hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Senegalese Party of Socialist Action
Senegalese Party of Socialist Action (in French: Parti Sénégalais de l'Action Socialiste) was a political party in Senegal led by Lamine Guèye. PSAS was formed as the Senegalese section of the African Socialist Movement (MSA) in 1957, following the breakaway from the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

In February 1957 PSAS absorbed the African Democratic Rally of Abbas Gueye.

Following the merger of the African Convention and MSA in 1958, PSAS merged with the Senegalese Popular Bloc (Senegalese section of the Convention) to form the Senegalese Progressive Union (UPS).

Abbas Gueye
Abbas Guèye (born December 27, 1913, in Dakar, Senegal, and died August 2, 1999, in Dakar) was a politician and trade-unionist from Senegal who served in the French National Assembly from 1951 to 1955. Abbas Guèye was not related to Lamine Guèye (1891–1968), nor of the same political opinion.
Phoenix Industries
Phoenix Industries, Inc. was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Southampton, New Jersey. The company specialized in the design and manufacture of powered parachutes and paramotors in the form of ready-to-fly aircraft in the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles category.

The company produced a powered paraglider, the Phoenix Industries B1Z ParaFlyer of which ten had been sold by 2000, and three powered parachute designs, the Phoenix Industries CV1 ParaFlyer, Phoenix Industries TZ-1 ParaFlyer and the Phoenix Industries Sport. A total of 15 CV1 ParaFlyers and 16 Sports had been sold by 2005. All designs were single-seaters.

The company seems to have been established c. 1997 and gone out of business about 2005.

Ultralight aircraft in the United States
Ultralight aircraft in the United States   are not considered to be light-sport aircraft, are not regulated as aircraft, and are exempt from aircraft rules by the FAA. Instead, they are treated as powersport items and have to follow their own ruleset, FAR-103, which is the most compact aviation regulation in existence.

While ultralights in other countries might have airworthiness certificates, an airworthiness certificate is not allowed for an ultralight vehicle in the USA. Any existing airworthiness certificate has to be surrendered to the issueing agency, including foreign agencies, before usage as an ultralight vehicle becomes legal. The FAA emphasizes that airworthiness and compliance with FAR-103 is the responsibility of the user during every flight.

In the United States, ultralights are not registered, nor is the pilot required to have a pilot's certificate.
Ulmus parvifolia 'Frosty'
The Chinese elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'Frosty', or  'Frosty'  lacebark elm,  was intended primarily as a dwarf variegated variety. Krüssmann (1976) states that it was raised in Japan. It was first distributed by the Mitsch Nursery, Oregon, USA.

Johann Gerd Krüssmann
Johann Gerd Krüssmann (1910–1980) was a German dendrologist and author.

Krüssmann worked as dendrologist from 1935, and from 1946 was the owner of a nursery and part-time horticulture teacher at the Horticultural Vocational School in Wesel and the county vocational school in Dinslaken. The Ellerhoop-Thiensen Arboretum was established in 1956 by Erich Frahm, its owner, in cooperation with Krüssman.

The standard author abbreviation Krüssm. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
MZKT-79221
The MZKT-79221 (Russian: МЗКТ-79221) is a Russian army 16x16 transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) designed and developed by the MZKT in Belarus. It was developed in 1996-1997, and serial production began in 2000.

Developed primarily for use as a RT-2PM2 Topol-M TEL, the 79221 model is similar to the MAZ-7917 but has eight axles instead of seven. It is powered by a YaMZ-847.1 (800 horsepower) V12 diesel engine.

Yaroslavl Motor Plant
The Yaroslavl Motor Plant (Russian: Яросла́вский мото́рный заво́д, ЯМЗ, romanized: Yaroslavskyi Motornyi Zavod, YaMZ) is a Russian company based in Yaroslavl that produces engines for many Russian companies.
Tau3 Gruis
Tau3 Gruis is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Grus. Its apparent magnitude is 5.71, which is bright enough to be visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star. The star is located around 257 light-years (79 pc) distant from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 6 km/s.

