hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Modifier Tone Letters
Modifier Tone Letters is a Unicode block containing tone markings for Chinese, Chinantec, Africanist, and other phonetic transcriptions. It does not contain the standard IPA tone marks, which are found in Spacing Modifier Letters.

⟨꜀◌ ꜁◌ ꜂◌ ꜃◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜅ ◌꜆ ◌꜇⟩ are used to mark yin and (underlined) yang splits of the ping, shang, qu and ru tones, respectively, in the etymological four-tone analysis of Chinese. The dotted tone letters ⟨꜈ ꜉ ꜊ ꜋ ꜌⟩ are used for the pitch of neutral tones, while the reversed tone letters ⟨꜒ ꜓ ꜔ ꜕ ꜖⟩ and neutral ⟨꜍ ꜎ ꜏ ꜐ ꜑⟩ are used for tone sandhi. ⟨ ꜗ  ꜘ  ꜙ  ꜚ ⟩ are modifier letters used in Ozumacín Chinantec. ⟨ꜛ ꜜ⟩ are the IPA modifier letters for upstep and downstep, while ⟨ꜝ ꜞ ꜟ⟩ are substitutes people used before broad font support of the IPA, and still preferred by some.

Chinantecan languages
The Chinantec or Chinantecan languages constitute a branch of the Oto-Manguean family. Though traditionally considered a single language, Ethnologue lists 14 partially mutually unintelligible varieties of Chinantec. The languages are spoken by the indigenous Chinantec people who live in Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico, especially in the districts of Cuicatlán, Ixtlán de Juárez, Tuxtepec and Choapan, and in Staten Island, New York.
Englemere Pond
Englemere Pond is a 26.1-hectare (64-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the southern outskirts of North Ascot in Berkshire. The site is also a Local Nature Reserve. It is owned by the Crown Estate and managed by Bracknell Forest Borough Council.

Local nature reserve
Local nature reserve (LNR) is a statutory designation for certain nature reserves in Great Britain. The Wild Life Conservation Special Committee established them and proposed a national suite of protected areas comprising national nature reserves, conservation areas (which incorporated suggestions for Sites of Special Scientific Interest), national parks, geological monuments, local nature reserves and local educational nature reserves.

There are now over 1,280 LNRs in England, covering almost 40,000 hectares, which range from windswept coastal headlands and ancient woodlands to former inner city railways and long abandoned landfill sites.
Roman Catholic Diocese of California
The Diocese of California, Diocese of the Californias or Diocese of Two Californias, (Latin: Dioecesis Californiensis) is a former Latin Church residential episcopal see that existed during 1840–1849, covering the Californias (including both Alta California and Baja California).  After the Mexican–American War, the American portion became the Diocese of Monterey in California, while the Mexican portion was eventually reorganized into an apostolic administration, later a apostolic vicariate (it became in 1963 the Diocese of Tijuana).  In 1996, the title was revived as a titular see of the Catholic Church.

Baja California peninsula
The Baja California peninsula (Spanish: Península de Baja California, lit. 'Lower California peninsula') is a peninsula in northwestern Mexico. It separates the Gulf of California from the Pacific Ocean. The peninsula extends from Mexicali, Baja California, in the north to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, in the south.

With a length of 1,247 km (775 miles), its width ranges from 40 km (25 miles) at its narrowest to 320 km (200 miles) at its widest point and has approximately 3,000 km (1,900 miles) of coastline and approximately 65 islands. The total area of the Baja California peninsula is 143,390 km2 (55,360 sq mi).

The peninsula is separated from mainland Mexico by the Gulf of California and the Colorado River. There are four main desert areas on the peninsula: the San Felipe Desert, the Central Coast Desert, the Vizcaíno Desert, and the Magdalena Plain Desert.
Tim Prentice (designer)
Tim Prentice (born c. 1964) is an American industrial designer and president of Motonium Design in California. Prentice holds a B.S. in industrial technology from California State University, Chico (1987) and is a graduate of Art Center College of Design's transportation program (1990). He has also been an instructor at Art Center for industrial design and illustration, as well as a guest lecturer at Stanford University.

Prentice was motorcycle designer of the 2009 Triumph Thunderbird motorcycle, Mission Motors' 2010 Mission R electric motorcycle, and the 2011 Triumph Speed Triple. Prentice and his firm won the Red Dot and Core77 industrial design awards in 2011 (respectively) for the Mission R.

Motorcycle design
Motorcycle design can be described as activities that define the appearance, function and engineering of motorcycles.

