hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rote learning
Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition. The method rests on the premise that the  recall of repeated material becomes faster the more one repeats it. Some of the alternatives to rote learning include meaningful learning, associative learning, spaced repetition and active learning.

Recall (memory)
Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieving information from the past. Along with encoding and storage, it is one of the three core processes of memory. There are three main types of recall: free recall, cued recall and serial recall. Psychologists test these forms of recall as a way to study the memory processes of humans and animals.
Two main theories of the process of recall are the two-stage theory and the theory of encoding specificity.
Mark Duffy (politician)
Mark Duffy is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a senator for the Labour Panel since January 2025.

He was a member of Mayo County Council for the Ballina area from May 2019 to January 2025. He was elected as an independent candidate at the 2019 Mayo County Council election, and re-elected as an independent in May 2024. He joined Fine Gael in October 2024. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Mayo constituency at the 2024 general election.

Mayo (Dáil constituency)
Mayo is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament). The constituency elects five deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). It includes the entirety of County Mayo.
Great Lakes Trek
The Great Lakes Trek or Kashmir Great Lakes Trek commercially known as Sonamarg-Vishansar-Naranag Trek is an alpine himalayan high-altitude trek in the Kashmir Valley in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This is the most famous trek in Kashmir. The trek is usually completed in 6-7 days and is rated as moderate-difficult in terms of terrain and trail difficulty. The trek is an absolute treat and worth every effort as one gets to see new alpine lakes, mountain peaks, passes, meadows and glaciers almost every subsequent day.

Kashmir Valley
The Kashmir Valley, also known as the Vale of Kashmir, is an intermontane valley in the northern part of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. The valley is surrounded by the ranges of the Himalayas, bounded on the southwest by the Pir Panjal Range and on the northeast by the Greater Himalayan Range. It is approximately 135 km (84 mi) long and 32 km (20 mi) wide, and drained by the Jhelum River. It falls entirely within the Kashmir Division of Jammu and Kashmir.
Gulshan Avenue
Gulshan Avenue is a major avenue in Gulshan, Dhaka, which connects Banani-Baridhara to Tejgaon-Mohakhali. It is home to a number of the city's restaurants, five-star hotels, shopping centres, schools, banks, offices, and clubs.

Mohakhali
Mohakhali (Bengali: মহাখালী) is a neighborhood of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh. Mohakhali is one of the busiest places in Dhaka city. Mohakhali is bounded by Banani in the north, Tejgoan area in the south, Gulshan and Niketan is in the east and Mohakhali DOHS in the west. Many important offices and institutions are based in Mohakhali. Mohakhali Inter District Bus Terminal is one of the
most important terminals of Dhaka city. DGHS, NICRH, NIDCH, BCPS, Institute of
Health Technology, Dhaka, BRAC Centre, Titumir College, ICDDR,B and SKS Tower are situated in Mohakhali. T & T satellite offices are situated on the west side of the Korail slum. Mohakhali Flyover, the first flyover to open to traffic in the country, in November 2004, is located in Mohakhali. Mohakhali General Market is situated beside the flyover bridge close to the Dhaka-Mymensingh highway.
FK Drina HE Višegrad
Fudbalski klub Drina HE Višegrad (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Дpинa XE Bишeгpaд) is a Bosnian Serb football club from the town of Višegrad, in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The club competed for more than ten years in the First League of the Republika Srpska, finishing in an all-time high 5th place in the 2013-14 season. However, due to poor results Drina was relegated to the Second League of RS – East, a third-tier competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Season 23/24 was successful for the club, and after a 8 year in 2nd division, they won title and they were promoted to the First League of the Republika Srpska again from 24/25 season.

Second League of the Republika Srpska
The Second League of the Republika Srpska (Serbian: Друга лига Републике Српске / Druga liga Republike Srpske) is a third level football league competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into two leagues, based on geographical areas. The winner of each league is promoted to the First League of the Republika Srpska. Clubs at the bottom of the table are relegated to the respective regional leagues.
Perceptual system
A perceptual system is a computational system (biological or artificial) designed to make inferences about properties of a physical environment based on scenes.

