hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1875 Kaiapoi by-election
The 1875 Kaiapoi by-election was a by-election held on 30 October 1875 during the 5th New Zealand Parliament in the Canterbury electorate of Kaiapoi.

The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP John Studholme on 8 December 1874.

The by-election was won by Charles Bowen.

5th New Zealand Parliament
The 5th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. Elections for this term were held in 68 European electorates between 14 January and 23 February 1871. Elections in the four Māori electorates were held on 1 and 15 January 1871. A total of 78 MPs were elected. Parliament was prorogued in December 1875. During the term of this Parliament, six Ministries were in power.
Pender Island
Pender Island (Saanich: st̕ey̕əs) is the collective name for two Southern Gulf Islands located in the Salish Sea, British Columbia, Canada. The Pender Islands, consisting of North Pender Island and South Pender Island, have a combined area of approximately 34 km2 (13 sq mi). The Islands are home to about 2,250 permanent residents, as well as a large seasonal population. Like most of the rest of the Southern Gulf Islands, the Pender Islands enjoy a sub-Mediterranean climate and feature open farmland, rolling forested hills, several lakes and small mountains, as well as many coves and beaches.

BC Geographical Names
The BC Geographical Names (formerly BC Geographical Names Information System or BCGNIS) is a geographic name web service and database for the Canadian province of British Columbia run by the Base Mapping and Geomatic Services Branch of the Integrated Land Management Bureau. BCGNIS is the master database of British Columbia place names. The database contains approximately 50,000 current and former official names and spellings of towns, mountains, rivers, lakes, and other geographic places in British Columbia. About 50% of the names have brief notes about the history of the geographic names, and their use in history.
February 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
February 3 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 5

All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 17 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For February 4th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on January 22.

January 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
January 21 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - January 23

All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 4 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For January 22nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on January 9.
Sue Miles
Sue Miles (born Susan Crane, 20 March 1944 – 8 October 2010) was an Anglo-American counter-culture activist and restaurateur.  With her husband Barry and the support of celebrities such as Paul McCartney, she started the Indica Gallery and the underground newspaper International Times (IT).  She started her cooking career by running the cafe at the Arts Lab and then worked at other prominent restaurants in central London such as Food for Thought and L'Escargot.

L'Escargot (restaurant)
L'Escargot is London's oldest French restaurant, and is also one of the city's oldest restaurants. It is housed in a Georgian townhouse on Greek Street, in the heart of the Soho district. The building, which dates from 1741, was previously the private residence of the Duke of Portland.
Gilles Fontaine
Gilles Fontaine (1948 – November 1, 2019) was a professor of astrophysics at the Université de Montréal in Quebec, Canada.

Fontaine's research interests included theoretical and observational studies of white dwarfs, sub-dwarf stars and astroseismology (the interpretation of variations in brightness of certain pulsating or vibrating stars to understand their interior structure). In particular, he found that white dwarfs can serve as test benches for the equation of state, the coefficient of transport, and the phase transition between solid and liquid states at very high densities.

Asteroseismology
Asteroseismology is the study of oscillations in stars. Stars have many resonant modes and frequencies, and the path of sound waves passing through a star depends on the local speed of sound, which in turn depends on local temperature and chemical composition. Because the resulting oscillation modes are sensitive to different parts of the star, they inform astronomers about the internal structure of the star, which is otherwise not directly possible from overall properties like brightness and surface temperature.

Asteroseismology is closely related to helioseismology, the study of stellar pulsation specifically in the Sun.  Though both are based on the same underlying physics, more and qualitatively different information is available for the Sun because its surface can be resolved.
Steyr 100
The Steyr 100 and 200 were a series of medium-sized cars built by the Austrian manufacturer Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG from 1934 to 1940. The four-door streamlined body designed by engineer Karl Jenschke was manufactured in Steyr, a 1933 prototype was assembled by Gläser-Karosserie GmbH in Dresden, Germany.

