hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation describes how a system changes with time. It does this by relating changes in the state of the system to the energy in the system (given by an operator called the Hamiltonian). Therefore, once the Hamiltonian is known, the time dynamics are in principle known. All that remains is to plug the Hamiltonian into the Schrödinger equation and solve for the system state as a function of time.

Often, however, the Schrödinger equation is difficult to solve (even with a computer). Therefore, physicists have developed mathematical techniques to simplify these problems and clarify what is happening physically. One such technique is to apply a unitary transformation to the Hamiltonian. Doing so can result in a simplified version of the Schrödinger equation which nonetheless has the same solution as the original.

Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals.

Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation. An alternative method is to use techniques from calculus to obtain a series expansion of the solution.

Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved.
Military Road Line
The Military Road Line, designated Route C81, is a daily bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between the Sibley Memorial Hospital and Fort Totten station of the Red, Green and Yellow Lines of the Washington Metro. The line runs every 20 minutes between 6 am and 9 pm and 30 minutes after 9 pm. Trips takes roughly 45 minutes.

Riggs Park
Riggs Park is a residential neighborhood in Ward 4 of Northeast Washington, D.C. It is part of the greater Lamond-Riggs community (comprising the Lamond neighborhood to the north, and Riggs Park to the south). Riggs Park is bounded by South Dakota Ave NE to the west, Eastern Ave NE to the east, Galloway St NE to the south, and New Hampshire Ave NE to the north. Riggs Park is adjacent to the neighborhoods of Michigan Park, and Fort Totten, located in Ward 5 of Northeast Washington D.C. In addition to these neighborhoods, Riggs Park also borders the city/neighborhood Chillum, which is located in Prince George's County, Maryland. The WMATA Red Line train tracks pass through the Riggs Park neighborhood when traveling between the Takoma and Fort Totten Metro stations, alongside the adjacent CSX, MARC, and Amtrak train tracks.
Zaynaddin Ibn al-Ajami
Zaynaddīn Ibn al-ʿAjamī, also known as ʿAbdalmalik b. Sharafaddīn ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbdarraḥmān Ibn al-Karābīsī (Dhū l-Qaʿda 591–25 Dhū l-Qaʿda 674 AH/October 1195–11 May 1276 CE), was a literary and religious scholar of Aleppo, associated with the court of the Ayyubid sultan al-Malik al-Nāṣir Yūsuf (r. 634–658/1236–1260). He is noted for composing the first surviving Arabic riddle-collection by a single author, which is also 'the second oldest surviving Arabic work solely devoted to riddles'.: 80

An-Nasir Yusuf
An-Nasir Yusuf (Arabic: الناصر يوسف; AD 1228–1260), fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy (الملك  الناصر صلاح الدين يوسف بن الظاهر بن العزيز بن صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب بن شاذى), was the Ayyubid Kurdish Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260), and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.
Charles Friedek
Charles Michael Friedek (born 26 August 1971 in Gießen) is a German triple jumper who became world champion in 1999 with a jump of 17.59 metres. He had already won the World Indoor Championships the same year, with an indoor PB of 17.18 metres.

In 2002, he won a silver medal at the European Championships with 17.33 metres. At the European Indoor Championships, he won a silver medal in 1998 and gold in 2000.

2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships
The 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships were held from Friday, 25 February to Sunday, 27 February 2000 in Ghent, Belgium. This edition marked the return of relay races to European Indoor Championships, having been held for the last time in 1975.
2019 European Baseball Championship – Qualification
The qualification for the 2019 European Baseball Championship started on July 25, 2016, in Ljubljana, Slovenia and Miejska Górka, Poland. The tournament was originally planned for 2018, but was moved back a year to 2019 to serve as a qualification for the 2020 Olympiad.

Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Baseball was featured at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in Tokyo, for the first time since the 2008 Summer Olympics. Six national teams competed in the tournament: Israel, Japan (host), Mexico, South Korea, the United States, and the Dominican Republic.

