hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sarah Thomason
Sarah "Sally" Thomason (née Grey; born 1939) is an American scholar of linguistics, Bernard Bloch distinguished professor emerita at the University of Michigan. She is best known for her work on language contact, historical linguistics, pidgins and creoles, Slavic Linguistics, Native American languages and typological universals. She also has an interest in debunking linguistic pseudoscience, and has collaborated with publications such as the Skeptical Inquirer, The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal and American Speech, in regard to claims of xenoglossy.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
Montgomery Memorial
The Montgomery Memorial is a monument dedicated on May 21, 1950, to the pioneering aviation achievement of John J. Montgomery and his early glider flights in the 1880s in Otay Mesa, San Diego. It is situated adjacent to the Montgomery-Waller Recreation Center. The monument features a 93-foot high stainless steel static test wing panel for the Consolidated B-32 Dominator mounted upright that is visible for miles. Because of this feature, it is also sometimes referred to locally as Silver Wing.

Otay Mesa, San Diego
Otay Mesa (/ˈoʊtaɪ ˈmeɪsə/ OH-ty MAY-sə) is a community in the southern exclave of San Diego, California, just north of the U.S.–Mexico border.

It is bordered by the Otay River Valley and the city of Chula Vista on the north; Interstate 805 and the neighborhoods of Ocean View Hills and San Ysidro on the west; unincorporated San Diego County on the north and east including East Otay Mesa and the San Ysidro Mountains; and the Otay Centenario borough of Tijuana, Mexico, on the south.

Major thoroughfares include Otay Mesa Road/California State Route 905, Otay Valley Road/Heritage Road, Siempre Viva Road, and California State Route 125.  Otay Mesa is the second-least walkable neighborhood of San Diego.
Leopold Johanson
Leopold Johannes Johanson (15 February 1888 Tartu – 5 December 1941 Sevurallag, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russian SFSR) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of I Riigikogu, II Riigikogu, III Riigikogu, IV Riigikogu, and V Riigikogu.

1928–1929 he was Minister of Labour and Welfare and of Education. 1932–1933 he was Minister of Communications.

Sverdlovsk Oblast
Sverdlovsk Oblast (Russian: Свердловская область, romanized: Sverdlovskaya oblast, [ʹsvʲɪrdˈlofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as "Sverdlovsk". Its population is 4,268,998 (according to the 2021 Census).
Geoffrey Sidaway
Geoffrey Harold Sidaway (28 October 1942 – 20 April 2014) was Archdeacon of Gloucester from 2000 until 2012.

Sidaway studied for ordination at Kelham Theological College and was priested in 1967. After curacies in Beighton and Chesterfield he was Vicar of St Bartholomew, Derby from 1972 to 1977. He was Vicar of St Martin, Maidstone from 1977 to 1986; and Bearsted and Thurnham from 1986 to 2000. He was a Canon Residentiary at Gloucester Cathedral from 2007 to 2012; and Priest in charge of Highnam, Lassington, Rudford, Tibberton and Taynton from 2013 until his death.

Tibberton, Gloucestershire
Tibberton is a village and civil parish in the Forest of Dean District of Gloucestershire, England. The village is 5 miles (8 km) north-west of Gloucester and 5 miles (8 km) south-east of Newent. At the 2021 Census, the population of the output areas roughly equating to the civil parish was 576. Tibberton is a parish of 1,406 acres (5.69 km2) in an area with 254 households. The population of the central village area within the parish was estimated at 345 people by Forest of Dean District Council in July 2024.

The local primary school, Tibberton Community Primary School,  provides education for children from 2-11. It is a half form entry school with  109 primary school pupils as of January 2024, roughly 35 nursery school pupils, and is currently rated "Good"  by Ofsted as of May 2023.
Röbel-Müritz (Amt)
Röbel-Müritz is an Amt in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in the town of Röbel.

The Amt Röbel-Müritz consists of the following municipalities:

53°21′00″N 12°33′00″E﻿ / ﻿53.350°N 12.550°E﻿ / 53.350; 12.550

Amt
Amt is a type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany, but formerly also common in other countries of Northern Europe. Its size and functions differ by country and the term is roughly equivalent to a British or U.S. county.
Tomáš Micka
Tomáš Micka (born 7 June 1983) is a Czech former professional ice hockey forward who last played for HC Slavia Praha of the Czech second-tier league. He was selected by the Edmonton Oilers in the 8th round (245th overall) of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft.

Micka previously played for HC Havířov, Columbus Cottonmouths, Toledo Storm, HK Dukla Trenčín, HC Slovan Ústečtí Lvi and HC České Budějovice.  In 2019 he became a referee in the Czech Extraliga.

