hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Qaleen
Qaleen (Kaleen, Kalin, قالین) is a type of hand knotted piled carpet. The term is used throughout Turkey, Iran and Central Asia, and making qaleens is currently practised as a handicraft in Turkey and Iran. Artisans may need at least two months to make one qaleen. The craft was learned from Persians by the artisans of Kashmir on the Indian subcontinent. These knotted pile carpets so were a blend of Persian and Indian craftsmanship. Qaleens or Ghalichas were made in the Kashmir region of India and Pakistan.

Colloquialism
Colloquialism (also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance) is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the language normally employed in casual conversation and other informal contexts. Colloquialism is characterized by the frequent use of expressive phrases, idioms, anthropocentrism, and a lack of specialized focus, and has a rapidly changing lexicon. It can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and syntactic ordering.

A specific instance of such language is termed a colloquialism. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is colloquial.
Demand (psychoanalysis)
In Lacanianism, demand (French: demande) is the way in which instinctive needs are alienated through language and signification. The concept of demand was developed by Lacan—outside of Freudian theory—in conjunction with need and desire in order to account for the role of speech in human aspirations, and forms part of the Lacanian opposition to the approach to language acquisition favored by ego psychology.

Ego psychology
Ego psychology is a school of psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freud's structural id-ego-superego model of the mind.

An individual interacts with the external world as well as responds to internal forces. Multiple psychoanalysts use a theoretical construct called the ego to explain how that is done through various ego functions. Adherents of ego psychology focus on the ego's normal and pathological development, its management of libidinal and aggressive impulses, and its adaptation to reality.
Ononitol
Ononitol is an organic compound with the formula (CHOH)5(CHOCH3).  It is derivative of inositol, specifically 4-O-methyl-myo-inositol: an ether that can be described as the result of replacing the hydroxyl (–OH) in position 4 of myo-inositol by a methoxy group.

This compound occurs in several organisms. It is one of the predominant soluble carbohydrate derivatives in the root nodules of the pea plant created by the bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum, and a constituent of Medicago sativa.

Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion HO−, called hydroxide, and the neutral radical HO·, known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group.

According to IUPAC definitions, the term hydroxyl refers to the hydroxyl radical (·OH) only, while the functional group −OH is called a hydroxy group.
Coccoloba gigantifolia
Coccoloba gigantifolia is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family Polygonaceae. It is endemic to the Madeira River Basin in the states of Amazonas and Rondônia in the central and southwestern Brazilian Amazon. This species resembles that of Coccoloba mollis but differs in that it has much larger leaves in its fertile branches.

Madeira River
The Madeira River (Portuguese: Rio Madeira [maˈdejɾɐ]) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be 1,450 km (900 mi) in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near 3,250 km (2,020 mi) or 3,380 km (2,100 mi) in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is the biggest tributary of the Amazon, accounting for about 15% of the water in the basin. A map from Emanuel Bowen in 1747, held by the David Rumsey Map Collection, refers to the Madeira by the pre-colonial, indigenous name Cuyari.

The River of Cuyari, called by the Portuguese Madeira or the Wood River, is formed by two great rivers, which join near its mouth. It was by this River, that the Nation of Topinambes passed into the River Amazon.
Sir Harry Range
The Sir Harry Range is a small mountain range in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located on the west side of Huaskin Lake, between Grappler Sound and Seymour Inlet, north of Port McNeill. It has an area of 18 km2 and is a subrange of the Pacific Ranges which in turn form part of the Coast Mountains.  The range was named for Sir Harry Verney whose son, Sir Edmund Verney commanded HMS Grappler while stationed at the Pacific Station from 1862 to 1866.

Pacific Station
The Pacific Station was created in 1837 as one of the geographical military formations into which the Royal Navy divided its worldwide responsibilities. The South America Station was split into the Pacific Station and the South East Coast of America Station.
March 2017 Parachinar suicide bombing
On 31 March 2017, a car bombing took place at a market in Parachinar, northwest Pakistan. The bombing was believed to be motivated by sectarianism, as the majority of the area's residents are Shia Muslims. At least 24 people were killed and more than 70 injured as a result of the blast. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and other political leaders condemned the attack.

