hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Turkey Hill (Pennsylvania)
Turkey Hill is a hill in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It has an elevation of 942 feet (287 m) above sea level. The hill has a flat plateau at the top, but steep slopes on its northern, western, and southern sides. The western and southern parts of the hill have some residential development, while the northern side is mostly forested. The views it provides of the surrounding area have been described as "striking" and "breathtaking".

Berwick, Pennsylvania
Berwick is a borough in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania and is located 28 miles (45 km) southwest of Wilkes-Barre. In the 2020 census, Berwick had a population of 10,355. It is one of the two principal communities of the Bloomsburg–Berwick metropolitan area, which covers Columbia and Montour counties, and had a combined population of 85,562 at the 2010 census.
Statistical machine translation
Statistical machine translation (SMT) is a machine translation approach where translations are generated on the basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The statistical approach contrasts with the rule-based approaches to machine translation as well as with example-based machine translation, that superseded the previous rule-based approach that required explicit description of each and every linguistic rule, which was costly, and which often did not generalize to other languages.

The first ideas of statistical machine translation were introduced by Warren Weaver in 1949, including the ideas of applying Claude Shannon's information theory. Statistical machine translation was re-introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s by researchers at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Before the introduction of neural machine translation, it was by far the most widely studied machine translation method.

Text corpus
In linguistics and natural language processing, a corpus (pl.: corpora) or text corpus is a dataset, consisting of  natively digital and older, digitalized, language resources, either annotated or unannotated. Annotated, they have been used in corpus linguistics for statistical hypothesis testing, checking occurrences or validating linguistic rules within a specific language territory.
Gala Group (geology)
The Gala Group is a Silurian lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in the Southern Uplands of Scotland and northernmost England. The name is derived from Gala Water, a tributary of the River Tweed. The rocks of the Gala Group have also previously been known as the Queensberry Grits and the Strangford Group. Graded beds variously of wackestone, siltstone and mudstone are interpreted as turbidites and have been matched with the Central Belt turbidites which are seen in the Ards Peninsula in Northern Ireland. The strata are generally near-vertical and are bounded to the north by the Orlock Bridge Fault and to the south by the Laurieston Fault. Graptolites are found in a few beds.

Turbidite
A turbidite is the geologic deposit of a turbidity current, which is a type of amalgamation of fluidal and sediment gravity flow responsible for distributing vast amounts of clastic sediment into the deep ocean.
Robert Cornelius
Robert Cornelius (/kɔːrˈniːliəs/; March 1, 1809 – August 10, 1893) was an American photographer and pioneer in the history of photography. His daguerreotype self-portrait taken in 1839 is generally accepted as the first known photographic portrait of a person taken in the United States, and a significant achievement for self-portraiture. He operated some of the earliest photography studios in the United States between 1840 and 1842 and implemented innovative techniques to significantly reduce the exposure time required for portraits.

Cornelius was an inventor, businessman and lamp manufacturer. He created and patented the "solar lamp" in 1843 which burned brighter and allowed for the use of cheaper lard as a fuel source rather than more expensive whale oil.

Whale oil
Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Oil from the bowhead whale was sometimes known as train-oil, which comes from the Dutch word traan ("tear drop").

Sperm oil, a special kind of oil found in the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil: it is composed mostly of liquid wax. Its properties and applications differ from those of detergentized whale oil, and it was sold for a higher price.
Roycroft (surname)
Roycroft is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Annie Roycroft (1926–2019), Ireland’s first female newspaper editor

Bill Roycroft (1915–2011), Australian equestrian

Chris Roycroft-Davis (born 1948), journalist

Clarke Roycroft (born 1950), Australian equestrian

Dan Roycroft (born 1978), Canadian cross-country skier

David Roycroft (born 1947), British diplomat

John Roycroft (born 1929), English chess composer and writer

Maurice Roycroft (born 1960), known as Maurice Seezer, Irish musician and composer

Wayne Roycroft (born 1946), Australian equestrian

Wayne Roycroft
Wayne William Roycroft, AM (born 21 May 1946) is an Australian equestrian and coach who won two bronze medals at three Olympics. He was the national eventing coach from 1988 to 2010; Australia won four team and two individual medals in the sport during his reign.
Kekropis
Kekropis (Greek: Κεκροπίς) was one of the phylai (tribes) of classical Athens, created during the reforms of Cleisthenes. It was named after the legendary hero Kekrops. Its demes were Aixone, Halai Aixonides, Daidalidai, Epieikidai, Melite, Xypete, Pithos, Sypalettos, Trinemeia and Phlya.

