hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anaphoric clitic
In linguistics, anaphoric clitics are a specific subset of clitics: morphologically-bound morphemes that syntactically resemble one word unit, but are bound phonologically to another word unit. Anaphoric clitics are a type of anaphor, meaning that they refer to previously mentioned constituents. Anaphoric clitics thus fill a position in a clause that would otherwise be occupied by a noun phrase, meaning that they are in complementary distribution with full noun phrases. A sentence can thus either contain an anaphoric clitic or a full noun phrase carrying out a particular grammatical function, but not both.

For example, in the Yagua language, spoken in Peru, there is an anaphoric clitic sa which appears before the verb, in subject function: the verb can either have a full noun phrase subject, or the clitic sa.

Clitic
In morphology and syntax, a clitic (/ˈklɪtɪk/ KLIT-ik, backformed from Greek ἐγκλιτικός enklitikós "leaning" or "enclitic") is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always attached to a host. A clitic is pronounced like an affix, but plays a syntactic role at the phrase level. In other words, clitics have the form of affixes, but the distribution of function words.

Clitics can belong to any grammatical category, although they are commonly pronouns, determiners, or adpositions. Note that orthography is not always a good guide for distinguishing clitics from affixes: clitics may be written as separate words, but sometimes they are joined to the word they depend on (like the Latin clitic -que, meaning "and").
Solomon Mead
Solomon Mead (November 10, 1829 – 1905) was an American farmer, inventor, and iron founder who served as the first Principal of the Storrs Agricultural School, later the University of Connecticut (1881–1882).

Iron founder
An iron founder (also iron-founder or ironfounder) in its more general sense is a worker in molten ferrous metal, generally working within an iron foundry. However, the term 'iron founder' is usually reserved for the owner or manager of an iron foundry, a person also known in Victorian England as a 'master'. Workers in a foundry are generically described as 'foundrymen'; however, the various craftsmen working in foundries, such as moulders and pattern makers, are often referred to by their specific trades.

Historically the appellation "founder" was given to the supervisor of a blast furnace, and persons who made castings in iron or other heavy metal. The term is also often applied to the company or works in which an iron foundry operates.
Dadi (surname)
Dadi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bilkis Dadi (born 1937/38), Indian activist

Birtukan Ayano Dadi (born 1975), Ethiopian judge and diplomat

Eugène Dadi (born 1973), Ivorian footballer

Firdaus Dadi, Indian actress

Marcel Dadi (1951–1996), Tunisian-born French guitarist

Zhou Dadi (born 1996), Chinese football player

Bilkis Dadi
Bilkis Bano, nicknamed Bilkis Dadi (lit. transl. 'Grandmother Bilkis'), is an Indian activist who was at the forefront of protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA) passed by the central Government of India. She received national and international coverage during the sit-in protest in Shaheen Bagh in Delhi. For her role in the Shaheen Bagh protest, she came to be known as one of the 'Dadis of Shaheen Bagh' (English: Grandmothers of Shaheen Bagh) and went on to be listed on the Time 100 list and BBC's 100 Women in 2020. She was named "Woman of the Year" in The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims for 2020.
Departmental Council of Hérault
The Departmental Council of Hérault (French: Conseil départemental de l'Hérault, Occitan: Conselh departamental d'Erau) is the deliberative assembly of the Hérault department in the region of Occitanie. It consists of 50 members (general councilors) from 25 cantons and its headquarters are in Montpellier.

The President of the General Council is Kléber Mesquida.

Kléber Mesquida
Kléber Mesquida (born 3 August 1945 in Douaouda, French Algeria) was a member of the National Assembly of France.  He represented the Hérault department,  and is a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche.
Korbinian Aigner
Korbinian Aigner, known as the Apfelpfarrer ("apple pastor"), (11 May 1885, in Hohenpolding, district of Erding, Bavaria – 5 October 1966, in Freising, Bavaria) was a Bavarian Catholic priest and pomologist.

Pomology
Pomology (from Latin pomum, "fruit", + -logy, "study") is a branch of botany that studies fruits and their cultivation. Someone who researches and practices the science of pomology is called a pomologist.

