hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthus reaction
In immunology, the Arthus reaction (/ˌɑːrˈtjuːs/) is a type of local type III hypersensitivity reaction.  Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex-mediated, and involve the deposition of antigen/antibody complexes mainly in the vascular walls, serosa (pleura, pericardium, synovium), and glomeruli. This reaction is usually encountered in experimental settings following the injection of antigens.

Pericardium
The pericardium (pl. pericardia), also called pericardial sac, is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.  It has two layers, an outer layer made of strong inelastic connective tissue (fibrous pericardium), and an inner layer made of serous membrane (serous pericardium). It encloses the pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid, and defines the middle mediastinum.  It separates the heart from interference of other structures, protects it against infection and blunt trauma, and lubricates the heart's movements.
Academia Analitica
Academia Analitica is a learned society for the development of logic and analytic philosophy based in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded in 2007 at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo. The society's founder and president is Nijaz Ibrulj (University of Sarajevo). The members of Academia Analitica take interest in analytic philosophy and research in the fields of logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, mathematics, computer science, and other analytic and deductive sciences.

The society also takes part in several long-term projects, such as creating a chrestomathy of texts dealing with philosophical logic and establishing a journal called The Logical Foresight.

Chrestomathy
A chrestomathy (/krɛˈstɒməθi/ kreh-STOM-ə-thee; from the Ancient Greek χρηστομάθεια khrēstomátheia 'desire of learning', from χρηστός khrēstós 'useful' + μανθάνω manthánō 'learn') is a collection of selected literary passages (usually from a single author); a selection of literary passages from a foreign language assembled for studying the language; or a text in various languages, used especially as an aid in learning a subject.

In philology or in the study of literature, it is a type of reader that presents a sequence of example texts, selected to demonstrate the development of language or literary style. It is different from an anthology because of its didactic purpose.
Wieliczka Salt Mine
The Wieliczka Salt Mine (Polish: Kopalnia soli Wieliczka) is a salt mine in the town of Wieliczka, near Kraków in southern Poland.

From Neolithic times, sodium chloride (table salt) was produced there from the upwelling brine. The Wieliczka salt mine, excavated from the 13th century, produced table salt continuously until 1996, as one of the world's oldest operating salt mines. Throughout its history, the royal salt mine was operated by the Żupy Krakowskie (Kraków Salt Mines) company.

Due to falling salt prices and mine flooding, commercial salt mining was discontinued in 1996.

The Wieliczka Salt Mine is now an official Polish Historic Monument (Pomnik Historii) and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its attractions include the shafts and labyrinthine passageways, displays of historic salt-mining technology, an underground lake, four chapels and numerous statues carved by miners out of the rock salt, and more recent sculptures by contemporary artists.

The Polish Review
The Polish Review is an English-language academic journal published quarterly in New York City by the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. The Polish Review was established in 1956, as a successor of the PAU Bulletin. It has been described as having as a mission "to be the premier English-language outlet for Polish-centered scholarship".
Zarinsk
Zarinsk (Russian: Заринск) is a town in Altai Krai, Russia, located on the Chumysh River 99 kilometers (62 mi) east of Barnaul. Population:  48,461 (2010 Census); 50,368 (2002 Census); 50,235 (1989 Soviet census).

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
The Guitar Genius
The Guitar Genius is the twenty-second studio album by American guitarist Chet Atkins, released in 1963. It was reissued on CD in 1999. It was also reissued on CD along with And His Guitar in 2004. Five vocal tracks by Atkins' brother Jim were from an unreleased 1958 album to be titled My Brother Sings. That album was later released by Sundazed Music with the original RCA Victor cover art and label in 2015.

Old Folks at Home
"Old Folks at Home" (also known as "Swanee River") is an American folk song, written as a minstrel song by Stephen Foster in 1851. Since 1935, it has been the official state song of Florida, although in 2008 the original lyrics were revised. It is Roud Folk Song Index no. 13880.
Heavy metal music before 1970
Since the dawn of rock music in the 1950s and continuing through the 1960s, various artists pushed the boundaries of the genre to emphasize speed, aggression, volume, theatricality, and other elements that became staples of the heavy metal style. In the late 1960s, this experimentation coalesced into various rock subgenres like hard rock, acid rock, psychedelic rock, power pop, shock rock, boogie rock, garage rock, and blues rock which were all influential in the development of heavy metal. These albums would later be retroactively categorised as proto-metal.

