hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Racism in Iran
Racism in Iran encompasses various manifestations of racism between the inhabitants of the country. A UN panel in 2019 said "Arabs, Kurds, and other minorities in Iran face discrimination because of their ethnicity." In 2010, The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) of the UN urged Iran to tackle racism against Arab, Azeri, Balochi, and Kurdish communities and some communities of non-citizens. Iran has been found by groups like CERD, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International to be marginalizing and discriminating against people of non-Persian ethnicity via government crackdowns on dissent and hampering access to health and housing services, with ethnic Persians dominating the central government of Iran.

Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Political repression has been exercised in Iran since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, which led Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to power and thus established an Islamic theocracy combining Islamic principles with authoritarian policy. The Islamic Republic has throughout its history used executions, massacres and torture against those perceived as potential dissidents. Survivors described being blindfolded, waiting in the corridors to be brought before the committee, and witnessing prisoners being taken to their executions, including those whose health had deteriorated due to torture. It has been alleged that these techniques are employed with the intent of silencing critics of the regime, especially female dissidents. In 2024, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Iran published a report that categorised the 1981–1982 massacres and 1988 executions as crimes against humanity and genocide.
Isetan
Isetan (伊勢丹, Isetan) (TYO: 8238 unlisted on March 26, 2008, SGX: I15
) is a Japanese department store. Based in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Isetan has branches throughout Japan and South East Asia, including in Jinan, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Shanghai, Singapore, and Tianjin, and formerly in Bangkok, Hong Kong, Kaohsiung, London, and Vienna.

On April 1, 2008, Isetan and Mitsukoshi were merged under a joint holding company called Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings Ltd. (TYO: 3099).

Singapore Exchange
Singapore Exchange Limited (SGX Group) is a Singapore-based exchange conglomerate, operating equity, fixed income, currency and commodity markets. It provides a range of listing, trading, clearing, settlement, depository and data services. SGX Group is also a member of the World Federation of Exchanges and the Asian and Oceanian Stock Exchanges Federation. It is ASEAN's second largest market capitalization after Indonesia Stock Exchange at US$609.653 billion as of September 2023.
Robert Lee (obstetrician)
Robert Lee FRS (1793 – 6 February 1877) was Regius Professor of Midwifery at the University of Glasgow in 1834.  He held the Chair for the shortest period of any holder to date, resigning from his position immediately after giving his opening address.

Churchill Livingstone
Churchill Livingstone is an academic publisher.

It was formed in 1971 from the merger of Longman's medical list, E & S Livingstone (Edinburgh, Scotland) and J & A Churchill (London, England) and was owned by Pearson. Harcourt acquired Churchill Livingstone in 1997. It is now integrated as an imprint in Elsevier's health science division after Elsevier acquired Harcourt in 2001.

In the past it published a number of classic medical texts, including Sir William Osler's textbook The Principles and Practice of Medicine, Gray's Anatomy, and Myles' Textbook for Midwives. In the 1980s, in addition to new texts in all areas of clinical medicine, it published an extensive list of medical  and nursing textbooks in low-cost editions for low-income countries supported by the UK-funded Educational Low Priced Book Scheme (ELBS).
Zenzeli
Zenzeli (Russian: Зензели) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Zenzelinsky Selsoviet, Limansky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 3,198 as of 2010. There are 33 streets.

Limansky District
Limansky District (Russian: Лима́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eleven in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 5,234 square kilometers (2,021 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Liman. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 31,952, with the population of Liman accounting for 28.2% of that number.
Akseli Nikula
Akseli Jalmari Nikula (29 October 1884 – 14 January 1956) was a Finnish psychiatrist and politician, born in Tammela. He served as a Member of the Parliament of Finland, representing the Young Finnish Party from 1913 to 1916 and the National Progressive Party from 1940 to 1945. Nikula was the chairman of the National Progressive Party from 1947 to 1950. In the 1950s, he was the vice-chairman of the Liberal League.

