hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1934-35 malaria outbreak in Ceylon
The Malaria Epidemic of 1934-1935 was one of the largest Malaria epidemic Sri Lanka had experienced. Epidemic had a major impact on Ceylon with 1.5 million people of a population of 5.5 million effected and 80,000 excess deaths over a 7-month period. The epidemic was primarily triggered by a drought that led to the failure of the monsoon rains, which in turn caused a severe rice famine and weakened the population. It was the first major crisis of the newly elected State Council of Ceylon.

Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to: war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality. Every inhabited continent in the world has experienced a period of famine throughout history. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Southeast and South Asia, as well as Eastern and Central Europe, suffered the greatest number of fatalities due to famine. Deaths caused by famine declined sharply beginning in the 1970s, with numbers falling further since 2000. Since 2010, Africa has been the most affected continent in the world by famine. As of 2025,  Haiti and Afghanistan are the two countries with the most catastrophic and widespread states of famine, followed by Sudan.
Eric Giddens (politician)
Eric Giddens (born November 9, 1973) is an American politician in the state of Iowa currently serving in the Iowa Senate as a member for the 38th District. A Democrat, he was elected to the Senate's 30th district defeating Republican Walt Rogers in a special election held on March 19, 2019, after incumbent senator Jeff Danielson resigned. Giddens was a member of the Cedar Falls, Iowa School Board and a program director at the University of Northern Iowa's Center for Energy and Environmental Education.

As of February 2020, Giddens serves on the following committees: Education, State Government, Transportation, Veterans Affairs, and Ways and Means. He also serves on the Tax Credit Review Committee, as well as the Education Commission of the States, and the Research and Development School Advisory Council.

Iowa Senate
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly. There are 50 seats in the Iowa Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state of Iowa with populations of approximately 63,807 per constituency, as of the 2020 United States census. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the lower house, the Iowa House of Representatives, senators serve four-year terms, with no term limits. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
Action Woman
"Action Woman" is a song by the American garage rock band the Litter, written by their record producer Warren Kendrick, and first released as the group's debut single on Scotty Records in January 1967 (see 1967 in music). The song also appeared on the band's first album Distortions. Although "Action Woman" never broke out on the national charts, it is now revered as a classic piece of the musical genre of garage rock. Accordingly, the composition has appeared on several compilation albums – most famously as the opening track on Pebbles, Volume 1, incorporating a skip in the recording – and has been the subject of cover versions.

1967 in music
The year 1967 was important for psychedelic rock, and was famous for its "Summer of Love" in San Francisco. It saw major releases from multiple well-known bands including the Beatles, Small Faces, the newly renamed Eric Burdon and the Animals, Jefferson Airplane, Love, The Beach Boys, Cream, the Byrds, the Rolling Stones, the Who, and the Monkees. This year also saw debuts from many upcoming bands such as the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Big Brother and the Holding Company, the Doors, Moby Grape, Procol Harum, Traffic, the Velvet Underground, and Pink Floyd.
Estadio 25 de Noviembre
Estadio 25 de Noviembre is a multi-purpose stadium in Moquegua, Peru. It is currently used by football teams Deportivo Moquegua of the Peruvian Primera División, Real San Antonio of the Tercera División, and Atlético Huracán de Moquegua of the Copa Perú. Built in 2009, the stadium has a maximum capacity of 21,073 spectators.

Moquegua
Moquegua (Spanish pronunciation: [moˈkeɣwa], founded by the Spanish colonists as Villa de Santa Catalina de Guadalcázar del Valle de Moquegua) is a city in southern Peru, located in the Department of Moquegua, of which it is the capital. It is also capital of Mariscal Nieto Province and Moquegua District. It is located 1144 kilometers south of the capital city of Lima.
Nelly Mutti
Nelly Butete Kashumba Mutti (born 30 August 1956) is a Zambian lawyer and politician who has been the 7th Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia since 2021, and is the first woman to hold that role. She was elected vice president of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in 2025.

