hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Government of India v Taylor
Government of India v Taylor [1955] AC 491 (sometimes called Re Delhi Electric Supply & Traction Co Ltd) is a judicial decision of the House of Lords relating to the enforceability of foreign tax claims under English law.  The House of Lords unanimously upheld the general rule at common law that foreign tax claims are non-justiciable in England under the Act of state doctrine.  Accordingly, a claim with respect to foreign taxes was not an admissible claim in the liquidation of a United Kingdom company.  The English courts may not, directly or indirectly, enforce the tax claims of another sovereign state.

Act of state doctrine
The act-of-state doctrine is a principle in international law whereby acts done by a state in its own territory cannot be challenged by the national courts of another state. The doctrine covers legislative action by foreign states and also executive actions relating to state-owned property.

As a principle of federal common law in the United States it states, in circumstances where it applies, that courts in the United States will not rule on the validity of another government's (formal) sovereign act with respect to property located within the latter's own territory. The act-of-state doctrine enters consideration most often in cases where a foreign sovereign has expropriated the property of a U.S. national located in that foreign territory (e.g. through nationalization).
Sang-i Chakmak
Sang-i Chakmak (Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq, Sange Chaxmaq, Chakhmagh) is a Neolithic archaeological site located about 1 km (0.62 mi) north of the village of Bastam in the northern Semnan province of Iran, on the southeastern flank of the Alborz mountains. The site represents quite well the transition from the aceramic Neolithic phase in the general area; this was taking place during the 7th millennium BC.

Aceramic
Aceramic is defined as "not producing pottery". In archaeology, the term means "without pottery". Aceramic societies usually used bark, basketry, gourds and leather for containers.

"Aceramic" is used to describe a culture at any time prior to its development of pottery as well as cultures that lack pottery altogether. A preceramic period is traditionally regarded as occurring in the early stage of the Neolithic period of a culture, but recent findings in Japan and China have pushed the origin of ceramic technology there well back into the Paleolithic era.
Jaanwar (1999 film)
Jaanwar (transl. Animal) is an Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed and produced by Suneel Darshan from a story written by Robin Bhatt and K.K. Singh. The film stars Akshay Kumar, Karisma Kapoor, and Shilpa Shetty in the lead roles.

Jaanwar was released on 24 December 1999 and received mixed reviews from critics, where it became the 13th highest-grossing Hindi film of the year.

The movie has been described as a "rip-off" of Clint Eastwood's A Perfect World (1993), about an escaped convict who takes a boy as hostage but eventually develops affection for him. Film critic Sukanya Verma talked of "obvious influence."

Robin Bhatt
Robin Bhatt is an Indian screenwriter who works in Hindi films. He is the elder half-brother of Mahesh Bhatt and Mukesh Bhatt and son of Nanabhai Bhatt. He has written many films and was nominated thrice and won an award for Baazigar. He was honoured with a Lifetime Achievement Award at Jaipur International Film Festival-JIFF in 2019. His debut film as writer was Aashiqui. He has written many films for Bhatt Productions.

Besides writing, he has also worked as an actor and an assistant. In his 20-year-long career he has written about 66 films and acted in more than 10 Hindi Films such as Chalte Chalte, Golmaal Returns, and U Me Aur Hum. He was nominated for Omkara, Koi Mil Gaya and Krrish and won an award for Baazigar for best screenplay.
Great Holland Pits
Great Holland Pits is a 16.2-hectare (40-acre) nature reserve east of Great Holland in Essex. It is managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust.

This area of former gravel pits has grassland, ancient woodland, ponds and wet depressions. There are water birds such as kingfishers, coots and little grebes, and flowering plants include moschatels and carline thistles.

There is access by a footpath from Little Clacton Road.

