hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National Route 105 (Argentina)
National Route 105 is a national road in the SW of Misiones Province, Argentina. From its start National Route 12 in Villalonga outside of the capital city of Posadas until its end at National Route 14, it has a total length of 35 kilometres (22 mi). The road is marked in red in the map.

Before Decree #1595 of 1979, Provincial Route 1 went from Villalonga to Azara, going through San José and Apóstoles. The aforementioned decree transferred the road north of Route 14 to federal jurisdiction.

Milestones:

Capital Department: Villalonga (km 0), Parada Leis (km 16), junction provincial route 205 in Fachinal (km 21)

Toll booth in Fachinal (km 23)

Apóstoles Department: Pindapoy (km 34) and San José

Apóstoles
Apóstoles is a city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. It has 40,858 inhabitants as per the 2001 census [INDEC], and is the seat of government of Apóstoles Department. It is located on the southwest of the province, 60 km south from the provincial capital Posadas and 27 km from the international Argentina–Brazil border.

Apóstoles is the National Capital of yerba mate, and hosts an annual festival dedicated to this plant, the basis of the popular mate infusion.

The town was established as a Jesuit reduction in 1652. The first wave of immigrants, mainly Polish and Ukrainian, arrived in 1897. The municipality was officially created on 28 November 1913.
Warm inflation
In physical cosmology, warm inflation is one of two dynamical realizations of cosmological inflation.  The other is the standard scenario, sometimes called cold inflation.

In warm inflation radiation production occurs concurrently with inflationary expansion.  This is consistent with the conditions necessary for inflation as given by the Friedmann equations of general relativity, which simply require that the vacuum energy density dominates the energy content of the universe at time of inflation, and so does not prohibit some radiation to be present. As such the most general picture of inflation would include a radiation energy density component. The presence of radiation during inflation implies the inflationary phase could smoothly end into a radiation-dominated era without a distinctively separate reheating phase,  thus providing a solution to the graceful exit problem of inflation.

Vacuum energy
Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.

The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir effect, and the Lamb shift, and are thought to influence the behavior of the Universe on cosmological scales. Using the upper limit of the cosmological constant, the vacuum energy of free space has been estimated to be 10−9 joules (10−2 ergs), or ~5 GeV per cubic meter. However, in quantum electrodynamics, consistency with the principle of Lorentz covariance and with the magnitude of the Planck constant suggests a much larger value of 10113 joules per cubic meter. This huge discrepancy is known as the cosmological constant problem or, colloquially, the "vacuum catastrophe".
Marie Ekorre
Marie Ekorre (born 11 December 1952) is a former Swedish film actress and glamour model. During the 1970s, she starred in a number of German and Swedish sex comedies. She was Penthouse magazine's Penthouse Pet (i.e. the centerfold) for its March 1974 issue.

Sexual comedy
Sexual comedy (also known as sex comedy and erotic comedy) is a genre in which comedy is motivated by sexual situations and love affairs. Although "sexual comedy" is primarily a description of dramatic forms such as theatre and film, literary works such as those of Ovid and Giovanni Boccaccio may be considered sexual comedies.

Sexual comedy was popular in 17th century English Restoration theatre. From 1953 to 1965, Hollywood released a number of sexual comedies, some featuring stars such as Doris Day, Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe. The United Kingdom released a spate of sexual comedies in the 1970s, notably the Carry On series. Hollywood released Animal House in 1978, which was followed by a long line of teen sexual comedies in the early 1980s, e.g. Porky's, Bachelor Party and Risky Business. Other countries with a significant sexual comedy film production include Argentina (comedia picaresca), Brazil (pornochanchada), Italy (commedia sexy all'italiana) and Mexico (sexicomedias).
Gregarina garnhami
Gregarina garnhami is a eukaryotic unicellular organism belonging to the Apicomplexa described in 1956 by Canning as a parasite found in several locusts, such as the desert locust, African migratory locust, and Egyptian locust. Especially, the desert locust is the host for this species, as up to 100% of animals can become infected. An estimated thousands of different species of gregarines can be in insects and  99% of these gregarines still need to be described. Each insect is said to host multiple species.
A remarkable feature of G. garnhami is its autofluorescence.

