hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2008 South African presidential election
An indirect presidential election was held in South Africa on 25 September 2008 following the resignation of the President Thabo Mbeki. The ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), with a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly of South Africa, elected Kgalema Motlanthe as president.  The ANC indicated that Motlanthe would be a "caretaker" president until the 2009 election, after which ANC president Jacob Zuma would take office.

Supermajority
A supermajority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of one-half used for a simple majority, the latter sometimes expressed as a "50% + 1 vote". Supermajority rules in a democracy can help to prevent a majority from eroding fundamental rights of a minority, but can also hamper efforts to respond to problems and encourage corrupt compromises at times when action is taken. Changes to constitutions, especially those with entrenched clauses, commonly require supermajority support in a legislature. In consensus democracy, the supermajority rule is applied in most cases.
Böttcher's equation
Böttcher's equation, named after Lucjan Böttcher, is the functional equation

where

h is a given analytic function with a superattracting fixed point of order n at a, (that is,  in a neighbourhood of a), with n ≥ 2

F is a sought function.

The logarithm of this functional equation amounts to Schröder's equation.

Fixed point (mathematics)
In mathematics, a fixed point (sometimes shortened to fixpoint), also known as an invariant point, is a value that does not change under a given transformation. Specifically, for functions, a fixed point is an element that is mapped to itself by the function. Any set of fixed points of a transformation is also an invariant set.
William James George
William James George CMG (26 January 1853 – 10 March 1931) was an Australian engineer and politician who served in the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1895 to 1902 and from 1909 to 1930. He was a minister in the governments of Frank Wilson, Henry Lefroy, Hal Colebatch, and James Mitchell.

Western Australian Legislative Assembly
The Western Australian Legislative Assembly, or lower house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Western Australia, an Australian state. The Parliament sits in Parliament House in the Western Australian capital, Perth.

The Legislative Assembly today has 59 members, elected for four-year terms from single-member electoral districts.  Members are elected using the preferential voting system. As with all other Australian states and territories, voting is compulsory for all Australian citizens over the legal voting age of 18.
Supermen Against the Orient
Supermen Against the Orient (Italian: Crash! Che botte... Strippo strappo stroppio) is a 1973 superhero film directed by Bitto Albertini. An Italian-Hong Kong co-production, it is a sequel of Gianfranco Parolini's  1967 film The Three Fantastic Supermen.

It was a commercial success in Italy and also in Hong Kong.

Gianfranco Parolini
Gianfranco Parolini (20 February 1925 in Rome, Italy – 26 April 2018 in Rome, Italy) was an Italian film director. He is often credited as Frank Kramer. Among his films are The Sabata Trilogy, several sword and sandal films, most of the Kommissar X films and a number of Spaghetti Westerns.

He claimed to have written over 100 thriller novels before becoming an assistant to Giuseppe Amato.
Yala, Ivory Coast
Yala is a village in western Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Séitifla, Vavoua Department, Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District.

Yala was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Sassandra-Marahoué District
Sassandra-Marahoué District (French: District du  Sassandra-Marahoué, [sa.sɑ̃d.ʁa ma.ʁa.we]) is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the central part of the country. The capital of the district is Daloa.
Doña Juana
Doña Juana (Spanish: Volcán Doña Juana) is a stratovolcano, located within the Doña Juana-Cascabel Volcanic Complex  National Natural Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Natural Complejo Volcánico Doña Juana-Cascabel) in Nariño, Colombia.

With a previous eruption of VEI 4, Doña Juana is rated as a "large" volcano of "cataclysmic" destructive power. During its last eruption, in 1906, more than 100 people were killed and many houses were destroyed.

Its largest known historical eruption was on November 13, 1899. In its prehistory, it is known to have erupted in the 23rd century BC in a caldera-forming eruption of unknown magnitude.

Volcanic explosivity index
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a scale used to measure the size of explosive volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States Geological Survey and Stephen Self in 1982.

Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations (using terms ranging from "gentle" to "mega-colossal") are used to determine the explosivity value. The scale is open-ended with the largest eruptions in history given a magnitude of 8. A value of 0 is given for non-explosive eruptions, defined as less than 10,000 m3 (350,000 cu ft) of tephra ejected; and 8 representing a supervolcanic eruption that can eject 1.0×1012 m3 (240 cubic miles) of tephra and have a cloud column height of over 20 km (66,000 ft). The scale is logarithmic, with each interval on the scale representing a tenfold increase in observed ejecta criteria, with the exception of between VEI-0, VEI-1 and VEI-2.
Buczynski
Buczynski (Polish: Buczyński, feminine: Buczyńska) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Eddie Buczynski (1947–1989), American Wiccan and archaeologist

Walter Buczynski (born 1933), Canadian composer

Wieslaw Buczynski, former Poland international rugby footballer, and coach of Malmo RC

Michele Buczynski, actress in A Fine Romance (film)

Agnieszka Buczyńska (born 1986), Polish politician

Helena Buczyńska (1894–1957), Polish actress

Inga Buczyńska (born 1990), Polish rhythmic gymnast

Eddie Buczynski
Edmund Buczynski (January 28, 1947 – March 16, 1989) was an American Wiccan and archaeologist who founded two separate traditions of Wicca: Welsh Traditionalist Witchcraft and The Minoan Brotherhood.

Born to a working-class family in New York City, Buczynski eventually embraced his homosexuality, moved to Greenwich Village, and immersed himself in the local gay scene. His relationship with Herman Slater led the two men to open The Warlock Shop, an occult supply store, in 1972. Following ordinations into various covens, Buczynski founded the Minoan Brotherhood in 1977 as a Wiccan tradition for gay and bisexual men. Buczynski was diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in 1988, and died the following year.
Tadeusz Swietochowski
Tadeusz Świętochowski (Polish: [taˈdɛ.uʂ ɕfjɛntɔˈxɔfskʲi]; 28 April 1932 – 15 February 2017) was a Polish-American historian and Caucasologist, Professor Emeritus of Columbia University and Monmouth University.

Monmouth University
Monmouth University is a private university in West Long Branch, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1933 as Monmouth Junior College, it became Monmouth College in 1956 and Monmouth University in 1995 after receiving its charter. It enrolls about 4,660 undergraduate and 1,750 graduate students and employs 302 full-time faculty members.
Megher Pore Megh
Megher Pore Megh (Bengali: মেঘের পরে মেঘ, meaning Clouds After Cloud) is a 2004 Bangladeshi Bengali-language feature film directed by Chashi Nazrul Islam. It is an adaptation of the novel Megher Pore Megh by Rabeya Khatun, based on the events of the Bangladesh Liberation War. It was produced by Faridur Reza Sagar and Ibne Hasan Khan in the banner of Impress Telefilm. It stars Riaz, Purnima, Mahfuz Ahmed and Shahidul Alam Sachchu, Riaz first time acting a duplicate character in this film such like Sezan and Majid.

Impress Telefilm
Impress Telefilm Limited is a media production house in Bangladesh, formed in 2003. The company produces film, drama, and drama serials, music videos, variety shows, magazine programmes, musical programmes, and documentaries as well as TV commercials. It was founded by Faridur Reza Sagar.

From Bangladesh, 9 different films of Impress Telefilm has got Bangladeshi submissions for the Oscar for Foreign Language Film Competition 9 times.
Silas Alward
Silas Alward (April 14, 1841 – June 12, 1919) was a Canadian politician in the province of New Brunswick.

Born in New Canaan, Queens County, New Brunswick, the son of John Alward and Mary A. Corey, Alward received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Acadia College in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, in 1860. In 1871, he received an A.M. degree from Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. He studied law in Saint John, New Brunswick, and was called to the bar of New Brunswick in 1866.