Adoxa moschatellina
Adoxa moschatellina, moschatel, is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae which has a highly distinctive inflorescence. This herbaceous perennial grows in relatively sunny places in old woodland, such as the edges of streams, and in shady places in open habitats such as rock crevices in limestone pavements. It has a limited ability to spread by seed, but expands vegetatively via its long stolons. It is a widespread but generally uncommon plant which is not considered to be threatened within its natural range.
Musselwhite
Musselwhite is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charlie Musselwhite (born 1944), American musician

David Musselwhite (1940–2010), British literary critic

Harry W. Musselwhite (1868–1955), American politician

Paul Stephen Musselwhite (born 1968), English footballer

William Ralph Musselwhite (born 1887), Archdeacon of Lynn

William Musselwhite
William Ralph Musselwhite, CVO (17 April 1887 – 28 September 1956) was Archdeacon of Lynn from 1953 until his death.
He was born in Southsea, and was educated at  the London College of Divinity. He was ordained in 1911. After curacies in Nottingham and Southsea he was Vicar of St Paul, Upper Norwood from 1919 to 1931; St John, Bromley, 1931 to 1939; St Peter Wolferton and St Felix Babingley from 1939. He was an Honorary Canon of Norwich from 1947 to 1953.
Battle of Knockdoe
The Battle of Knockdoe took place on 19 August 1504 at Knockdoe, in the Parish of Lackagh (Irish Leacach), County Galway, between two Hiberno Norman lords – Gearóid Mór FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, and Ulick Fionn Burke, 6th Clanricarde (d. 1509) – along with their respective Irish allies. The cause was a dispute between Maelsechlainn mac Tadhg Ó Cellaigh (Mod. Irish Maoilseachlainn mac Thaidhg Uí Cheallaigh)(O'Kelly), King of Ui Maine – Mod. Irish Uí Mháine) and Clanricarde.
The major contemporary sources for this battle are the Gaelic Irish annals and a sixteenth-century manuscript written in the Pale known as "the Book of Howth".

Duke of Leinster
Duke of Leinster (/ˈlɪnstər/; Irish: Diúc Laighean) is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland since 1691. It does not include any territorial landholdings and does not produce any revenue for the title-holder.

Currently Duke of Leinster is the premier dukedom in the Peerage of Ireland. The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Leinster are Marquess of Kildare (1761), Earl of Kildare (1316), Earl of Offaly (1761), Viscount Leinster, of Taplow in the County of Buckingham (1747), Baron of Offaly (c. 1193), Baron Offaly (1620) and Baron Kildare, of Kildare in the County of Kildare (1870). The viscounty of Leinster is in the Peerage of Great Britain, the barony of Kildare in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, and all other titles in the Peerage of Ireland. The courtesy title of the eldest son and heir of the Duke of Leinster is Marquess of Kildare. The Duke of Leinster is the head of the House of Kildare.
Bevu Bella (1993 film)
Bevu Bella (transl. Bitter Sweet) is a 1993 Indian Kannada-language romantic action film written and directed by S. Narayan. The film was produced by J. Girija in the banner of Jyothi Krishna Movies. The film stars Jaggesh and Ragini Roopa Sree in the lead roles while Lokesh, Ajay Kumar, director S. Narayan himself, and Shobharaj essay other important characters. The film has a musical score by Hamsalekha.

The title of the film is taken from the 1963 film starring Uday Kumar.
The film opened to largely positive reviews and became a blockbuster. The film is considered to be one of the best films of director S. Narayan.

Bevu Bella (1963 film)
Bevu Bella (pronunciationⓘ) is a 1963 Indian Kannada film directed by C. P. Jambulingam and produced by T. S. Gopalakrishna. The film stars Udaykumar, Raja Shankar, Leelavathi and H. Ramachandra Shastry in the lead roles. The musical score was composed by P. S. Diwakar.
Simon Makwac Mayen
Simon Makwac Mayen (born 1922) was a Sudanese politician.

Simon was born in Nasir in 1922. He studied at the American Mission E.V. School in Nasir and the Nugent Church Missionary Society School in Loka. In 1948 he began teaching in the American Mission Schools.

In the 1953 Sudanese parliamentary election he was elected to the House of Representatives from the Pibor and Eastern Nuer constituency, standing as a National Unionist Party candidate. Whilst he had been elected as a NUP candidate, he announced his membership in the Liberal Party before the opening of the new parliament.

1953 Sudanese parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Sudan on 2 and 25 November 1953, prior to the implementation of home rule. The result was a victory for the recently founded National Unionist Party, led by Ismail al-Azhari, which won 51 of the 97 seats in the House of Representatives and was invited to form a government. The NUP also secured a majority in the Senate, winning 21 of the 30 indirectly elected seats, which were chosen by local and provincial councils; a further 10 of the 20 Senate members were nominated by British Governor-General.

