hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1868 Oxford by-election
The 1868 Oxford by-election was fought on 22 December 1868.  The by-election was fought due to the incumbent Liberal, Edward Cardwell, becoming Secretary of State for War.  It was retained by Cardwell who was unopposed.

Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell
Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell, PC, , FRS (24 July 1813 – 15 February 1886) was a prominent British politician in the Peelite and Liberal parties during the middle of the 19th century. He is best remembered for his tenure as Secretary of State for War between 1868 and 1874 and, with William Ewart Gladstone's support, the introduction of the Cardwell Reforms.   The goal was to centralise the power of the War Office, abolish purchase of officers' commissions, and to create reserve forces stationed in Britain by establishing short terms of service for enlisted men.
Minimum bounding box
In geometry, the minimum bounding box or smallest bounding box (also known as the minimum enclosing box or smallest enclosing box) for a point set S in N dimensions is the box with the smallest measure (area, volume, or hypervolume in higher dimensions) within which all the points lie. When other kinds of measure are used, the minimum box is usually called accordingly, e.g., "minimum-perimeter bounding box".

The minimum bounding box of a point set is the same as the minimum bounding box of its convex hull, a fact which may be used heuristically to speed up computation.

In the two-dimensional case it is called the minimum bounding rectangle.

Heuristic
A heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

Heuristic reasoning is often based on induction, or on analogy ... Induction is the process of discovering general laws ... Induction tries to find regularity and coherence ... Its most conspicuous instruments are generalization, specialization, analogy. [...] Heuristic discusses human behavior in the face of problems [... that have been] preserved in the wisdom of proverbs.
E. S. Venkataramiah
Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah (18 December 1924 – 24 September 1997) was the 19th Chief Justice of India, serving from 19 June 1989 until his retirement on 17 December 1989. He began his legal career in 1946, and was appointed as a judge of Karnataka High Court in November 1970.

On 8  March 1979, he was appointed as judge of the Supreme Court of India, and became the Chief Justice of India in June 1989. He was the first judge from Karnataka to become the Chief Justice of India. Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Venkataramiah authored 256 judgments and sat on 720 benches. He died of a heart attack on 24 September 1997.

He also served as Advocate General for the Mysore State (now Karnataka) from March to June 1970.

His daughter B. V. Nagarathna is a sitting judge in the Supreme Court & set to become CJI in Oct. 2027.

Karnataka High Court
The High Court of Karnataka (IAST: Karnāṭaka Ućća Nyāyālaya, commonly referred to as the Karnataka High Court and formerly known as the Mysore High Court, is the highest judicial authority of the Indian state of Karnataka. The court's principal bench is located in Bengaluru, the capital city of Karnataka, with additional benches in Hubballi-Dharwad and Kalaburagi. In Bengaluru, the High Court operates from a red-painted brick building known as the Attara Kacheri, located opposite the Vidhana Soudha, the seat of the Karnataka Legislature.
The Mammoth Book of New World Science Fiction
The Mammoth Book of New World Science Fiction: Short Novels of the 1960s is a themed anthology of science fiction short works edited by Isaac Asimov, Martin H. Greenberg, and Charles G. Waugh, the fourth in a series of six samplers of the field from the 1930s through the 1980s. It was first published in trade paperback by Robinson in 1991. The first American edition was issued in trade paperback by Carroll & Graf in the same year. A later edition, also in trade paperback, was published by The Book Company under the variant title The Giant Book of New World SF: Short Novels of the 1960s in 1997.

The book collects ten novellas by various science fiction authors that were originally published in the 1960s.

Carroll & Graf Publishers
Carroll & Graf Publishers was an American publishing company based in New York City, New York that published a wide range of fiction and non-fiction by both new and established authors, as well as reprinted previously hard-to-find works. It closed in 2007.
2016–17 Coppa Italia
The 2016–17 Coppa Italia, also known as TIM Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 70th edition of the domestic national tournament. Juventus successfully defended its title by defeating Lazio 2–0 in the final, becoming the first team to win the title for three consecutive years and for a record-extending 12th title.