In this context, a scene is defined as sensory information that can flow from a physical environment into a computational system via sensory transduction. A sensory organ (biological or artificial) is used to capture this information. Therefore, a perceptual system must incorporate input from at least one sensory organ.

Examples of perceptual systems include:

The visual system

The auditory system

The olfactory system

The somatosensory system

A bat's sonar/echolocation system

A man-made light meter

A man-made motion detector

Research in the field of perceptual systems focuses on computational aspects of perception. For this reason, there is significant overlap with neuroscience, sensor design, natural scene statistics, and computer science.

Olfactory system
The olfactory system is the sensory system used for the sense of smell (olfaction). Olfaction is one of the special senses directly associated with specific organs. Most mammals and reptiles have a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects airborne substances, while the accessory system senses fluid-phase stimuli.

The senses of smell and taste (gustatory system) are often referred to together as the chemosensory system, because they both give the brain information about the chemical composition of objects through a process called transduction.
John Jota Leaños
John Jota Leaños is an artist, originally from Pomona, California. He is known for animation, installation, public art, and performance, which fuse traditional art practices and aesthetics with new technologies and contemporary interpretations. He is nationally acclaimed for earning various prestigious awards and for his contributions to Latin American and Cultural Studies.

Pomona, California
Pomona (/pəˈmoʊnə/ ⓘ pə-MOH-nə) is a city in eastern Los Angeles County, California, United States. Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley, between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley. At the 2020 census, the city's population was 151,713. The main campus of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, also known as Cal Poly Pomona, lies partially within Pomona's city limits, with the rest being located in the neighboring unincorporated community of Ramona.
Walter J. Croswell
Walter John Croswell (March 31, 1900 – April 10, 1991) was an American farmer and politician.

Croswell was born in Luverne, Rock County, Minnesota. He went to the Mankato Public Schools and to the Iowa State University School of Agriculture. He lived in Lake Crystal, Blue Earth County, Minnesota with his wife and family and was a farmer. Croswell served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1949 to 1954.

Blue Earth County, Minnesota
Blue Earth County is a county in the state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 69,112. Its county seat is Mankato. The county is named for the Blue Earth River and for the deposits of blue-green clay once evident along the banks of the Blue Earth River. Blue Earth County is part of the Mankato-North Mankato metropolitan area.
Krupp Protze
The Krupp Protze (lit. limber, officially L 2 H 43 and L 2 H 143) was a six-wheeled 6×4 German truck and artillery tractor produced between 1934 and 1941 and heavily used in World War II. It was powered by a 4-cylinder, 55 hp or, from 1936, 60 hp Krupp M 304 petrol engine. Its main purpose was to tow artillery, especially the 3.7 cm Pak 36 anti-tank gun (designated Kfz 69), and transport motorized infantry (designated Kfz 70).

This vehicle was extensively used on the Eastern Front, during the North African campaign and in France and Sicily. The "Krupp-Protze" was of relatively advanced design. Its fuel consumption was relatively high (24 Litres / 100 km on road) in comparison to the comparable Opel Blitz 1.5 t truck (16.5 liters / 100 km, produced 1938 - 1942).

Total production was about 7,000 units.

Limbers and caissons
A limber is a two-wheeled cart designed to support the trail of an artillery piece, or the stock of a field carriage such as a caisson or traveling forge, allowing it to be towed. The trail is the hinder end of the stock of a gun-carriage, which rests or slides on the ground when the carriage is unlimbered.: 107

A caisson (US: /ˈkeɪsɒn/) is a two-wheeled cart designed to carry artillery ammunition; the British term is "ammunition wagon".

