hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Deaf education
Deaf education is the education of students with any degree of hearing loss or deafness. This may involve, but does not always, individually-planned, systematically-monitored teaching methods, adaptive materials, accessible settings, and other interventions designed to help students achieve a higher level of self-sufficiency and success in the school and community than they would achieve with a typical classroom education. There are different language modalities used in educational setting where students get varied communication methods. A number of countries focus on training teachers to teach deaf students with a variety of approaches and have organizations to support and advocate for deaf students.

Assistive listening device
An assistive listening device (ALD) is part of a system used to improve hearing ability for people in a variety of situations where they are unable to distinguish speech in noisy environments. Often, in a noisy or crowded room it is almost impossible for an individual who is hard of hearing to distinguish one voice among many. This is often exacerbated by the effect of room acoustics on the quality of perceived speech. Hearing aids are able to amplify and process these sounds, and improve the speech to noise ratio. However, if the sound is too distorted by the time it reaches the listener, even the best hearing aids will struggle to unscramble the signal. Assistive listening devices offer a more adaptive alternative to hearing aids, but can be more complex and cumbersome.
Tawfik
Tawfik (Arabic: توفيق), or Tewfik, is an Arabic masculine given name and a surname.

The name is derived from the Arabic root: waaw-faa-qaaf (و-ف-ق), which primarily means divine success, or to agree, or to reconcile. A spelling of Tewfik or Toufic is used more among French speakers. Since it is considered a "neutral" name in the Arabic language, many Arabic-speaking Christians as well as Muslims are named Tawfik. The Turkish equivalent is Tevfik, the Azerbaijani equivalent is Tofig or Tofiq, the Albanian equivalent is Tefik, the Bosnian equivalent is Teufik. Taoufik and Toufic are common in North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria). Thoufeeque, Thoufeeq and Thoufeek are common in India. A phonetically similar Jewish name is Tovik or Tuvik (תוביק), a Yiddish diminutive of the Biblical Hebrew name Toviyah, which led to the Greek equivalent Tobias (Τοβίας).

Waw (letter)
Waw (wāw "hook") is the sixth letter of the Semitic abjads,  including 
Phoenician wāw 𐤅, 
Aramaic waw 𐡅,
Hebrew vav ו‎, 
Syriac waw ܘ 
and Arabic wāw و‎ (sixth in abjadi order; 27th in modern Arabic order). It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪅‎‎‎, South Arabian 𐩥, and Ge'ez ወ.

It represents the consonant [w] in classical Hebrew, and [v] in modern Hebrew, as well as the vowels [u] and [o]. In text with niqqud, a dot is added to the left or on top of the letter to indicate, respectively, the two vowel pronunciations.

It is the origin of Greek Ϝ (digamma) and Υ (upsilon); Latin F, V and later the derived Y, U and W; and the also derived Cyrillic У and Ѵ.
Johnson v. United States (2010)
Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133 (2010), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that, for the government to seek an enhanced sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act for a criminal defendant who has previously been convicted of a violent felony, the previous conviction must be for a crime that required the state to prove the use of violent force as an element of the offense. In this case, the previous conviction was for battery in a jurisdiction where the state needed to prove that a defendant "[a]ctually and intentionally touch[ed]" another person. The court held that this did not satisfy the ACCA's "violent felony" standard because this did not require the state to prove that the defendant used any violent force.

Armed Career Criminal Act
The Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984 (ACCA) is a United States federal law that provides sentence enhancements for felons who commit crimes with firearms if they are convicted of certain crimes three or more times. Pennsylvania senator Arlen Specter was a key proponent for the legislation.

If a felon has three or more prior convictions for offenses that are "violent felony" offenses or "serious drug offenses," the Act provides a minimum sentence of fifteen years imprisonment, instead of the ten-year maximum prescribed under the Gun Control Act. The Act provides for an implied maximum sentence of life imprisonment.
Prince Hwaŭi
Prince Hwaŭi (Korean: 화의군; 5 September 1425 – 1460), personal name Yi Yŏng (이영), was a prince of the Joseon period of Korea.
He was the sixth son of Sejong the Great and younger brother of Munjong of Joseon and Sejo of Joseon.

