hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
France in the early modern period
During the early modern period, from the Renaissance (c. 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), the Kingdom of France was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch). This corresponds to the so-called Ancien Régime ("old rule"). The territory of France during this period increased until it included essentially the extent of the modern country, and it also included the territories of the first French colonial empire overseas.

The period is dominated by the figure of the "Sun King", Louis XIV (his reign of 1643–1715 being one of the longest in history), who managed to eliminate the remnants of medieval feudalism and established a centralized state under an absolute monarch, a system that would endure until the French Revolution and beyond.

Three Bishoprics
The Three Bishoprics (French: les Trois-Évêchés [le tʁwɑz‿eveʃe]) constituted a government of the Kingdom of France consisting of the dioceses of Metz, Verdun, and Toul within the Lorraine region. The three dioceses had been prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire until they were seized by King Henry II of France between April and June 1552. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, they were officially ceded to France by the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.
Cleopatra Glossaries
The Cleopatra Glossaries are three Latin-Old English glossaries all found in the manuscript Cotton Cleopatra A.iii (once held in the Cotton library, now held in the British Library). The glossaries constitute important evidence for Old English vocabulary, as well as for learning and scholarship in early medieval England generally. The manuscript was probably written at St Augustine's, Canterbury, and has generally been dated to the mid-tenth century, though recent work suggests the 930s specifically.

The glossaries have no connection with Cleopatra herself: they are so named because when kept in the library of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, the volume containing them was stored in a bookcase below a bust of Cleopatra.

St Augustine's Abbey
St Augustine's Abbey (founded as the Monastery of Ss Peter and Paul and changed after its founder St Augustine of Canterbury's death) was a Benedictine monastery in Canterbury, Kent, England. The abbey was founded in 598 and functioned as a monastery until its dissolution in 1538 during the English Reformation. After the abbey's dissolution, it underwent dismantlement until 1848.

Since 1848, part of the site has been used for educational purposes (used as boarding houses and a library by The King's School, Canterbury) and the abbey ruins have been preserved for their historical value.
Castle Rock, Missouri
Castle Rock is an extinct town in Osage County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The townsite lies is located on the inside curve of an incised meander of the Osage River. The Castle Rock formation for which it was named lies across the river to the north in Cole County just southeast of Wardsville. The Pikes Camp Wildlife Area lies to the west across the river.

Castle Rock was laid out in 1856. The community was named for a nearby rock formation which had the form of a castle. A post office called Castle Rock was established in 1856, and remained in operation until 1885. Besides the post office, the community had a schoolhouse.

Osage County, Missouri
Osage County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,274. Its county seat is Linn. The county was organized January 29, 1841, and named from the Osage River.

Osage County is part of the Jefferson City, MO Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its geography and the founding of Westphalia Vineyards links it to the Missouri Rhineland, extending along the Missouri River valley to the western edges of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area.

According to data from the 2010 census, Osage County is the whitest county in Missouri, with 98.85 percent of residents being white.
Rey Vicente Anglada
Rey Vicente Anglada Ferrer (born 6 January 1953) is a Cuban former baseball player and manager. He played ten seasons in the Cuban National Series with Industriales, which he later managed to three championships in 2003, 2004, and 2006. He also played and managed the Cuba national baseball team.

2005–06 Cuban National Series
The 45th season of the Cuban National Series ended with another title for Industriales. Though the  Lions failed to win their division, they won close-fought series throughout the playoffs and won their 11th championship.
Edmond J. Safra Synagogue (Florida)
The Edmond J. Safra Synagogue is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue located at 19275 Mystic Pointe Drive, Aventura, Miami-Dade County, Florida, in the United States. The congregation practises in the Sephardi rite. Rabbi Yosef Galimidi has served as rabbi since 2008.

The synagogue is one of several that are eponymous with Edmond J. Safra, a former banker and philanthropist, partially or fully funded by the Edmond J. Safra Foundation.

