hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthur Percy Swallow
Arthur Percy Swallow (October 25, 1893 – January 28, 1985) was a farmer, farm implement dealer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Yorkton from 1944 to 1956 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member.

He was born in Gladstone, Manitoba, the son of James B. Swallow, a native of Leeds, England, and moved with his family to a homestead near Willowbrook, Saskatchewan in 1902. Swallow served overseas during World War I. In 1922, he married Helen E. Ferguson. That same year, Swallow opened a hardware business in Willowbrook. Around 1925, he moved to Theodore, Saskatchewan, where he operated a hardware store and the local Massey Ferguson dealership. He later served as manager of the Yorkton Credit Union. Swallow died in Yorkton at the age of 91.

Swallow Beach in Good Spirit Lake Provincial Park was named in his honour.

Massey Ferguson
Massey Ferguson is an agricultural machinery manufacturer, established in 1953 through the merger of farm equipment makers Massey-Harris of Canada and the Ferguson Company of Ireland. It was based in Coventry then moved to Beauvais in 2003 when the Coventry factory was shut down.
Lovatelli urn
The Lovatelli urn is an early Roman imperial period or 1st century CE marble funerary urn. It is thought to depict Persephone, Demeter and Triptolemus, the triad of the Eleusinian Mysteries, however, there are several different competing interpretations about the figures and their meaning in the literature.

It was found during an 1876 excavation of the columbarium of the Statilii on the Esquiline Hill near Porta Maggiore in Rome, Italy. This area contained the remains of freed slaves and servants of the family. The object is named after Ersilia Caetani Lovatelli, an Italian art historian and archaeologist who first published a description of it in 1896.  It is held in the collection of the National Roman Museum.

Museo Nazionale Romano
The Museo Nazionale Romano (National Roman Museum) is a museum with several branches in separate buildings throughout the city of Rome, Italy. It shows exhibits from the pre- and early history of Rome, with a focus on archaeological findings from the period of Ancient Rome.
Eupithecia sinuosaria
Eupithecia sinuosaria, the goosefoot pug, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is endemic to Eastern Asia, but has expanded its range to Central Europe.

The length of the fore-wings is 10–12 mm. The moth flies from June to August depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Chenopodium album, Chenopodium pratericola, Chenopodium hybridum, Chenopodium glaucum, Atriplex patula and Polygonum aviculare.

Chenopodium pratericola
Chenopodium pratericola is a species of flowering plant in the goosefoot family known by the common name desert goosefoot. It is native to much of western and central North America, where it grows in many types of open habitat, such as sagebrush, often on alkaline soils.

It is an annual herb growing up to 65 to 75 centimeters tall, sometimes branching. It is powdery in texture, especially on the leaves and flowers. The leaves are oval to lance-shaped and some are lobed. The inflorescences are located in leaf axils and in panicles at the end of the stem. Each is a small, dense cluster of tiny flowers.
Generation (particle physics)
In particle physics, a generation or family is a division of the elementary particles. Between generations, particles differ by their flavour quantum number and mass, but their electric and strong interactions are identical.

There are three generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics. Each generation contains two types of leptons and two types of quarks. The two leptons may be classified into one with electric charge −1 (electron-like) and neutral (neutrino); the two quarks may be classified into one with charge −1⁄3 (down-type) and one with charge +2⁄3 (up-type). The basic features of quark–lepton generation or families, such as their masses and mixings etc., can be described by some of the proposed family symmetries.

Compactification (physics)
In theoretical physics, compactification means changing a theory with respect to one of its space-time dimensions. Instead of having a theory with this dimension being infinite, one changes the theory so that this dimension has a finite length, and may also be periodic.

Compactification plays an important part in thermal field theory where one compactifies time, in string theory where one compactifies the extra dimensions of the theory, and in two- or one-dimensional solid state physics, where one considers a system which is limited in one of the three usual spatial dimensions.