Sypalettus
Sypalettus or Sypalettos (Ancient Greek: Συπαληττός) was a deme in ancient Attica of the phyle of Cecropis, sending two delegates to the Athenian Boule.

Probably Sypalettus was a divided deme, even if this hypothesis is not confirmed by all scholars. The inscription that suggests the placement of the deme is a sacred calendar of 470-460 BCE; this document it is very important because it is the first Attican written text that prohibits changes to the law.

Its site is located near Nea Ionia (formerly, Kukuvaones).
Bernard Fernandez (baseball)
Bernardo Fernandez (March 5, 1918 – November 29, 2014) was a baseball pitcher who played in the Negro leagues. He played for the  Atlanta Black Crackers, Jacksonville Red Caps, Philadelphia Stars, Brooklyn Royal Giants, Pittsburgh Crawfords and New York Black Yankees, among other independent and minor Negro league teams.

He was born in Tampa, Florida, and died at 96 in North Las Vegas, Nevada, where he lived.

Brooklyn Royal Giants
The Brooklyn Royal Giants were a professional Negro league baseball team based in Brooklyn, New York.  Formed in 1905 by John Wilson Connor (1875–1926), owner of the Brooklyn Royal Cafe, the team initially played against white semi-pro teams. They were one of the prominent independent teams prior to World War I before organized league play began.
Astrid Lindgren's plays
Astrid Lindgren's plays are a number of theater plays written by Astrid Lindgren in the 1940s to 1970s. Part of the plays are based on her books, other stories were only written for theater. Since almost all of Astrid Lindgren's works have been staged for theater, this page only deals with the plays, whose scripts were written by Astrid Lindgren. Many of these works were published in the Swedish books Sex Pjäser för barn och ungdom (1950), Serverat, Ers Majestät! (1955) and Praeser för barn och ungdom. Other Samlingen (1968). Most of these works have not been translated into English. These include stories about well-known characters such as Kalle Blomquist or Pippi Longstocking, which were only written for the theater and were not published as prose.

Rabén & Sjögren
Rabén & Sjögren is a book publishing company in Sweden. It was established in 1942 by Hans Rabén and Carl-Olof Sjögren. Since 1998 it has been part of Norstedts förlag.

The publishing focus is on children's and youth literature. Rabén & Sjögren was very successful, publishing the books of Astrid Lindgren. Other authors include Enid Blyton and Jostein Gaarder.

Rabén & Sjögren also published Svenskt författarlexikon ("Dictionary of Swedish Authors"), a bibliobiographical dictionary of Swedish-language authors in ten volumes between 1942 and 1981.
Shelby Cycle Company
The Shelby Cycle Company manufactured bicycles in Shelby, Ohio from 1925 to 1953. Their bikes are popular among collectors for their styling. They produced a bicycle in 1928 with a Charles Lindbergh theme called the "Lindy Flyer", and they were responsible for the Donald Duck bicycles in the 1950s. Many of their models fit the cruiser bicycle description. Shelby also made bicycles for other retailers such as Montgomery Ward, Spiegel, Gambles stores, Firestone and Goodyear. AMF purchased Shelby in 1953.

A separate company, called The Shelby Bicycle Company, manufactured the Ideal Bicycle from 1895 until around 1901 or 1902.

American Machine and Foundry
American Machine and Foundry (known after 1970 as AMF, Inc.) was one of the United States' largest recreational equipment companies, with diversified products as disparate as garden equipment, atomic reactors, and yachts.
Arvind Mediratta
Arvind Mediratta (born 1967) is an Indian business executive, and the managing director and chief executive officer at Hippo Homes, a Dalmia Bharat Group company, since July 2023. He was previously the managing director and chief executive officer at METRO Cash & Carry, the Indian arm of German wholesaler Metro AG, from February 2016 to July 2023.