TIM Group
TIM S.p.A. (formerly Telecom Italia S.p.A.) is an Italian telecommunications company with headquarters in Rome, Milan, and Naples (with the Telecom Italia Tower), which provides fixed, public and mobile telephony, and DSL data services.

It is the largest Italian telecommunications services provider in revenues and subscribers. It was founded in 1994 by the merger of several state-owned telecommunications companies, the most prominent of which was SIP, the former state monopoly telephone operator in Italy.

The company's stock is traded in the Borsa Italiana. The Italian State has exercised the "Golden Power" on TIM since 2017, which allows the government to take a number of actions when the strategic interests of the country are concerned.

It has also a subsidiary in Brazil, known as TIM Brasil, with 72.6 million customers. The brand covers over 114 million customers worldwide.

As April 2024, Net sales are distributed geographically as follows: Italy (72.9%) and Brazil (27.1%).
Big Music (Simple Minds album)
Big Music is the sixteenth studio album by Scottish rock band Simple Minds. It was released on 31 October 2014 by Sony Music. "Honest Town" was released as the lead single on 10 October 2014. The album was available to stream from 28 October 2014.

Chvrches
Chvrches (stylised CHVRCHΞS and pronounced "Churches") are a Scottish synth-pop band from Glasgow, formed in September 2011. The band consists of Lauren Mayberry, Iain Cook, Martin Doherty and, unofficially since 2018, Jonny Scott. Mostly deriving from the synth-pop genre, Chvrches also incorporate indietronica, indie pop, and electronic dance into their sound.

Two years after their formation, Chvrches released Recover EP in March 2013, which included hits "The Mother We Share" and "Recover". Their debut studio album, The Bones of What You Believe, was released on 20 September 2013, while the band was ranked fifth on the Sound of 2013 list by the BBC. Two years later, on 25 September 2015, the group released their second album, Every Open Eye. Their third album, Love Is Dead, was released on 25 May 2018. Their fourth album, Screen Violence, was released on 27 August 2021.
26 minutes
26 minutes (26’) was a weekly French-language Swiss television comedy program starring Vincent Kucholl and Vincent Veillon. It was aired between 2015 and 2017 on RTS Un, succeeding their daily radio program 120 secondes (120’’) from 2011 to 2014 on Couleur 3 (Radio télévision suisse).

In 2017, 26 minutes was also broadcast with German subtitles on SRF zwei.

Since August 2018, Vincent Kucholl and Vincent Veillon revived the series with a monthly 120 minutes on RTS Un and a weekly 120 secondes on La Première. In 2020, it was adapted further into 52 minutes.

Radio Télévision Suisse
The Radio Télévision Suisse (French pronunciation: [ʁadjo televizjɔ̃ sɥis]; "Swiss Radio Television"), shortened to RTS, is a subsidiary of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG SSR), operating in French-speaking Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2010 by a merger of Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) and Télévision Suisse Romande (TSR).
Kai Kovaljeff
Kai Kovaljeff (born 8 August 1985 in Tampere) is a Finnish ski jumper.

He made his Continental Cup debut in September 2007, his best result being a seventh place from Villach in September 2007. He made his World Cup debut in January 2009 in Zakopane, and collected his first World Cup points with a 21st place in that race. At the end of the month in Sapporo he finished 16th. His next World Cup points came in the 2009–10 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup opener, with a 29th place in Kuusamo.

Zakopane
Zakopane (Podhale Goral: Zokopane) is a town in the south of Poland, in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998, it was part of Nowy Sącz Voivodeship; since 1999, it has been part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship. As of 2017 its population was 27,266. Zakopane is a centre of Goral culture and is often referred to as "the winter capital of Poland". It is a popular tourist destination for many types of mountain activities such as skiing, trekking, mountaineering and various forms of climbing.

