hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Devils Garden volcanic field
Devils Garden Volcanic Field is a volcanic field located south east of Newberry Caldera in Oregon. The  lava field consists of several flows of  pahoehoe lava that erupted from fissure vents in the northeast part of the Devils Garden. The main vent on the north end of the fissure created a lava tube system. Several small vents to the south produced the Blowouts (two large spatter cones), several small spatter cones, and flows.  Several older hills and higher areas were completely surrounded by the flows to form kipukas. The distal ends of the flows show excellent examples of inflated lava.

The flows cover an area of 45 square miles (117 km2).

Devils Garden is most likely between 50,000 and 10,000 years old.  It is certainly older than the formation of Crater Lake as ash from the eruption of Mount Mazama overlays the Devils Garden lava flows.

Volcanic cone
Volcanic cones are among the simplest volcanic landforms. They are built by ejecta from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption. Types of volcanic cones include stratocones, spatter cones, tuff cones, and cinder cones.
Maycock
Maycock is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred Maycock (born 1949), former Guyanese cricketer

Anna Maycock (born 1982), captain of the Australia women's national volleyball team

Betty-Jean Maycock Harrington (born 1942), former Olympic gymnast from Cleveland, Ohio

Callum Maycock (born 1997), English footballer

Ellen Maycock (born 1950), American mathematician

Mary Dye née Maycock (born 1961), American politician of the Republican Party

Pam Royds née Maycock (1924–2016), British publisher and children's book editor

Renae Maycock (born 1980), Australian volleyball player

Ellen Maycock
Ellen Johnston Maycock (born September 15, 1950 in Maryland) is an American mathematician and mathematics educator.  She is the former Johnson Family University Professor and professor emerita of mathematics at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana.  Her mathematical research was in functional analysis.
Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal
Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal (English:  transl. Woolly pods of Kakkothikkavu) is a 1988 Indian Malayalam-language drama film produced jointly by Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy and Fazil, directed by Kamal and written by Fazil. The film is heroine-oriented, in which Revathi and Ambika play the lead roles. It features original songs composed by Ouseppachan, and the cinematography is done by Vipin Mohan.

The film is pictured in rural locations, such as Pandalam, Kudassanad, and Venmony. It includes many sequences in school settings and of gypsy life. The film was a sleeper hit at the box office. Revathi won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her performance in this film. The movie wasn't a commercial success when it was released, but it got a huge fan following after becoming available on Cassette / CD and when it came on TV.

Fazil (director)
Abdul Hameed Muhammed Fazil (born 4 February 1949), known mononymously as Fazil, is an Indian film director, film producer, screenwriter and actor who works in Malayalam cinema, in addition to directing a handful of Tamil films. He made his directorial debut with the 1980 film Manjil Virinja Pookkal.

His popular films include Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku (1983), Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu (1984), Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal (1986), Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal (1987), Ente Sooryaputhrikku (1991), Pappayude Swantham Appoos (1992), Manichitrathazhu (1993), Harikrishnans (1998). 
His 1993 film Manichitrathazhu won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. He won the Best Director award at the 13th Kerala State Film Awards for his 1984 film Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku.
Brandie Jay
Brandie Jay Dorminey (born November 26, 1993) is a retired American elite artistic gymnast. She won two gold medals at the 2011 Pan American Games with the team and on vault.

Jay attended the University of Georgia and competed for their NCAA team. During her senior year at Georgia she won the NCAA national title on vault.

Gymnastics at the 2011 Pan American Games
At the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, three different gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline.  The artistic gymnastics events were held on October 24–29.  The rhythmic gymnastics events were held on October 21–24.  The trampoline events were held on October 16–19. All three events were held at the Nissan Gymnastics Stadium.
William Batt (architect)
William Batt  (1840–1910) was a Belfast-based architect. He joined the firm of Boyd and Batt, led by George Boyd and another William Batt who is assumed to be his father. In contemporary publications he was referred to as William Batt junior.

Batt worked in the High Victorian architectural style throughout his entire career. He began with numerous villas in the Malone Road. In 1876–79 he designed the front gate lodge for the Botanic Gardens in Belfast which was demolished in 1965. Among his works are many Orange halls including Belfast Orange Hall at 82 Clifton Street. He became a member of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland in 1878.

He died in 1910, and is buried in Balmoral Cemetery in Belfast.

Botanic Gardens (Belfast)
Botanic Gardens is a public garden in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Occupying 28 acres (110,000 m2) of south Belfast, the gardens are popular with office workers, students and tourists. They are located on Stranmillis Road in Queen's Quarter, with Queen's University nearby. The Ulster Museum is located at the main entrance.
California State Route 154
State Route 154 (SR 154) (also known as the Chumash Highway or unofficially as San Marcos Pass Road after the signage) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from Los Olivos to Santa Barbara, crossing the San Marcos Pass in the Santa Ynez Mountains. Before U.S. Route 101 was built through the Gaviota Pass, SR 154 was the main throughway to Santa Barbara and the tri city area including use as a stagecoach route in early years. After being replaced by US 101 as the primary route between the Santa Ynez Valley and Santa Barbara, SR 154 now serves as a scenic bypass.