Dalmia Group
Dalmia Bharat Limited (DBL) is an Indian conglomerate, which traces its origins to the businesses established by brothers Ramkrishna Dalmia and Jaidayal Dalmia in eastern India in the first half of the 20th century. In the 1930s, the group merged with the businesses of the  Jain family to form the Dalmia-Jain Group. In 1948, the two families decided to split the businesses; the Dalmia businesses were further divided between Ramkrishna and Jaidayal.

Today, a number of companies and conglomerates trace their origin to the original Dalmia businesses; these include Dalmia Brothers, which is now managed by Vishnu Hari Dalmia's sons, Sanjay Dalmia and Anurag Dalmia; Dalmia Bharat Group, which is managed by Gautam Dalmia & Puneet Dalmia; Renaissance Group; and their subsidiaries.
Labyrinth Lord
Labyrinth Lord (LL) is a fantasy role-playing game written and edited by Daniel Proctor and published by Goblinoid Games. It emulates the rules and feel of Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) using the Open Game License (OGL) from Wizards of the Coast. LL is based on the 1981 D&D Basic Set edited by Tom Moldvay and its accompanying Expert Set by David "Zeb" Cook.

Tom Moldvay
Thomas Steven Moldvay (November 5, 1948 – March 9, 2007) was an American game designer and author, best known for his work on early materials for the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D).
Bishop Dike
Bishop Dike is an artificial watercourse in North Yorkshire, England. The dike, which runs from near Barkston Ash to Cawood, was built in the 15th century to carry stone from Huddleston Quarry to York upstream via the River Ouse to enable building works to be undertaken on York Minster. The dike is now used as a drainage channel. Some believe that the watercourse existed in a smaller form as a natural drainage channel, and that it was later canalised.

Cawood
Cawood (other names: Carwood) is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England that is notable as the location of the Cawood sword.

Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Cawood belonged to the Liberty of Cawood, Wistow and Otley. From 1974 to 2023 it was within the district of Selby. Since 1 April 2023 it has been administered by North Yorkshire Council. For elections to the UK Parliament the village is in the Selby constituency, created for the 2024 general election.
Beak (bivalve)
The beak is part of the shell of a bivalve mollusk, i.e. part of the shell of a saltwater or freshwater clam.  The beak is the basal projection of the oldest part of the valve of the adult animal. The beak usually, but not always, coincides with the umbo, the highest and most prominent point on the valve. Because by definition, all bivalves have two valves, the shell of a bivalve has two umbones, and two beaks.

In many species of bivalves the beaks point towards one another. However, in some species of bivalves the beaks point posteriorly, in which case they are referred to as opisthogyrate; in others the beaks point forward, and are described as being prosogyrate.

If the beak is not eroded or worn down at all, it may still be capped with the prodissoconch, which is the larval shell of the animal.

Prodissoconch
A prodissoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which is present in the larva of a bivalve mollusk (clams, scallops, oysters, etc.). (The homologous structure in gastropods (snails) is called the protoconch.) The prodissoconch is often but not always smooth, and has no growth lines. It is sometimes still present and visible in the adult shell, if there has been no erosion of the shell in that area.

The structure of the prodissoconch has been widely used as a discriminating feature in bivalve systematics.
Russian ship Tsesarevich
At least three ships of the Imperial Russian Navy have been named Tsesarevich after 
the Tsesarevich, the title of the male heir apparent.

Russian ship of the line Tsesarevich (1841) – 44-gun Speshnyi-class frigate that served with the Baltic Fleet; participated in the Crimean War and was hulked in 1858.

Russian ship of the line Tsesarevich (1857) – 135-gun steam-powered ship of the line that served with the Baltic Fleet; stricken in 1871.

Russian battleship Tsesarevich – pre-dreadnought battleship that participated in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I before she was scrapped in 1923–24.

Baltic Fleet
The Baltic Fleet (Russian: Балтийский флот, romanized: Baltiyskiy flot) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.

Established 18 May 1703, under Tsar Peter the Great as part of the Imperial Russian Navy, the Baltic Fleet is the oldest Russian fleet. In 1918, the fleet was inherited by the Russian SFSR which then founded the Soviet Union in 1922, where it was eventually known as the Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet as part of the Soviet Navy, as during this period it gained the two awards of the Order of the Red Banner. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Baltic Fleet was inherited by the Russian Federation and reverted to its original name as part of the Russian Navy.

