hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Interpretative phenomenological analysis
Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is a qualitative form of psychology research. IPA has an idiographic focus, which means that instead of producing generalization findings, it aims to offer insights into how a given person, in a given context, makes sense of a given situation. Usually, these situations are of personal significance; examples might include a major life event, or the development of an important relationship. IPA has its theoretical origins in phenomenology and hermeneutics, and many of its key ideas are inspired by the work of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. IPA's tendency to combine psychological, interpretative, and idiographic elements is what distinguishes it from other approaches to qualitative, phenomenological psychology.

Phenomenon
A phenomenon  (pl. phenomena), sometimes spelled phaenomenon, is an observable event. The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon, which cannot be directly observed. Kant was heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in which phenomenon and noumenon serve as interrelated technical terms. Far predating this, the ancient Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus also used phenomenon and noumenon as interrelated technical terms.
Beat The Genius
Beat The Genius is an Indian quiz game show that debuted on video streaming platform Flipkart Video on 10 November 2020. The show is an original series of Flipkart Video featuring Manish Paul as a host and Parnab Mukherjee as a quizmaster. In every episode, viewers are asked five questions, and four options are given for each question, from which the correct answer must be chosen.

Flipkart
Flipkart Inc. is an Indian e-commerce company, headquartered in Bengaluru, and incorporated in Singapore as a private limited company. The company initially focused on online book sales before expanding into other product categories such as consumer electronics, fashion, home essentials, groceries, and lifestyle products. In 2025, the company shifted domicile from Singapore to India.

The service competes primarily with Amazon India and domestic rival Snapdeal. As of FY23, Flipkart held a 48% market share in the Indian e-commerce industry. Flipkart has a dominant position in the apparel segment, bolstered by its acquisition of Myntra, and was described as being "neck and neck" with Amazon in the sale of electronics and mobile phones.
Chitrita Banerji
Chitrita Banerji is a historian of Indian cuisine. She specialises in Bengali cuisine, and is also an author, novelist and translator. Her work explores the relationship between memory, history, culture, religion and food.

Food history
Food history is an interdisciplinary field that examines the history and the cultural, economic, environmental, and sociological impacts of food and human nutrition.  It includes famines and malnutrition.  It is distinct from the more traditional field of culinary history, which focuses on the origin and recreation of specific recipes.
God in Jainism
In Jainism, godliness is said to be the inherent quality of every soul. This quality, however, is subdued by the soul's association with karmic matter. All souls who have achieved the natural state of unlimited bliss, unlimited knowledge (kevala jnana), unlimited power and unlimited perception are regarded as God in Jainism. Jainism rejects the idea of a creator deity responsible for this universe's manifestation, creation, or maintenance. Instead, souls (in this case, devis or devas) who have reached Heaven for their merits and deeds influence the Universe for a fixed period until they undergo reincarnation and continue the cycle of enlightenment. According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents (namely, soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion) have always existed. All constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws and a "perfect soul" (an immaterial entity that cannot create or affect a material entity like the universe).

Creator deity
A creator deity or creator god is a deity responsible for the creation of the Earth, world, and universe in human religion and mythology. In monotheism, the single God is often also the creator. A number of monolatristic traditions separate a secondary creator from a primary transcendent being, identified as a primary creator.
Joan Planellas i Barnosell
Joan Planellas i Barnosell (born 7 November 1955) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been serving as the archbishop of Tarragona since his installation on 4 May 2019. He previously served as a canon on the Girona Cathedral. He was also given the Missionary of Mercy title, that is a group of priests that were designated by the Pope to forgive serious sins normally only reserved to the Holy See. Barnosell became a priest in 28 March 1982.

Colomers
Colomers (Catalan pronunciation: [kuluˈmes]) is a municipality in the province of Girona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 4.3 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi) and the population in 2014 was 195.
Willem Amutenya
Willem Amutenya (born 18 June 1988 in Lubango) is a Namibian politician, farmer, and youth leader. He is an elected member of Parliament and has been currently serving as a legislator in the National Assembly since 21 March 2025, representing the SWAPO Party of Namibia.