Tammela, Finland
Tammela is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Kanta-Häme region. The municipality has a population of 5,810 (30 June 2025) and it covers an area of  715.15 square kilometres (276.12 sq mi) of which 74.72 square kilometres (28.85 sq mi) is inland water (2018-01-01). The population density is 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23/sq mi) (30 June 2025). The first mention of a village named Tammela was in documents from 1423.

Neighbouring municipalities are Forssa, Hämeenlinna, Jokioinen, Karkkila, Lohja, Loppi, Somero and Urjala. The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Two national parks, Torronsuo National Park and Liesjärvi National Park, are located in Tammela municipality.

Tammela is also the name of a district in the city of Tampere.
United States Post Office (Fulton, New York)
US Post Office-Fulton is a historic post office building located at Fulton in Oswego County, New York. It was built in 1912-1915 and enlarged in 1936–1938. It is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, James Knox Taylor. It is a two-story building with a limestone facade that contains a six-part colonnade with attached Doric order columns set in antis between Doric piers in the Greek Revival style. The lobby features a mural by Caroline S. Rohland in 1942 titled "Father LeMoyne Trying to Convert the Indians on Pathfinder Island."

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

James Knox Taylor
James Knox Taylor (October 11, 1857 – August 27, 1929) was Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury from 1897 to 1912. His name is listed ex officio as supervising architect of hundreds of federal buildings built throughout the United States during the period.
D voter
D voter, sometimes also referred to as Dubious voter or Doubtful voter is a category of voters in Assam who are disenfranchised by the government on the account of their alleged lack of proper citizenship credentials. The D voters are determined by special tribunals under the Foreigners Act, and the person declared as D voter is not given the elector's photo identity card. In 2011, the Gauhati High Court ordered the D voters to be transferred to Foreigners Tribunals set up under Foreigners Tribunal Order 1964 and be kept in detention camps. The Bengali Muslims and Bengali Hindus who migrated from East Pakistan and Bangladesh before and after 1971 are affected by this categorization. According to Sudip Sarma, the publicity secretary of the Assam unit of the Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, there are 6 lakh Bengali Hindu D voters in the state.

Gauhati High Court
The  Gauhati High Court  was promulgated by the governor general of India on 1 March 1948 after the Government of India Act 1935 was passed, establishing the high court with effect from 5 April 1948, for the then-province of Assam. It was originally known as the High Court of Assam and Nagaland, but renamed as Gauhati High Court in 1971 by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.

It has the largest jurisdiction in terms of states, with its area covering the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Mizoram.
East Union, Minnesota
East Union is an unincorporated community in Carver County, Minnesota, United States.

The community lies on the boundary line between Dahlgren Township and San Francisco Township. The center of East Union is generally considered at the junction of Carver County Roads 40, 43, and 50. Nearby places include Chaska, Carver, and Cologne. Bevens Creek flows through the community.

Cologne, Minnesota
Cologne (/kəˈloʊn/ kə-LOHN) is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,047 at the 2020 census, up from 1,519 at the 2010 census.  The city is approximately 30 miles from Minneapolis.
1897 Australasian Federal Convention election
The Australasian Federal Conventions elections were held on 4 and 6 March 1897 in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania for the purpose of choosing ten representatives from each colony to constitute the Australasian Federal Convention, a key milestone in the Federation of Australia. The election of delegates to such a convention was almost entirely without historical precedent, but the method of electing representatives was criticised at the time, and later, as not well serving of democratic principles.

General ticket
The general ticket or party block voting (PBV), is a type of block voting in which voters opt for a party or a team of candidates, and the highest-polling party/team becomes the winner and receives 100% of the seats for this multi-member district. The party block voting is usually applied with more than one multi-member district to prevent one team winning all seats. This system has a winner-take-all nature similar to first-past-the-post voting for single-member districts, which is vulnerable to gerrymandering and majority reversals.

A related system is the majority bonus system, where a block of seats is awarded according to the winner of party-list proportional representation.
Thomas Gelley
Thomas Fraser Gelley (December 27, 1860 – March 11, 1939) was an accountant, farmer and political figure in Manitoba. He represented Cartier from 1886 to 1892 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative and then Liberal.