Pomological research is mainly focused on the development, enhancement, cultivation, and physiological studies of fruit trees. The goals of fruit tree improvement include enhancement of fruit quality, regulation of production periods, and reduction of production costs.

The term fruticulture (from Latin fructus, "fruit", + cultura, "care") is also used to describe the agricultural practice of growing fruits in orchards. It is applied horticulture of growing, managing, and producing fruit crops.

It focuses on:

Orchard establishment and layout

Pruning, training, and canopy management

Irrigation and fertilization

Pest and disease control

Harvesting and orchard management practices
Fariza (given name)
Fariza is an Arabic and Central Asian feminine given name borne by:

Fariza Ongarsynova (1939–2014), Kazakh poet

Fariza Magomadova (born 1925), former Chechen boarding school director and teacher

Fariza Aldangorova (born 1996), Kazakhstani taekwondo practitioner

Fariza Ongarsynova
Fariza Ongarsynkyzy Ongarsynova (Kazakh: Фариза Оңғарсынқызы Оңғарсынова, Fariza Oñğarsynqyzy Oñğarsynova; 25 December 1939 – 23 January 2014) was a Kazakh poet. She was a People's Writer of Kazakhstan (1991), laureate of the state prize of the Kazakh SSR named after Abay (1979), a public figure, and the author of a number of poetry books and publications.
Inna Lasovskaya
Inna Alexandrovna Lasovskaya (Russian: Инна Александровна Ласовская; born 17 December 1969) is a retired triple jumper from Russia. She won a gold medal at the 1994 European Athletics Indoor Championships, ahead of compatriot and world record holder Anna Biryukova. In 1996 she jumped past the 15-metre mark for the first time (15.08 in Madrid) and won an Olympic silver medal. In 1997 she won the World Indoor Championships, and the same year in Valencia she jumped 15.09 metres, which remains her personal best.

1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships
The 6th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France from March 7 to March 9, 1997. It was the first athletic championships to introduce women's pole vault. There were a total number of 712 participating athletes from 118 countries.
9mm Mars
The 9 mm Mars is an experimental centerfire pistol cartridge developed in the late 19th century based on necking down the .45 Mars Long case.  The bullet has two deep cannelures, and the case is crimped into both.  The case mouth is chamfered on the outside to fit flush into the forward cannelure.  This elaborate bullet seating was necessary to withstand the violent feed mechanism of the Mars Automatic Pistol.  The cartridge headspaces on the shoulder adjacent to the neck.  The case has a thin rim and deep extractor groove in comparison to most rimless pistol cartridges.  There was a very similar 8.5mm Mars cartridge firing a 139 grain bullet at 1550 feet per second.  The Mars cartridges were publicized as the most powerful handgun cartridges through the early 20th century; but less than 100 pistols were made and manufacture ceased in 1907.

Centerfire ammunition
A center-fire (or centerfire) is a type of metallic cartridge used in firearms, where the primer is located at the center of the base of its casing (i.e. "case head").  Unlike rimfire cartridges, the centerfire primer is typically a separate component seated into a recessed cavity (known as the primer pocket) in the case head and is replaceable by reloading the cartridge.

Centerfire cartridges have supplanted the rimfire cartridge, with the exception of a few small calibers. The majority of today's handguns, rifles, and shotguns use centerfire ammunition, with the exception of some .17 caliber, .20 caliber, and .22 caliber rimfire handgun and rifle cartridges, a few small-bore/gauge shotgun shells (intended mainly for use in pest control), and a handful of antiquated rimfire and pinfire cartridges for various firearm actions.
2018 Ladies' National Football League
The 2018 Ladies' National Football League, known for sponsorship reasons as the Lidl Ladies' National Football League, is a ladies' Gaelic football competition taking place in early 2018.

For the first time, LNFL games were broadcast live on Eir Sport.

Dublin  were the winners, defeating Mayo in the final.

Lidl
Lidl (LEE-dəl, German: [ˈliːdl̩] ⓘ) is a trademark used by two German international discount supermarket chains that operates over 12,950 stores. LD Stiftung operates the stores in Germany and Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG in 30 other countries. LD Stiftung is headquartered in Bad Wimpfen and the Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG in Neckarsulm, both in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Both sister companies belong to the Schwarz Group, which also includes hypermarket chain Kaufland.

