hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Langjan Nature Reserve
Langjan Nature Reserve, is situated in Limpopo province, South Africa, on the R521 to Alldays, west of Makhado, close to the Blouberg Nature Reserve

This 4,774-hectare (18.43 sq mi) reserve was established in 1954 to preserve the last autochthonous population of Oryx gazella. It is located between 22° 47'S and 22° 52'S and 29° 11'E and 29° 17'E and straddles the Brak River running approximately from south to north. The altitude is around 800 metres (2,600 ft) above sea level and is situated on conglomerate, limestone and sandstone and deep red Kalahari sand.

The vegetation is referred to as "arid sweet Bushveld"

Bushveld
The Bushveld (from Afrikaans: bosveld, Afrikaans: bos 'bush' and Afrikaans: veld) is a sub-tropical woodland ecoregion of Southern Africa. The ecoregion straddles the Tropic of Capricorn and constitutes the southern part of the Zambezian region. It encompasses most of Limpopo and a small part of North West in South Africa, the Central and North-East Districts of Botswana and the Matabeleland South and part of Matabeleland North provinces of Zimbabwe. The Kruger National Park has a number of 'Bushveld' camps, but these are strictly speaking in the lowveld, as these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Although their limits are somewhat blurred, lowveld is generally restricted to the more easterly parts of South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Index of Japan-related articles (M)
This page lists Japan-related articles with romanized titles beginning with the letter M. For names of people, please list by surname (i.e., "Tarō Yamada" should be listed under "Y", not "T"). Please also ignore particles (e.g. "a", "an", "the") when listing articles (i.e., "A City with No People" should be listed under "City").

M
M, or m, is the thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of several western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is em (pronounced /ˈɛm/ ⓘ), plural ems.
Immigration Act 2014
The Immigration Act 2014 (c. 22) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. It received Royal Assent on 14 May 2014. The act makes provision to prevent private landlords from renting houses to people without legal status, to prevent illegal immigrants from obtaining driving licences and bank accounts and for the investigation of sham marriages. Landlords who rent housing to illegal migrants without carrying out these checks will bear civil liability. Failure to comply with this requirement may result in a civil penalty of no more than £3,000.

Only six Labour MPs opposed the Act; Diane Abbott, Jeremy Corbyn, Kelvin Hopkins, John McDonnell, Fiona Mactaggart and Dennis Skinner.

The Act removes key protections for Commonwealth citizens residing in the United Kingdom that existed in the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 which was a major preceding factor in the Windrush scandal that involved at least 83 wrongful deportations.

Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (c. 33) is an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. It followed a 1998 government white paper entitled "Fairer, Faster And Firmer – A Modern Approach To Immigration And Asylum". Its main aim was to create a faster system to deal with a backlog of cases.

One of the most notable parts of the new law was to introduce the dispersal policy under section 95 of the act. This system allowed for the creation of dispersal areas around the United Kingdom, where asylum applicants would be accommodated while their claims for asylum were reviewed. The act provided for two types of accommodation, "initial accommodation", which was generally available for up to two weeks, and "dispersal" accommodation, which could be occupied for longer periods.
María Isabel Pérez Santos
María Isabel Pérez Santos (born 10 September 1966) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

In the 2009 mid-terms she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies to represent Veracruz's 18th district during the 61st session of Congress. She had previously served as municipal president of Los Reyes, Veracruz, from 2001 to 2004.

LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LXI Legislature of the Congress of the Union, the 61st session of the Congress of Mexico, met from 1 September 2009 to 31 August 2012. Members of the upper house of the Congress were selected in the elections of July 2006 while members of the lower house of the Congress were selected in the elections of July 2009.
Esme Chait
Esme Joy Chait is a South African politician who represented the National Party (NP) in Parliament from 1987 to 1999. She was first elected to the apartheid-era House of Assembly in the 1987 general election; although she lost the election to represent her constituency in the Cape, she was indirectly elected from the NP's party list. In South Africa's first post-apartheid elections in 1994, she was elected to a single term in the new National Assembly, still representing the NP. She is Jewish.

