hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael Leinert
Michael Leinert (born 1942 in Meldorf / Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) is a stage director, dramaturg, editor and author. His father, Friedrich Leinert was a composer, conductor and professor of music in Hannover. Leinert's mother was an operatic and concert singer.

Tom Johnson (composer)
Thomas Floyd Johnson (November 18, 1939 – December 31, 2024) was an American composer and music critic associated with minimalism. After a religious upbringing in Colorado, he studied at Yale with Allen Forte and in New York City with Morton Feldman. There he covered the work of several noted composers, bringing them to wider attention in The Village Voice.

He found inspiration in the ideas of ancient and early modern mathematicians and philosophers, and collaborated with contemporary mathematicians, while incorporating theatrical and visual elements in his work. Johnson often sought to engage audiences by explaining or narrating the processes of his music in or as part of the musical experience. He relocated to Paris in 1983, where he remarried in 1986 and lived until his death. His works include An Hour for Piano, The Four-Note Opera, Riemannoper, and the Bonhoeffer Oratorio.
Middle Reaches of Boone Creek Rural Historic District
The Middle Reaches of Boone Creek Rural Historic District in the Clark County, Kentucky and Fayette County, Kentucky is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

It is a 7,186 acres (29.08 km2) area roughly bounded by U.S. Route 421 (Kentucky), Jones Nursery, Coombs Ferry, Sulpher Well Rds., and U.S. Route 25.  The listing included 38 contributing buildings, 97 contributing structures, and five contributing sites.

It includes three properties which were already separately listed on the National Register, all in Clark County:

Boot Hill Farm,

Dailey-Milton Holliday House, and

Captain Robert V. Bush House.

U.S. Route 421
U.S. Route 421 (also U.S. Highway 421, US 421) is a diagonal northwest–southeast United States Numbered Highway in the states of North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana. The highway runs for 941 miles (1,514 km) from Fort Fisher, North Carolina, to US 20 in Michigan City, Indiana. Along its routing, US 421 serves several cities including Wilmington, North Carolina; Greensboro, North Carolina; Bristol, Tennessee and Virginia;  Lexington, Kentucky; and Indianapolis, Indiana. US 421 is a spur route of US 21, which it meets west of Yadkinville, North Carolina.
Bill Mathews
William Henry Mathews (1919–2003) was a Canadian geologist, volcanologist, engineer, and professor. He is considered a pioneer in the study of subglacial eruptions and volcano-ice interactions in North America. Many of his publications continue to be regarded as classics in their field.

Canadian Alpine Journal
The Canadian Alpine Journal is the yearly magazine of the Alpine Club of Canada. It serves as a worldwide journal of record for achievements in climbing, mountaineering, ski mountaineering, and exploration of mountains. The magazine is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario.

Each issue contains feature stories about notable climbs, written by the participants, as well as short notes by climbers about new and noteworthy achievements. Some general articles about mountaineering, mountain medicine, the mountain environment, or other topics are also sometimes included. Each issue includes book reviews, memorials of deceased members, and club activities.
Nixon shock
The Nixon shock was the effect of a series of economic measures, including wage and price freezes, surcharges on imports, and the unilateral cancellation of the direct international convertibility of the United States dollar to gold, taken by United States president Richard Nixon on August 15, 1971, in response to increasing inflation and threats of a currency crisis.

Although Nixon's actions did not formally abolish the existing Bretton Woods system of international financial exchange, the suspension of one of its key components effectively rendered the Bretton Woods system inoperative. While Nixon publicly stated his intention to resume direct convertibility of the dollar after reforms to the Bretton Woods system had been implemented, all attempts at reform proved unsuccessful, effectively converting the U.S. dollar into a fiat currency. By 1973, the floating exchange rate regime de facto replaced the Bretton Woods system for other global currencies.

Incomes policy
Incomes policies in economics are economy-wide wage and price controls, most commonly instituted as a response to inflation, and usually seeking to establish wages and prices below free-market level. Incomes policies have often been resorted to during wartime. During the French Revolution, "The Law of the Maximum" imposed price controls (by penalty of death) in an unsuccessful attempt to curb inflation, and such measures were also attempted after World War II. Peacetime income policies were resorted to in the U.S. in August 1971 as a response to inflation. The wage and price controls were effective initially but were made less restrictive in January 1973, and later removed when they seemed to be having no effect on curbing inflation. Incomes policies were successful in the United Kingdom during World War II but less successful in the post-war era.
William Benoit
William Lyon Benoit (born March 17, 1953) is an American scholar in the field of political communication. He graduated from Ball State University in 1975 and obtained his Master of Arts degree from Central Michigan University in 1976. He also holds a PhD from Wayne State University.

