hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hydra game
In mathematics, specifically in graph theory and number theory, a hydra game is a single-player iterative mathematical game played on a mathematical tree called a hydra where, usually, the goal is to cut off the hydra's "heads" while the hydra simultaneously expands itself. Hydra games can be used to generate large numbers or infinite ordinals or prove the strength of certain mathematical theories.

Unlike their combinatorial counterparts like TREE and SCG, no search is required to compute these fast-growing function values—one must simply keep applying the transformation rule to the tree until the game says to stop.

Kruskal's tree theorem
In mathematics, Kruskal's tree theorem states that the set of finite trees over a well-quasi-ordered set of labels is itself well-quasi-ordered under homeomorphic embedding.

A finitary application of the theorem gives the existence of the fast-growing TREE function. TREE(3) is one of the largest simply defined finite numbers, dwarfing other large numbers such as Graham's number and googolplex.
Roger Heigham
Roger Heigham (by 1515 – 29 August 1558), also spelt Roger Higham, was an English politician and Tudor administrator.  Roger was the second son of Robert Higham of Higham in Werneth, Cheshire.  Robert, also spelt Robart, was descended from John Higham of Higham in Werneth who was listed in 1445 as a knight, gentleman and freeholder of Cheshire.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Gatton in 1545.  A Protestant reformer under Henry VIII of England he was responsible for the sale of many previously monastic buildings and estates.  He is the grandfather of Saint Anne Line, a devout Catholic martyred in 1601.

Gatton (UK Parliament constituency)
Gatton was a parliamentary borough in Surrey, one of the most notorious of all the rotten boroughs. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1450 until 1832, when the constituency was abolished by the Great Reform Act. Around the time of that Act it was often held up by reformers as the epitome of what was wrong with the unreformed system.
David Eady
Sir David Eady (born 24 March 1943) is a retired High Court judge in England and Wales. As a judge, he is known for having presided over many high-profile libel and privacy cases.

He was called to the bar in 1966 and became a Queen's Counsel in 1983. He was a member of One Brick Court chambers and, as a lawyer, specialised in media law until he was appointed a High Court Judge (Queen's Bench division) on 21 April 1997. As of November 2014, he continued to sit in the High Court as an additional judge.

Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd
Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd was a House of Lords case in English defamation law concerning qualified privilege for publication of defamatory statements in the public interest. The case provided the Reynolds defence, which could be raised where it was clear that the journalist had a duty to publish an allegation even if it turned out to be wrong.

In adjudicating on an attempted Reynolds defence a court would investigate the conduct of the journalist and the content of the publication. The subsequent case of Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe affirmed the defence, which was subsequently raised successfully in several defamation proceedings. The defence was abolished by s4(6) Defamation Act 2013, being replaced with the statutory defence of publication on a matter of public interest.
Kameyama Castle (Kyoto)
Kameyama Castle (亀山城, Kameyama-jō) is a castle located in Kameoka, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It guarded the northwest passage into Kyoto for nearly three hundred years.

The castle was built by Oda Nobunaga's vassal Akechi Mitsuhide because he needed a front base to conquer Tanba region. He set out for Honnō-ji (Honnō-ji Incident) from the castle in 1582. After the Meiji period revolution, all the remaining structures of the castle were removed or destroyed.

In 2019, Akechi Mistuhide`s statue was built in the castle.

Ten'on-kyō (天恩郷), the administrative headquarters of the Oomoto religion, is located adjacent to the castle.

Tanba Province
Tanba Province (丹波国, Tanba no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [taꜜm.ba (no kɯ.ɲi)]) was a province of Japan in the area of central Kyoto and east-central Hyōgo Prefectures.  Tanba bordered on Harima, Ōmi, Settsu, Tajima. Tango, Wakasa, and Yamashiro provinces. Its abbreviated form name was Tanshū (丹州). In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Tanba was one of the provinces of the San'indō circuit. Under the Engishiki classification system, Tanba was ranked as one of the "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the "near countries" (近国) in terms of distance from the capital.  The provincial capital is believed to have been located in what is now the city of Kameoka, although the exact location remains uncertain. The ichinomiya of the province is the Izumo-daijingū also located in Kameoka. The province had an area of 1,283.43 square kilometres (495.54 sq mi).
Batocera rufomaculata
Batocera rufomaculata , also known as the mango stem borer or MSB, is a species of long-horn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles De Geer in 1775. It is native to China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and has been introduced to many other countries, including Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Syria, and the Virgin Islands.

Larvae bore into the trunks of Ficus carica, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica, and Shorea robusta and range of other plants. In fruit tree cultivation, such as that of mango, they can cause loss of yield and death of the trees. It can be parasitically infected by Avetianella batocerae.

Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica, commonly known as the mango after its fruit, is an evergreen species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is a large fruit tree, capable of growing to a height and width of 30 m (100 ft). There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes – the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".
Construction morphology
Construction morphology (CM) is a morphological theory aimed at a better understanding of the grammar of words, as well as the relation between syntax, morphology, and the lexicon. Susanne Z. Riehemann developed the theoretical foundations in her masters thesis in 1993, which was later published as Riehemann (1998). She named her approach type-based morphology. It was fully formalized in the framework of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar but basically used ideas and concepts that later became popular within Construction Grammar. Geert Booij published work using and extending Riehemann's ideas starting in the 2000s under the name of Construction Morphology.

Lexicon
A lexicon (pl. lexicons, rarely lexica) is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical).  In linguistics, a lexicon is a language's inventory of lexemes. The word lexicon derives from Greek word λεξικόν (lexikon), neuter of λεξικός (lexikos) meaning 'of or for words'.

Linguistic theories generally regard human languages as consisting of two parts: a lexicon, essentially a catalogue of a language's words (its wordstock); and a grammar, a system of rules which allow for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences. The lexicon is also thought to include bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone as words (such as most affixes). In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions, collocations and other phrasemes are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries are lists of the lexicon, in alphabetical order, of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included.
Fedrizzi
Fedrizzi is an Italian-language surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dede Fedrizzi (born 1959), Brazilian film maker, photographer, art director, and artist

Michele Fedrizzi (born 1991), Italian volleyball player

Dede Fedrizzi
Dede Fedrizzi is a Brazilian film maker, photographer, art director and artist, who concentrates on portraiture and advertising imagery. He is also the creator of the mini-profile TV documentary series entitled, Meet Joe. His frequently explicit photographs have been exhibited globally, often framed in sculptural forms (made from driftwood or metal) that he builds himself.
Lenox Elementary School
Lenox Elementary School can refer to more than one educational institution in the United States:

A school in the Hillsboro School District in Hillsboro, Oregon

A school in the Baldwin Union Free School District on Long Island in New York

A former school in the St. Louis Park School District in St. Louis Park, Minnesota

St. Louis Park, Minnesota
St. Louis Park is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 50,010 at the 2020 census. It is a first-ring suburb immediately west of Minneapolis. Other adjacent cities include Edina, Golden Valley, Minnetonka, Plymouth, and Hopkins.

The Pavek Museum of Broadcasting, which has a major collection of antique radio and television equipment, is also in the city. Items range from radios produced by local manufacturers to the Vitaphone system used to cut discs carrying audio for the first "talkie", The Jazz Singer.
Ruda Śląska
Ruda Śląska (German: Ruda O.S.; Silesian: Ślōnsko Ruda) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. It is a city in the Metropolis GZM, a metropolis with a population of two million. It is in the Silesian Highlands, on the Kłodnica River (tributary of the Oder).

It has been part of the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously, it was in Katowice Voivodeship, and before then, part of the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. Ruda Śląska is one of the cities in the Katowice urban area (population 2.7 million) and within the greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area (population 5,294,000). The population of the city is 135,008 (December 2021).

Oder
The Oder (/ˈoʊ.dər/ OH-dər; Czech and Polish: Odra) is a river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and its largest tributary the Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres (461 mi) through western Poland, later forming 187 kilometres (116 mi) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder–Neisse line. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches (the Dziwna, Świna and Peene) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea.
David Wasawo
Professor David Peter Simon Wasawo (17 May 1923 – 4 February 2014) was a Kenyan zoologist, conservationist, and university administrator. After studying at Uganda's Makerere University he earned an M.A. at the University of Oxford and a PhD at University of London. He taught at Makerere University, and was Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Nairobi, and later chancellor of Great Lakes University of Kisumu.

He was the first East African to receive a degree in science, and taught several prominent East African academics.  His research subjects included the marbled lungfish and oligochaete worms, and he later served as science advisor, director, and consultant to several international development organizations. He was awarded honorary Doctor of Science degrees from Kenyatta University and the University of Nairobi and was commended to Elder of the Order of the Burning Spear by the Kenyan government.

Kenyatta University
Kenyatta University (KU) is a public university with its main campus in Nairobi, Kenya. It acquired the status of university in 1985, being the third university after University of Nairobi (1970) and Moi University (1984). As of October 2014, it was one of 23 public universities in the country.
Woodlawn Avenue Row
Woodlawn Avenue Row is a set of historic rowhouses located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York.  It is one of a rare surviving group of speculative multi-unit frame residences designed to resemble rowhouses in the city of Buffalo.  The set of four frame, two story rowhouses was built in 1898.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Erie County, New York
Erie County is a county along the shore of Lake Erie in the western region of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 954,236. However, in 2023 the estimated population was 946,147. The county seat is Buffalo, which makes up about 28% of the county's population. Both the county and Lake Erie were named for the regional Iroquoian language-speaking Erie tribe of Native Americans, who lived in the area before 1654. They were later pushed out by the more powerful Iroquoian nations tribes. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Erie County, along with its northern neighbor Niagara County, makes up the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the second largest in the State of New York behind New York City. The county's southern part is known as the Southtowns.
Kostivere
Kostivere (German: Kostifer) is a small borough (alevik) in Jõelähtme Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.