He was born in Lévis, Quebec, the son of Joseph Edmond Gelley, and was educated at Levis Commercial College. Gelley came to Manitoba in 1882, settling on a farm in St. Norbert. He served as a justice of the peace there. Gelley later worked in Winnipeg as an accountant.  He was married twice: first to Elizabeth Ann Gallie in 1883 and then to Frances Patricia Dowling in 1925.

When Premier Thomas Greenway named francophone James Prendergast to his cabinet in 1888, Gelley threw his support behind the Liberals.

After leaving politics, Gelley worked as a clerk for the Department of Immigration and Colonization in Winnipeg from 1899 until his retirement in 1931. He died at home in Ste. Anne des Chenes at the age of 78.

Thomas Greenway
Thomas Greenway (25 March 1838 – 30 October 1908) was a Canadian politician, merchant and farmer. He served as the seventh premier of Manitoba from 1888 to 1900. A Liberal, his ministry formally ended Manitoba's non-partisan government, although a de facto two-party system had existed for some years.
Ensley High School
Ensley High School is a former high school which was located in the Ensley neighborhood of Birmingham, Alabama (United States). It was founded in 1901 to serve the then-independent community of Ensley, which was centered on major plants operated by U.S. Steel and the American Cast Iron Pipe Company. It began with classes held at the Old Bush School before the old building, designed by architect David O. Whilldin was constructed in 1908. In 2006, Ensley High School was merged into newly built Jackson-Olin High School.

American Cast Iron Pipe Company
American Cast Iron Pipe Company is a manufacturer of ductile iron pipe, spiral-welded steel pipe, fire hydrants, and valves for the waterworks industry, and electric-resistance-welded steel pipe for the oil and natural gas industry. Headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, American's diversified product line also includes static castings and high performance fire pumps.
Pisgah Crater
Pisgah Crater, or Pisgah Volcano, is a young volcanic cinder cone rising above a lava plain in the Mojave Desert, between Barstow and Needles, California in San Bernardino County, California.  The volcanic peak is around 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south of historic U.S. Route 66-National Old Trails Highway and of Interstate 40, and west of the town of Ludlow. The volcano had a historic elevation of 2,638 feet (804 m), but has been reduced to 2,545 feet (776 m) due to mining.

National Old Trails Road
National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, was established in 1912, and became part of the National Auto Trail system in the United States. It was 3,096 miles (4,983 km) long and stretched from Baltimore, Maryland (some old maps indicate New York City was the actual eastern terminus) to California. Much of the route follows the old National Road in the east and the Santa Fe Trail in the west. Following its decommission, the western portion was later integrated into U.S. Route 66.
Xinye County
Xinye (Chinese: 新野; pinyin: Xīnyě; Wade–Giles: Hsin-yeh) is one of the counties of Nanyang that lies in the southwest of Henan province, China. To the south lies the prefecture-level city of Xiangyang in Hubei province, to the east is Tanghe County and to the west is the county-level city of Dengzhou. According to the 2020 Chinese Census, the population of Xinye county is 602,827. Its total area is 1,062 km2 (410 sq mi).

The G55 Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway runs through Waizi town, which is the northmost town of Xinye. Both Nanyang Jiangying Airport and Xiangyang Liuji Airport are about 60 km (37 mi) away from Xinye.

G55 Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway
The Erenhot–Guangzhou Expressway (Chinese: 二连浩特—广州高速公路), designated as G55 and commonly referred to as the Erguang Expressway (Chinese: 二广高速公路) is an expressway in China that connects the cities of Erenhot, Inner Mongolia, and Guangzhou, Guangdong. When fully complete, it will be 2,685 km (1,668 mi) in length.
Cain Manor
Cain Manor is an Elizabethan building built in the late 16th century on what was then known as Headley Common (now Headley Down), in the parish of Headley, Hampshire, England. It sits on broad slopes at the foot of the South Downs National Park centred about 2 miles (3.2 km) away from the village of Churt in Surrey.  Its name Manor should be described as manor house, if its implied manor house status can be proven.