Iron Butterfly
Iron Butterfly is an American rock band formed in San Diego, California, in 1966. They are best known for the 1968 hit "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida", providing a dramatic sound that led the way towards the development of hard rock and heavy metal music. Although their heyday was the late 1960s, the band has been reformed with various members with varying levels of success with no new recordings since 1975. Their second album, In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), remains a best-seller, and Iron Butterfly was the first group to receive an in-house platinum album award from Atlantic Records.

According to music critic Manish Agarwal of Time Out, "Iron Butterfly blended hard rock with ordinate, acid-friendly textures." Mark Deming of AllMusic stated that they were one of the first musical groups to fuse the two styles in this way, and described their sound as a "blend of trippy musical exploration and open-ended jams with a hard, distorted attack".
Jordan Ganchovski
Jordan Ganchovski is a Bulgarian writer, poet, literary critic and playwright. He owns the American publishing house The World Publishing in Illinois. His literary-critical research focuses on avant-garde literature as well as social anthropology and cultural heritage. Ganchovski is the chief editor of Zlatorog and The Chicagoan and World Reports. He wrote the novel Night of the Tenth Day, which is the novel with shortest story-time in world literature history.

Social anthropology
Social anthropology is the study of patterns of behaviour in human societies and cultures. It is the dominant constituent of anthropology throughout the United Kingdom and much of Europe, where it is distinguished from cultural anthropology. In the United States, social anthropology is commonly subsumed within cultural anthropology or sociocultural anthropology.
Gerry Morrow
Gerard Etifier (September 10, 1949 – July 28, 2025), better known by his ring name as Gerry Morrow, was a Martinique-born Canadian professional wrestler. Morrow died on July 28, 2025, at the age of 75. He was the brother of Eddie Morrow.

Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship
The Stampede International Tag Team Championship was the main tag team title in the Canadian professional wrestling promotion Stampede Wrestling. It was created in 1958 as the NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version). When promoter Stu Hart resigned from the National Wrestling Alliance in 1982, the title was renamed the Stampede International Tag Team Championship. When Stampede wrestling closed down in 1989, the titles were retired, but brought back in 2000 when Stampede Wrestling was restarted by Bruce Hart and Ross Hart, and remained active until the promotion closed again in 2008.
Novi Log
Novi Log (pronounced [ˈnɔːʋi ˈloːk]; locally also Mali Log, German: Neulag) is a remote abandoned former settlement in the Municipality of Kočevje in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. Its territory is now part of the village of Stari Log.

Municipality of Kočevje
The Municipality of Kočevje (pronounced [kɔˈtʃeːwjɛ]; Slovene: Občina Kočevje) is a municipality in southern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the city of Kočevje. Today it is part of the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. In terms of area, it is the largest municipality in Slovenia. It borders Croatia.
Fernatator
Fernatator (meaning "Fernie swimmer") is an extinct genus of parvipelvian ichthyosaur which lived in what is now British Columbia, Canada during the Pliensbachian stage of the Early Jurassic. It contains one species, Fernatator prenticei, representing the most complete ichthyosaur known from the Early Jurassic of North America.

Parvipelvia
Parvipelvia (Latin for "little pelvis" - parvus meaning "little" and pelvis meaning "pelvis") is an extinct clade of euichthyosaur ichthyosaurs that existed from the Late Triassic to the early Late Cretaceous (middle Norian to Cenomanian) of Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. Named by Ryosuke Motani, in 1999, it contains the basal taxa like Macgowania and Hudsonelpidia. Maisch and Matzke (2000) found in their analysis seven synapomorphies that support Parvipelvia. They also found 10 synapomorphies that support the existence of post-Triassic clade of ichthyosaurs (all parvipelvians excluding Macgowania and Hudsonelpidia), for which the name Neoichthyosauria was found to be available. Parvipelvians were the only ichthyosaurs to survive the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event.
Jens Henrik Nordlie
Jens Henrik Nordlie (18 January 1910 – 2 April 1996) was a Norwegian military officer, resistance fighter from World War II and businessperson. He participated in the Norwegian Campaign in 1940, and was a member of Milorg's leadership in 1941. He worked for the Norwegian High Command in London from 1943, leading one of the two sections of department 4 (FO IV). He contributed to the post-war investigation committee, Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945, where he wrote the appendix on the fighting in Norway in spring 1940. He was operative leader of the clandestine Stay behind in Norway. He was CEO of the company Narvesen from 1957 to 1975, and a co-founder of the organization Fritt Ord.

Norwegian High Command
The Norwegian High Command (Norwegian: Forsvarets Overkommando, FO) was Norway's top military leadership from 1970 to 2003. It was established in Northern Norway in 1940 by General Otto Ruge. It was then re-established by the Norwegian Government-in-exile in London in 1942, lasting until 1946. The High Command was re-established in 1970, lasting until 2003, when a different organization was formed.
Crystal darter
The crystal darter (Crystallaria asprella) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. This small North American fish is found in small, moderate, and swift rivers in the drainage basins of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. It is now extirpated from a majority of its range along the Ohio River.

Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred environment (habitat), causing population fragmentation and  ecosystem decay. Causes of habitat fragmentation include geological processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment (suspected of being one of the major causes of speciation), and human activity such as land conversion, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the population fluctuation of many species. More specifically, habitat fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats.
Schljakovia
Schljakovia is a monotypic genus of liverworts belonging to the family Anastrophyllaceae. The only known species is Schljakovia kunzeana.

The genus was described by Nadezhda Konstantinova and Anna Alexandrovna Vilnet in Arctoa vol.18 on page 66 in 2009.

It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.

The genus name of Schljakovia is in honour of Roman Nicolaevich Schljakov (1912–1999), who was a Russian naturalist and botanist (Bryology and Lichenology) and Geobotanist. He worked at Komarov Botanical Institute.

Phytogeography
Phytogeography (from Greek  φυτόν, phytón 'plant' and  γεωγραφία, geographía 'geography' meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see species distribution) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras. Geobotany, by contrast, focuses on the geographic space's influence on plants.
Mannelli
Mannelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Caesar Mannelli (1897–1936), American rugby union player

Carlo Mannelli (1640–1697), Italian violinist, castrato and composer

Francesco Mannelli (c. 1595–1667), Italian Baroque composer, particularly of opera, and theorbo player

Luca Mannelli (c. 1265–1364), Italian classicist and archbishop

Luigi Mannelli (1939–2017), Italian water polo player

Massimo Mannelli (born 1956), Italian golfer

Maurizio Mannelli (1930–2014), Italian water polo player

Riccardo Mannelli (born 1955), Italian artist and illustrator

Francesco Manelli
Francesco Manelli (Mannelli) (c. 1595 – 1667) was a Roman Baroque composer, particularly of opera, and a theorbo player. He is most well known for his collaboration with fellow Roman composer Benedetto Ferrari in bringing commercial opera to Venice. The first two works, in 1637 and 1638, to be put on commercially in the Teatro San Cassiano were both by Manelli – his L'Andromeda and La Maga Fulminata.

Francesco Manelli was for many years confused with the Franciscan friar Giovanni Battista Fasolo, because of the resemblances between Manelli's cantata Luciata (published in Musiche varie, op. 4 Venice, 1636), and Fasolo's dialogue Il carro di Madama Lucia (Rome, 1628), and the shared text of the first piece in both collections. In a comparison of the two cantatas Fasolo's version is "languid and melancholy", while Manelli's version is "spirited and biting".

A mid-14th-century Florentine scholar of the same name, also called dei Pontigiano, was a close friend of Giovanni Boccaccio.
Music Has No Boundaries
Music Has No Boundaries, also known as MHNB, is the third studio album by Moroccan singer-songwriter Ahmed Soultan, released on 23 January 2016 by Somum Records. the album marks Soultan's return after 7 years since his last album Code released in 2009.

Ahmed Soutlan collaborated with many artists on the album, including George Clinton, Femi Kuti, Fred Wesley, Pee Wee Ellis and RZA.

Pee Wee Ellis
Alfred James Rogers (April 21, 1941 – September 23, 2021), known as Pee Wee Ellis due to his diminutive stature, was an American saxophonist, composer, and arranger. With a background in jazz, he was a member of James Brown's band in the 1960s, appearing on many of Brown's recordings and co-writing hits like "Cold Sweat" and "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud". He also worked with Van Morrison. Ellis resided in England for the last 30 years of his life.
Vesicle fusion
Vesicle fusion is the merging of a vesicle with other vesicles or a part of a cell membrane. In the latter case, it is the end stage of secretion from secretory vesicles, where their contents are expelled from the cell through exocytosis. Vesicles can also fuse with other target cell compartments, such as a lysosome. Exocytosis occurs when secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of cup-shaped structures at the cell plasma membrane called porosomes, the universal secretory machinery in cells. Vesicle fusion may depend on SNARE proteins in the presence of increased intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration.

