hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Willie P. Mangum
Willie Person Mangum (/ˈwaɪli ˈpɑːrsən/; May 10, 1792 – September 7, 1861) was an American politician and planter who served as U.S. Senator from the state of North Carolina between 1831 and 1836 and between 1840 and 1853. He was one of the founders and leading members of the Whig party, and was a candidate for president in 1836 as part of the unsuccessful Whig strategy to defeat Martin Van Buren by running four candidates with local appeal in different regions of the country.

Mangum served as President pro tempore of the Senate for most of John Tyler's presidency, between 1842 and 1845. He was, therefore, first in the presidential line of succession during this time, as Tyler did not have a vice president. (There was no constitutional mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy at the time.) Had Tyler died, resigned or been removed from office at any time during his presidency, Mangum would have become acting president of the United States.

President pro tempore
A president pro tempore or speaker pro tempore is an officer of a legislative body who presides over the chamber in the absence of the normal presiding officer. The phrase pro tempore is Latin "for the time being".

In Argentina, a similar role is carried by the provisional president of the Argentine Senate in the absence of the vice president of Argentina. By the 1994 amendment to the 1853 Constitution, the vice president is designated as the senate president.
Esmeralda (1905 film)
Esmeralda (French: Esméralda) is a 1905 French short silent film based on the 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame written by Victor Hugo. It was directed by Alice Guy-Blaché.

There are two characters in the film, Esmeralda (Denise Becker) and Quasimodo (Henry Vorins). The film is the oldest film adaptation of the novel.

The film was long considered to be lost, but an Italian film collector gave the last surviving copy to Gaumont.

Esmeralda (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame)
Esmeralda (French: [ɛs.me.ʁɑl.da]), born Agnès, is a fictional character in Victor Hugo's 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris). She is a French Roma girl (near the end of the book, it is revealed that her biological mother was a French woman). She constantly attracts men with her seductive dances, and is rarely seen without her clever goat Djali. She is around 16 years old and has a kind and generous heart.
Plainwell Community Schools
Plainwell Community Schools is a public school district in West Michigan. In Allegan County, it serves Plainwell and parts of the townships of Gun Plain, Martin, and Otsego. In Kalamazoo County, it serves parts of Alamao Township, Cooper Township, and Richland Township. In Barry County, it serves parts of Orangeville Township and Prairieville Township.

Kalamazoo County, Michigan
Kalamazoo County (/ˌkæləməˈzuː/ KAL-ə-mə-ZOO) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of 2020, the population was 261,670. The county seat is Kalamazoo. Kalamazoo County is included in the Kalamazoo–Portage, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Swimming at the 1983 Pan American Games – Men's 400 metre individual medley
The men's 400 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events at the 1983 Pan American Games took place on 18 August. The last Pan American Games champion was Jesse Vassallo of US.

This race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. The first two lengths were swum using the butterfly stroke, the second pair with the backstroke, the third pair of lengths in breaststroke, and the final two were freestyle.

Breaststroke
Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and the torso does not rotate. It is the most popular recreational style due to the swimmer's head being out of the water a large portion of the time, and that it can be swum comfortably at slow speeds. In most swimming classes, beginners learn either the breaststroke or the freestyle (front crawl) first. However, at the competitive level, swimming breaststroke at speed requires endurance and strength comparable to other strokes. Some people refer to breaststroke as the "frog" stroke because the arms and legs move somewhat like a frog swimming in the water. The stroke itself is the slowest of any competitive strokes and is thought to be the oldest of all swimming strokes.
Daliang Zhonglou station
Daliang Zhonglou station (simplified Chinese: 大良钟楼站; traditional Chinese: 大良鐘樓站; pinyin: Dàliáng Zhōnglóu Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Daailèuhng Jūnglàu Jaahm; lit. 'Daliang Bell Tower station') is a station on Line 3 of Foshan Metro, located in Foshan's Shunde District. It opened on 28 December 2022.