The Baltic Fleet is headquartered in Kaliningrad and its main base is in Baltiysk (Pillau), both in Kaliningrad Oblast, while another base is in Kronstadt, Saint Petersburg, in the Gulf of Finland.
WSMY
WSMY (1400 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a sports format. It is licensed to Weldon, North Carolina, United States.  The station is owned by John Byrne, through licensee Byrne Acquisition Group, LLC.

WSMY is an affiliate of the Wolfpack Sports Network.

Weldon, North Carolina
Weldon is a town in Halifax County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Weldon had a population of 1,444. It is part of the Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Sabra Wilbur Vought
Sabra Wilbur Vought (May 23, 1877 – March 2, 1942) was an American academic librarian and federal official. Beginning in 1937, she was librarian for the Department of the Interior, covering library services for the Office of Education as well as the Bureau of Mines, the Office of Indian Affairs, and the National Park Service.

United States Bureau of Mines
The United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) was the primary United States government agency in the 20th century that conducted scientific research and disseminated information on the extraction, processing, use, and conservation of mineral resources. The Bureau was abolished in 1996.
Thomas Benninghaus
Thomas Benninghaus (born 1973 in Rudolstadt) is a German politician serving as a member of the Landtag of Thuringia since 2024. He is the chairman of the Alternative for Germany in Saalfeld-Rudolstadt.

Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Saalfeld-Rudolstadt is a Kreis (district) in the south of Thuringia, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) the districts Weimarer Land, Saale-Holzland, Saale-Orla, the district Kronach in Bavaria, and the districts Sonneberg, Hildburghausen and Ilm-Kreis.
Cupra Formentor
The Cupra Formentor is a compact crossover SUV (C-segment) manufactured by the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT under their Cupra performance-oriented sub-brand. Marketed as a coupé SUV, it is the first car designed specifically for the sub-brand. The production version was revealed in March 2020, after its unveiling was postponed when the COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation of the 2020 Geneva Motor Show. It was previewed as a near-production concept vehicle at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show. It is named after the Formentor peninsula on the Spanish island of Mallorca. Production of the Formentor started in late September 2020.

C-segment
The C-segment is the 3rd category of the European segments for passenger cars and is described as "medium cars". It is equivalent to the Euro NCAP "small family car" size class, and the compact car category in the United States.

In 2024, the C-segment had a European market share of 13.9%.
Levins
Levins is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bill Levins (1922–1991), American ice hockey executive and sports entrepreneur

Cameron Levins (born 1989), Canadian long-distance runner

Joe Levins (born 1968), American alpine skier

Richard Levins (1930–2016), American Marxist biologist

Bill Levins
William “Bill” Levins (1922 – August 26, 1991) was an American ice hockey executive and sports entrepreneur. Levins was the first general manager of the Oklahoma City Blazers of the old Central Hockey League. He is also recognized as the co-founder, along with Ray Miron, of the current Central Hockey League which began play with the 1992–93 season.

Levins lived in Minnesota until 1965 when he moved to Oklahoma City to become the general manager of the Oklahoma City Blazers. The William “Bill” Levins Memorial Cup was the name of the trophy awarded to the champion of the Central Hockey League from 1992 until 2000 when the honour was renamed the "Ray Miron Cup". Levins died at the age of 69 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
DeKalb County High School
DeKalb County High School (DCHS) is located in Smithville, Tennessee. It is the only high school in the county and serves grades 9–12 with an enrollment of 813 as of August 14, 2025. The school's mascot is a tiger and the school colors are black and gold. The principal is Bruce Curtis and the assistant principals are Seth Willoughby and Jenny Norris. The school is fed by DeKalb Middle School (6–8; located at the same complex as the high school) and DeKalb West School (K–8).

Smithville, Tennessee
Smithville is a city in DeKalb County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 5,004 at the 2020 census, up from 3,994 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of DeKalb County.  Smithville is home to the Smithville Fiddler's Jamboree, which it has hosted annually since 1972.
Edward A. Diebolt House
Edward A. Diebolt House is a historic home located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York.  It is a Colonial Revival style frame house built in 1922–1923. It is representative of the standardized floor plan home constructed in the immediate post-World War I period and retains complete integrity.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.  It is located in the University Park Historic District.