Autofluorescence
Autofluorescence is the natural fluorescence of biological structures such as mitochondria and lysosomes, in contrast to fluorescence originating from artificially added fluorescent markers (fluorophores).

The most commonly observed autofluorescencing molecules are NADPH and flavins; the extracellular matrix can also contribute to autofluorescence because of the intrinsic properties of collagen and elastin.

Generally, proteins containing an increased amount of the amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine show some degree of autofluorescence.

Autofluorescence also occurs in non-biological materials found in many papers and textiles.  Autofluorescence from U.S. paper money has been demonstrated as a means for discerning counterfeit currency from authentic currency.
Lake Burullus
Lake Burullus (Arabic: بحيرة البرلس, romanized: Buḥayrat al-Burullus; Ancient Greek: λίμνη Σεβεννυτική, romanized: limnē Sebennytikē) is a brackish water lake in the Nile Delta in Egypt, the name coming from Burullus town (Coptic: Ϯⲡⲁⲣⲁⲗⲓⲁ, from Ancient Greek παράλιος, "coast, seaside" or ⲛⲓⲕⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ Nikejow). It is located in Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate east of Rosetta, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea in the north and agricultural land to the south.

Rosetta
Rosetta (/roʊˈzɛtə/ roh-ZET-ə) or Rashid (Arabic: رشيد, romanized: Rašīd, IPA: [ɾɑˈʃiːd]; Coptic: ϯⲣⲁϣⲓⲧ, romanized: ti-Rashit) is a port city of the Nile Delta, 65 km (40 mi) east of Alexandria, in Egypt's Beheira governorate. The Rosetta Stone was discovered in nearby Fort Julien in 1799.

Founded around the 9th century on the site of the ancient town of Bolbitine, Rosetta boomed with the decline of Alexandria following the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, only to wane in importance after Alexandria's revival. During the 19th century, it was a popular British tourist destination, known for its Ottoman mansions, citrus groves and relative cleanliness.
WZML-LP
WZML-LP (92.9 FM) is a community radio station licensed to Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, and serves the Chester and Delaware County area.  Its broadcast license is held by the Inge Davidson Foundation.  It broadcasts a freeform radio format.

Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Bryn Mawr (/brɪn ˈmɑːr/ brin MAR; from Welsh for 'big hill', IPA: [brɨn ˈmaur]) is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the Delaware County of Pennsylvania, United States. It is located just west of Philadelphia along Lancaster Avenue, also known as U.S. Route 30. As of 2020, the CDP is defined to include sections of Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, as well as portions of Haverford Township and Radnor Township.

Bryn Mawr is located toward the center of what is known as the Main Line, a group of affluent Philadelphia suburban villages stretching from the city limits to Malvern. They became home to sprawling country estates belonging to Philadelphia's wealthiest families during the Gilded Age, and over the decades became a bastion of old money. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,879. Bryn Mawr is home to Bryn Mawr College, and contains a sizable amount of student rentals, with roughly half of the community's population aged 18–24.
Qihe station
Qihe Station (Chinese: 骑河) is a station on Line 2 of the Suzhou Metro, and the northern terminus of Line 2. The station is located in Xiangcheng District of Suzhou. It started service in September 24, 2016, when Line 2 extension started service.

Suzhou Metro
Suzhou Metro, previously known as Suzhou Rail Transit, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Suzhou, in Jiangsu Province, China. Line 1 began operation on April 28, 2012. Line 2 opened on December 28, 2013. A further three lines, and an extension of Line 2, were completed between 2016 and 2021. Line 11, connecting Kunshan city which is under Suzhou's administration, and beyond to the Shanghai Metro, was completed on June 24, 2023, and a further three lines were opened in 2024.

Daily ridership increased from 680,000 (2017 average) to 899,000 (2018 average) to 995,000 (2019 average) to 1.935 million (2025 average). Record ridership increased from 1,130,000 (30 April 2017) to 1,548,000 (2 May 2019 record).
Kvutzat Shiller
Kvutzat Shiller (Hebrew: קבוצת שילר), also known as Gan Shlomo, is a kibbutz in central Israel. Located in the Shephelah near Rehovot, it falls under the jurisdiction of Brenner Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 592.