Lidl is the chief competitor of the German discount chain Aldi in several markets.
Van Riper
Van Riper is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Van Riper (1905–1994), speech therapist

Jacob J. Van Riper (1838–1912), American lawyer and politician

Paul K. Van Riper (born 1938), retired Lieutenant General of the United States Marine Corps

Paul P. Van Riper (1916–2014), political scientist

Peter Van Riper (1942–1998), artist and musician

Walter D. Van Riper (1895–1973), American judge and politician

Charles King Van Riper (1891–1964),  American newspaperman, writer, and playwright

Walter D. Van Riper
Walter David Van Riper (May 18, 1895 – March 4, 1973) was an American politician and judge. A member of the Republican Party, he served as mayor of West Orange, New Jersey, and was a county court judge for 18 years before being chosen to serve as the Attorney General of New Jersey from 1944 to 1948, focusing on combating racketeering while in office.
Hardit Malik
Sardar Hardit Singh Malik CIE OBE (23 November 1894 – 31 October 1985) was an Indian civil servant and diplomat.  He was the first Indian High Commissioner to Canada, and then Indian Ambassador to France.

He was the first Indian to fly as a pilot with the Royal Flying Corps in the First World War.  He also played first-class cricket between 1914 and 1930.

High commissioner (Commonwealth)
In the Commonwealth of Nations, a high commissioner is the senior diplomat, generally ranking as an ambassador, in charge of the diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth government to another. Instead of an embassy, the diplomatic mission is generally called a high commission.
Civic Center, Los Angeles
The Civic Center district of Downtown Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, is the administrative core of the City of Los Angeles, County of Los Angeles, and a complex of city, county, state, and federal government offices, buildings, and courthouses. It is located on the site of the former business district of the city during the 1880s and 1890s, since mostly-demolished.

Bunker Hill, Los Angeles
Bunker Hill is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California. It is part of Downtown Los Angeles.

Historically, Bunker Hill was a large hill that separated the Victorian-era Downtown from the western end of the city. The hill was tunneled through at Second Street in 1924, and at Third and Fourth Streets. In the late 20th century, the hill was lowered in elevation, and the entire area was redeveloped to supplant old frame and concrete buildings with modern high-rises and other structures for residences, commerce, entertainment, and education.
Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū
Tenjin Shinyo-ryu (天神真楊流, Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū), meaning "Divine True Willow School", can be classified as a traditional school (koryū) of jūjutsu. It was founded by Iso Mataemon Ryūkansai Minamoto no Masatari (磯又右衛門柳関斎源正足) in the 1830s. Its syllabus comprises atemi-waza (striking techniques), nage-waza (throwing techniques), torae-waza (immobilization methods), and shime-waza (choking techniques). Once a very popular jujutsu system in Japan, among the famous students who studied the art were Kanō Jigorō and  Morihei Ueshiba. Kanō founded the modern art of judo, and  Ueshiba founded aikido.

Throw (grappling)
In martial arts, a throw is a grappling technique that involves off-balancing or lifting an opponent, and throwing them to the ground. Throws are a subset of takedown (grappling). In Japanese martial arts throws are referred to as nage waza, 投げ技, "throwing technique(s)".
Al-Ziyarah
Al-Ziyarah (Arabic: الزيارة, also spelled Zeyareh) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 75 kilometers northwest of Hama. It is situated in the Ghab plain, on the eastern bank of the Orontes River. Nearby localities include Qarqur 7 kilometers to the north, Sirmaniyah to the northwest, Qastun to the east and Farikah, Khirbet al-Arus and al-Amqiyah Tahta to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, al-Ziyarah had a population of 3,541 in the 2004 census. It is also the center of the Al-Ziyarah Nahiyah ("subdistrict"), part of the Al-Suqaylabiyah District, consisting of 25 localities and with a combined population of 38,872 in 2004.

Ghab Plain
The Ghab Plain (Arabic: سَهْلُ ٱلْغَابِ, romanized: Sahl al-Ġāb, literally: Forest Plain) is a fertile depression lying mainly in the al-Suqaylabiyah District in western Syria. The Orontes River, flowing north, enters the Plain near Muhradah, around 25 km north-west of Hama.