Parliament of South Africa
The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is South Africa's legislature. It is located in Cape Town; the country's legislative capital.

Under the present Constitution of South Africa, the bicameral Parliament comprises a National Assembly and a National Council of Provinces. The current twenty-eighth Parliament was first convened on 14 June 2024.

From 1910 to 1994, members of Parliament were elected chiefly by the South African white minority.  The first elections with universal suffrage were held in 1994.

Both chambers held their meetings in the Houses of Parliament, Cape Town that were built 1875–1884. A fire broke out within the buildings in early January 2022, destroying the session room of the National Assembly. It was decided that, during construction work at Parliament, the National Assembly would temporarily meet at the Good Hope Chamber.
Cattleya × elegans
Cattleya × elegans is a hybrid orchid in the subtribe Laeliinae. It is a pseudobulb epiphyte. Its formula hybridae is  Cattleya purpurata (Lindl. & Paxton) Van den Berg (2008) × Cattleya tigrina A.Rich. (1848). It is found in South and South-East Brazil.

Laeliinae
Laeliinae is a Neotropical subtribe including 40  orchid genera, such as Brassavola, Laelia and Cattleya. The genus Epidendrum is the largest within this subtribe, containing about 1500 species. This is followed by the genus Encyclia, with over 120 species.
2014 Cameron Highlands mud floods
The 2014 Cameron Highlands mud floods took place in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia on 5 and 6 November 2014. More than 20 houses in Ringlet town, Ringlet new village, Kampung Ulu Merah Ringlet and Bertam Valley were submerged in knee-deep flood waters. At least three people were killed while five others were injured, according to official reports. The electrical supply to the affected villages was cut off for several weeks. About 90 victims from 28 families were evacuated to a relief centre in Ringlet. This was the second time that mud floods of this magnitude had ravaged the Bertam Valley since the 2013 mud floods. The mud floods had been largely attributed to illegal land clearing by foreign illegal immigrants who were involved in the rapidly expanding agricultural industry there. Pahang Sultan Ahmad Shah has orders to stop the illegal farming and there is a claim of corruption involving the illegal land clearing.

Ahmad Shah of Pahang
Ahmad Shah Al-Musta’in Billah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mu’azzam Shah (Jawi: المرحوم سلطان حاج أحمد شاه المستعين بالله إبن المرحوم سلطان أبو بكر رعاية الدين المعظم شاه; 24 October 1930 – 22 May 2019) was Sultan of Pahang from 1974 until his abdication in 2019, and the seventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), from 1979 to 1984. His abdication as sultan was decided by the Royal Council at an extraordinary meeting on 11 January 2019. A special amendment was made to the state constitution that gave the body more power for this decision, citing the Sultan's incapability to rule due to his failing health. The abdication was announced the next day which was retroactively effective on the day of the Royal Council meeting, paving the way to his son, Abdullah to succeed him as sultan immediately, and subsequently be elected as the next Yang di-Pertuan Agong later the same month.
Shenhua CTL
Shenhua CTL (also known as Ningxia CTL, Chinese: 神华CTL) is a planned coal liquefaction plant in Ningdong, Ningxia, China. Its planned capacity is 80,000 barrels per day (13,000 m3/d).  The liquefaction plant is to use a Sasol's indirect liquefaction technology, based on the Fischer–Tropsch process.

The feasibility study was carried out by Foster Wheeler and Wuhuan Engineering.  The constriction is to start in October 2010 and it expected to cost US$7 billion.  The project was developed by Sasol and Ningxia Coal Industry Group, a subsidiary of Shenhua Group.  The agreement between companies was signed on 21 June 2006.  In September 2011, Sasol pulled back from the project.

Sasol
Sasol Limited, commonly referred to as Sasol, is an integrated energy and chemical company based in Sandton, South Africa.

