hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Industrial school (Ireland)
Industrial schools (Irish: Scoileanna Saothair, IPA: [ˈsˠkɛlʲən̪ˠə ˈsˠiːhəɾʲ]) were established in Ireland under the Industrial Schools (Ireland) Act 1868 (31 & 32 Vict. c. 25) to care for "neglected, orphaned and abandoned children". By 1884, there were 5,049 children in such institutions throughout the country. The act was superseded by the Children Act 1908 (8 Edw. 7. c. 67).

Today in the Republic of Ireland, children may still be detained in protective custody. The nomenclature has changed from "industrial schools" and "reformatory schools" to "children detention schools". There are five such institutions in the state. The equivalent institution in Northern Ireland is the Juvenile Justice Centre at Rathgael, near Bangor. It is now Northern Ireland's only children's detention centre following the closure of St Patrick's in Belfast and Lisnevin in Millisle (formerly known as training schools).

Reformatory
A reformatory or reformatory school is a youth detention center or an adult correctional facility popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western countries. In the United Kingdom and United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration, and gender following industrialization, as well as from a shift in penology to reforming instead of punishing the criminal. They were traditionally single-sex institutions that relied on education, vocational training, and removal from the city. Although their use declined throughout the 20th century, their impact can be seen in practices like the United States' continued implementation of parole and the indeterminate sentence.
Kurozuka
Kurozuka (黒塚, "black mound") is the grave of an onibaba in Nihonmatsu, Fukushima Prefecture (previously Oodaira), Adachi District, or the legend of that onibaba. It lives in Adachigahara (the name of the eastern shore of Abukuma River as well as the eastern base of Mount Adatara) and it is told in legends as the "Onibaba of Adachigahara." The Kurozuka is actually the name of the mound in which this onibaba is buried, but nowadays it can also be used to refer to the onibaba as well. Also based on this legend are the noh titled Kurozuka, the nagauta and kabuki performance Adachigahara, and the kabuki jōruri Ōshū Adachigahara (奥州安達原).

Mount Adatara
Mount Adatara (安達太良山, Adatara-yama) is a stratovolcano in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

It is located about 15 kilometres southwest of the city of Fukushima and east of Mount Bandai. Its last known eruption was in 1996. An eruption in 1900 killed 72 workers at a sulfur mine located in the summit crater.
IClassical Academy
iClassical Academy produces educational online videos for musicians. Located in Crans-Montana, Switzerland.

iClassical Academy provides master classes and courses for piano, violin, cello, conducting, guitar and trumpet. Since October 2020, it has also offered courses in music & career and other business-related skills to complement the curriculum.

iClassical Academy also offers music teachers the possibility to create and publish their own courses under the label musiMentors.

Crans-Montana
Crans-Montana (French: [kʁɑ̃ mɔ̃tana]) is a municipality and ski resort in the predominantly French-speaking district of Sierre in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. The municipality was formed through the merger of Chermignon, Mollens, Montana and Randogne municipalities on 1 January 2017. The ski resort Crans-Montana was created through the fusion of the two centres of Crans and Montana, and is split between three municipalities, namely Crans-Montana, Icogne, and Lens.
Pahari people (Nepal)
The Pahadi people (Devanagari: पहाडी; IPA: [pahaɽi]; Pahāḍi, also called Pahadi and Parbati) are an Indo-Aryan group living in the hilly region (Pahad) of Nepal. Most Paharis, however, identify as members of constituent subgroups and castes within the larger Pahari community such as Brahmin (Bahun in Nepal), Kshatriya (Chhetri in Nepal) and Dalits.

The name Pahadi derives from pahad (पहाड), meaning "hill", and corresponds to the Hill Region foothills of the Himalayas where the Paharis live. Nepali interpretation generally includes Pahari as constituting the dominant Khas, indicating a contrast to that of these Indo-Aryan ethnicities with that of the Tibetan or Janjati origins like Magar, Tamang, Gurung, Kirat, among others. Pahari may also contrast geography alone.

Magars
The Magars, also spelled Mangar and Mongar, are the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to Nepal and Northeast India, representing 6.9% of Nepal's total population according to the 2021 Nepal census. They are one of the main Gurkha tribes.

The first home of the Magars was to the west of the Gandaki River and, roughly speaking, consisted of that portion of Nepal which lies between and around about Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, and Palpa.
This part of the country was divided into twelve districts known as Bahra Magarat (Confederation of Twelve Magar villages), which included the following regions of that period: Argha, Khanchi, Bhirkot, Dhor, Garhung, Ghiring, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Rising, Satung, and Pyung.
During the medieval period, the whole area from Palpa to Rukum Rolpa was called the Magarat, a place settled and inhabited by Magars.
Another confederation of eighteen Magar kingdoms, known as Athara Magarat, also existed and was originally inhabited by Kham Magars.
Gu'an County
Gu'an County (Chinese: 固安县; pinyin: Gù'ān Xiàn) is a county of Hebei province, China, bordering Beijing to the north. It is under the jurisdiction of Langfang City, with direct access to central Beijing via both G45 Daqing–Guangzhou Expressway and China National Highway 106. The area is also served by Gu'an railway station and Gu'an East railway station.