At the limit where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero, no fields depend on this extra dimension, and the theory is dimensionally reduced.
Felipe Orts
Felipe Orts Lloret (born April 1, 1995) is a Spanish road and cyclo-cross cyclist, who currently rides for La Vila Joiosa–Neteo in cyclo-cross. He finished second at the men's under-23 event at the 2017 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships.

For the 2021 road racing season, Orts joined the Burgos BH team on a one-year contract; he remained with Teika–BH–GSport in cyclo-cross events. For the 2025-2026 season, Orts signed with Ridley Racing Team

Jaarmarktcross Niel
The Niel Jaarmarkt Cyclo-cross is a cyclo-cross race held in Niel, Belgium.

Until 2008 the race was part of the Cyclo-cross Gazet van Antwerpen. From 2009 to 2017 it was part of the Soudal Classics. From 2018-2019 it was part of the DVV Trophy. In 2020 it moved to the Superprestige series.
Anthony James Barr
Anthony James Barr (born September 24, 1940), aka Tony Barr or Jim Barr, is an American  programming language designer, software engineer, and inventor. He is best known for developing the SAS software suite and for co-founding SAS Institute. SAS software is used for data management, analytics, and artificial intelligence. Among his other notable contributions are techniques for automated lumber yield optimization and the Automated Classification of Medical Entities (ACME).

National Center for Health Statistics
The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) is a U.S. government agency that provides statistical information to guide actions and policies to improve the public health of the American people. It is a unit of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a principal agency of the U.S. federal statistical system. It is headquartered at University Town Center in Hyattsville, Maryland, just outside Washington, D.C.
McNicholl
McNicholl is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brian McNicholl (born 1951), New Zealand Paralympic athlete

Dermot McNicholl (born 1965), Irish Gaelic footballer

John McNicholl, Northern Irish country singer

Johnny McNicholl (born 1990), New Zealand rugby union player

Ken McNicholl (1930–1997), New Zealand cricketer

Johnny McNicholl
Johnny McNicholl (born 24 September 1990) is a New Zealand born rugby union player who previously played as a Winger or fullback for the Scarlets regional side in the Pro14 league and the Wales national team. As of March 2024 McNicholl rejoined the Crusaders.
Abdraim Reshidov
Abdraim Izmailovich Reshidov (Crimean Tatar: Abduraim İsmail oğlu Reşidov, Russian: Абдраим Измайлович Решидов; 8 March 1912 – 24 October 1984) was the deputy commander of the 162nd Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Forces during World War II, known as the Great Patriotic War in the USSR. In 1945 while he held the rank of major he was declared a Hero of the Soviet Union for his first 166 missions in a Pe-2 during the war. After the war he was heavily involved in the Crimean Tatar civil rights movement, and swore to the government that he would publicly commit self-immolation if they did not let him live in Crimea.

Great Patriotic War (term)
The Great Patriotic War is a term used in Russia (and formerly the Soviet Union) and some other post-Soviet states to describe the Eastern Front of World War II, fought primarily between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany between 22 June 1941 and 9 May 1945. For some legal purposes, this period may be extended to 11 May 1945 to include the end of the Prague offensive.
James Robyns
James Robyns  was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660.

Robyns was born before 1625 and became an attorney.  He had an estate at Penryn in Cornwall, and obtained a reversion of the assay of tin from King Charles I. His estate was sequestered in 1652 but was discharged a year later as there was no evidence of delinquency.

In 1660, Robyns was elected Member of Parliament for Penryn in the Convention Parliament. He became paymaster of the stannaries in 1661. He was steward of Penryn and Helston manors and commissioner for assessment for Cornwall from 1664 to 1674. He was also stannator for Penwith and Kerrier in 1673.

Robyns died after 1682.

Robyns' daughter married Sir Vyell Vyvyan, 2nd Baronet.

