hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Foot stove
A foot stove consists of a wooden box which is open on one side, with holes or a slab at the top. In it, a bowl made of pottery or metal with burning charcoal was placed. The feet were positioned on top of the stove to become warm. By putting a blanket or clothing on the legs, the heat could be isolated, and the lower legs were heated.

Foot stoves were used in Northern Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States.

Old foot stove from Northern Germany

Stove from the Netherlands

A foot stove from around 1930

Northern Germany
Northern Germany (German: Norddeutschland, [ˈnɔʁtdɔɪ̯tʃlant] ⓘ) is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony and the two city-states Hamburg and Bremen. It contrasts with Southern Germany, Western Germany, and Eastern Germany.
Sandy Tithing Office
The Sandy Tithing Office is a historic building in Sandy, Utah. It was built in 1906-1907 as a tithing building for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Iy was designed in the Victorian Eclectic style, with a pyramid roof and a gabled pavilion. The bishop of the Sandy ward at the time was William D. Kuhre. The builder and architect are not known. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 25, 1985.

Bishop (Latter Day Saints)
In the Latter Day Saint movement, a bishop is the highest office of the Aaronic priesthood. It is almost always held by one who holds the office of high priest in the Melchizedek priesthood. The Latter Day Saint concept of the office differs significantly from the role of bishops in other Christian denominations, being in some respects more analogous to a pastor or parish priest. Each bishop serves with two counselors, who together form a bishopric.

The role of a bishop varies in the different Latter Day Saint denominations; however, they derive from a common history.
Alley Cats Strike
Alley Cats Strike (stylised as Alley Cats Strike!) is a 2000 sports comedy-drama television film directed by Rod Daniel, written by Gregory K. Pincus, and starring Kyle Schmid, Robert Ri'chard, and Kaley Cuoco. It premiered as a Disney Channel Original Movie on March 18, 2000.

Sports film
A sports film is a film genre in which any particular sport plays a prominent role in the film's plot or acts as its central theme. It is a production in which a sport or a sports-related topic is prominently featured or is a focus of the plot. Despite this, sport is ultimately rarely the central concern of such films and sport performs primarily an allegorical role. Furthermore, sports fans are not necessarily the target demographic in such movies, but sports fans tend to maintain a high following and esteem for such movies.
Nitori Culture Hall
Nitori Culture Hall (originally known as Hokkaido Kōsei Nenkin Kaikan) is an arts and concert venue, part of the Sapporo Geibunkan complex, located in Chūō-ku, Sapporo, Japan. It opened in 1971 as Hokkaido Kōsei Nenkin Kaikan; the complex includes a conference hall, a hotel and a concert hall.

The main concert hall has a seating capacity of 2,300. Since 2010, the furniture company Nitori owns the naming rights of the venue. Notable past performers include Santana, Cheap Trick, Whitesnake, King Crimson and Scorpions.

Nitori
Nitori Co., Ltd is a Japanese furniture and home accessories retail company headquartered in Sapporo. The company is the largest furniture and home furnishing chain in Japan.

Nitori was founded in Sapporo in 1967, by the company's current President, Akio Nitori. Nitori currently has more than 700 stores in Japan and more than 70 stores in China, and more than 50 stores in other Asian countries. The company's products are sold in the United States under the Aki-Home brand name.

In November 2010, Nitori Holdings, Inc. was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nitori Holdings (holding company) following the transition to a holding company structure, which was established in 2012 and began operating stores under the name "AKi-Home" (after Akio's name) the following year.

Nitori was ranked the #1 most desirable company to work for among new graduates in 2023 and 2024.
Asta von Mallinckrodt-Haupt
Asta von Mallinckrodt-Haupt, also Malinkrodt, (born as Auguste Stephanie von Haupt 27 November 1896 in Bamberg; died 23 June 1960 in Cologne) was a German dermatologist. She was the first female professor of dermatology in Germany.

Pathogenic fungus
Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Although fungi are eukaryotic, many pathogenic fungi are microorganisms. Approximately 300 fungi are pathogenic to humans; their study is called "medical mycology". Fungal infections are estimated to kill more people than either tuberculosis or malaria—about two million people per year.

