hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1918 United States Senate election in Minnesota
The 1918 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place on November 5, 1918. It was the first election for Minnesota's Class 2 seat in the United States Senate, and the second U.S. Senate election in Minnesota overall, held after the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which established the popular election of United States senators. Incumbent U.S. Senator Knute Nelson of the Republican Party of Minnesota easily defeated his challenger in the general election, Willis Greenleaf Calderwood of the National Party, to win a fourth term in the Senate.

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the direct election of United States senators in each state. The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were appointed by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and became part of the Constitution upon ratification by three-quarters (36) of the state legislatures: on April 8, 1913. Sitting senators were not affected until their existing terms expired. The transition began with two special elections in Georgia and in Maryland, then in earnest with the November 1914 election; it was complete on March 4, 1919, when the senators chosen by the November 1918 election took office.
Steven Holl
Steven Holl (born December 9, 1947) is a New York–based American architect and watercolorist.

His work includes the 2022 Rubenstein Commons at the Institute for Advanced Study; the 2020 Campus expansion of the Museum of Fine Arts Houston including the Nancy and Rich Kinder Building and Glassell School of Art; the 2019 REACH expansion of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts; the 2019 Hunters Point Library in Queens, New York; the 2007 Bloch Building addition to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri; and the 2009 Linked Hybrid mixed-use complex in Beijing, China.

Harvard Graduate School of Design
The Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) is the graduate school of design at Harvard University, a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It offers master's and doctoral programs in architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, urban design, real estate, design engineering, and design studies.

The GSD has over 13,000 alumni and has graduated many famous architects, urban planners, and landscape architects. The school is considered a global academic leader in design fields.

The GSD has the world's oldest landscape architecture program (founded in 1893) and North America's oldest urban planning program (founded in 1900). Architecture was first taught at Harvard University in 1874. The Graduate School of Design was officially established in 1936, combining the three fields of landscape architecture, urban planning, and architecture under one graduate school.
Caputh Ferry
The Caputh Ferry is a vehicular cable ferry in the municipality of Schwielowsee of the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It crosses the River Havel at its outlet from the Templiner See to the Schwielowsee, and crosses between the villages of Caputh and Geltow.

Schwielowsee
Schwielowsee (German pronunciation: [ˈʃviːloːˌzeː] ⓘ) is a lake in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated to the south and west of the city of Potsdam. The villages of Caputh, Ferch and Geltow, on the banks of the lake, form the municipality of Schwielowsee.

The lake is some 5.4 kilometres (3.4 mi) long, with a maximum width of 2.0 kilometres (1.2 mi) and a surface area is 7.86 square kilometres (3.03 sq mi). It lies at an elevation of 29.3 metres (96 ft) above sea level, and has a maximum depth of 9.1 metres (30 ft).

The navigable River Havel flows through the eastern end of the lake, entering it at Caputh via a short channel from the Templiner See, and exiting to the north. The lake is also navigable to its south-western end at Ferch. Navigation is administered as part of the Untere Havel–Wasserstraße.
Saemaeul Restaurant
Saemaeul Restaurant (Korean: 새마을식당), name also rendered as Saemaeul Sikdang, is a South Korean multinational Korean barbecue chain restaurant. The restaurant first opened in South Korea in 2005, and has locations in South Korea, Japan, China, the United States, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Australia. In South Korea, the chain reportedly had 101 locations in 2023, with all of them operating as franchise restaurants.

The restaurant's representative dishes are its yeontan bulgogi and its 7-minute kimchi-jjigae. The restaurant is one of several restaurant chains run by South Korean entrepreneur and celebrity chef Paik Jong-won, under his company Theborn Korea.

Chain store
A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management, and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate many retail markets, dining markets, and service categories in many parts of the world. A franchised retail establishment is one form of a chain store.  In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, Walmart, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.
Lambert Suła
Lambert Suła was Bishop of Kraków from 1061 until his death in 1071.

According to tradition he may have come from the Piast dynasty. He was ordained in 1037, and mention of this fact is located in the Kraków chapter, which is attributed to Lambert. He is also mentioned in the  13th century Annals of the Kraków Chapter, which lists the names of the first nine Bishops.

He assumed the bishopric of Kraków after a two-year vacancy after the death of his predecessor Archbishop Aron. He oversaw the completion of the construction of the Romanesque Wawel Cathedral and was a reformer of the church in Poland and an ally of Bolesław the Bold.

He died on 22 August 1071.

Piast dynasty
The House of Piast was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Duke Mieszko I (c. 960–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of King Casimir III the Great.

