hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Venetian Patent Statute
The Venetian Patent Statute of March 19, 1474, established in the Republic of Venice the first statutory patent system in Europe, and may be deemed to be the earliest codified patent system in the world. The Statute is written in old Venetian. It provided that patents might be granted for "any new and ingenious device, not previously made", provided it was useful. By and large, these principles still remain the basic principles of patent law.

Novelty (patent)
Novelty is one of the patentability requirements for a patent claim, whose purpose is to prevent issuing patents on known things, i.e. to prevent public knowledge from being taken away from the public domain.

An invention is anticipated (i.e. not new) and therefore not patentable if it was known to the public before the priority date of the patent application. Although the concept of "novelty" in patent law appears simple and self-explanatory, this view is very far from reality. Some of the most contentious questions of novelty comprise:

inventor's own prior disclosures (only a few countries provide a grace period, most notably, 1 year in the US);

new uses of known things, such as pharmaceuticals;

a broader question of (2) is inherent anticipation;

patenting things, which are newly discovered in (or isolated from) nature (see Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.) This question overlaps with patentable subject matter.
Lepidomys proclea
Lepidomys proclea is a snout moth in the genus Lepidomys. The species was described by Herbert Druce in 1895, and is known from Mexico (including the type location of Teapa, Tabasco) and the West Indies.

Pyralidae
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralidae as a subfamily, making the combined group one of the largest families in the Lepidoptera. The latest review by Eugene G. Munroe and Maria Alma Solis retain the Crambidae as a full family of Pyraloidea.

The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm (0.35 and 1.46 in) with variable morphological features.

It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.
Lorenz Hiltner
Lorenz Hiltner (November 30, 1862 – June 6, 1923), born in Neumarkt in the Kingdom of Bavaria and died in Munich, was a German agronomist and microbiologist, known for developing the concept of the rhizosphere and for pioneering the development of the field of microbial ecology.

Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz
Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz (German: [ˈnɔʏmaʁkt ʔɪn deːɐ̯ ˈʔoːbɐˌpfalts] ⓘ, lit. 'Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate'; Bavarian: Naimakk in da Owerpfolz) is the capital of the Neumarkt district in the administrative region of the Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany.  With a population of about 40,000, Neumarkt is the seat of various projects, and acts as the economic and cultural center of the western Upper Palatinate, along with Nürnberg, Ingolstadt, and Regensburg.
Nonato (footballer, born 1979)
Raimundo Nonato de Lima Ribeiro (born 5 July 1979), known as just Nonato, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward. His former clubs include Fortaleza, Goiás, FC Seoul, Daegu FC, Ituano, Iraty, Tuna Luso, Bahia and Trindade. One of his best passages was with Rio Verde, Goias traditional team.

He became top scorer during several rounds, even with the team in the relegation zone. He lost his artillery to Patrique, of Vila Nova, but saved the "Verdão do Sudoeste" (Southwest Green) from "sticking". It is often known as the top scorer Nonato. He had disagreements with the board's "Verdão" and ended up leaving before the last round of state league. He disputed the 2013 Campeonato Goiano for Goianésia.

In 2018, he was also the biggest responsible for Botafogo FR elimination against Aparecidense in the 2018 Copa do Brasil, scoring the first goal and being considered the best player on the match.

Tuna Luso Brasileira
Tuna Luso Brasileira, commonly referred to as Tuna Luso, is a Brazilian professional football club based in Belém, Pará founded on 1 January 1903. It competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D, the fourth tier of Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Paraense, the top flight of the Pará state football league.
Anacaona National Park
Parque Nacional Anacaona is a protected area in the southwestern Dominican Republic, spanning 583.93 km² across the provinces of Barahona, Azua, San Juan, and Baoruco. The park encompasses diverse ecosystems, including dry forests, transitional forests, mixed forests, and humid forests, with notable geological formations and biodiversity.

Azua Province
Azua (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈaswa]) is a province which is collectively one of the thirty-two provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 10 municipalities (the same as Santiago) and its capital city is Azua de Compostela. It is bordered by the provinces of La Vega to the north-east, San José de Ocoa and Peravia to the east, Barahona and Baoruco to the west and San Juan to the north-west. To the south, Azua has a significant coastline of the Caribbean Sea. Azua is known for its diverse geography and climate, with the southern part of the province having an arid climate that is not the typical tropical-like that is found in other parts of the Caribbean.
Teófilo Barrios
Teófilo Barrios (born 23 July 1964) is a retired football defender from Paraguay. A right or left back, he played professional football for Cerro Porteño in Paraguay and Talleres de Córdoba in Argentina.

