hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Threshold energy
In particle physics, the threshold energy for production of a particle is the minimum kinetic energy that must be imparted to one of a pair of particles in order for their collision to produce a given result. If the desired result is to produce a third particle then the threshold energy is greater than or equal to the rest energy of the desired particle. In most cases, since momentum is also conserved, the threshold energy is significantly greater than the rest energy of the desired particle.

The threshold energy should not be confused with the threshold displacement energy, which is the minimum energy needed to permanently displace an atom in a crystal to produce a crystal defect in radiation material science.

Crystallographic defect
A crystallographic defect is an interruption of the regular patterns of arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids. The positions and orientations of particles, which are repeating at fixed distances determined by the unit cell parameters in crystals, exhibit a periodic crystal structure, but this is usually imperfect. Several types of defects are often characterized: point defects, line defects, planar defects, bulk defects. Topological homotopy establishes a mathematical method of characterization.
Pir Ali (Yazidi saint)
Pir Ali (also written as Pirali) is a holy person in the Yazidi religion. The Çelka Yazidis celebrate the Batizmi festival in his honor.

Pir Ali is also considered to be the incarnation of Melek Taus (Tawusî Melek).

According to Yazidi tradition, Pir Ali came to the Yazidi villages of Tur Abdin and performed miracles there. He is said to have brought a cow that had already been slaughtered and cut into seven parts back to life and thus convinced the local Yazidis of his abilities.

Tawûsî Melek
Tawûsî Melek or Melek Taûs (Kurdish: تاوسی مەلەک, romanized: Tawûsî Melek, lit. 'Peacock Angel') is one of the central figures of Yazidism. In Yazidi creation stories, before the creation of this world, God created seven Divine Beings, of whom Tawûsî Melek was appointed as the leader. God assigned all of the world's affairs to these seven Divine Beings, also often referred to as the Seven Angels or heft sirr ("the Seven Mysteries").

In Yazidi beliefs, Tawûsî Melek, the Lord of this World, is responsible for all that happens on this world, both good and bad. According to religious tradition, Nature, with its myriad phenomena of light and darkness, emanates from a single source, that is Tawûsî Melek. Qewl passages emphasize Tawûsî Melek's power on the earth, in the sky, sea, on the mountains, and their residents, that is, his power exists in all parts of nature, whether celestial or terrestrial.
José Montes Sierra
José Montes Sierra (22 January 1846 – 2 May 1918) was a Spanish lawyer, merchant, banker, and politician during the Bourbon restoration, leader of the Republican Union in Seville and a member of the Spanish parliament in several legislatures.

Republican Union (Spain, 1903)
The Republican Union (Spanish: Unión Republicana, UR) was a Spanish republican party founded in 1903 by Nicolás Salmerón.

It participated in the 1903, 1905 and 1907 general elections. Salmerón's decision in 1906 to join the Catalan Solidarity alliance would result in Alejandro Lerroux's split into the Radical Republican Party (PRR), as well as in a number of defections and in the decline of the party. It was mostly dissolved in 1910, being succeeded by the Republican Nationalist Federal Union, though some remnants lingered until 1920.
Shut Down the Streets
Shut Down the Streets is the third solo studio album by Canadian musician A. C. Newman. It was released on October 9, 2012 via Last Gang/Matador Records. Production was handled by Colin Stewart.

The album was named a longlisted nominee for the 2013 Polaris Music Prize and a shortlisted nominee for the Juno Award for Adult Alternative Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2014.

Last Gang Records
Last Gang Records is a record label formed by Canadian music industry lawyer Chris Taylor and concert promoter Donald K. Tarlton in the fall of 2003 at the Pop Montreal Music Festival. Last Gang was nominated as Independent Record Label of the Year at the Canadian Music Awards in 2006.