Munjong of Joseon
Munjong (Korean: 문종; Hanja: 文宗; 15 November 1414 – 10 June 1452), personal name Yi Hyang (이향; 李珦), was the fifth monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. As the eldest son (and the sickly son) of Sejong the Great and Queen Soheon, he succeeded to the throne in 1450.
Vayda
Vayda is a surname. Alternative spellings include Veda, Vada, or Vaeyda.

Andrew P. Vayda, anthropologist

Jerry Vayda (born 1934), American basketball player

Shandor Vayda (born 1991), Ukrainian footballer

Shandor Vayda
Shandor Oleksandrovych Vayda (Ukrainian: Шандор Олександрович Вайда; Hungarian: Vajda Sándor; born 14 December 1991) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Nemzeti Bajnokság II club Mezőkövesd.

Vayda is the product of the different Zakarpattia Oblast sportive schools. His first trainer was Ivan Bilak.
Sam Holland (sculptor)
Samantha "Sam" Holland is a British sculptor.

Holland studied Fine Art Sculpture at the City & Guilds of London Art School gaining a first class degree. In 2001 she became a member of the Royal Society of British Sculptors.

Her commissions include statues of the founder of The Football League, William McGregor at Villa Park, Birmingham Dick Evans at Moelfre, Anglesey, the RNLI memorial sculpture outside the RNLI Headquarters in Poole, Dorset and a statue of politician Barbara Castle in Jubilee Square, Blackburn.

Royal Society of Sculptors
The Royal Society of Sculptors (RSS) is a British charity established in 1905, which promotes excellence in the art and practice of sculpture. Its headquarters are a centre for contemporary sculpture on Old Brompton Road in South Kensington, London. It is the oldest and largest organisation dedicated to sculpture in the UK. Until 2017, it was known as the Royal British Society of Sculptors.

The Royal Society of Sculptors is a registered charity with a selective membership of around 700 professional sculptors. It aims to inspire, inform and engage people of all ages and backgrounds with sculpture, and to support sculptors' development of their practice to the highest professional standards.
Philip Wykeham Martin
Philip Wykeham-Martin (18 January 1829 – 31 May 1878) was an English Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1856 to 1878.

Martin was the son of Charles Wykeham-Martin of Leeds Castle and his wife Lady Jemima Isabella Cornwallis daughter of James Mann, 5th Earl Cornwallis. His father was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Newport.  Martin was educated at Eton College and at Balliol College, Oxford graduating BA in 1850. He was a J.P. for Warwickshire, and a captain in the Warwickshire Yeomanry Cavalry.

In February 1856 Martin was elected at a by-election as an MP for the borough of Rochester in Kent. He held the seat until his death aged 49 in 1878. In parliament he introduced and carried the "Sale of Spirits Amendment Act" and the "Hotel Keepers' Liability Act".

Martin died in the House of Commons Library on 31 May 1878; the House adjourned upon learning the news.

Warwickshire Yeomanry
The Warwickshire Yeomanry was a yeomanry regiment of the British Army, first raised in 1794, which served as cavalry and machine gunners in the First World War and as a cavalry and an armoured regiment in the Second World War, before being amalgamated into the Queen's Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry in 1956. The lineage is maintained by B (Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry) Squadron, part of The Royal Yeomanry.
Mario Wynands
Mario Wynands (born in Wellington, New Zealand) is the co-founder and managing director of Sidhe Interactive and managing director of PikPok.

Wynands attended Naenae College, then studied computer science and marketing at Victoria University of Wellington.

Wynands has developed popular games and series such as Shatter and the Rugby league series and Rugby Union series.

Rugby Challenge (video game)
Rugby Challenge is a Rugby video game, developed by Sidhe and published by Tru Blu Entertainment.

