hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Akram Ahmad
Dr. Akram Ahmad is an Indian pharmacist, academic, and entrepreneur and founder and CEO of Academically Global, an EdTech platform that helps healthcare professionals prepare for licensing exams and work opportunities abroad. His work focuses on bridging the gap between healthcare education in India and global employment standards.

Educational technology
Educational technology (commonly abbreviated as edutech or edtech) refers to the use of computer hardware, software, and educational theory and practice to facilitate learning and teaching. When referred to with its abbreviation, "EdTech", it often refers to the industry of companies that create educational technology. Scholars such as Tanner Mirrlees and Shahid Alvi (2019) have described the edtech industry as consisting largely of privately owned companies involved in producing and distributing educational technologies for commercial purposes.

In addition to the practical educational experience, educational technology is based on theoretical knowledge from various disciplines such as communication, education, psychology, sociology, artificial intelligence, and computer science. It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and mobile learning (m-learning).
Mohamed Adly
Mohamed Adly (born June 17, 1987 in Monofeya, Egypt) is an Egyptian  basketball player currently playing for Al Ahly of the Egyptian Super League. He is a member of the Egypt national basketball team.

Adly participated with the Egypt national basketball team at the 2009 FIBA Africa Championship after previously playing for the team in the qualifiers for the FIBA Africa Championship 2007.  Fanan averaged 10.7 minutes per game off the bench for the 2009 Egypt team that finished a disappointing tenth place; this was Egypt's worst ever finish in 19 appearances at the tournament and had some fans calling for a complete dismantling of the team. Adly grabbed a team-leading seven rebounds in the team's 72-62 victory over Mozambique, one of only two victories for Egypt in the tournament.

AfroBasket 2007
AfroBasket 2007 was the 24th FIBA Africa Championship, played under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Basketball, the basketball sport governing body of the African zone. The tournament was hosted by Angola, in the cities of Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo and Lubango.

Angola won its fifth consecutive African championship and ninth overall by beating Cameroon 86-72 in the championship game. Cape Verde won the bronze medal game over Egypt. Angola qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, whereas Cameroon and Cape Verde qualified for the 2008 Olympic qualifying tournament. Angola's Joaquim Gomes was awarded as the tournament's Most Valuable Player.
Lewys Dwnn
Lewys Dwnn (c. 1550–1616) was a Welsh poet and Welsh genealogist. Also known as Lewys ap Rhys ab Owain. Lewys Dwnn originated from Bettws Cedewain in Montgomeryshire and claimed descent from a David Dwnn of Kidwelly.

Kidwelly
Kidwelly (Welsh: Cydweli) is a town and community in Carmarthenshire, southwest Wales, approximately 7 miles (11 km) northwest of the most populous town in the county, Llanelli. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 3,689.

It lies on the River Gwendraeth above Carmarthen Bay. The community includes Mynyddgarreg and Llangadog.
Janusz Ostrogski
Prince Janusz Ostrogski (Lithuanian: Jonušas Ostrogiškis; 1554 – 17 September 1620 in Tarnów) was a Polish–Lithuanian noble and statesman. He served as a voivode of Volhynia (1584–1593), as a castellan of Kraków (from 1593 on), and as a starosta of Bohuslav (from 1591), Biała Cerkiew (since 1592), Czerkasy and Kaniów (from 1594), Perejasław (1604 on) and Włodzimierz.

Ostrogski was one of the richest magnates of the Commonwealth,  and the last of the male line of his family. Upon his death his estate passed to the Zasławskis.

Volodymyr, Ukraine
Volodymyr (Ukrainian: Володимир, IPA: [woloˈdɪmɪr] ⓘ; Polish: Włodzimierz, originally Włodzimierz Wołyński), previously known as Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Володимир-Волинський) from 1944 to 2021, is a small city in Volyn Oblast, northwestern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Volodymyr Raion and the center of Volodymyr urban hromada. It is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine and the historic centre of the region of Volhynia; it served as the capital of the Principality of Volhynia and later as one of the capital cities of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Population: 37,910 (2022 estimate).