Parachinar
Parachinar (Pashto: پاړه چنار; Urdu: پاڑہ چنار) is a city and the capital of the Kurram District in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Parachinar, situated on the west of Peshawar, juts into the Paktia, Logar and Nangarhar provinces of Afghanistan. With a distance of 110 kilometres (68 mi) from the capital of Afghanistan Kabul, Parachinar is the closest city in Pakistan to Kabul.
Shale gas in Canada
The inclusion of unconventional shale gas with conventional gas reserves has caused a sharp increase in estimated recoverable natural gas in Canada.  Until the 1990s success of hydraulic fracturing in the Barnett Shales of north Texas, shale gas was classed as "unconventional reserves" and was considered too expensive to recover. There are a number of prospective shale gas deposits in various stages of exploration and exploitation across the country, from British Columbia to Nova Scotia.

The US Energy Information Administration estimated in 2013 that there were 573 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of technically recoverable natural gas in Canada.

Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoirs, or unconventional resources (resource plays) are accumulations where oil and gas phases are tightly bound to the rock fabric by strong capillary forces, requiring specialized measures for evaluation and extraction.
Raozan Power Station
Raozan Power Station is a gas-fired thermal power station in Bangladesh. It is located in Raozan Upazila of Chattogram District 25 kilometres (16 mi) north-east from Chattogram on the south side of the Chattogram–Kaptai Highway. It is owned and operated  by the state-owned Bangladesh Power Development Board.

Kaptai Upazila
Kaptai (Bengali: কাপ্তাই) is an upazila of Rangamati District in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The name of the Kaptai was derived from the Tripuri word "Kaptetoima". It is said that in the past, the river was wild and full of tropical flora and fauna. Large quantities and several varieties of canes could be found along the river bank that flows from the south, upper ridge. The river reaches its estuary at the Kainsa Khyong (Karnafuli River).

Notable landmarks are the Karnaphuli Hydroelectric Power Station, the only hydroelectric power plant of Bangladesh. The Kaptai Dam, built for this purpose on the Karnaphuli River, created the Kaptai Lake, the largest man-made dam in Bangladesh.
Ratha Paasam (1980 film)
Ratha Paasam (transl. Blood affection) is a 1980 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by K. Vijayan and Sivaji Ganesan. The film was produced by Santhi Narayanasamy and T. Manohar, and stars Ganesan, Sripriya, M. N. Nambiar and Major Sundarrajan. It was released on 14 June 1980.

M. N. Nambiar
Mannjheri Narayanan Nambiar (7 March 1919 – 19 November 2008) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked in Tamil cinema, renowned for his portrayals of villainous characters. With a career spanning over eight decades, he became a notable figure in the industry. Nambiar also appeared in a few Malayalam, Telugu, English and Hindi films during his career.

He appeared in many MGR  movies as a villain. Some of the famous ones include Enga Veettu Pillai, Aayirathil Oruvan, Nadodi Mannan, Naalai Namadhe, Padagotti, Thirudathe, En Annan, Kaavalkaaran and Kudiyirundha Koyil.
Bajgiran
Bajgiran (Persian: باجگيران) is a city in, and the capital of, Bajgiran District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. On the Iran-Turkmenistan border, it is the site of an official crossing point into Turkmenistan.

Iran–Turkmenistan border
The Iran–Turkmenistan border is the national border separating the countries of Iran and Turkmenistan. It is 1,148 km (713 miles) in length and runs from the Caspian Sea to the tripoint with Afghanistan. The Turkmen capital Ashgabat is only 15 miles north of this boundary, and Mashhad (Iran's second largest city) is 47 miles south of it.
Rickey Clark
Rickey Charles Clark (born March 21, 1946) is a retired American professional baseball player and right-handed pitcher who appeared in all or parts of five seasons in Major League Baseball for the California Angels. At 21, Clark had a highly promising rookie season for the pennant-contending 1967 Angels, but struggled thereafter during his big league career.