Steyr
Steyr (German: [ˈʃtaɪɐ] ⓘ; Central Bavarian: Steia) is a statutory city, located in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. It is the administrative capital, though not part of Steyr-Land District. Steyr is Austria's twelfth-most-populated town and the third-largest city in Upper Austria.

The city has a long history as a manufacturing center and has given its name to several manufacturers headquartered there, such as the former Steyr-Daimler-Puch conglomerate and its successor Steyr Motors.
Knox City
Knox City may mean:

Knox City, Missouri

Knox City, Texas

The City of Knox in Victoria, Australia. (Also known as the Knox City Council)

Westfield Knox, formerly known as Knox City Shopping Centre

Knox City FC

City of Knox
The City of Knox is a local government area in Victoria, Australia in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It is headquartered in the suburb of Wantirna South. It has an area of 114 square kilometres (44.0 sq mi) and recorded a population of 159,103 at the 2021 census.  This municipality is one of only a handful that survived the widespread municipal amalgamations that occurred in Victoria in the early 1990s.
Hump Island
Hump Island is an island just east of the East Arm of Horseshoe Harbour in Holme Bay, Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, rephotographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and so named by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions because of its humped appearance from ground level.

Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions
The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE /ænˈɑːri/ ann-AR-ee) is the historical name for the Australian Antarctic Program (AAP) administered for Australia by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD).
Hefin David
Hefin Wyn David (13 August 1977 – 12 August 2025) was a Welsh Labour politician and the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Caerphilly, where he lived.

His political interests were in small firm development and growth, employment and employability, access to further and higher education for those with additional learning needs, the development of valleys communities and supporting families with relatives that have autism.

Welsh Labour
Welsh Labour (Welsh: Llafur Cymru), formerly known as the Labour Party in Wales (Welsh: Y Blaid Lafur yng Nghymru), is an autonomous section of the United Kingdom Labour Party in Wales and the largest party in the modern politics of Wales. Welsh Labour and its forebears have won a plurality of the Welsh vote at every United Kingdom general election since 1922, every National Assembly (now Senedd) election since 1999, and all elections to the European Parliament in the period 1979–2004 and in 2014. Welsh Labour holds 27 of the 32 Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, 29 of the 60 seats in the Welsh Senedd, and 576 of the 1,264 councillors in principal local authorities including overall control of 10 of the 22 principal local authorities.

It has longest winning streak of any political party in the world and has been described as "by some distance the democratic world's most successful election-winning machine".
Phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming)
Phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming) (EC 1.3.99.30, 5-step phytoene desaturase, five-step phytoene desaturase, phytoene desaturase (ambiguous), Al-1) is an enzyme with systematic name 15-cis-phytoene:acceptor oxidoreductase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

15-cis-phytoene + 5 acceptor  all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene + 5 reduced acceptor (overall reaction)

(1a) 15-cis-phytoene + acceptor  all-trans-phytofluene + reduced acceptor

(1b) all-trans-phytofluene + acceptor  all-trans-zeta-carotene + reduced acceptor

(1c) all-trans-zeta-carotene + acceptor  all-trans-neurosporene + reduced acceptor

(1d) all-trans-neurosporene + acceptor  all-trans-lycopene + reduced acceptor

(1e) all-trans-lycopene + acceptor  all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene + reduced acceptor

This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis.

Lycopene
Lycopene is an organic compound classified as a tetraterpene and a carotene. Lycopene (from the Neo-Latin Lycopersicon, the name of a former tomato genus) is a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.
Rosemary Zimu
Rosemary Zimu-Mnguni (née Zimu; born 15 April 1993) is a South African actress, singer, and songwriter. She is best known for her roles in motion pictures like Isidingo, Savage Beauty, Shadow (2017), Champagne (2015), and Scandal!.

In May 2022, Zimu made her appearance in Netflix's series Savage Beauty, alongside Nthati Moshesh and Jesse Suntele.

