hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tornadoes of 1950
This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1950, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally.

This was the first year where tornadoes were documented by the U.S. Weather Bureau, which would later become the National Weather Service. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes. As a result, this would be the least active tornado season ever recorded. In subsequent years, the documentation of tornadoes became much more widespread and efficient, with the average annual tornado count being around 1,253.

The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The article, therefore, documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

Colby, Wisconsin
Colby is a city in Clark and Marathon counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is part of the Wausau, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,952 at the 2020 census. Of this, 1,275 were in Clark County, and 677 were in Marathon County. The city is bordered by the Town of Colby, the Town of Hull, and the City of Abbotsford. Colby cheese was first created in Colby.
Håkan Carlqvist
Håkan Carlqvist (15 January 1954 – 6 July 2017) was a Swedish professional motocross racer. 
He competed in the FIM Motocross World Championships from 1974 to 1988. Carlqvist was a two-time Motocross World Champion known for his fierce competitiveness and fiery temperament.
He was one of the last in a long line of Swedish World Champions such as Bill Nilsson, Sten Lundin, Rolf Tibblin and Torsten Hallman who dominated international motocross racing during the early formative years of the sport.

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
The International Motorcycling Federation (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) or (FIM) is the global governing/sanctioning body of motorcycle racing. It represents 123 national motorcycle federations that are divided into six continental unions.

There are ten motorcycle-racing disciplines that FIM covers, encompassing 62 international championships as well as 188 secondary championships of circuit racing, enduro, Speedway Racing, Trials, Off-Roading, Motorcross, Supercross, Sno-Cross, Sidecars, and E-Bikes. FIM is also involved in many non-racing activities that promote the sport, its safety, and support relevant public policy. The FIM is also the first international sporting federation to publish an Environmental Code, in 1994. In 2007, a Commission for Women in Motorcycling was created by the FIM in order to promote the use of powered two-wheelers and the motorcycle sport among women.
AGH-107
AGH-107 is a potent, selective, water-soluble and brain penetrant full agonist at the 5-HT7 serotonin receptor of the imidazolylindole family. AGH-107 is one of the few examples of low-basicity aminergic receptor agonists, which may underlie its high selectivity over the related central nervous system targets. AGH-107 was found to reverse the impairment in novel object recognition caused by MK-801 in mice. The relatively short half-life in rodents inhibited its use as a molecular probe.

Molecular probe
A molecular probe is a group of atoms or molecules used in molecular biology or chemistry to study the properties of other molecules or structures. If some measurable property of the molecular probe used changes when it interacts with the analyte (such as a change in absorbance), the interactions between the probe and the analyte can be studied. This makes it possible to indirectly study the properties of compounds and structures which may be hard to study directly.

The choice of molecular probe will depend on which compound or structure is being studied as well as on what property is of interest. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization.
George P. Sewall
George Popham Sewall (April 24, 1811 – December 30, 1881) was an American lawyer and member of the Maine House of Representatives from Old Town, Maine.  Sewall was born in Bath (at the time still part of Georgetown), Maine, the son of Joseph and Hannah Shaw Sewall.

Sewall was elected Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives in 1851 - 1852.  He was appointed U.S. Collector of Customs for Bangor, Maine in 1854. His great-grandson, Joseph Sewall, later became President of the Maine Senate. His wife, Sydney Ellen Wingate, was the daughter of U.S. Representative Joseph F. Wingate. Their son James Wingate Sewall started the forest engineering practice that became James W. Sewall Co. James W. was also an adjunct professor of Sanitary Engineering at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). George Sewall died in Old Town on December 30, 1881.

Maine House of Representatives
The Maine House of Representatives is the lower house of the Maine Legislature. The House consists of 151 voting members and three nonvoting members. The voting members represent an equal number of districts across the state and are elected via plurality voting. The nonvoting members represent three of Maine's Native American tribes, though one tribe (the Penobscot Nation) has declined to send a representative. Each voting member of the House represents around 9,000 citizens of the state. Because it is a part-time position, members of the Maine House of Representatives usually have outside employment as well. Members are limited to four consecutive terms of two years each, but may run again after two years.