Nusach (Jewish custom)
In Judaism, a nusach or nusakh (Hebrew: נוסח, romanized: nusáḥ, Yiddish: נוסח, romanized: núsekh, pl. נוסחים nusaḥim, Yiddish: נוסחאות, romanized: nuskhóes) is the exact text of a Jewish prayer service, sometimes translated as "rite". Nusach may more accurately translate to "formulation" or "wording".

The texts of siddurim used by the array of Jewish ethnic divisions and religious movements include Baladi-rite prayer, nusach Ashkenaz, nusach Sefard, nusach edot haMizraḥ, Italian nusach, and nusach Ari.

A textual nusach is distinct from a musical nusach, the latter referring to a community's musical style or tradition, particularly the chanted melodies used for the Amidah and other recitative prayers.
Martín Almagro Gorbea
Martín Almagro Gorbea (born 5 January 1946 in Barcelona) is a Spanish prehistorian.

He is a professor in prehistory, Ph.D. in history by the "Universidad Complutense de Madrid" with extraordinary prize.

Amalgro Gorbea was elected to medalla nº 11 of the Real Academia de la Historia on 17 February 1995 and he took up his seat on 17 November 1996. Perpetual keeper of antiquities of the Real Academia de la Historia.

In 1998 he became the Director of the National Archaeological Museum succeeding María del Carmen Pérez Díe.

Majoring in  the early history of the Iberian Peninsula and Western Europe, Tartessos, Iberian and Celtic, Ethnogenesis, process of acculturation, Museology, Excavations and Cultural Heritage.

Museology
Museology (also called museum studies or museum science) is the study of museums. It explores the history of museums and their role in society, as well as the activities they engage in, including curating, preservation, public programming, and education.
Meier-Gorlin syndrome
Meier-Gorlin syndrome, also known as ear-patella-short stature syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder, which is mainly characterized by pre- and postnatal growth deficiency, patellar aplasia or hypoplasia, and underdevelopment of both ears. Patients have characteristic facial signs, such as small mouth with full lips, receding jaw, hooked nose, and small ears with abnormal shape. Meier-Gorlin syndrome is considered to be one of the forms of microcephalic primordial dwarfism.

Fewer than 150 cases had been recorded as of 2024.

Retrognathism
Retrognathia is a type of malocclusion which refers to an abnormal posterior positioning of the maxilla or mandible, particularly the mandible, relative to the facial skeleton and soft tissues.

A retrognathic mandible is commonly referred to as an overbite, though this terminology is not used medically.
Jerry Jeff
Jerry Jeff is a studio album by American rock band Steve Earle & The Dukes. It was released on May 27, 2022, via New West Records. Recording sessions took place at Electric Lady Studios in New York City. Production was handled by Steve Earle himself. The album covers ten songs written by American country and folk singer-songwriter Jerry Jeff Walker, who died from throat cancer on October 23, 2020, at a hospital in Austin, Texas at the age of 78, paying tribute to the late musician.

New West Records
New West Records is a record label based in Nashville and Athens, Georgia. It previously had offices in Burbank, California and Beverly Hills, California. From 2013 to 2018, New West's records in the U.S. were distributed by Alternative Distribution Alliance, and since September 2018, Redeye Distribution has taken over U.S. distribution. New West Records exclusively releases CDs and DVDs for the award-winning television program Austin City Limits.
Adam Schneider
Adam Schneider (born 12 May 1984) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans and St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

He is currently the senior coach of the Lavington Panthers in the Ovens and Murray Football Netball League

Lavington Football Club
The Lavington Panthers Football & Netball Club is an Australian rules football and netball club and was formed in 1918 and currently competes in the Ovens & Murray Football League.

The club is based in Lavington, a suburb of Albury, New South Wales.