Shephelah
The Shephelah (Biblical Hebrew: הַשְּפֵלָה, romanized: hašŠəp̄ēlā, lit. 'the Lowlands') or Shfela (Modern Hebrew: הַשְּׁפֵלָה, romanized: haŠfelá), or the Judaean Foothills (Modern Hebrew: שְׁפֵלַת יְהוּדָה, romanized: Šfelát Yəhūdá), is a transitional region of soft-sloping rolling hills in south-central Israel stretching over 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) between the Judaean Mountains and the Coastal Plain. The different use of the term "Judean Plain", as either defining just the Coastal Plain segment stretching along the Judaean Mountains, or also including, or only referring to, the Shfela, often creates grave confusion.

Today the Shfela is largely rural with many farms, but the cities of Ashdod, Ashkelon, Rehovot, Beit Shemesh, and Kiryat Gat roughly surround it.

The Bible assigned land in the Shfela to the tribes of Judah and Dan.
Shadow cabinet of Western Australia
The Opposition in the Australian state of Western Australia comprises the largest party or coalition of parties not in Government. The Opposition's purpose is to hold the Government to account and constitute a "Government-in-waiting" should the existing Government fall. To that end, a Leader of the Opposition and Shadow Ministers for the various government departments question the Premier and Ministers on Government policy and administration, and formulate the policy the Opposition would pursue in Government. It is sometimes styled "His Majesty's Loyal Opposition" to demonstrate that although it opposes the Government, it remains loyal to the King.

The current Leader of the Opposition is Liberals Leader Basil Zempilas.

Basil Zempilas
Basil Anthony Zempilas (Greek: Βασίλειος Αντώνης Ζεμπίλας, romanized: Vasílios Antónis Zempílas; born 30 July 1971) is an Australian politician who is the leader of the Western Australian Liberal Party and the member for Churchlands in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, serving in both roles since March 2025. He previously served as the Lord Mayor of Perth from 2020 until 2025.

Zempilas is a former footballer, television and radio presenter, sports commentator and columnist. He presented sport on Seven News Perth Monday to Thursday until 2022. In 2018 he became a co-host of Weekend Sunrise. He was also a member of the Seven Network's AFL commentary team. He has co-hosted Perth radio station breakfast programs on 92.9, 6PR and Triple M Perth.
USS Tunny
Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named USS Tunny, for the tunny, any of several oceanic fishes resembling the mackerel.

USS Tunny (SS-282), a Gato-class submarine, served in World War II, as a Regulus missile boat, and during the Vietnam War.

USS Tunny (SSN-682), a Sturgeon-class submarine, served during the last years of the Cold War.

Sturgeon-class submarine
The Sturgeon class (known colloquially in naval circles as the 637 class) was a class of thirty-seven nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (SSN) in service with the United States Navy from the 1960s until 2004. They were the "workhorses" of the Navy's attack submarine fleet throughout much of the Cold War.  The boats were phased out in the 1990s and early 21st century, as their successors, the Los Angeles, followed by the Seawolf and Virginia-class boats, entered service.
Drews
Drews is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Drews (1863-1935), German writer, historian and philosopher

Annie Drews (born 1993), American volleyball player

Berta Drews (1901-1987), German film actress

Bill Drews (1870-1938), German lawyer and Prussian Minister of the Interior

Carl Drews (1894–1983), German cinematographer

Dani Drews (born 1999), American volleyball player

Egon Drews (1926–2011), West German flatwater canoer

Frank Drews (1916-1972), American baseball player

Günter Drews (born 1967), German footballer

Jürgen Drews (born 1945), German Schlager singer, musician, songwriter, actor and restaurateur

Karl Drews (1920–1963), American baseball player

Lofty Drews (born 1940), Kenyan rally driver

Paul Drews (1858-1912), German Lutheran theologian

Robert Drews (born 1936), American historian

Stefan Drews (born 1979), German decathlete

Stipe Drews (born Stipe Drviš in 1973), Croatian boxer

Frank Drews
Frank John Drews (May 25, 1916 – April 22, 1972) was a Major League Baseball second baseman who played for the Boston Braves in 1944 and 1945.  He  stood 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) and weighed 175 lbs.