Zakopane lies near Poland's border with Slovakia, in a valley between the Tatra Mountains and Gubałówka Hill. It is connected by rail and road to the provincial capital, Kraków. Zakopane lies 800–1,100 metres (2,600–3,600 ft) above sea level and centres on the intersection of its Krupówki and Kościuszko Streets.
Cutter–Morning Star High School
Cutter–Morning Star High School is a comprehensive public secondary school located in Hot Springs, Arkansas, United States.  Cutter–Morning Star serves more than 300 students in grades 7 through 12.  Cutter–Morning Star is one of seven public high schools in Garland County and is the sole high school administered by the Cutter–Morning Star School District.  Cutter–Morning Star has won two national Quiz Bowl championships and its sports teams have won 18 state championships.

Its boundary includes a portion of Hot Springs.

Garland County, Arkansas
Garland County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 100,180. The county seat is Hot Springs.

Garland County comprises the Hot Springs, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county includes Hot Springs National Park, the only national park in the state of Arkansas as well as the first property to be protected under federal legislation. A law was passed in 1832 supported by President Andrew Jackson to preserve this area, even before Arkansas was admitted as a state.
Allenolic acid
Allenolic acid, or allenoic acid, is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen discovered in 1947 or 1948 that, although studied clinically, was never marketed. It is an open-ring or seco-analogue of steroidal estrogens like estrone and equilenin. The compound was named after Edgar Allen, one of the pioneers in estrogen research. Although described as an estrogen, allenolic acid probably is totally inactive at the receptor, whereas a derivative, allenestrol (α,α-dimethyl-β-ethylallenolic acid), is reported to be a potent estrogen. Another derivative of allenolic acid (specifically 6-methoxy-allenestrol), methallenestril (brand name Vallestril), is also a potent estrogen and, in contrast to allenolic acid and allenestrol, has been marketed.

Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Examples include the lipid cholesterol, sex hormones estradiol and testosterone,: 10–19  anabolic steroids, and the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug dexamethasone. Hundreds of steroids are found in fungi, plants, and animals. All steroids are manufactured in cells from a sterol: cholesterol (animals), lanosterol (opisthokonts), or cycloartenol (plants). All three of these molecules are produced via cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
Halifax County Airport
Halifax County Airport (IATA: RZZ, ICAO: KRZZ, FAA LID: RZZ) was a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southwest of the central business district of Roanoke Rapids, a city in Halifax County, North Carolina, United States. It was owned by the City of Roanoke Rapids. This airport was included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

Halifax County, North Carolina
Halifax County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,622. Its county seat is Halifax. Halifax County is part of the Roanoke Rapids, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Rocky Mount-Wilson-Roanoke Rapids, NC Combined Statistical Area.
Giorgio Sernagiotto
Giorgio Sernagiotto (born 28 July 1981 in Caerano San Marco) is an Italian racing driver who last raced in International GT Open for AF Corse. He is the 2006 Ferrari Challenge world champion, as well as a 12 Hours of Sebring class winner and FIA WEC race winner.

Iron Lynx
Iron Lynx Motorsport Lab is an Italian auto racing team founded by Andrea Piccini, Deborah Mayer, Claudio Schiavoni and Sergio Pianezzola. The team is based in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna. They primarily participate in sports car racing, and are a sister team of both Iron Dames and Prema Racing under the DC Racing Solutions parent company. Iron Lynx were formerly partnered with Lamborghini in operating their Lamborghini SC63 LMDh prototype.
Theaker
Theaker is a surname. Notable people with this name include:

Cam Theaker (1912–1992), English footballer

Deborah Theaker (born 1964), Canadian actress

Harry Theaker (1873–1954), English painter, illustrator

Hugh A. Theaker (1842–1903), American colonel

Raer Theaker (born 1997), Welsh gymnast

Thomas Clarke Theaker (1812–1883), American politician

Theaker Wilder (1717–1778), Irish professor

Harry Theaker
Harry George Theaker (1873 – 23 January 1954), was an English illustrator, designer, educator, and painter. He is best known for establishing the colours associated with Alice from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