National Assembly of Zambia
The National Assembly is Zambia's unicameral legislative body. Between 1972 and 1990, Zambia was a one-party state with the United National Independence Party (UNIP) as the sole legal party.

The current National Assembly, formed following elections held in 2021, has a total of 166 members. 156 members are directly elected in single-member constituencies using the simple plurality (or first-past-the-post) system. Eight additional seats are filled through presidential appointment. The Speaker, first deputy speaker and the Vice President are also granted a seat in the assembly.
Carles Riba Poetry Prize
The Carles Riba Poetry Prize (Catalan: Premi Carles Riba de poesia) is a literary prize for Catalan-language works awarded by the Edicions Proa publishing house with funding by the Catalan Encyclopedia Foundation. The winning poem is selected from original, unpublished poems during the Literary Night of Saint Lucía, organized by the Òmnium Cultural association. It has an endowment of €5,000.

The prize is a continuation of the Óssa Menor Prize, founded in 1950 by Josep Pedreira, editor of Els llibres de l'Óssa Menor. The prize was named in honor of the poet Carles Riba after his death in 1959.

Òmnium Cultural
Òmnium Cultural (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈɔmni.um kultuˈɾal]) is an association based in Barcelona, Catalonia. It was originally created in the 1960s to promote the Catalan language and spread Catalan culture.

Over the years it has increased its involvement in broader political issues; in 2012 it committed itself to Catalan independence, specifically demanding the right of self-determination for Catalonia. Jordi Cuixart, then president of Òmnium, was jailed for his involvement in protests preceding the 2017 Catalan independence referendum.

Currently Òmnium claims more than 190,000 members organised in 52 regional offices besides the headquarters in Barcelona.
Andrej Pazman
Andrej Pázman (born 1938) is a Slovak mathematician working in the area of optimum experimental design and in the theory of nonlinear statistical models. He is an elected fellow of the International Statistical Institute (2004), of the Learned Society of SAS (2004)  and also a member of the Royal Statistical Society (1992). He wrote also several books, three of them are monographs published in English. Today there are all presented by Springer. He obtained the Price of the Slovak Literary Fund for the Nonlinear statistical models   (1994). In 2004, he obtained the WU Best Paper Award der Stadt Wien (together with W.G. Mueller), in 2008, the Golden Medal of the rector of CU Bratislava, in 2014, the Golden Medal of SAS and also the Price for Science and Technology from the Minister of Education of Slovakia.  He is currently a professor (professor emeritus from 2016) at Comenius University Bratislava.

Statistical model
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process. When referring specifically to probabilities, the corresponding term is probabilistic model. All statistical hypothesis tests and all statistical estimators are derived via statistical models. More generally, statistical models are part of the foundation of statistical inference. A statistical model is usually specified as a mathematical relationship between one or more random variables and other non-random variables.  As such, a statistical model is "a formal representation of a theory" (Herman Adèr quoting Kenneth Bollen).
Scandinavian Collectors Club
The Scandinavian Collectors Club is a United States–based philatelic society dedicated to the collection and study of the postage stamps and postal history of the Scandinavia region, including the geographical regions of Åland, Aunus, the Danish West Indies, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Karelia, North Ingermanland, Norway, Slesvig, and Sweden.

Karelia
Karelia (/kəˈriːliə, kəˈriːljə/; Karelian and Finnish: Karjala [ˈkɑrjɑlɑ]; Livvi: Karjal; Russian: Каре́лия, romanized: Kareliya [kɐˈrʲelʲɪjə], historically Коре́ла, Korela [kɐˈrʲelʲə]; Swedish: Karelen [kɑˈreːlen]) is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Russia (including the Soviet era), Finland, and Sweden. It is divided between northwestern Russia (the federal subjects of the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast) and Finland (the regions of South Karelia, North Karelia, and the eastern portion of Kymenlaakso).
1993 Grand Prix Passing Shot – Doubles
Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez were the defending champions, but Emilio Sánchez did not compete this year. Casal teamed up with Javier Sánchez and lost in the semifinals to Pablo Albano and Javier Frana.