Although the Umma Party and sections of the British press alleged that Egypt had interfered in the election, it was generally regarded as free and fair.
Orazio Spínola
Orazio Spínola (1547–1616) was a Roman Catholic cardinal and member of the Pamphili family. The Cardinal designed to episcopally crown the venerated image of Madonna delle Vigne, promising its people to crown it every year on its centennial anniversary.

The image was not crowned in 1916 due to the First World War, but Pope Benedict XV felt national piety for his birthplace and issued a decree of coronation towards the image on 1 November 1920 via his Papal legate, the Archbishop of Genoa Cardinal Tommaso Pio Boggiani.

Papal legate
A papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title legatus) is a personal representative of the Pope to foreign nations, to some other part of the Catholic Church, or to representatives of a state or monarchy. A legate is empowered in matters of Catholic faith and for the settlement of ecclesiastical matters.

The legate is appointed directly by the Pope—the Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. Hence a legate is usually sent to a government, to a sovereign, to a large body of believers (such as a national church), or to take charge of a major religious effort, such as an ecumenical council, a crusade to the Holy Land, or even against a heresy such as the Cathars.

The term legation is applied both to a legate's mandate and to the territory concerned (such as a state, or an ecclesiastical province). The relevant adjective is legatine.
Rang Shawkat
Rang Shawkat Barawy (born 7 April 1986) is a Danish former footballer. During the 2007–08 season, Shawkat made three appearances for Lyngby Boldklub in the Danish Superliga. His debut at the highest level came on 20 August 2007 in a home match against Esbjerg fB, which Lyngby lost 1–6. Afterwards, he failed to establish himself on the team as he suffered a series of debilitating knee injuries, which kept him sidelined for prolonged periods of time.

He is a former Danish youth international.

Lyngby Boldklub
Lyngby Boldklub (Danish pronunciation: [ˈløŋˌpyˀ ˈpʌlˀtkʰlup]) is a professional football club based in Lyngby, Denmark, founded in 1921. It is based at Lyngby Stadion. The club play in the Danish 1st Division. From 1994 to 2001 the club was known as Lyngby FC. The club has won the Danish championship twice (1983 and 1992) and the Danish Cup three times (1984, 1985 and 1990).
Middle Qingliu Road station
Middle Qingliu Road (Chinese: 青六中路) is a metro station on Line 7 and Line 8 of the Hangzhou Metro in Zhejiang province, China. Opened on 30 December 2020, it is located in the Qiantang District of Hangzhou.

Line 8 (Hangzhou Metro)
Line 8 of the Hangzhou Metro (simplified Chinese: 杭州地铁八号线; traditional Chinese: 杭州地鐵八號線; pinyin: Hángzhōu Dìtiě Bāhào Xiàn) is a metro line in Hangzhou. The line is 17.17 km long and will run in a west–east direction between South Wenhai Road station and Xinwan Road station in Qiantang District. The line was opened on 28 June 2021.
Vladimir Ulanov (writer)
Vladimir Ivanovich Ulanov (Russian: Владимир Иванович Уланов; born 1 November 1946, in Altai Krai, USSR) is a Russian writer, journalist, member of the Russian Union of Writers, IFRW and International Union of Writers.

Was a chairman of the Board of Arkhangelsk "Regional Union of Writers Povazhe". Ulanov nominated for literary prizes "Heritage 2015" (for novel "Princely cross", " Writer of the Year 2013 ". Winner of two awards "Golden Pen of Russia", "Historical Heritage" in 2010 and "funny sign" in 2007. Nominated in the name of Sergey Yesenin Literary Prize "My Russia". Nominated for the award "Writer of year 2016".

Have 51 publications of books of Vladimir Ulanov.

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
Elias d'Ussel
Elias or Elyas d'Ussel or d'Uisel (fl. c. 1200) was a Limousin troubadour, the cousin of the three brothers Eble, Peire, and Gui, and co-castellan with them of the castle of Ussel-sur-Sarzonne, northeast of Ventadorn.