Professionally it is a branch of industrial design, similar to automotive design using identical techniques and methodology, but confined by conventions about what is acceptable to the buying public. These conventions have been defined by the acceptance of the industry and media as a whole to the assumption that the public will only purchase machines that bear more than a passing resemblance to competition machines of whatever kind. In some large OEM motorcycle manufacturers, the term designer can also be applied to the project leader or chief engineer charged with laying down the principal architecture of the vehicle. In recent years, it has also become associated with custom or "chopper" builder culture.
Yarımca, Kovancılar
Yarımca is a village in Kovancılar district of Elazığ Province, Turkey. It is situated to the north of Keban Dam resorvoir. The distance to Kovancılar is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi). Its population is 1,080 (2021). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

Belde
Belde (literally "town", also known as kasaba) means "large village with a municipality" in Turkish.

All Turkish province centers and district centers have municipalities, but the villages are usually too small to have municipalities. The population in some villages may exceed 2000 and in such villages a small municipality may be established depending on residents' choice. Such villages are called belde. Up to 2014 the number of belde municipalities was about 1400.

On 30 March 2014 by the act no. 6360 all villages (those with and without municipality) were included in the urban fabric of the district municipalities in 30 provinces. Thus belde municipalities in 30 provinces were abolished. The number of abolished belde municipalities is 1040.

Presently, in 51 provinces, which are not in the scope of the act no 6360, there are still 394 belde municipalities.
Rock Island Lake
Rock Island Lake is a small alpine lake in Elmore County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  The lake is accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 459 along Johnson Creek.

Rock Island Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries.  There is a single rocky island that is less than 200 ft (61 m) long that gives the lake its name.

Sawtooth Wilderness
The Sawtooth Wilderness is a federally-protected wilderness area that covers 217,088 acres (87,852 ha) of the state of Idaho. Managed by the U.S. Forest Service in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it was designated the Sawtooth Primitive Area in 1937 to preserve the scenic beauty of the Sawtooth Mountains. On August 22, 1972 Public Law 92-400 designated the Primitive Area as the Sawtooth Wilderness and part of the newly created Sawtooth National Recreation Area. As part of the National Wilderness Preservation System, the Sawtooth Wilderness is an area where human development and use are restricted and people are to remain only visitors. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Sawtooth Wilderness has some of the clearest air in the lower 48 states.
Bill Hwang
Sung Kook Hwang (Korean: 황성국, Chinese: 黄城国), also known as Bill Hwang, is an American investor,  trader and convicted fraudster. He ran Archegos Capital Management, whose default on  March 26, 2021 caused major losses to several notable investment banks. In April 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Hwang had lost US$20 billion over 10 days in late March, imposing large losses on his bankers Nomura and Credit Suisse. On April 27, 2022, he was indicted on federal charges of fraud and racketeering. The default of Archegos contributed to the eventual collapse of Credit Suisse.

Investor
An investor is a person or entity that allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity, debt, securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets.  That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors.  An investor who owns stock is a shareholder.
Urkuphryne
Urkuphryne, also known as the Merino leaflitter frog, is a monotypic genus of frogs in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to the Cerro Golondrinas forest area of northern Ecuador. Phylogenetic analyses have recovered Urkuphryne as the sister taxon to the smaller Phyllonastes within the subfamily Holoadeninae. Autapomorphic characters of this taxon include reduced distal expansions of the fingers and toes and the presence of protruding vomerine teeth. Like other brachycephaloid frogs, Urkuphryne individuals mature via direct development, meaning that they do not go through metamorphosis or have tadpoles; instead, hatchlings demonstrate adult features and proportions.

Vomer
The vomer (/ˈvoʊmər/; Latin: vomer, lit. 'ploughshare') is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum in humans, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of the bone.
Finley Golf Course
UNC Finley Golf Course in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, is the home of the North Carolina Tar Heels Men's and Women's golf teams.  It was originally built by Raleigh businessman A. E. Finley in 1949 to a design by George Cobb.  Further holes were added in the 1980s along with renovation of the clubhouse.  In 1999, designer Tom Fazio remodeled the course into a par 72 layout with five sets of tees ranging from 4,981 to 7,220 yards in length. Most recently, Carolina Golf Legend, Davis Love III renovated the course in 2023, transforming it into a par 70 layout, creating a unique challenge for the Men's and Women's golf teams. The course notably hosts the annual Ruth's Chris Tarheel Invitational and has been a host site for NCAA and USGA Regional tournaments. The current course record is 62 and held by PGA TOUR player and Tarheel alumni, David Ford.