G45 Daqing–Guangzhou Expressway
The Daqing–Guangzhou Expressway (大庆－广州高速公路), designated as G45 and commonly referred to as the Daguang Expressway (大广高速公路) is a north-south bound expressway that connects the cities of Daqing, Heilongjiang, and Guangzhou, Guangdong in China. When fully complete, it will be 3,550 km (2,210 mi) in length.
Matthew Longjohn
Matthew M. Longjohn is an American physician and politician serving as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives since January 2025, representing the 40th district. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the Democratic nominee for Michigan's 6th congressional district in the 2018 elections, losing to incumbent Fred Upton.

Michigan's 40th House of Representatives district
Michigan's 40th House of Representatives district (also referred to as Michigan's 40th House district) is a legislative district within the Michigan House of Representatives located in part of Kalamazoo County. The district was created in 1965, when the Michigan House of Representatives district naming scheme changed from a county-based system to a numerical one.
Portugal in the Middle Ages
The Kingdom of Portugal was established from the county of Portugal in the 1130s, ruled by the Portuguese House of Burgundy. During most of the 12th and 13th centuries, its history is chiefly that of the gradual reconquest of territory from the various Muslim principalities (taifas) of the period.

This process was essentially complete with the ascension of Afonso III of Portugal, the first to claim the title of King of Portugal and the Algarve. The history of Portugal in the period between the death of Afonso III in 1279 and the beginning of the Portuguese Empire in 1415 includes the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum and the subsequent transition from the Portuguese House of Burgundy to the House of Aviz.

Denis of Portugal
Denis (Latin: Dionysius Alphonsus, Portuguese: Dinis Afonso; 9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325), called the Farmer King (Rei Lavrador) and the Poet King (Rei Poeta), was King of Portugal from 1279 until his death in 1325.

Dinis was the eldest son of Afonso III of Portugal by his second wife, Beatrice of Castile, and grandson of Afonso II of Portugal, Denis succeeded his father in 1279. He was married to Elizabeth of Aragon, who was later canonised as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.

Denis ruled Portugal for over 46 years. He worked to reorganise his country's economy and gave an impetus to Portuguese agriculture. He ordered the planting of a large pine forest (that still exists today) near Leiria to prevent soil degradation that threatened the region, and to serve as a source of raw materials for the construction of the royal ships. He was also known for his poetry, which constitutes an important contribution to the development of Portuguese as a literary language.
James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal
The James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal, formerly known as the Pope Center for Higher Education Policy and simply the Pope Center, is an American conservative 501(c)(3) nonprofit higher education policy institute located in Raleigh, North Carolina.

The Martin Center is one of several public policy centers underwritten by the John William Pope Foundation.

The Martin Center changed its name in January 2017 and is named after former North Carolina Governor James G. Martin. The Martin Center has attained the GuideStar Exchange Gold participation level, a symbol of transparency and accountability.

Candid (organization)
Candid is an information service specializing in reporting on U.S. nonprofit companies. In 2016, its database provided information on 2.5 million organizations. It is the product of the February 2019 merger of GuideStar with Foundation Center.

The organization maintains comprehensive databases on grantmakers and their grants; issues a wide variety of print, electronic, and online information resources; conducts and publishes research on trends in foundation growth, giving, and practice; and offers education and training programs.
1998 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1998 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democrat Howard Dean ran successfully for re-election to a fourth full term as Governor of Vermont, defeating Republican candidate Ruth Dwyer.

This is the last time to date that Franklin County voted Democratic in a gubernatorial election.

Franklin County, Vermont
Franklin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2020 census, the population was 49,946. Its county seat is the city of St. Albans. It borders the Canadian province of Quebec. The county was created in 1792 and organized in 1796. Franklin County is part of the Burlington metropolitan area.
Maisonneuve Boulevard
Boulevard Maisonneuve is an important arterial in the heart of downtown Gatineau, Quebec. It serves as connector route between the Portage Bridge from Ottawa to Quebec Autoroutes 5 and 50 as well as Boulevard Fournier towards the Gatineau sector of the city, northern portions of the Hull sector and the northern east suburbs. It also gives access to the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge and the Alexandra Bridge (via Boulevard des Allumettières formerly Boulevard Saint-Laurent).

