hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dryopteris inaequalis
Dryopteris inaequalis is an Afrotropical fern species that ranges from tropical and southern Africa to Madagascar. It has been recorded in Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa, where it is present in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. It is found on forest floors and along forest margins, from middle to high altitudes.

Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.
Lavalle (surname)
Lavalle or LaValle is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Juan Lavalle (1797–1841), Argentine military and political figure

José María Lavalle (1902–1984), Peruvian football forward

María Lavalle Urbina (1908–1996), Mexican lawyer and politician

Paul Lavalle (1908–1997), American conductor, composer, arranger and musician

Ramón Lavalle (1909–1968), Argentine diplomat and journalist

Víctor Lavalle (1911–1975), Peruvian Olympic football player

Adolfo Guido Lavalle (1912–?), Argentine Olympic fencer

Josefina Lavalle (1924–2009), Mexican ballet dancer, choreographer and ballet director

Dagoberto Lavalle (1925–1991), Peruvian footballer

Gerald LaValle (1932-2018), American politician

Kenneth LaValle (born 1939), American politician

Leonardo Lavalle (born 1967), Mexican Olympic tennis player

Steven M. LaValle (born 1968), American computer scientist

Victor LaValle (born 1972), American author

Jorge Luis Lavalle Maury (born 1975), Mexican politician

Josefina Lavalle
Josefina Lavalle (born Mexico City, January 29, 1924 – died Mexico City, May 25, 2009) was a Mexican ballet dancer, choreographer and ballet director. She established together with Guillermina Bravo the national ballet company in Mexico City in 1948
Arvīds Immermanis
Arvīds Immermanis (9 September 1912 – July 1947) was a Latvian cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

He competed and finished in first place in four Latvian Cycling championships; 1934 sprint race, 1935 and 1937 team road race and track cycling. Immermanis won three first places in the Latvian National Cycling competition, Vienības brauciens (Unity Ride in Latvia), from 1936 until 1938. Immermanis worked at the G. Ērenpreis Bicycle Factory.

He died in a Soviet prison camp in 1947.

Cycling at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's team road race
The men's team road race cycling event at the 1936 Olympic Games took place on 10 August and was one of six events at the 1936 Olympics. It was competed as a 100 km massed start event in conjunction with the Men's individual road race. Teams had four riders and the team time taken as sum of the team's three best finishers. Only the first five teams across the line recorded a time, due to a failure with the timekeeping system.
Write-only memory (joke)
Write-only memory (WOM), the opposite of read-only memory (ROM), began as a humorous reference to a memory device that could be written to but not read, as there seemed to be no practical use for a memory circuit from which data could not be retrieved. However, it was eventually recognized that write-only memory also describes certain functionalities in microprocessor systems. The concept is still often used as a joke or euphemism for a failed memory device.

The first use of the term is generally attributed to Signetics, whose write-only memory literature, created in 1972 as in-house practical joke, is frequently referenced within the electronics industry, a staple of software engineering lexicons, and included in "best hoaxes" collections.

Euphemism
contraceptives

menstrual pads and tampons

adult diapers

A euphemism is the substitution of a potentially offensive or unpleasant word or expression with one that is more pleasant or inoffensive. Some euphemisms are humorous, while others use mild or neutral language to downplay certain concepts. They can often be used to soften profanity or discuss sensitive or taboo topics, such as disability, sex, bodily functions, pain, violence, illness, or death, in a more polite manner.
Angels (Chance the Rapper song)
"Angels" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Chance the Rapper. The song was released on October 27, 2015, as the lead single from his third solo mixtape, Coloring Book (2016). The track, produced by Lido and The Social Experiment, features vocals by fellow Chicago rapper Saba.

Surf (Donnie Trumpet & The Social Experiment album)
Surf is the debut studio album by American band The Social Experiment; it was released exclusively on iTunes as a free download on May 28, 2015. The album highlights trumpeter Nico Segal, formerly known as "Donnie Trumpet," and was created by Segal along with his band of collaborators called The Social Experiment — a self-described group of bohemian musicians, consisting of Segal, Chance the Rapper, Peter Cottontale, Greg Landfair Jr., and Nate Fox. The album was highly anticipated because of Chance's heavy involvement with the group, contributing vocals and some of the arrangements to the album. Surf was downloaded 618,000 times via iTunes in its first week, with over 10 million individual track downloads.
Ron Ryder
Ronald Joseph Ryder (29 June 1922 – 17 August 1993) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and England, and at club level for Warrington as a centre.

