext character set
This article covers technical details of the character encoding system defined by ETS 300 706 of the ETSI, a standard for World System Teletext, and used for the Viewdata and Teletext variants of Videotex in Europe.

ANSI escape code
ANSI escape sequences are a standard for in-band signaling to control cursor location, color, font styling, and other options on video text terminals and terminal emulators. Certain sequences of bytes, most starting with an ASCII escape character and a bracket character, are embedded into text.  The terminal interprets these sequences as commands, rather than text to display verbatim.

ANSI sequences were introduced in the 1970s to replace vendor-specific sequences and became widespread in the computer equipment market by the early 1980s. Although hardware text terminals have become increasingly rare in the 21st century, the relevance of the ANSI standard persists because a great majority of terminal emulators and command consoles interpret at least a portion of the ANSI standard.
Tomorrow (The Bear)
"Tomorrow" is the first episode of the third season of the American comedy-drama television series The Bear. It is the 19th overall episode of the series and was written by series creator Christopher Storer from a story he co-wrote with cast member Matty Matheson, and directed by Storer. It was released on Hulu on June 26, 2024, along with the rest of the season.

The series follows Carmen "Carmy" Berzatto, an award-winning chef de cuisine, who returns to his hometown of Chicago to run his late brother Michael's failing Italian beef sandwich shop and revamps the shop into a fine dining establishment, "The Bear". In the episode, Carmy reminisces over his past experiences in other restaurants as he tries to move forward with the new restaurant's structure.

The season-three premiere of The Bear has been ranked as both the best and the worst installment of the series. Jeremy Allen White won a Primetime Emmy Award for his performance in this episode.

Chef de cuisine
A chef de cuisine (French pronunciation: [ʃɛf.də.kɥi.zin], French for head of kitchen) also called CDC or head chef, is a chef who leads a kitchen and its cooks. A chef patron (feminine form chef patronne) (French for boss chef) or executive chef is a chef that manages multiple kitchens and their staff.