George Cobb (golf)
George William Cobb, ASGCA (July 2, 1914 – January 15, 1986) was a notable and prolific golf course designer who created the Par-3 course at Augusta National Golf Club among more than one hundred courses and renovated many, including his own early work. He strove to create attractive layouts that the average golfer would find enjoyable, not frustrating.
White-eyed grass
White-eyed grass is a common name for at least two species of plants:

Sisyrinchium albidum, a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae

Sisyrinchium campestre, a small herbaceous perennial plant in the iris family

Sisyrinchium campestre
Sisyrinchium campestre, the prairie blue-eyed grass or white-eyed grass, is a small herbaceous perennial plant in the iris family, native to prairie and meadow in the central United States and in extreme southern Manitoba.

Prairie blue-eyed grass is one of the more drought tolerant species in the genus. It blooms in late spring and early summer for about three weeks. The flowers are white to pale blue, with yellow centers. They have six tepals 7 to 12.7 mm (0.28 to 0.50 in) long that have rounded ends with a sharp point in the center. The flowers are borne on slender pedicels (stems) in an umbel enclosed in two bracts at the top of an unbranched flat stem. The leaves are grass-like, 3 to 10 inches (8 to 25 cm) long and 2 to 3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 in) across, and the flower stem is about as long as or a little longer than the leaves. The root system is coarse and fibrous. A plant produces offsets and forms a dense clump over time.
Søren Laland
Søren Gustav Laland (23 May 1922 – 3 July 1998) was a Norwegian biochemist.

He was born in Bergen. He finished his secondary education in 1941, took the mag.scient. degree in chemistry at the University of Oslo in 1947 and his PhD at the University of Birmingham in 1951. His thesis was called Studies in Deoxy Hexoses and Deoxypentosenucleic Acids.

From 1955 to his retirement he served as a professor of biochemistry at the University of Oslo. He was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters since 1964. He was an honorary member of the Norwegian Biochemical Society.

He resided in Bærum, and died in July 1998.

Examen artium
Examen artium was the name of the academic certification conferred in Denmark and Norway, qualifying the student for admission to university studies. Examen artium was originally introduced as the entrance exam of the University of Copenhagen in 1630. The University of Copenhagen was the only university of Denmark-Norway until The Royal Frederick University in Christiania was founded in 1811.

In Norway, examen artium was formally discontinued after the 1982 class (but the term is still sometimes used informally to denote the diploma from today's videregående skole).
Paul Aguilar
Paul Nicolás Aguilar Rojas (born 6 March 1986) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a right-back.

Aguilar represented Mexico at the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 2011 and 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup, and the Copa América Centenario.

2014–15 Liga MX season
The 2014–15 Liga MX season  (known as the Liga BBVA Bancomer MX for sponsorship reasons) was the 68th professional top-flight football league season in Mexico. The season was split into two competitions:  the Torneo Apertura and the Torneo Clausura; each of identical format and contested by the same eighteen teams.
Medetera bistriata
Medetera bistriata is a species of longlegged fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is widely distributed in North America, spanning from the pine forests of boreal Canada south to Honduras, and it is common in the pine forests of the Atlantic and Gulf costal plains. The larvae are predators of bark beetles in the genera Dendroctonus and Ips, and have been noted as important predators of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis.

In Bickel (1985)'s revision of the genus Medetera in the Nearctic realm, M. bistriata is included as a member of the signaticornis-pinicola species group.

Ips (beetle)
Ips is a genus of beetles in the family Curculionidae, the true weevils. They are bark beetles, members of the subfamily Scolytinae. Species are distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Some are known as introduced species in Australia and Africa. Many species are pests of forest trees, especially pines and spruces. They are known commonly as engraver beetles, ips engraver beetles, and pine engravers.
Sambhunath Banerjee
Sambhunath Banerjee (1888 – 13 July 1977) was a Bengali Indian scholar of law, judge of the Calcutta High Court, and Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta.

He was educated at the renowned Scottish Church College in Calcutta, and at the University of Calcutta.

He would serve as the Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta from 11 May 1950 – 11 April 1954.

He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law by the University of Calcutta on 26 December 1952.

Scottish Church College
Scottish Church College is a college affiliated by Calcutta University, India. It offers selective co-educational undergraduate and postgraduate studies and is the oldest continuously running Christian liberal arts and sciences college in Asia. It has been rated (A) by the Indian National Assessment and Accreditation Council. Students and alumni call themselves "Caledonians" in the name of the college festival, "Caledonia". The Scottish Church College has been embellished as GRADE-I Heritage Building on 8 November 2023.
AP Art and Design
Advanced Placement (AP) Art and Design, formerly known as AP Studio Art, is a series of courses offered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. AP Art and Design is divided into three categories: 2-D Art and Design, 3-D Art and Design, and Drawing.