Churt
Churt is a village and civil parish in the borough of Waverley in Surrey, England, about 5.5 miles (8.9 km) south of the town of Farnham on the A287 road towards Hindhead. A clustered settlement is set in areas acting as its green buffers, which include the Devil's Jumps. The west of the village slopes down to the steep edge of Whitmore Vale, which is mostly in Headley, Hampshire; at the foot of this bank is a steeply cut brook which defines the Hampshire border. There are forests and heathland by and atop the Greensand Ridge, and the hamlet of Crosswater is in the north of the parish.
Trinculo
Trinculo can refer to:

Trinculo, a character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Trinculo (moon), a natural satellite of Uranus.

Trinculo, a crater on Miranda, which is also a natural satellite of Uranus.

Trinculo (moon)
Trinculo, also known as Uranus XXI and previously as S/2001 U 1, is a small irregular satellite or moon of Uranus on a very wide and elliptical orbit. It was discovered on 13 August 2001 by Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, and Dan Milisavljevic using the 4.0-meter Víctor M. Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Observatory, Chile. It was named after Trinculo, a jester from William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Trinculo orbits Uranus in the retrograde direction at an average distance of 8.5 million km (5.3 million mi) and takes about 749 Earth days (2.1 Earth years) to complete one orbit. Trinculo is estimated to be about 18 km (11 mi) in diameter and its surface might be dark and gray in color.
Chasen (band)
Chasen was a Christian rock band from Greenville, South Carolina. The band is composed of Chase Callahan (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Evan Silver (guitar), Aaron Lord (drums) and bassist Doug Price. Their first album was the independent release Another Way of Life. In 2006 they were signed to OMG Records and recorded a promotional EP for Coca-Cola Dasani. The first song from the album, "Crazy Beautiful", charted in the Top 10 on the R&R magazine chart as of January 2008 and it was the 22nd most-played song of 2008 on U.S. Contemporary Christian music radio stations according to R&R magazine's Christian CHR chart. Their debut full-length studio album, Shine Through the Stars, was released on April 15, 2008, on OMG Records. The song "Drown" was also released as a radio single in 2008.

Their second album That Was Then, This Is Now was released on March 9, 2010, on INO Records.

Bassist
A bassist (also known as a bass player or bass guitarist) is a musician who plays a bass instrument such as a double bass (upright bass, contrabass, wood bass), bass guitar (electric bass, acoustic bass), keyboard bass (synth bass) or a low brass instrument such as a tuba or trombone. Many musical genres tend to be associated with at least one or more of these instruments.
Tusheti Strict Nature Reserve
The Tusheti Strict Nature Reserve (თუშეთის სახელმწიფო ნაკრძალი) is located in the Tusheti Mountainous region in northeastern Georgia. Its center is located in the Akhmeta Municipality.

The Tusheti Protected Areas includes the Tusheti Strict Nature Reserve, Tusheti National Park, and the Tusheti Protected Landscape, with a total protected area of about 113,660 ha.
It is one of the eight new Protected Areas approved by Parliament of Georgia on 22 April 2003.

Scilla
Scilla (/ˈsɪlə/) is a genus of about 30 to 80 species of bulb-forming perennial herbaceous plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Sometimes called the squills in English, they are native to woodlands, subalpine meadows, and seashores throughout Europe, Africa and the Middle East. A few species are also naturalized in Australasia and North America. Their flowers are usually blue, but white, pink, and purple types are known; most flower in early spring, but a few are autumn-flowering. Several Scilla species are valued as ornamental garden plants.
Verkündigung (Braunfels)
Verkündigung ("Annunciation") is a 1935 mystery opera (ein Mysterium) in a prologue and four acts by Walter Braunfels to the composer's own libretto after the German translation of Paul Claudel's L'Annonce faite a Marie. Claudel's play tells the story of a woman, Violaine, who moved by pity kisses a leper and contracts leprosy herself, but heals the leper she had embraced. Violaine also brings back to life the child born to her sister Mara and Jacques, the man who betrayed her, and then dies herself. The names of Claudel's characters are germanified so the father Andre Vercors becomes Andreas Gradherz, Pierre de Craon becomes Peter von Ulm, and so on. The opera was premiered on 4 April 1948 in Cologne, conducted by Hellmut Schnackenburg, with Trude Eipperle as Violaine.