The House meets at the Maine State House in Augusta.
Sonderkommando
Sonderkommandos (German: [ˈzɔndɐkɔˌmando], lit. 'special unit') were work units made up of German Nazi death camp prisoners. They were composed of prisoners, usually Jews, who were forced, on threat of their own deaths, to aid with the disposal of gas chamber victims during the Holocaust. The death-camp Sonderkommandos, who were always inmates, were unrelated to the SS-Sonderkommandos, which were ad hoc units formed from members of various SS offices between 1938 and 1945.

The German term was part of the vague and euphemistic language which the Nazis used to refer to aspects of the Final Solution (e.g., Einsatzkommando, "deployment units").

Euphemism
contraceptives

menstrual pads and tampons

adult diapers

A euphemism is the substitution of a potentially offensive or unpleasant word or expression with one that is more pleasant or inoffensive. Some euphemisms are humorous, while others use mild or neutral language to downplay certain concepts. They can often be used to soften profanity or discuss sensitive or taboo topics, such as disability, sex, bodily functions, pain, violence, illness, or death, in a more polite manner.
Greek Guiding Association
The Greek Guiding Association (Greek: Σώμα Ελληνικού Οδηγισμού, ΣΕΟ), formerly known as the Greek Girl Guides Association  (Greek: Σώμα Ελληνίδων Οδηγών, ΣΕΟ), is the national Guiding association of Greece. Guiding in Greece started in 1932 and became a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) in 1933. The coeducational organization has 10,682 members (as of 2008).

World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS /wæɡz/) is a global association that supports female-oriented and female-only Guiding and Scouting organizations in 153 countries. It was established in the year 1928 in Parád, Hungary. The organization now has its headquarters located in London, United Kingdom. It is the counterpart of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). WAGGGS is organized into five regions and operates five international Guiding centers. It holds full member status in the European Youth Forum (YFJ), which operates within the Council of Europe and the European Union.
Archdeacon of Bombay
The Archdeacon of Bombay was a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Anglican Diocese of Bombay, and dates back to the early 19th Century. As such he was responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy  within his part of the diocese. It is now the Church of North India Diocese of Bombay.

In 1866, C. H. Leigh Lye had held this post since 1865, and was bishop's commissary.

Church of North India
The Church of North India (CNI) is the dominant united Protestant church in Northern India. It was established on 29 November 1970 by bringing together most of the Protestant churches working in northern India. It is a province of the worldwide Anglican Communion and a member of the World Methodist Council and the World Communion of Reformed Churches. The merger, which had been in discussions since 1929, came eventually between the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon (Anglican), the Methodist Church, Disciples of Christ, and some congregations from the United Church of Northern India (Congregationalist and Presbyterian).

The CNI's jurisdiction covers all states of India with the exception of the five states in the south (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu which are under the jurisdiction of the Church of South India). It has approximately 2,300,000 members (0.2% of the population of its constituent states) in 3,000 pastorates.
Claude Rifat
Claude Rifat (1 March 1952, Cairo -  July 31, 2002) was a French biologist, psychonaut, political activist, writer, and researcher. His accomplishments include some early research into GHB, including the thymoanaleptic and sociabilising effects of this molecule. He is credited with providing the first live plant material and seeds of Mitragyna speciosa outside Thailand, including several bioassays. This material is the source of the vast majority of Kratom plants currently available outside Thailand.
He has been one of the best bamboos specialist in the last years. He has introduced more than 100 different species, forms and varieties of bamboos from different countries in the world.
He has written a book about the contrasts between English and French people in Quebec.

Political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory, which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
Fleming Stadium
Allie W. Fleming Memorial Stadium is a sports stadium in Wilson, North Carolina. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home of the Wilson Tobs of the Coastal Plain League. It opened in 1939 and has a capacity of 3,000 people.

The grounds are also home to the North Carolina Baseball Museum. It also has bricks with names of the donors right in front of the museum.

The stadium has been used by teams in several different minor leagues over the decades, including the Class D Coastal Plain League, the Bi-State League, and the Carolina League. The Carolina Mudcats used the ballpark as their temporary home in 1991, before opening Five County Stadium at Zebulon in mid-season.

Carolina League
The Carolina League is a Minor League Baseball league which has operated along the Atlantic Coast of the United States since 1945. Having been classified at various levels throughout its existence,: 23  it operated at Class A-Advanced from 1990 until its demotion to Single-A following Major League Baseball's 2021 reorganization of the minor leagues. The league temporarily operated for the 2021 season as the Low-A East before reassuming its original moniker in 2022.