Born in Mount Clemens, Michigan, Clark was signed by his hometown Detroit Tigers in 1965, after graduating from Redford Union High School and just prior to the institution of the Major League Baseball draft. After two seasons in the Tiger farm system, the Angels selected the 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), 170 lb (77 kg) pitcher in the 1966 Rule 5 draft.

Rookie
A rookie is a person new to an occupation, profession, or hobby. In sports, a rookie is a professional athlete in their first season (or year).

In contrast with a veteran, who has experience, a rookie is typically considered needing more training and learning, though they may bring a new outside expertise to a job.
Lamjung Durbar
Lamjung Durbar (Nepali: लमजुङ दरबार) is a remaining part of the palace of the then King Yahobrahma Shah of Lamjung principality in 1494, at present in Lamjung District, Gandaki Province of Nepal.

It was built in the 16th century by King Yashobrahma Shah of Lamjung principality. Lamjung Durbar also acts as a fortification.

Lamjung Durbar was nationalised on 23 August 2007. In 2015, the Government of Nepal issued stamps featuring the Lamjung Durbar.

Gandaki Province
Gandaki Province (Nepali: गण्डकी  प्रदेश, romanized: Gaṇḍakī pradēśa ([ɡʌɳɖʌki]) Listenⓘ) is one of the seven federal provinces established by the current constitution of Nepal which was promulgated on 20 September 2015. Pokhara is the province's capital city. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region in Southwestern China to the north, Bagmati Province to the east, Karnali Province to the west, and Lumbini Province and Bihar in India to the south. The total area of the province is 21,504 km2 (8,303 sq mi), constituting 14.57% of Nepal's total area. According to the 2021 census, the population of the province was 2,479,745. The newly elected Provincial Assembly adopted Gandaki Province as the permanent name, replacing its initial name Province No. 4 on 27 April 2023. Surendra Raj Pandey is the present chief minister of Gandaki Province.
First Canadian Place
First Canadian Place is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Toronto, Ontario, at the northwest corner of King and Bay Streets, and serves as the global operational executive office of the Bank of Montreal. At 298 metres (978 ft) tall, it is the second-tallest building in Canada (after The One), the 35th-tallest building in North America, and the 244th-tallest in the world. From its completion in 1975 until 2025, it held the title of being the tallest building in Canada. It is also the fourth-tallest free-standing structure in Canada, after the CN Tower (also in Toronto), the Inco Superstack chimney (projected to be demolished) in Sudbury, and The One (also in Toronto). It was Canada's tallest building from 1975 until June 2025, when it was surpassed by The One. The building is owned by Manulife Financial Corporation (50%) in addition to a private consortium of investors including CPP Investments. The building is managed by Brookfield Properties.

Manulife
Manulife Financial Corporation (French: Financière Manuvie) is a Canadian multinational insurance company and financial services provider headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The company operates in Canada and Asia as "Manulife" and in the United States primarily through its John Hancock Financial division. As of December 2021, the company employed approximately 38,000 people and had 119,000 agents under contract, and has CA$1.4 trillion in assets under management and administration. Manulife at one point serviced over 26 million customers worldwide.

Manulife is the largest insurance company in Canada and the 28th largest fund manager in the world based on worldwide institutional assets under management (AUM).

Manulife Bank of Canada is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Manulife.
Seasalter Levels
Seasalter Levels is a  71.4-hectare (176-acre) Local Nature Reserve in Seasalter, on the western outskirts of Whitstable in Kent. It is owned and managed by Canterbury City Council. It is part of The Swale Ramsar site, Special Protection Area and Site of Special Scientific Interest.

This freshwater grazing marsh is important for wildfowl and wading birds such as wigeons, redshanks, lapwings, mallards and shelducks.

There is no public access to the site.