Paul Claudel
Paul Claudel (French: [pɔl klodɛl]; 6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptor Camille Claudel. He was most famous for his verse dramas, which often convey his devout Catholicism.
EMD SD39
The SD39 is a model of 6-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between August 1968 and May 1970. 54 were built for American railroads.

In 1966, EMD replaced all their old models with new ones having the new 645 diesel. These included six-axle models SD38, SD40, SDP40 and SD45; the SD39 was added in 1968. All shared standard components including the frame, cab, traction alternator, trucks, traction motors, and air brakes. The difference was the power output: SD38 = 2,000 hp (1,490 kW) from a non-turbocharged V16, SD39 = 2,300 hp (1,720 kW) from a turbocharged V12, SD40 = 3,000 hp (2,240 kW) from a turbocharged V16, and SD45 = 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) from a turbocharged V20. The SD39 had the smallest prime mover and therefore had the most unused space above the frame, inside the hood between the main generator and electrical cabinet, and outside in large end "porches".

Cab (locomotive)
The cab, crew compartment or driver's compartment of a locomotive, or a self-propelled rail vehicle, is the part housing the train driver, fireman or secondman (if any), and the controls necessary for the locomotive or self-propelled rail vehicle's operation.
C/NOFS
C/NOFS, or Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System was a USAF satellite developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Space Vehicles Directorate to investigate and forecast scintillations in the Earth's ionosphere. It was launched by an Orbital Sciences Corporation Pegasus-XL launch vehicle at 17:02:48 UTC on 16 April 2008 and decayed on 28 November 2015.

The satellite, which was operated by the Space Test Program (STP), allowed the U.S. military to predict the effects of ionospheric activity on signals from communication and navigation satellites, outages of which could potentially cause problems in battlefield situations.

C/NOFS had a three-axis stabilization system equipped with seven sensors. It was placed into low Earth orbit with an orbital inclination of 13.00°, a perigee of 405 km (252 mi) and an apogee of 853 km (530 mi). It carried the CINDI experiment for NASA. Launch had been scheduled for 2003, but was delayed for a number of reasons.

Northrop Grumman Pegasus
Pegasus is an air-launched multistage rocket developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation (OSC) and later built and launched by Northrop Grumman. Pegasus is the world's first privately developed orbital launch vehicle. Capable of carrying small payloads of up to 443 kg (977 lb) into low Earth orbit, Pegasus first flew in 1990 and last flew in 2021, but there is one more mission planned for 2026. The vehicle consists of three solid propellant stages and an optional monopropellant fourth stage. Pegasus is released from its carrier aircraft at approximately 12,000 m (39,000 ft) using a first stage wing and a tail to provide lift and attitude control while in the atmosphere. The first stage does not have a thrust vector control (TVC) system.
Zaw Moe Than
Brigadier General Zaw Moe Than (Burmese: ဇော်မိုးသန်း; born Myanmar) is a Burmese police officer who formerly served in the Myanmar Police Force.

In June 2020, multiple Burmese and international news agencies such as The Irrawaddy, Radio Free Asia, DVB Burmese, Myanmar Now, BBC Burmese, Khit Thit Media, and Eleven Media Group, reported that Brigadier General Zaw Moe Than had been sentenced to three years in prison under the Myanmar Police Force Maintenance of Discipline Law for sexually exploiting female subordinates.

He was investigated after a complaint alleged that he demanded sexual favors in exchange for promotions. At least eight officers formally reported the misconduct to the Ministry of Home Affairs, prompting an internal investigation. The internal inquiry confirmed the accusations, and he was sentenced on 3 July 2020 before being transferred to Yamethin Prison in Mandalay Region.

Ministry of Home Affairs (Myanmar)
The Ministry of Home Affairs (Burmese: ပြည်ထဲရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန, Pyi-dàe-yè-wun-gyì-ta-ná; abbreviated MOHA) administers Myanmar's internal affairs. Headquartered in the Myanmar capital Naypyidaw, it is one of three ministries that are directly controlled by Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services.