J-Flo
Jesse Suntele (born 18 September 1992) is a South African actor, model, rapper and television personality. He became popular by winning the second season of the BET reality competition series Top Actor Africa in 2016.
Oregon Steam Navigation Company
The Oregon Steam Navigation Company (O.S.N.) was an American company incorporated in 1860 in Washington with partners J. S. Ruckle, Henry Olmstead, and J. O. Van Bergen. It was incorporated in Washington because of a lack of corporate laws in Oregon, though it paid Oregon taxes.

The company operated steamships between San Francisco and ports along the Columbia River at Astoria, Portland and The Dalles, serving the lumber and salmon fishing industries. A railroad was built to serve the steamship industry.

The Dalles, Oregon
The Dalles (/ˈdælz/ ⓘ DALZ) formally the City of the Dalles and also called Dalles City, is an inland port, the county seat of and the largest city in Wasco County, Oregon, United States. The population was 16,010 at the 2020 census, and it is the largest city in Oregon along the Columbia River outside the Portland Metropolitan Area. The Dalles is 75 miles (121 km) east of Portland, within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area.
Houghton Lake Community Schools
Houghton Lake Community Schools is a public school district in Northern Michigan. In Roscommon County, it serves Houghton Lake, Prudenville, and the townships of Backus, Denton, Lake, Markey, Nester, and Roscommon, and part of Richfield Township. In Missaukee County it serves parts of the townships of Aetna, Butterfield, Enterprise, Holland, and West Branch.

Prudenville, Michigan
Prudenville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Roscommon County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 1,643 at the 2020 census.  Prudenville is located within Denton Township.
Cam Kashani
Cameron Kashani, also known as Cam Kashani, is an Iranian-American entrepreneur, coach, speaker, and advisor.

She is known as "The Spiritual Surgeon", guiding women to heal their wounds and embody their power. Her company is called Divinus LVX, which translates to Divine Light.

In 2010, she co-founded Coloft, Los Angeles' first coworking space designed specifically for technology startups and entrepreneurs.

She is also the host of podcast called The Cam Kashani Show.

She has been featured in Delta SKY Magazine, Entrepreneur, Forbes, LA Magazine and The Los Angeles Times.

Iranian Americans
Iranian-Americans, also known as Persian Americans, are United States citizens or nationals who are of Iranian ancestry or who hold Iranian citizenship. According to the National Organization for Civil Registration, an organization of the Ministry of Interior of Iran, the United States has the greatest number of Iranians outside the country.

Most Iranian-Americans arrived in the United States after 1979 in the wake  of the Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Iranian monarchy. Over 40% of them settled in California, specifically Los Angeles, where they formed distinct ethnic enclaves, such as the Angelino community of "Tehrangeles" in Westwood, Los Angeles.

Research by the Iranian Studies Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2004 estimated the number of Iranian-Americans at 691,000, about half of whom live in  California.
Ulla Sandulf
Ulla Sandulf (born 30 January 1943) is a Swedish former tennis player.

A Left-handed player, Sandulf was the Swedish outdoor champion in 1963 and featured in her country's debut Federation Cup tie against Canada the following year.

Sandulf made it through to the third round of the 1964 Wimbledon Championships.

Canada Billie Jean King Cup team
The Canada women's national tennis team represents Canada in the Billie Jean King Cup (previously known as the Federation Cup and the Fed Cup) tennis competition since 1963. They are overseen by Tennis Canada, the governing body of tennis in Canada.

Canada is the reigning Billie Jean King Cup champion, winning the tournament in 2023. They also reached the semifinals in 1988, and the quarterfinals on four occasions in 1964, 1967, 1987 and 2015. They have only missed one competition since the inaugural edition in 1963.
Ge with cedilla
Ge with cedilla (Г̧ г̧; italics: Г̧ г̧) is an old letter of the Cyrillic script. It is formed from the Cyrillic Letter Г г with a cedilla.

Ge with cedilla was used in the Karelian language in the 1820s, Dargin and in the Lezgin alphabet of 1911.