It was acquired by Entertainment One in March 2016, with Taylor being appointed the new president of eOne Music, now MNRK Music Group.
Allan Thomas
Allan Thomas (Arabic: ألان توماس; born 14 December 1990) is a Lebanese-South African football goalkeeper who is currently playing on Moroka Swallows in South Africa. The Ally Cat has been playing for the Swallows in the Premier Soccer League since the 2007–08 season.

Premier Soccer League
The Premier Soccer League (PSL) is the administrative body for professional soccer leagues and cups in South Africa. It is based in Johannesburg, and was founded in 1996 following an agreement between the National Soccer League and the remnants of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL).

Affiliated to the South African Football Association (SAFA), the PSL organizes the country's top two professional divisions in the South African Premiership and the National First Division, and knockout cup competitions in the Nedbank Cup and the MTN 8. Teams that are relegated from the National First Division compete in the SAFA Second Division. They also organize a Youth League or PSL Reserve League DStv Diski Challenge.
Marsh Mills
Marsh Mills, also known as Haley's Mill or Spielman Mill, is a historic home located at Fairplay, Washington County, Maryland, United States. It is a 2+1⁄2-story, three-bay-wide limestone house. The structure was built about 1850 as a mill, then converted to a creamery in the 1880s. Traces of the millrace are still visible where it exits the south end of the building and passes beneath the road. Also on the property is an American Foursquare–style frame house which may incorporate remnants of the original log house which served as the original miller's dwelling.

Marsh Mills was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Creamery
A creamery or cheese factory is a place where milk and cream are processed and where butter and cheese is produced. Cream is separated from whole milk; pasteurization is done to the skimmed milk and cream separately. Whole milk for sale has had some cream returned to the skimmed milk.

The creamery is the source of butter from a dairy. Cream is an emulsion of fat-in-water; the process of churning causes a phase inversion to butter which is an emulsion of water-in-fat. Excess liquid as buttermilk is drained off in the process. Modern creameries are automatically controlled industries, but the traditional creamery needed skilled workers. Traditional tools included the butter churn and Scotch hands.

The term "creamery" is sometimes used in retail trade as a place to buy milk products such as yogurt and ice cream. Under the banner of a creamery one might find a store also stocking pies and cakes or even a coffeehouse with confectionery.
Nes Church (Ringsaker)
Nes Church (Norwegian: Nes kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Ringsaker Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Tingnes. It is one of the churches for the Nes parish which is part of the Ringsaker prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The white, stone church was built in a cruciform design around the year 1250 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 320 people.

Ringsaker Municipality
Ringsaker (pronunciationⓘ) is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Hedmarken. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Brumunddal. Other settlements in Ringsaker include the town of Moelv and the villages of Furnes, Kvål, Kylstad, Mesnali, Nydal, Rudshøgda, Stavsjø, Tingnes, and Byflaten.

The 1,280-square-kilometre (490 sq mi) municipality is the 77th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Ringsaker Municipality is the 30th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 35,911. The municipality's population density is 28.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (73/sq mi) and its population has increased by 6.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Yokogawa, Kagoshima
Yokogawa (横川町, Yokogawa-chō) was a town located in Aira District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,397 and the density of 76.61 persons per km2. The total area was 70.45 km2.

On November 7, 2005, Yokogawa, along with the city of Kokubu, the towns of Kirishima (former), Fukuyama, Hayato, Makizono and Mizobe (all from Aira District), was merged to create the city of Kirishima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Municipalities of Japan
Municipalities are a level of administration in Japan. The country has three levels of governments: national, prefectural, and municipal.

The nation is divided into 47 prefectures (within these, one metropolis, one regional prefecture, and two urban prefectures). Each prefecture consists of numerous municipalities, with 1,718 in total as of October 2018.

There are four types of municipalities in Japan: cities (市, shi), towns (町, chō), villages (村, son) and special wards of Tokyo (区, ku). In Japanese, this system is known as shikuchōson (市区町村), where each kanji in the word represents one of the four types of municipalities. In Tokyo, because the wards are at the center, the system is officially referred to as kushichōson (区市町村), with the wards first, and cities second.