This is an Am star with a stellar classification of kA5hA7mF2. This notation indicates the spectrum displays the calcium K-line of an A5 star, the hydrogen lines of an A7 star, and the metal lines of an F2 star. It has 2.9 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 27 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 7,735 K.

Metallicity
In astronomy, metallicity is the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Most of the normal currently detectable (i.e. non-dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomers use the word metals as convenient shorthand for all elements except hydrogen and helium. This word-use is distinct from the conventional chemical or physical definition of a metal as an electrically conducting element. Stars and nebulae with relatively high abundances of heavier elements are called metal-rich when discussing metallicity, even though many of those elements are called nonmetals in chemistry.
Wendy Morgan (director)
Wendy Morgan is a Canadian film director. She is most noted as director of the film Sugar Daddy, for which she won the DGC Award for Best Direction in a Feature Film from the Directors Guild of Canada in October 2021.

Morgan previously directed music videos for artists such as Gnarls Barkley, Janelle Monáe, The Kills, Alicia Keys and Laura Mvula, as well as episodes of the television series Backstage and Little Dog.

The Kills
The Kills are an English-American rock duo formed by American singer Alison "VV" Mosshart and English guitarist Jamie "Hotel" Hince. They are signed to Domino Records. Their first four albums, Keep On Your Mean Side, No Wow, Midnight Boom, and Blood Pressures, all reached the UK Albums Chart. Their fifth studio album, Ash & Ice, was released in 2016 and reached the top 20 of the UK Albums Chart.
Maurizio Prato
Maurizio Prato (born 18 May 1941, in Foligno) is an Italian businessman. He is currently president of Fintecna.

He was chief executive of the Italian airline Alitalia. He resigned after the merger deal with Air France - KLM collapsed in April 2008. From 2011 to 2014, he was the President of the Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.

Fintecna
Fintecna, is an Italian state-owned financial management company which specialises in the valorisation and divestment by privatization of real estate. The company is fully controlled by the Ministry of the Economy and Finance.
Townsend House (Needham, Massachusetts)
The Townsend House is a historic late First Period house in Needham, Massachusetts, United States. The 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame house was built in 1720 by Gregory Sugars, a sea captain, for his son-in-law, Rev. Jonathan Townsend. The building has retained little external appearance as an early 18th century house, showing the adaptive reuse and restyling of older houses. It was given a Federal appearance in the 1780s by its second owner, Rev. Samuel West, and was, under his ownership, used as a muster site for the local militia prior to the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord. The building has been much modified over the years (including the addition of a mansard-like roof), but many of its older interior rooms have retained features from the 18th century.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Adaptive reuse
Adaptive reuse is the reuse of an existing building for a purpose other than that for which it was originally built or designed. It is also known as recycling or conversion. The adaptive reuse of buildings can be a viable alternative to new construction in terms of sustainability and a circular economy, and it has been used to create affordable housing, among other developments.
HD 88133 b
HD 88133 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 88133. It is probably less massive than Jupiter and even Saturn. It orbits the star in a very tight orbit, completing one revolution around the star in every three and half days or so. Despite the relatively large radius of the star (about 2 times Solar), no transits have been detected.

In 2016 the direct detection of the planetary thermal emission spectrum was claimed, but the detection was questioned in 2021.

Thermal infrared spectroscopy
Thermal infrared spectroscopy (TIR spectroscopy) is the subset of infrared spectroscopy that deals with radiation emitted in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum.  The emitted infrared radiation, though similar to blackbody radiation, is different in that the radiation is banded at characteristic vibrations in the material.  The method measures the thermal infrared radiation emitted (as opposed to being transmitted or reflected) from a volume or surface.  This method is commonly used to identify the composition of surface by analyzing its  spectrum and comparing it to previously measured materials. It is particularly suited to airborne and spaceborne applications.
Caterina Davinio
Caterina Davinio (born Maria Caterina Invidia; 25 November 1957, Foggia) is an Italian poet, novelist and new media artist. She is the author of works of digital art, net.art, video art and was the creator of Italian Net-poetry in 1998.