Foshan Metro
The Foshan Metro (Chinese: 佛山地铁; branded as FMetro) is the rapid transit system of the city of Foshan in Guangdong, China. Guangfo line is operated by Guangzhou Metro Corporation, and all other lines are operated by the state-owned Foshan Metro Group. It is the tenth metro system to be built in mainland China. Construction began in 2002 and the first line opened on 3 November 2010. The metro system has two new lines, and Line 4 is under construction. Line 11 and the western extension of Line 2 are under planning.
1963 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1963 UCI Road World Championships was the 30th edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 11 August 1963 in Ronse, Belgium. The race was won by Benoni Beheyt of Belgium.

Benoni Beheyt
Benoni Beheyt (born 27 September 1940) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer who raced from 1962 to 1968.  Beheyt won 22 races and is most famous for winning the 1963 World Cycling Championships Road Race and stage win of the 1964 Tour de France. He also competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
Sart, Salihli
Sart is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Salihli, Manisa Province, Turkey. Its population is 4,756 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is the location of ancient Sardis, the capital of Lydia.

Lydia
Lydia (Ancient Greek: Λυδία, romanized: Ludía; Latin: Lȳdia) was an Iron Age kingdom situated in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. Later, it became an important province of the Achaemenid Empire and then the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sardis.

At some point before 800 BCE, the Lydian people achieved some sort of political cohesion, and existed as an independent kingdom by the 600s BCE. At its greatest extent, during the 7th century BCE, it covered all of western Anatolia. In 546 BCE, it became a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, known as Sparda in Old Persian. In 133 BCE, it became part of the Roman province of Asia.

Lydian coins, made of electrum, are among the oldest in existence, dated to around the 7th century BCE.
Sisiwa
Sisiwa (Hispanicized spelling Sisihua) is a 4,949-metre-high (16,237 ft) mountain in the Wansu mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Apurímac Region, Antabamba Province, Oropesa District. Sisiwa lies east of Hatun Qillqa and Yuraq Urqu.

Department of Apurímac
Apurímac (Spanish pronunciation: [apuˈɾimak])  is a department of Peru. Located in the southern-central part of the country, it is bordered on the east by Cuzco, on the west by Ayacucho, and on the south by the Arequipa and Ayacucho. It is administered by a regional government and its capital city is Abancay.
Geography of South Korea
36°N 128°E﻿ / ﻿36°N 128°E﻿ / 36; 128

South Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula located out from the far east of the Asian landmass. The only country that shares a land border with South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with 238 kilometres (148 mi) of the border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 kilometres (1,499 mi) of coastline along three seas: to the west is the Yellow Sea (called Sohae Korean: 서해; Hanja: 西海; in South Korea, literally means "west sea"), to the south is the East China Sea, and to the east is the Sea of Japan (called Donghae Korean: 동해; Hanja: 東海; in South Korea, literally means "east sea"). Geographically, South Korea's landmass is approximately 100,364 square kilometres (38,751 mi2). 290 square kilometres (110 mi2) of South Korea are occupied by water. The approximate coordinates are 37° North, 128° East.

Hallasan
Hallasan (Korean: 한라산) is a shield volcano comprising much of Jeju Island in South Korea. Its summit, at 1,947 m (6,388 ft), is the highest point in the country. The area around the mountain is a designated national park, named Hallasan National Park. Hallasan is commonly considered to be one of the three main mountains of South Korea, along with Jirisan and Seoraksan.

The Hallasan Natural Reserve was designated as a South Korean Natural Monument number 182 on October 12, 1966.
Billions (film)
Billions is a lost 1920 American silent comedy film produced by and starring Alla Nazimova and distributed by Metro Pictures. Ray Smallwood directed. It is based on a French play, L'Homme riche, by Jean Jose Frappa and Henry Dupuy-Mazuel.