The company was formed in 1950 in Sasolburg, South Africa, and built around coal liquefaction processes that German chemists and engineers first developed in the early 1900s. Today, Sasol develops and commercializes technologies, including synthetic fuel technologies, and produces different liquid fuels, chemicals, coal tar, and electricity.

Sasol is listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE: SOL) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: SSL). Major shareholders include the South African Government Employees Pension Fund, Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Limited (IDC), Allan Gray Investment Counsel, Coronation Fund Managers, Ninety One, and others.

Sasol employs over 27,000 people worldwide and has operations in 33 countries. It is the largest corporate taxpayer in South Africa, and the seventh-largest coal mining company in the world.
John Eiler
John Mathew Eiler is an American geochemist and geologist, known for his contributions to stable isotope geochemistry. His work has provided insights into various scientific questions, such as determining the body temperatures of dinosaurs, understanding Earth's ancient climate, and studying the thermal histories of meteorites and planetary surfaces. As of 2025, he holds the position of Robert P. Sharp Professor of Geology and Geochemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and serves as the Chair of Caltech's Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences.

Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.: 1  The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt.: 1  It is an integrated field of chemistry and geology.
Derby (surname)
Derby is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred Thomas Derby (1821–1873) English painter, son of William Derby

Brown Derby (actor) (1914-2000), Scottish actor

Dean Derby (1935–2021), American retired National Football League player

Ethel Roosevelt Derby (1891-1977), youngest daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, instrumental in preserving his legacy

Elias Hasket Derby (1739-1799), American merchant

Fred Derby (1940-2001), Surinamese politician and trade unionist

George Derby (1823-1861), American humorist

George Derby (baseball) (1857-1925), American Major League Baseball pitcher

James Cephas Derby (1818-1892), American book publisher

Orville Adalbert Derby (1851-1915), American geologist who worked in Brazil

Pat Derby (1942–2013), British-born American animal trainer

Sylvester Derby (1892–1974), American college football head coach

William Derby (1786–1847) English portraitist, miniature painter and copyist, father of Alfred Thomas Derby

Elias Hasket Derby
Elias Hasket Derby (August 16, 1739 — September 8, 1799) was an American merchant based in Salem, Massachusetts who owned or held shares in numerous privateers. The crews of these ships took more than 150 prizes during the American Revolution, and the sale of the prizes resulted in great wealth to be shared. Derby was in business with his father, who died at the end of the war.

After the war, Derby converted his large, swift Grand Turk to commercial use, and sent it as the first New England vessel to trade directly with China. By specializing in the East Indies trade, Derby became not only one of the wealthiest and most celebrated traders of the post-Revolutionary period in Salem, Massachusetts, but at one point reputedly the richest man in the United States. He died in Salem in September, 1799, aged 60.
Popescu's theorem
In commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, Popescu's theorem, introduced by Dorin Popescu,
states:

Let A be a Noetherian ring and B a Noetherian algebra over it. Then, the structure map A → B is a regular homomorphism if and only if B is a direct limit of smooth A-algebras.

For example, if A is a local G-ring (e.g., a local excellent ring) and B its completion, then the map A → B is regular by definition and the theorem applies.

Another proof of Popescu's theorem was given by Tetsushi Ogoma, while an exposition of the result was provided by Richard Swan.

The usual proof of the Artin approximation theorem relies crucially on Popescu's theorem. Popescu's result was proved by an alternate method, and somewhat strengthened, by Mark Spivakovsky.

Commutative algebra
Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra. Prominent examples of commutative rings include polynomial rings; rings of algebraic integers, including the ordinary integers ; and p-adic integers.

Commutative algebra is the main technical tool of algebraic geometry, and many results and concepts of commutative algebra are strongly related with geometrical concepts.