Several Lavington footballers have gone on to play in the Australian Football League, including Darren Holmes, Hamish McIntosh, Allan Murray, Derek Murray, Mark Powell, Campbell Chesser and Shaun Mannagh.
Journal of Neuropsychology
The Journal of Neuropsychology is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering clinical and research studies across neurology, psychology and psychiatry. It is published by The British Psychological Society. The editor-in-chief is Martin Gareth Edwards (Université catholique de Louvain).

It is abstracted and indexed by Academic Search Alumni Edition, Academic Search Complete, PubMed, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCOPUS, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Web of Science.

In 2018, it had a Social Sciences Citation Index impact factor of 2.468.

PsycINFO
PsycINFO is a database of abstracts of literature in the field of psychology. It is produced by the American Psychological Association and distributed on the association's APA PsycNET and through third-party vendors. It is the electronic version of the defunct Psychological Abstracts. In 2000, it incorporated PsycLIT which had been published on CD-ROM.

PsycINFO contains citations and summaries since 1887 of journal articles, book chapters, books, and dissertations.
Demish Gaye
Demish Gaye (born 20 January 1993) is a Jamaican sprinter specialising in the 400 metres. He represented his country at the 2017 World Championships reaching the final. A year earlier he competed in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the World Indoor Championships finishing fourth.

4 × 400 metres relay
The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
Druids Glen
Druid's Glen is a hotel and golf resort in Newtownmountkennedy, Republic of Ireland, situated about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Dublin in County Wicklow.  The resort consists of the 5-star  Druid's Glen Hotel & Country Club, two championship golf courses, and Woodstock House, the clubhouse at Druid's Glen.

The "Druids Glen Golf Course", opened in 1995, and was the venue for the Irish Open between 1996 and 1999, and the 2002 Seve Trophy.  The second course on the site is the "Druids Heath Golf Course", which opened in 2003 and has hosted 'the Irish PGA'.

Druids Glen has now been reconstructed on HB studios The Golf Club Game on PS4, Xbox1 and PC via Steam in 2015.

Star (classification)
Star ratings are a type of rating scale using a star symbol or similar typographical mark. It is used by reviewers for ranking things such as films, TV shows, restaurants, and hotels. For example, a system of one to five stars is commonly used in hotel ratings, with five stars being the highest rating.

Similar systems have been proposed for electing politicians in the form of score voting and STAR voting.
Kipengere seedeater
The Kipengere seedeater (Crithagra melanochroa), also known as the Tanzania seedeater, is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae.  It is found only in Tanzania specifically in Mbeya Region and Njombe Region.  Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and subtropical or tropical high-elevation shrubland.  It is threatened by habitat loss.

The Kipengere seedeater was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the Kipengere seedeater were moved to the resurrected genus Crithagra.

Mbeya Region
Mbeya Region (Mkoa wa Mbeya in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 35,954 km2 (13,882 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Guinea Bissau. Mbeya Region is bordered to the east by Singida Region, Iringa Region and Njombe Region. The region is bordered to the south by Malawi and Lake Nyasa. To the north the region borders southern Tabora Region. Lastly, Mbeya is bordered to the west by Songwe Region. The regional capital is the city of Mbeya. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 2,343,754.
Dumaine
Dumaine and DuMaine are surnames. Notable people with either surname include:

Bernard Dumaine (born 1953), French artist

Cyrille Dumaine (1897–1946), Canadian politician

Frederic C. Dumaine Jr. (1902–1997), American business executive

Pierre DuMaine (1931–2019), American Roman Catholic bishop

Fictional characters:

Dumaine, a character in Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost

Other uses

Dumaine Street in the French Quarter of the city of New Orleans, USA.

Frederic C. Dumaine Jr.
Frederic Christopher "Buck" Dumaine Jr. (September 5, 1903 – March 13, 1997) was an American business executive who served as the president of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, Avis Rent a Car System, and the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.
Kappelberg (Rhenish Hesse)
The Kappelberg, at 358 metres, is the highest hill in Rhenish Hesse in central Germany. It lies in the forest of Vorholz between Bechenheim, Orbis and Oberwiesen near the border with the Palatinate.