Caissons are also used to bear the casket of the deceased in some state and military funerals in certain Western cultures, including the United States.: 32
Erilaz
Erilaz or Erilaʀ is a Migration period Proto-Norse word attested on various Elder Futhark inscriptions, which has often been interpreted to mean "magician" or "rune master", i.e., one who is capable of writing runes to magical effect. However, as Mees has shown, the word is an ablaut variant of earl, and is also thought to be linguistically related to the name of the tribe of the Heruli, so it is probably merely an old Germanic military title (see etymology below).

Indo-European ablaut
In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (/ˈæblaʊt/ AB-lowt, from German Ablaut pronounced [ˈaplaʊt]) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE).

An example of ablaut in English is the strong verb sing, sang, sung and its related noun song, a paradigm inherited directly from the Proto-Indo-European stage of the language. Traces of ablaut are found in all modern Indo-European languages, though its prevalence varies greatly.
Simanchal Patro
Guru Simanchal Patro (Odia: ସୀମାଞ୍ଚଳ ପାତ୍ର; born 2 February 1927) is an Indian performing artist and a prominent exponent of Prahallada Nataka, a traditional ritual theatre form of Odisha. He is best known for his portrayal of the lead character Hiranyakasipu, a role he has performed for over five decades. Patro is a recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1990) and is widely credited with preserving and popularizing the Prahallada Nataka tradition in the Ganjam district. He has been selected for the Padma Shri in January 2026.

Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (IAST: Saṅgīta Nāṭaka Akādamī Puraskāra), also known as the Akademi Puraskar, is an award given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama. It is the highest Indian recognition given to people in the field of performing arts.

In 2003, the award consisted of Rs. 50,000, a citation, an angavastram (a shawl), and a tamrapatra (a brass plaque). Since 2009, the cash prize has been increased to ₹1,00,000. The awards are given in the categories of music, dance, theatre, other traditional arts and puppetry, and for contribution/scholarship in performing arts.
Nokia 700
The Nokia 700 is an ultra slim Symbian Belle smartphone by Nokia, running Nokia Belle (Symbian OS 10.1) operating system. It was announced on 24 August 2011 and released in September 2011. Nokia claimed it was its most eco-friendly smartphone.

A Nokia Belle update (Feature Pack 1) increased the 700's processor speed from 1.0 GHz to 1.3 GHz, increased personalisation options with 20 new and improved homescreen widgets, and added a faster browser with HTML 5 support.

With Nokia Belle Feature Pack 1, the full Microsoft Office mobile app also became available for installation.

The phone features USB, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC with a 640×360 px (nHD), 3.2" capacitive, multi-touch AMOLED display with Nokia ClearBlack technology and Corning Gorilla Glass. It has a mass of 96 g (3.4 oz) and its rear camera is 5 megapixels (2592 х 1944 pixels), fixed focus, 16:9 720p video, 30 FPS.

AMOLED
AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode; /ˈæmoʊˌlɛd/) is a type of OLED display device technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which organic compounds form the electroluminescent material, and active matrix refers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels.

Since 2007, AMOLED displays have been used in mobile phones, media players, TVs, and digital cameras. The current progress for this technology is towards lower power usage, lower cost, and higher screen resolutions (e.g., 8K).
Pyeongdong station
Pyeongdong station (Korean: 평동역; Hanja: 平洞驛) is a station of Gwangju Metro Line 1 in Woljeon-dong, Gwangsan District, Gwangju, South Korea. It is located near at the Okdong Vehicle Office in Pyeong-dong. This station is only a ground section. In the middle of the night, the five formations are rushing at Okdong Station.

Gwangju
Gwangju (Korean: 광주; Korean: [kwaŋ.dʑu] ⓘ), formerly romanized as Kwangju, is South Korea's sixth-largest metropolis. It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until its promotion to a metropolitan city in 2005, upon which the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County.