The Swale
The Swale is a tidal channel of the Thames estuary that separates the Isle of Sheppey from the rest of Kent.  On its banks is a 6,509.4-hectare (16,085-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest which stretches from Sittingbourne to Whitstable in Kent. It is also a Ramsar internationally important wetland site and a Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. Parts of it are a  Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I, National Nature Reserves, a Kent Wildlife Trust nature reserve and a Local Nature Reserve.
Chovvakkaran Shahid
Chovvakkaran Shahid (born 8 February 1983) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Kerala. He made his first-class debut for Kerala against Goa on November 24, 2012, in the 2012-13 Ranji Trophy. He made his List A debut for Kerala against Hyderabad in the 2012-13 Vijay Hazare Trophy.

2012–13 Vijay Hazare Trophy
The 2012–13 Vijay Hazare Trophy was the 20th edition of the Vijay Hazare Trophy, an annual List A cricket tournament in India. It was contested between 27 domestic cricket teams, starting on 13 February and finishing on 3 March 2013. In the final, Delhi beat Assam by 75 runs to win their maiden title.
Lowland copperhead
The lowland copperhead or lowlands copperhead (Austrelaps superbus) is a venomous snake species in the family Elapidae, found in southeastern Australia, including Tasmania. It is commonly referred to as the copperhead, but is not closely related to the American copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix.  If provoked, the lowland copperhead is a dangerous snake with neurotoxic venom, which can kill an adult human if correct first aid is not applied promptly.

Venomous snake
Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom, which they use for killing prey, for defense, and to assist with digestion of their prey. The venom is typically delivered by injection using hollow or grooved fangs, although some venomous snakes lack well-developed fangs. Common venomous snakes include the families Elapidae, Viperidae, Atractaspididae, and some of the Colubridae. The toxicity of venom is mainly indicated by murine LD50, while multiple factors are considered to judge the potential danger to humans. Other important factors for risk assessment include the likelihood that a snake will bite, the quantity of venom delivered with the bite, the efficiency of the delivery mechanism, and the location of a bite on the body of the victim. Snake venom may have both neurotoxic and hemotoxic properties. There are about 600 venomous snake species in the world.
Hsu Gi-sheng
Hsu Gi-sheng (許績勝; born 2 January 1964) is a Taiwanese long-distance runner. He competed in the men's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He later became a coach at the National Taiwan Sport University.

Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
The men's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta was held on Sunday, August 4, 1996. The race started at 07:05h local time to avoid excessively hot and humid conditions. A total number of 111 athletes completed the race, with an injured and limping Abdul Baser Wasiqi from Afghanistan finishing in last position in 4:24:17.

There were 124 competitors from 79 countries. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. Thirteen competitors did not finish. The medal ceremony took place during the Closing Ceremony which they did again in Athens eight years later. The event was won by Josia Thugwane of South Africa, the nation's first victory in the Olympic men's marathon since 1912. South Korea's Lee Bong-ju won the silver, and Erick Wainaina of Kenya won bronze.
Ramaria stricta
Ramaria stricta, commonly known as the strict-branch coral or strict coral mushroom, is a coral fungus of the genus Ramaria. Its fruit body is up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, made of multiple slender, compact, and vertical parallel branches. Its color is typically light tan to vinaceous-brown. All parts of the mushroom bruise when handled. There are several lookalikes that can usually be distinguished from R. stricta by differences in coloration, bruising reaction, or microscopic features.

The species has a cosmopolitan distribution and grows on dead wood, stumps, trunks, and branches of both deciduous and coniferous trees. The fungus is inedible due to its unpleasant odor and bitter taste.

Wine red
The color wine, or wine red (compare West Frisian: wynread, Afrikaans: wynrooi, Italian: vino rosso, Swedish: vinröd, Finnish: viininpunainen, etc), also called bordeaux, vinous, or vinaceous, is a dark shade of red. It is a representation of the typical color of red wine.

The first recorded use of wine as a color name in English was in 1705. The word bordeaux is also sometimes used to describe this color.
Communal conflicts in Nigeria
Communal conflicts in Nigeria can be divided into two broad categories:

Ethno-religious conflicts, attributed to actors primarily divided by cultural, ethnic, or religious communities and identities, such as instances of religious violence between Christian and Muslim communities.