He is a distinguished professor of Communication Studies at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He previously taught at Miami University, Bowling Green State University, the University of Missouri, and Ohio University. He was a faculty member at the University of Missouri for twenty-four years. He is known for developing image repair theory (originally called "Image Restoration") and for applying it to anecdotes in various real-world contexts. He was the editor of the Journal of Communication from 2003 to 2005, and of Communication Studies from 2007 to 2009.

Central Michigan University
Central Michigan University (CMU, CMICH) is a public research university in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States. It was established in 1892 as a private normal school and became a state institution in 1895. CMU is one of the eight research universities in Michigan and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It has more than 14,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus. CMU offers 200 academic programs at the undergraduate, master's, specialist, and doctoral levels. The Central Michigan Chippewas compete in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six men's and ten women's sports.
Memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran
Argentina and Iran signed a memorandum of understanding in 2013 for a joint investigation of the AMIA terrorist attack. The full name was Memorandum of understanding between the Government of Argentina and the Government of Islamic Republic of Iran on the issues related to the terrorist attack against AMIA headquarter in Buenos Aires on 18 July 1994. One of the proponents for the memorandum, former president Cristina Kirchner described it as "a historical event" and considered that the agreement would serve to advance the investigation of the AMIA attack.

Although in 2013 the Argentine Congress approved the bill regarding the memorandum, the Iranian Parliament did not. It was declared as voided by the Argentine Federal Chamber of Cassation in December 2015, shortly after the inauguration of former Argentine president Mauricio Macri.

Void (law)
In law, void means of no legal effect.  An action, document, or transaction which is void is of no legal effect whatsoever: an absolute nullity—the law treats it as if it had never existed or happened. The term void ab initio, which means "to be treated as invalid from the outset", comes from adding the Latin phrase ab initio (from the beginning) as a qualifier.  For example, in many jurisdictions where a person signs a contract under duress, that contract is treated as being void ab initio. The frequent combination "null and void" is a legal doublet.

The term is frequently used in contradistinction to the term "voidable" and "unenforceable".
Timothy Tackett
Timothy Tackett (born 1945) is an American historian specializing in the French Revolution and professor emeritus at the University of California, Irvine.

His 1996 book about the members of the National Constituent Assembly of 1789 won the Leo Gershoy Award of the American Historical Association in 2001; he has also written about the Flight to Varennes and the emergence of the Terror amid the turbulence of the Revolution.

American Historical Association
The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world with 11,000 members as of 2025. Founded in 1884, AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional standards, and support scholarship and innovative teaching. It publishes The American Historical Review four times annually, which features scholarly history-related articles and book reviews.

AHA is the major learned society for historians working in the United States, while the Organization of American Historians is a field society for historians who study and teach about the United States. The AHA's congressional charter of 1889, established it "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history, and of history in America."
Magufuli cabinets
The Magufuli Cabinet was formed by President of Tanzania John Magufuli after taking the oath of office on 5 November 2015. Magufuli won the 2015 general election with 58% of the vote in a tightly contested race against ex-CCM Chadema rival Edward Lowassa. After being sworn in on 5 November 2015, Magufuli announced his cabinet almost a month later, on 10 December 2015. He reduced the cabinet to 19 ministers from 30 in the previous cabinet. The Second Cabinet's tenure was cut short on 19 March 2021, following the death of President John Magufuli, and the swearing-in of Samia Suluhu Hassan as the new president.

Joseph Kakunda
Joseph George Kakunda is a Tanzanian politician and a member of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi political party. He is an incumbent Member of Parliament representing Sikonge Constituency in Tabora Region, since 2015, currently serving his second term (2020-2025). He was Minister of Industry and Trade from November 10, 2018 to June 8 2019. This was after serving as Deputy Minister in the President's Office, Regional Administration and Local Government from October 10 2017 to November 10 2018. Before joining politics in 2015, He amassed vast experience in working as a Local Government Officer (1996-2000), excelling from Economist II to Principal Economist and Director of Water Program Coordination in the Central Government (2000-2015), and Community Development Coordinator for the UNDP (Mbola Millennium Village Project) in Tabora, Tanzania (2006-2007).
Unidad de Valor Constante
The Unidad de Valor Constante (UVC) was a currency created by the "Ley de Valores" of Ecuador in 1993, and abolished with dollarization in the presidency of Jamil Mahuad on January 9, 2000. It was meant to help deal with the high levels of inflation experienced under the sucre. The 1 UVC was specified at its introduction (May 28, 1993) to equal 10,000 sucres. Its value was adjusted daily by the "Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos" (INEC) in line with the rate of inflation.

