hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vertex enumeration problem
In mathematics, the vertex enumeration problem for a polytope, a polyhedral cell complex, a hyperplane arrangement, or some other object of discrete geometry, is the problem of determination of the object's vertices given some formal representation of the object. A classical example is the problem of enumeration of the vertices of a convex polytope specified by a set of linear inequalities:

where A is an m×n matrix, x is an n×1 column vector of variables, and b is an m×1 column vector of constants. The inverse (dual) problem of finding the bounding inequalities given the vertices is called facet enumeration (see convex hull algorithms).

Vertex (geometry)
In geometry, a vertex (pl.: vertices or vertexes), also called a corner, is a point where two or more curves, lines, or line segments meet or intersect. For example, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the point where edges of polygons and polyhedra meet are vertices.
Ma Qixi
Ma Qixi (1857–1914; simplified Chinese: 马启西; traditional Chinese: 馬啟西; pinyin: Mǎ Qǐxī; Wade–Giles: Ma Chi-hsi,  Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ  چِ ثِ), a Hui from Gansu, was the founder of the Xidaotang, a Chinese-Islamic school of thought.

Xiao'erjing
Xiao'erjing, Xiaorjing, Xiaojing or Benjing, is a Perso-Arabic script used to write Sinitic languages, including Lanyin Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin, Northeastern Mandarin, and Dungan. It is used on occasion by many ethnic minorities who adhere to Islam in China—mostly the Hui, but also the Dongxiang and the Salar—and formerly by their Dungan descendants in Central Asia. Orthographic reforms introduced the Latin script and later the Cyrillic script to the Dungan language, which continue to be used today.

Xiao'erjing is written from right to left, like other Perso-Arabic writing systems.

Xiao'erjing is unusual among Arabic script-based writing systems in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly notated with diacritics, making it an abugida. Some other Arabic-based writing systems in China, such as the Uyghur Arabic alphabet, use letters and not diacritics to mark short vowels.
Letters on Sunspots
Letters on Sunspots (Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari) was a pamphlet written by Galileo Galilei in 1612 and published in Rome by the Accademia dei Lincei in 1613. In it, Galileo outlined his recent observation of dark spots on the face of the Sun. His claims were significant in undermining the traditional Aristotelian view that the Sun was both unflawed and unmoving. The Letters on Sunspots was a continuation of Sidereus Nuncius, Galileo's first work where he publicly declared that he believed that the Copernican system was correct.

Federico Cesi
Federico Angelo Cesi (Italian: [fedeˈriːko ˈandʒelo ˈtʃɛːzi]; 26 February 1585 – 1 August 1630) was an Italian scientist, naturalist, and founder of the Accademia dei Lincei. On his father's death in 1630, he became briefly lord of Acquasparta.
Marcus Session
Marcus Session is an American former professional basketball player.  He was born December 3, 1981, in Houston, Texas.  He attended Milby High School, where he played for Coach Boyce Honea.  Marcus began his college career at San Jacinto College, where he played for two years. He later went on to attend St. Mary's University, Texas, where he played for coach Buddy Meyer.

St. Mary's University, Texas
St. Mary's University is a private Catholic university in San Antonio, Texas, United States. Founded by the Society of Mary (Marianists) in 1852, St. Mary's is the oldest Catholic university in Texas and the American Southwest.

With a student population of nearly 4,000, St. Mary's is home to a College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences; School of Science, Engineering and Technology; the Greehey School of Business; and the St. Mary's University School of Law.
Glinka (crater)
Glinka is a pit-floored crater on Mercury, which was discovered in 1974 by Mariner 10 spacecraft.  It was named by the IAU in 2008, after Russian composer Mikhail Glinka.