Halifax Panthers
The Halifax Panthers are a professional rugby league club in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. They play home games at The Shay and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Halifax Panthers won the League Championship four times and the Challenge Cup five times.

The club's parent company, Halifax Rugby League Football Club Limited, was placed into liquidation in February 2026 and the club's membership of the Rugby Football League terminated two days later.

They had rivalries with neighbours Bradford and Huddersfield of Super League, fellow Championship side Featherstone Rovers, and Pennines rivals Oldham and  Rochdale. The club's traditional home colours were blue and white hoops, white shorts, and blue and white socks.
Parco naturale della Valle del Ticino
The Ticino Valley Natural Park is a nature reserve\regional park in Piedmont, Italy.

It is an riverine park that forms a greenway outside of Milan, near Pavia and Varese. It is located along the Ticino. Inhabiting the park are foxes, badgers, weasels, skunks, and martens, along with reintroduced European otters and roe deer. It is a notable fishing and birdwatching locale. Located in the park are Bernate Ticino and Morimondo Abbey.

Eurasian otter
The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), also known as the European otter, Eurasian river otter, European river otter, common otter, and Old World otter, is a semiaquatic mammal native to Eurasia and the Maghreb. it is the most widely distributed member of the otter subfamily (Lutrinae) of the weasel family (Mustelidae) and is found in the waterways and on the coasts of Europe, much of Asia, and parts of North Africa. The Eurasian otter eats mainly of fish, and is strongly territorial. It is endangered in some parts of its range, but is recovering in others.
Itumeleng Ntsube
Itumeleng Ntsube (born 9 September 1998) is a South African politician serving as a permanent delegate to the National Council of Provinces from the Free State. He was sworn in as a Member of Parliament at the age of 20 in May 2019 and consequently became the youngest parliamentarian in South African history. Ntsube is a member of the African National Congress (ANC) and the president of Congress of South African Students (Cosas).

Ntsube was born in Botshabelo in the Free State. He matriculated from high school in 2018. He is currently studying towards a degree in education.

Botshabelo, Free State
Botshabelo, meaning "a place of refuge", is a large township set up in 1979. It is located east of Bloemfontein in the present-day Free State province of South Africa. Botshabelo is now the largest township in Free State and is the second largest township in South Africa.
Hans Herrman Strupp
Hans Hermann Strupp (August 25, 1921 – October 5, 2006) was born in Frankfurt, Germany and died in the U.S. He moved from Nazi Germany to the U.S. and he pursued a PhD in Psychology at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. where the Department of Psychiatry granted him with a Certificate in Applied Psychiatry for Psychologists. One of the founders of this school was Harry Stack Sullivan whose work had a large impact on Strupp's academic career and thinking. Hans became a Full Professor at Vanderbilt University’s Department of Psychology in 1966 and was named Distinguished Professor in 1976.

Harry Stack Sullivan
Herbert "Harry" Stack Sullivan (February 21, 1892 – January 14, 1949) was an American neo-Freudian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who held that "personality can never be isolated from the complex interpersonal relationships in which [a] person lives" and that "[t]he field of psychiatry is the field of interpersonal relations under any and all circumstances in which [such] relations exist". Having studied therapists Sigmund Freud, Adolf Meyer, and William Alanson White, he devoted years of clinical and research work to helping people with psychotic illness.
Belidzhi (selo)
Belidzhi (Russian: Белиджи́; Lezgian: Билиж; Azerbaijani: Белиджи, Belici) is a rural locality (a selo) in Derbentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 4,282 as of 2010. The village has an Azerbaijani-majority. There are 43 streets.

Derbentsky District
Derbentsky District (Russian: Дербе́нтский райо́н; Lezgian: Дербент район; Azerbaijani: Дәрбәнд раjонy, romanized: Dərbənd rayonu) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic. The area of the district is 822.72 square kilometers (317.65 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Derbent (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 99,054.
The Uninvited Guest (play)
The Uninvited Guest is a 1953 play by the British writer Mary Hayley Bell.