Metro Pictures
Metro Pictures Corporation was a motion picture production company founded in early 1915 in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It was a forerunner of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The company produced its films in New York, Los Angeles, and sometimes at leased facilities in Fort Lee, New Jersey. It was purchased in 1919.
1991 Indian Challenge
The 1991 Indian Challenge was an invitational non-ranking snooker tournament, which took place from 4 to 7 September 1991 at the Taj Palace Intercontinental Hotel in Delhi, India. Stephen Hendry won the title, defeating John Parrott 9–5 in the final, and received £20,000 prize money. Parrott compiled the highest break of the tournament, 132, in the semi-final, having made a 127 break in the preceding frame.

Glossary of cue sports terms
The following is a glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a billiard table without pockets; pool, which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets; and snooker, played on a large pocket table, and which has a sport culture unto itself distinct from pool. There are also games such as English billiards that include aspects of multiple disciplines.
Thorne & Moorends (ward)
Thorne & Moorends—consisting of the town of Thorne, plus Moorends and Waterside—is one of 21 electoral wards in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. It forms part of the Doncaster North and Don Valley parliamentary constituencies. Thorne and Moorends elect three councillors to Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council currently held by Labour. In 2011 it had a population of 17,295. The ward was formed in 2015.

Thorne, South Yorkshire
Thorne is a market town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England.   It was historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. It has a population of 16,592, increasing to 17,295 at the 2011 Census.
Gat-kimchi
Gat-kimchi (Korean: 갓김치) is a regional variety of the Korean side dish kimchi, and is made from mustard greens instead of the more typical napa cabbage.

The island Dolsando in Yeosu, South Jeolla Province is known for its gat-kimchi.

South Jeolla Province
South Jeolla Province (Korean: 전라남도; RR: Jeollanam-do), formerly South Chŏlla Province, also known as Jeonnam (전남), is a province in the Honam region, South Korea, and the southernmost province in mainland Korea. South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north, South Gyeongsang to the northeast, and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait.

Suncheon is the largest city in the province, closely followed by Yeosu. Other major cities include Mokpo, Gwangyang and Naju.

Jeolla-do, including both North and South Jeolla, was the first province out of the Eight Provinces system to have its 1000th year anniversary in 2018, as the name 'Jeolla-do' was established in 1018, during Hyeonjong of Goryeo's 9th year in power.
Ruthrauff & Ryan
Ruthrauff & Ryan was a prominent American advertising agency founded in 1912. Clients included A. H. Lewis' Tums brand, American Airlines, Campbell Soup's Franco American brand, Canadian Pacific, Cocomalt, Dodge Brothers, Dr Pepper, Gillette Safety Razor Company, Goodrich Rubber, Lehn and Fink, Lever Brothers' Rinso, Lifebuoy, and Spry brands, Noxzema Chemical Company, Packard Motor Car Company, Pennzoil, Quaker Oats, and Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. The principals included Wilbur B. Ruthrauff and Fritz Ryan. By 1957 they'd merged with another agency; the merged agency closed in 1964.

According to Advertising Age, the agency was during its heyday one of the most powerful in the industry.

Franco-American (brand)
Franco-American is a brand name of the Campbell Soup Company. Founded by Alphonse Biardot as Franco-American Food Company, it sells gravy and condensed soups; it was formerly used for SpaghettiOs and other pasta products until 2004 when it was replaced with the main Campbell's brand.
1993 Andorran parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Andorra on 12 December 1993. Following the adoption of a new constitution by a referendum earlier in the year, they were the first elections in which political parties were allowed to run. The result was a victory for the National Democratic Group, which won eight seats, and its leader Òscar Ribas Reig remained Prime Minister. Voter turnout was 81%.

Constitution of Andorra
The Constitution of Andorra (Catalan: Constitució d'Andorra) is the supreme law of the Principality of Andorra. It was adopted on 2 February 1993 and given assent by the Andorran people in a referendum on 14 March 1993. According to the Constitution itself, it was to enter into force on the day of its publication in the Butlletí Oficial del Principat d'Andorra, which occurred on 28 April 1993.