Its floor is covered by the smooth plain material and displays a kidney-shaped collapse feature, which is also called a central pit. The size of the pit, which was first noticed in MESSENGER images obtained in January 2008, is 20 × 8.5 km. It is surrounded by a bright pyroclastic deposit. Such a feature may have resulted from collapse of a magma chamber underlying the central part of the crater. The collapse feature is an analog of Earth's volcanic calderas.

Glinka crater

Closeup of the central pit

Pyroclastic rock
Pyroclastic rocks are clastic rocks composed of rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions. The individual rock fragments are known as pyroclasts. Pyroclastic rocks are a type of volcaniclastic deposit, which are deposits made predominantly of volcanic particles. Phreatic pyroclastic deposits are a variety of pyroclastic rock formed from volcanic steam explosions and are entirely composed of accidental clasts. Phreatomagmatic pyroclastic deposits are formed from explosive interaction of magma with groundwater. Pyroclastic material has been produced during some of history's most powerful volcanic eruptions, including the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the large eruptions from the Yellowstone Caldera, and the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The word pyroclastic comes from the Ancient Greek words pyr, meaning "fire", and klastos, meaning "broken in pieces".
Lady Mary Fitzwilliam
Lady Mary Boscawen (née Wentworth-Fitzwilliam; (9 January 1845 – 1 July 1921) was a British aristocrat from the Fitzwilliam family.

Lady Mary was born in January 1845 at Milton Hall in Northamptonshire, to William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, Viscount Milton (later 6th Earl Fitzwilliam) and Lady Frances Harriet Douglas, daughter of George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton. She was one of eight train bearers at the wedding of Princess Helena's wedding to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein on 5 July 1866 at Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England.

On 23 May 1872, she married Hugh Le Despencer Boscawen (1849–1908), son of Evelyn Boscawen, 6th Viscount Falmouth (1819–1889).

Rosarian Henry Bennett (1823–1890) named the cultivar rosa 'Lady Mary Fitzwilliam', a hybrid tea rose, in her honour in 1882.

She died in 1921 at Lakeen Cottage in Shillelagh, County Wicklow, Ireland.

George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton
George Sholto Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton (23 December 1789 – 31 March 1858), known as George Douglas until 1827, was a Scottish Tory politician.

Douglas was the son of the Hon. John Douglas, second son of James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton. His mother was Lady Frances, daughter of Edward Lascelles, 1st Earl of Harewood. He succeeded his cousin in the earldom in 1827 and was elected a Scottish representative peer in 1828. He served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1841 to 1846 in the second Tory administration of Sir Robert Peel and in 1852 in the first Conservative administration of the Earl of Derby.

Lord Morton married Frances Theodora, daughter of Sir George Henry Rose, in 1817. Their second son the Hon. George Henry Douglas became an Admiral in the Royal Navy. Lord Morton died in March 1858, aged 68, and was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son Sholto. Lady Morton died in 1879.
Joan A. Lambert
Joan A. Lambert (born July 13, 1946) is an American politician. She was elected as a Republican to the Nevada State Assembly in 1985 and served in seven regular and one special session until 1997, representing part of Washoe County. Lambert also served on the Nevada Tax Commission and resigned in 2016.

She was born in Santa Rosa, California where she received her elementary and high school education. She attended the University of California, Davis, where she received a B.A. in Economics.

Joan is married and they have two sons.

Nevada State Assembly
39°09′42″N 119°45′58″W﻿ / ﻿39.161643°N 119.766139°W﻿ / 39.161643; -119.766139
The Nevada State Assembly is the lower house of the Nevada Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Nevada, the upper house being the Nevada State Senate. The body consists of 42 members, elected to two-year terms from single-member districts. Each district contained approximately 64,299 people as of the 2010 United States census. Term limits, limiting assembly members to six 2-year terms (12 years), took effect in 2010.

