hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)
The Battle of Ctesiphon (Turkish: Selman-ı Pak Muharebesi) was fought in November 1915 by the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire, within the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

Indian Expeditionary Force D, mostly made up of Indian units and under the command of Gen. Sir John Nixon, had met with success in Ottoman Iraq since it had landed at Al-Faw Peninsula upon the Ottoman Empire's declaration of war on 5 November 1914.

One of the primary reasons for initiating the campaign in Mesopotamia was to defend the oil refinery at Abadan at the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab. Adopting a forward defence policy, the British army under General Townshend fought off a series of small Ottoman forces. Then after a year of a string of defeats, the Ottoman forces were able to halt the British advance in two days of hard fighting at Ctesiphon.

Forward policy
A forward policy is a set of foreign policy doctrines applicable to territorial ambitions and disputes in which emphasis is placed on securing control of targeted territories by invasion and annexation or by the political creation of compliant buffer states. Such foreign policies have been used by a number of countries including Austria, France, Britain and China, to achieve their tactical aims over external countries.  The term has been candidly employed as an unvarnished sobriquet for two military "forward policies" in two periods of history relating to the Central Asian border disputes in the Great Game,

The term has been used more generally to describe the promulgation of policies in specific areas for tactical reasons, such as by British women's anti-suffragism supporters from 1908 to 1914, who set out a raft of progressive policy proposals affecting women but excluding suffrage under the label of the "forward policy".
Junk drawer
A junk drawer or junkdrawer is a drawer used for storing small, miscellaneous, occasionally useful objects of little to no (or unclear) monetary value, and possibly significant sentimental value. Junk drawers are often located in residential kitchens, but they may exist anywhere with cabinetry or furniture used for storage, including home offices or workshops, and even commercial workplaces and businesses. The phrase "junk drawer" appears to be an Americanism dating to the early 1900s.

American English vocabulary
The United States has given the English lexicon thousands of words, meanings, and phrases. Several thousand are now used in English as spoken internationally. Some words are only used within North American English and American English.
Voting machine
A voting machine is a machine used to record votes in an election without paper. The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic voting machines.  Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by its mechanism, and whether the system tallies votes at each voting location, or centrally. Voting machines should not be confused with tabulating machines, which count votes done by paper ballot.

Voting machines differ in usability, security, cost, speed, accuracy, and ability of the public to oversee elections. Machines may be more or less accessible to voters with different disabilities.

Tallies are simplest in parliamentary systems where just one choice is on the ballot, and these are often tallied manually. In other political systems where many choices are on the same ballot, tallies are often done by machines to give faster results.

Tabulating machine
The tabulating machine was an electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards. Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census. Later models were widely used for business applications such as accounting and inventory control. It spawned a class of machines, known as unit record equipment, and the data processing industry.

The term "Super Computing" was used by the New York World newspaper in 1931 to refer to a large custom-built tabulator that IBM made for Columbia University.
P. S. Nataraja Pillai
P. S. Nataraja Pillai (March 1891  –  1966) was an Indian politician, freedom fighter and Member of Parliament during the 3rd Lok Sabha elections held in 1962. He served as the Adviser to the Travancore government at Delhi in 1948 and finance minister of the Travancore-Cochin state from 1954 to 1955.

Freedom fighter
A freedom fighter is a person engaged in a struggle to achieve political freedom, particularly against an established government. The term is typically reserved for those who are actively involved in armed or otherwise violent rebellion.
Baron Poole
Baron Poole, of Aldgate in the City of London, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 July 1958 for the businessman and Conservative politician Oliver Poole. He had previously served as Member of Parliament for Oswestry and as Chairman of the Conservative Party. As of 2017 the title is held by his son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1993.

Oswestry (UK Parliament constituency)
Oswestry was a United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 to 1983, when it was renamed North Shropshire. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP)  by the first past the post method of election.
Betta patoti
Betta patoti, sometimes known as the tiger betta or zebra betta, is a species of gourami. It is a freshwater fish native to Asia, where it occurs in the southern part of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo in Indonesia. The species reaches 10.7 cm (4.2 in) in total length and is known to be a facultative air-breather.

Freshwater fish
Freshwater fish are fish species that spend some or all of their lives in bodies of fresh water such as rivers, lakes, ponds and inland wetlands, where the salinity is less than 1.05%. These environments differ from marine habitats in many ways, especially the difference in levels of osmolarity. To survive in fresh water, fish need a range of physiological adaptations.

41.24% of all known species of fish are found in fresh water. This is primarily due to the rapid speciation that the scattered habitats make possible. When dealing with ponds and lakes, one might use the same basic models of speciation as when studying island biogeography.
Aquilaria malaccensis
Aquilaria malaccensis (Hindi: अगर, agaru; Assamese: সাঁচিগছ, sānci; Arabic: عود هندي, transl. Indian oud) or agar is a species of lign-aloe tree in the family Thymelaeaceae. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, also Thailand. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al., 1998) listed Iran as one of the countries with a population of A. malaccensis. The exploratory 2002 CITES review confirmed that Iran has no record of the species. As a result, Iran is no longer considered as habitat for or producer of agarwood.

Thymelaeaceae
The Thymelaeaceae /ˌθɪmɪliːˈeɪsiː, -siˌaɪ/ are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants composed of 50 genera (listed below) and 898 species. It was established in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The Thymelaeaceae are mostly trees and shrubs, with a few vines and herbaceous plants, the latter including some annual species.
Dracaena sanderiana
Dracaena sanderiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to Central Africa. It was named after the German–English gardener Henry Frederick Conrad Sander (1847–1920). The plant is commonly marketed as "lucky bamboo," which has become one of its common names, although it is not a species of bamboo.

Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae (/əsˌpærəˈɡeɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/), known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, Asparagus officinalis.  This family includes both common garden plants as well as common houseplants.  The garden plants include asparagus, yucca, bluebell, lily of the valley, and hosta, and the houseplants include snake plant, corn cane, spider plant, and plumosus fern.

The Asparagaceae is a morphologically heterogenous family with the included species varying widely in their appearance and growth form. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with genera and species contained in the family native to all continents except Antarctica.
Solide expedition
The Solide expedition was the second successful circumnavigation by the French, after that by Bougainville. It occurred from 1790 to 1792 but remains little known due to its mainly commercial aims, in the fur trade between the northwest American coast and China.  It was led by the French navigator Étienne Marchand (1755–1793).

Circumnavigation
Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical body (e.g. a planet or moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth.

The first circumnavigation of the Earth was the Magellan Expedition, which sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Since the rise of commercial aviation in the mid 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years. Today, the challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, and less conventional methods.
Sedes Sapientiae, Leuven
The Sedes Sapientiae (Latin for "Seat of Wisdom", one of the medieval titles of the Virgin), also known as Our Lady of Leuven, is a medieval wooden statue of the Virgin Mary located at St Peter's Church in Leuven, Belgium. It was carved in 1442 by Nicolaas De Bruyne as an enlarged copy of an earlier statue from the 13th century. The polychromy was done by Roelof van Velpen. It was restored in 1842 and 1945. A longstanding local landmark, the statue was depicted on the seals of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and UCLouvain.

Saint Peter's Church, Leuven
Saint Peter's Church (Dutch: Sint-Pieterskerk) is a Roman Catholic church in Leuven, Belgium, built in the 15th century in the Brabantine Gothic style. The church has a cruciform floor plan and a low bell tower that has never been completed. It is 93 metres (305 ft) long. It is located on the city's Grote Markt (main square), opposite the Town Hall. In 1999, the belfry and bell tower of the church was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Belfries of Belgium and France site, in recognition of the civil importance and architecture of the belfries in the region.
1980 Benson & Hedges Championships
The 1980 Benson & Hedges Championships, also known as the Wembley Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London, England that was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix. The tournament was held from 11 November through 16 November 1980. First-seeded John McEnroe won the singles title and the accompanying $30,000 first-prize money. It was his third successive singles title at the tournament.

Wembley Arena
Wembley Arena (/ˈwɛmbli/) (originally the Empire Pool, currently known as OVO Arena Wembley for sponsorship reasons) is an indoor arena next to Wembley Stadium in Wembley,  Greater London, England.  The 12,500-seat facility is Greater London's second-largest indoor arena after the O2 Arena, and the ninth-largest in the United Kingdom.

The Empire Pool (also known as Empire Pool and Sports Arena) was built for the 1934 British Empire Games by Arthur Elvin. As its original name suggested, it was where the games' swimming events were held. The pool was last used for the 1948 Summer Olympics. The modern arena is now used as a venue for music, comedy, family entertainment and sport.
Topaze (Playhouse 90)
"Topaze" was an American television play broadcast on September 26, 1957, as part of the second season of the CBS television series Playhouse 90. Ellis St. Joseph wrote the teleplay based on Marcel Pagnol's 1928 play, Topaze. Vincent J. Donehue directed, Martin Manulis was the producer, and Robert Drasnin composed the music. Sterling Hayden was the host, and Ernie Kovacs and Carl Reiner starred.

The program's commercial sponsors were the American Gas Association, Theradan anti-dandruff shampoo, Marlboro cigarettes, and Ipana toothpaste.

Playhouse 90
Playhouse 90 is an American television anthology drama series that aired on CBS from 1956 to 1960 for a total of 134 episodes. The show was produced at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, California. Since live anthology drama series of the mid-1950s usually were hour-long shows, the title highlighted the network's intention to present something unusual: a weekly series of hour-and-a-half-long dramas rather than 60-minute plays.
1874 Monmouthshire by-election
The 1874 Monmouthshire by-election was fought on 17 March 1874.  The by-election was fought due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Lord Henry Somerset, becoming Comptroller of the Household.  It was retained, as expected, by the incumbent.

Comptroller of the Household
The Comptroller of the Household is a historical position in the British royal household, nominally the second-ranking member of the Lord Steward's department after the Treasurer of the Household. The Comptroller was an ex officio member of the Board of Green Cloth, until that body was abolished in the reform of local government licensing in 2004. In recent times, a senior government whip has invariably occupied the office. On state occasions the Comptroller (in common with certain other senior officers of the Household) carries a white staff of office, as often seen in portraits.

"Comptroller" is an alternative spelling of "controller", recorded since around 1500 in a number of British titles, and later also in the United States. The variant in spelling results from the influence of French compte "account".
BB6
BB6 can refer to:

BB6, a postcode district in the BB postcode area

Chassis code for the 5th Generation Honda Prelude (1997-2001), other codes include BB5, BB7, BB8

Big Brother 6 (disambiguation), a television programme in various versions
Bigg Boss 6 (disambiguation), Indian versions of the TV franchise

Honda Prelude
The Honda Prelude (Japanese: ホンダ・プレリュード, Hepburn: Honda Pureryūdo) is a sport compact car produced by the Japanese company Honda. It was produced over five generations from 1978 to 2001, and reintroduced in 2025.

For the first five generations, as a two-door coupe loosely derived from the Accord, the Prelude was the first Honda to feature a moonroof, a feature that remained standard equipment throughout its production.

The Prelude was used by Honda to introduce the Japanese Honda retail sales chain Honda Verno, with the international release of the model following shortly after. The Prelude's manufacture concluded in 2001 on introduction of the fourth-generation Integra. The Prelude name was originally trademarked by Toyota, but was amicably given to Honda for use.

The Prelude's nameplate aligned with a series of music-themed nameplates in use by Honda, including the Accord, Quintet, Concerto, Jazz, and Ballade.
Defying Ocean's End
Defying Ocean's End (DOE) is a global agenda for action in marine conservation compiled in a 2004 Island Press book. It is also the title of a 2003 Los Cabos (Mexico) conference, where the agenda was formulated.

The DOE website describes itself as "a practical agenda of action to safeguard the ocean for future generations to come. This dynamic strategy-including costs and recommendations-is a collective voice for those seeking to reverse the disturbing trends we are witnessing in the ocean today. As never again, we have an opportunity now to respond to this crisis, by moving beyond localized and ad hoc initiatives - however good they might be - to coordinated global action."

The website also lists a "DOE Office" charged with distributing the agenda. The office is composed of Dr. Sylvia Earle, Arlo Hemphill, Tim Noviello and Linda K. Glover:.

Cristina Mittermeier
Cristina Goettsch Mittermeier (born Cristina Sofía Goettsch Cabello; November 26, 1966, in Mexico City, Mexico) is a Mexican photographer, conservationist, biologist, and author.

Cristina Mittermeier is a marine biologist and activist who pioneered the concept and field of conservation photography. Her images focus on demonstrating the relationship between human cultures, indigenous people and biodiversity, the ocean, and climate change.
Limnodea
Limnodea, with the common name Ozark grass, is a genus of North American plants in the grass family. The type species is Greenia arkansana Nutt..

The only known species of the annual bunchgrass is Limnodea arkansana.

Thomas Nuttall
Thomas Nuttall (5 January 1786 – 10 September 1859) was an English botanist and zoologist who lived and worked in America from 1808 until 1841.

Nuttall was born in the village of Long Preston, near Settle in the West Riding of Yorkshire and spent some years as an apprentice printer in England. Soon after going to the United States he met professor Benjamin Smith Barton in Philadelphia. Barton encouraged his strong interest in natural history.
Royal St George's Golf Club
The Royal St George's Golf Club is a golf club located in Sandwich, Kent, England. It is one of the courses on The Open Championship rota, and the only one in South East England. The club has hosted 15 Open championships, the first in 1894 when it became the first club outside Scotland to host the championship. Past champions include Collin Morikawa, Darren Clarke, Ben Curtis, Greg Norman, Sandy Lyle, Bill Rogers, Bobby Locke, Reg Whitcombe, Henry Cotton, Walter Hagen (on two occasions), Harry Vardon (on two occasions), Jack White and John Henry Taylor. In 2021, Royal St. George's saw Collin Morikawa win The Open Championship. It has also hosted The Amateur Championship 14 times.