Webcam
A webcam is a video camera which is designed to record or stream to a computer or computer network. They are primarily used in video telephony, live streaming and social media, and security. Webcams can be built-in computer hardware, like a laptop, or peripheral devices, and are commonly connected to a device using USB or wireless protocol.

Webcams have been used on the Internet as early as 1993, and the first widespread commercial one became available in 1994. Early webcam usage on the Internet was primarily limited to stationary shots streamed to web sites. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, instant messaging clients added support for webcams, increasing their popularity in video conferencing. Computer manufacturers later started integrating webcams into laptop hardware. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shortage of webcams due to the increased number of people working from home and children attending school remotely.
Presumption
In law, a presumption is an "inference of a particular fact". There are two types of presumptions: rebuttable presumptions and irrebuttable (or conclusive) presumptions.: 25  A rebuttable presumption will either shift the burden of production (requiring the disadvantaged party to produce some evidence to the contrary) or the burden of proof (requiring the disadvantaged party to show the presumption is wrong); in short, a fact finder can reject a rebuttable presumption based on other evidence.: 87  Conversely, a conclusive/irrebuttable presumption cannot be challenged by contradictory facts or evidence.: 87–88  Sometimes, a presumption must be triggered by a predicate fact—that is, the fact must be found before the presumption applies.: 1321–22

Fact
A fact is a true datum about one or more aspects of a circumstance. Standard reference works are often used to check facts. Scientific facts are verified by repeatable careful observation or measurement by experiments or other means. Generally speaking, facts are independent of belief, knowledge and opinion. 
Facts are different from inferences, theories, values, and objects.

For example, "This sentence contains words." accurately describes a linguistic fact, and "the Sun is a star" describes an astronomical fact. Further, "Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States" and "Abraham Lincoln was assassinated" are both historical facts.
Wda
The Wda (German: Schwarzwasser) is a river in Poland; it has a lowland character. The Wda is one of the 15 main canoe trails in Poland. It is 198 km long and the surface of its catchment area amounts to 2325 km2. The Wda's average gradient is 0.7‰ and its flow is 6.52 m3/s.

The Wda begins its course at Krążno Lake and ends in the Wisła in Świecie. The Wda is one of the longest rivers in Bory Tucholskie and one of the most important of Pomorze's river routes.

Tleń
Tleń [tlɛɲ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osie, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. As of December 2016, the town has a population of 282.
Friedrich Peter
Friedrich Peter (13 July 1921 – 25 September 2005) was an Austrian politician who served as chairman of the Freedom Party of Austria from 1958 to 1978. He was an active Nazi between 1938 and 1945 and an SS-Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant) of the Waffen-SS.

Bruno Kreisky
Bruno Kreisky (German: [ˈbʁuːno ˈkʁaɪ̯ski]; 22 January 1911 – 29 July 1990) was an Austrian social democratic politician who served as foreign minister from 1959 to 1966 and as chancellor from 1970 to 1983. Aged 72, he was the oldest chancellor after World War II.

Kreisky's 13-year tenure was the longest of any chancellor in republican Austria and, as an influential political figure in Western European social democracy, he worked closely with like-minded leaders Willy Brandt of West Germany and Olof Palme of Sweden in the Socialist International.
Remarks on Nominalization
"Remarks on Nominalization" is a seminal linguistic paper on English nominalization by Noam Chomsky published in 1970. X-bar theory was first proposed in this paper.  In 2020, a retrospective volume edited by Artemis Alexiadou and Hagit Borer was published by Oxford University Press, with papers focusing on the effects of Remarks on theoretical morphology, argument structure, the typology of derived nominals, and morphological complexity. The volume includes a paper by Chomsky on the background and motivation of Remarks.