Baseball/softball was one of five optional sports that were added to the programme of the 2020 Summer Olympics. It did not return in 2024 for the Paris Summer Olympics. The tournament was originally scheduled to be held in 2020, but on 24 March 2020, the Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the games were played behind closed doors.

The medals for the competition were presented by Mr. Yasuhiro Yamashita, IOC Member and Olympic Champion from Japan, and the medalists' bouquets were presented by Riccardo Fraccari, WBSC President; Italy
2024 Chengdu Open
The 2024 Chengdu Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the sixth edition of the Chengdu Open and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2024 ATP Tour. It took place at the Sichuan International Tennis Center in Chengdu, China, from 18 to 24 September 2024.

ATP 250 tournaments
The ATP 250 tournaments are the lowest tier of annual men's tennis tournaments on the main ATP Tour, after the four Grand Slam tournaments, ATP Finals, ATP Masters 1000 tournaments, and ATP 500 tournaments. The winners of each tournament are awarded 250 ranking points—which accounts for the name of the series.

As of 2026, the series included 30 tournaments after the retirement of four tournaments (Atlanta, Córdoba, Lyon and Metz), the downgrade of two in 2025 (Estoril for a year, and Newport) and the upgrade of three tournaments to the 500 level (Dallas, Doha and Munich). Draws usually consist of 28 for singles, with Brisbane International (32) and Winston-Salem Open (48) being the only exceptions. Doubles draws consist of 16 teams.

Thomas Muster holds the record for most singles titles at 26, while Mike Bryan holds the record for most doubles titles won with 46.
Côte Basque XIII
Côte Basque XIII (lit. 'Basque Coast XIII'), also known by the Basque name Euskal kostaldea XIII, was a French rugby league football team representing the Biarritz–Anglet–Bayonne agglomeration, which is part of the administrative department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (then called Basses-Pyrénées), and the cultural region of the French Basque Country. It was active for most of the period between 1934 and 1958.

Tommy Parker (rugby league)
Thomas Parker (1901 – 1969) was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s. He played at representative level for Wales and Glamorgan, and at club level for Wigan, as a centre.
Albert Leeson
Albert Leeson (1904-1946) was an English bow maker.

Albert Leeson worked for the firm W.E. Hill & Sons, starting as an apprentice in 1920 and quickly learning to making the finest fleur-de-lys bows (mounted in silver, gold, or tortoiseshell). He was one of William C Retford's favorite pupils, and was quickly put to work on the finest bows, eventually being allowed to work totally unsupervised which was rare. Albert was also a  keen violinist.

He was accidentally killed by a London bus in 1946. His bows are marked with number 3 on the tip under the bow hair.

Buses in London
Buses have been used as a mode of public transport in London since 1829, when George Shillibeer started operating a horse-drawn omnibus service from Paddington to the City of London. In the decades since their introduction, the red London bus has become a symbol of the city. In 2019, buses accounted for 11 percent of trips taken in the city.

As of 2025, London has 675 bus routes served by over 8,700 buses, almost all of which are operated by private companies under contract to (and regulated by) London Buses, part of the publicly owned Transport for London. Over 2,000 buses in the fleet are battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell buses, the second largest zero emission bus fleet in Europe (behind Moscow). In December 2005, London became one of the first major cities in the world to have an accessible, low floor bus fleet.
Rory Hayes
Rory Hayes (August 8, 1949 – August 29, 1983) was an American underground cartoonist in the late 1960s and early 1970s.  His comics were drawn in an expressionistic, primitivist style and usually dealt with grim subject matter such as paranoia, violent crime, and drug abuse.  In addition to his own titles, Bogeyman and Cunt Comics, he was published in many of the most prominent comics in the underground scene, including Bijou Funnies and Arcade.

Last Gasp (publisher)
Last Gasp is a San Francisco–based book publisher with a lowbrow art and counterculture focus. Owned and operated by Ron Turner, for most of its existence Last Gasp was a publisher, distributor, and wholesaler of underground comix and books of all types.