In 2022 the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of fungal pathogens which should be a priority for public health action.

Markedly more fungi are pathogenic to plant life than those of the animal kingdom. The study of fungi and other organisms pathogenic to plants is called plant pathology.
Ecological overshoot
Ecological overshoot is the phenomenon which occurs when the demands made on a natural ecosystem exceed its regenerative capacity. Global ecological overshoot occurs when the demands made by humanity exceed what the biosphere of Earth can provide through its capacity for renewal. Scientific use of the term in the context of the global ecological impact of humanity is attributed to a 1980 book by William R. Catton, Jr. titled Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change.

William E. Rees
William Rees, FRSC (born December 18, 1943), is a Canadian professor.  He is the originator of the "ecological footprint" concept and co-developer of the method,

Rees taught at the University of British Columbia from 1969–70 until his retirement in 2011–12, but has since continued his writing and research. His primary interest is in public policy and planning relating to global environmental trends and the ecological conditions for sustainable socioeconomic development.

He was the Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and former director of the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC.
Verdonk
Verdonk and Verdonck are Dutch toponymic surnames. They are a contraction of van der Donk ("from the donk"), where "donk" was a name for sandy raised terrain in a swamp. The spelling Verdonk is more common in the Netherlands (2126 vs. 261 people in 2007), while Verdonck is more common in Belgium (4341 vs 118 people in 2008). Notable people with the surname include:

Verdonk

Calvin Verdonk (born 1997), Indonesian footballer

Eric Verdonk (1959–2020), New Zealand rower

Lambert Verdonk (born 1944), Dutch footballer

Rita Verdonk (born 1955), Dutch politician

Verdonck

Cornelis Verdonck (1563–1625), Flemish composer

Jan Verdonck (1546–1624), Flemish composer

Maurice Verdonck (1873–?), Belgian rower

Nico Verdonck (born 1985), Belgian racing driver

Rudy Verdonck (born 1965), Belgian cyclist

Sven Verdonck (born 1988), Belgian footballer

Calvin Verdonk
Calvin Ronald Verdonk (born 26 April 1997) is a professional footballer who plays as a left-back or centre-back for Ligue 1 club Lille. Born in the Netherlands, he plays for the Indonesia national team.
Caylib Oosthuizen
Caylib Rees Oosthuizen (born 1 September 1989) is a South African professional rugby union player who plays as a loosehead prop for Tel Aviv Heat in Rugby Europe Super Cup. He previously played for Western Province in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge.

Rugby Challenge (South Africa)
The Rugby Challenge – known as the SuperSport Rugby Challenge for sponsorship reasons – was the secondary domestic rugby union competition in South Africa from 2017 to 2019. The competition was organised by the South African Rugby Union and featured all fourteen South African provincial unions plus Namibian side the Welwitschias and the Zimbabwe Academy. The inaugural season of the competition was in 2017, and was intended as the long-term successor of the Vodacom Cup competition.

The competition was played at roughly the same time as Super Rugby each season, and featured a combination of Super Rugby players returning from injury, reserve players attempting to maintain their fitness levels and younger players trying to break through to the Super Rugby or Currie Cup sides. It therefore served as an important developmental competition for South African rugby.
Humboldtine
Humboldtine is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of "organic compounds" with the chemical composition FeC2O4•2H2O and is therefore a water-containing iron(II) oxalate or the iron salt of oxalic acid.

Humboldtine crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, but only rarely develops well-formed, tabular to prismatic crystals with a resin-like sheen on the surfaces. It is mostly found in the form of botryoidal or fibrous to earthy aggregates and crusty coatings from dull yellow to brownish yellow or amber yellow in color. It can be transparent to opaque. It can form from hematite in oxalic acid.

With a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2, humboldtine is one of the softest minerals and can be scratched with a fingernail.

Oxalic acid
Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and chemical formula HO−C(=O)−C(=O)−OH, also written as (COOH)2 or (CO2H)2 or H2C2O4. It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its name is derived from early investigators who isolated oxalic acid from flowering plants of the genus Oxalis, commonly known as wood-sorrels. It occurs naturally in many foods.  It can be toxic when eaten in significant quantities, and contact with concentrated forms can cause chemical burns.