The Constitution was signed by Andorra's two co-princes: the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell, who at that time were François Mitterrand and Joan Martí Alanis respectively. The new constitution stipulates that these two officials are Andorra's heads of state. Indeed, this arrangement has existed for centuries, although at one time, the French king or emperor held the position now held by the French president.
Philip Hands
Philip Albert Myburgh Hands (14 April 1890 – 27 April 1951), was a South African cricketer who played in seven Tests from 1913 to 1924. His elder brother Reginald also played Test cricket for South Africa, whilst his younger brother Kenneth was also a cricketer, although he didn't play Test cricket.

Hands was born in Claremont, Cape Town, son of Sir Harry Hands KBE and Lady Aletta Hands (née Myburgh) OBE. He died in Parys, Orange Free State, in 1951.

Like his brothers, he was educated at Diocesan College, Rondebosch and up to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 1908. Initially starting a law degree, he switched to accounting.

Serving in the Royal Garrison Artillery, he was awarded the DSO and the MC in the First World War and reached the rank of major.

He was a hard-hitting batsman whose highest Test score was 83 against England in 1913–14, scored out of 98 in 105 minutes. He toured England in 1924, but was not successful.

Orange Free State (province)
The Province of the Orange Free State (Afrikaans: Provinsie Oranje-Vrystaat), commonly referred to as the Orange Free State (Afrikaans: Oranje-Vrystaat), Free State (Afrikaans: Vrystaat) or by its abbreviation OFS, was one of the four provinces of South Africa from 1910 to 1994. After 27 April 1994 it was dissolved following the first non-racial election in South Africa. It is now called the Free State Province.

Its predecessor was the Orange River Colony which in 1902 had replaced the Orange Free State, a Boer republic.

Its outside borders were the same as those of the modern Free State Province; except for the bantustans ("homelands") of QwaQwa and one part of Bophuthatswana, which were contained on land inside of the provincial Orange Free State borders.
Santa Cruz Mountains AVA
Santa Cruz Mountains AVA is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) centered on the Santa Cruz Mountains. Its territory spans three California counties, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and San Mateo and was established on January 4, 1982, by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), Treasury. Santa Cruz Mountains AVA was among the first AVA to be defined by its mountainous topography. Based on elevation, it largely follows the fog line along the coast, extending down to 800 feet (240 m) on the eastern slope toward San Francisco Bay, 400 feet (120 m) on the western slope to the Pacific Ocean and extending along the ridge crest line at 3,000 feet (910 m) elevation plus.

The mountainous terrain, the Pacific Ocean, and the San Francisco Bay have wide-ranging effects on the appellation, creating myriad microclimates in the region depending on the elevation of the land, location of the sloped mountainside vineyards, and the other terroir elements of fog, sun exposure, soil type and erosion.

American Viticultural Area
An American Viticultural Area (AVA) is a designated wine grape-growing region in the United States, providing an official appellation for the mutual benefit of wineries and consumers. Winemakers frequently want their consumers to know about the geographic pedigree of their wines, as wines from a particular area can possess distinctive characteristics. Consumers often seek out wines from specific AVAs, and certain wines of particular pedigrees can claim premium prices and loyal customers. If a wine is labeled with an AVA, at least 85% of the grapes that make up the wine must have been grown in the AVA, and the wine must be fully finished within the state where the AVA is located.
Koll Rock
Koll Rock, also known as Blake Island is a large rock located 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi) southeast of Oom Island in the west side of Oom Bay, Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Kollskjer (knoll rock).

Mac. Robertson Land
Mac. Robertson Land is the portion of Antarctica lying southward of the coast between William Scoresby Bay and Cape Darnley. It is located at 70°00′S 65°00′E﻿ / ﻿70.000°S 65.000°E﻿ / -70.000; 65.000. In the east, Mac. Robertson Land includes the Prince Charles Mountains. It was named by the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) (1929–1931), under Sir Douglas Mawson, after Sir Macpherson Robertson of Melbourne, a patron of the expedition.