Erie County, New York
Erie County is a county along the shore of Lake Erie in the western region of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 954,236. However, in 2023 the estimated population was 946,147. The county seat is Buffalo, which makes up about 28% of the county's population. Both the county and Lake Erie were named for the regional Iroquoian language-speaking Erie tribe of Native Americans, who lived in the area before 1654. They were later pushed out by the more powerful Iroquoian nations tribes. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Erie County, along with its northern neighbor Niagara County, makes up the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the second largest in the State of New York behind New York City. The county's southern part is known as the Southtowns.
Hafnium disulfide
Hafnium disulfide is an inorganic compound of hafnium and sulfur. It is a layered dichalcogenide with the chemical formula is HfS2. A few atomic layers of this material can be exfoliated using the standard Scotch Tape technique (see graphene) and used for the fabrication of a field-effect transistor. High-yield synthesis of HfS2 has also been demonstrated using liquid phase exfoliation, resulting in the production of stable few-layer HfS2 flakes. Hafnium disulfide powder can be produced by reacting hydrogen sulfide and hafnium oxides at 500–1300 °C.

Chalcogenide
Cadmium sulfide, a prototypical metal chalcogenide, is used as a yellow pigment.

A chalcogenide is a chemical compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion and at least one more electropositive element. Although all group 16 elements of the periodic table are defined as chalcogens, the term chalcogenide is more commonly reserved for sulfides, selenides, tellurides, and polonides, rather than oxides. Many metal ores exist as chalcogenides. Photoconductive chalcogenide glasses are used in xerography. Some pigments and catalysts are also based on chalcogenides. The metal dichalcogenide MoS2 is a common solid lubricant.
Hisatoshi Shintaku
Hisatoshi Shintaku (新宅 永灯至, Shintaku Hisatoshi; born December 20, 1957), also known as Masanari Shintaku (新宅雅也, Shintaku Masanari), is a retired long-distance runner from Japan. He won the 1985 edition of the Fukuoka Marathon, clocking 2:09:51 on December 1, 1985. He represented his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics, finishing in 17th place (2:15:42).

Fukuoka Marathon
The Fukuoka International Marathon (福岡国際マラソン, Fukuoka Kokusai Marason) is an IAAF Gold Label international men's marathon race held in Fukuoka, Japan. It was previously known as the Fukuoka International Open Marathon Championship between 1947 and 2021, when it was announced the race would be discontinued on its 75th edition. However, due to popular support, a successor race, inheriting the tradition and course of the original marathon, was established the next year.

The course record is held by Tsegaye Kebede of Ethiopia, running 2:05:18 in 2009 to best his own record from the previous year. Toshihiko Seko (1978–80, '83) and Frank Shorter (1971–74) tie for most victories at the race with four each.
L'oiseau bleu
L'oiseau bleu is French for "The Blue Bird".

The Blue Bird (fairy tale), a French fairy tale by Madame d'Aulnoy

The Blue Bird (play), a Belgian play by Maurice Maeterlinck

L'oiseau bleu (opera), an opera by Albert Wolff

"L'Oiseau bleu" (song), a J-pop single by Mami Kawada

L'Oiseau bleu (painting) by Jean Metzinger

L'Oiseau Bleu (train), an express train between Antwerp and Paris

L'Oiseau Bleu, a poem by Mary Coleridge, set to music as The Blue Bird

The Blue Bird (Metzinger)
The Blue Bird (French: L'Oiseau bleu) is an oil painting created in 1912–1913 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger. L'Oiseau bleu, one of Metzinger's most recognizable and frequently referenced works, was first exhibited in Paris at the Salon des Indépendants in the spring of 1913 (cat. no. 2087), several months after the publication of the first (and only) Cubist manifesto, Du "Cubisme", written by Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes (1912). It was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Erster Deutscher Herbstsalon in Berlin (titled Der blaue Vogel, cat. no. 287).

Apollinaire described L'Oiseau bleu as a 'very brilliant painting' and 'his most important work to date'. L'Oiseau bleu, acquired by the City of Paris in 1937, forms part of the permanent collection at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.