The study of rings that are not necessarily commutative is known as noncommutative algebra; it includes ring theory, representation theory, and the theory of Banach algebras.
Ankit Kaushik
Ankit Kaushik (born 5 September 1991) is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Himachal Pradesh in the 2012–13 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 5 April 2015. He made his List A debut for Himachal Pradesh in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 25 February 2017. He made his first-class debut for Himachal Pradesh in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy on 14 October 2017.

He moved to  the Chandigarh cricket team for the 2019–20 Domestic season. In December 2019, in Chandigarh's match against Bihar in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy, he scored his maiden first-class century.

Himachal Pradesh cricket team
The Himachal Pradesh cricket team is an Indian cricket team based in Himachal Pradesh. It has competed in the Ranji Trophy since the 1985–86 season. They have won their first domestic trophy, by winning the 2021–22 edition of Vijay Hazare Trophy.
Ekhon Nedekha Nodir Xhipare
Ekhon Nedekha Nodir Xhipare (English: On the other bank of the unseen river) is a 2012 Assamese language socio-political thriller film, with some dialogue in Hindi, starring Sanjay Suri and Bidita Bag in the lead roles. It was directed by Bidyut Kotoky and produced by National Film Development Corporation of India. The film was simultaneously made in Hindi as As the river flows.

The story was inspired by the kidnapping of activist Sanjoy Ghosh, who was first abducted in 1997 from the island Majuli in Assam supposed to be by the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and subsequently killed. A controversy developed when it got rejected by the jury of the 59th National Film Awards in the category of best Assamese film for being "not Assamese".

Central Board of Film Certification
The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is a statutory film-certification body in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Government of India. It is tasked with "regulating the public exhibition of films under the provisions of the Cinematograph Act 1952." The Cinematograph Act 1952 outlines a strict certification process for commercial films shown in public venues. Films screened in cinemas and on television may only be publicly exhibited in India after certification by the board and edited.
Nordic combined at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Individual
The individual competition of the nordic combined events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, was held on January 15, at the Seefeld Arena with one ski jump and a 10-kilometre cross-country race. 17 athletes from 17 countries took part in this event.

Seefeld Nordic Competence Centre
The Seefeld Nordic Competence Centre (In German: Nordisches Kompetenzzentrum) is a multi-sport venue for nordic skiing located in Seefeld in Tirol, Austria. It consists of a cross-country skiing stadium, the Toni-Seelos-Olympiaschanzes with two ski jumping hills; a normal hill and a medium hill and a shooting range for biathlon. It has previously hosted the 1976 Winter Olympics and the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in 1985 and 2019.

Built in 1985 in preparation for the Nordic World Championships, the centre has been continually expanded and modernised. In 2005, a central building at the foot of the ski jump was constructed in the Casino Arena to enable more extensive use of facilities.
Robert Dorning
Robert Dorning (13 May 1913 – 21 February 1989) was an English musician, dance band vocalist, ballet dancer and actor. He is known to have performed in at least 77 television and film productions between 1940 and 1988.

The Professionals (TV series)
The Professionals is a British crime-action television drama series produced by Avengers Mark1 Productions for London Weekend Television (LWT) that aired on the ITV network from 30 December 1977 to 6 February 1983. In all, 57 episodes were produced, filmed between 1977 and 1981. It starred Martin Shaw, Lewis Collins and Gordon Jackson as agents of the fictional "CI5" (Criminal Intelligence 5, alluding to the real-life MI5 and CID).

The Professionals was created by Brian Clemens, who had been one of the driving forces behind The Avengers. The show was originally to have been called The A-Squad. Clemens and Albert Fennell were executive producers, with business partner Laurie Johnson providing the theme music. Sidney Hayers produced the first series in 1977, and Raymond Menmuir the remainder.
Lolu
Lolu is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia. The village has about 49 residents as reported from the 2011 Estonia census, down 2.3% from 64 in the 2000 Estonia census. It was a part of Paistu Parish until 2013.