Contrast (vision)
Contrast is the difference in luminance or color that makes an object (or its representation in an image or display) distinguishable from a background. Human vision is more sensitive to relative differences than to absolute luminance, so perceived appearance can remain fairly stable despite large changes in illumination.

The maximum contrast of an image is termed the contrast ratio or dynamic range. In images where the contrast ratio approaches the maximum possible for the medium, there is a conservation of contrast. In such cases, increasing contrast in certain parts of the image will necessarily result in a decrease in contrast elsewhere. Brightening an image increases contrast in darker areas but decreases it in brighter areas; conversely, darkening the image will have the opposite effect. Bleach bypass reduces contrast in the darkest and brightest parts of an image while enhancing luminance contrast in areas of intermediate brightness.
Lee Kelly
Lee Kelly (May 24, 1932 – March 28, 2022) was an American sculptor who has more than 30 sculptures on display between Eugene, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington. Kelly has been called "Oregon's sculptor".

Vancouver, Washington
Vancouver (/væn.ˈkuː.vər/ ⓘ van-KOO-vər) is a city in Clark County, Washington, United States, located on the north bank of the Columbia River. It had a population of 190,915 at the 2020 census, making it the fourth-most populous city in Washington. Founded in 1825 and incorporated in 1857, the city was originally established around Fort Vancouver, a fur trading outpost, and is situated directly north of Portland, Oregon, along the Washington–Oregon state line. Vancouver serves as the county seat of Clark County and is part of the Portland metropolitan area.
Noetus
Noetus (Greek: Νοητός) was a presbyter of the church of Asia Minor about AD 230. He was a native of Smyrna, where (or perhaps in Ephesus) he became a prominent representative of the particular type of Christology now called modalistic monarchianism or patripassianism.

His views, which led to his excommunication by local presbyters, are known chiefly through the writings of Hippolytus, his contemporary at Rome, where he settled and had a large following. He accepted the fourth Gospel, but regarded its statements about the Logos as allegorical. His disciple Cleomenes held that God is both invisible and visible; as visible He is the Son.

The Catholic Encyclopedia notes: "It is true that it is easy to suppose Tertullian and Hippolytus to have misrepresented the opinions of their opponents".

Logos
Logos (UK: /ˈloʊɡɒs, ˈlɒɡɒs/, US: /ˈloʊɡoʊs/; Ancient Greek: λόγος, romanized: lógos, lit. 'word, discourse, or reason') is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric, as well as religion (notably Christianity), that most broadly means reason, logic, order, or understanding. Among its connotations is that of a rational form of discourse that relies on inductive and deductive reasoning.

Aristotle first systematized the usage of the word, making it one of the three principles of rhetoric alongside ethos and pathos. This original use identifies the word closely to the structure and content of language or text. Both Plato and Aristotle used the term logos (along with rhema) to refer to sentences and propositions.
ISO 3166-2:AN
ISO 3166-2:AN was the entry for the Netherlands Antilles in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

The Netherlands Antilles was officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code AN before it was dissolved into five separate territories in 2010, and the entry has been deleted from ISO 3166-1 as a result. Curaçao and Sint Maarten, which became "countries" in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, are now assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes CW and SX respectively. Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba, which became "special municipalities" of the Netherlands, are now assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code BQ under the collective entry "Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba".

No ISO 3166-2 codes were ever defined in the entry for the Netherlands Antilles.

Province
A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".

While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or federal authority, especially in Canada and Turkey. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.
Sticker (film)
Sticker is a short film directed by Georgi M. Unkovski in 2019.

In 2020, it was premiered at Sundance Film Festival and won the Best Narrative Short Prize at Brooklyn Film Festival. Moreover, it was amongst the nominees at Palm Springs International ShortFest.

Sticker was produced by Ivan Unkovski (Cinema Futura) and distributed worldwide by the International Production & Distribution company Salaud Morisset.

Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films
The Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films (a.k.a. Palm Springs International ShortFest) held annually in Palm Springs, California is the largest film festival for short films in the United States.

The Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films takes place across seven days each June, showing more than 350 short films every year, and hosting a Short Film Market with over 3,000 new short films annually. It also presents a three-day program of seminars, master classes, panels and roundtable discussions with free admission for all filmmaking and industry guests. An AMPAS qualifying Festival, PSISF has hosted 97 short films in its 19-year history that went on to secure Oscar nominations in the short film categories.

The Festival of Short Films is a spin-off of the Palm Springs International Film Festival (PSIFF) that takes place each January.

In 2021 the main PSIFF festival was not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the ShortFest went ahead on June 22–28.