Chumash people
The Chumash are a Native American people of the central and southern coastal regions of California, in portions of what is now Kern, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles counties, extending from Morro Bay in the north to Malibu in the south to Mount Pinos in the east. Their territory includes three of the Channel Islands: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel; the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source.

Modern place names with Chumash origins include Malibu, Nipomo, Lompoc, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, Piru, Lake Castaic, Saticoy, Simi Valley, and Somis. Archaeological research shows that the Chumash people have deep roots in the Santa Barbara Channel area and have lived along the southern California coast for millennia.
Manimi
The Manimi were a Germanic tribe. They were mentioned by Tacitus, in his ethnographic book Germania, where he stated that the Manimi were one of the five most powerful tribes of the Lugii. They lived between the Oder and the Vistula.

The Manimi have been compared to the "Atmonoi" mentioned by Strabo as a branch of the Basternes, and the "Lougoi Omanoi" mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy.

Tacitus
Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus (/ˈtæsɪtəs/ TAS-it-əs, Latin: [ˈtakɪtʊs]; c. AD 56 – c. 120), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historians by modern scholars.

Tacitus's two major historical works, Annals (Latin: Annales) and the Histories (Latin: Historiae), originally formed a continuous narrative of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus (14 AD) to the end of Domitian's reign (96 AD). The surviving portions of the Annals focus on the reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD).

Tacitus's other writings discuss oratory (in dialogue format, see Dialogus de oratoribus), Germania (in De origine et situ Germanorum), and the life of his father-in-law, Agricola (the general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain), mainly focusing on his campaign in Britannia (De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae).
John Betts (Connecticut politician)
John Betts (June 20, 1650—c.June 1730)  was a member of the House of Representatives of the Colony of Connecticut from Norwalk in the sessions of October 1708, May 1709, October 1710, May 1715, and May 1716.

He was born June 20, 1650, in Guilford, which at the time was a part of the New Haven Colony. He was the son of Thomas Betts and Sarah Marvin.

New Haven Colony
New Haven Colony was an English colony from 1638 to 1664 that included settlements on the north shore of Long Island Sound, with outposts in modern-day New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. The colony joined Connecticut Colony in 1664.

The history of the colony was a series of disappointments and failures. The most serious problem was that New Haven Colony never had a charter giving it legal title to exist.  The larger, stronger colony of Connecticut to the north did have a charter. New Haven's leaders were businessmen and traders, but they were never able to build up a large or profitable trade because their agricultural base was poor, farming the rocky soil was difficult, and the location was isolated.
American Standard of Perfection
The American Standard of Perfection is the official book of breed standards of the American Poultry Association.  It classifies and describes the standard physical appearance, coloring and temperament for many breeds of poultry recognized in the United States, including chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese and guinea fowl, but not pigeons.

The earliest book of breed standards for the poultry fancy in North America was published in 1867 as the Standard of Excellence, under the auspices of the American Poultry Society; the first such work to be published by the American Poultry Association – which was constituted in 1873/1874 – was the American Standard of Excellence in 1874.

Domestic goose
A domestic goose is a goose that humans have domesticated and kept for their meat, eggs, or down feathers, or as companion animals. Domestic geese have been derived through selective breeding from the wild greylag goose (Anser anser domesticus) and swan goose (Anser cygnoides domesticus).
Intourist
Intourist (Russian: Интурист, a contraction of иностранный турист, "foreign tourist" also Goskomturist (Russian: Госкомтурист)) was a Soviet then Russian tour operator, headquartered in Moscow. It was founded on April 12, 1929, and served as the primary travel agency for foreign tourists in the Soviet Union. The former GRU military spy Viktor Suvorov stated that Intourist was run by the KGB. It was privatized in 1992 and, from 2011, was 50.1% owned by the British Thomas Cook Group until its collapse in September 2019. In November 2019, Anex Tours acquired the stake from the British Official Receiver.

Official receiver
An officer of the Insolvency Service of the United Kingdom, an official receiver (OR) is an officer of the court to which they are attached.  The OR is answerable to the courts for carrying out the courts' orders and for fulfilling their duties under law.  They also act on directions, instructions and guidance from the service's Inspector General or, less often, from the Secretary of State for Business and Trade.
Peter Thompson (antiquarian)
Sir Peter Thompson (30 October 1698 – 31 October 1770) was an English merchant, collector and MP.

