hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Portrait of Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini
Portrait of Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini (or Portrait of a Man in a Red Chaperon) is a small c. 1438 portrait by Jan van Eyck believed to be the same person as in the famous 1434 Arnolfini Portrait due to the similarities of facial features. Thus, the work is van Eyck's second portrait of Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini, a wealthy merchant from Lucca, a city in Tuscany in central Italy, who spent most of his life in Flanders.

The painting was long thought a self-portrait; in colourisation, costume and tone, it is very similar to the signed and dated Portrait of a Man in a Red Chaperon in London, which is generally accepted as a self-portrait. It was only later that the current work was associated with Arnolfini and the double marriage painting. Today, the painting is held by the Berlin Gemäldegalerie (State Museum).

Lucca
Lucca (/ˈluːkə/ LOO-kə, Italian: [ˈlukka] ⓘ) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain.

The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance-era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower, a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 14th century  and the Cathedral of San Martino.

The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Catalani, and Luigi Boccherini.
Boratyn, Podkarpackie Voivodeship
Boratyn [bɔˈratɨn] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chłopice, within Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-west of Chłopice, 10 km (6 mi) south of Jarosław, and 49 km (30 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.

Jarosław County
Jarosław County (Polish: powiat jarosławski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Jarosław, which lies 49 kilometres (30 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów. The only other towns in the county are Radymno, lying 13 km (8 mi) south-east of Jarosław, and Pruchnik (a town since 2011).

The county covers an area of 1,029.15 square kilometres (397.4 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population was 120,462, out of which the population of Jarosław was 37,585, that of Radymno was 5,279, that of Pruchnik was 3,764, and the rural population was 73,834.
Mariya Mitsova
Mariya Mitsova (Bulgarian: Мария Мицова; born 20 November 1996) is a Bulgarian badminton player. Mitsova represented her country at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, China. In 2016, she became the runner-up at the Croatian International tournament in the mixed doubles event partnered with Alex Vlaar. She won two titles at the Hellas International tournament in the women's singles and doubles event. She was part of the national team that won the silver medal at the 2016 European Women's Team Championships in Kazan, Russia.

2016 European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships
The 2016 European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships was held in Kazan, Russia, from February 16 to February 21, 2016. This tournament also serves as European qualification for the 2016 Thomas & Uber Cup.
Latrinalia
Latrinalia is a type of deliberately inscribed or etched marking made on latrines; that is, bathrooms or lavatory walls. It can take the form of art, drawings, or words, including poetry and personal reflections. Other types of latrinalia include political commentary and notes on love as well as derogatory (sharing low opinions) comments and pictures. Humor is also common, such as the phenomenon observed on some college campuses of writing puns about grout in the grouted spaces between tiles. When done without the property owner's consent, it constitutes vandalism. Some venues have attempted to curb such vandalism by installing in the lavatory large blackboards and providing free chalk; it is hoped that patrons will avail themselves of the blackboard and chalk rather than applying their latrinalia directly to the walls or toilet stalls.

Etching (microfabrication)
Etching is used in microfabrication to chemically remove layers from the surface of a wafer during manufacturing. Etching is a critically important process module in fabrication, and every wafer undergoes many etching steps before it is complete.

For many etch steps, part of the wafer is protected from the etchant by a "masking" material which resists etching.  In some cases, the masking material is a photoresist which has been patterned using photolithography. Other situations require a more durable mask, such as silicon nitride.
Albert Einstein Memorial
The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue by sculptor Robert Berks, depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand. It is located in central Washington, D.C., United States, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences at 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W., near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Two replicas exist at the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Constitution Avenue
Constitution Avenue is a major east–west street in the northwest and northeast quadrants of the city of Washington, D.C., in the United States. It was originally known as B Street, and its western section was greatly lengthened and widened between 1925 and 1933. It received its current name on February 26, 1931, though it was almost named Jefferson Avenue in honor of Thomas Jefferson.