Albano and Frana won the title by defeating David Adams and Andrei Olhovskiy 7–6, 4–6, 6–3 in the final.

David Adams (tennis)
David Dixie Adams (born 5 January 1970) is a former tennis player from South Africa. He turned professional in 1989. In his career, he won 19 doubles titles and finished runner-up an additional 33 times, including at the French Open in 1992. He achieved a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 9 in February 1994.

Adams participated in six Davis Cup ties for South Africa between 1997 and 2003, posting a 4–2 record, all in doubles.

Adams won two Grand Slam titles in mixed doubles, both with fellow South African Mariaan de Swardt, taking the Australian Open title in 1999 and the French Open title in 2000.
4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride
4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, toluene-p-sulfonyl chloride) is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO2Cl.  This white, malodorous solid is a reagent widely used in organic synthesis.  Abbreviated TsCl or TosCl, it is a derivative of toluene and contains a sulfonyl chloride (−SO2Cl) functional group.

Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds. Organic compounds  are molecules consisting of combinations of covalently-linked hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Within the general subject of organic synthesis, there are many different types of synthetic routes that can be completed including total synthesis, stereoselective synthesis, automated synthesis, and many more. Additionally, in understanding organic synthesis it is necessary to be familiar with the methodology, techniques, and applications of the subject.
Lauretta Bender
Lauretta Bender (August 9, 1897 – January 4, 1987) was an American child neuropsychiatrist known for developing the Bender-Gestalt Test, a psychological test designed to evaluate visual-motor maturation in children. First published by Bender in 1938, the test became widely used for assessing children's neurological function and screening for developmental disorders. She performed research in the areas of autism spectrum disorders in children, suicide and violence. She was one of the first researchers to suggest that mental disorders in children might have a neurological basis, rather than attributing them to the child's bad behavior or poor upbringing.

Maturationism
Maturationism is an early childhood educational philosophy that sees the child as a growing organism and believes that the role of education is to passively support this growth rather than actively fill the child with information. This theory suggests that growth and development unfold from within the organism. It is also based on the idea that a learner's development is governed by a biologically based schedule.
The Lineup (radio series)
The Lineup is a half-hour American radio police drama that was broadcast on CBS from July 6, 1950, until February 20, 1953. It began as a summer replacement for The FBI in Peace and War. A year after the program ended, a successful television version debuted, followed by a feature film.

The Lineup (film)
The Lineup is a 1958 American film noir version of the police procedural series of the same title that ran on CBS radio from 1950 until 1953, and on CBS television from 1954 until 1960. The film was directed by Don Siegel. It features a number of scenes shot on location in San Francisco during the late 1950s, including shots of the Embarcadero Freeway (then still under construction), the California Academy of Sciences in Golden Gate Park, the War Memorial Opera House, the Mark Hopkins Hotel, and Sutro Baths.
Flat Rock Dam (Michigan)
The Flat Rock Dam is a decommissioned hydroelectric gravity dam crossing the Huron River.  It is located in the city of Flat Rock in Wayne County in the U.S. state  of Michigan.  The dam was built by the Ford Motor Company in 1924 for hydroelectricity for the nearby Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory, which remained in operation until 1950.

Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory
The Ford Motor Co. Lamp Factory in Flat Rock, Michigan, was one of Henry Ford's village industries, which were small rural factories. It was the product of a unique collaboration between industrialist Ford and his lead designer, Albert Kahn. Albert Kahn Associates is a large Detroit firm that did extensive early and groundbreaking architectural design work for the Ford Motor Company.
Kateryna Reznik
Kateryna Oleksandrivna Reznik (Ukrainian: Катерина Олександрівна Резнік, born 20 November 1995) is a Ukrainian competitor in synchronised swimming.

She won two bronze medals at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships and a gold medal at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships.