2002 NHL entry draft
The 2002 NHL entry draft was the 40th entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 22 and 23, 2002, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. In total, 291 players were drafted: 35 from the Ontario Hockey League (OHL); 23 from the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL); 43 from the Western Hockey League (WHL); 41 from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) hockey conferences; six from U.S. high schools and 110 from outside North America.

The last active player in the NHL from this draft class was Duncan Keith, who played his last NHL game in the 2021–22 season.
SM Investments
SM Investments Corporation (SMIC), also known as SM Group, is a Filipino conglomerate with interests in various sectors, mostly in shopping mall development and management, retail, real estate development, banking, and tourism. Founded by Henry Sy, it has become one of the largest conglomerates in the Philippines, being the country's dominant player in retail with 208 stores nationwide. Of these, 47 are SM Department Stores; 38 are SM Supermarkets; 37 are SM Hypermarkets, and 86 are SaveMore branches.

It is the largest company in the Philippines in terms of market capitalization, and has repeatedly ranked as the top Philippine company in the Forbes Global 2000.

SM Mall of Asia Arena
The SM Mall of Asia Arena, also known as the SM Arena Mall of Asia, the Mall of Asia Arena or the MoA Arena, is an indoor arena within the SM Mall of Asia complex, in Bay City, Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines. It has a seating capacity of 15,000. The Arena officially opened on May 21, 2012, with a total area of 52,000 m2 (560,000 sq ft).

The SM Mall of Asia Arena is one of the main venues for the Philippine Basketball Association, University Athletic Association of the Philippines and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The Arena is also the alternate venue of the Premier Volleyball League when the Philsports Arena in Pasig is unavailable.
Molinari's
Molinari Delicatessen is a delicatessen in San Francisco, California's North Beach, established in 1896, making it one of the oldest delis in the United States. They make their own brand of salami, as P.G. Molinari and Sons, Inc, which is sold nationwide, and which won a gold medal award in Italy.

Delicatessen
A delicatessen or deli is a grocery store that sells a selection of fine, exotic, or foreign prepared foods. Delicatessens originated in Germany (contemporary spelling: Delikatessen) during the 18th century and spread to Canada and the United States in the mid-19th century. European immigrants to Canada and the United States, especially Ashkenazi Jews, popularized the delicatessen in North American culture beginning in the late 19th century. Today, many large retail stores like supermarkets have deli sections.
Duke University Marine Laboratory
The Duke University Marine Laboratory (commonly referred to as the Duke Marine Lab) is a research facility and campus of Duke University on Piver's Island, near Beaufort and the Outer Banks, North Carolina specializing in studying marine biology. It is part of the Nicholas School of the Environment's Division of Marine Science and Conservation.

The current official goal of the Marine Laboratory is to study marine environmental systems and conservation utilizing the resources of the facility's proximity to the ocean. It is a member of the National Association of Marine Laboratories and the Marine Sciences Education Consortium.

Conservation biology
Conservation biology is the study of the conservation of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.

The conservation ethic is based on the findings of conservation biology.
Tsukuba FC
Tsukuba FC (つくばFC, Tsukuba Efushi) is a football (soccer) club based in Tsukuba, which is located in Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan. They play in the Kantō Soccer League, which is part of Japanese Regional Leagues.

Japanese Regional Leagues
Japanese Regional Leagues (Japanese: 地域リーグ, Hepburn: Chiiki Rīgu) are a group of parallel association football leagues in Japan that are organised on the regional basis. They form the fifth and sixth tier of the Japanese association football league system below the nationwide Japan Football League.
Savoia-Marchetti SM.77
The Savoia-Marchetti SM.77 was an Italian transport seaplane developed by Savoia-Marchetti in the 1930s. It represented the latest development of the "double hull" formula started with the Savoia-Marchetti S.55 and continued with the Savoia-Marchetti S.66.

It differed from the previous S.66 in having 3x 800 hp (600 kW) (take-off) Alfa Romeo 126 R.C.10 radial engines driving 3-bladed variable pitch propellers, in place of the 3x Fiat A.24R V-12s of the S.66. The wing resumed the one developed for S.M.79 and presented several improvements to hulls and empennage.

Alfa Romeo 125
Alfa Romeo built/designed a range of aircraft engines based on the Bristol Jupiter and Bristol Pegasus designs, designated Alfa 125, Alfa 126, Alfa 127, Alfa 128, Alfa 129  and  Alfa 131. All these essentially similar engines were mainly fitted to Italian bombers in World War II, Alfa Romeo building around 11,000 units between 1934 and 1944
Penumudi–Puligadda Bridge
Penumudi–Puligadda Bridge is located on the Krishna River on National Highway 214. It spans the river from Penumudi in Guntur district to Puligadda in Krishna district, and hence the name. The bridge became operational on 27 May 2006, and was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister YS Rajasekhara Reddy. It reduces the travel between the districts by approximately 100 km (62 mi). The total cost of construction was estimated as ₹71 crore (US$8.1 million) on a build, operate and transfer (BOT) basis completed by Navayuga Engineering Company Limited.