Constitution Avenue's western half defines the northern border of the National Mall and extends from the United States Capitol to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. Its eastern half runs through the neighborhoods of Capitol Hill and Hill East before terminating at the RFK Stadium campus. Many federal departmental headquarters, memorials, and museums line Constitution Avenue's western segment.
Mirpur Royals
Mirpur Royals (Urdu: میرپور رائلز) is a Pakistani professional T20 franchise cricket team that takes part in the Kashmir Premier League. They are captained by Shoaib Malik, coached by former Pakistani cricketer Abdul Razzaq and owned by Abdul Wajid. The team represents the city of Mirpur, the capital of the Mirpur District.

Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)
Abdul Razzaq (Punjabi, Urdu: عبدُالرّزاق; born 2 December 1979) is a Pakistani cricket coach and former cricketer, who played all formats of the game. Known as a gifted all-rounder, he was a right-arm fast-medium bowler and a right-handed batsman. He emerged in international cricket in 1996 with his One Day International debut against Zimbabwe at his home ground in Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore; just one month before his seventeenth birthday. He was part of the Pakistan Cricket squad that won the ICC World Twenty20 2009. He was a part of the Pakistan squad which finished as runners-up at the 1999 Cricket World Cup. He played 265 ODIs and 46 Tests.

In 2018, at the age of 38, Abdul Razzaq announced that he would make a comeback at the domestic circuit level to play first-class cricket again after having short stints as a coach for few domestic teams in Pakistan since his international retirement in 2013.
Talavali Tarf Sonale
Talavali Tarf Sonale is a village in the Thane district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Bhiwandi taluka.

The Prakritized form of the Sanskrit name "Talavali-pallika" is mentioned as a name of Talavali in the 15th-17th century Marathi-language text Mahikavatichi Bakhar, "pallika" being the Shilahara-era suffix for a small village.

Mahikavatichi Bakhar
Mahikavatichi Bakhar ("The Annals of Mahikavati"), also known as Śrī Biṁbākhyāna, is a Marathi language chronicle about the medieval history of northern Konkan region of present-day Maharashtra, India. Originally written by Keshavacharya in the 15th century, it was updated by several authors before being finalized as a single book in the 17th century. Although full of historical inaccuracies, it is an important source for the history of the Mumbai region.
Viscount Savage
Viscount Savage was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1626 for Sir Thomas Savage, 2nd Baronet, husband of Elizabeth Savage (whom he married in 1602) and heir-apparent by special remainder to his father-in-law's titles of Baron Darcy of Chiche (1613), Viscount Colchester (1621) and Earl Rivers  (1626).

He died in 1635 before inheriting these titles, so on the death of Thomas Darcy, 1st Earl Rivers in 1640 the titles went instead to Savage's son John, 2nd Viscount Savage, who became 2nd Earl Rivers. Thomas' widow Elizabeth was created Countess Rivers in her own right in 1641.

The Savage daughters, Dorothy and Elizabeth, were great beauties, painted by Van Dyck. Dorothy married Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Berkshire, and Elizabeth married Sir John Thimbleby of Irnham.

The Savage viscountcy and baronetcy became extinct along with the Rivers titles in 1737.

John Savage was created baronet, of Rocksavage, Cheshire, on 29 June 1611.

Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Berkshire
Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Berkshire KB (1615 – April 1679) was an English peer, styled Viscount Andover from 1626 to 1669, was the eldest son of Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire and his wife Lady Elizabeth Cecil.
Secretary of State of Texas
The secretary of state of Texas is one of the six members of the executive department of the State of Texas in the United States. Under the Constitution of Texas, the appointment is made by the governor of Texas, with confirmation by the Texas Senate.

The officeholder is the chief elections officer, the protocol officer for state and international matters, as well as the liaison for the governor on Mexican and border matters.

The secretary of state offices are in the James Earl Rudder State Office Building at 1019 Brazos Street in Austin; the main building handles business and public filings, statutory documents, administrative code open meetings and the UCC. The secretary of state elections office is on the second floor of the James Earl Rudder Building. The executive offices are in Room 1E.8 in the Texas State Capitol.