2014 European Aquatics Championships
The 2014 European Aquatics Championships took place from 13 to 24 August 2014 in Berlin, Germany. It was the 31st edition of the championships, and was held in a temporary facility placed in the centre of the Berlin Velodrome. Great Britain headed the medal table on gold medals and total medals, by some distance their best ever performance at the championships. In addition, two world records fell to Great Britain; the 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay to Adam Peaty, Jemma Lowe, Chris Walker-Hebborn and Fran Halsall, and the men's 50 metre breaststroke to Adam Peaty.
Junimea
Junimea was a Romanian literary society founded in Iași in 1863, through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti and Iacob Negruzzi. The foremost personality and mentor of the society was Maiorescu, who, through the means of scientific papers and essays, helped establish the basis of the modern Romanian culture. Junimea was the most influential intellectual and political association from Romania in the 19th century.

Literary society
A literary society is a group of people interested in literature. In the modern sense, this refers to a orgaization which promotes the reception of a genre of writing or a specific author. Modern literary societies typically promote research, publish newsletters, and hold meetings where findings can be presented and discussed. Some are more academic and scholarly, while others are more social groups of amateurs who appreciate a chance to discuss their favourite writer with other hobbyists.

Historically, "literary society" has also referred to salons such as those of Madame de Stael, Madame Geoffrin and Madame de Tencin in Ancien Regime France, though these could more accurately be considered literary circles or coteries. Another meaning was of college literary societies, student groups specific to the United States.

The oldest formal societies for writing and promoting poetry are the chambers of rhetoric in the Low Countries, which date back to the Middle Ages.
1925 Melbourne Cup
The 1925 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Tuesday, 3 November 1925 at Melbourne's Flemington Racecourse.

This was the 65th edition of the race and the first Melbourne Cup to be broadcast to the public. The Australian Broadcasting Company (ABC) provided the transmission.

This race was won Windbag, trained by George Richard Price and ridden by Jimmie Munro. The win set a new race record time of 3 minutes 22.75 seconds. He secured victory by half a length ahead of the favourite Manfred. Manfred was leading most of the race with Windbag tailing behind until the last 100 metres. The Melbourne Stakes winner Pilliewinkle finished third, a full length behind Manfred.

Handicap (horse racing)
A handicap race in horse racing is a race in which each horse is assigned a specific weight to carry, determined by its past performance and perceived ability. Stronger horses carry more weight, while less accomplished ones carry less. This system aims to equalize the chances of all horses in the race.

The skill in betting on a handicap race lies in predicting which horse can overcome its handicap. Although most handicap races are run for older, less valuable horses with less prize money, this is not true in all cases; some prestigious races are handicaps, such as the Grand National steeplechase, Betfair Stayers' Handicap Hurdle in the UK and the Melbourne Cup in Australia. In the United States, over 30 handicap races are classified as Grade I, the top level of the North American grading system.
Jens Kristian Thune
Jens Kristian Thune  (30 July 1935 – 24 June 2018) was a Norwegian jurist and businessperson. He was born in Oslo.

Thune practiced as lawyer in Oslo from 1966. He has been chairman of the board of the newspaper Dagbladet, of the National Gallery, of the radio channel P4, and of Anti-Doping Norway. He is also known for chasing and revealing the hidden fortune of ship owner Hilmar Reksten.

His books include Jakten. På sporet av Hilmar Reksten from 1991, and Med et skrik from 1996, about the theft of Munch's iconic painting The Scream from the National Gallery in 1994.