2000 Estonian census
2000 Population and Housing Census (PHC 2000) (Estonian: Rahva ja eluruumide loendus (REL 2000)) was a census that was carried out during 31 March 2000 – 9 April 2000 in Estonia by Statistics Estonia.

The total population recorded was 1,370,052 persons and 67.9% of them were Estonians. Compared to the 1989 Estonia Census, the population had decreased by 195,000 persons (12.5%).
Garriston
Garriston is a hamlet and civil parish north-east of Leyburn in North Yorkshire, England. In 2015, North Yorkshire County Council estimated the population at 20. At the 2011 census the population remained less than 100. Details are included in the parish of West Hauxwell.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Richmondshire, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Richmondshire
Richmondshire was a local government district of North Yorkshire, England, from 1974 to 2023. It covered a large northern area of the Yorkshire Dales including Swaledale and Arkengarthdale, Wensleydale and Coverdale, with the prominent Scot's Dyke and Scotch Corner along the centre. Teesdale lay to the north. With a total area of 1,319 km2, it was larger than seven of the English ceremonial counties (namely, in decreasing order of size, the West Midlands, Merseyside, Tyne & Wear, Rutland, the Isle of Wight, Bristol, and the City of London).
Andy Maxwell (rugby union, born 1981)
Andy Maxwell is a former Irish rugby union player, previously of Ulster and Edinburgh. He joined the Ulster squad at the start of the 2003-04 season and made his Ulster debut against Edinburgh in September 2004 which he capped with a try.

Maxwell won his first Ireland A cap at the 2006 Churchill Cup tournament in the U.S. and Canada.  He won two caps with appearances against the USA and New Zealand Maori. He has also represented Ireland at Sevens, U21, U19 and U18 levels. His speed and style of rugby is well suited to the seven aside game and he took part in the Rugby World Cup Sevens tournament in Hong Kong in summer 2005. At the end of the 2006-07 season, Maxwell left Ulster and moved to Edinburgh Rugby.

In May 2008 Maxwell decided to pursue a career outside professional rugby and left Edinburgh. He and a number of other Irish professionals, such as Ross McCarron and Simon Hillary, did this.

Maxwell is now a co-owner of the Irish burrito bar chain Boojum.

2006 Churchill Cup
The 2006 Churchill Cup was a rugby union competition played between the second teams of various top tier international rugby nations and the first teams of traditionally less prominent teams, such as Canada and the United States. The 2006 tournament began on June 3 and ended on June 17. The 2006 competition marked the fourth year of the Churchill Cup as well as its expansion from four to six teams. The Cup was contested by Canada, England Saxons, Ireland A, New Zealand Māori, Scotland A, and the United States. New Zealand Māori won the competition.
Khalid Pashtoon
Khalid Pashtoon was elected to represent Kandahar Province in Afghanistan's Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of its National Legislature, in 2005. He is a member of the Pashtun ethnic group from the Barakzai tribe. A report on Kandahar prepared at the Navy Postgraduate School stated he attended the University of Southern California. His Toupee sits on the Internal Security Committee as its deputy chair. He is a former aide to Gul Agha Sherzai.

Khalid Pashtoon was widely quoted when he described assassinated tribal leader Abdul Hakim Jan as the only leader in Kandahar to have opposed the Taliban.

Kandahar Province
Kandahar is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southern part of the country, sharing a border with Balochistan, Pakistan, to the south. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west, Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan's second largest city, located on the Arghandab River. The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar. The Emir of Afghanistan sends orders to Kabul from Kandahar making it the de facto capital of Afghanistan, although the main government body operates in Kabul. All meetings with the Emir take place in Kandahar, meetings excluding the Emir are in Kabul.

The province contains about 18 districts, over 1,000 villages, and approximately 1,431,876 people (the 6th most populous province), which is mostly tribal and a rural society. The main inhabitants of Kandahar province are the ethnic Baloch people followed by Tajiks, Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Turkmens and Hazaras.