Lubango
Lubango, formerly known as Sá da Bandeira, is a municipality in Angola, capital of the Huíla Province, with a population of 890,384 in 2024. The city center had a population of 600,751 in 2014 making it the second-most populous city in Angola after the capital city Luanda.
Vanderhoof Bears
The Vanderhoof Bears were a senior and intermediate ice hockey team in Vanderhoof, British Columbia. They played in the Cariboo Hockey League and the Pacific Northwest Hockey League until 1983-84. The team folded in 1984.

The name is currently used by several local teams, including a midget hockey team.

Vanderhoof, British Columbia
Vanderhoof is a district municipality near the geographical centre of British Columbia, Canada. Covering 2.92 square kilometers, it has a population of about 4,500 within town limits, and offers services to nearly 10,000 people in nearby rural communities. Its main industries are forestry, agriculture, and related businesses. Tourism is also growing, and mining operations are being developed in the area. It has many elementary schools, and one major secondary school, Nechako Valley Secondary School (NVSS), comprising School District 91 Nechako Lakes. The College of New Caledonia has a regional campus there.

Via Rail's Jasper–Prince Rupert train serves the Vanderhoof railway station.
Mademoiselle Gaussin
Jeanne-Catherine Gaussem, stage name Marie-Madeleine Gaussin or Mademoiselle Gaussin (25 December 1711 – 2 June 1767), was a French stage actress.

She was born to a servant of the actor Baron and a dresser of the theatre. She was engaged at the theatre of Lille in 1729-1731.

She was engaged at the Comédie-Française in 1731. 
She debuted on the Comédie-Française on 28 April 1731 as Junie in Britannicus. Among her noted roles were Agnès in L'École des femmes, Andromaque, Iphigénie and Bérénice. Voltaire was her admirer, and made her a role model for the part of Zaïre. She performed both the heroine roles in tragedies as well as comedy. Her acting was described as  sensitive, naive and with an elegance of voice. 
She became a Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française in 1731.

She retired in 1763.

Voltaire dedicated his epistle 38 (1732) to her.

Andromaque (opera)
Andromaque is an opera in three acts by the composer André Ernest Modeste Grétry. The French libretto is an adaptation of Jean Racine's play Andromaque by Louis-Guillaume Pitra (1735-1818). It was first performed on 6 June 1780 by the Académie Royale de Musique (Paris Opera) in the second Salle du Palais-Royal. It was the only opera Grétry wrote in the form of a tragédie lyrique.
Gozd–Reka
Gozd–Reka (pronounced [ˈɡɔst ˈɾeːka]; Slovene: Gozd - Reka) is a dispersed settlement in the hills southwest of Šmartno pri Litiji in central Slovenia. It belongs to the Municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji, which is included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola.

Dispersed settlement
A dispersed settlement, also known as a scattered settlement, is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world.  Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area. A dispersed settlement contrasts with a nucleated village.

The French term bocage is sometimes used to describe the type of landscape found where dispersed settlements are common.

In addition to Western Europe, dispersed patterns of settlement are found in parts of Papua New Guinea, as among the Gainj, Ankave, and Baining tribes. It is also frequently met with in nomadic pastoral societies.
In Ghana, Kumbyili in the northern region is also an example of a dispersed settlement
Cossack with musket
The Cossack with rifle, sometimes as Knight with rifle or Cossack with musket (Ukrainian: Лицар із самопалом, romanized: Lytsar iz samopalom), is a former national emblem of the Cossack Hetmanate (Zaporozhian Host). In the early 20th century, it was used as the official national emblem of the short-lived Ukrainian State.

National emblem
A national emblem is an emblem that is reserved for use by a nation state or multi-national state as a symbol of that nation. Many nations have a seal or emblem in addition to a national flag.