Anti-Doping Norway
Anti-Doping Norway (Norwegian: Antidoping Norge) is a private foundation that claims to be "responsible for prohibiting, investigating and prosecuting doping in Norway," although it has no official authority in the judiciary of Norway. It is recognised by the World Anti-Doping Agency as the national anti-doping organization by that organization. As of 2019, it employs 34 persons and conducted 4500 doping tests in 2018.
Zielony Grąd
Zielony Grąd (Polish pronunciation: [ʑɛˈlɔnɨ ˈɡrɔnt]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pasłęk, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Pasłęk, 14 km (9 mi) east of Elbląg, and 68 km (42 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Pasłęk
Pasłęk (Polish pronunciation: [ˈpaswɛŋk] ⓘ; formerly known in Polish as Holąd Pruski; German: Preußisch Holland, pronounced [ˈpʁɔʏsɪʃ ˈhɔlant] ⓘ; Old Prussian: Pāistlauks) is a historic town in northern Poland, within Elbląg County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 2017, the town had 12,298 registered inhabitants.

The town emerged at the location of a medieval stronghold in the 13th century, and notably was one of the first places of Dutch immigration in present-day Poland. Pasłęk contains preserved medieval Gothic architecture, including a town hall and defensive walls, a Gothic-Renaissance castle, and churches in Gothic, Renaissance and Gothic Revival styles.
Millwa Qaqa
Millwa Qaqa (Ancash Quechua millma, millwa wool, qaqa rock, "wool rock", also spelled Millhuagaga) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately 4,600 m (15,100 ft). It is located in the Ancash Region, Bolognesi Province, Huallanca District.

Department of Ancash
Ancash (Quechua: Anqash; Spanish: Áncash pronounced [ˈaŋkaʃ]) is a department of Peru. Located in the country's west, it is bordered by the departments of La Libertad on the north, Huánuco and Pasco on the east, Lima on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Huaraz, and its largest city and port is Chimbote.
1995–96 Danish Superliga
The 1995–96 Danish Superliga season was the 6th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association.

The Danish champions qualified for the UEFA Champions League 1996-97 qualification, while the second and third placed teams qualified for the qualification round of the UEFA Cup 1996-97. The fourth, fifth and sixth placed teams qualified for the UEFA Intertoto Cup 1996, while the two lowest placed teams of the tournament was directly relegated to the Danish 1st Division. Likewise, the Danish 1st Division champions and runners-up were promoted to the Superliga. However, the 1st, the 3rd, the 4th, and the 6th played the UEFA Cup after the preliminary rounds.

Danish Football Association
The Danish Football Association (Danish: Dansk Boldspil-Union; abbr. DBU) is the governing body of football in Denmark. It is the organization of Danish football clubs and runs the professional Danish football leagues, alongside the men's and women's national teams. Based in the city of Brøndby, it is a founding member of both FIFA and UEFA. The DBU has also been the governing body of futsal in Denmark since 2008.
Chaetopelma
Chaetopelma is a genus of tarantulas that was first described by Anton Ausserer in 1871. They are found in Africa, Europe, and Asia including the countries of Turkey, Syria, Egypt, Cyprus, Israel, Greece, Sudan, Cameroon, and Iran.

Anton Ausserer
Anton Ausserer (5 July 1843 – 20 July 1889) was an Austrian naturalist specialising in spiders. His father died when he was a youth, and he and his family suffered much economic hardship, but he was supported and encouraged by Camill Heller, professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at the University of Innsbruck.
Howard Penman
Howard Latimer Penman (1909 – 1984) was a British meteorologist. He formulated Penman’s Formula, which is used worldwide by meteorologists and agricultural scientists to assess evaporation rates in different setups (lakes and ponds, lawns, cropped fields) and locations in the world. With John Monteith he formulated the Penman–Monteith equation which is used to calculate evapotranspiration and the need for crop irrigation. Penman was a distinguished Rothamsted Research scientist and government advisor, and a well-known local figure in Harpenden.

Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET) refers to the combined processes which move water from the Earth's surface (open water and ice surfaces, bare soil and vegetation) into the atmosphere. It covers both water evaporation (movement of water to the air directly from soil, canopies, and water bodies) and transpiration (evaporation that occurs through the stomata, or openings, in plant leaves). Evapotranspiration is an important part of the local water cycle and climate, and measurement of it plays a key role in water resource management and agricultural irrigation.