Branches of the Piast dynasty continued to rule in the Duchy of Masovia (until 1526) and in the Duchies of Silesia until the last male Silesian Piast died in 1675. The Piasts intermarried with several noble lines of Europe, and possessed numerous titles, some within the Holy Roman Empire. The Jagiellonian kings ruling after the death of Casimir IV of Poland were also descended in the female line from Casimir III's daughter.
Hot Enough for June
Hot Enough for June is a 1964 British spy comedy film directed by Ralph Thomas, and starring Dirk Bogarde with Sylva Koscina in her English film debut, Robert Morley and Leo McKern. It is based on the 1960 novel The Night of Wenceslas by Lionel Davidson. The film was cut by twenty minutes and retitled Agent 8+3⁄4 for the US release by the American distributor Continental Distributing.

Leo McKern
Reginald "Leo" McKern (16 March 1920 – 23 July 2002) was an Australian actor who appeared in numerous British, Australian and American television programmes and films, and in more than 200 stage roles. His notable roles include Clang in Help! (1965), Thomas Cromwell in A Man for All Seasons (1966), Tom Ryan in Ryan's Daughter (1970), Harry Bundage in Candleshoe (1977), Paddy Button in The Blue Lagoon (1980), Dr. Grogan in The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), Father Imperius in Ladyhawke (1985), and the role that made him a household name as an actor, Horace Rumpole, whom he played in the British television series Rumpole of the Bailey. He also portrayed Carl Bugenhagen in the first and second installments of The Omen series and Number Two in the TV series The Prisoner.
2024–25 Premiership Women's Rugby
The 2024–25 Premiership Women's Rugby was the eighth season of the top-flight domestic women's rugby union club competition in England. It was the second season to be branded as Premiership Women's Rugby.

The reigning champions entering the season were Gloucester–Hartpury, who claimed their second league title after winning the 2024 final against Bristol Bears Women.

Women's rugby union
Women's rugby union is a full contact team sport based on running with the ball in hand. The same laws are used in men's rugby union with the same sized pitch and same equipment. Women's rugby has become popular recently. These days, women's rugby is gaining a higher profile thanks to international tournaments' exposure and financial investment.
The Increased Difficulty of Concentration
The Increased Difficulty of Concentration is a play by Václav Havel. The English translation is by Štěpán Šimek. It is a metaphysical farce, in which Hummel, an academic, juggles lovers, philosophy, and the questions from a strange machine called Pazuk, while trying to make sense of his life.

It was originally performed in 1969 in Prague at the Theatre on the Balustrade. It won an Obie Award for distinguished play in 1970 for its production at Lincoln Center in New York.

Obie Award
The Obie Awards or Off-Broadway Theater Awards are annual awards given since 1956 by The Village Voice newspaper to theater artists and groups involved in off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City. Starting just after the 2014 ceremony, the American Theatre Wing became the joint presenter and administrative manager of the Obie Awards. The Obie Awards are considered off-Broadway's highest honor, similar to the Tony Awards for Broadway productions.
Battle of Belchite (1937)
The Battle of Belchite refers to a series of military operations that took place between 24 August and 7 September 1937, in and around the town of Belchite (almost 4,000 inhabitants in 1936, decreasing to around 2,600 during the battle, from the repression and displacement of the first year), in Aragon during the Spanish Civil War, as part of a much bigger offensive to take Zaragoza, that continued until the beginning of November 1937.

Since the Offensive of Zaragoza failed, the Republicans started calling it Battle of Belchite for propaganda reasons instead, so that it would look like a victory, the journalists that came to report the victory, including Ernest Hemingway, contributed to this change of names. The Nationalists continued the confusion, since they exploited the "Numantine" defense of the town for propaganda too, to counteract the bad image of the bombing of Guernica.

Zuera
Zuera is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2010 census, the municipality has a population of 7,510 inhabitants.

Zuera's geographical location in the Zaragoza Comarca and its proximity to the city of Zaragoza have shaped the historical development of the town from its beginnings until today. Urban settlements in the municipality of Zuera are located right on the banks of the Gállego River. They follow a longitudinal axis along which (continuing the transportation and communication schemes established by the ancient Romans) the N-123 national highway, the Madrid-Barcelona and Zaragoza-France trains, as well as high-voltage power lines are located.
Cedar Creek Fire
The Cedar Creek Fire was a large wildfire in the U.S. state of Oregon that began on August 1, 2022, with a series of lightning strikes in the Willamette National Forest approximately 15 miles (24 km) east of Oakridge.

By September 8, the fire had reached over 73,000 acres (30,000 ha). By September 10, it was over 74,000 acres; 30,000 foot high pyrocumulonimbus clouds from the fire were producing their own lightning; Oakridge was evacuated. Smoke from the fire moved into Southwest Washington then the Puget Sound region on September 10; on that day Seattle recorded the worst air quality of any major city in the world.

By September 11 it had grown to 86,000 acres. Over 2,000 homes were evacuated.