Artemis Alexiadou
Artemis Alexiadou (Άρτεμις Αλεξιάδου, born 13 February 1969 in Volos) is a Greek linguist active in syntax research working in Germany. She is professor of English linguistics at the Humboldt University of Berlin.
Old Veøy Church
Old Veøy Church (Norwegian: Veøy gamle kyrkje) is a former parish church of the Church of Norway in Molde Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located on the small island of Veøya which lies in the Romsdalsfjorden. It was the main church for the Veøy parish until its closing in 1901. The church was a part of the Molde domprosti (arch-deanery) in the Diocese of Møre and now it is part of the Romsdal Museum. The white, stone church was built in a long church style in the 1200s by an unknown architect. The church seats about 400 people.

Møre og Romsdal
Møre og Romsdal (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈmø̂ːrə ɔ ˈrʊ̀msdɑːɫ] ⓘ; English: Møre and Romsdal) is a county in the northernmost part of Western Norway. It borders the counties of Trøndelag, Innlandet, and Vestland. The county administration is located in the town of Molde, while Ålesund is the largest town. The county is governed by the Møre og Romsdal County Municipality which includes an elected county council and a county mayor. The national government is represented by the county governor.
Phlox
Phlox (/ˈflɒks/; Ancient Greek: φλόξ "flame"; plural "phlox" or "phloxes", Ancient Greek: φλόγες phlóges) is a genus of 68 species of perennial and annual plants in the family Polemoniaceae. They are found mostly in North America (one in Siberia) in diverse habitats from alpine tundra to open woodland and prairie. Some flower in spring, others in summer and fall. Flowers may be pale blue, violet, pink, bright red, or white. Many are fragrant.

Erysiphaceae
Erysiphaceae (commonly known as powdery mildews) is a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Helotiales. The members of this family are obligate parasites with a superficial mycelium that forms a characteristic white, powdery coating on their host plants.

The family contains seventeen genera and around a thousand species. Combined they infect over 10,000 species of plants, many of which are commercially valuable.
Surfer Blood
Surfer Blood are an American indie rock band from West Palm Beach, Florida, United States, currently signed to Kanine Records, formerly signed to Joyful Noise Recordings and Warner Bros. Records. The band currently consists of four members: John Paul Pitts (lead vocals/guitars), Tyler Schwarz (drums), Mike McCleary (guitars/backing vocals), and Lindsey Mills (bass/backing vocals).

Asbury Park, New Jersey
Asbury Park (/æzbɛri/) is a beachfront city located on the Jersey Shore in Monmouth County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 15,188, a decrease of 928 (−5.8%) from the 2010 census count of 16,116, which in turn reflected a decline of 814 (−4.8%) from the 16,930 counted in the 2000 census.

In 2022, Asbury Park's beach was named one of the best in the world by Money and one of the best in the country by Travel + Leisure.

Asbury Park was originally incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 26, 1874, from portions of Ocean Township. The borough was reincorporated on February 28, 1893. Asbury Park was incorporated as a city, its current type of government, as of March 25, 1897.
Best Loser System
The Best Loser System (BLS) refers to the method used in Mauritius since the 1950s to guarantee ethnic representation across the entire electorate in the National Assembly without organising the representation wholly by ethnicity.

The BLS was strongly advocated by Comité d'Action Musulman (CAM) leader Abdool Razack Mohamed after none of the 6 Muslim candidates, including himself, was elected at the 1948 general elections. Mohamed was supported by Labour Party's Seewoosagur Ramgoolam and IFB's Sookdeo Bissoondoyal during his lobby for the BLS.

Despite having been devised to ensure ethnoreligious representation in Parliament, the Best Loser System has allowed the existence of a parliamentary opposition on three occasions, namely in 1982, 1995 and 2024 when none of the elected members were from the opposition.

Gaëtan Duval
Sir Charles Gaëtan Duval QC (9 October 1930 – 5 May 1996) was a Mauritian barrister, statesman, and politician, who was the leader of the Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate (PMSD) political party. He was affectionately referred during his political career as "le roi créole".
Cesare Magni
Cesare Magni or Magno (c.1495–1534) was an Italian painter of the Leonardeschi school.  He was born and died in Milan, and was an illegitimate son of Francesco Magni, a member of a well-known family of that city.