Its name is composed of the words gwang (Korean: 광; Hanja: 光) meaning "light" and ju (주; 州) meaning "province". Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju (무주; 武州), in which "Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju, Ungju, Jeonju, Muju and various counties, plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla" in the Samguk sagi. In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region, the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine.
Odd Lundberg
Odd Harald Lundberg (3 October 1917 – 7 March 1983) was a speed skater from Norway.

Lundberg became World Allround Champion in Helsinki in 1948, finished third in Oslo in 1949, and second in Eskilstuna in 1950. He also won a competition in Bislett, Oslo in 1946, which was announced as unofficial World Championships. At the 1948 Winter Olympics of St. Moritz, he won silver on the 5,000 m, bronze on the 1,500 m, and finished in seventh place on the 10,000 m.

Lundberg was active over a period of 25 years; his last international event was in 1958, and he participated in the Norwegian Championships in 1961, 43 years old.

Bislett Stadium
Bislett Stadium (Norwegian: Bislett stadion) is a sports stadium in Oslo, Norway. Bislett is Norway's most well known sports arena internationally, with 15 speed skating world records and more than 50 track and field world records having been set here. The original stadium was demolished in 2004 and construction of a new stadium was completed by the summer of 2005. The New Bislett Stadium was designed by C.F. Møller Architects.
Pud Hamilton
William Edward "Billy, Pud" Hamilton (February 10, 1874 – October 23, 1965) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who was active in the early 1900s. Hamilton played for the Pittsburgh Athletic Club in the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, as well as for the Michigan Soo Indians in the International Professional Hockey League. He also appeared in two games with the Pittsburgh Bankers.

Pud Hamilton played with a rough edge to his game and a Pittsburgh Press report from January 1904 says he was released by manager Charles Miller of the Pittsburgh Athletic Club on account of his temper.

He was born in Kingston, Ontario.

Pittsburgh Bankers
The Pittsburgh Bankers were one of the earliest professional ice hockey clubs. The club was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and was a member of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, the first league to openly hire hockey players, from 1899–1904 and 1907–1909. The team played all of its games at Duquesne Garden, and was involved in the first known trade of professional hockey players.
Canon EF-M 15–45mm lens
The Canon EF-M 15-45mm f/3.5-6.3 IS STM is an interchangeable zoom lens, covering fields of view from wide-angle to short telephoto, for the Canon EF-M system of Canon Inc. mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera. It was announced by Canon on October 13, 2015, together with the new Canon EOS M10 camera.  The lens uses STM (stepping motor) technology and a collapsible design which takes up less space when the lens is not in use.

The lens is available in two colors, black and silver.

Canon EF lens mount
The EF lens mount is the standard lens mount on the Canon EOS family of SLR film and digital cameras. EF stands for "Electro-Focus": automatic focusing on EF lenses is handled by a dedicated electric motor built into the lens. Mechanically, it is a bayonet-style mount, and all communication between camera and lens takes place through electrical contacts; there are no mechanical levers or plungers. The mount was first introduced in 1987, with its last new lens design produced on Sep 5th, 2018.

Canon claims to have produced its 100-millionth EF-series interchangeable lens on April 22, 2014.
New Jersey's 15th congressional district
New Jersey's 15th congressional district in the House of Representatives was a relatively short-lived district that was created after the 1960 census and eliminated as a result of the redistricting cycle after the 1980 census.

New Jersey had gained a fourteenth seat following the 1930 census, and reached its historic maximum of fifteen in 1963. After the elimination of the 15th, New Jersey was left with 14 seats in the House of Representatives until 1993, when it was reduced to 13 as a result of the 1990 census.

In 1970, the district's borders largely overlapped those of Middlesex County, and a large majority of the county was in the 15th district.

The district was created starting with the 88th United States Congress in 1963, based on redistricting following the 1960 United States census. It was eliminated in 1983 following the 97th United States Congress.