The medieval Latin name of the town "Lodomeria" became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, of which the town itself was not a part. Five kilometres (three miles) south from Volodymyr is Zymne, where the oldest Orthodox monastery in Volhynia is located.
BTDigg
BTDigg is the first Mainline DHT search engine. It participates in the BitTorrent DHT network, supporting the network and making correspondence between magnet links and a few torrent attributes (name, size, list of files) that are indexed and inserted into a database. For end users, BTDigg provides a full-text database search via a Web interface. The Web part of its search system retrieves proper information by a user's text query. The Web search supports queries in European and Asian languages. The project name is an acronym of BitTorrent Digger. (In this context, digger mean treasure-hunter.) It went offline in June 2016, reportedly due to index spam. However, as of 2025 the service is back online, albeit often inaccessible from standard clearnet connections because of IP filtering. The service can be accessed via the Tor network/Tor Browser.

Full-text search
In text retrieval, full-text search refers to techniques for searching a single computer-stored document or a collection in a full-text database. Full-text search is distinguished from searches based on metadata or on parts of the original texts represented in databases (such as titles, abstracts, selected sections, or bibliographical references).

In a full-text search, a search engine examines all of the words in every stored document as it tries to match search criteria (for example, text specified by a user). Full-text-searching techniques appeared in the 1960s, for example IBM STAIRS from 1969, and became common in online bibliographic databases in the 1990s. Many websites and application programs (such as word processing software) provide full-text-search capabilities. Some web search engines, such as the former AltaVista, employ full-text-search techniques, while others index only a portion of the web pages examined by their indexing systems.
Stojan Radic
Stojan Radic is an electrical engineer at the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla since 2003. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for his contributions to optical signal processing by leveraging optical fiber non-linearities.

Radic received his Ph.D. in optics from The Institute of Optics (Rochester, NY)) in 1995. He was also a chairman at the Jacobs School at Duke University.

Institute of Optics
The Institute of Optics is a department and research center at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York. The institute grants degrees at the bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels through the University of Rochester School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Since its founding, the institute has granted over 2,500 degrees in optics, making up about half of the degrees awarded in the field in the United States. The institute is made up of 20 full-time professors, 12 professors with joint appointments in other departments, 10 adjunct professors, 5 research scientists, 11 staff, about 170 undergraduate students and about 110 graduate students.
Novaya Svetlitsa
Novaya Svetlitsa (Russian: Новая Светлица; Komi-Permyak: Виль Светлича, Viľ Svetlića) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Svetlichanskoye Rural Settlement, Kosinsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 333 as of 2010. There are 10 streets.

Komi-Permyak language
Komi-Permyak (перем коми кыв, IPA: [ˈperem ˈkomi kɨv], or коми-пермяцкӧй кыв, IPA: [ˈkomi perˈmʲɑtskəj kɨv]), also known as Permyak, is one of two Permic varieties in the Uralic language family that form a pluricentric language, the other being Komi-Zyryan. Udmurt is another Permic language spoken outside of the region and not a member of the Komi pluricentric language.

The Komi-Permyak language, spoken in Perm Krai of Russia and written using the Komi Cyrillic alphabet, was co-official with Russian in the Komi-Permyak Okrug of Perm Krai.
Roza Dam
Roza Dam (National ID # WA00275) is a diversion dam on the Yakima River, about 10 miles (16 km) north of Yakima, just west of SR 821.  The dam, built in 1939, is 486 feet (148 m) long at the crest and 67 feet (20 m) high, and impounds approximately 100 acres (40 ha) of water.  The dam also has 12,000 kW power production capacity, online as of 1956.  There is also an adult fish ladder at this location.

Yakima, Washington
Yakima (/ˈjækɪmɑː/ or /ˈjækɪmə/) is a city in and the county seat of Yakima County, Washington, United States, and the state's 11th most populous city. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 96,968 and a metropolitan population of 256,728. The unincorporated suburban areas of West Valley and Terrace Heights are considered a part of greater Yakima.