From 1965 onward, members of the SAE (Soviet Antarctic Expeditions) began undertaking geological fieldwork in the Prince Charles Mountains, eventually establishing a base, Soyuz Station, on the eastern shore of Beaver Lake in the northern Prince Charles Mountains.
Lyutibrod
Lyutibrod (Bulgarian: Лютиброд) is a village in Mezdra Municipality in Vratsa Province, western Bulgaria. As of 2007 it has a population of 452. The village is situated in the northern end of the Iskar Gorge, on the right bank of the river of the same name. On the opposite bank of the river are the Ritlite rock formation and the Cherepish Monastery is located at several kilometers to the south. The former settlement Korites, abandoned in the 15th century, contain the ruins of four medieval churches, including a 5th-century basilica.

Vratsa Province
43°31′N 23°36′E﻿ / ﻿43.517°N 23.600°E﻿ / 43.517; 23.600

Vratsa Province (Bulgarian: Област Враца Oblast Vraca, former name Vraca okrug) is a Bulgarian province located in the northwestern part of the country, between Danube river in the north and Stara Planina mountain in the south. It is named after its main town: Vratsa. As of 2016, the province had a population of 170 367, on territory of 3,619.7 km2 (1,397.6 sq mi).
Degradation (geology)
In geology, degradation refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface, such as a stream bed or floodplain, through erosional processes. Degradation is the opposite of aggradation. Degradation is characteristic of channel networks in which either bedrock erosion is taking place, or in systems that are sediment-starved and are therefore entraining more material than they are depositing. When a stream degrades, it leaves behind a fluvial terrace. This can be further classified as a strath terrace—a bedrock terrace that may have a thin mantle of alluvium—if the river is incising through bedrock. These terraces may be dated with methods such as cosmogenic radionuclide dating, OSL dating, and paleomagnetic dating (using reversals in the Earth's magnetic field to constrain the timing of events) to find when a river was at a particular level and how quickly it is downcutting.

Luminescence dating
Luminescence dating refers to a group of chronological dating methods of determining how long ago mineral grains were last exposed to sunlight or sufficient heating. It is useful to geologists and archaeologists who want to know when such an event occurred. It uses various methods to stimulate and measure luminescence.

It includes techniques such as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), radiofluorescence (RF), infrared photoluminescence (IR-PL)  and thermoluminescence dating (TL). "Optical dating" typically refers to OSL and IRSL, but not TL. The age range of luminescence dating methods extends from a few years to over one million years for red TL.

Since the early applications of luminescence dating in the 1960/1970s, the field has received growing attention in the scientific community, with more than 3500 publications per year and >200 laboratories across the globe in 2020.
Stary Oskol constituency
The Stary Oskol constituency (No.76) is a Russian legislative constituency in Belgorod Oblast. The constituency covers eastern Belgorod Oblast.

The constituency has been represented since 1999 (except for 2007–2016) by United Russia deputy Andrey Skoch, a billionaire businessman and USM Holdings co-owner.

Krasnensky District
Krasnensky District (Russian: Кра́сненский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnensky Municipal District. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 851.9 square kilometers (328.9 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Krasnoye. Population: 11,358 (2021 Census); 13,371 (2010 Census); 15,337 (2002 Census). The population of Krasnoye accounts for 16.1% of the district's total population.
Tajik Mobile Forces
The Mobile Forces (Tajik: Қӯшунҳои Зудамали, romanized: Qūshunhoi Zudamali) are the paratroopers of the armed forces of Tajikistan. They are similar to the Russian Airborne Troops, whom they often train with. The Mobile Forces act as an elite special forces unit, subservient to the Defense Ministry and separate from the ground forces. Although they are called paratroopers, the Mobile Forces often deployed out of helicopters, as the Tajik Air Force has few fixed wing aircraft.

Tajik Air Force
The Tajik Air and Air Defense Forces (Russian: Военно-воздушные силы и противовоздушная оборона Таджикистана; Tajik: Қувваҳои ҳавоӣ ва мудофиаи Тоҷикистон, romanized: Quvvahoi Havoī va Mudofiai Tojikiston) is the aerial military service branch of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan, which currently consists of 20 helicopters. The force engages in search and rescue missions, as well as military raids.