The valley was flooded for centuries by the waters of the Orontes River, which rendered it a swamp. The "Ghab project", beginning in the 1950s, drained the valley to make it habitable, arable land, providing an extra 41,000 hectares (160 mi2) of irrigated farmland.

The valley separates the al-Ansariyah mountains in the west from the Zawiyah mountain range and the plateau region to the east. It is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long and 12.1 kilometres (7.5 mi) wide.
Marie-Monique Robin
Marie-Monique Robin (French pronunciation: [maʁi mɔnik ʁɔbɛ̃]; born 15 June 1960, Poitou-Charentes) is a French TV journalist and documentary filmmaker. She generally issues books and documentary films together on the topics she investigates, in order to make more people aware of the issues she studies.

Her work has been recognized by numerous awards: the 1995 Albert Londres Prize for Voleurs d'yeux (1994), an exposé about organ theft; best political documentary award from the French Senate for Escadrons de la mort, l'école française (2003), her film about France's transfer of counter-insurgency techniques (including torture) to Argentina; and the Rachel Carson Prize for Le monde selon Monsanto (2008), her film on Monsanto and challenges to the environment from its products, including GMOs.

Poitou-Charentes
Poitou-Charentes (French pronunciation: [pwatu ʃaʁɑ̃t] ⓘ;  Occitan: Peitau-Charantas; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Poetou-Chérentes) was an administrative region on the southwest coast of France. It comprised four departments: Charente, Charente-Maritime, Deux-Sèvres and Vienne. It included the historical provinces of Angoumois, Aunis, Saintonge and Poitou.

Poitiers was the regional capital. Other important cities were La Rochelle, Niort, Angoulême, Châtellerault, Saintes, Rochefort and Royan.

Poitou-Charentes was merged with Aquitaine and Limousin to form the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine on 1 January 2016.
Steve Godfrey
Steve Godfrey, Steven Godfrey, or Stephen Godfrey is the name of:

Steve Godfrey (medium), host of U.S. radio show The Other Side

Stephen Godfrey (1953–1993), senior feature writer for Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail

Steve Godfrey, member of English rock band Switches

"Sir" Stephen Godfrey, ex-member of U.S. country band Vince Vance & The Valiants

Steven Godfrey, manager of public relations for TNA (Total Nonstop Action Wrestling)

Switches (band)
Switches were an English indie rock band, consisting of members Matt Bishop (lead vocals and guitar), Ollie Thomas (guitar and backing vocals), Maxwell Tite (bass guitar) and James Gardiner pka Jimmy G (drums) .
Maria Gertrude Maderni
Maria Gertrude Maderni (born Maria Colomba Maderni; 1703 – 22 July 1771) was a Swiss Catholic Ursuline nun who founded and led the convent of Our Lady of Loreto in Bellinzona. She was a representative of the ruling elite and served as mother superior or vicar from 1730 until her death.

Bellinzona
Bellinzona (/ˌbɛlɪnˈzoʊnə/ BEL-in-ZOH-nə, Italian: [bellinˈtsoːna] ⓘ; Ticinese: Belinzóna [belĩˈtsona]) is a municipality, a historic Swiss town, and the capital of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The town is famous for its three castles (Castelgrande, Montebello, Sasso Corbaro) that have been UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2000.

The town lies east of the river Ticino, at the foot of the Alps. It stretches along the river valley, surrounded by the southern ranges of the Lepontine Alps to the east and west, and by the Lugano Prealps to the south.
Calder Derby
The Calder Derby presented by Woodford Reserve is an American Grade III Thoroughbred horse race run annually in October at Calder Race Course in Miami, Florida. Contested for a current purse of $250,000 over a distance of 1+1⁄8 miles on turf, the race is open to three-year-old horses.

Inaugurated as the Hollywood Handicap in 1972, and open for horses age three and up until 1985, the name was changed to the Calder Derby in 1994.