Kostivere karst area is located in the village. The area of this karst formation is 125 ha and 16 ha of this is under national protection.

Populated places in Estonia
Populated places in Estonia are cities or settlement units of rural municipalities, but only cities have administrative functions. Settlement units are divided into settlements and urban regions (subdivisions of cities).

Officially there are four types of settlement unit in Estonia:

village (küla) – a sparsely populated settlement or a densely populated settlement with fewer than 300 permanent inhabitants

small borough (alevik) – a densely populated settlement with at least 300 permanent inhabitants

town (alev) – a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants

city (linn) - a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants.

As of 2024, there were 47 cities, 13 towns, 186 hamlets and 4457 villages in Estonia. There were 3 cities with under 1000 permanent inhabitants as of 2023.
Too Much Coffee Man
Too Much Coffee Man (TMCM) is an American satirical superhero created by cartoonist Shannon Wheeler. Too Much Coffee Man wears what appears to be a spandex version of old-fashioned red "long johns"  with a large mug attached atop his head. He is an anxious Everyman who broods about the state of the world, from politics to people, exchanging thoughts with friends and readers.

The strip is most often presented as a single page in alternative press newspapers, though occasionally the story arc stretches into multi-page stories. TMCM has appeared in comic strips, minicomics, webcomics, comic books, magazines, books, and operas. The Too Much Coffee Man comic book won the 1995 Eisner Award for Best New Series.

Webcomic
Webcomics (also known as online comics or Internet comics) are comics published on the internet, such as on a website or a mobile app. While many webcomics are published exclusively online, others are also published in magazines, newspapers, or comic books.
Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic. Readership levels vary widely; many are read only by the creator's immediate friends and family, while some of the most widely read have audiences of well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics, and cover many genres, styles, and subjects. They sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. The term web cartoonist is sometimes used to refer to someone who creates webcomics. Two examples of webcomic website builders are Comic Fury and Webtoon.
Ruthless Rap Assassins
The Ruthless Rap Assassins were a UK rap group from Hulme, Manchester, England. The group was formed by MC Kermit La Freak (later simply Kermit - real name Paul Leveridge) and brothers Dangerous Hinds (real name Anderson Hinds) and Dangerous C (real name Carson Hinds).

Hulme
Hulme (/hjuːm/) is an inner city area and electoral ward of Manchester, in Greater Manchester, England, immediately south of Manchester city centre. It has a significant industrial heritage.

Historically in Lancashire, the name Hulme is derived from the Old Norse word for a small island, or land surrounded by water or marsh, indicating that it may have been first settled by Norse invaders in the period of the Danelaw.
Kodomo no kuni (children's magazine)
Kodomo no kuni was a popular children's magazine published in Japan from January 1922 until March 1944. There were 23 volumes of the publication spread across 287 individual issues. The name of the publication is alternately translated as both "The Land of Children" and "Children's Country" in English.

Taishō era
The Taishō era (大正時代, Taishō jidai; [taiɕoː dʑidai] ⓘ) was a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign of Emperor Taishō. The new emperor brought on the shift in political power from the old oligarchic group of elder statesmen (or genrō) to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties. Thus, the era is considered the time of the liberal movement known as Taishō Democracy; it is usually distinguished from the preceding chaotic Meiji era and the following militaristic-driven first part of the Shōwa era.
Houde (surname)
Houde is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Camillien Houde (1889–1958), Canadian politician

Charles-Édouard Houde (1823–1912), Canadian politician

Claude Houde (born 1947), Canadian ice hockey player

Éric Houde (born 1976), Canadian ice hockey player

Frédéric Houde (1847–1884), Canadian journalist and politician

Germain Houde (born 1952), Canadian actor

Harrison Houde (born 1996), Canadian actor

Jean Houde (born 1939), French sprint canoeist

Louis Houde (1879–1945), Canadian politician

Louis-José Houde (born 1977), Canadian comedian

Moïse Houde (1811–1885), Canadian politician

Pierre Houde (born 1957), Canadian sports announcer

Pierre Houdé, Belgian cyclist

Roger Houde (born 1938), Canadian politician

Serge Houde (born 1953), Canadian actor

Sylvain Houde, Canadian singer

Pierre Houde
Pierre Houde (born 14 July 1957) is a Canadian play-by-play sports announcer for Réseau des sports (RDS). He has announced broadcasts of Montreal Canadiens games since 1989, and received the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award in 2024, in recognition from the Hockey Hall of Fame for his broadcasting career.
Dillyn Leyds
Dillyn Yullrich Leyds (born 12 September 1992 in Somerset West, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player for the South Africa national team and La Rochelle in the French Top 14. He can play as a fullback, fly-half or wing.