The Nevada Assembly met at the Nevada State Capitol in Carson City until 1971, when a separate Legislative Building was constructed south of the Capitol.  The Legislative Building was expanded in 1997 to its current appearance to accommodate the growing Nevada Legislature. Since the 2012 session, Assembly districts have been formed by dividing the 21 Senate districts in half, so that each Assembly district is nested within a Senate district.
FC Kariya
FC Kariya (FC刈谷, Efu Shī Kariya) are a Japanese football club based in Kariya, Aichi. They're aiming to gain professional status. Since the 2022 season, after being relegated from the Japan Football League, they are currently playing in the Tōkai Adult Soccer League, which part of Japanese Regional Leagues.

Japanese Regional Leagues
Japanese Regional Leagues (Japanese: 地域リーグ, Hepburn: Chiiki Rīgu) are a group of parallel association football leagues in Japan that are organised on the regional basis. They form the fifth and sixth tier of the Japanese association football league system below the nationwide Japan Football League.
Scholars at Risk
Scholars at Risk (SAR) is an international network of academic institutions organized to support and defend the principles of academic freedom and to defend the human rights of scholars around the world. As of 2024, network membership is reported as including over 650 higher educational institutions in over 40 countries.

Advocacy
Advocacy is the set of activities by individuals or groups intended to influence decisions within political, economic, and social institutions. It encompasses tactics ranging from grassroots organizing and media campaigns to lobbying, strategic litigation, and coalition-building, and aims to change laws, budgets, institutional practices, and public opinion. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes, including media campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on a specific issue or specific piece of legislation. Research has started to address how advocacy groups in the United States and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action.
Mahjong solitaire
Mahjong solitaire (also known as Shanghai solitaire) is a single-player matching game that uses a set of mahjong tiles rather than cards. It is more commonly played on a computer than as a tabletop game, although it can be played using physical tiles using a special wooden frame for its lengthy set-up process.

Although named after the four-player tile game mahjong, the method of gameplay is unrelated.

Single-player video game
A single-player video game is a video game where input from only one player is expected throughout the gameplay. Video games in general can feature several game modes, including single-player modes designed to be played by a single player in addition to multi-player modes.

Most modern console games, PC games and arcade games are designed so that they can be played by a single player; although many of these games have modes that allow two or more players to play (not necessarily simultaneously), very few actually require more than one player for the game to be played. The Unreal Tournament series is one example of such.
Compliance constants
Compliance constants are the elements of an inverted Hessian matrix. The calculation of compliance constants provides an alternative description of chemical bonds in comparison with the widely used force constants explicitly ruling out the dependency on the coordinate system. They provide the unique description of the mechanical strength for covalent and non-covalent bonding. While force constants (as energy second derivatives) are usually given in aJ/Å2 or N/cm, compliance constants are given in Å2/aJ or Å / mdyn.

Newton (unit)
The newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). Expressed in terms of SI base units, it is 1 kg⋅m/s2, the force that accelerates a mass of one kilogram at one metre per second squared.

The unit is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically his second law of motion.
Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie
Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie is the communauté d'agglomération, an intercommunal structure, centred on the town of Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie. It is located in the Vendée department, in the Pays de la Loire region, western France. Created in 2010, its seat is in Givrand. Its area is 292.2 km2. Its population was 50,311 in 2019.

Vendée
Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃de] ⓘ) is a department in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France, on the Atlantic coast. In 2019, it had a population of 685,442. Its prefecture is La Roche-sur-Yon.
ARY Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer
The ARY Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer is one of the ARY Film Awards of Merit presented annually by the ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel to female playback singer, who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song while working in the film industry.

Playback singer
A playback singer, as they are usually known in South Asian cinema, or ghost singer in Western cinema, is a vocalist whose performance is pre-recorded for use in film. Playback singers record songs for soundtracks, and the actors lip-sync the songs for camera; the actual playback singer does not get filmed or appear on screen. Generally, to synchronise with the emotional situation of the song or complete film, the playback singer is given an idea or emotional context of that part of the film so that they can interpret by taking the right moves in their vocals.
Xi Draconis
Xi Draconis (ξ Draconis, abbreviated Xi Dra, ξ Dra) is a double or binary star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.75. Based upon parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 112.5 light-years (34.5 parsecs) from the Sun. At this distance, the apparent magnitude is diminished by 0.03 from extinction caused by intervening gas and dust.