Tie (draw)
A draw or tie occurs in a competitive sport when the results are identical or inconclusive. Ties or draws are possible in some, but not all, sports and games. Such an outcome, sometimes referred to as deadlock, can also occur in other areas of life such as politics, business, and wherever there are different factions regarding an issue.
1980 Epsom Derby
The 1980 Epsom Derby was the 201st annual running of the Derby horse race. It took place at Epsom Downs Racecourse on 4 June 1980.

The race was won by Etti Plesch's American bred Henbit at odds of 7/1. Ridden by Willie Carson and trained at West Ilsley by Dick Hern, Henbit would be the second Derby winner in two years for the trainer/jockey duo. While the winning margin of just three quarters of a length was unremarkable, that Henbit returned with a fractured cannon bone in his off-fore leg, thought to have occurred a furlong and a half from the finish led his trainer to describe him as a "very brave horse". Furthermore, the winning time of 2:34.77 was the fastest since Nijinsky won in 1970.

Chesham Stakes
The Chesham Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old horses. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 7 furlongs (1,408 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June.
MyDD
MyDD was the first large collaborative politically progressive American politics blog. It was established by Jerome Armstrong in 2001. Its name was originally short for "My Due Diligence." In 2005, MyDD was profiled in Campaigns and Elections magazine, crediting the site with being "the first major liberal blog." In January 2006, the name was changed to "My Direct Democracy" as part of a site redesign, with the new tagline "Direct Democracy for People-Powered Politics."

Due diligence
Due diligence is the investigation or exercise of care that a reasonable business or person is normally expected to take before entering into an agreement or contract with another party or an act with a certain standard of care.

Due diligence can be a legal obligation, but the term more commonly applies to voluntary investigations. It may also offer a defence against legal action. A common example of due diligence is the process through which a potential acquirer evaluates a target company or its assets in advance of a merger or acquisition. The theory behind due diligence holds that performing this type of investigation contributes significantly to informed decision making by enhancing the amount and quality of information available to decision makers and by ensuring that this information is systematically used to deliberate on the decision at hand and all its costs, benefits, and risks.
Ralston, Alberta
The Crown Village of Ralston is east of Highway 884 on CFB Suffield within Cypress County in southern Alberta, Canada. It is approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the Hamlet of Suffield and the Trans-Canada Highway.

Southern Alberta
Southern Alberta is a region located in the Canadian province of Alberta.  In 2016, the region's population was approximately 291,112. The primary cities are Lethbridge and Medicine Hat. The region is known mostly for agricultural production, but other sectors, such as alternative energy, film production and tourism, are emerging.
Cathrin Brisken
Cathrin Brisken (born in 1967 in Osnabrück, Germany)  is a German and Swiss medical doctor, researcher, and professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). Her research focuses on the mechanisms of hormonal control in breast cancer development.

Robert Weinberg (biologist)
Robert Allan Weinberg (born November 11, 1942) is an American biologist, Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), director of the Ludwig Center of the MIT, and American Cancer Society Research Professor. His research is in the area of oncogenes and the genetic basis of human cancer.

Robert Weinberg is also affiliated with the Broad Institute and is a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. Weinberg and Eric Lander, a colleague at M.I.T., are co-founders of Verastem, a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells.
Grant Wright Christian
Grant Wright Christian (July 17, 1911 – May 21, 1989) was an American artist. He graduated from the John Herron Art Institute in 1933 and later attended the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts from which he received the Thouron Prize.

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) is a museum and private art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1805, it is the longest continuously operating art museum and art school in the United States.

The academy's museum is internationally known for its collections of 19th- and 20th-century American paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. Its archives house important materials for the study of American art history, museums, and art training. It offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Fine Arts, certificate programs, and continuing education. Beginning in 2025, the academy will cease offering degrees except bachelor's degrees in conjunction with the University of Pennsylvania.
Tŷ-Newydd, Ceredigion
Tŷ-Newydd is a small village in the  community of Llanrhystud, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 69.5 miles (111.8 km) from Cardiff and 179.1 miles (288.2 km) from London. Tŷ-Newydd is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons.

Elin Jones
Elin Jones (born 1 September 1966), PC  MS is a Welsh politician who has served as the Llywydd of the Senedd since 2016. A member of Plaid Cymru, Jones has been the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Ceredigion since 1999.