According to Gui's vida, Elias composed "good tensos. He has left behind four tensos, one partimen, and two coblas. He composed one series of verses with Gaucelm Faidit. The complete works of the four relations of Ussel, including Eble, were first compiled in one volume by J. Audiau as Les poésies des quatre troubadours d'Ussel (Paris, Delagrave, 1922). They are all available online at trobar.org.

Vida (Occitan literary form)
Vida (Old Occitan: [ˈvida]) is the usual term for a brief prose biography, written in Old Occitan, of a troubadour or trobairitz.

The word vida means "life" in Occitan languages; they are short prose biographies of the troubadours, and they are found in some chansonniers, along with the works of the author they describe. Vidas are notoriously unreliable: Mouzat, while complaining that some scholars still believe them, says they represent the authors as "ridiculous bohemians, and picaresque heroes"; Alfred Jeanroy calls them "the ancestors of modern novels". Most often, they are not based on independent sources, and their information is deduced from literal readings of the poems details. Most of the vidas were composed in Italy, many by Uc de Saint Circ.

Additionally, some individual poems are accompanied by razos, explanations of the circumstances in which the poem was composed.
Sergio Martino
Sergio Martino (born 19 July 1938) is an Italian film director and producer, notable for his contributions to the giallo genre.

Martino is the brother of the late producer Luciano Martino (who died in 2013). They collaborated frequently in their respective professions. Their grandfather was director Gennaro Righelli.

Sergio Martino worked for both the big screen as well as for Italian television, where he does most of his current work. He often worked with actress Edwige Fenech, who throughout the 1970s was married to his brother Luciano. He also worked with many genre actors such as George Hilton (who was married to Sergio's cousin), Anita Strindberg, Ivan Rassimov and Claudio Cassinelli, as well as famed Italian screenwriter Ernesto Gastaldi.

Martino's pseudonyms include Julian Barry, Martin Dolman, Serge Martin, Christian Plummer, and George Raminto.

Gennaro Righelli
Gennaro Righelli (12 December 1886 – 6 January 1949) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and actor. He directed more than 110 films in Italy and Germany between 1910 and 1947. In 1930, he directed the first Italian sound film, The Song of Love. He was married to the film star Maria Jacobini, whom he frequently cast in his films.
Maleate hydratase
The enzyme maleate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.31) catalyzes the chemical reaction

(R)-malate  maleate + H2O

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-malate hydro-lyase (maleate-forming). Other names in common use include D-malate hydro-lyase, malease, and (R)-malate hydro-lyase.  This enzyme participates in butanoate metabolism.

Butyric acid
Butyric acid (/bjuːˈtɪrɪk/; from Ancient Greek: βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2COOH. It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. The acid does not occur widely in nature, but its esters are widespread. It is a common industrial chemical and an important component in the mammalian gut.
OpenProcurement
Free and open-source software portal

OpenProcurement is an open source procurement software toolkit that automates procurement processes. It provides tools to design and build a transparent and competitive procurement process backed by strong data collection, electronic documents, and detailed reporting.

OpenProcurement toolkit was first released in 2014 under Apache license for free and open source software. Originally OpenProcurement had been developed by Quintagroup for ProZorro, a procurement system implemented to provide transparent and efficient spending of public funds in Ukraine. But due to toolkit’s flexibility and scalability it remains in use for other government and private sector procurements.

Prozorro.Sale
Prozorro.Sale (ukr. - Прозорро.Продажі) is a Ukrainian digital Public Sales ecosystem. It hosts online auctions for the transparent and efficient sale, lease, and allocation of government and municipal assets.

It is Open Source, Open-Data and Public-Private: government core (Prozorro.Sale JSC) + private eMarketplaces.
2015 Big South Conference men's soccer tournament
The 2015 Big South Conference men's soccer tournament was the 32nd edition of the tournament. It determined the Big South Conference's automatic berth into the 2015 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship.

The Winthrop Eagles won the tournament, besting the High Point Panthers in the championship match.