Some designated cities also have further administrative subdivisions, also known as wards, but, unlike the special wards of Tokyo, these wards are not municipalities.
Sanātanī
Sanātanī (Devanagari: सनातनी) is an endonym for Hindus. The word Sanātanī is coined from Sanātana Dharma (Sanskrit: सनातन धर्म, lit. 'the Eternal Dharma'), an endonym for Hinduism. In other words, any follower of Sanātana Dharma (Hinduism) irrespective of their philosophy, denomination or choice of deity can be called a Sanātanī.

A Sanātanī performs duties in accordance with their Svadharma, or one's own inherent nature and prescribed duty, which involves fulfilling responsibilities based on individual capacity and one's unique role within society. Ultimately, this is rooted in the realisation of the spiritual, or constitutional, identity of the atman (Self). These eternal duties are universal in essence. They encompass virtues such as honesty, non-violence, purity, charity, goodwill, compassion, patience, forbearance, self-restraint, generosity, and asceticism.

Ishtadevata
Ishtadevata or Ishtadeva (Sanskrit: इष्ट देव(ता), iṣṭa-deva(tā), literally "cherished divinity" from iṣṭa, "personal, liked, cherished, preferred" and devatā, "godhead, divinity, tutelary deity" or deva, "deity"), is a term used in Hinduism denoting a worshipper's favourite deity.

It is especially significant to both the Smarta and Bhakti schools, wherein practitioners choose to worship the form of God that inspires them. Within Smartism, one of five chief deities is selected. Even in denominations that focus on a singular concept of God, such as Vaishnavism, the ishtadevata concept exists. For example, in Vaishnavism, special focus is given to a particular form of Vishnu or one of his avataras (i.e. Krishna or Rama). Similarly within Shaktism, focus is given to a particular form of the Goddess such as Parvati or Lakshmi. The Swaminarayan sect of Vaishnavism has a similar concept, but notably holds that Vishnu and Shiva are different aspects of the same God.
For the Kingdom
For the Kingdom is an EP by the rock band Unisonic. It was released in 2014 on EarMusic Edel AG. The album contains one future album track, an exclusive song, and four live tracks recorded during the band's Masters Of Rock Festival performance in 2012. The cover art is credited to Martin Häusler.

Edel SE & Co. KGaA
Edel SE & Co. KGaA is a German independent media company based in Hamburg. As a label and publishing group, it also operates marketing and sales for artists and smaller music labels. The repertoire of the Edel labels includes dance, rock and pop music to classical music and a children's catalogue. In addition to the development and marketing of music, the group also deals with the production, logistics and distribution of CDs, DVDs, vinyl records, and books at the production site of the subsidiary optimal media GmbH in Röbel/Müritz as well as with services in the online and book business.
Tourism in Telangana
The Telangana Tourism Development Corporation is a state government agency which promotes Tourism in Telangana, a state in the Southern region of India. The retired Director General of Police Pervaram Ramulu is the appointed First chairman of Telangana State Tourism. Tourist attractions in Telangana include historical places, monuments, forts, waterfalls, forests and temples.

Hyderabad, the state capital, placed 2nd in Traveler Magazine's best places to see in the world in 2015.

Chowmahalla Palace
Chowmahalla Palace or Chowmahallat is the palace of the Nizams of Hyderabad State located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was the seat of power of the Asaf Jahi dynasty (1720-1948) and was the official residence of the Nizams during their reign. The palace has been converted into a museum and the ownership still lies with the family.

The palace was constructed at the location of an earlier palace of the Qutb Shahi dynasty and Asaf Jahi dynasty close to the Charminar. Construction of the palace, as it stands today, was started by Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II in 1769. He ordered the building of four palaces from which the nomenclature of Chau Mahalla is derived. The word chār or chahār, and its variation chow, means "four" and the word mahal means "palace" in Urdu, Hindi and Persian.
1903 German football championship final
The 1903 German football championship final decided the winner of the 1903 German football championship, the 1st edition of the German football championship, a knockout football cup competition contested by the regional league winners to determine the national champions. The match was played on 31 May 1903 at the Exerzierweide in Altona. VfB Leipzig won the match 7–2 against DFC Prag to become the first national champions in German football history.