Somerset West
Somerset West (Afrikaans: Somerset-Wes) is a town in the Western Cape, South Africa. Organisationally and administratively it is included in the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality Eastern sub-region (formerly called Helderberg Basin).
The vehicle registration code for Somerset West is CFM and the post code is 7130 for street addresses, and 7129 for post office boxes.
Lin Tsan-ting
Lin Tsan-ting (Chinese: 林贊庭; pinyin: Lín Zàntíng; 22 March 1930 – 14 March 2025) was a Taiwanese cinematographer known for his extensive contributions to Taiwanese cinema. Born in Fengyuan District, Taichung, Taiwan, he began his career in 1949 as an apprentice at the Agricultural Education Motion Pictures studio, which later evolved into the Central Motion Picture Corporation. Throughout his career, Lin worked on over 130 films, earning multiple accolades, including four Golden Horse Awards for Best Cinematography and the Asia Pacific Film Festival Award for Best Cinematography. In 2021, he received the Golden Horse Lifetime Achievement Award, becoming the first cinematographer to be so honored. Lin played a large role in transitioning Taiwan's film industry from black-and-white to color production and mentored many aspiring cinematographers.

Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards
The Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and Taipei Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 台北金馬影展; pinyin: Táiběi Jīnmǎ Yǐngzhǎn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak Kim-má iáⁿ-tián) are a film festival and associated awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The festival and ceremony were founded in 1962 by the Government Information Office of the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and is now run as an independent organisation. The awards ceremony is usually held in November or December in Taipei, although the event has also been held in other locations in Taiwan in recent times.
The Blade (wrestler)
Jesse Guilmette (born June 3, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, he is signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) with the ring name The Blade. He is known for his tag team work with The Butcher with the name The Butcher and the Blade. Outside of that, he is known for his work in Impact Wrestling with the ring name Braxton Sutter and on the independent promotions such as Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), where he was a one-time CZW World Tag Team Champion with the ring name Pepper Parks.

Heartland Wrestling Association
The Heartland Wrestling Association (HWA) was a Midwestern independent professional wrestling promotion based in Cincinnati, Ohio. A former developmental territory for World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation during the 1990s and 2000s, it was listed as one of the top independent promotions in the United States by The Professional Wrestlers' Workout & Instructional Guide by Harley Race, Ricky Steamboat, and Les Thatcher in 2005.
Steve McCurry
Steve McCurry (born April 23, 1950) is an American photographer, freelancer, and photojournalist. His photo Afghan Girl, of a girl with piercing green eyes, has appeared on the cover of National Geographic several times. McCurry has photographed many assignments for National Geographic and has been a member of Magnum Photos since 1986.

McCurry is the recipient of numerous awards, including Magazine Photographer of the Year, awarded by the National Press Photographers Association; the Royal Photographic Society's Centenary Medal; and two first-place prizes in the World Press Photo contest (1985 and 1992).

World Press Photo
World Press Photo Foundation is an independent, non-profit organization based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Founded in 1955, the organization holds the annual World Press Photo Contest for press photography. Since 2011, World Press Photo has organized a separate annual contest for journalistic multimedia productions, and, in association with Human Rights Watch, the annual Tim Hetherington Grant.
Old Homestead, Southgate, Michigan
Old Homestead is a neighborhood on the east side of the Metro Detroit suburb of Southgate, Michigan. Usually, Old Homestead is bordered by Superior Street to the north, Eureka Road to the south, M-85 (Fort Street) to the east and either Trenton Road or Burns Street to the west. Commercial districts are located along Eureka Road and Fort Street and the rest of the neighborhood is mostly single-family homes, most of which were built during the 1940s and 1950s. The most common housing styles within Old Homestead consist of one-story ranch homes, one-and-a-half-story Cape Cods, and two-story Colonial Revivals.

Metro Detroit
Metro Detroit is a major metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and over 200 municipalities in the surrounding area. There are varied definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, a federal agency of the United States.

Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, food, cultural diversity, and sports. The area includes a variety of natural landscapes, parks, and beaches, with a recreational coastline linking the Great Lakes. Metro Detroit also has one of the largest metropolitan economies in the U.S. with 17 Fortune 500 companies.