Winthrop Eagles
The Winthrop Eagles are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent Winthrop University, located in Rock Hill, South Carolina. Winthrop's 17 men's and women's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level as a member of the Big South Conference.
Dillian Whyte vs Jermaine Franklin
Dillian Whyte vs. Jermaine Franklin, billed as Maximum Violence was a professional heavyweight boxing match contested between former WBC interim heavyweight champion Dillian Whyte and Jermaine Franklin.

The bout was held at the Wembley Arena, London, England on the 26 November 2022.

Dillian Whyte
Dillian Whyte (/ˈdɪlɪən/; born 11 April 1988) is a Jamaican-British professional boxer who has formerly competed as a kickboxer and mixed martial artist. He held the World Boxing Council (WBC) interim heavyweight title twice between 2019 and 2022. At regional level, he has held multiple heavyweight championships, including the British title from 2016 to 2017; and challenged twice for the Commonwealth title, in 2015 and 2025.

Whyte is also a former kickboxing champion, having held the BIKMA British super-heavyweight title and the European K1 title, and has competed professionally in mixed martial arts.
Georgia Film Critics Association
The Georgia Film Critics Association (GAFCA) is an organization of professional film critics from the U.S. state of Georgia. Inclusion is open to film critics throughout the entire state of Georgia, although the majority of members are concentrated in the Metro Atlanta area. GAFCA members represent the reviewing press through online, radio, television, or print media.

2011 in film
The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film, including the highest-grossing films, film festivals, award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths. More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it, with 27 sequels released.
1994 New York gubernatorial election
The 1994 New York gubernatorial election was an election for the state governorship held on November 8, 1994. Incumbent Democratic governor Mario Cuomo ran for a fourth term, but was defeated by Republican George Pataki in an upset victory. Pataki had previously been described by the New York Daily News as "a little-known Republican state senator." The conservative New York Post attributed the result to how voters "had grown tired of the 12-year incumbent Cuomo and his liberalism."

Pataki's victory was one of the most notable of the 1994 "Republican Revolution" midterm elections, which also ousted governors in Alabama, New Mexico, and Texas. This is the last time a governor of New York lost re-election. This would be the last gubernatorial race until 2022 that was decided by a single-digit margin. This is the only election (primary or general) where a member of the Cuomo family lost Staten Island.

Republican Revolution
The "Republican Revolution", "Revolution of '94", or "Gingrich Revolution" are political slogans that refer to the Republican Party's (GOP) success in the 1994 U.S. midterm elections, which resulted in a net gain of 54 seats in the House of Representatives, and a pick-up of eight seats in the Senate. It was led by Newt Gingrich. This was the first time the GOP had taken control of the House in 42 years, since 1952.
Dirty White Boy (song)
"Dirty White Boy" is a song recorded by British-American rock band Foreigner, written by Lou Gramm and Mick Jones, and produced by Roy Thomas Baker, Jones, and Ian McDonald. It was the first single taken from the band's third studio album, Head Games (1979). The B-side, "Rev on the Red Line" has also proven to be very popular among fans, but was never released as an A-side. Lou Gramm's trademark scream at the end of the song is missing from this abbreviated version of "Dirty White Boy". The song spent nine weeks in the Top 40.

Roy Thomas Baker
Roy Thomas Baker (10 November 1946 – 12 April 2025) was an English record producer, songwriter and arranger who produced rock and pop songs, best known for producing five out of the first seven albums by British rock band Queen and the first four albums by American rock band the Cars.
Ferki Aliu Stadium
Ferki Aliu Stadium (Albanian: Stadiumi Ferki Aliu), is a multi-purpose stadium in Vushtrri, Kosovo. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of KF Vushtrria, which competes in the First Football League of Kosovo.

First Football League of Kosovo
The First Football League of Kosovo (Albanian: Liga e Parë e Futbollit të Kosovës), officially the Raiffeisen First League of Kosovo (Albanian: Raiffeisen Liga e Parë e Kosovës) for sponsorship reasons, is the second tier of the men's football league system in Kosovo. It is organised by the Football Federation of Kosovo (FFK).

As of the 2025–26 season the division consists of 18 clubs in a single nationwide league, following the merger of the previous two-group format used between the 2020–21 and 2024–25 seasons. Clubs are relegated to and promoted from the Second League, while the highest-placed teams move up to the Superleague.