Puget Sound region
The Puget Sound region is a coastal area of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S. state of Washington, including Puget Sound, the Puget Sound lowlands, and the surrounding region roughly west of the Cascade Range and east of the Olympic Mountains. It is characterized by a complex array of saltwater bays, islands, and peninsulas carved out by prehistoric glaciers.

Poet Robert Sund called the Puget Sound region "Ish River country", owing to its numerous rivers with names ending in "ish", such as the Duwamish, Samish, Sammamish, Skokomish, Skykomish, Snohomish, and the Stillaguamish. The ish ending is from Salishan languages and means "people of".
Semiclassical gravity
Semiclassical gravity is an approximation to the theory of quantum gravity in which one treats matter and energy fields as being quantum and the gravitational field as being classical.

In semiclassical gravity, matter is represented by quantum matter fields that propagate according to the theory of quantum fields in curved spacetime. The spacetime in which the fields propagate is classical but dynamical. The dynamics of the theory is described by the semiclassical Einstein equations, which relate the curvature of spacetime that is encoded by the Einstein tensor  to the expectation value of the energy–momentum tensor  (a quantum field theory operator) of the matter fields, i.e.

where G is the gravitational constant, and  indicates the quantum state of the matter fields.

Einstein tensor
In differential geometry, the Einstein tensor (named after Albert Einstein; also known as the trace-reversed Ricci tensor) is used to express the curvature of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. In general relativity, it occurs in the Einstein field equations for gravitation that describe spacetime curvature in a manner that is consistent with conservation of energy and momentum.
2025 Montemar Challenger – Doubles
Karol Drzewiecki and Piotr Matuszewski were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Erik Grevelius and Adam Heinonen won the title after defeating Federico Bondioli and Gianluca Cadenasso 6–3, 6–3 in the final.

Piotr Matuszewski
Piotr Matuszewski (born 22 April 1998) is a Polish tennis player who specializes in doubles.
He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 77 achieved on 24 February 2025.
Matuszewski has won eight ATP Challenger doubles titles.
Cecil Sturgeon
Cecil Owen "Dick" Sturgeon (June 27, 1919 – February 1972) was an American football offensive tackle. He attended North Dakota State University.

In 1941, he played in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles before joining the Wilmington Clippers for the rest of the year. In addition to playing both offense and defense for the Clippers, he worked at the Pusey & Jones shipyard in Wilmington.

During World War II, Sturgeon joined the United States Army in 1942 and worked in the military police for the 91st Division based at Camp White. He eventually went overseas and served with the United States Fifth Army. In 1945, he participated in the Spaghetti Bowl football game in Italy, where he was the captain of the Fifth Army team.

91st Training Division
The 91st Training Division (Operations) is a military training formation of the United States Army. It was established in 2010. It draws its history and official lineage from the 91st Infantry Division, an infantry division that fought in World War I and World War II. From 1946 until 2008, the division in several different guises was part of the United States Army Reserve.
Árpád Pál
Árpád Pál (born 15 February 1955 in Miskolc) is a former Hungarian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

In 1980, Pál was part of the Hungarian team which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament. He played all six matches and scored two goals.

Miskolc
Miskolc (UK: /ˈmiːʃkɒlts/ MEESH-kolts, US: /ˈmɪʃkoʊlts/ MISH-kohlts; Hungarian: [ˈmiʃkolt͡s] ⓘ; Czech and Slovak: Miškovec; German: Mischkolz; Yiddish: Mishkoltz; Romanian: Mișcolț) is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 143,502 as of 2024, Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary, behind Budapest, Debrecen, and Szeged. It is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary.
Bingo Provincial Capital
The Bingo Provincial Capital Site (備後国府跡, Bingo Kokufu ato) is an archaeological site consisting of the ruins of the Nara period to early Heian period Provincial Capital of Bingo Province, located in the northern part of the city of Fuchū, Hiroshima Prefecture in the San'yō region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1985 with the area under production expanded in 2016, with the area under protection expanded in 2019.

Heijō-kyō
Heijō-kyō (平城京; also Heizei-kyō, sometimes Nara no miyako) was the Capital of Japan during most of the Nara period, from 710 to 740 and again from 745 to 784.  The imperial palace is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site together with other places in the city of Nara (cf. Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara).

Empress Genmei ordered the Imperial capital moved from Fujiwara-kyō to Heijō-kyō in 708, and the move to Heijō-kyō was complete in 710. Heijō-kyō was modeled after Chang'an, the capital of Tang-dynasty China, although Heijō-kyō lacked walls. In the city, merchants and traders from China, Korea, and India introduced various foreign cultures to Heijō-kyō through the Silk Road. As a result, Heijō-kyō flourished as Japan's first international and political capital, with a peak population of between 50,000 and 100,000. The overall form of the city was an irregular rectangle, and the area of the city was more than 25 km2.
Patagonian grasslands
The Patagonian grasslands (NT0804) is an ecoregion in the south of Argentina and Chile. The grasslands are home to diverse fauna, including several rare or endemic species of birds. There are few protected areas. The grasslands are threatened by overgrazing by sheep, which supply high-quality merino wool. Efforts are being made to develop sustainable grazing practices to avoid desertification.