Governor of Texas
The governor of Texas is the head of state of the U.S. state of Texas. The governor is the head of the executive branch of the government of Texas and is the commander-in-chief of the Texas Military Forces.

Established in the Constitution of Texas, the governor's responsibilities include ensuring the enforcement of state laws, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Texas Legislature, overseeing state agencies, issuing executive orders, proposing and overseeing the state budget, and making key appointments to state offices. The governor also has the power to call special sessions of the legislature and, with the recommendation of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles, grant pardons.
Slater Cup
The Slater Cup is the trophy awarded to the winner of the rugby match between Gloucester Rugby and Leicester Tigers twice every season in Premiership Rugby, it is named after the former captain of both clubs Ed Slater. The inaugural edition was played in the 2022–23 season and was won by Leicester Tigers. The trophy extends to Premiership Women's Rugby, featuring Gloucester-Hartpury and Leicester Tigers Women. The inaugural women's edition was played in the 2023–24 season.

Ed Slater
Edward Nicholas Slater (born 1 August 1988) is an English former rugby union player who played at lock for Leicester Tigers and Gloucester Rugby.

Slater has captained both Leicester Tigers and Gloucester. He was Leicester Tigers club captain from 2014 to 2016. Slater captained Gloucester in the 2018 Challenge Cup final loss to Cardiff Blues. He has also captained England on their 2014 tour of New Zealand when they defeated the Crusaders in Christchurch.

Following a diagnosis of motor neurone disease in July 2022, Slater retired from professional rugby.
Fintan O'Toole
Fintan O'Toole (born 16 February 1958) is an Irish journalist, literary editor, and drama critic for The Irish Times, for which he has written since 1988. He was drama critic for the New York Daily News from 1997 to 2001 and is Advising Editor and a regular contributor to The New York Review of Books. He is also an author, literary critic, historical writer and political commentator.

In 2011, O'Toole was named by The Observer as one of "Britain's top 300 intellectuals", despite not being British nor living in the United Kingdom. Between 2012 and 2024, O'Toole was a visiting lecturer in Irish letters at Princeton University and contributed to the Fund for Irish Studies Series.

Literary editor
A literary editor is a editor responsible for refining and overseeing the quality of written content in a newspaper, magazine or other publication. Literary editor deals with aspects concerning literature and books, especially reviews. A literary editor may also help with editing books themselves, by providing services such as proof reading, copy-editing, and literary criticism. Their work often involves reviewing literary pieces, book reviews, and essays to ensure clarity, coherence, and adherence to editorial standards. Literary editors are sometimes referred to as copy editors or production editors, depending on their specific role within a publication.
2022 Copa Constitució
The 2022 Copa Constitució was the 30th edition of the Andorran national football knockout tournament. The opening round of this edition of the cup was played on 16 January 2022.

Sant Julià were the defending champions after winning the previous final over Atlètic Club d'Escaldes by a score of 2–1.

Copa Constitució
The Copa Constitució or Andorran Cup, also known is Copa Constitució Valira Seguretat for sponsorship reasons, is the national football cup competition in Andorra organized by the Andorran Football Federation.  The Cup annual tournament began in 1990.  Since the 1994–95 season, the tournament has been affiliated with FIFA and UEFA.
Alain Giraud
Alain Giraud is a French chef born in 1959 in Paris.

In his early years he worked at such establishments as Hôtel de Crillon.

In 1988, Giraud travelled to Los Angeles to work with chef Michel Richard at the restaurant Citrus.

Giraud later opened the restaurant Bastide which in 2002 earned a four star review from the Los Angeles Times.

In 2003, Bon Appétit magazine declared him Chef of the Year.

In 2008, Giraud opened Anisette Brasserie, a French brasserie themed restaurant in Santa Monica, California.  Anisette Brasserie later closed in 2010.