Oxalic acid is a much stronger acid than acetic acid. It is a reducing agent and its conjugate bases hydrogenoxalate (HC2O−4) and oxalate (C2O2−4) are chelating agents for metal cations. It is used as a cleaning agent, especially for the removal of rust, because it forms a water-soluble ferric iron complex, the ferrioxalate ion. Oxalic acid typically occurs as the dihydrate with the formula H2C2O4·2H2O.
Balfour, Eastern Cape
Balfour is a town in Raymond Mhlaba Municipality, Amathole District Municipality, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

The village, which lies at the foot of the Katberg, was established as a mission station of the Glasgow Missionary Society in 1828 by John Ross and McDiarmid, and named after Robert Balfour, the first secretary of the society.

Throughout the nine Frontier Wars, the town experienced some heavy fighting. Today, tobacco, citrus, wool and beef farming are practised in the area.

Xhosa Wars
The Xhosa Wars were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers from the Dutch colonial empire in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa.

Tensions existed between the various Europeans in the Cape region, tensions between Empire administration and colonial governments, and tensions within the Xhosa Kingdom, e.g. chiefs rivaling each other, which usually led to Europeans taking advantage of the situation to meddle in Xhosa politics. A perfect example of this is the case of chief Ngqika and his uncle, chief Ndlambe.

The conflicts between the Xhosa and British were covered extensively in the metropolitan British press, generating increased demand among the British public for information about their country's far-off colonial conflicts.
Defactinib
Defactinib (INN, codenamed VS-6063) is an inhibitor of PTK2, also known as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Pyk2, and MELK which was developed by Pfizer and licensed to Verastem Oncology as a potential treatment for solid tumors.

Development for mesothelioma was discontinued in 2015 due to lack of efficacy in a placebo-controlled phase II trial. Subsequent research in patients with specific NF2 mutations also found limited activity.

The co-packaged medication avutometinib/defactinib was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2025.

Protein kinase inhibitor
A protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) is a type of enzyme inhibitor that blocks the action of one or more protein kinases. Protein kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate (add a phosphate, or PO4, group) to a protein and can modulate its function.

The phosphate groups are usually added to serine, threonine, or tyrosine amino acids on the protein. Most kinases act on both serine and threonine, the tyrosine kinases act on tyrosine, and a number (dual-specificity kinases) act on all three. There are also protein kinases that phosphorylate other amino acids, including histidine kinases that phosphorylate histidine residues.

Phosphorylation regulates many biological processes, and protein kinase inhibitors can be used to treat diseases due to hyperactive protein kinases (including mutant or overexpressed kinases in cancer) or to modulate cell functions to overcome other disease drivers.
Michael Sterling (musician)
Michael Sterling (born October 26, 1960) is an American singer and composer from Miami, Florida. His 1990 single 'Lovers and Friends' was a quiet storm classic, having notably been sampled in Usher, Ludacris and Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz 'Lovers and Friends'. Sterling also worked with Miami artists having produced for MC Shy D, engineered for 2 Live Crew and Poison Clan, and was briefly a member of the Reggae group Inner Circle.

Poison Clan
Poison Clan was a hip-hop group signed to Effect Records from 1990 to 1992, then later signed to Luke Records from 1993 to 1995. The group had various lineups and members were JT Money, Debonaire, Drugz, Uzi, Madball and Big Ram.

AllMusic noted about the group's 1999 compilation album, "The best tracks from Poison Clan as well as former frontman J.T. Money, this collection includes 'Fakin' Like Gangsta's,' 'Shake Whatcha Mama Gave Ya,' 'Dance All Night,' 'Check Out the Ave. Pt. 1 & 2' and 'Action' (featuring Likkle Wicked)."
Darri Ingólfsson
Snævar Darri Ingólfsson (born 22 December 1979) is an Icelandic actor. He is best known for his performance as Oliver Saxon in the TV series Dexter (2013).

He studied drama in London. His film roles include Joshua Tree, 1951: A Portrait of James Dean (2012), Money Monster (2016), and Black Antenna (2019). His television roles include Last Resort (2012–2013), Sequestered (2014), The Originals (2017), and National Treasure: Edge of History (2022–2023). In 2018, he appeared on the Alice in Chains' music video "Never Fade".