Altona, Hamburg
Altona (German: [ˈaltonaː] ⓘ), also called Hamburg-Altona, is the westernmost urban borough (Bezirk) of the German city state of Hamburg. Located on the right bank of the Elbe river, Altona had a population of 270,263 in 2016.

From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent borough until 1937.
South African Class NG G11 2-6-0+0-6-2
The South African Railways Class NG G11 2-6-0+0-6-2 of 1919 is a class of narrow gauge steam locomotives.

Between 1919 and 1925, the South African Railways (SAR) placed five Class NG G11 Garratt locomotives with a 2-6-0+0-6-2 Double Mogul type wheel arrangement in service on the Avontuur narrow gauge line through the Langkloof, and also in Natal. They were the first Garratt locomotives to enter service in South Africa.

Transnet Freight Rail
Transnet Freight Rail is a South African rail transport company, formerly known as Spoornet.  It was part of the South African Railways and Harbours Administration, a state-controlled organisation that employed hundreds of thousands of people for decades from the first half of the 20th century and was widely referred to by the initials SAR&H (SAS&H in Afrikaans). Customer complaints about serious problems with Transnet Freight Rail's service were reported in 2010. Its head office is in Inyanda House in Parktown, Johannesburg.
Convoy SC 100
Convoy SC 100 was a North Atlantic convoy, one of the SC series  which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II.  It was the 100th of the numbered series of slow convoys of merchant ships from Sydney, Cape Breton Island to Liverpool. It came under attack,  one of several convoy battles that occurred during the autumn and winter of 1942, losing five ships.

German submarine U-755
German submarine U-755 was a German Type VIIC submarine U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II. Under the command of Kapitänleutnant Walter Göing. U-755 served with 9th U-boat Flotilla in the Atlantic, and later with 29th U-boat Flotilla operated in the Mediterranean Sea.
Women of 36 Association
The Women of 36 Association (in Spanish "Asociación Mujeres del 36") was an organization founded in 1997 in Spain by a group of women who had survived the Spanish Civil War. The name contains a reference to 1936, the year in which the war started.

The goal of the association was to help society — especially younger generations — understand that period of history through the experiences of women who defended freedom and democracy, who lived through the war on the front lines or in the rearguard, who suffered imprisonment or internment in concentration camps, or who were repressed during Francoist Spain for their clandestine political activity.

The association dissolved in 2007, as most of its members were already over ninety years old.

Freedom
Freedom is the power or right to speak, act, and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws".

In one definition, something is "free" if it can change and is not constrained in its present state. Physicists and chemists use the word in this sense. In its origin, the English word "freedom" relates etymologically to the word "friend". Philosophy and religion sometimes associate it with free will, as an alternative to determinism or predestination.

In modern liberal nations, freedom is considered a right, especially freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press.
Olugbenga Ajilore
Olugbenga "Gbenga" Ajilore (/ˈbɛŋɡə ˌædʒɪˈlɔːri/ BENG-gə AJ-il-OR-ee) is an American economist who is the Chief Economist at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Previously, he served as a senior advisor in the Office of the Under Secretary for Rural Development at the United States Department of Agriculture. He has also been employed as a senior economist at the Center for American Progress and as an associate professor of economics at the University of Toledo. He is a past president of the National Economic Association and is a frequent media commentator on the labor market, particularly for Black Americans.

Chief economist
A chief economist is a single-position job class having primary responsibility for the development, coordination, and production of economic and financial analysis. It is distinguished from the other economist positions by the broader scope of responsibility encompassing the planning, supervision, and coordination of the economic research.
Anne Vaughan, Countess of Carbery
Anne Vaughan, Countess of Carbery (née Savile; 1663 – c. January 1690), was the daughter of George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, and his first wife, Lady Dorothy Spencer.