Hôtel de Crillon
Hôtel de Crillon, A Rosewood Hotel (French: [otɛl də kʁijɔ̃]) is a historic luxury hotel in Paris which opened in 1909 in a building dating to 1758. Located at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, the Crillon, along with the Hôtel de la Marine, is one of two identical stone palaces on the Place de la Concorde. Since 1900, the French Ministry of Culture has listed the Hôtel de Crillon as a monument historique.

With 78 guest rooms and 46 suites, the hotel also features three restaurants, a bar, outdoor terrace, gym, and health club on the premises. The hotel was renovated from 2013 to 2017. In September 2018, Hôtel de Crillon was officially designated by Atout France as a Palace grade of hotel.
Tabuse
Tabuse (田布施町, Tabuse-chō) is a town located in Kumage District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 May 2023, the town had an estimated population of 14,411 in 6947 households and a population density of 290 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 50.42 square kilometres (19.47 sq mi).

Yamaguchi Prefecture
Yamaguchi Prefecture (山口県, Yamaguchi-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Yamaguchi Prefecture has a population of 1,377,631 (1 February 2018) and has a geographic area of 6,112 km2 (2,359 sq mi). Yamaguchi Prefecture borders Shimane Prefecture to the north and Hiroshima Prefecture to the northeast.

Yamaguchi is the capital and Shimonoseki is the largest city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, with other major cities including Ube, Shūnan, and Iwakuni. Yamaguchi Prefecture is located at the western tip of Honshu with coastlines on the Sea of Japan and Seto Inland Sea, and separated from the island of Kyushu by the Kanmon Straits.
Domenico Gallo
Domenico Gallo Beltrame (Venice 10 aug 1723 – Genoa c. 1781) was an Italian composer and violinist. He was born in Venice in 1723, the son of Francesco Gasparo Gallo Zanon and Laura Domenica Beltrame Rossini. Gallo composed mostly church music, including a Stabat Mater. Gallo also composed violin sonatas, symphonies and possibly violin concertos.

Domenico Gallo married Maria Giulia Guatelli about 1768 in Groppo (Sesta Godano, Ligure).

Some trio sonatas by Domenico Gallo were long attributed to Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, including those upon which Igor Stravinsky based his music for the ballet Pulcinella. In fact, half of the surviving works by Gallo were once attributed to Pergolesi, probably because Gallo was little known, Pergolesi was famous and his name would sell the music.

Sonata
In music, a sonata (/səˈnɑːtə/; pl. sonate) is a piece that consists of 3 or 4 movements that can be for different musical instruments.: 17  The term evolved through the history of music, designating a variety of forms until the Classical era, when it took on increasing importance. Sonata is a vague term, with varying meanings depending on the context and time period. By the early 19th century it came to represent a principle of composing large-scale works. It was applied to most instrumental genres and regarded—alongside the fugue—as one of two fundamental methods of organizing, interpreting and analyzing concert music. Though the musical style of sonatas has changed since the Classical era, most 20th- and 21st-century sonatas maintain the overarching structure.

The term sonatina, pl. sonatine, the diminutive form of sonata, is often used for a short or technically easy sonata.
George W. Snedecor
George Waddel Snedecor (October 20, 1881 – February 15, 1974) was an American mathematician and statistician. He contributed to the development of analysis of variance, data analysis, experimental design, and statistical methodology. Snedecor's F-distribution and the George W. Snedecor Award of the American Statistical Association are named for him.

American Statistical Association
The American Statistical Association (ASA) is the main professional organization for statisticians and related professionals in the United States. It was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 27, 1839, and is the second-oldest continuously operating professional society in the U.S. behind the Massachusetts Medical Society (founded in 1781). ASA services statisticians, quantitative scientists, and users of statistics across many academic areas and applications. The association publishes a variety of journals and sponsors several international conferences every year.
Anna Łukaszewska-Trzeciakowska
Anna Romana Łukaszewska-Trzeciakowska (born 3 August 1974 in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish politician who served as Minister of Climate and Environment
under Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki in his third cabinet from 27 November 2023 to 11 December 2023

Łukaszewska-Trzeciakowska served as Undersecretary of State in the same ministry, from 2022 to 2023. She had also served as Secretary of State and Government Plenipotentiary for Strategic Energy Infrastructure, a position she was appointed to on 2 June 2023.