The organization that later became the Carolina League formed in 1945, just as World War II was ending, and consisted of eight teams,  six from North Carolina and two from southern Virginia. This later grew to as many as 12 teams at times.
Bed-making
Bed-making is the act of arranging the bedsheets and other bedding on a bed, to prepare it for use. It is a household chore, but is also performed in establishments including hospitals, hotels, and military or educational residences. Bed-making is also a common childhood chore. Research suggests that unmade beds help to keep out dust mites.

Bed sheet
A bed sheet is a rectangular piece of cloth used as bedding, which is larger in length and width than a mattress, and which is placed immediately above a mattress or bed, but below blankets and other bedding (such as comforters and bedspreads or sheets). A bottom sheet is laid above the mattress, and may be either a flat or fitted sheet. A top sheet, in the many countries where they are used, is a flat sheet, which is placed above a bottom sheet and below other bedding.
PRIMUS (journal)
PRIMUS: Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the teaching of undergraduate mathematics, established in 1991. The journal has been published by Taylor & Francis since March 2007. It is abstracted and indexed in Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, MathEduc, PsycINFO, and Zentralblatt MATH.

PRIMUS is an affiliated journal of the Mathematical Association of America, so all MAA members have access to PRIMUS.

Mathematical Association of America
The Mathematical Association of America (MAA) is a professional society that focuses on mathematics accessible at the undergraduate level. Members include university, college, and high school teachers; graduate and undergraduate students; pure and applied mathematicians; computer scientists; statisticians; and many others in academia, government, business, and industry.

The MAA was founded in 1915 and is headquartered at 11 Dupont in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The organization publishes mathematics journals and books, including the American Mathematical Monthly (established in 1894 by Benjamin Finkel), the most widely read mathematics journal in the world according to records on JSTOR.
Players Tour Championship 2011/2012 – Event 11
The Players Tour Championship 2011/2012 – Event 11 was a professional minor-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 17 and 19 December 2011 at the English Institute of Sport in Sheffield, England. The preliminary round took place on 10 December at the World Snooker Academy. The main round matches were split between the World Snooker Academy and the Badminton Hall of the venue. One table was broadcast on Eurosport. Despite being held in England, the event counted towards the Order of Merit as a European event.

Ding Junhui made the 84th official maximum break during his last 128 match against James Cahill. This was Ding's fourth 147 break and his second within three days. The next day Jamie Cope made the 85th official maximum break in the last 32 against Kurt Maflin. This was Cope's third 147 break.

Tom Ford wins his second professional title by defeating Martin Gould 4–3 in the final.

English Institute of Sport, Sheffield
The English Institute of Sport is a multi-sport facility in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The facility designed by FaulknerBrowns Architects was opened in December 2003 at a cost of £24 million. Its main feature is a 200m indoor track, but it also hosts several other sporting arenas as well as a large gym and extensive sports medicine facilities. It is in the Lower Don Valley between the Sheffield Arena and Don Valley Bowl. It is managed by SIV (Sheffield International Venues).
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian (Hebrew: נדירה שלהוב-קיבורקיאן) is a feminist scholar whose work focuses on trauma, state crimes and criminology, surveillance, gender violence, law, and society and genocide studies. Born and raised in Haifa, Israel, and residing in Jerusalem, she is a noted Israeli-Palestinian feminist. She is the Global Chair in Law at Queen Mary University of London. She reportedly retired from her position at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) in late August 2024.

Gender-related violence
Gender-related violence or gender-based violence (GBV) refers to any kind of violence directed against people due to their gender or gender identification, culture may have a role to play, being lower in egalitarianism societies and higher, sexist (misogynistic and misandrist) societies.

In ancient text are mentioned many acts of violence against other people, particularly towards women due the fact that were seen as weaker and less defensive members of the societies, and due the lack of a legislation that protect them against harm doers.
USS Thurston
USS Thurston (AP-77) was a troop transport that served with the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after counties in Nebraska and Washington.

Thurston was laid down under Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 134) as SS Delsantos (sometimes styled as Del Santos) on 9 December 1941 at Kearney, New Jersey, by the Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Company, for the Mississippi Shipping Company; launched on 4 April 1942; and delivered on 11 July 1942. The ship was acquired by the Navy from the War Shipping Administration under a bare boat charter on 13 September 1942 and was renamed Dauphin and designated AP-77 on 16 September. However, to avoid confusion with a Canadian ship, HMCS Dauphin, the ship was again renamed on 18 September, this time as Thurston.

Kearny, New Jersey
Kearny (/ˈkɑːrni/ KAR-nee) is a town in the western part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and a suburb of Newark. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 41,999, an increase of 1,315 (+3.2%) from the 2010 census count of 40,684, which in turn reflected an increase of 171 (+0.4%) from the 40,513 counted in the 2000 census.

Kearny is named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. It began as a township formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1867, from portions of Harrison Township. Portions of the township were taken on July 3, 1895, to form East Newark. Kearny was incorporated as a town on January 19, 1899, based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier. The Arlington section of town was named for Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad at the Arlington Mill plant, owned by Arlington Mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Van Staveren
Van Staveren is a Dutch toponymic surname, meaning either "from Stavoren" or "from Staverden". Notable people with the surname include:

Cornelis van Staveren (1889–1982), Dutch Olympic sailor

Heiko van Staveren (born 1942), Dutch field hockey player

Herman van Staveren (1849–1930), New Zealand rabbi

Jan Adriaensz van Staveren (1614–1669), Dutch painter

Petra van Staveren (born 1966), Dutch Olympic swimmer

Cornelis van Staveren
Cornelis van Staveren (14 June 1889 in Leimuiden – 10 April 1982, Oude Wetering) was a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Van Staveren, as crew member on the Dutch 8 Metre Hollandia, took the 2nd place with helmsman Johannes van Hoolwerff and fellow crew members: Lambertus Doedes, Henk Kersken, Gerard de Vries Lentsch and Maarten de Wit.
Umulan Man o Umaraw
Umulan Man o Umaraw (transl. rain or shine / international title: Seasons of Love) is a 2000 Philippine television drama romance series broadcast by GMA Network. The series is the third installment of GMA Mini-Series. Directed by Louie Ignacio, it stars Angelika Dela Cruz, KC Montero and Sunshine Dizon. It premiered on June 5, 2000. The series concluded on August 28, 2000.

KC Montero
Casey Wyatt Miller (born June 17, 1978), known professionally as KC Montero, is a Filipino-American radio DJ and actor currently based in the Philippines. He is currently the Vice President of Marketing and Head of Content at Kumu.
Non-Format
Non-Format is a contemporary London-based Anglo-Scandinavian graphic design team specialising in design projects for the publishing and music industries.  The firm was founded by Kjell Ekhorn and Jon Forss in 2000.  They have worked for The Leaf Label and also closely with Lo Recordings, whom they have designed a vast majority of well over 60 releases with. They created artwork for Stateless for both their album and singles. They are also responsible for the recent complete redesign and art direction of the monthly British music magazine The Wire.

The Leaf Label
The Leaf Label is a British independent record label based in Yorkshire, England. Initially an electronic music label, releasing mainly instrumental music, the company's approach now features artists spanning jazz and post-punk.
Jonathan Livingston Seagull (soundtrack)
Jonathan Livingston Seagull is a soundtrack album by American singer-songwriter Neil Diamond, released in 1973 by Columbia Records. Produced by Tom Catalano, it is the soundtrack to the 1973 film of the same name. The album marked Diamond's return to Columbia and grossed more than the film itself. It won the 1974 Grammy for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special.

Diamond often included a Jonathan Livingston Seagull suite in his live performances, as he did in his 1976 Love at the Greek concert—comprising "Be", "Dear Father", "Lonely Looking Sky", "Sanctus", "Skybird" and "Be (Encore)"—and his show in Las Vegas that same year. A studio version of the suite—comprising "Prologue", "Lonely Looking Sky", "Skybird", "Dear Father (Rebuked)" and "Be"—was presented on Diamond's 1996 box set In My Lifetime.

Love at the Greek
Love at the Greek is a live double album by Neil Diamond which was released in 1977. It was Diamond's second live album recorded from a concert at the Greek Theater in Los Angeles, and Neil's second album produced by Robbie Robertson of The Band (the first being 1976's Beautiful Noise).

This album was released in conjunction with a television special broadcast of the concert footage that aired in the United States on February 21, 1977. The television special, broadcast on NBC (and simulcast on FM stations nationwide) was also titled Love at the Greek. The special was nominated for four Emmy Awards. The television special was later released to video on VHS.