Rugby Challenge was released on 26 August 2011 in New Zealand for consoles and was released on 2 September for Australia and 8 September for South Africa. The release date for Jonah Lomu Rugby Challenge (rest of the world, excluding US/Canada) was 14 October. All NA versions except for PlayStation Vita were released 20 October, Tru Blu handled the PC and PS3 versions with Mad Catz handling the Xbox 360 version. The PlayStation Vita version was released on 27 June 2012. In game Commentary is provided by Grant Nisbett and Justin Marshall.

The game is titled All Blacks Rugby Challenge in New Zealand, Wallabies Rugby Challenge in Australia and Jonah Lomu Rugby Challenge in the rest of the world.
2026 Connecticut state legislative special elections
As of October 27, 2025, two special elections to the U.S. state of Connecticut's state legislature, the Connecticut Legislature, are scheduled to be held in 2026: one to the Connecticut House of Representatives in District 25 scheduled to be held on January 6, 2026, and one to the Connecticut House of Representatives in District 70 scheduled to be held on January 13, 2026.

Ned Lamont
Edward Miner Lamont Jr. (/ləˈmɒnt/ lə-MONT; born January 3, 1954) is an American politician and businessman serving since 2019 as the 89th governor of Connecticut. A member of the Democratic Party, he served from 1987 to 1989 as a Greenwich selectman, and was the Democratic nominee for the United States Senate in 2006, losing to Independent incumbent Joe Lieberman.

Lamont ran for governor in 2010 but lost the Democratic primary to former Stamford mayor Dannel Malloy, who won the general election. He ran again in 2018, winning the nomination and defeating Republican Bob Stefanowski in the general election. He faced Stefanowski again in 2022, defeating him by a wider margin. As governor, Lamont signed legislation legalizing cannabis, sports betting, and online gambling. In 2025, Lamont vetoed legislation that would increase housing supply in Connecticut.
Acyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) desaturase
In enzymology, an acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] desaturase (EC 1.14.19.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

stearoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + reduced acceptor + O2  oleoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + acceptor + 2 H2O

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein], hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include stearyl acyl carrier protein desaturase, and stearyl-ACP desaturase.  This enzyme participates in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.  It employs one cofactor, ferredoxin.

Electron acceptor
An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. Electron acceptors are oxidizing agents.

The electron accepting power of an electron acceptor is measured by its redox potential.

In the simplest case, electron acceptors are reduced by one electron.  The process can alter the structure of the acceptor substantially. When the added electron is highly delocalized, the structural consequences of the reduction can be subtle. The central C-C distance in the electron acceptor tetracyanoethylene elongates from 135 to 143 pm upon acceptance of an electron.  In the formation of some donor-acceptor complexes, less than one electron is transferred.  TTF-TCNQ is a charge transfer complex.
The Changing Land
The Changing Land is a fantasy novel by American writer Roger Zelazny, first published in 1981. The novel resolves the storyline from the various Dilvish short stories (collected in 1982 as the book Dilvish, the Damned). It was nominated for the Locus Award.
Elements of the story intentionally reflect the work of H. P. Lovecraft, Frank Belknap Long, and William Hope Hodgson, including the Hounds of Tindalos (here called the "Hounds of Thandalos"), The House on the Borderland, and the Old Gods.

The House on the Borderland
The House on the Borderland (1908) is a supernatural horror novel by British fantasist William Hope Hodgson. The novel is a hallucinatory account of a recluse's stay at a remote house, and his experiences of supernatural creatures and otherworldly dimensions.

On encountering Hodgson's novels in 1934, American horror writer H. P. Lovecraft praised The House on the Borderland and other works by Hodgson at length. Terry Pratchett has called the novel "the Big Bang in my private universe as a science fiction and fantasy reader and, later, writer".
Benjamin D. Dwinnell
Benjamin Dudley Dwinnell  (September 14, 1834 - December 15, 1916) was an American law enforcement officer, military officer and politician who served as the nineteenth Sheriff  of Worcester County, Massachusetts.

2nd Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment
The 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Heavy Artillery Regiment was a regimental unit that fought in the American Civil War from 1863 to 1865. Initially formed 28 July 1863 in Readville, Massachusetts with Company A, it was supported with 11 other companies ending with Company M on 24 December 1863 (Company J did not exist).