He was a younger son of Captain Thomas Thompson of Poole, Dorset.

He became an eminent merchant in Bermondsey, London, trading in Hamburg and Newfoundland. He was made High Sheriff of Surrey for 1745-46 and knighted the same year. In 1746, he travelled to Berlin during the War of the Austrian Succession. He sat in Parliament as MP for St Albans from 1747 to 1754.

He built a large town house in Poole, now a grade I listed building, and became a collector and antiquary, being created a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and, in 1746, a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Thompson was a friend of Joseph Ames (author), and died unmarried and was succeeded by his brother James.

St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)
St Albans is a constituency in Hertfordshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Daisy Cooper, a Liberal Democrat.

This article also describes the eponymous parliamentary borough (1554–1852), consisting only of the city of St Albans, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system.
Mirim Lee
Mirim Lee (born 25 October 1990), also known as Lee Mi-rim, is a South Korean professional golfer.

Lee turned professional in 2009. She played on the LPGA of Korea Tour since 2010 and won three events on that tour. She began playing on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour in 2014 and has won four tournaments, including one major, the 2020 ANA Inspiration. In the first round of the 2016 Women's British Open, Lee tied the low-round record in a Women's British Open of 62.

LPGA of Korea Tour
The LPGA of Korea Tour is a South Korean professional golf tour for women. LPGA stands for Ladies Professional Golf Association. LPGA of Korea runs this tour, not the American LPGA. It is one of the world's five leading women's golf tours.

Based on the April 2019 exchange rates, in 2019 the main tour has total prize fund of roughly 21.7 million USD.
Suma Josson
Suma Josson is an Indian-American journalist and filmmaker. Her documentary film Niyamgiri, You are still alive, on the ecological and human damage done by bauxite mining, won a first prize in the Short Film, Environment category at the 2010 International Film Festival of India.

International Film Festival of India
The International Film Festival of India (IFFI), founded in 1952, is an annual film festival currently held in Goa, on the western coast of India. The festival aims at providing a common platform for the cinemas of the world to project the excellence of the film art; contributing to the understanding and appreciation of film cultures of different nations in the context of their social and cultural ethos, and promoting friendship and cooperation among people of the world. The festival is conducted jointly by the National Film Development Corporation of India (under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting) and the state Government of Goa.
Wesley Asbury Wilkerson
Wesley Asbury Wilkerson (February 13, 1844 - August 8, 1915)  was a teacher, Baptist minister, justice of the peace, and state legislator. He served in the Florida House of Representatives in 1881, 1883, and 1885.

The Home Mission Society documented his work in an 1889 report. It listed statistics on his and other Baptist leaders sermons preached, meetings held, literature distributed and other church work. His field is described as "Colored People".

He attended the February 5, 1884 State Conference of Colored Men of Florida in Gainesville.

In 1903, the Ocala Evening Star noted he and his wife were in Ocala from Flemington, Florida.

American Home Missionary Society
The American Home Missionary Society (AHMS or A. H. M. Society) was a Protestant missionary society in the United States founded in 1826. It was founded as a merger of the United Domestic Missionary Society with state missionary societies from New England. The society was formed by members of the Presbyterian, Congregational, Associate Reformed, and Dutch Reformed churches with the objective "to assist congregations that are unable to support the gospel ministry, and to send the gospel to the destitute within the United States." In 1893, the Society became exclusively associated with the National Council of Congregational Churches and was renamed the Congregational Home Missionary Society.
Oakland (Airlie, North Carolina)
Oakland is a historic plantation house located at Airlie, Halifax County, North Carolina. It was built in 1823, and is a two-story, three bay by three bay, Federal-style frame dwelling. It has a temple-form and pedimented gable front facade.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Halifax County, North Carolina
Halifax County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,622. Its county seat is Halifax. Halifax County is part of the Roanoke Rapids, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Rocky Mount-Wilson-Roanoke Rapids, NC Combined Statistical Area.
Betesfa Getahun
Betesfa Getahun (born 25 September 1998) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner. In 2018, he competed in the men's half marathon at the 2018 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships held in Valencia, Spain. He finished in 6th place.

In 2017, he competed in the junior men's race at the 2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Kampala, Uganda.

In 2018, he competed in his first half marathons, in 2019 in the first marathon.

2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was hosted in the city of Kampala, Uganda's capital. This 42nd edition was held on 26 March 2017. The venue was Kampala Airport, commonly known as Kololo airstrip, or officially, the Kololo Ceremonial Grounds. A few modifications were made to make the track challenging.
Echuca railway station
Echuca railway station is located on the Deniliquin line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of the same name, and opened on 19 September 1864.