About 10 metres from the highest point is a large cairn of basalt rocks. In old illustrations the Kappelberg was also spelt Cappelberg, which presumably indicates that there may have been an old chapel at this site.

A community of interest from the participating villages was founded in May 2008 and the highest point in Rhenish Hesse, which was buried under thick undergrowth, was made accessible and signposted. In March 2009 a summit cross was erected at the top.

Bechenheim
Bechenheim (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛçn̩haɪm]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Alzey-Land, whose seat is in Alzey.
Southern Uplands Fault
The Southern Uplands Fault (or occasionally Southern Upland Fault) is a fault in Scotland that runs from Girvan (or more specifically from the Rhins of Galloway) to Dunbar on the East coast. It marks the southern boundary of the Scottish Midland Valley and the northern margin of the Southern Uplands; indeed it is recognised as a boundary between these two terranes. Both sinistral and dextral strike-slip movement is recorded from parts of the fault as are down-north and down-south normal movements suggestive of a complex history.

The Stinchar, Dove Cove and Glen App faults form a part of the Southern Upland Fault Zone in the southwest whilst in the northeast, the Lammermuir, Dunbar-Gifford, Crossgatehall, Pentland and Firth of Forth faults are all associated with the Southern Uplands Fault.

Girvan
Girvan (Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Gharbhain, "mouth of the River Girvan") is a burgh and harbour town in Carrick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Girvan is situated on the east coast of the Firth of Clyde, with a population of about 6,450. It lies 21 miles (34 km) south of Ayr, and 29 miles (47 km) north of Stranraer, the main ferry port from Scotland to Northern Ireland.

Deriving its name from the river which runs through the landscape the etymology of Girvan has possible Brythonic origins, related to the Welsh: Gearafon or Gwyrddafon, "river flowing through the green flourishing place, from afon or avon, a river, and Gwyrdd, green, flourishing".
An Eye for Beauty
An Eye for Beauty (French: Le règne de la beauté) is a 2014 Canadian drama film directed by Denys Arcand.

The film stars Éric Bruneau as Luc, an architect from Quebec married to Stéphanie (Mélanie Thierry), who begins an extramarital affair with Lindsay (Melanie Merkosky) while on a business trip to Toronto. The film is distributed in the US by Monument Releasing.

Extramarital sex
Extramarital sex is sexual activity in which at least one sex partner is a married person and the partners are not married to each other. The term may be distinguished from premarital sex where neither partner is married.

Where extramarital sex does not breach a sexual norm, it may be referred to as consensual non-monogamy (see also polyamory).  Where extramarital sex does breach a sexual norm, it may be referred to as adultery or non-monogamy (sexual acts between a married person and a person other than the legal spouse), fornication, bigamy, philandering, or infidelity. These varying terms imply both immoral or religious consequences, charged whether via civil law or religious law.
Abgarm, Rudbar-e Jonubi
Abgarm (Persian: ابگرم, also Romanized as Ābgarm) is a village in Jazmurian Rural District, Jazmurian District, Rudbar-e Jonubi County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 7 families.

Jazmurian Rural District
Jazmurian Rural District (Persian: دهستان جازموريان) is in the Central District of Jazmurian County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Miyandaran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Zeh-e Kalut, now a city.
Fifteen-Love
Fifteen-Love is a British six-part television drama series created by Hania Elkington and World Productions, starring Ella Lily Hyland and Aidan Turner. It premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 21 July 2023.