The two components are designated Xi Draconis A (officially named Grumium /ˈɡruːmiəm/, a traditional name for the system) and B.

Northern celestial hemisphere
The northern celestial hemisphere, also called the Northern Sky, is the northern half of the celestial sphere; that is, it lies north of the celestial equator. This arbitrary sphere appears to rotate westward around a polar axis due to Earth's rotation.

At any given time, the entire Northern Sky is visible from the geographic North Pole, while less of the hemisphere is visible the farther south the observer is located. The southern counterpart is the southern celestial hemisphere.
2023 Challenger Santa Fe II – Doubles
Vasil Kirkov and Matías Soto were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Luca Margaroli and Santiago Rodríguez Taverna won the title after defeating Franco Agamenone and Mariano Kestelboim 7–6(7–2), 6–4 in the final.

Luca Margaroli
Luca Margaroli (born 15 February 1992) is a Swiss tennis player. He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of No. 128 achieved on 6 June 2019, and a singles ranking of No. 692, achieved on 23 October 2017.
St. Peter's Church (West Bend, Wisconsin)
St. Peter's Church is a Catholic Church located at 1010 Newark Drive, Town of Farmington, Wisconsin. It was built in 1861 by a congregation of German immigrant farmers. Like many early structures in southeastern Wisconsin, it is made of mortared fieldstone, and is one of four surviving fieldstone churches in Washington County, Wisconsin. Church services were in German until 1930.

In 1874, the congregation built a schoolhouse nearby, which operated into the 1920s. There is also a cemetery behind the church.

On June 30, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance. Regular church services were discontinued in the 20th century, and as of the building's addition to the register, it was only used on Easter and Christmas.

Fieldstone
Fieldstone is a naturally occurring type of stone, which lies at or near the surface of the Earth. Fieldstone is a nuisance for farmers seeking to expand their land under cultivation, but at some point it began to be used as a construction material. Strictly speaking, it is stone collected from the surface of fields where it occurs naturally. Collections of fieldstones which have been removed from arable land or pasture to allow for more effective agriculture are called clearance cairns.

In practice, fieldstone is any architectural stone used in its natural shape and can be applied to stones recovered from the topsoil or subsoil. Although fieldstone is generally used to describe such material when used for exterior walls, it has come to include its use in other ways including garden features and interiors. It is sometimes cut or split for use in architecture.
The Braillettes
The Braillettes were a vocal group from Alameda, California, United States. The group consisted of three women (Maggie Liebnitz, Jackie Overalls, and Kay Smith), two of whom (Overalls and Smith) were blind. They released one album, titled Our Hearts Keep Singing, in 1968.

The album cover for Our Hearts Keep Singing is often credited as one of the worst album covers of all time.

The cover photograph was taken by their high school classmate, John Skoglund, who later married Maggie Liebnitz.

Our Hearts Keep Singing was recorded at Whitney Studios in Glendale between 1968 and 1969). Musician Frank Zappa's Hot Rats and other Zappa albums (as well as countless independently produced religious LPs) were also recorded at owner Loren Whitney's classic studio, which was known for its superlative Wurlitzer organ.

Hot Rats
Hot Rats is the second solo album and eighth overall album by Frank Zappa, released in October 1969. It was Zappa's first recording project after the dissolution of the original lineup of the Mothers of Invention. Five of the six songs are instrumental, while "Willie the Pimp" features vocals by Captain Beefheart.  In his original sleeve notes, Zappa described the album as "a movie for your ears".