Other national symbols, such as national birds, trees, flowers, etc., are listed at lists of national symbols.
Electoral district of Mordialloc
The electoral district of Mordialloc is an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly including the suburbs of Braeside, Mordialloc, Aspendale, Aspendale Gardens, Edithvale, Chelsea, Chelsea Heights and Parkdale; and parts of Keysborough and Mentone. The current member is Tim Richardson.

Mordialloc is part of the Melbourne Sandbelt and has traditionally been considered a Bellwether electorate. Its previous members include Liberal representatives Lorraine Wreford and Geoff Leigh, and Labor member Janice Munt.

Edithvale
Edithvale is a beachside suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 28 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Kingston local government area. Edithvale recorded a population of 6,276 at the 2021 census.
Baltimore Creek
Baltimore Creek is a stream in Bollinger County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Little Whitewater Creek.

Baltimore Creek most likely was named after Baltimore, Maryland for unknown reasons.

Bollinger County, Missouri
Bollinger County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 10,567. The county seat, largest and only city, is Marble Hill. The largely rural county is supported by agriculture and construction. The county was officially organized in March 1851 from portions of Wayne, Cape Girardeau and Stoddard Counties, and named in honor of George Frederick Bollinger, an early settler.

Bollinger County is part of the Cape Girardeau, MO–IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is the home of the "Missouri dinosaur" discovered at an archaeological dig near Glen Allen in 1942. Blue Pond, the deepest natural pond in Missouri, is located in the southern portion of the county.
Equilibrium moisture content
The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of a hygroscopic material surrounded at least partially by air is the moisture content at which the material is neither gaining nor losing moisture. The value of the EMC depends on the material and the relative humidity and temperature of the air with which it is in contact. The speed with which it is approached depends on the properties of the material, the surface-area-to-volume ratio of its shape, and the speed with which humidity is carried away or towards the material (e.g. diffusion in stagnant air or convection in moving air).

Water content
Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil (called soil moisture), rock, ceramics, crops, or wood. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas. It is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the materials' porosity at saturation. It can be given on a volumetric or gravimetric (mass) basis.
Noel Crowley (dual player)
Andrew Noel Crowley (born 17 December 1951) is an Irish former hurler, Gaelic footballer and coach. At club level he played with Bandon, O'Donovan Rossa and divisional side Carbery, and also lined out at inter-county level with various Cork teams.

1985 Cork Intermediate Football Championship
The 1985 Cork Intermediate Football Championship was the 50th staging of the Cork Intermediate Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 27 January 1985. The championship ran from 20 April to 15 September 1985.

The final was played on 15 September 1985 at Páirc Uí Chaoimh in Cork, between O'Donovan Rossa and Glanmire, marking their first ever meeting in the final. O'Donovan Rossa won the match by 3-11 to 0-08 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in 61 years.

O'Donovan Rossa's Mick McCarthy was the championship's top scorer with 0-30.
Ferdinandea (Calabria)
Ferdinandea is an area of 3600 hectare in Serre Calabresi (Calabria, southern Italy) included in the territories of Bivongi, Stilo, Brognaturo, Mongiana and Serra San Bruno in the provinces of Reggio Calabria and Vibo Valentia.

Ferdinandea is entirely covered by fir and beech woods.

The name originates from King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, who used the area for hunting after 1832. He later turned it into a metal industry center, building here a foundry,  ironworks, residential and administrative buildings and stables.

Stilo
Stilo (Calabrian: Stilu; Greek: Στύλος, romanized: Stylos, lit. 'column') is a town and comune in the province of Reggio Calabria, in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It is 151 kilometres (94 mi) from Reggio.

It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

The economy of the commune is mainly based on agriculture, with production of cereals, oil, wine and cheese. There are mines of iron and lead.