Cerro Porteño
Club Cerro Porteño is a professional Paraguayan football club, based in the neighbourhood of Obrero in Asunción. Founded in 1912, Cerro has won 35 Primera División titles and is one of the most popular football clubs in Paraguay. Its president is Blas Reguera and the manager is Jorge Bava. Cerro Porteño plays the Paraguayan derby with its main rival Club Olimpia. They play their home games at the 45,000-seat General Pablo Rojas Stadium, also known as La Nueva Olla (The New Boiler), the biggest in the country. They have also never been relegated.
Coolamon, New South Wales
Coolamon (/ˈkʊlɑːˌmən, kʊlɑːˌmɒn/)is a town in the Riverina region of south-west New South Wales, Australia. Coolamon is 40 kilometres (25 mi) north-west of Wagga Wagga and 506 kilometres (314 mi) south-west of Sydney via the Hume and Sturt Highways. The town is situated on the railway line between Junee and Narrandera. Coolamon had a population of 2,275 at the 2021 census and is 290 metres (950 ft) above sea level. It is the administrative and service centre for the local government area which bears its name—Coolamon Shire.

Sturt Highway
Sturt Highway is an Australian national highway in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. It is an important road link for the transport of passengers and freight between Sydney and Adelaide and the regions along the route.

Initially an amalgam of trunk routes, the Sturt Highway was proclaimed a state highway in NSW in 1933. In 1955, the route was allocated a National Route number (20). It was included in the National Highway system in 1992, forming the Sydney-Adelaide Link. Sturt Highway is allocated as route A20 for its entire length, the majority of which is a single carriageway, and freeway standard and 6-lane arterial road standard towards its western terminus in Gawler.
Seveso
Seveso (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːvezo]; Lombard: Séves [ˈseːʋes]) is a town and comune   in the Province of Monza and Brianza, in the Region of Lombardy. The economy of the town has traditionally been based on the furniture industry.

Its name comes from the river of the same name which crosses the comune in a north-south direction.

Seveso received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on 18 June 2003.

Regions of Italy
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (since 2015), each region is divided into a number of provinces.
Toronto Golf Club
The Toronto Golf Club is a private golf club in Mississauga, Ontario, a suburban municipality to the west of Toronto. Established in Toronto in 1876, it is the third-oldest golf club in North America, after the Royal Montreal Golf Club and the Royal Quebec Golf Club. The Toronto Golf Club adopted its current name in 1909 and moved to its present location in 1913. The club has hosted the Canadian Open five times and the Canadian Amateur Championship nine times, more than any other club.

Royal Quebec Golf Club
The Royal Quebec Golf Club (French: Club de Golf Royal Québec) is a golf club founded in 1874 in Boischatel by members of the local business community, mainly Scots-Quebecer bankers and businessmen.

Located approximately 12 miles (18 km) east of Quebec City, near Montmorency Falls, it has been a semi-private club since 1925. One of the oldest golf clubs in North America, the current 36-hole facility is situated on a 186-hectare piece of land with pine trees. The clubhouse, by the 18th green of the "Quebec" course, overlooks l'Île d'Orléans and Quebec City.
Speculum (journal)
Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies is a quarterly academic journal published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America. It was established in 1926 by Edward Kennard Rand. The journal's primary focus is on the time period from 500 to 1500 in Western Europe, but also on related subjects such as Byzantine, Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian and Slavic studies. As of 2025, the editor is Barbara Newman.

The organization and its journal were first proposed in 1921 at a meeting of the Modern Language Association, and the journal's focus was interdisciplinary from its beginning, with one reviewer noting a specific interest in Medieval Latin.

Modern Language Association
The Modern Language Association of America, often referred to as the Modern Language Association (MLA), is widely considered the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to "strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature". The organization includes over 20,000 members in 100 countries, primarily academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative literature. Although founded in the United States, with offices in New York City, the MLA's membership, concerns, reputation, and influence are international in scope.
Geomerics
Geomerics was a software company based in Cambridge, England, that specialised in creating lighting technology for the video game industry.

The company's main product was Enlighten, software code that calculates indirect lighting (radiosity) in real-time for live action games running on systems such as the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and personal computers. The company licensed this code to game companies for incorporation into their proprietary rendering engines.
The software was ported to Nvidia's CUDA platform in 2011.

The first system to incorporate the middleware was the Frostbite 2 engine, created by the EA DICE studio, used in Battlefield 3 (2011) and Need for Speed: The Run (2011). Enlighten has also been licensed for a variety of other titles, including Eve Online, has an integration for Unreal Engine 3 & 4, and was built into Unity from version 5 to 2020 LTS.