Lezgin alphabets
The Lezgin language has been written in several different alphabets over the course of its history.  These alphabets have been based on three scripts: Perso-Arabic script, Latin script, and Cyrillic script.
Otan Simani Esperinos
Otan simani Esperinos (Greek: Όταν σημάνει Εσπερινός; When the evening bells are ringing) is the name of a studio album by Greek singer Marinella. It was released on 6 September 1969 by PolyGram Records in Greece and all songs were released on 45 rpm vinyl records in 1968–69. This album was issued in mono and stereo. The stereo version of this album was released on CD in 1993 with six bonus tracks by PolyGram.

Tolis Voskopoulos
Apostolos "Tolis" Voskopoulos (Greek: Απόστολος "Τόλης" Βοσκόπουλος; 26 July 1940 – 19 July 2021) was a Greek singer. He was renowned for his mastery of laika, a Greek music style.

He also starred in many films and played in the theatre in Athens.

One of Voskopoulos' greatest theatrical hits was Oi Erastes tou Oneirou (Dream Lovers), which he performed opposite Zoe Laskari.

Voskopoulos was married to former minister Antzela Gerekou.
Dick Holmberg
Richard J. Holmberg (March 17, 1931 in Chicago, Illinois – December 30, 2003 in Nellysford, Virginia) was a sailor from United States Virgin Islands. Holmberg represented his country at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Kiel. Holmberg took 24th place in the Soling with David Jones and David Kelly as fellow crew members.

Sailing at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Soling
The Soling was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1972 Summer Olympics program in Kiel-Schilksee.  Seven races were scheduled. Only six races were sailed due to weather conditions. 80 sailors, on 26 boats, from 26 nations competed.
The Law of the Land (film)
The Law of the Land (or Law of the Land) is a 1917 silent film starring stage actress turned screen vamp Olga Petrova. The film was directed by Maurice Tourneur and produced by Jesse Lasky.

The story is based on the 1914 play The Law of the Land by George Broadhurst and starred Julia Dean in Petrova's role. Some scenes of this film were shot in Florida. This film is now lost.

Jesse L. Lasky
Jesse Louis Lasky (September 13, 1880 – January 13, 1958) was an American pioneer motion picture producer who was a key founder of what was to become Paramount Pictures, and father of screenwriter Jesse L. Lasky Jr.
Breton plotter
A Breton plotter (French: Rapporteur Breton), also known as a Portland course plotter or Weems protractor named after later manufacturers producing similar devices, is a navigational instrument used for nautical navigation with charts.

The Breton plotter contains a ruler with a rotating protractor that serves as a compass rose, allowing navigators to plot a course on charts by aligning the North of the ruler with the North of the chart.

Goniometer
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry derives from two Greek words, γωνία (gōnía) 'angle' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure'. The protractor is a commonly used type in the fields of mechanics, engineering, and geometry.

The first known description of a goniometer, based on the astrolabe, was by Gemma Frisius in 1538.
Arvin Ghahremani
Arvin Nathaniel Ghahremani (Hebrew: ארווין נתנאל בן סיונה) (Death on 4 November 2024) was an Iranian Jew who was sentenced to death on charges of premeditated murder.

He was the first Jewish person executed in Iran since 1994. The case prompted global condemnation, including from Israel and the U.S. Special Envoy on Antisemitism, and was viewed by many as emblematic of systemic discrimination against religious minorities in Iran.

Iran Human Rights
Iran Human Rights (IHRNGO) (Persian: سازمان حقوق بشر ایران) is a non-profit international non-governmental organization focused on human rights in Iran. Founded in 2005, it is a non-partisan and politically independent organisation based in Oslo, Norway. The human rights defender and neuroscientist Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam is the co-founder and international spokesperson of the organisation.