On 10 August 1682, she married John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery, as his second wife. The couple had two children: a son, George Vaughan, who died in 1685 at the age of two, and a daughter, Lady Anne Vaughan, who later married Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton.

The countess died following the birth of her daughter and was buried in the churchyard of St Andrew Holborn.

Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton
Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton (sometimes spelled Paulet; 3 September 1685 – 26 August 1754), styled Earl of Wiltshire from 1685 until 1699, and Marquess of Winchester from 1699 until 1722, was a British landowner and Whig politician who sat in the English House of Commons from 1705 to 1708 and in the British House of Commons between 1708 and 1717, when he was raised to the peerage as Lord Powlett and sat in the House of Lords.
Reconstruction (1995 film)
Reconstruction is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Laurence Green and released in 1995. Made as a student film while Green was studying film at Concordia University, the film explores Green's own family history, including his discovery of the answer to the long-unaddressed family secret of what happened to his adopted sister who had simply disappeared from the family many years earlier.

The film premiered in May 1995 at Concordia University's Festival of Student Films. It was later screened at the 1995 Toronto International Film Festival, where it was named the winner of the Best Canadian Short Film award.

Toronto International Film Festival Award for Best Canadian Short Film
The Toronto International Film Festival Award for Best Canadian Short Film, formerly also known as the NFB John Spotton Award, is an annual film award, presented by the Toronto International Film Festival to a film judged to be the best Canadian short film of the festival. As of 2017, the award is sponsored by International Watch Company and known as the "IWC Short Cuts Award for Best Canadian Short Film".
Knocks Folly
Knocks Folly, also known as Janvier House and Barroll House, is a historic home located at Kennedyville, Kent County, Maryland, United States. It is an unusual combination of a small, 1+1⁄2-story, mid-18th-century log home with a three-story, Federal brick wing.

Knocks Folly was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Log house
A log house, or log building, is a structure built with horizontal logs interlocked at the corners by notching. Logs may be round, squared or hewn to other shapes, either handcrafted or milled. The term "log cabin" generally refers to a smaller, more rustic log house, such as a hunting cabin in the woods, that may or may not have electricity or plumbing.
Woldzigt, Roderwolde
Woldzigt (Drèents for 'view of the woods') is a smock mill in Roderwolde, Drenthe, the Netherlands. The mill has two functions; a grain mill and an oil mill. It was built in 1852 and is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 32541.

Smock mill
The smock mill is a type of windmill that consists of a sloping, horizontally weatherboarded, thatched, or shingled tower, usually with six or eight sides. It is topped with a roof or cap that rotates to bring the sails into the wind. This type of windmill got its name from its resemblance to smocks worn by farmers in an earlier period.
Eugene Ngcobo
Eugene Nhlanhla Nqaba Ngcobo is a South African politician and scientist who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 2004 to 2014. He was first elected to his seat in 2004 and was elected to a second term in 2009. During his second term, he chaired the Portfolio Committee on Science and Technology. He is a scientist by profession: he completed his MSc at Sofia University and completed a Ph.D. in nuclear reactor physics at Cambridge University.

2009 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 22 April 2009 to elect members of the National Assembly and provincial legislatures. These were the fourth general elections held since the end of the apartheid era.

The North Gauteng High Court ruled on 9 February 2009 that South African citizens living abroad should be allowed to vote in elections. The judgment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 12 March 2009, when it decided that overseas voters who were already registered would be allowed to vote. Registered voters who found themselves outside their registered voting districts on election day were also permitted to vote for the national ballot at any voting station in South Africa.

The result was a victory for the ruling African National Congress (ANC), which won 264 of the 400 seats in the National Assembly, a fifteen seat reduction compared to the 2004 elections and losing its two-thirds supermajority. ANC leader Jacob Zuma became president.