It is the northern-most operating passenger railway station on the Deniliquin line, and is the terminus for Echuca line services. It also serves as the terminus of the freight-only Toolamba–Echuca line. The Deniliquin line extends northwards, over the New South Wales state border, and is open for freight traffic. Freight sidings and a silo are located opposite the station.

Silo
A silo (from Ancient Greek  σιρός (sirós) 'pit for holding grain') is a structure for storing bulk materials.

Silos are commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. Three types of silos are in widespread use today: tower silos, bunker silos, and bag silos.

Silos are used in agriculture to store fermented feed known as silage.
Ursacius of Singidunum
Ursacius (fl. 335–346) was the bishop of Singidunum (the ancient city which was to become Belgrade), during the middle of the 4th century. He played an important role during the evolving controversies surrounding the legacies of the Council of Nicaea and the theologian Arius, acting frequently in concert with his fellow bishops of the Diocese of Pannonia (or "Illyria"), Germinius of Sirmium and Valens of Mursa. Found at various times during their episcopal careers staking positions on both sides of the developing theological debate and internal Church politicking, Ursacius and his fellows were seen to vacillate according to the political winds.

Diocese of Pannonia
The Diocese of Pannonia (Latin: Dioecesis Pannoniarum, lit. 'Diocese of the Pannonias'), from 395 known as the Diocese of Illyricum, was a diocese of the Late Roman Empire. The seat of the vicarius (governor of the diocese) was Sirmium.
2024 deaths in the United Kingdom
The following notable deaths of British people occurred in 2024. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence:

Name, age, citizenship at birth, nationality (in addition to British), or/and home nation, what subject was noted for, birth year, cause of death (if known), and reference.

London Welsh RFC
London Welsh Rugby Football Club was a rugby union club formed in 1885. Based in Old Deer Park, Richmond-upon-Thames, London Welsh RFC played in the English Premiership in the 2012–13 and 2014–15 seasons, after gaining promotion from the RFU Championship in the 2012 and 2014 play-off final. The club returned to Old Deer Park in 2015 after three seasons at the Kassam Stadium, Oxford.

The club went into liquidation in December 2016 and was given a temporary licence to complete two fixtures in the Championship. Chairman at the time Bleddyn Phillips claimed to have sold the club to a California-based investment group led by Welshman Trevor Owen Shaw, but no contract or funds ever materialised.

On 24 January 2017 it was announced that London Welsh had been removed from the RFU Championship and their results expunged. The RFU stated that their place in the league was "untenable" and the club were dissolved. The remnants of the defunct club were amalgamated into their amateur set up.
Ingrid Falk (artist)
Ingrid Falk (born 1960 in Sweden) is a painter, installation artist and curator. In 1992 formed the art collective FA+ in collaboration with her husband, Gustavo Aguerre.  Amongst the artists who have worked with FA+ are Nicola Pellegrini, Otonella Mocellin, Daniel Wetter and Lennie Lee.
Together Ingrid Falk and Gustavo Aguerre have worked on a number of site-specific installations throughout Europe. These involve large-scale installations, photographic projections, sculptures and video installations. Falk has exhibited in a number of important museums and private galleries throughout Europe.  Ingrid Falk and Gustavo Aguerre assembled 3,053 pieces of toast into a large mosaic of a toaster in late 1999—they are attributed with spreading toast as an art medium.

Site-specific art
Site-specific art refers to artworks created for a particular location and designed to have meaning through their relationship to that site. Typically, the artist takes the location into account while planning and creating the artwork. Site-specific art is produced both by commercial artists and independently, and can include some instances of work such as sculpture, stencil graffiti, rock balancing, and other art forms. Installations can be in urban areas, remote natural settings, or underwater.
Circular thresholding
Circular thresholding is an algorithm for automatic image threshold selection in image processing. Most threshold selection algorithms assume that the values (e.g. intensities) lie on a linear scale. However, some quantities such as hue and orientation are a circular quantity, and therefore require circular thresholding algorithms. The example shows that the standard linear version of Otsu's method when applied to the hue channel of an image of blood cells fails to correctly segment the large white blood cells (leukocytes). In contrast the white blood cells are correctly segmented by the circular version of Otsu's method.

Otsu's method
In computer vision and image processing, Otsu's method, named after Nobuyuki Otsu (大津展之, Ōtsu Nobuyuki), is used to perform automatic image thresholding. In the simplest form, the algorithm returns a single intensity threshold that separate pixels into two classes –  foreground and background. This threshold is determined by minimizing intra-class intensity variance, or equivalently, by maximizing inter-class variance.

Otsu's method is a one-dimensional discrete analogue of Fisher's discriminant analysis, is related to Jenks optimization method, and is equivalent to a globally optimal k-means performed on the intensity histogram. The extension to multi-level thresholding was described in the original paper, and computationally efficient implementations have since been proposed.