Iran Human Rights' work is focused on the abolition of the death penalty, supporting human rights defenders, empowering civil society and promoting all human rights for all citizens. As well as reporting on breaches of human rights, IHRNGO also publishes a bi-weekly Persian-language legal magazine called "Hoghooghe Ma", translated to "Our Rights", and airs a television program called "Edam Bas Ast", translated to "Enough Executions".
Snake Rag
Snake Rag is a 1923 Dixieland jazz standard composed by Joseph "King" Oliver of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. It features Oliver and Louis Armstrong on cornet, Honoré Dutrey on trombone, Johnny Dodds on clarinet, Lil Hardin on piano, Baby Dodds on drums, and William Manuel Johnson on banjo. The rag was a result of improvisation during a session at Richmond, Indiana on April 6, 1923.

The rag is known for its "trick breaks and animal noises", recalling "crows cawing and swans trumpeting". Many breaks of the cornets are chromatic. Beside this, although the piece is not typical ragtime in melody and rhythm, it has the long structure of many ragtime compositions: A (16 measures in Eb); B (16 measures in Eb); A (16 measures in Eb); C, C, C (in Ab). In 1959, Armstrong released an album of the same name featuring Snake Rag as the first track and others including "I Want a Big Butter and Egg Man" and "Jelly Roll Blues".

Dixieland jazz
Dixieland jazz, also referred to as traditional jazz, hot jazz, or simply Dixieland, is a style of jazz based on the music that developed in New Orleans at the start of the 20th century. The 1917 recordings by the Original Dixieland Jass Band fostered awareness of this new style of music.
Örebro Municipality
Örebro Municipality (Swedish: Örebro kommun) is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Örebro.

The municipality was created from the City of Örebro and surrounding rural municipalities in 1971 and with some areas added in 1974 it had an area of 1,840 km2. In 1995 the municipality was split in two when Lekeberg Municipality was recreated in its boundaries from 1967.

Municipalities of Sweden
The municipalities of Sweden (Swedish: Sveriges kommuner) are its generally smaller but co-equal local government entities. There are 290 municipalities which are responsible for a large proportion of local services, including schools, emergency services and physical planning.
Radio Bremen TV
Radio Bremen TV is a regional public service television channel owned and operated by Radio Bremen (RB) and serving Bremen, Germany. It is one of seven regional "third programs". The name reflects the fact these programs all came into existence after the Second German Channel was founded in 1961. They are organized within the federal network ARD.

Bremerhaven
Bremerhaven (German pronunciation: [ˌbʁeːmɐˈhaːfn̩] ⓘ; Low German: Bremerhoben) is a city on the east bank of the Weser estuary in northern Germany. It forms an exclave of the city-state of Bremen. The River Geeste flows through the city before emptying into the Weser.

Bremerhaven was founded in 1827 as a seaport for Bremen, and it remains one of the busiest ports in the country. It was historically rivalled by Geestemünde [de] on the opposite side of the Geeste, which belonged to Hanover (and later Prussia). Geestemünde united with neighbouring Lehe [de] to form the city of Wesermünde [de] in 1924, and Bremerhaven was itself annexed to Wesermünde in 1939, but the entire conurbation was restored to Bremen in 1947.
José Manuel Puelles de los Santos
José Manuel Puelles de los Santos (January 16, 1894 – August 5, 1936) was a Spanish physician. He served as president of the Provincial Council of Seville and was killed by the military coup against the Second Spanish Republic.

Sanjurjada
Sanjurjada (Spanish: [saŋxuɾˈxaða]) was a military coup staged in Spain on August 10, 1932. It was aimed at toppling the government but not necessarily at toppling the Spanish Republic. Following brief clashes it was easily suppressed in Madrid. Hardly any action was recorded elsewhere except Seville, where local rebel commander general José Sanjurjo took control for some 24 hours but acknowledged defeat when faced with resolute governmental response. Due to his brief success and attention given during following trials, the entire coup was later named after him.
International Society of Criminology
The International Society of Criminology (abbreviated ISC) is an international learned society dedicated to advancing the field of criminology. It describes itself as "the only worldwide organization in the field of criminology and criminal justice." It has held the World Congresses of Criminology periodically since 1938. The most recent of these congresses was held on the campus of O. P. Jindal Global University in Sonipat, India, in December 2016.

ISC publishes the International Annals of Criminology.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.