At 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the city is the promontory of Cape Stilo, near where in July 1940 the Battle of Punta Stilo was fought by the Italian and British navies.
Tauraria
Tauraria is an atoll in Fiji, a member of the Ringgold Isles archipelago, which forms an outlier group to the northern island of Vanua Levu. The uninhabited islet is around 40m north of Qelelevu, and 0.9 km east of Vetauua. Tauraria  is a low, upraised and jagged limestone islet covered in dense but scrubby bush. There is a significant population of breeding seabird colonies  on Tauraria, especially black-naped terns.

Vanua Levu
Vanua Levu (pronounced [βaˈnua ˈleβu], lit. 'Big Land', Fiji Hindi: वानुआ लेवु), formerly known as Sandalwood Island, is the second largest island of Fiji. Located 64 kilometres (40 miles) to the north of the larger Viti Levu, the island has an area of 5,587.1 square kilometres (2,157.2 sq mi) and a population of approximately 160,000 as of 2022.
Yeísmo
Yeísmo (Spanish pronunciation: [ɟʝeˈismo]; literally "Y-ism") is a distinctive feature of many dialects of the Spanish language, characterized by the loss of the traditional palatal lateral approximant phoneme /ʎ/ ⓘ (written ⟨ll⟩) and its merger into the phoneme /ʝ/ ⓘ (written ⟨y⟩). It is an example of delateralization.

In other words, ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨y⟩ represent the same sound [ʝ] ⓘ when yeísmo is present. The term yeísmo comes from one of the Spanish names for the letter ⟨y⟩ (ye). Over 90% of Spanish speakers exhibit this phonemic merger. Similar mergers exist in other languages, such as French, Italian, Hungarian, Catalan, Basque, Portuguese or Galician, with different social considerations.

Occasionally, the term lleísmo (pronounced [ʎeˈismo]) has been used to refer to the maintenance of the phonemic distinction between /ʝ/ and /ʎ/.

Phonological change
In historical linguistics, phonological change is any sound change that alters the distribution of phonemes in a language. In other words, a language develops a new system of oppositions among its phonemes. Old contrasts may disappear, new ones may emerge, or they may simply be rearranged. Sound change may be an impetus for changes in the phonological structures of a language (and likewise, phonological change may sway the process of sound change). One process of phonological change is rephonemicization, in which the distribution of phonemes changes by either addition of new phonemes or a reorganization of existing phonemes. Mergers and splits are types of rephonemicization and are discussed further below.
Saint Francis in Ecstasy
Saint Francis (of Assisi) in Ecstasy is the title of several paintings:

Saint Francis in Ecstasy (Bellini)

Saint Francis in Ecstasy (Reni)

Saint Francis in Ecstasy (Zurbarán)

Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (Caravaggio)

Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (El Greco, 1600)

Saint Francis in Ecstasy (Bellini)
Saint Francis in Ecstasy (or Saint Francis in the Desert) is a painting by Italian Renaissance master Giovanni Bellini, started in 1475 and completed around 1480. Bellini depicted the religious figure of Saint Francis of Assisi in a landscape. In 1852, the painting was listed on June 19 at Christie's. It was part of the 1857 Manchester Art Treasures exhibition. In 1915, Henry Clay Frick bought the painting for $170,000, and it remains in the Frick Collection, in New York City.
Maycock
Maycock is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred Maycock (born 1949), former Guyanese cricketer

Anna Maycock (born 1982), captain of the Australia women's national volleyball team

Betty-Jean Maycock Harrington (born 1942), former Olympic gymnast from Cleveland, Ohio