The 2nd served in the states of Virginia and North Carolina during operations in Plymouth, North Carolina, Kinston, and Virginia.
Higher-order logic
In mathematics and logic, a higher-order logic (abbreviated HOL) is a form of logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes, stronger semantics. Higher-order logics with their standard semantics are more expressive, but their model-theoretic properties are less well-behaved than those of first-order logic.

The term "higher-order logic" is commonly used to mean higher-order simple predicate logic. Here "simple" indicates that the underlying type theory is the theory of simple types, also called the simple theory of types. Leon Chwistek and Frank P. Ramsey proposed this as a simplification of ramified theory of types specified in the Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. Simple types is sometimes also meant to exclude polymorphic and dependent types.

Frank P. Ramsey
Frank Plumpton Ramsey (/ˈræmzi/; 22 February 1903 – 19 January 1930) was a British philosopher, mathematician, and economist who made major contributions to all three fields before his death at the age of 26. He was a close friend of Ludwig Wittgenstein and, as an undergraduate, translated Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus into English. He was also influential in persuading Wittgenstein to return to philosophy and Cambridge. Like Wittgenstein, he was a member of the Cambridge Apostles, the secret intellectual society, from 1921.
Besta (computer)
Besta (Беста) is a Soviet Unix-based graphics workstation. Starting in 1988, more than 1,000 were produced. It was produced primarily for use in the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant and some universities. The workstation was designed by students of the Moscow State University in concert with the Scientific Research Institute of System Development. Uniquely, the hardware was manufactured at the ZiL plant, which was better known for producing automotive vehicles and heavy equipment.

There were several versions of the computer. Besta-88 has a Motorola 68020 CPU and VME bus.

The Bestix operating system is a legally ported version of AT&T UNIX System V Release 3.2.

Scientific Research Institute of System Development
Scientific Research Institute of System Analysis (abbrev. SRISA/NIISI RAS, Russian: НИИСИ РАН, Russian: Научно-исследовательский институт системных исследований Российской Академии Наук) - is Russian state research and development institution in the field of complex applications, an initiative of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The mission of the institute is to resolve complex applied problems on the basis of fundamental and applied mathematics in combination with the methods of practical computing. Founded by the Decree no. 1174 of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences on October 1, 1986.
Agoma
Agoma is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1977. Its only species, Agoma trimenii, or Trimen's false tiger, was first described by Rudolf Felder in 1874. It is known from most countries of subtropical Africa.

Rudolf Felder
Rudolf Felder (2 May 1842 in Vienna – 29 March 1871 in Vienna) was an Austrian jurist and entomologist. He was mainly interested in Lepidoptera, amassing, with his father, Cajetan Felder, a huge collection.
2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries
The 2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries were primary elections held on 22 October 2023, to choose the opposition candidate of the Unitary Platform coalition in the elections of the following year for the presidency of Venezuela. The first official announcement of the primaries was made on 16 May 2022 by the coalition, setting 2023 as the year in which such elections would be held. They were held in Venezuela, as well as in 29 countries and 77 cities abroad.

The primaries were independently organized by the National Primary Commission, without the assistance of the National Electoral Council and with the use of manual voting. Venezuelan NGOs and political parties have denounced the use of disinformation, death threats, and physical attacks by Chavismo supporters and by the National Liberation Army (ELN), a far-left Colombian guerrilla group, against opposition candidates.

Chavismo
Chavismo (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃaˈβizmo]), also known in English as Chavism or Chavezism, is a left-wing populist political ideology based on the ideas, programs, and government style associated with Hugo Chávez and later Nicolás Maduro. It combines elements of socialist patriotism, Bolivarianism, and Latin American integration. People who supported Hugo Chávez and Chavismo are known as Chavistas.
Michael Houghton (bishop)
Michael Alan Houghton was Bishop of Ebbsfleet from 1998 to 1999.