Enlighten was later acquired by Silicon Studio.

Unity (game engine)
Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies, first announced and released in June 2005 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a Mac OS X game engine. The engine has since been gradually extended to support a variety of desktop, mobile, console, augmented reality, and virtual reality platforms. It is particularly popular for iOS and Android mobile game development, is considered easy to use for beginner developers, and is popular for indie game development.

The engine can be used to create three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) games, as well as interactive simulations. The engine has been adopted by industries outside video gaming including film, automotive, architecture, engineering, construction, and the United States Armed Forces.
Here Comes Carter
Here Comes Carter is a 1936 American comedy film directed by William Clemens and written by Roy Chanslor. The film stars Ross Alexander, Glenda Farrell and Anne Nagel. Produced by First National Pictures, it was released on October 24, 1936.

First National Pictures
First National Pictures was an American motion picture production and distribution company. It was founded in 1917 as First National Exhibitors' Circuit, Inc., an association of independent theatre owners in the United States, and became the country's largest theater chain. Expanding from exhibiting movies to distributing them, the company reincorporated in 1919 as Associated First National Theatres, Inc., and Associated First National Pictures, Inc. In 1924 it expanded to become a motion picture production company as First National Pictures, Inc., and became an important studio in the film industry. In September 1928, control of First National passed to Warner Bros., into which it was completely absorbed on November 4, 1929. A number of Warner Bros. films were thereafter branded First National Pictures until July 1936, when First National Pictures, Inc., was dissolved.
Patacamaya
Patacamaya or Patak Amaya (Aymara) is a city in Bolivia, situated in the La Paz Department. It is the seat of the Patacamaya Municipality, the fifth municipal section of the Aroma Province. Patacamaya lies in the Altiplano, approximately 100 km southeast of La Paz. It contains the intersection between 'Carretera 1' which goes from La Paz to Oruro, as well as Cochabamba, and the 'Carretera Arica-La Paz'. The 'Tambo Quemado' highway is one of the most important international roads that travels through Bolivia.

La Paz Department (Bolivia)
The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133,985 square kilometres (51,732 sq mi) with a 2024 census population of 3,022,566 inhabitants. It is situated at the western border of Bolivia, sharing Lake Titicaca with the neighboring Peru. It contains the Cordillera Real mountain range, which reaches altitudes of 6.6 kilometers (22,000 ft). Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas, the steep eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains that make the transition to the Amazon River basin to the northeast. The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government/national capital of Bolivia.
Yan Weiwen
Yan Weiwen (Chinese: 阎维文; born August 1957) is a contemporary Chinese opera singer with origins in the People's Liberation Army. He rose to fame through this involvement in the performing arts troupe of the PLA's General Political Department.

Yan has four signature works: The Little Poplar Tree (小白杨), Mother (母亲), Words From My Heart (说句心里话), and The 1-2-3-4 Song (一二三四歌). Yan has performed all four songs on the annual CCTV New Year's Gala, to critical acclaim.

General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army
The General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army (GPD; Chinese: 中国人民解放军总政治部) was the former chief political organ under the Central Military Commission of Chinese Communist Party. It led all political activities in the People's Liberation Army.

Its former director-generals include Liu Shaoqi, Luo Ronghuan, Tan Zheng, Xiao Hua, Li Desheng, Zhang Chunqiao, Wei Guoqing, Yu Qiuli, Yang Baibing, Yu Yongbo, Xu Caihou, and Li Jinai. Its last head was Zhang Yang, who committed suicide.

The department was disbanded in January 2016 and a new agency, the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, was founded in its stead.
Trevor Jackson (performer)
Trevor Howard Lawrence Jackson (born August 30, 1996) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for portraying Aaron Jackson on Freeform series Grown-ish, Kevin Blake on Syfy series Eureka, Kris McDuffy on Disney Channel's television film Let It Shine, Kevin LaCroix on American Crime and Dr. Wes Bryant on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy.

Other notable appearances include Broadway musical The Lion King, where he played the Young Simba, and television guest star roles on both Cold Case and Harry's Law. In 2012, he won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series. In 2018, he starred in the crime drama Superfly.

Young Artist Award
The Young Artist Award (originally known as the Youth in Film Award) is an accolade presented by the Young Artist Foundation, an American nonprofit organization founded in 1978 to honor excellence of youth performers, and to provide scholarships for young artists who may be physically disabled or financially unstable.

First presented in 1979, the Young Artist Awards was the first organization established to specifically recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film, television, theater, and music.

The 1st Youth In Film Awards ceremony was held in October 1979, at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Hollywood to honor outstanding young performers of the 1978/1979 season.
2012 Gwynedd Council election
The 2012 Gwynedd County Council election took place on 3 May 2012 to elect members of Gwynedd Council in Wales. Seventy four council seats were up for re-election, however, no candidates were nominated for the Bryncrug/Llanfihangel ward, and a by-election was held in June 2012.

The Gwynedd election was on the same day as other 2012 United Kingdom local elections.

2012 United Kingdom local elections
The 2012 United Kingdom local elections were held across England, Scotland and Wales on 3 May 2012. Elections were held in 128 English local authorities, all 32 Scottish local authorities and 21 of the 22 Welsh unitary authorities, alongside three mayoral elections including the London mayoralty and the London Assembly. Referendums were also held in 11 English cities to determine whether or not to introduce directly elected mayors.

The BBC's projected national vote share put Labour on 38%, the Conservatives on 31%, the Liberal Democrats on 16% and others on 15%. Rallings and Thrasher of Plymouth University estimated 39% for Labour, 33% for the Conservatives, 15% for the Liberal Democrats, and 13% for others.

The inaugural election of police and crime commissioners for 41 of the 43 territorial police forces in England and Wales took place separately, in November 2012.
Ulf Georgsson
Ulf Georg Georgsson (22 April 1962 – 23 March 2024) was a Swedish songwriter, who participated at Melodifestivalen as a songwriter, and wrote songs recorded by, among others, Lasse Stefanz, Vikingarna, Playtones, Drifters, Zekes, CC & Lee, Black Jack, Barbados, Friends and Frøya.

Zekes
Zekes was a dansband, established in January 2009 in Skara, Sweden. The band participated at Dansbandskampen 2009, where they reached the final. On 27 December 2009, the song "I ett fönster" entered Svensktoppen.

In June 2012, SR Skaraborg announced that the band was to become disestablished following the 2012 summer tour, with their final appearance at Matfestivalen in Skövde in August that year.
John Cocks (phycologist)
John Cocks (1787–1861) was a British phycologist.

He was the first to discover the red algae Stenogramme interrupta, on 21 Oct 1846.

Cocks edited the exsiccata Algarum fasciculi, or, a collection of British seaweeds, carefully dried and preserved, and correctly named after Dr. Harvey's "Phycologia Britannica", with a description of each plant, time of appearance, locality, etc.. The first fascicle was published in Dublin 1855, the others from 1856 to 1860 in Plymouth.

The standard author abbreviation Cocks is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

Phycology
Phycology (from Ancient Greek  φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed' and  -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of algae.  Also known as algology, phycology is a branch of life science.

Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots, stems or leaves. They do not produce flowers. Many species are single-celled and microscopic (including phytoplankton and other microalgae); many others are multicellular to one degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example, seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum).

A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens.

Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae, and further within those areas, either diatoms or soft algae.
Kevin De Weert
Kevin De Weert (born 27 May 1982 in Duffel) is a former Belgian professional road bicycle racer. In October 2014 it was announced would join LottoNL–Jumbo on a two-year deal from 2015, with the team's directeur sportif Nico Verhoeven describing his role as a domestique for the team's general classification riders in stage races. De Weert retired on his 33rd birthday due to the continuing effects of injuries sustained earlier in his career. In February 2016 he succeeded Carlo Bomans as coach of the Belgian national cycling team.

Domestique
In road bicycle racing, a domestique is a rider who works for the benefit of their team and leader, rather than trying to win the race. In French, domestique translates as "servant". The use of the term dates back to 1911, although such riders had existed before then.
Lambda Literary Award for Speculative Fiction
Lambda Literary Awards (also known as the "Lammys") are awarded yearly by the United States–based Lambda Literary Foundation to published works that celebrate or explore LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) themes. The awards are presented annually for books published in the previous year. The Lambda Literary Foundation states that its mission is "to celebrate LGBT literature and provide resources for writers, readers, booksellers, publishers, and librarians—the whole literary community."

Since their inception in 1989, awards have been given in various categories in fiction and non-fiction. The title for this category has changed several times, most recently to "LGBTQ+ Speculative Fiction".

Lambda Literary Foundation
The Lambda Literary Foundation (also known as Lambda Literary) is an American LGBTQ literary organization whose mission is to nurture and advocate for LGBTQ writers, elevating the impact of their words to create community, preserve their legacies, and affirm the value of LGBTQ stories and lives.