Yakima is about 60 miles (100 kilometers) southeast of Mount Rainier in Washington. It is situated in the Yakima Valley, a productive agricultural region noted for apple, wine, and hop production. As of 2011, the Yakima Valley produces 77% of all hops grown in the United States. The name Yakima originates from the Yakama Nation Native American tribe, whose reservation is located south of the city.
Paraclete Potter
Paraclete Potter (1784 – 1858) was a publisher, bookseller, political activist, and civic-minded entrepreneur in Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York.  For several years, he was the publisher of the Poughkeepsie Journal newspaper and owned a popular bookstore.  He became wealthy in a real estate boom in the 1830s, and went bust by 1840, in a real estate crash; then, he rebuilt his multi-part career in Wisconsin Territory.

Wisconsin Territory
The Territory of Wisconsin was an organized and incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 3, 1836, until May 29, 1848, when an eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Wisconsin. Belmont was initially chosen as the capital of the territory. In 1837, the territorial legislature met in Burlington, just north of the Skunk River on the Mississippi, which became part of the Iowa Territory in 1838. In that year, 1838, the territorial capital of Wisconsin was moved to Madison.
Hydantoin
Hydantoin, or glycolylurea, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula CH2C(O)NHC(O)NH.  It is a colorless solid that arises from the reaction of glycolic acid and urea. It is an oxidized derivative of imidazolidine. In a more general sense, hydantoins can refer to groups or a class of compounds with the same ring structure as the parent compound. For example, phenytoin (mentioned below) has two phenyl groups substituted onto the number 5 carbon in a hydantoin molecule.

Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula [NH4]2CO3. It is an ammonium salt of carbonic acid. It is composed of ammonium cations [NH4]+ and carbonate anions CO2−3. Since ammonium carbonate readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt. It is also known as baker's ammonia and is a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder. It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn, and produces a pungent smell when baked. It comes in the form of a white powder or block, with a molar mass of 96.09 g/mol and a density of 1.50 g/cm3. It is a strong electrolyte.
2016 UniCredit Czech Open
The 2016 UniCredit Czech Open is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is the 23rd edition of the tournament which is part of the 2016 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Prostějov, Czech Republic between 31 May and 4 June 2016.

Dominik Kellovský
Dominik Kellovský (born 24 July 1996) is a Czech tennis player.
Kellovský has a career high ATP singles ranking of world No. 468 achieved on 5 December 2016. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of No. 328 achieved on 8 September 2025.
2006 United States Virgin Islands general election
General elections were held in the U.S. Virgin Islands on November 7, 2006 in order to elect the goverbor, 15 members of the Legislature and the delegate to United States House of Representatives. Incumbent Democratic governor Charles Wesley Turnbull was term-limited and couldn't run for re-election to a third term in office. John de Jongh failed to win in the first round by just 2 votes, since no candidate received a majority in the general election, as required by the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, a runoff was held between John de Jongh and Kenneth Mapp, the two top vote getters.

Charles Wesley Turnbull
Charles Wesley Turnbull (February 5, 1935 – July 3, 2022) was an U.S. Virgin Islands politician, educator and historian who served as the sixth governor of the United States Virgin Islands from 1999 to 2007.
Structure of the Swedish Army
The following is an overview of the Swedish Army's operational organisation between 2025 and 2030. The Swedish Army is commanded by the Chief of Defence (Överbefälhavaren) based at the Headquarters (Högkvarteret) in Stockholm. Regiments are responsible for training and producing wartime units, while specialised training centres focus on advanced or specific skills for specialised troops.

The army's main combat formation is the 1st Division, which consists of three mechanised and one infantry brigade.

1st Division (Sweden)
The 1st Division (1. div) is a mechanised division of the Swedish Army based in Västra Götaland County. It has been active since 2022, having previously served between 2000 and 2004. It is headquartered at Skövde Garrison.
Astorre III Manfredi
Astorre III Manfredi (June 20, 1485 – June 9, 1502) was lord Faenza, in northern Italy, from 1488 to 1501.

He was born in Faenza, the son of Galeotto Manfredi. He succeeded his father in the lordship of Faenza in 1488 at the age of three.

In 1501 he was deposed by Cesare Borgia and sent to Rome. He was assassinated in the Castel Sant'Angelo the following year.

Castel Sant'Angelo
Castel Sant'Angelo (pronounced [kaˈstɛl sanˈtandʒelo] Italian for 'Castle of the Holy Angel'), also known as Mausoleum of Hadrian (Italian: Mausoleo di Adriano),  is a towering rotunda (cylindrical building) in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy. It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family. The popes later used the building as a fortress and castle, and it is now a museum. The structure was once the tallest building in Rome.
Kofman
Kofman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Abram Kofman, (1865–1940), Russian Esperanto poet

Bereck Kofman (1900–1943), French rabbi

Boaz Kofman (born 1935), Israeli footballer

Celina Kofman (1924–2020), Argentine human rights activist

Galina Kofman, American computer scientist

Jeffrey Kofman (born 1959), Canadian television journalist

Michael Kofman, American military analyst

Roman Kofman (1936–2026), Ukrainian composer and conductor

Sarah Kofman (1934–1994), French philosopher

Galina Kofman
Galina Kofman is a computer scientist and business executive. She was the author of the Kerberos protocol for various IBM systems. Kofman also authored FTP for IBM VM/CMS and OS/2. She received two IBM CEO Outstanding Technical Achievements awards and holds a patent on grid applications. Kofman is an executive at Recyclebank, a green company that rewards people for recycling.
Empress Hyoŭi
Empress Hyoui (효의황후, 孝懿皇后; literally "the filial and benign empress"; 715–776?), was a queen consort of Balhae as the wife of King Mun (Dae Heum-mu). It is unknown from where she came or whether she was the mother of his children.

Her existence is first known by the excavating of her tomb and tombstone in Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, China. According to the Japanese history book Shoku Nihongi, King Mun's queen consort died in 776, but it is unknown whether the queen consort here refers to Hyoui or not. In 2004–5, at least 14 tombs during the Balhae period were unearthed from the Longtou Mountain. Chinese governments also revealed that the two tombs named M12 and M3 that in the form of a large stone chamber tomb, were Hyoui and Sunmok's tombs. In the same area, Princess Jeonghye and Princess Jeonghyo's tombs were also excavated in 1949 and 1980. But besides that, not much information has appeared.

Queen consort
A queen consort  is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as regent.  In polygynous societies, a (male) monarch has a principal or senior wife.

In contrast, a queen regnant is a female monarch who rules suo jure (Latin for, "in her own right") and usually becomes queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch.

A queen dowager is a widowed queen consort, and a queen mother is a queen dowager who is the mother of the current monarch.
Brighton Heights Reformed Church
Brighton Heights Reformed Church is a Dutch Reformed church at 320 St. Marks Place in St. George, Staten Island, New York City. It is the second of two church buildings that have stood on the site.

The AIA Guide to New York City (1978) states that the original church was built in 1866, although the construction for the previous location began in 1818, and became independent in 1823, with one of its founding members being Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins.

The original building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The current structure is not the one added to the NRHP. The original structure was destroyed in an accidental fire in the 1990s.

AIA Guide to New York City
The AIA Guide to New York City by Norval White, Elliot Willensky, and Fran Leadon is an extensive catalogue with descriptions, critique and photographs of significant and noteworthy architecture throughout the five boroughs of New York City. Originally published in 1967, the fifth edition, with new co-author Fran Leadon, was published in 2010.
Colby Williams
Colby Williams (born January 26, 1995) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing with HC Lada Togliatti of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was drafted 173rd overall by the Washington Capitals in the sixth round of the 2015 NHL Entry Draft and previously played in the American Hockey League (AHL) for the Hershey Bears and Belleville Senators.

Belleville Senators
The Belleville Senators (colloquially known as the B-Sens) are a professional ice hockey team based in Belleville, Ontario. They are the American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate of the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Ottawa Senators. The Senators play their home games at CAA Arena. The franchise was previously based in Binghamton, New York, as the Binghamton Senators.
Golden Grove mine
The Golden Grove mine is a copper, lead, silver, zinc and gold mine located 52 km south-southeast of Yalgoo, Western Australia. It is operated by 29Metals Limited after a 2021 divestment by EMR Capital.

Gold mining
Gold mining is the extraction of gold by mining.

Historically, gold mining from alluvial deposits used manual separation processes, such as gold panning. The expansion of gold mining to ores that are below the surface has led to more complex extraction processes such as pit mining and gold cyanidation. In the 20th and 21st centuries, large corporations produce the vast majority of the gold mined. However, as a result of the increasing value of gold, there are also millions of small, artisanal miners in many parts of the Global South.

As with all mining, human rights and environmental issues are important issues in the gold mining industry, and can result in environmental conflict. In mines with less regulation, health and safety risks are much higher.
Blackberry Creek (Missouri)
Blackberry Creek is a stream in Jasper and Barton counties of southwest Missouri. It is a tributary of Spring River.

The stream headwaters are located at 37°23′46″N 94°35′20″W﻿ / ﻿37.39611°N 94.58889°W﻿ / 37.39611; -94.58889 and the confluence with the Spring River is at 37°15′07″N 94°33′10″W﻿ / ﻿37.25194°N 94.55278°W﻿ / 37.25194; -94.55278. The stream source is located in the southwest corner of Barton County about 3.5 miles west of the community of Nashville and three mile east of the Missouri–Kansas border. The stream flows south to southeast into northwest Jasper County and passes under state routes H and M to join the Spring River east of Waco and southwest of Galesburg.

Blackberry Creek was named for the blackberry bushes lining its banks.

Nashville, Missouri
Nashville is a small unincorporated community in southwestern Barton County one mile north of the Barton-Jasper county line, near the western border of Missouri, United States. It is on Missouri Route AA one mile west of Route 43. The community is approximately twelve miles southwest of Lamar and 22 miles north of Joplin.

Developed in a rural, farming area, Nashville was platted in 1869 after the American Civil War. The name is a transfer from Nashville, Tennessee. A post office called Nashville had been established in 1861, and remained in operation until 1959.

Harlow Shapley was born at Nashville in 1885. He became a notable American astronomer and was director of the Harvard College Observatory (1921–1952).
Davis Islands (Antarctica)
The Davis Islands (66°40′S 108°25′E﻿ / ﻿66.667°S 108.417°E﻿ / -66.667; 108.417) are a small group of rocky islands lying in the west part of the entrance to Vincennes Bay. First mapped (1955) by G.D. Blodgett from aerial photographs taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1947). Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Malcolm Davis, bird curator of the zoo, Washington, DC, who served as biologist aboard the ship as ornithologist during U.S. Navy Operation Windmill (1947-48).

Operation Windmill
Operation Windmill (OpWml) was the United States Navy's Second Antarctica Developments Project, an exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947–1948. This operation was a follow-up to the First Antarctica Development Project known as Operation Highjump (1946–1947). The expedition was commanded by Commander Gerald L. Ketchum, USN, and the flagship of Task Force 39 was the icebreaker USS Burton Island.

Missions during Operation Windmill varied including supply activities, helicopter reconnaissance of ice flows, scientific surveys, underwater demolition surveys, and convoy exercises. Malcolm Davis collected live animals, such as penguins and leopard seals, for zoological studies.

The icebreaker USS Edisto (AG-89) sailed on 1 November 1947 for the Panama Canal to rendezvous with the Burton Island for the expedition.
Allotinus macassarensis
Allotinus macassarensis is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by William Jacob Holland in 1891. It is endemic to Sulawesi.
Fruhstorfer in Seitz ( page 812 plate (141 h ) provides a description differentiating macassarensis from nearby taxa.

William Jacob Holland
Rev William Jacob Holland FRSE LLD (August 16, 1848 – December 13, 1932) was the eighth Chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh (1891–1901) and Director of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh. He was an accomplished lepidopterist, zoologist, and paleontologist, as well as an ordained Presbyterian minister.