Drews is one of many ballplayers who only appeared in the major leagues during World War II.  He made his major league debut on August 13, 1944 in a road doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field.  His last game for Boston was on August 5, 1945.

He was a typical example of what Mike González termed "good field, no hit."  Career totals include 95 games played, a .205 batting average (59-for-288), 29 runs batted in, and 27 runs scored.  41 walks and 1 hit by pitch, however, did push his on-base percentage up to .306.  On defense, he had a .967 fielding percentage, which was just above the league average for his era.

Drews died in his hometown of Buffalo, New York at the age of 55 after four weeks hospitalized at Buffalo General Hospital.
Elspeth King
Elspeth Russell King (29 March 1949 – 1 November 2025)—her full name is also reported as Elspeth Cowie King—was a Scottish curator, writer and social historian, known for her role as curator of social history at the People's Palace Museum in Glasgow, as Director of the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum, and for her scholarship on the Scottish women's suffrage movement.

Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum
Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum, formerly The Smith Institute, is an art and local history museum in Stirling, Scotland. The museum was founded in 1874 at the bequest of artist Thomas Stuart Smith.
Freedom of religion in Jordan
The Constitution of Jordan provides for the freedom to practice the rights of one's religion and faith in accordance with the customs that are observed in the Kingdom, unless they violate public order or morality. The state religion is Islam. The Government prohibits conversion from Islam and proselytization of Muslims.

In June 2006, the Government published the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in the Official Gazette, which, according to Article 93.2 of the Constitution, gives the Covenant the force of law. Article 18 of the ICCPR provides for freedom of religion (See Legal and policy framework). Despite this positive development, restrictions and some abuses continued. Members of unrecognized religious groups and converts from Islam face legal discrimination and bureaucratic difficulties as well as societal intolerance;  Shari'a courts have the authority to prosecute proselytizers.

Proselytism
Proselytism (/ˈprɒsəlɪtɪzəm/ ⓘ) is the policy of attempting to convert people's religious beliefs. Carrying out attempts to instill beliefs can be called proselytization.

Proselytism is illegal in some countries. Some draw distinctions between Christian evangelism and proselytism, regarding proselytism as involuntary or coerced; the two terms can also be understood to merely be synonyms.
AFS Intercultural Programs
AFS Intercultural Programs (or AFS, originally the American Field Service) is an international youth exchange organization. It consists of over 50 independent, not-for-profit organizations, each with its network of volunteers, professionally staffed offices, volunteer board of directors and website. In 2015, 12,578 students traveled abroad on an AFS cultural exchange program, between 99 countries. The US-based partner, AFS-USA, sends more than 1,000 US students abroad and places foreign students with more than 2,000 US families each year. As of 2022, more than 500,000 people have gone abroad with AFS and over 100,000 former AFS students live in the US.

Volunteering
Volunteering is an optional and freely chosen act of an individual or group giving their time and labor, often for community service. Many volunteers have specialized training in the fields that they work in, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others provide their services as needed, such as in response to a natural disaster.
Fergus Greer
Fergus James MacGregor Greer (born 8 May 1961) is a British-Irish internationally renowned photographer and psychotherapist, known for his strong visual and emotional resonance in his large body of work. He served as an officer in the Irish Guards before leaving to pursue a successful career in photography and, later, in psychotherapy. His work has been featured in numerous publications and exhibitions and held in many public and private collections, including 87 works at the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Institute of Contemporary Arts
The Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) is an artistic and cultural centre on The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. Located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps and Admiralty Arch, the ICA contains galleries, a theatre, two cinemas, a bookshop and a bar.
Pargas (former municipality)
Pargas (Finland Swedish: [ˈpɑrːɡɑs]; Finnish: Parainen, pronounced [ˈpɑrɑi̯nen]) is a former town and municipality in south-western Finland. On 1 January 2009, it was consolidated with Houtskär, Iniö, Korpo and Nagu to form the new municipality of Väståboland (since renamed to Pargas).