Last Gasp was established in 1970. Although the company came onto the scene a bit later than some of the other underground publishers, Last Gasp continued publishing comics far longer than most of its competitors. In addition to publishing notable original titles like Slow Death, Wimmen's Comix, Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary, and Weirdo, it also picked up the publishing reins of important titles—such as Zap Comix and Young Lust—from rivals who had gone out of business.

Although Last Gasp no longer publishes "floppy" comics; the company continues to publish art and photography books, graphic novels, fiction, and poetry, producing 10–15 new titles per year.
Knothe
Knothe is a surname of German origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Dietrich Knothe (1929–2000), German conductor and choral conductor

Fritz Knothe (1903–1963), American baseball player

George Knothe (1898–1981), American baseball player

Jan Knothe (1912–1977), Polish architect, artist, graphic designer, writer, poet and diplomat

Noel Knothe (born 1999), German footballer

George Knothe
George Bertram Knothe (January 12, 1898 – July 3, 1981) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as an infielder for one season with the Philadelphia Phillies in 1932 however, he played in minor league baseball from 1922 to 1934. His brother, Fritz Knothe also played in Major League Baseball as a third baseman. Knothe was known as a sure-handed defensive player.
Pinetree Secondary School
Pinetree Secondary School is a high school in School District 43 Coquitlam. It is located in Coquitlam, British Columbia across from Lafarge Lake, Town Centre Park and next to the David Lam Campus of Douglas College, Pinetree shares several facilities with the Coquitlam Parks and Leisure Services and Douglas College, namely the gymnasium and outdoor fields. Former Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was briefly a substitute teacher at the school in 1998.

Lafarge Lake
Lafarge Lake is a five-hectare, man-made lake located in Town Centre Park, in central Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada. It was originally a gravel pit formed from gravel extraction from the 1950s until 1965. In the 1970s, the land was transferred to the City of Coquitlam, and a successful reclamation project ensued.
Shin Jeong-hoon
Shin Jung-hoon (Korean: 신정훈; born 6 December 1964) is a South Korean politician and former agrarian activist. He is currently a three-term member of the National Assembly representing Naju and Hwasun, and serves as the Chairman of the Public Administration and Security Committee in the 22nd National Assembly.

South Jeolla Province
South Jeolla Province (Korean: 전라남도; RR: Jeollanam-do), formerly South Chŏlla Province, also known as Jeonnam (전남), is a province in the Honam region, South Korea, and the southernmost province in mainland Korea. South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north, South Gyeongsang to the northeast, and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait.

Suncheon is the largest city in the province, closely followed by Yeosu. Other major cities include Mokpo, Gwangyang and Naju.

Jeolla-do, including both North and South Jeolla, was the first province out of the Eight Provinces system to have its 1000th year anniversary in 2018, as the name 'Jeolla-do' was established in 1018, during Hyeonjong of Goryeo's 9th year in power.
Guyanancistrus brownsbergensis
Guyanancistrus brownsbergensis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the upper Kumbu Creek, which is part of the Saramacca River basin, in Brownsberg Nature Park in the Brownsberg Mountains in Suriname. The type locality of the species is a small mountain stream with a width of 2.5 to 3.7 m (8.2 to 12.1 ft), a depth of 28 to 50 cm (11 to 19.7 inches), a temperature of 23.1 to 23.2 °C (73.6 to 73.8 °F), an oxygen concentration of 7.08 to 7.72 g/mL, an oxygen saturation of 93% to 96%, a pH of 7 to 7.5, a conductivity of 30.8 to 31.6 μS/cm, and a current strength of 0.29 to 0.56 m/s. The stream has clear water and a substrate composed of sand, gravel, pebbles, bedrock, and boulders, and overhanging vegetation, leaf litter, and woody debris are present. The species reaches 6.4 cm (2.5 inches) in standard length. It is known that the habitat of the species is threatened by illegal gold mining.