Herder–farmer conflicts, typically involving disputes over land and/or cattle between herders (in particular the Fulani and Hausa) and farmers (in particular the Adara, Berom, Tiv and Tarok).

The most impacted states are those of the Nigerian Middle Belt like Benue, Taraba and Plateau.  Violence has reached two peaks in 2004 and 2011 with around 2,000 fatalities those years. It resulted in more than 700 fatalities in 2015 alone.

Tiv people
Tiv (or Tiiv) are a Bantu ethnic group. They constitute approximately 2.4% of Nigeria's total population, and number over 5 million individuals throughout Nigeria and Cameroon. The Tiv language is spoken by over 5 million people in Nigeria, with a few speakers in Cameroon. Most of the language's Nigerian speakers are found in Benue, Taraba, Nasarawa, Plateau and Cross River states. The language is a branch of Benue–Congo and ultimately of the Niger–Congo phylum. In pre-colonial times, the Fulani ethnic group referred to the Tiv as "Munchi" (also sometimes written Munshi e.g. Duggan, E. de C. 1932), a term not accepted by the Tiv people.
Harrison J. Peck
Harrison J. Peck (November 23, 1842 – February 12, 1913) was an American businessman, soldier, and politician.

Peck was born in Clarendon, Rutland County, Vermont. He went to the New Hampton Institute in Fairfax, Vermont and then enlisted in the 1st United States Sharpshooters under the command of William Y. W. Ripley of Vermont, during the American Civil War. Peck graduated from Albany Law School in Albany, New York and then settled in Shakopee, Scott County, Minnesota, in 1865, with his wife and family. Peck practiced law in Shakopee, Minnesota and was the editor and publisher of the Shakopee Agnus newspaper. Peck served in the Minnesota Senate from 1883 to 1886 and was involved with the Democratic Party. He also served as Mayor of Shakopee, Minnesota and as the Scott County Attorney.

Minnesota Senate
The Minnesota Senate is the upper house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota. At 67 members, half as many as the Minnesota House of Representatives, it is the largest upper house of any U.S. state legislature. Floor sessions are held in the west wing of the State Capitol in Saint Paul. Committee hearings, as well as offices for senators and staff, are located north of the State Capitol in the Minnesota Senate Building. Each member of the Minnesota Senate represents approximately 85,000 constituents.
Monroeville, Pennsylvania
Monroeville is a home-rule municipality in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a suburb with mixed residential and commercial developments located about 10 miles (16 km) east of Pittsburgh. The population was 28,640 at the 2020 census.

Home rule municipality (Pennsylvania)
In the U.S. commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a home rule municipality is one incorporated under its own unique charter, created pursuant to the state's home rule and optional plans law and approved by referendum.  "Local governments without home rule can only act where specifically authorized by state law; home rule municipalities can act anywhere except where they are specifically limited by state law".  Although many such municipalities have retained the word "Township" or "Borough" in their official names, the Pennsylvania Township and Borough Codes no longer apply to them. All three types of municipalities (cities, boroughs, and townships) may become a home rule municipality.
Alinafe Kalemba
Alinafe Kalemba (born 7 May 1967) is a Malawian Anglican bishop and academic administrator. Since 2013, he has been bishop of Southern Malawi in the Church of the Province of Central Africa. Prior this, he was principal of Leonard Kamungu Theological College, the first Anglican seminary in Malawi.

Church of the Province of Central Africa
The Church of the Province of Central Africa is part of the Anglican Communion, and includes 15 dioceses in Botswana, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Primate of the Church is the Archbishop of Central Africa. Albert Chama is the current archbishop, being installed on 20 March 2011, succeeding Bernard Amos Malango who retired in 2007.  From 1980 to 2000, Walter Khotso Makhulu, an Anti-Apartheid activist, was Archbishop as well as Bishop of Botswana. Archbishop Chama continues to serve as Bishop of Northern Zambia, and is the second Zambian to be Archbishop of Central Africa. In 2020, the World Christian Database and the World Christian Encyclopedia, published by Edinburgh University Press, estimated the church had 1,788,000 baptised members.