In 1911, with the approval of Alice illustrator John Tenniel, he was commissioned by the book's publisher Macmillan to colour sixteen of Tenniel’s plates for an edition of Alice in which he coloured her dress blue – which has remained so in the popular imagination ever since.
Domingo Carulla
Domingo Carulla Bertran (25 October 1903 – 31 December 1939) was a Spanish footballer who spent most of his career at FC Barcelona. A midfielder with a remarkable technique, Carulla was an outstanding player in the so-called Golden Age of Barcelona, one of the brightest times in the entity's history.

He was a member of Spain's squad for the football tournament at the 1924 Summer Olympics, but did not play in any matches. He also played one match for Spain B.

1928 Copa del Rey
The King Alfonso XIII's Cup 1928 was the 28th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.

The competition started on 31 January 1928, and concluded on 29 June 1928, with the second final tiebreaker, held at the Estadio El Sardinero in Santander. FC Barcelona won the competition for the eighth time.
Fritz Imhoff
Fritz Imhoff, real name: Friedrich Arnold Heinrich Jeschke (January 6, 1891, Alsergrund – February 24, 1961, Wieden) was an Austrian actor. He was a brother of the Wienerlied composer Ernst Arnold (1890–1962).

Wieden
Wieden (German pronunciation: [ˈviːdn̩] ⓘ; Viennese: Wiedn) is the 4th municipal district of Vienna, Austria (German: 4. Bezirk). It is near the centre of Vienna and was established as a district in 1850, but its borders were changed later. Wieden is a small region near the city centre.
After World War II, Wieden was part of the Soviet sector of Vienna for 10 years.
Kenkai
Kenkai (Japanese: 兼海; born 1107 (Kajō 2) in Kii Province – died 11 June 1155 (Kyūju 2)) was a later Heian period Bhikku of Shingon Buddhism.

Kenkai studied under Kakuban at Mount Kōya, became one of the main family of teachers and received the abhisheka from Shinyo (Japanese: 真誉).

Abhisheka
Abhishek (Sanskrit: अभिषेक, romanized: Abhiṣeka) is a religious rite or method of prayer in which a devotee pours a liquid offering on an image or murti of a deity. This is common to religions such as Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism.
Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 90 kg
The men's 90 kg competition in judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was held on 10 August at the Carioca Arena 2.

The gold and silver medals were determined by a single-elimination tournament, with the winner of the final taking gold and the loser receiving silver.  Judo events awarded two bronze medals.  Quarterfinal losers competed in a repechage match for the right to face a semifinal loser for a bronze medal (that is, the judokas defeated in quarterfinals A and B competed against each other, with the winner of that match facing the semifinal loser from the other half of the bracket).

The medals for the competition were presented by Sari Essayah, Finland, member of the International Olympic Committee, and the gifts were presented by Obaid Al Anzi, vice president of the International Judo Federation.

Sari Essayah
Sari Miriam Essayah (born 21 February 1967) is a Finnish retired racewalker and a politician, former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and Member of Parliament since 2015. She is the president of the Finnish Christian Democrats party. She is serving as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry since 2023.

During her sports career, Essayah competed mainly in 5 and 10 kilometres. In the latter, she won the World Championship in 1993 and the European Championship in 1994. She made seven national records, all of which are still standing.

In 2016, Essayah became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and she has been a member of the Ethics Committee, Finnish Athletics Association since 2014.
Denise Trudel
Denise Trudel (French pronunciation: [dəniz tʁydɛl]; born August 27, 1955) is a Canadian politician. She was a Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the Capitale-Nationale region Charlesbourg riding from 2012 to 2014, elected in the 2012 election.

Prior to her election to the provincial legislature, Trudel served on the Quebec City Council from 2005 to 2012.