Saramacca River
Saramacca River is a river in Suriname. The Arawaks named this river "Surama", and today's name "Saramacca" is probably derived from it. It originates in the Wilhelmina Mountains and flows northwards and enters the Atlantic Ocean together with the Coppename River. It has a river basin of 9.400 km2 and length of 255 km. The Saramacca River is used for water transport. Scientific exploration of the river began in the 1770s.
2022 Bellinzona Ladies Open – Doubles
Anna Danilina and Ekaterine Gorgodze were the defending champions but chose not to participate.

Alicia Barnett and Olivia Nicholls won the title, defeating Xenia Knoll and Oksana Selekhmeteva in the final, 6–7(7–9), 6–4, [10–7].

Ekaterine Gorgodze
Ekaterine Gorgodze (Georgian: ეკატერინე გორგოძე, romanized: ek'at'erine gorgodze, pronounced [ekʼatʼeɾine ɡoɾɡodze]; born 3 December 1991) is a Georgian professional tennis player.
On 23 May 2022, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 108. On 15 August 2022, she peaked at No. 43 in the doubles rankings.

Gorgodze has won two doubles titles on the WTA Tour, plus six doubles titles on the WTA Challenger Tour, along with 19 singles and 38 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Since her debut for Georgia Fed Cup team in 2007, Gorgodze has accumulated a win–loss record of 18–19 in singles and 8–7 in doubles (overall 26–26), as of August 2024.
Robert J. Franco
Robert J. Franco is an American set decorator. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the film The Age of Innocence. He also won a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or a Special for his work on the television film Death of a Salesman.

Death of a Salesman (1985 film)
Death of a Salesman is a 1985 American made-for-television film adaptation of the 1949 play by Arthur Miller. The film is directed by Volker Schlöndorff, and stars Dustin Hoffman, Kate Reid, John Malkovich, Stephen Lang and Charles Durning. The film follows the script of the 1949 play, with only minor differences, and premiered on CBS September 15, 1985. The film earned ten Emmy nominations at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony, and four Golden Globe nominations at the 43rd Golden Globe Awards ceremony, winning three and one, respectively.
Charles Whyting
Charles Henry Whyting (1812 – 23 April 1866) was an English cricketer. Whyting's batting style is unknown.

Whyting made his debut in first-class cricket when he was selected to play for the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players fixture of 1837 at Lord's. He made a second appearance in first-class cricket in 1839 at Lord's for Surrey against the Marylebone Cricket Club. He scored a total of 17 runs in his two matches, with a highest score of 14 not out.

He died at Walworth, Surrey on 23 April 1866. His brother George Whyting was also a first-class cricketer.

Surrey county cricket team (pre-1846)
Until 1845, the Surrey county cricket team, always known as Surrey, was organised by individual patrons and other groups, particularly Chertsey Cricket Club in the 18th century, and by Montpelier Cricket Club in the 19th. The team played important matches from the early 18th century until the formation of Surrey County Cricket Club on 22 August 1845.
High-Biodiversity Wilderness Area
A High-Biodiversity Wilderness Area (HBWA) is an elaboration on the IUCN Protected Area classification of a Wilderness Area (Category Ib), which outlines five vast wilderness areas of particularly dense and important levels of biodiversity. The sub-classification was the initiative of Conservation International (CI) in 2003 to identify regions in which at least 70 percent of their original vegetation has remained intact in order to ensure that this is safeguarded and these regions do not become biodiversity hotspots. Currently the areas listed as HBWAs are

Amazon Basin, Brazil

Congo Basin, The Democratic Republic of Congo

New Guinea, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea

North American Deserts, Southwest United States and Mexico

Miombo-Mopane Woodlands and Savannas, Zambia

IUCN protected area categories
IUCN protected area categories, or IUCN protected area management categories, are categories used to classify protected areas in a system developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the conservation of the world's natural environment and biodiversity. The IUCN has developed the protected area management categories system to define, record and classify the wide variety of specific aims and concerns when categorising protected areas and their objectives. Further supplementary guidelines have been developed specific to marine protected areas (MPAs).