It is known as the "capital" of the archipelago of Turku and had been called a town since 1977. It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region. The town had a population of 12,266 (as of 31 December 2008) and covered a land area of 273.18 square kilometres (105.48 sq mi). The population density was 44.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (116/sq mi).

The municipality was bilingual, with the majority (54%) being Swedish and the minority (45%) Finnish speakers.

The city has many little suburbs around it, including Kirjala and Lielax.

Western Finland Province
Western Finland (Finnish: Länsi-Suomen lääni, Swedish: Västra Finlands län) was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Oulu, Eastern Finland and Southern Finland. It also bordered the Gulf of Bothnia towards Åland. Tampere was the largest city of the province.
Robert Glacier
Robert Glacier is the eastern of two glaciers in Kemp Land entering the southern part of Edward VIII Bay . It was seen by Robert Dovers and G. Schwartz in 1954 while carrying out a sledge journey and survey of Edward VIII Bay . The other (western) glacier is Wilma Glacier.

It was named by ANCA for Dovers, who was surveyor and officer in charge at Mawson Station in 1954. It is part of the Australian Antarctic Gazetteer and the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.

Mawson Station
Mawson Station, commonly called Mawson, is one of three permanent bases and research outposts in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). Mawson lies in Holme Bay in Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica in the Australian Antarctic Territory, a territory claimed by Australia. Established in 1954, Mawson is Australia's oldest Antarctic station and the oldest continuously inhabited Antarctic station south of the Antarctic Circle. It houses approximately 20 personnel over winter and up to 53 in summer.

Mawson was named in honour of the Australian Antarctic explorer Sir Douglas Mawson.

Mawson was listed on the Register of the National Estate in 2001 and listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004, reflecting the post-World War Two revival of Australia's scientific research and territorial interests in Antarctica.
Joseph Pallikaparampil
Mar Joseph Pallikaparambil (born 10 April 1927) is a bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and the current Bishop Emeritus of Pala, Kottayam, India. He was the Second Bishop of Palai after Bishop Sebastian Vayalil.

On 18 March 2004, Joseph Kallarangatt was appointed as the 3rd Bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai, after the resignation of Bishop Pallikaparampil.

Kottayam
Kottayam (IPA: [ko:ʈ:ajam]) is a city in the Kottayam district of Kerala, India. It is the district headquarters of the district and is located about 151 km (93.8 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. As per the 2011 Indian census, Kottayam has a population of 136,812 people, and a population density of 2,470/km2 (6,400/sq mi). 
Kottayam is also referred to as "the City of Letters"  as many of the first Malayalam daily newspapers, such as Deepika, Malayala Manorama, and Mangalam, were started and are headquartered in Kottayam, as are a number of publishing houses.
Sum of absolute differences
In digital image processing, the sum of absolute differences (SAD) is a measure of the similarity between image blocks.  It is calculated by taking the absolute difference between each pixel in the original block and the corresponding pixel in the block being used for comparison.  These differences are summed to create a simple metric of block similarity, the L1 norm of the difference image or Manhattan distance between two image blocks.

The sum of absolute differences may be used for a variety of purposes, such as object recognition, the generation of disparity maps for stereo images, and motion estimation for video compression.

Binocular disparity
Binocular disparity is the difference between the images from the left and right eyes. This difference can be caused by one or more of the following:

horizontal disparity: a difference caused by the left and right eyes looking from slightly different directions, which can cause depth differences between objects to be perceived;

vertical disparity, which is associated with vertical misalignments and tilting the head; and

cyclodisparity which is associated with unequal rotations of the two eyes around their visual axes;

aniseikonia: a significant difference in the size of the retinal images in the two eyes.

Vertical disparity, cyclodisparity and aniseikonia can impair depth perception and may cause double vision (diplopia).

The horopter is used in research to describe the relationship between disparity and depth perception (stereopsis), and between disparity and double images.