Elizabeth Berrington
Elizabeth Berrington (born 3 August 1970) is an English actress and graduate of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art; she is best known for her roles as Ruby Fry in Waterloo Road, Paula Kosh in Stella, Mel Debrou in Moving Wallpaper, and Dawn Stevenson in The Syndicate. She has also featured in British television series such as The Bill, Doctor Who, The Office, Casualty, The Lakes, The Grimleys, and Rose and Maloney.
Shull
Shull is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Shull (born 1981), American football player

Avriel Shull (1931–1976), American architect

Clifford Shull (1915–2001), American physicist

Denise Shull (born 1959), American writer

Ernest M. Shull (1915–2002), American missionary and naturalist

George Harrison Shull (1874–1954), American geneticist

Harrison Shull (1923–2003), American theoretical chemist

J. Marion Shull (1872–1948), American botanical illustrator and plant breeder

Joseph Horace Shull (1848–1944), American politician

Laurens Shull (1894–1918), American football player

Megan Shull (born 1969), American writer

Paul Shull (born 1973), Canadian music manager

Richard B. Shull (1929–1999), American actor

Tom Shull (born 1951), American businessman and politician

Denise Shull
Denise Kay Shull (born September 17, 1959, in Akron, Ohio) is a performance coach who uses neuroeconomics and modern psychoanalysis in her work with hedge funds and professional athletes.  She is also the founder of The ReThink Group.  Shull focuses on the positive contribution of feelings and emotion in high-pressure decisions.  She is the author of Market Mind Games which explains how Wall Street traders act out Freudian transferences in reaction to market moves.  Shull postulates that human perception contains fractal elements in the same manner as the fractal geometry of nature.
2021–22 Dayton Flyers men's basketball team
The 2021–22 Dayton Flyers men's basketball team represented the University of Dayton in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Their head coach was Anthony Grant, in his fifth season with the Flyers. The Flyers played their home games at UD Arena in Dayton, Ohio as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 24–11, 14–4 in A-10 Play to finish a tie for 2nd place. They defeated UMass in the quarterfinals of the Atlantic 10 tournament before losing in the semifinals to Richmond. They were one of the last four teams not selected for the NCAA tournament and received an at-large bid to the National Invitation Tournament where they defeated Toledo in the first round before losing in the second round to Vanderbilt.

2021–22 Atlantic 10 Conference men's basketball season
The 2021–22 Atlantic 10 Conference men's basketball season started non-conference play on November 9, 2021 and began conference play on December 30, 2021. The regular season ended on March 5, 2022, followed by the 2022 Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament from March 9 to March 13.
Lothar Nordheim
Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim (November 7, 1899 – October 5, 1985) was a German–American theoretical physicist. He was a pioneer in the applications of quantum mechanics to solid-state problems, such as thermionic emission, work function of metals, field electron emission, rectification in metal-semiconductor contacts and electrical resistance in metals and alloys. He also worked in the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, cosmic rays and in nuclear physics.

Solid-state physics
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, solid-state physics forms a theoretical basis of materials science. Along with solid-state chemistry, it also has direct applications in the technology of transistors and semiconductors.
Green Island, Saba
Green Island is a small uninhabited islet about 250 metres north of the Caribbean island of Saba, and is part of the Dutch special municipality of Saba. It measures about 40 by 60 metres.

The island is used by bridled terns, sooty terns, and brown noddies for breeding. There was a sulphur mine on the main island across from Green Island. In the 1870s, the two islands were connected by a cable in order to provide access to the mines. The island is being used as a diving site.

Caribbean Netherlands
The Caribbean Netherlands (Dutch: Caribisch Nederland, pronounced [kaˈribis ˈneːdərlɑnt] ⓘ) is a geographic region of the Netherlands located outside of Europe, in the Caribbean, consisting of three special municipalities. These are the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba, as they are also known in legislation, or the BES islands for short. The islands are officially classified as public bodies in the Netherlands and as overseas territories of the European Union; as such, European Union law does not automatically apply to them.

Bonaire (including the islet of Klein Bonaire) is one of the Leeward Antilles and is located close to the coast of Venezuela. Sint Eustatius and Saba are in the main Lesser Antilles group and are located south of Sint Maarten and northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Caribbean Netherlands, a term distinct from the comprehensive Dutch Caribbean, has a population of 31,980.