Zappa dedicated the album to his newborn son, Dweezil. In February 2009, Dweezil's tribute band to his father, Zappa Plays Zappa, won a Grammy for Best Rock Instrumental Performance for their rendition of "Peaches en Regalia".
Fergana electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)
Fergana electoral district (Russian: ферганский избирательный округ) was a constituency created for the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election. The electoral district covered the Fergana Oblast. Two lists were in the fray in Fergana; List 1 - Muinul Islam Society and List 2 - All-Fergana List of Deputies of Muslim Organizations. Spirin (1987) indicates that List 2 had links to the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In the autumn of 1917, a meeting of the Muslim National Committee and the Musavat Party had decided to field Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh as their candidate in Fergana.

The results in the table below are based on data from Soviet historian L. M. Spirin. U.S. historian Oliver Henry Radkey rejected these results as unreliable.

Musavat
The Müsavat Party (Azerbaijani: Müsavat Firqəsi, from Arabic: مساواة musāwāt, lit. 'equality'  or 'parity') is the oldest existing political party in Azerbaijan. Its history can be divided into three periods: Early Musavat, Musavat-in-exile and New Musavat.

The party was prohibited from contesting the 1995 and 2000 parliamentary elections in Azerbaijan by the Heydar Aliyev regime. At the time, the party was one of major opposition parties in the country.
Smith ministry
The Smith ministry is the combined Cabinet (formally the Executive Council of Alberta), chaired by 19th Premier of Alberta Danielle Smith, that has governed Alberta since October 11, 2022. The Cabinet consists of members of the United Conservative Party, which holds a majority of the seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

The Smith Ministry replaced the Kenney Ministry, following the 2022 United Conservative Party leadership election.

Tyler Shandro
Tyler Shandro ECA KC (born c. 1976) is a Canadian politician who served as the minister of justice and solicitor general of Alberta from February 2022 to June 2023. A member of the United Conservative Party (UCP), Shandro was elected to represent Calgary-Acadia in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 2019 provincial election. He was Alberta's minister of health from 2019 to 2021, and minister of labour and immigration from 2021 until he was named justice minister in 2022. He lost re-election in the 2023 provincial election.

Shandro was vice-chair of the Legislative Review Committee while also on the Alberta First Cabinet Policy Committee.

Shandro sponsored 15 bills ranging from addressing issues from healthcare to justice, with Bill 8 gaining more attention. Shandro said the Alberta Firearms Act (Bill 8) would “give Alberta the tools it needs to deal with what he called escalating attacks by Ottawa on law-abiding Alberta gunowners".
Burkina Faso women's national football team
The Burkina Faso women's national football team represents Burkina Faso in international women's football. It is governed by the Burkinabé Football Federation. It played its first match on 2 September 2007 in Ouagadougou against Niger and won 10–0, the best result till today. Its next matches were against Niger (5–0) and Mali (2–4).

In the 2014 African Women's Championship qualification against Ghana, Burkina Faso lost by 6–0 on aggregate. Tunisia beat them 2–0 on aggregate in the 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations qualification. The tie of Burkina Faso and Gambia in the 2018 qualifying tournament was a 3–3 draw on aggregate; Gambia won 5–3 on penalties.

The Burkina Faso women's national football team play their home matches at the Stade du 4 Août.

2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification
The 2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification was a women's football competition which decided the participating teams of the 2018 Women's Africa Cup of Nations.

A total of eight teams qualified to play in the final tournament, including Ghana who qualified automatically as hosts.
Baures Municipality
Baures is a town and municipality in Bolivia, located in the Iténez Province within the Beni Department. The municipality covers an area of 16,000 km² and has a population of 5,965 according to the 2012 INE Census.

A small part of the Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, established in 1979, is located in the eastern part of the municipality.

Noel Kempff Mercado National Park
Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (Spanish: Parque nacional Noel Kempff Mercado) is a national park in northeast Santa Cruz Department, Province of José Miguel de Velasco, Bolivia, on the border with Brazil.