1980 United States census
The 1980 United States census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 226,545,805, an increase of 11.4% over the 203,184,772 persons enumerated during the 1970 census. It was the first census in which a state—California—recorded a population of 20 million people, as well as the first in which all states recorded populations of over 400,000. This was the first census to count Hispanic and Latino Americans as an ethnicity.
WZRD (FM)
WZRD (88.3 MHz) is the student-run FM radio station at Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, Illinois, US, founded in 1974. The station serves the Chicago area.  The station is licensed by the FCC to Northeastern Illinois University. WZRD broadcasts on a freeform radio format and is a Pacifica Radio affiliate.

Pacifica Foundation
Pacifica Foundation is an American nonprofit organization that owns five independently operated, non-commercial, listener-supported radio stations known for their progressive/liberal political orientation. Its national headquarters adjoins station KPFK in North Hollywood, California.

Pacifica Foundation also operates the Pacifica Network, a program service supplying over 200 affiliated stations with various programs, primarily news and public affairs. It was the first public radio network in the United States and is one of the world's oldest listener-funded radio networks. Programs such as Democracy Now! and Free Speech Radio News have been some of its most popular productions.
Reilly Murphy
Reilly Stephen Murphy (born July 29, 1985) is an American college football coach. He is head football coach for Ottawa University Arizona, a position he has held since 2025. He was the head football coach for Lake Erie College from 2019 to 2021. He was the offensive coordinator for Gannon University from 2022 to 2023. He also coached for Indiana State, Grossmont College, Notre Dame (OH), Bethel (KS), Western New Mexico, Dixie State, Fayetteville State, and St. Thomas (FL). He played college football for Grossmont College and Indiana State as a quarterback.

St. Thomas Bobcats football
The St. Thomas Bobcats football team represents St. Thomas University in college football in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). The Bobcats are members of the Sun Conference (TSC), fielding its team in the TSC since 2022. The Bobcats play their home games at AutoNation Field in Miami Gardens, Florida.

Their head coach is Drew Davis, who is the son of former coach Butch Davis
Henri Emmanuelli
Henri Emmanuelli (French: [ɑ̃ʁi ɑ̃manɥeli]; 31 May 1945 – 21 March 2017) was a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party (PS), he was a deputy for Landes from 1978 to 1981, from 1986 to 1997 and again from 2000 to 2017. He served as President of the National Assembly from 1992 to 1993 and First Secretary of the Socialist Party from 1994 to 1995.

Deputy (France)
Deputies (French: députés and députées, pronounced [depyte] ⓘ), also known in English as members of Parliament (MPs), are the legislators who sit in the National Assembly, the lower house of the French Parliament. The 17th and current legislature of the Fifth Republic has a total of 577 deputies, elected in 577 constituencies across metropolitan (539) and overseas France (27), as well as for French residents overseas (11).
Arkeria Rose Armstrong
Arkeria Rose Armstrong is an Aboriginal artist of the Gamilaraay nation. Having a childhood spent traversing the Australian outback in a caravan, Armstrong later obtained a teaching degree before an offer from a Danish art gallery owner resulted in her official artistic debut in 2015. Her work is heavily based on inspiration from her grandparents, one a traditional dots in ochre painter and the other one of the last sand painters in New South Wales.

After her initial exhibition titled Strong Connection in the Aboriginal Art Gallery in Rotterdam, the opening presentation for her work having been done by the Australian ambassador to the Netherlands, Armstrong's pieces were exhibited in several other art galleries across Australia in the years since. However, her pieces continue to be exhibited in aboriginal art galleries in the Netherlands as well.

Ochre
Ochre (/ˈoʊkər/ OH-kər; from Ancient Greek  ὤχρα (ṓkhra) from  ὠχρός (ōkhrós) 'pale') is a family of natural clay earth pigments, made up of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand, ranging in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. The term is also used for the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow. A variant of ochre containing a large amount of hematite, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as red ochre (or, in some dialects in England, ruddle). The term "ochre" is colloquially used to cover a range of different substances used for their colours in Aboriginal Australian art and ceremonial decoration, for instance the clay known as "white ochre" or "pipe clay" is derived from kaolin or gypsum.