Penwith
Penwith (/ˌpɛnˈwɪθ/; Cornish: Pennwydh) is an area of Cornwall, England, located on the peninsula of the same name. It is also the name of a former local government district, whose council was based in Penzance. The area is named after one of the ancient administrative hundreds of Cornwall which derives from two Cornish words, penn meaning 'headland' and wydh meaning 'at the end'.

Natural England have designated the peninsula as national character area 156 and named it West Penwith. It is also known as the Land's End Peninsula.
Page (servant)
A page or page boy is traditionally a young male attendant or servant, but may also have been a messenger in the service of a nobleman.

During wedding ceremonies, a page boy is often used as a symbolic attendant to carry the rings.

Wedding
A wedding is a ceremony in which two people are united in marriage. Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnicities, races, religions, denominations, countries, social classes, and sexual orientations. Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of marriage vows by a couple; a presentation of a gift (e.g., an offering, rings, a symbolic item, flowers, money, or a dress); and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure or celebrant. Special wedding garments are often worn, and the ceremony is sometimes followed by a wedding reception. Music, poetry, prayers, or readings from religious texts or literature are also commonly incorporated into the ceremony, as well as superstitious customs.
Sopotnia Wielka
Sopotnia Wielka [sɔˈpɔtɲa ˈvjɛlka] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jeleśnia, within Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

The biggest tourist attraction of the village is Sopotnia Wielka Falls.

Żywiec County
Żywiec County (Polish: powiat żywiecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, on the Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Żywiec, which lies 64 kilometres (40 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice.

The county covers an area of 1,039.96 square kilometres (401.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 152,877, out of which the population of Żywiec is 31,194 and the rural population is 121,683.

The county includes part of the protected area known as Żywiec Landscape Park.
Timothy Smith (New Hampshire politician)
Timothy J. Smith (born February 17, 1980) is a Democratic member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, representing the Hillsborough 17th District since 2012. Currently, he serves on the Legislative Administration Committee. He is a member of the American Economics Association and is an officer in the Civil Air Patrol. In June 2015 he was elected to a position on the New Hampshire Democratic Party state committee.

Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Hillsborough County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 422,937, almost one-third the population of the entire state. Its county seats are Manchester and Nashua, the state's two biggest cities. Hillsborough is northern New England's most populous county as well as its most densely populated.

Hillsborough County comprises the Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in turn constitutes a portion of the Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area.
Radkovka
Radkovka (Russian: Радьковка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Radkovskoye Rural Settlement, Prokhorovsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,024 as of 2010. There are 13 streets.

Belgorod Oblast
Belgorod Oblast (Russian: Белгоро́дская о́бласть, romanized: Belgorodskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Belgorod. As of 2021, the population is 1,540,486.
Mundrabilla, Western Australia
Mundrabilla is in a very sparsely populated area in the far south east of Western Australia. The two significant features are Mundrabilla Roadhouse and Mundrabilla Station, which are approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) apart. At the 2016 census, Mundrabilla had a population of 23, 32% male and 68% female. The time zone in use is UTC+08:45.

Roadhouse (premises)
A roadhouse, or road house, is a small mixed-use premises, typically built on or near a major road in a sparsely populated area or an isolated desert region, that serves passing travellers, providing food, drinks, accommodation, fuel, and parking spaces to the guests and their vehicles. The premises generally consist of just a single building.

The word's meaning varies somewhat by country. The historical equivalent was often known as a coaching inn, providing food, drinks, and rest to people and horses.
Riordan array
A Riordan array is an infinite lower triangular matrix, , constructed from two formal power series,  of order 0 and  of order 1, such that .