Quebec Autoroute 50
Autoroute 50 (Autoroute Guy-Lafleur) is an Autoroute in western Quebec, Canada. It links Canada's National Capital Region (Gatineau) and the Greater Montreal area (Mirabel).

Until November 2012, there were two distinct sections of A-50: one section running eastward from Hull and the other westward from Mirabel. The gap in the highway was filled on November 26, 2012, and the two-lane freeway opened for traffic on the full 159 km (98.8 mi) length.

The route provides an east-west freeway alternative to Route 148 that does not require travelling in Ontario, unlike the main Trans-Canada Highway route (A-40 / Hwy 417).

Originally named Autoroute de l'Outaouais, it was announced on April 28, 2023, that A-50 would be renamed to Autoroute Guy-Lafleur in honor of the former Montreal Canadiens player who died of lung cancer a year earlier. The Quebec government officially announced the name change on May 4 in Thurso, Lafleur's birthplace.
Maxime Rouyer
Maxime Rouyer (born July 16, 1994) is a French professional gridiron football linebacker for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He has also played for the Edmonton Elks of the CFL and the Panthers Wrocław of the European League of Football (ELF).

U Sports football
U Sports football is the highest level of amateur play of Canadian football and operates under the auspices of U Sports, Canada's governing body for university sports. Twenty-seven teams from Canadian universities are divided into four athletic conferences, drawing from the four regional associations of U Sports: Canada West Universities Athletic Association, Ontario University Athletics, Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec, and Atlantic University Sport. At the end of every season, the champions of each conference advance to semifinal bowl games; the winners of these meet in the Vanier Cup national championship.
Christian Oxonitsch
Christian Oxonitsch (born 21 December 1961) is an Austrian politician of the Social Democratic Party serving as a member of the National Council since 2022. He was a member of the Municipal Council and Landtag of Vienna in 1996, from 1997 to 2009, and from 2015 to 2022.

Municipal Council and Landtag of Vienna
As Vienna, the capital of Austria is both a city and a state, the 100 members of the Municipal Council (Gemeinderat) of the city of Vienna also act as members of the Landtag (legislative assembly) of the state of Vienna. Members serve for five years.

While the municipal council and the state parliament consist of the same members, they meet separately, complete with separate presiding officers: the chairman of the Municipal Council and the President of the Landtag. This is because the Vienna City Constitution requires city and state business to be kept separate. When the deputies meet as the Municipal Council, they can only deal with matters of the city, but not the affairs of the state. When the deputies meet as the Landtag, they may only deal with the matters of the state, but not the affairs of the city. Thus, the legal situation in Vienna is different to that in other city-states such as Berlin, Moscow, or Singapore.
STEAP2
Metalloreductase STEAP2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STEAP2 gene.

This gene is a member of the STEAP family and encodes a multi-pass membrane protein that localizes to the Golgi complex, the plasma membrane, and the vesicular tubular structures in the cytosol.

A highly similar protein in mouse has both ferri reductase and cupric reductase activity, and stimulates the cellular uptake of both iron and copper in vitro. Increased transcriptional expression of the human gene is associated with prostate cancer progression. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Ulrike Sarvari
Ulrike Sarvari (born 22 June 1964 in Heidelberg) is a retired German sprinter.

Sarvari finished fifth in the 4 × 100 metres relay for West Germany at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and fourth in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. She finished sixth in the 60 metre race at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

Sarvari's greatest success came at the 1990 European Indoor Championships in Glasgow, where she won both the 60 m and the 200 m. Sarvari is the only woman to achieve this double in the history of the European Indoor Championships.

At the 1990 European Championships in Athletics in Split, Sarvari was seventh in the 100 metres and won a silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay for West Germany, together with Gabi Lippe, Andrea Thomas and Silke Knoll.

1987 World Championships in Athletics
The 2nd World Championships in Athletics (Italian: Campionati del mondo di atletica leggera 1987) under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations were held in the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy between August 28 and September 6, 1987.
Herbarium
A herbarium (pl.: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study.

The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sheet of paper (called exsiccatum, plur. exsiccata) but, depending upon the material, may also be stored in boxes or kept in alcohol or other preservative. The specimens in a herbarium are often used as reference material in describing plant taxa. Some specimens may be types, some may be specimens distributed in published series called exsiccatae.

The term herbarium is often used in mycology to describe an equivalent collection of preserved fungi, otherwise known as a fungarium. A xylarium is a herbarium specialising in specimens of wood. The term hortorium (as in the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium) has occasionally been applied to a herbarium specialising in preserving material of horticultural origin.

Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and infection. Yeasts are among the most heavily utilized members of the fungus kingdom, particularly in food manufacturing.

Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.
Prableen Kaur
Prableen Kaur (born 20 March 1993) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

She is from Romsås and of Punjabi Sikh descent. She was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Oslo in 2013. As Hadia Tajik from Oslo was a member of the outgoing Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet, Kaur met as a regular representative during the two weeks before the cabinet change. As of 2016, she had declined [being a candidate] for [the parliamentary] election [in 2017].

In 2011, she survived the Utøya massacre. She was deputy leader of the Oslo Workers' Youth League, a post she left in February 2012. In the 2011 Norwegian local elections she was elected into Oslo city council, as the youngest representative ever. The Norwegian magazine Ny Tid voted Kaur as "Norwegian of the year 2011".

She attended Oslo Cathedral School.

Ny Tid
Ny Tid (English: Modern Times Review) is a Norwegian current affairs website. It is currently owned by Ny Tid & Orientering AS. It is headed by Truls Lie, formerly the editor-in-chief of Morgenbladet and editor-in-chief/publisher of Le Monde diplomatique in Norway.
Una Leacy
Una Leacy is a camogie player and winner of two All-Star awards. Leacy's first All-Star came in 2007, the year her two early goals helped Wexford win their first All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship in 32 years, and her second in 2011. She won further All Ireland medals in 2010 and 2011.

Camogie
Camogie (/kəˈmoʊɡi/ ⓘ kə-MOH-ghee; Irish: camógaíocht [kəˈmˠoːɡiːxt̪ˠ]) is an Irish stick-and-ball team sport played by women. It is played by 100,000 women in Ireland and worldwide, largely among Irish communities.

A variant of the game hurling (which is played by men only), it is organised by the Dublin-based Camogie Association (An Cumann Camógaíochta). The annual All Ireland Camogie Championship has a record attendance of 33,154, while average attendances in recent years are in the range of 15,000 to 18,000. The final is broadcast live, with a television audience of over 300,000.

UNESCO lists Camogie as an element of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The game is referred to in Waiting for Godot by Irish playwright Samuel Beckett and in 'Fair Play' a detective novel by Irish author Louise Hegarty.
Ringle
In music publishing, a ringle was an attempt to revitalize the CD market by bundling a song in both full single form and a shortened ringtone version on the same disc.

Conceived by Sony BMG Music Entertainment, a 'ringle' consisted of three songs, including the advertised single along with a remix or possibly another song from the same artist, as well as a mobile phone ringtone and a program allowing the purchaser to transfer the ringtone to their mobile phone. Sony BMG stated that 50 ringles would be released between October and November 2007 in the USA, while Universal Music Group would release up to 20. Bloggers at the time likened the move to "re-arranging the deck chairs on the Titanic", while the Sydney Morning Herald stated the concept "could be a case of too little, too late."

Music publisher
A music publisher is a type of publisher that specializes in distributing music. Music publishers originally published sheet music. When copyright became legally protected, music publishers began to play a significant role in the management of composers' intellectual property. Today, music publishers license compositions, collect royalties, and make sure songwriters and composers are paid when their work is used.
Will Henry Stevens
Will Henry Stevens (November 28, 1881 – August 25, 1949) was an American modernist painter and naturalist. Stevens is known for his paintings and tonal pastels depicting the rural Southern landscape, abstractions of nature, and non-objective works. His paintings are in the collections of over forty museums in the US, including the Ogden Museum of Southern Art, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, the North Carolina Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

North Carolina Museum of Art
The North Carolina Museum of Art (NCMA) is an art museum in Raleigh, North Carolina. It opened in 1956 as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by state legislation and funding. Since the initial 1947 appropriation that established its collection, the museum has offered free admission to the permanent collection. Its holdings span more than 5,000 years, from antiquity to the present. The museum features over 40 galleries and more than a dozen outdoor works in its 164-acre (0.66 km2) park, one of the largest museum parks in the United States. In 2010, a 127,000-square-foot (11,800 m2) expansion, the West Building, opened; it received an international design award for its energy-efficient design.
Erfurt IV
Erfurt IV is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Landtag of Thuringia. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 27. It contains southeastern parts of Erfurt, the capital and largest city of Thuringia.

Erfurt IV was created in 1990 for the first state election. Since 2024, it has been represented by Marek Erfurth of Alternative for Germany.

1990 Thuringian state election
The 1990 Thuringia state election was held on 14 October 1990 to elect the members of the first Landtag of Thuringia. It was the first election held in Thuringia since the reunification of Germany, which took place on 3 October. The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) led by Josef Duchač emerged as the largest party with 45.4%, followed by the Social Democratic Party (SPD) with 22.8%. The CDU formed a coalition with the Free Democratic Party (FDP), and Duchač became Thuringia's first post-reunification Minister-President.