He was elected by acclamation to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in 1887. A Liberal, he was re-elected in the 1890, 1892, and 1895 elections but was defeated in the 1899 election.

1895 New Brunswick general election
The 1895 New Brunswick general election was held in October 1895, to elect 46 members to the 29th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The government of Andrew George Blair was re-elected.

The election was held before the adoption of party labels. Codewords were ministerialist or anti-ministerialist, and Government or opposition.

Of forty-six MLAs, thirty-four supported the government, nine formed the opposition, and the other three were neutral. Among the opposition ranks were two Patrons of Industry MLAs, representing the organized farmers movement.
Kanose, Niigata
Kanose (鹿瀬町, Kanose-machi) was a town located in Higashikanbara District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,753 and a population density of 10.68 per km2. The total area was 257.69 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Kanose, along with the town of Tsugawa, and the villages of Kamikawa and Mikawa (all from Higashikanbara District) were merged to create the town of Aga.

In 1964, a chemical factory in the village released methylmercury into the Agano River and caused Niigata Minamata disease.

Methylmercury
Methylmercury is an organometallic cation with the formula [CH3Hg]+. It is the simplest organomercury compound. Methylmercury is extremely toxic, and its derivatives are the major source of organic mercury for humans. It is a bioaccumulative environmental toxicant with a 50-day elimination half-life in human blood. Methylmercury salts along with dimethylmercury are the causative agents of the infamous Minamata disease.

Methylmercury is designated as a "priority hazardous substance" according to the Directive on Environmental Quality Standards (Directive 2013/39/EU).

The process which creates methylmercury is called mercury methylation.
Once Upon a Time at the Adelphi
Once Upon a Time at the Adelphi is a musical written by Phil Willmott and Elliot Davis. It received its world premiere at the Liverpool Playhouse, England from June to August 2008. The production starred Julie Atherton and Simon Bailey, was directed by Phil Willmott with musical direction and arrangements by Elliot Davis, choreography by Andrew Wright, associate musical direction and additional arrangements by Mark Collins, set and costume design by Christopher Woods and sound design by Jason Barnes.

It was written and produced for the Liverpool '08 Capital of Culture celebrations and featured a professional cast of principals and an ensemble from the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts.

Liverpool Playhouse
The Liverpool Playhouse is a theatre in Williamson Square in the city of Liverpool, England. It originated in 1866 as a music hall, and in 1911 developed into a repertory theatre.  As such it nurtured the early careers of many actors and actresses, some of whom went on to achieve national and international reputations. Architectural changes have been made to the building over the years, the latest being in 1968 when a modern-style extension was added to the north of the theatre.  In 1999 a trust was formed, joining the management of the Playhouse with that of the Everyman Theatre.
Grygori N. Dolenko
Grygori Nazarovych Dolenko Ukrainian: Григорій Назарович Доленко (Gaevka, Kirovograd Oblast, February 2, 1917 - Lviv, December 16, 1990) was a Ukrainian petroleum geologist.

Graduated from Kharkiv University (1940). Worked for ChernomorNeft, KhadyzhenNeft, BuguruslanNeft, and UkrNefteRazvedka E&P companies and with Inst. of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of Nat'l Ac.Sci. Ukraine (NASU) since 1952 (Director, 1963–1982). NASU Corresponding  Member (1964), NASU Academician (1979). Prof. Dolenko proposed the concept of mineral synthesis of oil and gas in the asthenosphere of the Earth's upper mantle. State Award laureate (1971) for the prospecting and discovery of oil and gas fields at great depths in the Dnieper-Donets basin and Carpathian Foredeep.

Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.: 1  The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt.: 1  It is an integrated field of chemistry and geology.
Shotty (software)
Shotty is a Microsoft Windows application that captures screenshots. A key benefit of Shotty is that it captures Aero glass frame transparency and shadow if running on Windows Vista or Windows 7.