Ministry of Climate and Environment (Poland)
The Ministry of Climate and Environment (Polish: Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska) is a ministry in the Polish government, established on 6 October 2020.  It is headed by Paulina Hennig-Kloska, who has held the position of Minister of Climate and Environment since 13 December 2023. The ministry is also responsible for energy, forestry, and water management.

The ministry was created by merging the water management department of the Ministry of Marine Economy and Inland Navigation and the environment department of the Ministry of Environment into the former Ministry of Climate.
Gwisil Jipsa
Gwisil Jipsa (鬼室集斯, ? – 688), was the son of Gwisil Boksin, a general of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Gwisil clan was a collateral branch of the royal family, the Buyeo clan (扶餘氏). He settled in Japan after the fall of the kingdom and death of his father where he became a member of the Japanese court where they called him Kishitsu Shushi after the Japanese reading of his name.

Gamō District, Shiga
Gamō (蒲生郡, Gamō-gun) is a district located in Shiga Prefecture, Japan.

As of September 1, 2011, the district has an estimated population of 35,629 and a density of 220 persons per km2. The total area is 162.15 km2.
Tributary
A tributary, or an affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream (main stem or "parent"), river, or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries, and the main stem river into which they flow, drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater, leading the water out into an ocean, another river, or into an endorheic basin.

The Irtysh, a tributary of the Ob river, is the longest tributary river in the world with a length of 4,248 km (2,640 mi).
The Madeira River is the largest tributary river by volume in the world with an average discharge of 31,200 m3/s (1.1 million cu ft/s).

A confluence, where two or more bodies of water meet, usually refers to the joining of tributaries.

The opposite to a tributary is a distributary, a river or stream that branches off from and flows away from the main stream. Distributaries are most often found in river deltas.

Irtysh
The Irtysh (/ɜːrˈtɪʃ, ˈɪərtɪʃ/) is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It is the chief tributary of the Ob and is also the longest tributary in the world.

The river's source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern part of Xinjiang, China) close to the border with Mongolia.

The Irtysh's main tributaries include the Tobol, Demyanka and the Ishim. The Ob-Irtysh system forms a major drainage basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altai Mountains.
Stifford Clays
Stifford Clays, historically also known as Fleethall and Clay's Hall, is a housing estate and ward in the Stifford area of Grays in Thurrock, Essex, England. It is situated on a 660-acre site north of central Grays and borders North Stifford and Chafford Hundred to the west, Blackshots to the east and Belhus and Orsett to the north. It had a population of 6,755 in the 2021 census.

There is evidence of human settlement or occupation in what is now Stifford Clays during the Iron Age and Roman, Saxon and Medieval periods. The earliest records of Stifford Clays date to the 15th century, when it was a manorial estate held by Maurice Bruyn, who later passed it to John Clay, who gave it its name. Historically home to a farmstead, the land was developed into a housing estate by Thurrock Urban District Council in the 1950s and 1960s.

Farmstead
A farmstead refers to the buildings and service areas associated with a farm. It consists of the farmhouse along with the surrounding buildings. The characteristics of a specific farmstead reflect the local landscape, which provides their environmental context. Some farmsteads have additional outlying field barns and outfarms somewhat further afield than the main cluster of buildings at the farmstead.
Imam Khomeini Naval University of Noshahr
Imam Khomeini Naval University of Noshahr is the military academy of Islamic Republic of Iran Navy located in Noshahr, Mazandaran Province. Cadets of the academy achieve ensign rank upon graduation and join the Navy.

Nowshahr
Nowshahr (Persian: نوشهر) is a city in the Central District of Nowshahr County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is a port city on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea.