hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carcinology
Carcinology, from Ancient Greek καρκίνος (karkínos), meaning "crab", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study", is a branch of zoology that consists of the study of crustaceans. Crustaceans are a large traditional subphylum of arthropods classified by having a hard exoskeleton made of chitin or chitin and calcium, three body regions, and jointed, paired appendages. Crustaceans include lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, copepods, barnacles and crabs.  Most crustaceans are aquatic, but some can be terrestrial, sessile, or parasitic. Other names for carcinology are malacostracology, crustaceology, and crustalogy, and a person who studies crustaceans is a carcinologist or occasionally a malacostracologist, a crustaceologist, or a crustalogist.

The word carcinology derives from Greek καρκίνος, karkínos, "crab"; and -λογία, -logia.

Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n (/ˈkaɪtɪn/ KY-tin) is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi (especially filamentous and mushroom-forming fungi), the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae, cephalopod beaks and gladii of molluscs and in some nematodes and diatoms.
It is also synthesised by at least some fish and lissamphibians. Commercially, chitin is extracted from the shells of crabs, shrimps, shellfish and lobsters, which are major by-products of the seafood industry. The structure of chitin is comparable to cellulose, forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers. It is functionally comparable to the protein keratin. Chitin has proved useful for several medicinal, industrial and biotechnological purposes.
Hubert Jack
Hubert Hosack Jack (February 23, 1904 – March 15, 1981) was an American football and wrestling coach. He was the head wrestling coach at Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania from 1943 to 1962 and football coach from 1946 to 1968. He led the wrestling team to a 153–39–5 record and the football team to a 102–91–7 record. He retired from coaching in January 1969.

Jack was graduate of Grove City High School in Grove City, Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock State Teachers College—now known as Slippery Rock University—in Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh.

Slippery Rock University
Slippery Rock University, formally Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania (The Rock or SRU), is a public university in the Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania area of the United States. SRU is a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE). The university has been coeducational since its founding in 1889. SRU is fully accredited by the Middle State Commission on Higher Learning.

As of fall 2025, SRU's total enrollment was 8,625, including 7,088 undergraduates and 1,537 graduate students. There were also more than 946 employees, including 386 full-time faculty and a 21:1 student-to-faculty ratio.
Bereket, Ardanuç
Bereket is a village in the Ardanuç District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 143 (2021).

The historical name of Bereket is Klarjeti. The village bears the same name as the historical region in which it is located. The most important historical structure in the village is Klarjeti Castle.

Artvin Province
Artvin Province (Turkish: Artvin ili; Georgian: ართვინის პროვინცია, Artvinis p'rovintsia; Laz: ართვინიშ დობადონა Artvinish dobadona;) is a province in Turkey, on the Black Sea coast in the northeastern corner of the country, on the border with Georgia. Artvin also borders the Turkish provinces of Erzurum, Ardahan and Rize. Its area is 7,393 km2, and its population is 169,403 (2022). The provincial capital is the city of Artvin.
Glen, Minnesota
Glen is an unincorporated community and business district in Aitkin County, Minnesota, United States. The community is located southeast of the city of Aitkin at the junction of State Highway 47 (MN 47), Aitkin County Road 12 (Deer Street), and 280th Street.

Glen is located within Glen Township and Malmo Township. Nearby places include Aitkin, Malmo, Isle, Garrison, Bennettville, and Thor. Glen is five miles north of Mille Lacs Lake.

Garrison, Minnesota
Garrison is a city in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States, along Mille Lacs Lake. As of the 2020 census, Garrison had a population of 194. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area. U.S. Highway 169 and Minnesota State Highway 18 are the main routes in the community.
Anti-Asian racism
Anti-Asian racism (or racism against Asians) refers to instances in which people of Asian descent are subject to racist policies, discrimination, and mistreatment from institutions or non-Asian people - typically in the Western world or in other countries outside Asia.

Asian people
"Asian people" (sometimes "Asiatic people") is an umbrella term for people who belong to any ethnic, racial, or national group with origins in Asia. It is most often used in contexts concerning the Asian diaspora, which consists of Asian people and their descendants living outside of the continent. The exact definition of the term may vary by country; some classifications of "Asian" may only refer to certain Asian-origin groups, as opposed to the population of the entire continent.
Jhelum railway station
Jhelum Railway Station (Urdu and Punjabi: جہلم ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Jhelum city, Jhelum district of Punjab province, Pakistan. The station has stoppage of all trains except priority trains like Green Line Express, Rehman Baba Express and Islamabad Express.

The famous trains that start, end, or pass through Jhelum station include 1st Eidulfitr Special, 2nd Eid Special, 3rd Eid Special, 4th Eidulfitr Special, Awam Express, Hazara Express and Jaffar Express.

Rehman Baba Express
Rehman Baba Express (Urdu: رحمان بابا ایکسپریس) is a passenger train operated daily by Pakistan Railways between Karachi and Peshawar. The trip takes approximately 27 hours and 50 minutes, to cover a published distance of 1,491 kilometres (926 mi), traveling along the entire stretch of the Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line  and Khanewal–Wazirabad Branch Line. The train named after the Rehman Baba, who was a Sufi Dervish and poet. The Train was inaugurated on 23 December 2018 by former Minister for Railways Sheikh Rashid Ahmed at Peshawar Cantonment railway station. Train was outsourced to PRACS on January 1 2023, in September 2023, PRACS refused to run Rehman Baba Express.
Morsink Icon Gallery
Morsink Icon Gallery (previously called Jan Morsink Ikonen) was an international gallery in Amsterdam specialized in Russian and Greek icons dating from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. The collection presented the masterpieces of iconographic schools of Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Palech and the isle of Crete. The gallery closed its doors in 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Pskov
Pskov (Russian: Псков, IPA: [ˈpskof] ⓘ; see also names in other languages) is a city in northwestern Russia and the administrative center of Pskov Oblast, located about 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River. Population: 193,082 (2021 census); 203,279 (2010 census); 202,780 (2002 census); 203,789 (1989 Soviet census).

Pskov is one of the oldest cities in Russia. During the Middle Ages, it served as the capital of the Pskov Republic and was a trading post of the Hanseatic League before it was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow and became an important border fortress in the Tsardom of Russia.
Mark Kermode's Secrets of Cinema
Mark Kermode's Secrets of Cinema is a British TV documentary series on BBC Four. Presented by the film critic Mark Kermode, each 60-minute episode examines the tropes which come together to make a particular genre of cinema. An initial series of five episodes aired in 2018. A Christmas special was broadcast later that year, followed by two further specials in 2019. Series two and three, each consisting of three episodes, aired in 2020 and 2021 respectively. The programme has attracted positive reviews from TV critics.

Trope (cinema)
In cinema, a trope is a type of stereotypical situation or mannerism of a character that is commonly used in its setting or genre.

A common thematic trope is the rise and fall of a mobster in a classic gangster film; this trope often features the sartorial trope of a rising gangster buying new clothes.
Losing (album)
Losing is the second studio album by American rock band Bully. It was released on October 20, 2017 by Sub Pop. The album was produced by Bully frontwoman Alicia Bognanno and recorded in 2016 at Electrical Audio in Chicago.

Electrical Audio
Electrical Audio is a recording facility founded in Chicago, Illinois by musician and recording engineer Steve Albini in 1997. Hundreds of independent music projects have been recorded there. Unlike most producers, Albini refused to take any royalties from musicians who record at the studio.

Founded during an era of increasing popularity for digital recording, Electrical Audio was unusual for using only analog recording technology, including mixing consoles, tape recorders and many outboard sound effects. The rooms are also designed to offer natural reverberation rather than adding the quality in post-production.

In a 2007 post on the studio's message board, the studio's technician Greg Norman revealed that the studio had acquired a Pro Tools rig for computer-aided recording and editing, saying it had become "as important to have as a piano". Norman also went on to write that Albini, who disliked digital recording, "won't be recording with [Pro Tools]. So don't ask him about it."
IPTC 7901
IPTC 7901 is a news service text markup specification published by the International Press Telecommunications Council that was designed to standardize the content and structure of text news articles. It was formally approved in 1979, and is still the world's most common way of transmitting news articles to newspapers, web sites and broadcasters from news services.

Using fixed metadata fields and a series of control and other special characters, IPTC 7901 was designed to feed text stories to both teleprinters and computer-based news editing systems. Stories can be assigned to broad categories (such as sports or culture) and be given a higher or lower priority based upon importance.

Although superseded in the early 1990s by IPTC Information Interchange Model and later by the XML-based News Industry Text Format, 7901's huge existing user base has persisted.

IPTC 7901 is closely related to ANPA-1312 (also known as ANPA 84-2 and later 89-3) of the Newspaper Association of America.

News Media Alliance
The News Media Alliance (formerly known as the Newspaper Association of America (NAA) until 2016; stylized as News/Media Alliance) is a trade association representing approximately 2,000 news media organizations in the United States and in Canada. Member newspapers represented by the Alliance include large daily papers, non-daily and small-market publications, and digital and multiplatform products. The organization has organized and hosted mediaXchange, the newspaper industry's annual conference.
Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for the Arts
The Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for the Arts is a creative and performing arts space based at the University of Houston. The Center invites artists and creative thinkers to the university to showcase their work, develop new projects, lead workshops, and teach courses. The Center also commissions and produces new works.

The center was founded in 2003 to promote innovative collaboration and interchange between artists. The center also forms a hub for the five arts school at the University of Houston: the School of Art, the Moores School of Music, the School of Theatre and Dance, the Creative Writing Program, and the Blaffer Art Museum.

Creative writing
Creative writing is any writing that goes beyond the boundaries of normal professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of literature, typically identified by an emphasis on craft and technique, such as narrative structure, character development, literary tropes, genre, and poetics. Both fictional and non-fictional works fall into this category, including such forms as novels, biographies, short stories, poems, and even some forms of journalism. In academic settings, creative writing is typically separated into fiction and poetry classes, with a focus on writing in an original style, as opposed to imitating pre-existing genres such as crime or horror. Writing for the screen and stage—screenwriting and playwriting—are often taught separately, but fit under the creative writing category as well.
Don Henderson
Donald Francis Henderson (10 November 1931 – 22 June 1997) was an English actor. He was known for playing both "tough guy" roles and authority figures, and is remembered for his portrayal of detective George Bulman between 1976 and 1987 in the popular Granada Television police drama series  The XYY Man (1976-1977), Strangers (1978–1982), and Bulman (1985-1987). He was priest Frank Kane in BBC drama The Paradise Club (1989–90), and as General Tagge in the first Star Wars film (1977). Other credits included Warship (1973-1975), Poldark (1975), Doctor Who: Delta and the Bannermen (1987), Brazil (1985), The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), Last of the Summer Wine (1988), Maigret (1988), Minder (1989), The Fool (1990), Boon (1991), Cracker (1993), The Wind in the Willows (1996), and "Beyond a Joke" in Red Dwarf (1997).

The Wind in the Willows (1996 film)
The Wind in the Willows (released on VHS and DVD as Mr. Toad's Wild Ride in the United States) is a 1996 British adventure comedy film based on Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows, adapted and directed by Terry Jones, and produced by Jake Eberts and John Goldstone. The film stars Jones, Steve Coogan, Eric Idle and Nicol Williamson. While positively regarded by critics, the film was given only a very limited theatrical release in the U.S. due to a lawsuit between Columbia Pictures and Disney.
Otira Tunnel
The Otira Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the Midland Line in the South Island of New Zealand, between Otira and Arthur's Pass. It runs under the Southern Alps from Arthur's Pass to Otira – a length of over 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi). The gradient is mainly 1 in 33, and the Otira end of the tunnel is over 250 m (820 ft) lower than the Arthur's Pass end.

Southern Alps
The Southern Alps (Māori: Kā Tiritiri o te Moana; officially Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana) is a mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand's South Island, reaching its greatest elevations near the range's western side. The name "Southern Alps" generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of the smaller ranges that form part of it.

The range includes the South Island's Main Divide, which separates the water catchments of the more heavily populated eastern side of the island from those on the west coast. Politically, the Main Divide forms the boundary between the Marlborough, Canterbury and Otago regions to the southeast and the Tasman and West Coast regions to the northwest.
Phowa
Phowa (Tibetan: འཕོ་བ་, Wylie: 'pho ba, Sanskrit: saṃkrānti) is a tantric practice found in both Hinduism and Buddhism. It may be described as "transference of consciousness at the time of death", "mindstream transference", "the practice of conscious dying", or "enlightenment without meditation" (Wylie: ma-sgom sangs-rgyas). In Tibetan Buddhism phowa is one of the Six yogas of Naropa and also appears in many other lineages and systems of teaching.

Lama Thubten Yeshe taught on the subject of phowa that "We have to choose the right time to transfer our consciousness; we’re not allowed to do it at the wrong time because that becomes suicide."

Outside of Buddhism  "This controversial esoteric technique (Skt. utkrānti), by which a tantric practitioner is able to sever his connection to the physical body, goes  by the Indian reference to 'yogic' or spiritual suicide. It is referred to in many Saiva scriptures, in one Vaisnava Samhita, and a handful of Sākta Tantras.

Mindstream
Mindstream (Pali: citta-santāna, Sanskrit: citta-saṃtāna, Tibetan: sems-rgyud, Ch: xin xiangxu 心相續) in Buddhist philosophy is the moment-to-moment continuum of sense impressions and mental phenomena (citta), which is also described as continuing from one life to another. Often described as a "stream of mind" or "mental continuum," the mindstream is not a static entity but a dynamic flow of arising and passing mental phenomena, which refers as a string of passing moments that happen either in the same lifetime or in the transitional period between one life and another.
Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's eight
The men's eight (M8+) competition at the 1984 Summer Olympics took place at Lake Casitas in Ventura County, California, United States. It was held from 31 July to 5 August. There were 7 boats (63 competitors) from 7 nations, with each nation limited to a single boat in the event. New Zealand had won the last two world championships, and the other strong team, East Germany, was absent from the event due to the Eastern Bloc boycott. This made New Zealand the strong favourite. But the final was won by Canada, with the United States and Australia the other medallists, and New Zealand coming a disappointing fourth.

Ventura County, California
Ventura County (/vɛnˈtʊərə/ ⓘ) is a county located in the southern part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 843,843. The largest city is Oxnard, California, and the county seat is the city of Ventura, California.

Ventura County comprises the Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Greater Los Angeles area (Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area). It is also considered the southernmost county along the California Central Coast.

Two of the Channel Islands are part of the county: Anacapa Island, which is the most visited island in Channel Islands National Park, and San Nicolas Island.
Climate of Georgia (U.S. state)
The climate of Georgia is a humid subtropical climate, with most of the state having short, mild winters and long, hot summers.  The Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of Georgia and the hill country in the north impact the state's climate. Also, the Chattahoochee River divides Georgia into separate climatic regions with the mountain region to the northwest being cooler than the rest of the state; the average temperatures for the mountain region in January and July are 39 °F (4 °C) and 78 °F (26 °C) respectively. Winter in Georgia is characterized by mild temperatures and little snowfall around the state, with the potential for snow and ice increasing in the northern parts of the state. Occasionally, Arctic air masses can cause snowfall. Summer daytime temperatures in Georgia often exceed 95 °F (35 °C). The state experiences widespread precipitation. Tornadoes and tropical cyclones are common.

Polar front
In meteorology, the polar front is the weather front boundary between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell around the 60° latitude, near the polar regions, in both hemispheres. At this boundary a sharp gradient in temperature occurs between these two air masses, each at very different temperatures.

The polar front arises as a result of cold polar air meeting warm tropical air.  It is a stationary front as the air masses are not moving against each other and stays stable. Off the coast of eastern North America, especially in winter, there is a sharp temperature gradient between the snow-covered land and the warm offshore currents.

The polar front theory says that mid-latitude extratropical cyclones form on boundaries between warm and cold air. In winter, the polar front shifts towards the Equator, whereas high pressure systems dominate more in the summer.
Santiago Tuxtla
Santiago Tuxtla is a small city and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. The area was originally part of lands granted to Hernán Cortés by the Spanish Crown in 1531. The city was founded in 1525, but it did not gain municipal status until 1932. Today, the municipality is poor and agricultural but is home to several unique traditions such as the Santiago Tuxtla Fair and the Acarreo de Niño Dios, when images of the Child Jesus are carried in procession several times during the Christmas season. It is also home to the Museo Regional Tuxteco (Tuxtla Regional Museum) which houses much of the area's Olmec artifacts, including a number of colossal heads and other monumental stone works.  The city's main plaza hosts the largest Olmec colossal head in Mexico, thus making it famous.

Christmas in Mexico
Christmas in Mexico is observed from December 12 to January 6, with one additional celebration on February 2. Traditional decorations displayed on this holiday include nativity scenes, poinsettias, and Christmas trees. The season begins with celebrations related to the Virgin of Guadalupe, the Patroness of Mexico, followed by traditions such as Las Posadas and Pastorelas.

On Christmas Eve, there is a mass and feast. On January 6, the arrival of the Three Wise Men is celebrated with Candlemas and the presentation of images of Jesus as a child at churches. These traditions were formed from influences in both the pre-Hispanic period and Mexico's colonial period, thus incorporating indigenous and Spanish practices. There are also a few influences from both Germany and the United States.
Claman
Claman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dolores Claman (1927–2021), Canadian composer and pianist

Julian Claman (1918–1969), American actor

Liz Claman (born 1963), American television journalist

Matt Claman (born 1959), American politician

Zachary Claman DeMelo (born 1998), Canadian race car driver

Dolores Claman
Dolores Olga Claman (6 July 1927 – 17 July 2021) was a Canadian composer and pianist. She is best known for having composed the 1968 theme song for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's (CBC) Hockey Night In Canada show, known simply as "The Hockey Theme", which many consider Canada's unofficial second national anthem. She is also known for "A Place to Stand", the tune that accompanied the film of the same name at Montreal's Expo 67 Ontario pavilion. This is regarded as Ontario's de facto provincial anthem.
Haymo of Faversham
Haymo of Faversham O.F.M. (d. c. 1243) was an English Franciscan scholar. His scholastic epithet was Inter Aristotelicos Aristotelicissimus (Latin for "Most Aristotelian among the Aristotelians"), referring to his stature among the Scholastics during the Recovery of Aristotle amid the 12th- and 13th-century Renaissance. He acquired fame as a lecturer at the University of Paris and also as a preacher when he entered the Order of Friars Minor, probably in 1224 or 1225. He served as the Minister Provincial for England (1239–1240) and as the Minister General of the Order (1240–c. 1243).

Scholastic accolades
It was customary in the European Middle Ages, more precisely in the period of scholasticism which extended into early modern times, to designate the more celebrated among the doctors of theology and law by epithets or surnames which were supposed to express their characteristic excellence or dignity. The following list exhibits the principal surnames with the dates of death.

See also Doctor of the Church and List of Latinised names.