This categorisation method is recognised on a global scale by national governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Adesanya
Adésànyà Listenⓘ is a Yoruba surname originating from the phrase adé san ìyà meaning "the crown or royalty avenges my suffering". Notable people with the surname include:

Abraham Adesanya (1922–2008), Nigerian politician

Ayo Adesanya (born 1969), Nigerian actress, film director and producer

Solomon Adesanya (born 1985), American politician & business man, Georgia House of Representatives

Israel Adesanya (born 1989), Nigerian-born New Zealand mixed martial artist, kickboxer, and boxer

Jason Adesanya (born 1993), Belgian footballer

Saburi Adesanya, Nigerian academic and writer

Sekinat Adesanya (born 1987), Nigerian sprinter

Abraham Adesanya
Chief Abraham Aderibigbe Adesanya // ⓘ (24 July 1922 – 27 April 2008) was a Nigerian politician, lawyer, activist, welfarist, and liberal progressive. He was a member of the Action Group, on whose platform he was elected to the Western House of Assembly to represent Ijebu-Igbo constituency in 1959. He served in the Nigerian Senate during the Second Republic under the Unity Party of Nigeria. He was a leader of the pan-Yoruba socio-cultural group, Afenifere, and a founding member of the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), whose activism contributed to the return of democratic rule in 1999.
Victor Moll
Victor Hugo Moll (born 1956) is a Chilean American mathematician specializing in analysis.

Moll studied at the Universidad Santa Maria and at the New York University with a master's degree in 1982 and a doctorate in 1984 with Henry P. McKean (Stability in the Large for Solitary Wave Solutions to McKean's Nerve Conduction Caricature). He was a post-doctoral student at Temple University and became an assistant professor in 1986 and an associate professor in 1992 and in 2001 Professor at Tulane University.

In 1990–1991, he was a visiting professor at the University of Utah, in 1999 at the Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María in Valparaíso, and in 1995 a visiting scientist at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University.

He deals with classical analysis, symbolic arithmetic and experimental mathematics, special functions and number theory.

Experimental mathematics
Experimental mathematics is an approach to mathematics in which computation is used to investigate mathematical objects and identify properties and patterns. It has been defined as "that branch of mathematics that concerns itself ultimately with the codification and transmission of insights within the mathematical community through the use of experimental (in either the Galilean, Baconian, Aristotelian or Kantian sense) exploration of conjectures and more informal beliefs and a careful analysis of the data acquired in this pursuit."

As expressed by Paul Halmos: "Mathematics is not a deductive science—that's a cliché. When you try to prove a theorem, you don't just list the hypotheses, and then start to reason. What you do is trial and error, experimentation, guesswork. You want to find out what the facts are, and what you do is in that respect similar to what a laboratory technician does."
Shang Yang
Shang Yang (Chinese: 商鞅; c. 390 – 338 BC), also known as Wei Yang (Chinese: 衞鞅) and originally surnamed Gongsun, was a chancellor and reformer of the State of Qin, arguably becoming the "most famous and influential statesman" from the (early) Warring States period. Born in the Zhou vassal state of Wey, he migrated to Wei, ultimately finding office in Qin in 359 BCE.

Becoming Qin's chief minister for twenty years, he launched two series of reforms, laying the administrative, political and economic foundations that would eventually enable Qin to conquer the other six rival states, unifying China under centralized rule for the first time under the Qin dynasty. Scholars consider it likely that both he and his followers contributed to The Book of Lord Shang.

Wei (state)
Wei (/weɪ/; Chinese: 魏; pinyin: Wèi) was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Zhao. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern-day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. After its capital was moved from Anyi to Daliang (present-day Kaifeng) during the reign of King Hui, Wei was also called Liang (Chinese: 梁; pinyin: Liáng).

It should not to be confused with the smaller central Wey state 衞, which is still sometimes only differentiated by its Chinese character.