It had the ISO 4217 currency code ECV.

Currency substitution
Currency substitution is the use of a foreign currency in parallel to or instead of a domestic currency.

Currency substitution can be full or partial. Full currency substitution can occur after a major economic crisis, such as in Ecuador. Some small economies, for whom it is impractical to maintain an independent currency, use the currencies of their larger neighbours; for example, Liechtenstein uses the Swiss franc.

Partial currency substitution occurs when residents of a country choose to hold a significant share of their financial assets denominated in a foreign currency or use it as exchange currency, as is currently the case in Venezuela. It can also occur as a gradual conversion to full currency substitution; for example, Argentina was in the process of converting to the U.S. dollar during the 1990s.
Palatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt
Palatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt was a state of the Holy Roman Empire based around Mosbach and Eberbach in the north of modern Baden-Württemberg, and Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria, Germany.

Palatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt was created in 1448 when Otto I of Palatinate-Mosbach obtained the entirety of Palatinate-Neumarkt. Otto I's successor Otto II ended the long-running dispute between the House of Wittelsbach and the House of Wolfstein when he acquired the castle of Wolfstein from Neushönenberg. In 1490 all territorial rights over the state were transferred to Philip, Elector Palatine, and Otto II died heirless in 1499.

Upper Palatinate
The Upper Palatinate (/pəˈlætɪnɪt/; German: Oberpfalz, pronounced [ˈoːbɐˌpfalts] ⓘ, Bavarian: Obapfoiz, Owerpfolz) is an administrative district in the east of Bavaria, Germany. It consists of seven districts and 226 municipalities, including three cities.
Will Hodson
William Greig Hodson (born 6 November 1982) is an English cricketer.  Hodson is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm off break.  He was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire.

While studying for his degree at Durham University, Hodson made a single first-class appearance for Durham UCCE against Nottinghamshire in 2006. In this match, he was dismissed in the university's first-innings for a duck by Charlie Shreck, while in their second-innings he was dismissed for 29 runs by Graeme Swann.  He also bowled a total of 16 wicket-less overs in this match.

His father, Phillip Hodson, played first-class cricket for Cambridge University. Two of his uncles, brothers Tony and Ian Greig, played Test cricket for England, while another uncle, Norman Curry, played domestically in South Africa.

Off spin
Off spin is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called an off spinner. Off spinners bowl with their right-arm and a  finger spin action. Their normal delivery is called an off break, which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the pitch. For a right-handed batter, the ball breaks towards them from the off side, hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the line and length of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, length and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most wickets in the history of both Test matches and ODIs, Muttiah Muralitharan, was an off spinner.
James Marks (politician)
James Marks (1835 – 12 January 1907) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Sydney to publican James Marks and Elizabeth Charles. He attended school privately in Sydney and then worked on his father's farm. In 1862 he married Sarah Jane Moffitt, with whom he had six children. The family farm was such a success that Marks was able to retire at the age of forty, moving to Woollahra where he became a local alderman. In 1891 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Free Trade member for Paddington, but he did not re-contest in 1894. Marks died at Woollahra in 1907.

His son Walter Marks became a federal MP, while his brother John Marks and uncle Samuel Charles also served in the colonial parliament.

Free Trade Party
The Free Trade Party (FTP), officially known as the Free Trade and Liberal Association and also referred to as the Revenue Tariff Party in some states, was an Australian political party. It was formally organised in 1887 in New South Wales, in time for the 1887 New South Wales colonial election, which the party won.

The party advocated the abolition of protectionism, especially protective tariffs and other restrictions on trade, arguing that this would create greater prosperity for all. However, many members also advocated use of minimal tariffs for government revenue purposes only. Its most prominent leader was George Reid, who led the Reid government as the fourth Prime Minister of Australia (1904–1905).