A Riordan array is an element of the Riordan group. It was defined by mathematician Louis W. Shapiro and named after John Riordan.
The study of Riordan arrays is a field influenced by and contributing to other areas such as combinatorics, group theory, matrix theory, number theory, probability, sequences and series, Lie groups and Lie algebras, orthogonal polynomials, graph theory, networks, unimodal sequences, combinatorial identities, elliptic curves, numerical approximation, asymptotic analysis, and data analysis. Riordan arrays also unify tools such as generating functions, computer algebra systems, formal languages, and path models. Books on the subject, such as The Riordan Array (Shapiro, Getu, Woan, Woodson, 1991), have been published.

Path analysis (statistics)
In statistics, path analysis is used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables. This includes models equivalent to any form of multiple regression analysis, factor analysis, canonical correlation analysis, discriminant analysis, as well as more general families of models in the multivariate analysis of variance and covariance analyses (MANOVA, ANOVA, ANCOVA).

In addition to being thought of as a form of multiple regression focusing on causality, path analysis can be viewed as a special case of structural equation modeling (SEM) – one in which only single indicators are employed for each of the variables in the causal model. That is, path analysis is SEM with a structural model, but no measurement model. Other terms used to refer to path analysis include causal modeling and analysis of covariance structures.

Path analysis is considered by Judea Pearl to be a direct ancestor to the techniques of causal inference.
Tail number
A tail number refers to an identification registration code (letters, numbers, or both) painted on an aircraft, frequently on the tail.

Tail numbers can represent:

An aircraft registration number (civil aviation)

United States military aircraft serials

Vertical stabilizer
A vertical stabilizer or tail fin is the static part of the vertical tail of an aircraft. The term is commonly applied to the assembly of both this fixed surface and one or more movable rudders hinged to it. Their role is to provide control, stability and trim in yaw (also known as directional or weathercock stability). It is part of the aircraft empennage, specifically of its stabilizers.

The vertical tail is typically mounted on top of the rear fuselage, with the horizontal stabilizers mounted on the side of the fuselage (a configuration termed "conventional tail"). Other configurations, such as T-tail or twin tail, are sometimes used instead.

Vertical stabilizers have occasionally been used in motor sports, with for example in Le Mans Prototype racing.
Boaz and Ruth (paintings)
Boaz and Ruth are a pair of paintings by Rembrandt dated to 1643 and thought to represent the painter and his wife as the biblical characters Boaz and Ruth.

Ruth is in the possession of the Berlin Gemäldegalerie. Boaz, however, is in the collection at Woburn Abbey where it was hung high on a wall and only identified as a Rembrandt in 2012.

Ruth (biblical figure)
Ruth (/ruːθ/; Hebrew: רוּת, Modern: Rūt, Tiberian: Rūṯ) is the person after whom the Book of Ruth is named. She was a Moabite woman who married an Israelite, Mahlon. After the death of all the male members of her family (her husband, her father-in-law, and her brother-in-law), she stayed with her mother-in-law, Naomi, and moved to Judah with her, where Ruth won the love and protection of a wealthy relative, Boaz, through her kindness. She is the great-grandmother of David.

The story of Ruth as told in the Book of Ruth was likely written in Hebrew during the Persian period (550–330 BCE). Some scholars generally consider the book to be a work of historical fiction, while other scholars, including evangelical scholars, hold that it is a historical narrative written in the form of a short story.
Melipilla
Melipilla (Mapudungun for "four Pillans") is a Chilean commune and capital city of the province of the same name. It is part of the Santiago Metropolitan Region and is a significant satellite city of the Chilean capital.

The Melipilla commune borders 10 other communes, María Pinto, and a portion of Curacaví to the north; San Pedro and Alhué to the south; Isla de Maipo, El Monte, Peñaflor, Padre Hurtado in the Talagante Province, and Paine in the Maipo Province to the east; and San Antonio in the Valparaíso Region. It has an area of 1,344.8 km2 (519 sq mi). According to the 2017 census, the commune alone has 123,627 residents and is projected to have 141,612 residents by 2020.

Santiago Metropolitan Region
Santiago Metropolitan Region (Spanish: Región Metropolitana de Santiago) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region, including Chile's main international airport, Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.