Houghton was born on 14 June 1949. He was educated at the University of Lancaster and subsequently Durham University (1970–71), where he undertook a PGCE. He worked for British Rail and as a teacher before studying for the priesthood.

He was a curate at  All Hallows' Wellingborough  followed by a period overseas as the parish priest of Jamestown, Saint Helena. From 1984 to 1989 he was a tutor at the College of the Ascension, Selly Oak then became the Vicar of  St Peter's Folkestone until his ordination to the episcopate as the second Bishop of Ebbsfleet. He died in office following a heart attack on 18 December 1999, six months after his 50th birthday.

Tutoring
Tutoring is private academic help, usually provided by an expert teacher; someone with deep knowledge or defined expertise in a particular subject or set of subjects.

A tutor, formally also called an academic tutor, is a person who provides assistance or tutelage to one or more people on certain subject areas or skills. The tutor spends a few hours on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis to transfer their expertise on the topic or skill to the student (also called a tutee). Tutoring can take place in different settings.
Eduard Oehri
Eduard Oehri (1 December 1903 – 16 January 1994) was a politician from Liechtenstein who served in the Landtag of Liechtenstein from 1949 to 1953.

He worked as a farmer, bricklayer and police officer in Schellenberg. His brother Hugo Oehri served as the mayor of Schellenberg, and his father-in-law was member of the Landtag of Liechtenstein, Karl Kaiser.

1949 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein on 6 February 1949. The Progressive Citizens' Party won eight of the 15 seats in the Landtag, but remained in coalition with the Patriotic Union. Voter turnout was 92.3%, although only male citizens were allowed to vote.
Cookie poll
A cookie poll is the practice in the United States of predicting a presidential election based on cookie sales.

In a cookie poll, bakeries offer confections decorated with either the candidate's name or image, or the color of the candidate's party. Customers purchase the cookie for the candidate they support and tallies are used to forecast a winner. In the name of fairness and accuracy, cookie polls are only considered legitimate if cookies representing both candidates are sold; bakeries will stop the polling once a supply of any one candidate's cookies are depleted beyond a certain point.

This poll is unscientific and not controlled for any factor beyond consumer habits, but many bakeries across the U.S. claim success at predicting elections for the last several voting cycles,  including one bakery in Ohio that accurately foresaw the last nine elections.  Other bakeries use it as a platform to encourage voter participation.

Candidate
A candidate, or nominee, is a prospective recipient of an award or honor, or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position. For example, one can be a candidate for membership in a group or election to an office, in which case a candidate selection occurs.

"Nomination" is part of the process of selecting a candidate for either election to an office by a political party, or the bestowing of an honor or award. This person is called a "nominee", though "nominee" is often used interchangeably with "candidate". A presumptive nominee is a person or organization whose nomination is considered inevitable or highly likely. The phenomenon of being a candidate in a race for either a party nomination or for electoral office is called "candidacy". The term "presumptive candidate" may be used to describe someone who is predicted to be a formal candidate.
Porul (Kural book)
The Book of Poruḷ, in full Poruṭpāl (Tamil: பொருட்பால்; lit. 'division of wealth' or 'polity'), also known as the Book of Wealth, Book of Polity, the Second Book or Book Two in translated versions, is the second of the three books or parts of the Kural literature, authored by the ancient Indian philosopher Valluvar. Written in High Tamil distich form, it has 70 chapters each containing 10 kurals or couplets, making a total of 700 couplets all dealing with statecraft. Poruḷ, which means both 'wealth' and 'meaning', correlates with the second of the four ancient Indian values of dharma, artha, kama and moksha. The Book of Poruḷ deals with polity, or virtues of an individual with respect to the surroundings, including the stately qualities of administration, wisdom, prudence, nobility, diplomacy, citizenship, geniality, industry, chastity, sobriety and teetotalism, that is expected of every individual, keeping aṟam or dharma as the base.

Outline of ancient India
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India:

Ancient India is the Indian subcontinent from prehistoric times to the start of Medieval India, which is typically dated (when the term is still used) to the end of the Gupta Empire around 500 CE.