The Originals (TV series)
The Originals is an American supernatural drama television series. It is a spin-off of The Vampire Diaries and the first television series expansion of the franchise based on its parent series. The series follows vampire-werewolf hybrid Klaus Mikaelson as he and his family become embroiled in the supernatural politics of the French Quarter of New Orleans.

It began airing on the CW on October 3, 2013. On July 20, 2017, it was announced by series creator Julie Plec that the series' fifth season would be its last. The final season began airing in April 2018 and finished on August 1, 2018.
KS ROW Rybnik
Klub Sportowy ROW Rybnik, also known as ROW Rybnik, is a Polish motorcycle speedway team based in Rybnik, which currently competes in Ekstraliga (speedway). 
Rybnik is one of the oldest and most successful teams in Polish speedway having won the league championship on twelve occasions. ROW is one of the several clubs of the once united ROW Rybnik multi-sports club.

Speedway in Poland
Speedway is one of the most popular sports in Poland. The Ekstraliga has the highest average attendances for any sport in Poland. The first meetings in Poland were held in the 1930s.

Speedway in Poland is governed by the Main Commission of Speedway Sport (Główna Komisja Sportu Żużlowego, GKSŻ) which is a part of the Polish Motor Union (Polski Związek Motorowy, PZM). PZM is a member of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) and the Union Européenne de Motocyclisme (UEM).
Oa (Attica)
Oa, also Oae or Oai, (Ancient Greek: Ὄα or Ὀά ) was a deme of ancient Attica, originally of the phyle of Pandionis, but after 127/8 AD, of the phyle of Hadrianis, sending four delegates to the Athenian Boule.

Its site is located near modern Papangelaki.

Boule (ancient Greece)
In cities of ancient Greece, the boule (Ancient Greek: βουλή; pl.: boulai, βουλαί) was a council (βουλευταί, bouleutai) appointed to run daily affairs of the city. Originally a council of nobles advising a king, boulai evolved according to the constitution of the city: In oligarchies boule positions might have been hereditary, while in democracies members were typically chosen by lot and served for one year. Little is known about the workings of many boulai, except in the case of Athens, for which extensive material has survived.
Trottiscliffe
Trottiscliffe (/ˈtrɒzli/ ⓘ TROZ-lee) is an English village in the county of Kent about 2.5 miles (4 km) north west of West Malling.

It is colloquially known as Trosley after Trosley Country Park at the top of the North Downs, which was once part of the Trosley Towers Estate. The spelling Trottesclyve  appears with nearby Hallyng in 1396. It was labelled as Trotterscliffe on the Ordnance Survey map published in 1870.

North Downs
The North Downs are a ridge of chalk hills and an area of downland in south-east England, that stretch from Farnham in Surrey to the White Cliffs of Dover in Kent. Much of the North Downs comprises two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs): the Surrey Hills and the Kent Downs. The North Downs Way National Trail runs along the North Downs from Farnham to Dover. They form the northern boundary of the Weald, which is correspondingly bounded to the south by the South Downs.

The highest point in the North Downs is Botley Hill, Surrey (270 metres (890 ft) above sea level). The County Top of Kent is  Betsom's Hill (251 m (823 ft) above sea level), which is less than 1 km from Westerham Heights, Bromley, the highest point in Greater London at an elevation of 245 m (804 ft).
Khaled Chentout
Khaled Chentout (born 29 March 1984) is an Algerian handball coach and former handball player, who currently coaches Norwegian TIF Viking. He played 8 years for Norwegian club Nøtterøy Handball.

He competed for the Algerian national team at the 2015 World Men's Handball Championship in Qatar, which was his first appearance at the World Championships.

2015 World Men's Handball Championship
The 2015 World Men's Handball Championship was the 24th staging of the World Men's Handball Championship, organised by the International Handball Federation (IHF). The final tournament was held for the first time in Qatar, from 15 January to 1 February 2015. The Qatari bid was selected over those of Norway, Poland and France after a vote by the IHF Council on 27 January 2011, in Malmö, Sweden. 
This was the third time that the World Championship was hosted in the Middle East And North Africa, after Egypt in 1999 and Tunisia in 2005.

France won the final against Qatar 25–22 to win their fifth title, a first in handball history while Qatar won their first ever medal.
Poland captured the bronze medal by defeating Spain 29–28 after extra time. Denmark secured the fifth place by winning against Croatia which finished sixth and thus had the worst result in the past 13 years of international handball competing.

The competition was marred by numerous controversies throughout.
Stegonotus muelleri
Stegonotus muelleri, the Philippine ground snake, Müller's rat snake, or Muller's wolf snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae. It was first described by Duméril, Bibron and Duméril in 1854.

The snake is found in the Philippines.

Colubridae
Colubridae (/kəˈluːbrɪdiː/, commonly known as colubrids /ˈkɒljʊbrɪdz/, from Latin: coluber, 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.
FlyOver (ride)
Flyover is a flying theater attraction. The first Flyover attraction opened in 2013 at Canada Place in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The ride takes guests on a virtual flight across Canada, utilizing ride equipment for up to 61 people at a time into a 19 m (62 foot) diameter spherical screen and employs wind, mist, and scents to enhance the experience. It has since opened at the Mall of America, Navy Pier, and Las Vegas in the US, as well as downtown Reykjavík in Iceland, with plans to open a ride in Toronto.

Flying theater
A flying theater is a themed entertainment technology and adjacent show style. It is a type of simulator ride which consists of one or several motion systems and a large screen. This type of attraction is also known as a panoramic flying theater. The illusion of flight is created through motion that is synchronized with a film. Sound and special effects are combined with the film to create realistic flying experiences.

There are two different forms: the suspended flying theater, in which rigging similar to a fly system lifts seats into the projection of a film to create the illusion of flight. The other version uses a motion system-based platform with a dome-projection or a large curved screen.

Platform-based flying theaters allow 2 different forms of experience: either a traditional seated version and a version where guests are standing on the platform, leaning forward into body supports to create a feeling of flying.
Inverlochy, Highland
Inverlochy (Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Lochaidh, IPA:[ˈinivɪɾʲˈɫ̪ɔxɪ]) is a village north of Fort William, Highland, Scotland. Inverlochy is part of the Great Glen Way, a popular hiking and cycling route from Fort William to Inverness.

Highland Council
The Highland Council (Comhairle na Gàidhealtachd Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˈkʰõ.ərˠʎə nə ˈkɛːəl̪ˠt̪əxk]) is the local authority for Highland, one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. The council is based at the Highland Council Headquarters in Inverness.
M621 cannon
The M621 is a 20 mm automatic cannon of French design, developed by KNDS France as on-board armament for armored vehicles, aircraft, helicopters and small coastal vessels of the French Navy. It fires the same 20×102mm ammunition as the similar M61 Vulcan.

20 mm caliber
20 mm caliber is a specific size of popular autocannon ammunition. The dividing line between smaller-caliber weapons, commonly called "guns", from larger-caliber "cannons" (e.g. machine gun vs. autocannon), is conventionally taken to be the 20 mm round, the smallest caliber of autocannon. All 20 mm cartridges have an outside projectile (bullet) diameter and barrel bore diameter of approximately 0.787 inches (20.0 mm). These projectiles are typically 75 to 127 mm (3–5 in) long, cartridge cases are typically 75 to 152 mm (3–6 in) long, and most are shells, with an explosive payload and detonating fuze.

Weapons using this caliber range from anti-materiel rifles and anti-tank rifles to aircraft autocannons and anti-aircraft guns.
Murlagan
Murlagan is a small hamlet located on the north shore of Loch Arkaig in Inverness-shire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Murlagan, also called Murlaggan and Mhurlagain, is the location of the minor seat of Clan MacMillan.

Clan MacMillan
Clan MacMillan is a Highland Scottish clan. The Clan was originally located in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands during the 12th century. The clan supported Robert the Bruce during the Wars of Scottish Independence, but later supported the Lord of the Isles in opposition to the Scottish Crown. During the Jacobite rising of 1745 the clan was divided with some supporting the Jacobites and others not taking part in the rebellion.