In New South Wales, it was succeeded by the Liberal and Reform Association in 1902, and federally by the Anti-Socialist Party in 1906. In 1909, the Anti-Socialist Party merged with the Protectionist Party to form the Liberal Party.
Kseniinsky Institute
The Kseniinsky Institute for Noble Maidens (Russian: Ксениинский институт благородных девиц) is a former women's educational institution of the Russian Empire, part of the department of Institutions of Empress Maria, which existed from 1894 to 1918 in St. Petersburg.

Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria
The Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria (Russian: Ведомство учреждений императрицы Марии) was the name of the Imperial government office of charity in Imperial Russia, and the 4th branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery between 1828 and 1917.

The office was named after Empress Maria, who united her management of the Moscow Orphanage with that of the orphanage and the Foundling Hospital of St. Petersburg on 2 May 1797. The institutions managed orphanages, care of the invalids, the blind and the deaf, education for women and children, poor houses and hospitals, many of the institutions founded by the Empress.

After Empress Maria's death in 1828, it was incorporated into the Imperial Chancellery of the Tsar and given the name Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria in 1854. In 1880 it was renamed to His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery for Institutions of Empress Mary. The office was abolished in 1917, the year when the Russian Empire ended.
Hedley Francis Gregory Bridges
Hedley Francis Gregory Bridges (April 7, 1902 – August 10, 1947) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick, the son of Hedley Vicars Burpee Bridges and Mabel Eloise Fulton Gregory, he was educated at the University of New Brunswick. He studied law and was called to the Bar of New Brunswick in 1927. Bridges served as solicitor for the Royal Bank of Canada at Campbellton. He also taught school and was a high school principal.

Bridges was a member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick for the electoral district of Restigouche from 1935 to 1939. From 1936 to 1938, he was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. During World War II, he served in the Canadian Army with the II Canadian Corps. After the war, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada representing the riding of York—Sunbury in the 1945 federal election. A Liberal, from 1945 until his death in 1947, he was the Minister of Fisheries.

Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
The Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (French: Assemblée législative du Nouveau-Brunswick) is the deliberative assembly of the New Brunswick Legislature, in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The assembly's seat is located in Fredericton. It was established in Saint John de jure when the colony was created in 1784 but came into session only in 1786, following the first elections in late 1785. The legislative assembly was originally the lower house in a bicameral legislature. Its upper house counterpart, the Legislative Council of New Brunswick, was abolished in 1891.  Its members are called "Members of the Legislative Assembly", commonly referred to as "MLAs".
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Isle of Man
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Isle of Man refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in the Isle of Man.
As of 31 December 2022, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 281 members in one congregation, the Douglas Ward, in the Isle of Man. In 2019, the Isle of Man had the 2nd most LDS Church members per capita in Europe, behind Portugal.
Despite their small numbers, Manx Mormons have a heritage going back over a hundred and fifty years, which is obscured by their tendency to emigrate to the US and by the LDS Church administering the Isle of Man as part of England, when it is not actually part of the United Kingdom.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Portugal
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Portugal refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Portugal. As of 2024, the LDS Church reported 48,840 members in 60 congregations in Portugal, making it the third largest body of LDS Church members in Europe behind the United Kingdom and Spain. In 2019, Portugal had the most LDS Church members per capita in Europe. Nearly all members are native Portuguese or permanent immigrants from former Portuguese territories.
Return of Apollo 15 to Earth
After the Apollo 15 LM Falcon lifted from the lunar surface on August 2, 1971, it rendezvoused and docked with the CSM Endeavour. After transferring across the lunar samples and other equipment, Falcon was jettisoned. It would fire its rocket engine to cause it to impact the lunar surface.

Apollo 15 spent one more day in lunar orbit, continuing Worden's observations. After releasing a subsatellite, they ignited their service propulsion system to put them on a trajectory back to Earth. The next day, Worden performed an EVA to retrieve the film cassettes from the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay cameras.

The twelfth day in space was uneventful, with Mission Control holding a press conference where the astronauts were asked questions submitted by the news media. On their 13th and final day they prepared for reentry. During descent one of their three parachutes failed, and they splashed down successfully with only two.

Soyuz 11
Soyuz 11 (Russian: Союз 11, lit. 'Union 11') was the only crewed mission to board the world's first space station, Salyut 1. The crew, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev, arrived at the space station on 7 June 1971, and departed on 29 June 1971. The mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-person crew. The three crew members of Soyuz 11 are the only humans to have died in space.