It can also change the glass color automatically. Shotty allows modification of screenshots: it has features for cropping images, unsharpening a region to make it clearer, drawing rectangles to draw focus to one section of the image, and highlighting text. Shotty also allows uploading screenshots to the internet.

Windows Aero
Windows Aero (a backronym for Authentic, Energetic, Reflective, and Open) is the design language introduced in the Microsoft Windows Vista operating system in 2006. The changes introduced by Windows Aero encompassed many elements of the Windows interface, with the introduction of a new visual style with an emphasis on animation, glass, and translucency; interface guidelines for phrasing and tone of instructions and other text in applications were available. New cursors and sounds based on Windows Aero design principles were also introduced.

Windows Aero was used as the design language of Windows Vista and Windows 7. The flat design-based Metro design language was introduced on Windows 8, although aspects of the design and features promoted as part of Aero on Windows Vista and 7 have been retained in later versions of Windows (barring design changes to comply with Metro, MDL2, or Fluent).
Irina Anurina
Irina Dmitrievna Anurina (Russian: Ирина Дмитриевна Анурина; born April 11, 1999, Kaluga) is a Russian draughts player, and a member of the Russian national team. Master of Sports of Russia (2015). Winner  of the Russian championship in Russian drafts (2019).

Kaluga
Kaluga (Russian: Калу́га, IPA: [kɐˈɫuɡə] ⓘ) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It stands on the Oka River 150 kilometers (93 mi) southwest of Moscow. Its population was 337,058 at the 2021 census.

Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: Колыбель Космонавтики, Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki ("The Cradle of Space-Exploration").
Manitoba Provincial Road 221
Provincial Road 221 (PR 221) is a provincial road lying mostly in the Rural Municipality of Rosser, Manitoba, Canada. It runs northwest, from the junction of CentrePort Canada Way (PTH 190) and Sturgeon Road (near RM's boundary with the city of Winnipeg) to the community of Marquette, alongside the main Canadian Pacific Railway line. PR 221 and the rail line share a grade-separated crossing at the Perimeter Highway (PTH 101).

Between PTH 190 and the Perimeter Highway, PR 221 has been incorporated into the CentrePort Canada road network. As such, it has recently received upgrades and now has RTAC status, allowing for full tractor-trailer access between PTH 190 and PTH 101. Prior to the construction of CentrePort Canada Way, PR 221 linked with Inkster Boulevard (Winnipeg Route 25). Until the 1980s, PR 221 previously extended west of Marquette to PTH 26 along what is now Jubilee Road.

Winnipeg Route 25
Route 25 is a city route in the Canadian city of Winnipeg, Manitoba.  It follows Inkster Boulevard from Route 90 (Brookside Boulevard) to Route 180 (McPhillips Street).  West of Route 90, Inkster Boulevard becomes PTH 190 (CentrePort Canada Way) as it leaves Winnipeg and enters the Rural Municipality of Rosser.  East of McPhillips, Inkster continues to Route 52 (Main Street), but this is not part of Route 25.

The route is a major road running through residential and industrial areas.  The speed limit between Keewatin Street and Route 180 is 60 km/h (35 mph) while the speed limit between Route 90 and Keewatin Street is 70 km/h (45 mph).
Werner Erhard (book)
Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est is a biography of Werner Erhard by philosophy professor William Warren Bartley, III. The book was published in 1978 by Clarkson Potter. Bartley was a graduate of Erhard Seminars Training and served on its advisory board. Erhard wrote a foreword to the book. The book's structure describes Erhard's education, transformation, reconnection with his family, and the theories of the est training.

The book went through five editions in its first year. Reviewers generally commented that the book was favorable to Erhard, and a number of critics felt that it was unduly so, or lacked objectivity, citing Bartley's close relationship to Erhard. Responses to the writing were mixed; while some reviewers found it well written and entertaining, others felt the tone was too slick, promotional, or hagiographic.

Psychology Today
Psychology Today is an American media organization with a focus on psychology and human behavior.

The publication began as a bimonthly magazine, which first appeared in 1967. The print magazine's reported circulation is 275,000 as of 2023. The Psychology Today website features therapist and health professional directories and hundreds of blogs written by a wide variety of psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, social workers, medical doctors, marriage and family therapists, anthropologists, sociologists, and science journalists.

Psychology Today content and its therapist directory are found in over 20 countries worldwide. Psychology Today's therapist directory is the most widely used and allows users to sort therapists by location, insurance, types of therapy, price, and other characteristics. It also has a Spanish-language website.
Highway Act 1864
The Highway Act 1864 (27 & 28 Vict. c. 101) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that amended and supplemented the existing Highway Acts framework, by making provision for the constitution and administration of highway districts, the election and duties of waywardens and surveyors, and related procedural and financial matters concerning the repair and maintenance of public highways in England and Wales.

Highway district
Highway districts were areas in England and Wales united for the maintenance and repair of highways. They were first formed in 1862 and consisted of groupings of civil parishes in rural areas. They were abolished in 1894 when their powers and duties passed to rural district councils.
Dewas Naka
Dewas Naka is a suburb residential locality in the city of Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. It got its name from a major industrial-town of Madhya Pradesh Dewas as it is the last suburb before the main Highway starts.
Elected Member of the Legislative Assembly is Ramesh Mendola.

Dewas
Dewas is a city in the Malwa region of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The municipality was formerly the seat of two 15-Gun Salute state princely states during the British Raj, Dewas Junior state and Dewas Senior state, ruled by the Pawar clan of the Marathas. The city is the administrative capital of Dewas district. Dewas is an industrialised city and houses a government bank note press.
Dirichlet average
Dirichlet averages are averages of functions under the Dirichlet distribution. An important one are dirichlet averages that have a certain argument structure, namely

where  and  is the Dirichlet measure with dimension N. They were introduced by the mathematician Bille C. Carlson in the '70s who noticed that the simple notion of this type of averaging generalizes and unifies many special functions, among them generalized hypergeometric functions or various orthogonal polynomials:. They also play an important role for the solution of elliptic integrals (see Carlson symmetric form) and are connected to statistical applications in various ways, for example in Bayesian analysis.

Hypergeometric function
In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function 2F1(a, b; c; z) is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases. It is a solution of a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Every second-order linear ODE with three regular singular points can be transformed into this equation.

For systematic lists of some of the many thousands of published identities involving the hypergeometric function, see the reference works by Erdélyi et al. (1953) and Olde Daalhuis (2010). There is no known system for organizing all of the identities; indeed, there is no known algorithm that can generate all identities; a number of different algorithms are known that generate different series of identities. The theory of the algorithmic discovery of identities remains an active research topic.
Eicher Polaris Multix
The Eicher Polaris Multix (or Multix) is a personal utility vehicle manufactured by Eicher Motors and Polaris India (the Indian arm of Polaris Inc.). The vehicle was announced in June 2015, and the first vehicle was delivered on 26 August 2015. Multix is promoted by its manufacturer as "India's first personal utility vehicle", able to be used as a people carrier, a cargo carrier and also a power generator.

Utility vehicle
A utility vehicle (UV) is a vehicle, generally motorized, that is designed to carry out a specific task with more efficacy than a passenger vehicle. It sometimes refers to a small truck with low sides.
Cadomin Formation
The Cadomin Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Early Cretaceous (Barremian to Aptian) age in the western part of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. It is extends from southeastern British Columbia through western Alberta to northeastern British Columbia, and it contains significant reservoirs of natural gas in some areas. It was named after the mining town of Cadomin, which is an acronym of "Canadian Dominion Mining".

Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

Reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil (petroleum) or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability, while in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability, which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.