With an area of 15,403.2 km2 (5,947 sq mi) and population over seven million, it is Chile's most populated and most densely populated region. It is also the most developed subdivision in all of South America with a very high HDI of 0.908.
Gerhard Schmidt (crystallographer)
Gerhard Martin Julius Schmidt (Hebrew: גרהרד מרטין יוליוס שמידט; 21 August 1919 in Berlin – 12 July 1971, in Zurich, buried in Rehovot), was an organic chemist and chemical crystallographer, dean of the chemistry faculty of the Weizmann Institute of Science, and its scientific director in 1969. Schmidt was the founder of X-ray crystallography at the Weizmann Institute and in Israel – a field in which Weizmann Institute's Professor Ada Yonath was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2009.

Weizmann Institute of Science
The Weizmann Institute of Science (or simply Weizmann; Hebrew: מכון ויצמן למדע Machon Weizmann LeMada) was established in 1934 as a public research university in Rehovot, fourteen years before the State of Israel was founded.

The institute is now a multidisciplinary research center, employing around 3,800 scientists, postdoctoral fellows, Ph.D. and M.Sc. students, and scientific, technical, and administrative staff working at the institute.  Unlike other Israeli universities, it exclusively offers postgraduate-only degrees in the natural and exact sciences.

As of 2019, the Weizmann Institute of Science has been associated with six Nobel laureates and three Turing Award winners.
Flinders Ranges Way
Flinders Ranges Way (route B83) is the main road route through the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. It starts from the Augusta Highway at Stirling North, 6 km southeast of Port Augusta. The Flinders Ranges Way extends 209 km to Blinman. Route B83 follows the Flinders Ranges Way through Quorn to Hawker, but then branches onto The Outback Highway along the western side of the ranges through Leigh Creek to Lyndhurst.

Leigh Creek, South Australia
Leigh Creek is a former coal-mining town in eastern central South Australia. At the 2016 census, Leigh Creek had a population of 245, a 55% decrease from 550 in the previous census in 2011.

Situated to the west of the northern Flinders Ranges, the current town is 13 km further south than the original town—it was moved in 1982 to allow for the expansion of the mine.  As a result, most facilities and buildings in the town are only a little over thirty years old, and with relatively modern designs.

The mine and associated railway station are named Telford. It is located on the Marree railway line
Agronomy for Sustainable Development
Agronomy for Sustainable Development is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the interactions between cropping systems and other activities in the context of sustainable development. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE). Articles are freely accessible one year after their publication. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.832.

Cropping system
The term cropping system refers to the crops, crop sequences and management techniques used on a particular agricultural field over a period of years. It includes all spatial and temporal aspects of managing an agricultural system. Historically, cropping systems have been designed to maximise yield, but modern agriculture is increasingly concerned with promoting environmental sustainability in cropping systems.
Memory clinic
A memory clinic is a dedicated medical clinic specialising in the assessment and diagnosis of memory disorders. Memory clinics were first seen in the UK in the 1980s, mainly in academic research centres. There are by 2009 approximately 246 memory clinics but there are no official NHS figures and no specific standards or set models relating to them. The National Service Framework (NSF) for Older People stipulates that every specialist mental health service for older people should have a memory clinic (article 7.49) but it gives no specific guidelines for establishing one.

National Service Framework
A National Service Framework (NSF) was any of several policies set by the National Health Service (NHS) in England to define standards of care for major medical issues such as cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, kidney disease, long-term conditions, mental health, old age, and stroke care.

NSFs were ten-year plans developed in partnership with health professionals, patients, carers, health service managers, voluntary agencies and other experts.

The two main roles of NSFs were to:

Set clear quality requirements for care based on the best available evidence of what treatments and services work most effectively for patients.

Offer strategies and support to help organisations meet these requirements.

The first NSF was published in 1999. NSFs were discontinued in 2013 with the formation of NHS England.