It premiered at the Kings Theatre, Southsea before transferring to St James's Theatre in the West End where it ran for 21 performances between 27 May and 13 June 1953. The West End cast included John Mills, Joan Greenwood, Cathleen Nesbitt, Clive Morton, and Lyndon Brook. Mills, who was married to the playwright, played a son returning home after some time spent in an insane asylum. A review in The Spectator described it as a "modern and much diminished version of Oedipus emerging out of a background suggestive of Lady Chatterley's Lover".

Kings Theatre, Southsea
The Kings Theatre is a theatre in Southsea, Portsmouth, designed by the architect Frank Matcham. It opened on 30 September 1907. It is operated by the Kings Theatre Trust Ltd. The building was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1976.
Avram (given name)
Avram is a male given name. It is the Hebrew form of the name Abram, which means exalted father.

The following people share this name:

Abraham, the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Midianites and Edomite peoples

Avram Bunaciu (1909–1983), Romanian communist politician

Avram Noam Chomsky (born 1928), American linguist and political activist

Avram Davidson (1923–1993), American Jewish writer

Avram Finkelstein, Jewish American artist

Avram Glazer (born 1960), Jewish American businessperson

Avram Grant (born 1955), Israeli association football manager

Avram Hershko (born 1937), Israeli Nobel laureate biochemist

Avram Iancu (1824–1872), Transylvanian Romanian lawyer

Avram Patt, Vermont politician

Avram Petronijević (1791–1852), Serbian politician

Avram Davidson
Avram Davidson (April 23, 1923 – May 8, 1993) was an American writer of fantasy fiction, science fiction, and crime fiction, as well as the author of many stories that do not fit into a genre niche.  He won a Hugo Award and three World Fantasy Awards in the science fiction and fantasy genres, a World Fantasy Life Achievement award, and an Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine short story award and an Edgar Award in the mystery genre. Davidson edited The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction from 1962 to 1964.  His last novel The Boss in the Wall: A Treatise on the House Devil was completed by Grania Davis and was a Nebula Award finalist in 1998. His posthumous collection The Avram Davidson Treasury won the Locus Award for Best Collection in 1999. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction says "he is perhaps sf's most explicitly literary author".
Abu Shuja al-Rudhrawari
Abū Shujā' Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Rūdhrāwarī, also known by the honorific "Zaḥīr al-Dīn", was an 11th-century government official and author who served as vizier for the Abbasid Caliphate twice, once briefly in 1078 and the second time from 1083/4 until 1094. He wrote a continuation to Miskawayh's history Tajārib al-umam. He also wrote a diwan of poetry, of which about 80 verses survive.

Diwan (poetry)
A diwan (from Persian دیوان divân [d̪iːˈvɒːn]; Arabic pronunciation: [diːˈwaːn]) is a collection of poems by a single author – usually excluding the poet's long poems – in Islamic cultures of West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, Sicily and South Asia.

The vast majority of Diwan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals (or gazels, which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition) or kasîdes. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mesnevî—a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the Layla and Majnun (ليلى و مجنون) of Fuzûlî and the Hüsn ü Aşk (حسن و عشق – 'Beauty and Love') of Şeyh Gâlib.

Originating in Persian literature, the idea spread to the Arab, Turkic and Indic worlds, and the term was sometimes used in Europe, albeit not always in the same way.
Ozoneweb
Ozoneweb is an EEA website on near real-time ozone. The website allows the general public to track air quality in a specific region and on a European level. The website displays ozone levels via a map of Europe. Background information on ozone and its health impacts are also provided. Users can monitor ozone levels in a neighbouring country or a holiday destination, check recent trends and track the spread of ozone across Europe. The website now includes a module to display exceedances in countries.

European Environment Agency
The European Environment Agency (EEA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) which provides independent information on the environment in climate policy, biodiversity conservation and other environmental goals set by the country.
Gabriel Bradley
Gabriel Bradley is a former Gaelic footballer from Glenullin, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Bradley played for the Derry county team in the 1970s and 1980s. He won two Ulster Senior Football Championships with the county. Bradley played club football for John Mitchel's Glenullin and won the Derry Senior Football Championship with the club.

He was a very versatile player who could play in defence, midfield or in the half forward line.

John Mitchel's GAC Glenullin
John Mitchel's GAC Glenullin (Irish: CLG Seán Mistéil Gleann an Iolair) is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Glenullin, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The club is a member of the Derry GAA. They currently cater for Gaelic football, camogie and Ladies Gaelic football.