Guntur district
Guntur district is  in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative seat of the district is located at Guntur, one of the major urban centres of the state. Historically significant, the region was part of ancient Buddhist and Satavahana-era settlements and later came under various South Indian dynasties before British rule. The district is known for its agricultural prominence—particularly chilli and cotton cultivation—as well as education and trade. It forms part of the larger Coastal Andhra region and contributes significantly to the state’s economy and cultural heritage.
Patherheri
Patherheri (also known as Pathredi) is a village in Gurgaon district in the Indian state of Haryana. Pathredi was formed in the campaign of British Government. This village is situated 4 kilometres from Bilaspur from the NH-8 on Bilaspur-Tauru Road. Places near Pathredi Sheetal Sadh Mandir and ancient cave famous for Makar Sakranti mela. Prachin Thakur ji Krishna Mandir.

Sheetal Sadh Mandir and prachin Cave

Male
Male (symbol: ♂) is the sex of an organism that produces, or is organized to produce, the gamete (sex cell) known as sperm, which fuses with the larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilisation. A male organism cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male reproductive organs.

In humans, the word male can also be used to refer to gender, in the social sense of gender role or gender identity.
Calcium formate
Calcium formate is the calcium salt of formic acid. It is also known as E238. Under this E number it is used as an animal feed preservative within EU, but not in foods intended for people.

Calcium formate is stable at room temperature, is flammable and forms orthorhombic crystals. The mineral form is very rare and called formicaite, and is known from a few boron deposits.

E number
E numbers, short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used as food additives, including those found naturally in many foods, such as vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU): 27  and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The fact that an additive has an E number implies that its use was at one time permitted in products for sale in the European Single Market; some of these additives are no longer allowed today.

Having a single unified list for food additives was first agreed upon in 1962 with food colouring. In 1964, the directives for preservatives were added; In 1970 antioxidants were added; In 1974 emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents were added as well.
Bobby Pierce (baseball coach, born 1978)
Robert Fitzroy Pierce (born October 17, 1978) is an American baseball coach and former player. He most recently served as head coach of the Purdue University Fort Wayne from the 2009 season to 2019. He played at UNLV, Central Arizona, and New Mexico State. With Central Arizona, he played in the 1999 JUCO World Series. He began his coaching career as an assistant with Central Arizona for one season before becoming an assistant at Arkansas–Little Rock. Two seasons later, he became head coach at NCAA Division II Metro State before accepting the same job at IPFW. On July 3, 2019, Pierce stepped down as the head coach at Purdue Fort Wayne.

Little Rock Trojans baseball
The Little Rock Trojans baseball team, is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The team is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference, which is part of the NCAA Division I. The team plays its home games at Gary Hogan Field in Little Rock, Arkansas.

On July 1, 2015, the Trojans officially announced they would no longer be branded as Arkansas–Little Rock or "UALR," but will be the Little Rock Trojans effective immediately.
Bheki
Bheki (Sanskrit: भेकि) is the name given to a frog that symbolises the sun on the horizon in Sanskrit legend. Related myths can be found in Germanic and Celtic culture.

In the legend, Bheki was originally a beautiful woman. A king asked her to be his wife, so she married him, but only on condition that he should never show her a drop of water. One day she grew tired, and asked for water. The king gave it to her, and she sank out of his sight, just as the sun sinks when it touches the water.

Germanic mythology
Germanic mythology consists of the body of myths native to the Germanic peoples, including Norse mythology, Anglo-Saxon mythology, and Continental Germanic mythology. It was a key element of Germanic paganism.
Parker, Arizona
Parker (Mojave 'Amat Kuhwely, formerly 'Ahwe Nyava) is a city in and the county seat of La Paz County, Arizona, United States, on the Colorado River in Parker Valley.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 3,417.

Mojave language
Mohave or Mojave is the native language of the Mohave people along the Colorado River in northwestern Arizona, southeastern California, and southwestern Nevada. Approximately 70% of the speakers reside in Arizona, while approximately 30% reside in California. It belongs to the River branch of the Yuman language family, together with Quechan and Maricopa.

The Mojave language became endangered during the manifest destiny movement of the 19th century when Mohave and other Native American children were taken away from their parents and tribes to be placed in boarding schools, where they were prohibited from speaking their language. The schools went so far as to prohibit students from speaking their native tongue even with their parents when they occasionally visited home; many parents did not speak English.
Himmelblau's function
In mathematical optimization, Himmelblau's function is a multi-modal function, used to test the performance of optimization algorithms.  The function is defined by:

It has one local maximum at  and  where , and four identical local minima:

The locations of all the minima can be found analytically. However, because they are roots of quartic polynomials, when written in terms of radicals, the expressions are somewhat complicated.