2012 Quebec general election
The 2012 Quebec general election took place in the Canadian province of Quebec on September 4, 2012. Lieutenant Governor Pierre Duchesne dissolved the National Assembly on August 1, 2012, following Premier Jean Charest's request. The Parti Québécois were elected to a minority government, with Pauline Marois becoming the first woman to be Premier of Quebec. The Quebec Liberal Party took second place, with Premier Jean Charest losing his seat. The newly formed party Coalition Avenir Québec led by François Legault took third place, while Québec solidaire took 2 seats out of the 125.

During Marois' victory speech, an attack including gunshots and a fire occurred at the Métropolis concert hall housing the event and a forty-year-old man died as a result of gunshot wounds.
Hammour Ziada
Hammour Ziada (Arabic: حمور زيادة, born 1979) is a Sudanese writer and journalist, born in Omdurman. He has worked as a civil society and human rights researcher, and currently works as journalist in Cairo. Before, he had been writing for a number of left-wing newspapers in Sudan. Two of his novels were selected for Arabic literary awards and appeared in English translations.

Civil society
Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere. By other authors, civil society is used in the sense of
(1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or
(2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.

Sometimes the term civil society is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc., that make up a democratic society" (Collins English Dictionary). Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a normative concept of civic values.
LBB-66
LBB-66, also known as lysergic acid dibutylamide or as N,N-dibutyllysergamide, is a serotonin receptor modulator of the lysergamide family related to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; LSD-25). It is the derivative of LSD in which the N,N-diethyl groups have been replaced with N,N-dibutyl groups.

The drug has about 31% or around one-third of the antiserotonergic activity of LSD in the isolated rat uterus in vitro. In contrast to other assessed lysergamides, it has been said to bind practically irreversibly in this context. Unlike LSD, LBB-66 is said to be devoid of psychedelic effects in humans, with a hallucinogenic potency relative to LSD of 0% stated, but the tested doses not given.

LBB-66 was first described in the scientific literature by Albert Hofmann and colleagues by 1955.

Potency (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity. A highly potent drug (e.g., fentanyl, clonazepam, risperidone, benperidol, bumetanide) evokes a given response at low concentrations, while a drug of lower potency (e.g. morphine, diazepam, ziprasidone, haloperidol, furosemide) evokes the same response only at higher concentrations. Higher potency does not necessarily mean greater effectiveness nor more side effects nor less side effects.
Cable Bay
Rotokura / Cable Bay is a bay and small settlement 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Nelson in New Zealand. The settlement at the head of the bay is at the southern end of a thin strip of land or causeway connecting Pepin Island with the South Island.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "red glow of sunset on the water" for Rotokura.

The bay itself is a 600 metres (2,000 ft) wide, northwest-facing bay in the Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere. It lies just north of the Horoirangi Marine Reserve, between the tidal island Pepin Island and the mainland. It provides a natural boulder barrier from the sea for the Wakapuaka estuary.

Tidal island
A tidal island is a raised area of land within a waterbody, which is connected to the larger mainland by a natural isthmus or man-made causeway that is exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide, causing the land to switch between being a promontory/peninsula and an island depending on tidal conditions.

Because of the mystique surrounding tidal islands, many of them have been sites of religious worship, such as Mont-Saint-Michel with its Benedictine abbey.  Tidal islands are also commonly the sites of fortresses because of the natural barrier created by the tidal channel.
African theatre of World War I
The African theatre of the First World War comprises campaigns in North Africa instigated by the German and Ottoman empires, local rebellions against European colonial rule and Allied campaigns against the German colonies of Kamerun, Togoland, German South West Africa, and German East Africa. The campaigns were fought by German Schutztruppe, local resistance movements and forces of the British Empire, France, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal.

Kamerun
Kamerun  was an African protectorate of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon. Kamerun also included northern parts of Gabon and the Congo with western parts of the Central African Republic, southwestern parts of Chad and far northeastern parts of Nigeria.