Callum Maycock (born 1997), English footballer

Ellen Maycock (born 1950), American mathematician

Mary Dye née Maycock (born 1961), American politician of the Republican Party

Pam Royds née Maycock (1924–2016), British publisher and children's book editor

Renae Maycock (born 1980), Australian volleyball player

Betty-Jean Maycock
Betty Jean Maycock Harrington (born December 13, 1942) is a former Olympic gymnast from Cleveland, Ohio. Maycock was a member of the American gymnastics team that placed ninth at the 1960 Summer Olympics.  Prior to the Olympics, she was part of the first collegiate women's gymnastics team in the United States at Kent State University in 1959 while still a student at Kent State High School. She also won four medals at the 1959 Pan American Games. Following the Olympics, she returned to college, graduating cum laude from Kent State in 1964, and later earned a Ph.D. in Child Development from the University of Maryland.  She was married to Robert Sutton Harrington (1942–1993) in 1976, and has two daughters, Amy and Ann. She currently works with the organization Microcredit in Africa, which implements microcredit projects in Niger.
G. H. Evison
George Henry Evison (25 November 1871 – 1928) was a Lancastrian artist and book illustrator who illustrated many cheaper books with his strong line drawings. He illustrated magazines with both line drawings and colour wash drawings.

The Poster
The Poster: an illustrated monthly chronicle, or simply The Poster, was a monthly magazine published in London from June 1898 to December 1900, dedicated to the then relatively new art of the pictorial poster. It was the first periodical devoted to the poster to be published in Britain. It was published by Ransom, Woestyn & Co.
Urbonavičius
Urbonavičius is  a Lithuanian family name, a patronymic from the given name Urbonas created with the suffix -ičius, which is a Lithuanization of the Polish/Ruthenian patronymic suffix -wicz/-vich.

Notable people with the surname include:

Laurynas Urbonavicius, Lithuanian MMA fighter

Saulius Urbonavičius (born 1963), Lithuanian rock musician from group LT United

Pranas Urbonavičius (1868 - 1941),  Lithuanian priest, prelate,  organizer of the distribution of the banned Lithuanian press

Rita Urbonavičiūtė, Lithuanian theater manager

Simonas Urbonavičius, Lithuanian heavyweight boxer

Urbonas
Urbonas is a Lithuanian language masculine given name and surname. It corresponds to the surname Urban

Notable people with the surname include:

Gediminas Urbonas, artist and MIT professor, awarded the Lithuanian National Prize for Culture and Arts in 2007

Julijonas Urbonas, artist, perhaps best known as the designer of the Euthanasia Coaster, a hypothetical roller coaster engineered to humanely take the life of a human being

Michael J. Urbonas (died 1976), American Roman Catholic clergyman

Rolandas Urbonas, Lithuanian paralympic athlete

Valdas Urbonas (born 1967), Lithuanian footballer

Žydrūnas Urbonas (born 1976), Lithuanian basketball player
13.0.0.0.0
13.0.0.0.0 is the second studio album by British math rock band This Town Needs Guns, released 22 January 2013, on Sargent House. This is the band's first album with new vocalist Henry Tremain, and last release with bassist Jamie Cooper. Before its official release, the tracks "Cat Fantastic", "Left Aligned" and "I'll Take The Minute Snake" were available on Sargent House's SoundCloud account.
The album's title refers to the Maya Calendar.

Math rock
Math rock is a style of alternative and indie rock with roots in bands such as King Crimson and Rush. It is characterized by complex, atypical rhythmic structures (including irregular stopping and starting), counterpoint, odd time signatures, and extended chords. Bearing similarities to post-rock, math rock has been described as the "opposite side of the same coin". Opting for a "rockier" approach to songwriting and timbres, the style is often performed by smaller ensembles which emphasize the role of the guitar.
Sphaeristerium
Sphaeristerium (Latin; from the Greek σφαιριστήριον; from σφαῖρα, ball) is a term in Classical architecture given to a large open space connected with the Roman thermae for exercise with balls after the bather had been anointed.  They were also provided in Roman villas.

Thermae
In ancient Rome, thermae (from Greek θερμός thermos, "hot") and balneae (from Greek βαλανεῖον balaneion) were facilities for bathing. Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while balneae were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.

Most Roman cities had at least one – if not many – such buildings, which were centers not only for bathing, but socializing and reading as well. Bathhouses were also provided for wealthy private villas, town houses, and forts. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or within cities by aqueduct. The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the caldarium (hot bathing room). The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in De architectura (V.10).