Bobby Locke
Arthur D'Arcy "Bobby" Locke (20 November 1917 – 9 March 1987) was a South African professional golfer. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time. He won The Open Championship four times and 15 PGA Tour events in total. In addition, he was a prolific tournament winner in South Africa, ultimately recording over 50 significant victories in his home country, including the South African Open nine times.
Craven Street: Ben Franklin in London
Craven Street: Ben Franklin in London is a five-part radio play dramatizing Benjamin Franklin's career as a colonial lobbyist in London before the American Revolution. It starred Elizabeth Montgomery, George Grizzard and Nigel Hawthorne. It was written, produced and directed by Yuri Rasovsky, under the aegis of Robert Foxworth's American Dialogues Foundation. Syndicated to public radio stations in 1993, it was later released as an audiobook.

Nigel Hawthorne
Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was an English actor. He is known for his stage acting and his portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby, the permanent secretary in the 1980s sitcom Yes Minister and the Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister. For this role, he won four for British Academy Television Awards for Best Entertainment Performance.

He won the BAFTA Award for Best Lead Actor and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category for portraying King George III in The Madness of King George (1994), having previously won the Laurence Olivier Award for the stage version. He later won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor, for the 1996 series The Fragile Heart. He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play winner for his performance in 1991 Broadway production of Shadowlands.
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jets
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jets is the second greatest hits album by Tongan-American family band The Jets, released on October 9, 2001, by MCA Records.

This album contains many of their biggest hits, including "Crush on You", "Sendin' All My Love", "You Got It All", "Rocket 2 U", "Cross My Broken Heart" and "Make It Real". The only singles this package omits are "Anytime", "Christmas in My Heart", "Somebody to Love Me", and "Under Any Moon".

Under Any Moon
"Under Any Moon" is a single by Glenn Medeiros and the Jets, released in 1989.

Written by Diane Warren, the song was released as a single only in the United Kingdom. It was included on the soundtrack for The Karate Kid Part III (1989), on the Mercury label, and was also included on the Jets' album, Believe (1989), on the MCA label.

The song failed to have any chart impact in the UK, and while it did receive minor airplay in the United States, it did not chart either. It was never performed live by the Jets.
Geography of Colorado Springs, Colorado
Colorado Springs geography describes geographical topics regarding the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado in El Paso County, Colorado.  With 194.87 sq mi (504.7 km2) of land, it is the state's largest-sized city. Denver is the most populated city.

Fort Carson
Fort Carson is a United States Army post located directly south of Colorado Springs in El Paso, Pueblo, Fremont, and Huerfano counties, Colorado, United States. The developed portion of Fort Carson is located near the City of Colorado Springs in El Paso County.

Fort Carson is the home of the 4th Infantry Division, the 10th Special Forces Group, the 4th Security Force Assistance Brigade (SFAB), the 440th Civil Affairs Battalion (USAR), the 71st Ordnance Group (EOD), the 4th Engineer Battalion, the 759th Military Police Battalion, the 10th Combat Support Hospital, the 43rd Sustainment Brigade, the Army Field Support Battalion-Fort Carson, the 423rd Transportation Company (USAR) and the 13th Air Support Operations Squadron of the United States Air Force. The post also hosts units of the Army Reserve, Navy Reserve and the Colorado Army National Guard. Fort Carson was also home to the 5th Infantry Division, known as the Red Devils.
Christian, Duke of Saxe-Eisenberg
Christian of Saxe-Eisenberg (6 January 1653 – 28 April 1707) was a duke of Saxe-Eisenberg.

He was born in Gotha, the eighth, but fifth surviving, son of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg and Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg.

Christian had traveled far in his youth and was interested early in History and Art. After the death of his father in 1675, he governed together with his brothers over Saxe-Gotha. He made Eisenberg his residence, where in 1677 he built the Schloss Christiansburg. After the divisionary treaty of the duchy in 1680, Christian retained Eisenberg and the towns of Ronneburg, Roda and Camburg. During his last years he was very interested in alchemy.

He died in Eisenberg, with considerable debts, and, like his brothers Albrecht of Saxe-Coburg and Heinrich of Saxe-Römhild, without sons. His lands were disputed between his remaining brothers and their descendants in the "Coburg-Eisenberg-Römhild inheritance dispute", which took until 1735 to be resolved.

Camburg
Camburg (German pronunciation: [ˈkambʊʁk]) is a town in the Saale-Holzland district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Saale, 18 km northeast of Jena, and 13 km southwest of Naumburg. Since 1 December 2008, it is part of the town Dornburg-Camburg.

The first mention of Camburg dates from 1088, and during the Middle Ages the Burg was a residence of the Wettiner family. Camburg castle controls a crossing of the Saale which was an important trade route for salt being carried from Bad Sulza towards the south east.

The valley of the Saale cuts through Muschelkalk cliffs, in which a hermit's cave, the Klausloch, can still be seen to the north east of the town. Across the river, the ruins of St Cyriak's church date from around AD 1000.

Camburg's Museum in Amtshof 1–2 has exhibits from pre-historic to recent times, including a working example of a Spieluhr.