Overgrazing
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature reserves. It can also be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of native or non-native wild animals.

Overgrazing reduces the usefulness, productivity and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non-native plants and of weeds. Degrading land, emissions from animal agriculture and reducing the biomass in a ecosystem contribute directly to climate change between grazing events.
Warwick Tucker
Warwick Tucker is an Australian mathematician at Monash University (previously deputy Chair and Chair at the Department of Mathematics at Uppsala University 2009–2020) who works on dynamical systems, chaos theory and computational mathematics. He is a recipient of the 2002 R. E. Moore Prize, and the 2004 EMS Prize.

Tucker obtained his Ph.D. in 1998 at Uppsala University (thesis: The Lorenz attractor exists) with Lennart Carleson as advisor.

In 2002, Tucker succeeded in solving an important open problem that had been posed by Stephen Smale (the fourteenth problem on Smale's list of problems).

He was an invited speaker at the conference Dynamics, Equations and Applications in Kraków in 2019.

Smale's problems
Smale's problems is a list of eighteen unsolved problems in mathematics proposed by Steve Smale in 1998 and republished in 1999. Smale composed this list in reply to a request from Vladimir Arnold, then vice-president of the International Mathematical Union, who asked several mathematicians to propose a list of problems for the 21st century. Arnold's inspiration came from the list of Hilbert's problems that had been published at the beginning of the 20th century.
Seoul Korea Temple
The Seoul Korea Temple (Korean: 한국 서울 성전) is the 37th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Located in Seoul, South Korea, the temple was announced on April 1, 1981, by church president Spencer W. Kimball. It was the first temple constructed on the Asian mainland and the fourth built in Asia overall. Ground was broken on May 9, 1983, under the direction of Marvin J. Ashton of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and the temple was dedicated on December 14–15, 1985, by Gordon B. Hinckley in six sessions. During the public open house held in late 1985, more than 12,000 people toured the building.

Ordinance room
In temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), an ordinance room is a room where the ceremony known as the Endowment is administered, as well as other ordinances such as Sealings.  Some temples perform a progressive-style ordinance where patrons move from room to room, each room representing a progression of mankind: the Creation room, representing the Genesis creation story; the Garden room represents the Garden of Eden where Adam and Eve lived prior to the fall of man; the World room, where Adam and Eve lived after the fall; the Terrestrial room; and the Celestial room representing the Celestial Kingdom of God, or more commonly, heaven. There is also an additional ordinance room, the Sealing room, and at least one temple has a Holy of Holies. These two rooms are reserved for the administration of ordinances beyond the Endowment. The Holy of Holies is representative of that talked about when the temple is discussed in the bible.
James Charles (sea captain)
Sir James Thomas Walter Charles KBE CB RD RNR (2 August 1865 – 16 July 1928) was a British ocean liner captain and later Commodore of the Cunard Steamship Company.

He first went to sea at the age of 15 in 1880, sailing on barques around Cape Horn South Africa. At Cunard he rose through the ranks and commanded the RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania, among others, before and during World War I. In March 1918 he was given command of the RMS Aquitania. He was selected as one of the six representative Mercantile Marine captains to be appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the civilian 1920 New Year Honours List.

He was made Commodore of the Cunard Line in 1921. He was due to retire on 2 August 1928 when he suffered an internal haemorrhage while in command of the Aquitania on a return voyage to Southampton.

Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Reserve
The Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Reserve, commonly known as the Reserve Decoration (RD) was a medal awarded to officers with at least fifteen years service in the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) of the United Kingdom. The medal was instituted in 1908.
Masters Building
The Masters Building is a historic building located in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, United States.  Completed in 1937, this two story, brick structure is an adaptation of the commercial Art Deco and Art Moderne styles.  The decorative elements are found in the brick patterning and cast concrete panels on the facade. 
There are three other buildings on this same block that were built about the same time and use the same decorative techniques, with the Masters Building being the best example.  This area was an expansion of the central business district after the construction of city hall across the street in 1936.  A plumbing business, for which this building was constructed, was located on the first floor.  There are three apartments on the second floor.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

Mount Pleasant, Iowa
Mount Pleasant is a city in and the county seat of Henry County in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 9,274 in the 2020 census, an increase from 8,668 in the 2010 census. It was founded in 1835 by pioneer Presley Saunders.