Synaptotagmin
Synaptotagmins (SYTs)  constitute a family of membrane-trafficking proteins that are characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane region (TMR), a variable linker, and two C-terminal C2 domains - C2A and C2B. There are 17 isoforms in the mammalian synaptotagmin family. There are several C2-domain containing protein families that are related to synaptotagmins, including transmembrane (Ferlins, Extended-Synaptotagmin (E-Syt) membrane proteins, and MCTPs) and soluble (RIMS1 and RIMS2, UNC13D, synaptotagmin-related proteins and B/K) proteins. The family includes synaptotagmin 1, a Ca2+ sensor in the membrane of the pre-synaptic axon terminal, coded by gene SYT1.
Castle (Jolin Tsai album)
Castle (Chinese: 城堡) is the sixth studio album by Taiwanese singer Jolin Tsai, released on February 27, 2004, by Sony. Produced by Bing Wang, Peter Lee, Jay Chou, Jamie Hsueh, Huang Yi, and G-Power, the album blends a diverse range of musical styles, including pop, hip-hop, Latin, chanson, heavy metal, and British rock.

The album sold over 300,000 copies in Taiwan and surpassed 1.5 million copies across Asia, making it the second best-selling album in Taiwan in 2004 and the highest-selling album by a female artist in the country that year.

Nan Quan Mama
Nan Quan Mama (Chinese: 南拳媽媽; pinyin: Nán Quán Māmā; lit. 'southern fist mother') is a Taiwanese music group. The name is a phrase in Mandarin to explain having strength while being gentle as a mother. They are closely tied with the well-known artist Jay Chou, but it was revealed after Lara and Chase Chang went solo that the name came from Jay's pen name when he was in high school when he started writing songs, and it was meant to mean 'Nan Quan's Mother', so it was actually a metaphor for Jay's mother. The group was nominated for Best Singing Group at the 19th Golden Melody Awards in 2008.

Each of the members contribute to composing their songs, and also sing together in most of their songs, although some of their songs are composed and sung solely by one of the members, such as the song "Crystal Dragonfly" (水晶蜻蜓) which was composed and sung by Lara. As of June 2006, they are the official spokespeople for Motorola in Taiwan.
Jackson County Airport (Michigan)
Jackson County Airport (IATA: JXN, ICAO: KJXN, FAA LID: JXN), also known as Reynolds Field, is a county-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) west of the central business district of Jackson, in Jackson County, Michigan, United States. It is a class D airport with operating control tower. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a regional general aviation facility.

The airport serves as a general aviation facility and is home to the Jackson College Flight Center. In 2005 the airport became home to Prestige Aircraft Company LLC, a light sport aircraft manufacturer. The airport is also home to a chapter of the Experimental Aircraft Association.

Airspace
Airspace is the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country above its territory and territorial waters that fall under the country's sovereignty and regulatory control.

Internationally, allocation and management of airspace is coordinated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which was established through the Chicago Convention in 1947 to unify air traffic. ICAO organizes airspace into Flight Information Regions (FIRs) and provides classification guidelines. National authorities, such as the FAA, CAA, or EASA implement rules and regulations for air traffic control, special-use airspace, and enforcement within their own FIRs.

Airspace can be used for both civilian flight and for defense or military operations, and countries are responsible for protecting their own airspace using measures such as air policing. Legal and technical challenges include the vertical boundary between airspace and outer space and temporary restrictions such as NOTAMs or TFRs.
Steven Griffith
Steven Griffith (March 12, 1961 – November 1, 2022) was an American ice hockey player. He played for the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers during his career. He also played for the American national team at the 1984 Winter Olympics and 1981 World Junior Championship.

1981 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
The 1981 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (1981 WJHC) was the fifth edition of the Ice Hockey World Junior Championship and was held from December 27, 1980, until January 2, 1981. The tournament was held in Füssen, West Germany.  Sweden won the gold medal, while Finland won the silver, and the Soviet Union bronze.
Takeover/Cloud 9
Takeover/Cloud 9 is a British music publishing company. The organisation is a co-owned subsidiary of Takeover Entertainment Ltd and EMI Music Publishing. It was founded by English rapper Kwasi Danquah III (commonly known as Tinchy Stryder) and EMI Music Publishing's UK president and EMI European creative president, Guy Moot, as a publishing arm solely for Danquah's music in December 2008.

Music publisher
A music publisher is a type of publisher that specializes in distributing music. Music publishers originally published sheet music. When copyright became legally protected, music publishers began to play a significant role in the management of composers' intellectual property. Today, music publishers license compositions, collect royalties, and make sure songwriters and composers are paid when their work is used.
Kokuy 2-y
Kokuy 2-y (Russian: Кокуй 2-й) is a rural locality (a selo) in Alexandrovo-Zavodsky District, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. Population: 51 (2021 census); 168 (2010 census); 220 (2002 census);  There are 7 streets in this selo.

Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Russian Far East. Its administrative center is Chita. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 1,107,107.

The krai was created on 1 March 2008, as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug after a referendum held on the issue on 11 March 2007. In 2018, the krai became part of the Far Eastern Federal District.