In 2025 the Italian art magazine Artribune published an article in which it is hypothesized that a small chapel near Milan, San Galdino in Zelo Surrigone, built within 1518, may have been Cesare Magni's first work. Proof of that could be the Magni coat of arms painted in the frescoed vault.

Zelo Surrigone
Zelo Surrigone (Milanese: Zel) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Milan.

The church of Santa Giuliana (1418) has frescoes from the 15th and 16th centuries.
Klawatti Glacier
Klawatti Glacier is located on the east slopes of Klawatti Peak, North Cascades National Park, in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier is approximately .85 mi (1.37 km) in length, 1.2 mi (1.9 km) in width at its terminus and descends from 8,000 to 6,600 ft (2,400 to 2,000 m), where it terminates above Klawatti Lake. Arêtes separate Klawatti Glacier from Inspiration Glacier to the southwest, McAllister Glacier to the northwest and North Klawatti Glacier to the north.

Arête
An arête (/əˈrɛt/ ə-RET; French: [aʁɛt]) is a narrow ridge of rock that separates two valleys. It is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. Arêtes can also form when two glacial cirques erode headwards towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col. The edge is then sharpened by freeze-thaw weathering, and the slope on either side of the arête steepened through mass wasting events and the erosion of exposed, unstable rock. The word arête is French for "edge" or "ridge"; similar features in the Alps are often described with the German equivalent term Grat.

Where three or more cirques meet, a pyramidal peak is created.
Ogden Edsl
Ogden Edsl (shortened from "The Ogden Edsl Wahalia Blues Ensemble Mondo Bizzario Band") was an American band, formed in 1970 in Omaha, Nebraska, by Bill Frenzer, Bill Carey, and Otis XII.  Their music was often darkly comedic and satirical, and was frequently featured on Dr. Demento's weekly radio program.

Popular songs from Ogden Edsl included "Dead Puppies", "Kinko the Clown", and "Daddy's Money".  Over the years, the band has achieved a cult following in American sub-culture. The band's name references both poet Ogden Nash and two automobile brands, Nash Motors and Edsel.

Subculture
In the sociology of culture, a subculture is a group of people within a cultural society that differentiates itself from the values of the mainstream or dominant culture (or superculture) to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles. Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters. Subcultures coexist within mainstream society while keeping their specific characteristics intact.

Since its inception in the English-speaking world (primarily North America and the United Kingdom) during the 1940s–1950s, the concept and study of subcultures was developed in the academic fields of sociology, communication studies, and cultural studies. Examples of subcultures include punks, skinheads, Teddy Boys, mods, rockers, bikers, hip-hoppers, and more. Subcultures differ from countercultures.
Poloni (surname)
Poloni is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Derick Poloni (born 1993), Brazilian professional footballer

John Poloni (born 1954), American Major League Baseball pitcher

Vincenza Maria Poloni (1802–1855), Italian religious sister

Mirco Poloni (born 1974), Italian association footballer

Vincenza Maria Poloni
Vincenza Maria Poloni, ISM, born as Luigia Poloni, (26 January 1802 – 11 November 1855), was an Italian Catholic religious sister who cofounded the Sisters of Mercy of Verona, which she established with Charles Steeb.

Cardinal Angelo Amato, on behalf of Pope Benedict XVI, beatified Poloni in 2008 after the recognition of a miracle attributed to her intercession. She was canonized on 19 October 2025.
British United Air Ferries
British United Air Ferries (BUAF) was a wholly private, British independent car and passenger ferry airline based in the United Kingdom during the 1960s. It specialised in cross-Channel ferry flights carrying cars and their owners between its numerous bases in Southern England, the Channel Islands and Continental Europe. All-passenger and all-cargo flights were operated as well. Following several identity and ownership changes, it went out of business in 2001.

In its final years, as British World Airlines, its head office was at Viscount House, London Southend Airport.

Continental Europe
Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent, – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and, by some, simply as the Continent. When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent, Europe is treated both as a continent and subcontinent.