The function is named after David Mautner Himmelblau (1924–2011), who introduced it.

Maximum and minimum
In mathematical analysis, the maximum and minimum of a function are, respectively, the greatest and least value taken by the function. Known generically as extrema, they may be defined either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain (the global or absolute extrema) of a function. Pierre de Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to propose a general technique, adequality, for finding the maxima and minima of functions.

As defined in set theory, the maximum and minimum of a set are the greatest and least elements in the set, respectively. Unbounded infinite sets, such as the set of real numbers, have no minimum or maximum.

In statistics, the corresponding concept is the sample maximum and minimum.
Empire (1965 film)
Empire is a 1965 American underground film by Andy Warhol. When projected according to Warhol's specifications, it consists of eight hours and five minutes of slow motion black-and-white footage of an unchanging view of New York City's Empire State Building. The silent film does not have conventional narrative or characters, and largely reduces the experience of cinema to the passing of time. Warhol stated that the purpose of the film was "to see time go by."

A week after the film was shot, experimental filmmaker Jonas Mekas (who was cinematographer for Empire) speculated in the Village Voice that Warhol's film would have a profound influence on avant-garde cinema. In 2004, Empire was included in the annual selection of 25 motion pictures added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, who deemed it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Underground film
An underground film is a film that is out of the mainstream either in its style, genre or financing.

Notable examples include
John Waters' Pink Flamingos,
David Lynch's Eraserhead, 
Andy Warhol's Blue Movie,
Rosa von Praunheim's Tally Brown, New York,
Frank Henenlotter's Basket Case,
Nikos Nikolaidis' Singapore Sling, 
Rinse Dreams' Café Flesh, and
Jörg Buttgereit's Nekromantik.
Lawas (federal constituency)
Lawas is a federal constituency in Limbang Division (Lawas District), Sarawak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 2008.

The federal constituency was created in the 2005 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

Limbang Division
Limbang Division (Malay: Bahagian Limbang) is one of the twelve administrative divisions of Sarawak, Malaysia. It has a total area of 7,788.50 square kilometres, and is the fourth largest division after Kapit Division, Miri Division and Bintulu Division. Limbang Division consists of two districts which are Limbang District and Lawas District, which in turn are divided as sub-districts in Limbang (Nanga Medamit Sub-District) and two sub-districts in Lawas (Sundar Sub-District and Trusan Sub-District). Long Semadoh and Ba’kelalan are rural settlements in the southern part of Lawas district. Two major towns in Limbang are Limbang and Lawas. There are also few smaller towns such as Sundar, Trusan, Merapok and Tedungan.
Chicago Board of Health
The Chicago Board of Health is the local board of health of the city of Chicago. Two previous iterations existed before the modern board was formed in 1932. The modern board is a policy-making body for health related matters and advises the Chicago Department of Public Health.

Local board of health
A local board of health (or simply a local board) was a local authority in urban areas of England and Wales from 1848 to 1894. They were formed in response to cholera epidemics and were given powers to control sewers, clean the streets, regulate environmental health risks including slaughterhouses and ensure the proper supply of water to their districts. Local boards were eventually merged with the corporations of municipal boroughs in 1873, or became urban districts in 1894.
Ostrožno pri Ponikvi
Ostrožno pri Ponikvi (pronounced [ɔˈstɾoːʒnɔ pɾi ˈpoːnikʋi]) is a settlement northeast of Ponikva in the Municipality of Šentjur, eastern Slovenia. The settlement, and the entire municipality, are included in the Savinja Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.

Municipality of Šentjur
The Municipality of Šentjur (Slovene: Občina Šentjur), named Municipality of Šentjur pri Celju (Občina Šentjur pri Celju) until 2002, is a municipality in eastern Slovenia. The town of Šentjur is the seat of the municipality. With an area of 223 square kilometers (86 sq mi) it is one of the larger municipalities in Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. Saint George appears on the municipal coat of arms.
Hugo Goossen
Hugo Goossen (born 15 October 1963) is a Surinamese former swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre backstroke at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He also represented Suriname at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games in Havana and at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas. Born in the Netherlands, he came to Suriname when he was six months old and spent the next few years in Moengo. In 1969 his family moved to Paramaribo and Goossen joined the 'Dolfijn' swim club. Goossen studied at the Delft University of Technology and later worked as a communications engineer in Qatar.

1982 Central American and Caribbean Games
The 14th Central American and Caribbean Games were held in Havana, Cuba from August 7 to August 18, 1982, and included 2,420 athletes from nineteen nations competing in 25 different sports. Some events were held in Santiago de Cuba, Cienfuegos, and the eastern end of the island.

The Games were originally awarded to Mayagüez, Puerto Rico get the hosted in 2010, which withdrew from organising in 1981. Havana stepped up to host the Games for the second time, the first being in 1930.