hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Differential (mathematics)
In mathematics, differential refers to several related notions derived from the early days of calculus, put on a rigorous footing, such as infinitesimal differences and the derivatives of functions.

The term is used in various branches of mathematics such as calculus, differential geometry, algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.

Smooth infinitesimal analysis
Smooth infinitesimal analysis is a modern reformulation of the calculus in terms of infinitesimals. Based on the ideas of F. W. Lawvere and employing the methods of category theory, it views all functions as being continuous and incapable of being expressed in terms of discrete entities.  As a theory, it is a subset of synthetic differential geometry.

The nilsquare or nilpotent infinitesimals are numbers ε where ε² = 0 is true, but ε = 0 need not be true at the same time. Calculus Made Easy notably uses nilpotent infinitesimals.
Yangikurgan
Yangikurgan can mean one of the following localities:

Yangiqoʻrgʻon, an urban-type settlement in Namangan Region, Uzbekistan

Yangiqoʻrgʻon District, Namangan Region, Uzbekistan

Ibrat, formerly Yangiqoʻrgʻon, a village in Fergana Region, Uzbekistan

Yangiqurghon, Tajikistan, a town in Tajikistan

Yangiqoʻrgʻon
Yangiqoʻrgʻon  (Uzbek: Yangiqoʻrgʻon, Russian: Янгикурган, romanized: Yangikurgan) is an urban-type settlement and the administrative center of Yangiqoʻrgʻon District, Namangan Region, Uzbekistan. Population: 11,561 (1989 census).

Yangiqoʻrgʻon is located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the city of Namangan. It is connected by roads with Namangan and Chortoq.
Touch (Tortoise album)
Touch is the eighth studio album by American post-rock band Tortoise. It was released on October 24, 2025, through International Anthem Recording Company and Nonesuch Records. It received universal acclaim from critics.

Doug McCombs
Douglas McCombs is an American musician who plays bass and guitar with the instrumental post-rock band Tortoise and leads the instrumental band Brokeback. He is also the longtime bassist for the rock band Eleventh Dream Day. In 1997, he formed Pullman with Bundy K. Brown, Chris Brokaw, and Curtis Harvey, with whom he released two albums. In May 2018, McCombs replaced Eric Claridge as the touring bassist with Chicago jazz-pop outfit the Sea and Cake.
Sheldon Clare
Sheldon Clare MLA is a Canadian politician who has served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (MLA) representing the electoral district of Prince George-North Cariboo since 2024. He is a member of the Conservative Party of British Columbia.

College of New Caledonia
The College of New Caledonia (CNC) is a post-secondary educational institution that serves the residents of the Central Interior of British Columbia. CNC operates six campuses in Prince George, Burns Lake, Fort St. James, Mackenzie, Quesnel and Vanderhoof.

CNC offers small class sizes, not in excess of 37 students, as mandated by their faculty agreement.

During the 2022-23 year, CNC had 6,610 students, with 5,135 domestic and 1,475 international students. Out of all full-time equivalent (FTE) students, roughly 40% were international in 2023-2024. Changes in Canadian immigration rules for international students will lead to an expected decline in 2024-25 according to College presidents.
Williamson Herald
Williamson Herald is an online news outlet based in Franklin, Tennessee. The newspaper provides coverage to Williamson County, Tennessee, including the cities of Franklin, Brentwood, Spring Hill, Nolensville, and Fairview, and also publishes print versions. It was founded in 2005 and is owned by CMD Publishing.

Brentwood, Tennessee
Brentwood is a city in Williamson County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 45,373 as of the 2020 United States census. It is a suburb of Nashville and included in the Nashville metropolitan area.
Javier Zamora
Javier Zamora (born 1990) is a [Nawat] Salvadoran poet and activist. Zamora is the author of Nine Immigrant Years (2011), Unaccompanied (2017), and Solito: A Memoir (2022). He has written works related towards his migration to the United States.

Copper Canyon Press
Copper Canyon Press is an independent, non-profit small press, founded in 1972 in Denver, Colorado, by Sam Hamill, Tree Swenson, Bill O'Daly, and Jim Gautney, specializing exclusively in the publication of poetry. Since 1974, it is located in Port Townsend, Washington, in what "looks like a small storage building".

With Hamill, the press's editor for over 30 years, departing in 2004, their team is currently led by Michael Wiegers and Ryo Yamaguchi, who joined in 1993 and 2024, and has previously included the likes of Tonaya Thompson as managing editor, George Knotek, Joseph Bednarik as marketing and sales director, and others. Bednarik also served as the poet Jim Harrison's editor at Copper Canyon Press. They publish new collections of poetry by both popular and emerging American poets, translations of classical and contemporary work from many of the world's cultures, re-issues of out-of-print poetry classics, prose books about poetry, and anthologies.
Ding Ruchang
Admiral Ding Ruchang (Chinese: 丁汝昌; pinyin: Dīng Rǔchāng; Wade–Giles: Ting Ju-ch'ang; 18 November 1836 – 12 February 1895), courtesy name Yuting (禹廷 or 雨亭), art name Cizhang (次章), was a Chinese admiral of the Qing dynasty.

Ding took part in the First Sino-Japanese War. He lost five of the ten ships in his fleet during the Battle of the Yalu River (1894). During the subsequent Battle of Weihaiwei (1895), Ding refused offers of political asylum by the Japanese admiral Itō Sukeyuki. Instead of surrendering, Ding committed suicide by an overdose of opium in his office at his Liugong Island headquarters.

After his death, Ding was blamed by the Qing government for the defeat, and posthumously stripped of all ranks and positions. He was posthumously rehabilitated and restored to all of his ranks by the Qing imperial court in 1910.

Art name
An art name (pseudonym or pen name), also known by its native names hào (in Mandarin Chinese), gō (in Japanese), ho (in Korean), and tên hiệu (in Vietnamese), is a professional name used by artists, poets and writers in the Sinosphere. The word and the concept originated in China, where it was used as nicknames for the educated, then became popular in other East Asian countries (especially in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the former Kingdom of Ryukyu).

In some cases, artists adopted different pseudonyms at different stages of their career, usually to mark significant changes in their life. Extreme practitioners of this tendency were Tang Yin of the Ming dynasty, who had more than ten hao, Hokusai of Japan, who in the period 1798 to 1806 alone used no fewer than six, and Kim Chŏnghŭi of the Joseon Dynasty who had up to 503.
Survival of the Thickest
Survival of the Thickest is a comedy-drama television series co-created by Michelle Buteau and Danielle Sanchez Witzel for Netflix, based on a memoir of the same name. The series stars Buteau as a woman attempting to rebuild her life after a breakup. The series was released on July 13, 2023. In early 2024, Netflix announced that the show was renewed for a second season, which premiered on March 27, 2025. In May 2025, the series was renewed for a third and final season.

Monét X Change
Monét X Change (born February 19, 1990) is the stage name of Kevin Akeem Bertin, an American drag queen, singer, podcaster, and reality television personality. He is known for competing on the tenth season of RuPaul's Drag Race (2018), on which he placed sixth and was crowned the season's Miss Congeniality, and for winning the fourth season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (2018–2019) alongside Trinity the Tuck. He returned to compete in the seventh season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, an all-winners season, where he placed runner-up.

He currently co-hosts the podcasts Sibling Rivalry (with Bob the Drag Queen) and Ebony and Irony (with Lady Bunny). He also hosts the Dropout show Monét's Slumber Party.
Pseudochapsa aptrootiana
Pseudochapsa aptrootiana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres, Thamires Almeida Pereira, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected from Mata do Cipó (Capela e Siriri, Sergipe) at an elevation of 80–100 m (260–330 ft); here, in an Atlantic Rainforest remnant, it was found in the forest understory. It has a light grey thallus lacking a prothallus and a cortex. Its ascospores, which number eight per ascus, are oblong to spindle-shaped (fusiform) with between 11 and 15 septa and measure 30–35 by 7–8 μm. Lichen products that occur in Pseudochapsa aptrootiana include stictic and constictic acid as major or submajor metabolites, and minor to trace amounts of cryptostictic, hypostictic, and acetylhypoconstictic acids. The species epithet honours Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot, "for his invaluable contributions to tropical lichenology".

Constictic acid
Constictic acid is a chemical compound of the depsidone class.  It was first isolated in 1968 from lichen of the genus Usnea.  It has since been found in many other lichen genera including Menegazzia, Crespoa, and Xanthoparmelia.
Matt Jarvis (psychologist)
Matt Jarvis (born 1966)  is a Chartered Psychologist and Chartered Scientist. He currently teaches psychology education at Totton College and freelances as an author and trainer, including for the Science Learning Centres. Jarvis is best known as a British author of psychology textbooks, including both introductory student texts and professional-level texts for teachers.

Teaching 14-19 Psychology: issues & techniques, published by Psychology Press (formerly Teaching post-16 Psychology, published by Nelson Thornes), is the standard text for UK Initial Teacher Training and master's degrees in the teaching of psychology. Angles on Psychology, currently published by Oxford University Press, is endorsed by Edexcel for their psychology A-level. Psychology for WJEC AS-level is endorsed by WJEC.

Edexcel
Edexcel (also known since 2013 as Pearson Edexcel) is a British multinational education and examination body formed in 1996 and wholly owned by Pearson plc since 2005. It is the only privately owned examination board in the United Kingdom. Its name is a portmanteau term combining the words education and excellence.

Edexcel regulates school examinations under the British Curriculum and offers qualifications for schools on the international and regional scale. It is the UK's largest awarding organisation offering academic and vocational qualifications in schools, colleges and work places in the UK and abroad. It is also recognised internationally. In 2019, Edexcel was the focus of significant controversy following a leak of an A-level examination.
Dronryp railway station
Dronryp is the railway station of Dronryp, Netherlands, located in the hamlet of Hatsum. The station was opened on 27 October 1863 and is located on the Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway between Harlingen and Leeuwarden. The train services are operated by Arriva.

The station was spelled Dronrijp until 12 December 2015 when the spelling was changed to Dronryp. This is to reflect the Frisian name of the town.

Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway
The Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway is a railway line in the Netherlands running from the port of Harlingen to Bad Nieuweschans, passing through Leeuwarden and Groningen. The line was opened between 1863 and 1868. It is also known as the Staatslijn "B". At Bad Nieuweschans, a connection with the German railway network is provided through the Ihrhove–Nieuweschans railway.
James M. Stayer
James Mentzer Stayer (15 March 1935 – 23 April 2025) was a Canadian historian specialising in the German Reformation, particularly the anabaptist movement. He was a Professor Emeritus at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Stayer received his PhD from Cornell University in 1964. After teaching at Ithaca College, Bridgewater College and Bucknell University, he moved to Canada in 1968 to teach at Queen's University. He became a Canadian citizen in 1977. Stayer died on 23 April 2025, at the age of 90.

Bridgewater College
Bridgewater College is a private liberal-arts college in Bridgewater, Virginia. Established in 1880, Bridgewater College admitted both men and women from the time of its founding and was the first four-year liberal arts college in Virginia to do so.  Approximately 1,800 students are enrolled.
Tekstilshchiki District
Tekstilshchiki District (Russian: райо́н Тексти́льщики) is a district of South-Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia.  The area of the district is 6 square kilometers (2.3 mi2). Population: 101,712 (2010 census); 87,849 (2002 census).

Federal cities of Russia
In the Russian Federation, a city of federal importance (Russian: город федерального значения, romanized: gorod federalnogo znacheniya), also known as a federal city, is a city that has a status of both an inhabited locality and a constituent federal subject. Russia has three federal cities: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sevastopol, which was annexed in 2014 but remains internationally recognised as part of Ukraine.

Moscow and Saint Petersburg are the largest cities in the country: Moscow is the national capital and Saint Petersburg is a former Russian capital and an important port city by the Baltic Sea. Currently, Sevastopol houses the Sevastopol Naval Base, the main port of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
Crystal Analysis
Crystal Analysis (a.k.a. Crystal Analysis Professional) is an On Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)  application for analysing business data originally developed by Seagate Software.

It was first released under the name Seagate Analysis as a free application written in Java released in 1999. After disappointing application performance, a decision was made to rewrite using ATL COM in C++. The initial rewrite only supported Microsoft Analysis Services, but support for other vendors soon followed, with Holos cubes in version 8.5, Essbase, IBM Db2 and SAP BW following in later releases. The web client was rewritten using an XSLT abstraction layer for the version 9.0 release, with better standards compliance to support Mozilla based browsers, this work also set the building blocks for support for Safari.

Crystal Analysis relies on Crystal Enterprise for distribution of analytical applications created with it.

IBM Db2
Db2 is a family of data management products, including database servers, developed by IBM. It initially supported the relational model, but was extended to support object–relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML. The brand name was originally styled as DB2 until 2017, when it changed to its present form. In the early days, it was sometimes wrongly styled as DB/2 in a false derivation from the operating system OS/2.
Charles Mackarness
Charles Coleridge Mackarness (22 July 1850 – 1 March 1918) was the Archdeacon of the East Riding between 1898 and 1916. In his youth, he had been a keen amateur sportsman and played twice in the FA Cup Final for Oxford University, being on the victorious side in 1874 and runner-up in the previous year.

FA Cup Final
The FA Cup Final is the last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup. It has regularly been one of the most attended domestic football events in the world, with an official attendance of 89,472 at the 2017 final. The Final is the culmination of a knockout competition among clubs belonging to The Football Association in England, although Scottish and Irish teams competed in the early years and Welsh teams regularly compete, with Cardiff City winning the Cup in 1927 and reaching the final in 1925 and 2008. From 1923 until 2000 it was played mostly at the original Wembley Stadium, from 2000 to 2006 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, and has been played at the current Wembley Stadium since 2007.

As of 2025, 144 FA Cup Finals have been played.

Victory in the final is one of the ways teams can qualify for the UEFA Europa League of the following season.
Bessingham
Bessingham is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Sustead, in the North Norfolk district of the English county of Norfolk. It lies 8 mi (13 km) north-north-west of Aylsham and 5 mi (8.0 km) south-south-west of Cromer. In 1931 the parish had a population of 122. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Sustead.

Aylsham
Aylsham is a historic market town and civil parish on the River Bure in north Norfolk, England, nearly 9 mi (14 km) north of Norwich. The town is close to Blickling, Felbrigg, Mannington and Wolterton, which are important tourist attractions.

The civil parish has an area of 4,329 acres (17.52 km2) and in the 2001 census had a population of 5,504 increasing to a population of 6,016 at the 2011 census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Broadland.
Ramazan Veteran's Cup
Ramazan Veteran's Cup is a Maldivian football competition held in the month of Ramadan, formerly run by The Football Association of Maldives, but lately it is organized by the Soccer Veterans Association of Maldives and Maldives Soccer Mates.

According to the rules of the tournament, players aged 40 and above are considered as veterans. Each team is allowed to list 5 players who are aged between 35 and 40 but only three of those players can play on the pitch together as per the regulations.

Football Association of Maldives
The Football Association of Maldives (FAM), founded in 1982, is the governing body of football in the Maldives. The association under the guidance of the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Community Empowerment is responsible for all regulatory aspects of the sport in the Maldives. In 1986, FAM became a member of AFC and FIFA respectively.
DejaGnu
Free and open-source software portal

DejaGnu is a software framework for testing other programs. It has a main script called runtest that goes through a directory looking at configuration files and then runs some tests with given criteria.  The purpose of the DejaGnu package is to provide a single front end for all tests. It is a part of the GNU Project and is licensed under the GPL. It is based on Expect, which is in turn based on Tcl. The current maintainers are Rob Savoye and Ben Elliston.

Configuration file
A configuration file, also known as config file, is a file that stores data used to configure a software system such as an application, a server or an operating system.

Some applications provide a tool to create, modify, and verify the syntax of their configuration files – sometimes via graphical user interface (GUI). For context, system administrators may be expected to create and modify text config files via a text editor. For server processes and operating-system settings, there is often no standard tool, but operating systems may provide graphical interfaces such as YaST or debconf.

Some computer programs only read their configuration files at startup. Others periodically check the configuration files for changes. Users can instruct some programs to re-read the configuration files and apply the changes to the current process, or indeed to read arbitrary files as a configuration file. There are no definitive standards or strong conventions.
Vance–Granville Community College
Vance–Granville Community College (VGCC) is a public community college in Henderson, North Carolina. It is part of the North Carolina Community College System and serves Vance, Granville, Franklin, and Warren counties. It was established in 1969 by the North Carolina General Assembly as Vance County Technical Institute (VCTI). VGCC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate degrees.

Warren County, North Carolina
Warren County is a county located in the northeastern Piedmont region of the U.S. state of North Carolina, on the northern border with Virginia, made famous for a landfill and birthplace of the environmental justice movement. As of the 2020 census, its population was 18,642. Its county seat is Warrenton. It was a center of tobacco and cotton plantations, education, and later textile mills.
Shibo Avenue station
Shibo Avenue (Chinese: 世博大道; pinyin: Shìbó Dàdào) is a station on Line 13 of the Shanghai Metro. It served as the eastern terminus of the line until 30 December 2018, when the extension of Line 13 to Zhangjiang Road opened.

The station has 3 tracks, one island platform, and one side platform. The inner island platform is not in service. Trains heading to Jinyun Road use the outer island platform, whilst trains towards Zhangjiang Road use the side platform.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.
Lake Chapman (Antarctica)
Lake Chapman is a small lake located on The Flatiron, at Granite Harbour within the Ross Dependency of Antarctica. It was first visited by members of Capt. Robert Falcon Scott's Western Party in 1911 and was one of the "pretty little tarns" observed by Griffith Taylor who was Senior Geologist to the expedition. Indeed, Tryggve Gran, another member of the Western Party, even used the lake for a swim to "celebrate Midsummer Day". More recently, it has been a site of active research undertaken by the University of Waikato as part of a larger terrestrial biodiversity research programme supported by the New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute (NZARI) and Antarctica New Zealand (AntNZ).

Ross Dependency
The Ross Dependency is a region of Antarctica defined by a sector originating at the South Pole, passing along longitudes 160° east to 150° west, and terminating at latitude 60° south. It is claimed by New Zealand, a claim mutually accepted only by Australia, the UK, France and Norway, which are countries that also have territorial claims in Antarctica. Under the 1961 Antarctic Treaty, of which all territorial claimants are signatories, including New Zealand, all claims are held in abeyance.  Article IV states: "No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica".

The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea and includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf. Ross, Balleny, Scott and Roosevelt Islands also form part of the Dependency.