hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Samoyedic languages
The Samoyedic (/ˌsæməˈjɛdɪk, -mɔɪ-/) or Samoyed languages (/ˈsæməˌjɛd, -mɔɪ-/) are spoken around the Ural Mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by approximately 25,000 people altogether, accordingly called the Samoyedic peoples. They derive from a common ancestral language called Proto-Samoyedic, and form a branch of the Uralic languages. Having separated perhaps in the last centuries BC, they are not a diverse group of languages, and are traditionally considered to be an outgroup, branching off first from the other Uralic languages.

Outgroup (cladistics)
In cladistics or phylogenetics, an outgroup is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup, the set of organisms under study, and is distinct from sociological outgroups. Character states present in the ingroup but absent in the outgroup are (often) synapomorphies that provide empirical support for the inferred monophyly of the ingroup; character states that are present in the outgroup and some members of the ingroup are symplesiomorphies, and their complementary synapomorphies shared among some members of the ingroup provide hypotheses of relationship within the ingroup clade.  The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the ingroup and specifically allows for the phylogeny to be rooted. Because the polarity (direction) of character change can be determined only on a rooted phylogeny, the choice of outgroup is essential for understanding the evolution of traits along a phylogeny.
Talvik Municipality
Talvik or Talvig is a former municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The 1,650-square-kilometre (640 sq mi) municipality existed for 101 years, from 1863 until its dissolution in 1964. The municipality included all the coastal areas in the outer Altafjorden in the northern part of what is now Alta Municipality. The administrative centre was the village of Talvik where the Talvik Church is located. Other notable villages in the municipality included Komagfjord, Langenes, Langfjordbotn, and Leirbotn.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 1,650-square-kilometre (640 sq mi) municipality was the 36th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Talvik Municipality was the 268th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 3,378 (in 1963). The municipality's population density was 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi).

Finnmark
Finnmark (Norwegian: [ˈfɪ̀nːmɑrk] ⓘ; Northern Sami: Finnmárku [ˈfinːˌmaːrːhkuː]; Kven: Finmarkku; Finnish: Finnmarkin lääni; Russian: Финнмарк) is a county in northern Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland's Lapland region to the south, and Russia's Murmansk Oblast to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.

The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Northern Sami). It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is Norway's second-largest and least populous county.

In January 2020, Finnmark merged with the neighbouring county of Troms to form Troms og Finnmark county. In January 2024, the counties of Finnmark and Troms were restored after parliament decided in June 2022 to separate them.
Jatxou station
Jatxou or Jatsu is a former railway station in Jatxou, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The station was opened in 1891 and is located on the Bayonne - Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port railway line. The station is served by TER (local) services operated by the SNCF. It was closed in 2019.

Bayonne–Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port railway
The Bayonne - Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port railway is a French 52-kilometre long railway line, that connects the Bayonne to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, running through the foothills of the Pyrenees. The railway was opened fully in 1898.
Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions
The Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions is the conventional title given to a Byzantine literary treatise on warfare associated with Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetos (905-959 AD), giving advice on how an emperor should prepare and mount a military campaign. It is actually the appendix to one of his major works, the De Ceremoniis.

The Treatises, as part of the De Ceremoniis, are assumed to have been written by Constantine for his son, the future Romanos II. The date of writing is unknown, but we can assume it was written after 945 AD, when Constantine regained the throne and his son was crowned co-emperor at the age of seven. Constantine’s main source for past military protocol was Leo Katakylas, who wrote in the early 10th century under emperor Leo VI the Wise. He in turn drew most of his information from the deeds of Basil I. The popular translation written by John F. Haldon is split into three texts:

Leo VI the Wise
Leo VI, also known as Leo the Wise (Greek: Λέων ὁ Σοφός, romanized: Léōn ho Sophós; 19 September 866 – 11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), he was very well read, leading to his epithet. During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I, continued; but the empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean. His reign also witnessed the formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the separate office of Roman consul.
Romanian Orthodox Metropolia of the Americas
The Romanian Orthodox Metropolia of the Americas or simply Metropolia (Romanian: Mitropolia Ortodoxă Română a celor două Americi or simply Mitropolia) is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox metropolis of the Romanian Orthodox Church. The Metropolia covers the territory of the United States and Canada.

The Metropolia is led by Nicolae, Archbishop of the Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese of the United States of America and The Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan of the Americas, with the metropolitan center located in Chicago, Illinois.

Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)
In Eastern Orthodoxy, autonomy designates a type of limited self-government of a church (group) toward its mother church. An autonomous church is self-governing in some aspects, which differentiates it from a non-autonomous church. The aspects on which the autonomous church is self-governing depends on the decision of the mother church. A church that is autonomous has its highest-ranking bishop, such as an archbishop or metropolitan, approved (or ordained) by the primate of the mother church.

Kephale (κεφαλή) means "head" in Greek, whereas nomos (νόμος) means "law". Hence, autocephalous (αὐτοκέφαλος) denotes self-headed, or a "head unto itself"; and autonomous denotes "self-legislated".
Trigonostoma
Trigonostoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

Trigonostoma is also the name given to a trematode genus in the family Aspidogastridae, that is actually a synonym of the genus Multicalyx Faust & Tang, 1936

Trematoda
Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as trematodes, and commonly as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is a mollusk, usually a snail. The definitive host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. Infection by trematodes can cause disease in all five vertebrate groups: mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish.
Downey School
Downey School is a historic building located in the unincorporated community of Downey, Iowa, United States. Built in four months in 1905, it was designed by Waterloo, Iowa architect J.G. Ralston and built by Frank Chapman, also of Waterloo. The two-story brick structure features quoins on the corners and Roman arches as its main decorative elements. The building had a cupola, but that was taken down at some point. It is believed that the building originally housed 1st through 12th  grades. After 20 years the high school grades were moved to West Branch, Iowa. The school itself closed in 1955. The Wapsie Valley Grange Society acquired the building and they used it for their meetings into the 1970s.

Tim and Madonna Rex bought the building from the Iowa Grange Society in 2017 and since then have been in the process of converting it into a bed and breakfast inn. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.

Quoin
Quoins (/kɔɪn/ or /kwɔɪn/) are masonry blocks at the corner of a wall. Some are structural, providing strength for a wall made with inferior stone or rubble, while others merely add aesthetic detail to a corner. According to one 19th-century encyclopedia, these imply strength, permanence, and expense, all reinforcing the onlooker's sense of a structure's presence.

Stone quoins are used on stone or brick buildings. Brick quoins may appear on brick buildings, extending from the facing brickwork in such a way as to give the appearance of generally uniformly cut ashlar blocks of stone larger than the bricks. Where quoins are decorative and non-load-bearing a wider variety of materials is used, including timber, stucco, or other cement render.
Rock and Roll Survivors
Rock and Roll Survivors is the fifth and final studio album by American rock band Fanny, released in 1974 on Casablanca Records. The album marked the only appearances by guitarist Patti Quatro and drummer Brie Howard, who replaced original members June Millington and Alice de Buhr (though Howard had been a member of the band in its early days). Produced by Vini Poncia, it was the band's only album for Casablanca. The album features the band's highest charting single "Butter Boy" (US #29).

The album was reissued on CD in 2009 by Cherry Red Records.

Casablanca Records
Casablanca Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group and operated under Republic Records. Under its founder Neil Bogart, Casablanca was most successful during the disco era of the mid to late 1970s. The label focuses on dance and electronic music under the direction of Brett Alperowitz.
Alexander Bashilov
Alexander Alexandrovich Bashilov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Баши́лов; August 31, 1777, in Hlukhiv – December 31, 1847, in Moscow) was a Russian general officer of Napoleonic Wars period, later engaged in urban planning of Moscow and its suburbs.

Hlukhiv
Hlukhiv (Ukrainian: Глухів, IPA: [ˈɦluxʲiu̯] ⓘ; Russian: Глухов, romanized: Glukhov) is a small historic city on the Esman River. It belongs to Shostka Raion of Sumy Oblast of Ukraine. Population: 31,789 (2022 estimate).

It is known for being a capital of the Cossack Hetmanate after the deposition of Ivan Mazepa in 1708–1764.
Mytishchi (inhabited locality)
Mytishchi (Russian: Мытищи) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Mytishchi, a city in Mytishchinsky District of Moscow Oblast

Rural localities

Mytishchi, Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Gavrilovo-Posadsky District, Ivanovo Oblast

Mytishchi, Komsomolsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, a selo in Komsomolsky District, Ivanovo Oblast

Mytishchi, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Nezhitinskoye Settlement of Makaryevsky District of Kostroma Oblast

Mytishchi, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Bolsheselsky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast

Kostroma Oblast
Kostroma Oblast (Russian: Костромска́я о́бласть, romanized: Kostromskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kostroma and its population as of the 2021 Census is 580,976. It was formed on August 13, 1944 on the territory detached from neighboring Yaroslavl Oblast.

Textile industries have been developed there since the early 18th century. Its major historic towns include Kostroma, Sharya, Nerekhta, Galich, Soligalich, and Makaryev.
Erica turgida
Erica turgida, the showy heath or Kenilworth heath, is a species of Erica that was naturally restricted to the city of Cape Town, South Africa, but is now classified as Extinct in the Wild.

This small, delicate erica produces thin, willowy stems, covered in velvety hair. It produces masses of bright-pink, cup-shaped flowers.

This Erica used to grow naturally in the area that is now beneath the Cape Town suburbs of Rondebosch, Kenilworth and Wynberg. 
It was therefore an endemic to the critically endangered Cape Flats Sand Fynbos vegetation type. Soon before the last wild population died out at Kenilworth Racecourse Conservation Area, a woman named Elsie Esterhuizen took cuttings to Kirstenbosch gardens and thus saved the species from permanent extinction.

Along with its fellow extinct-in-the-wild heath, Erica verticillata, it is now being re-introduced to the Kenilworth Racecourse Conservation Area, now that the spread of the invasive alien vegetation there has been controlled.

Wynberg, Cape Town
Wynberg (/ˈwaɪnbɜːrɡ/ WYNE-burg) is a southern suburb of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape, South Africa. It is situated between Plumstead and Kenilworth, and is a main transport hub for the Southern Suburbs of Cape Town.
François Jackman
François Ayodele Jackman is a Barbadian diplomat who has served as the Permanent Representative of Barbados to the United Nations in New York since May 2021.

He has served in diplomatic roles since 1995, notably representing CARICOM at the UN.

He served as a counselor in the Barbadian embassy in Beijing from 2009 to 2014 and was co-director of the Confucian Institute at the University of the West Indies in Barbados, which instructs on subjects like Chinese language and culture. He served as Ambassador to China from 2018 until his UN appointment in 2021. He has a Master's degree in international boundary studies from Durham University and a Bachelor's from the London School of Economics.

University of the West Indies Global Campus
The University of the West Indies Global Campus (UWIGC) is a public and distance only, research university headquartered Cave Hill, Barbados. It is one of 5 general autonomous units of the University of the West Indies system. Its main campus is located inside the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill, but remains a distinct and separate institution.

Effective August 1, 2023, the Open Campus was re-branded as the Global Campus.
Submodalities
Submodalities is the fourth studio album by Canadian pop rock group the Moffatts. The album debuted at No. 8 on the Canadian Albums Chart and went platinum, assisted by their No. 1 hit single "Bang Bang Boom". Produced by a fellow Canadian Bob Rock, the album saw the departure from the band's earlier pop sound from their previous releases into a darker, rock-oriented sound.

Billboard Canadian Albums
The Billboard Canadian Albums is the official record chart ranking the 100 most popular music albums and extended plays in Canada. It is compiled weekly (every Monday) by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Luminate, and published every Tuesday by American music and entertainment magazine Billboard. The albums are compared across all genres, ranked by album sales, audio on-demand streaming activity and digital sales of tracks from albums.
François Octave Dugas
François Octave Dugas, KC (April 12, 1852 – June 22, 1918) was a Canadian politician.

Born in St-Jacques de l'Achigan, Montcalm County, Canada East, the son of Aimé Dugas and Sophie Poirier, Dugas was educated at St. Mary's College in Montreal and McGill University. He was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1880 and set up practice as a lawyer in Joliette. Dugas was Crown Prosecutor for the District of Joliette from 1887 to 1892 and again from 1897 to 1909. He also served as solicitor for the town of Joliette from 1890 to 1900. Dugas was created a King's Counsel in 1899. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral district of Montcalm in the general elections of 1900. A Liberal, He was re-elected in 1904 and 1908.

In 1909, he was named judge in the Quebec Superior Court for Joliette district. He died at Joliette at the age of 66.

His son Lucien served as a member of the Quebec assembly.

Superior Court of Quebec
The Superior Court of Quebec (French: Cour supérieure du Québec) is a superior trial court in the province of Quebec, in Canada. It consists of 157 judges who are appointed by the federal government. Appeals from this court are taken to the Quebec Court of Appeal.
August Meier
August Meier (April 30, 1923 – March 19, 2003) was a professor of history at Kent State University and an author. He was a leading scholar on African American history, teaching also at Morgan State College, Baltimore. He edited several books with Elliott Rudwick. The New York Public Library has a collection of his papers.

Raised in Newark, New Jersey, Meier graduated from Barringer High School. He graduated from Oberlin College and received an M.A. in 1947 and PhD in 1957 from Columbia University, where he studied under Henry Steele Commager and published his dissertation, Foundational Negro Thought in America: 1880–1915 (1963).

Morgan State University
Morgan State University (Morgan State or MSU) is a public historically black research university in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is the third largest among all Historically Black Colleges or Universities (HBCUs). In 1890, the university, then known as the Centenary Biblical Institute, changed its name to honor Lyttleton Morgan, the first chairman of its board of trustees and a donor. It became a university in 1975.

Although a public institution, Morgan State is not a part of the University System of Maryland. It is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
Phosphorous
Phosphorous can refer to:

Phosphorus in the lower of its two most common oxidation states, P(III) (e.g., phosphorous acid, phosphorous anhydride)

Of or pertaining to the use of phosphorus (hence, phosphorous compounds). Used as an adjective

A common misspelling of the element name phosphorus

Phosphorous acid
Phosphorous acid (or phosphonic acid) is the compound described by the formula H3PO3. It is diprotic (readily ionizes two protons), not triprotic as might be suggested by its formula. Phosphorous acid is an intermediate in the preparation of other phosphorus compounds. Organic derivatives of phosphorous acid, compounds with the formula RPO3H2, are called phosphonic acids.
Pishill with Stonor
Pishill with Stonor is a civil parish in the high Chilterns, South Oxfordshire. It includes the villages of Pishill (Ordnance Survey grid reference SU727899) and Stonor (OS Grid ref. SU737886), and the hamlets of Maidensgrove and Russell's Water. Pishill with Stonor was formed by the merger of the separate civil parishes of Pishill and Stonor (until 1896 a detached part of the parish of Pyrton) in 1922.  In 2011 it had a human population of 304 across its 10.54 km².

Chiltern Hills
The Chiltern Hills or the Chilterns are a chalk escarpment in southern England to the northwest of London, covering 660 square miles (1700 sq km) across Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire and stretching 45 miles (72 km) from Goring-on-Thames in the southwest to Hitchin in the northeast. The hills are 12 miles (19 km) at their widest.

In 1964, 833 square kilometres - almost half of the Chiltern Hills - were designated by the Countryside Commission
as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) under the powers established by the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949.

The northwest boundary of the Chilterns is clearly defined by the escarpment. The dip slope is by definition more gradual and merges with the landscape to the southeast. The southwest endpoint is the River Thames. The hills decline slowly in prominence in northeast Bedfordshire.
Woomargama
Woomargama (/wuːˈmɑːrɡæmə/) is a locality in southwestern New South Wales, Australia. The locality is in the South West Slopes region, in the foothills of the Great Dividing Range. It is in the Greater Hume Shire local government area, 508 kilometres (316 mi) south-west of the state capital, Sydney and 48 kilometres (30 mi) north-east of the regional city of Albury. At the 2006 census, Woomargama had a population of 251.

Woomargama post office was opened on 1 August 1875. The village has a hotel/motel, a post office situated in the historic school building, a community hall, fire station and tennis courts, a park with barbecues and public conveniences, and a town common. The village is ideally situated to access Woomargama National Park and the upper Murray River.

Woomargama National Park
Woomargama National Park is a national park situated 20 kilometres (12 mi) south east of Holbrook and 30 kilometres (19 mi) north east of Albury, in the South West Slopes region of southern New South Wales. Southern extremities of the park are within one kilometre of Lake Hume which is formed on the Murray River. The park extends over approximately 30 km from eastern to western boundaries and 15 km in a north to south direction. In 2006, the park covered an area of 23,577 hectares and at the same time an area of associated reserve covered 7,120 hectares. In 2010 the park alone covered 24,185 ha.

Woomargama was gazetted, from the formation of Woomargama, Dora Dora and Tipperary State Forests along with other Crown Land portions, in January 2001 as part of the Southern Regional Forest Agreement in 2000.
Signe Wilkinson
Signe Wilkinson (born July 25, 1950, in Wichita Falls, Texas) is an editorial cartoonist best known for her work at the Philadelphia Daily News. Her work is described as having a "unique style and famous irreverence." Wilkinson is the only female editorial cartoonist whose work has been distributed by a major syndicate.

Wilkinson is the first female cartoonist to win the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning (1992) and was once named "the Pennsylvania state vegetable substitute" by the former speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. In 2011, Wilkinson received a Visionary Woman Award from Moore College of Art & Design. She has also won four Overseas Press Club Awards and two Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Awards for Cartooning.

In late 2020, Wilkinson retired as the editorial cartoonist for The Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily News. She still publishes cartoons in Sunday editions of the Inquirer.

Editorial cartoonist
An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context. Political cartoonists generally adopt a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. They may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, emphasize their point of view or comment on a particular event.

Because an editorial cartoonist expresses an idea visually, with little or no text or words, it can be understood across many languages and countries. A strong tradition of editorial cartooning can be found throughout the world, in all political environments, including Cuba, Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Iran, France, Denmark, Canada and the United States.