Glenullin fields Gaelic football teams at U8, U10, U12, U14, U16, Minor, Reserve and Senior levels. Underage teams up to U-12s play in North Derry league and championships, from U14 upwards teams compete in All-Derry competitions.
Mir Alam Tank
Mir Alam Tank is a reservoir in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is located to the south of Musi river. It was the primary source of drinking water to Hyderabad before Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar were built.

Musi River (India)
The Musi River, also known as Muchukunda or Musunuru river, is a major tributary of the Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau, flowing through Telangana, India. Hyderabad stands on the banks of the Musi River, and the river divides the historic Old City from the newer part of the city. The Musi flows into Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar, which are artificial lakes that act as reservoirs that once supplied the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad with drinking water. The Musi originates in the Ananthagiri Hills, near Vikarabad. It generally flows towards the east, turning south at Chittaloor. It flows into the Krishna River at Vadapally near Miryalaguda in Nalgonda district.
Metaphya tillyardi
Metaphya tillyardi is a species of dragonfly in the family Corduliidae, known as an offshore emerald. 
It has been found on Bramble Cay, near the Papuan coast, and Cape York, northern Australia. Its habitats are unknown.

Metaphya tillyardi is a slim and short-bodied, metallic dragonfly with strong markings.

Bramble Cay
Bramble Cay, also known as Maizab Kaur (also spelt Maizub Kaur) and Massaramcoer, is a small cay located at the northeastern edge of Australia and the Torres Strait Islands of Queensland and at the northern end of the Great Barrier Reef. Lying around 50 km (31 mi) north of Erub Island in the Gulf of Papua, it is the northernmost point of land of Australia and marks the end of the Great Barrier Reef.

It is of interest for its geomorphology, human history and flora and fauna. It is an important nesting site for green turtles and several species of seabird, and is notably the site of the first extinction of a mammal species due to anthropogenic climate change, the Bramble Cay melomys. There is an automated lighthouse on the island.
Saint Michel d'Aiguilhe
Saint-Michel d'Aiguilhe (St. Michael of the Needle) is a chapel in Aiguilhe, near Le Puy-en-Velay, France. The chapel is reached by 268 steps carved into the rock. It was built in 969 on a volcanic plug 85 metres (279 ft) high. The surface on top of the plug is 57 metres (187 ft) in diameter.

Bishop Godescalc of Le Puy-en-Velay had the chapel built to celebrate his return from the pilgrimage of Saint James in 951. The chapel is dedicated to the Archangel Michael, the patron of mountaintops and other high places.

A prehistoric dolmen dedicated to Mercury by the Romans was built on the volcanic plug before the construction of the chapel. Three stones from this dolmen are said to be incorporated into the chapel.

In the 12th century, the chapel was enlarged, and a nave, ambulatory, two side chapels, a narthex, a carved portal, more frescoes, and a bell tower were added. The bell tower was built in the style of the nearby Cathedral Notre-Dame-du-Puy.

Portal (architecture)
A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.

Doors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.
1824 Georgia popular vote referendum
A legislatively referred referendum on whether the US state of Georgia should adopt the popular election of presidential electors was held on October 5, 1824, concurrently with legislative elections to the general assembly. The proposal received substantial support with 70.92% of voters supporting the change.

Unlike the 1823 bill that authorized popular elections for governor, the bill to adopt the popular election of presidential electors for 1824 proved to be divisive as election day was only a year away. The Crawford party-controlled legislature eventually opted for a referendum on the issue for presidential elections after 1824, killing the Clark party supported bill.

Georgia General Assembly
The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Each of the General Assembly's 236 members serve two-year terms and are directly elected by constituents of their district. The Constitution of Georgia vests all legislative power with the General Assembly. Both houses have similar powers, though each has unique duties as well. For example, the origination of appropriations bills only occurs in the House, while the Senate is tasked with confirmation of the governor's appointments.

The General Assembly meets in the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta.
2025 Serbia men's EuroBasket team
The 2025 Serbia men's EuroBasket team represents Serbia at the EuroBasket 2025 in Cyprus, Finland, Poland, and Latvia. Serbia qualified for the EuroBasket by winning the EuroBasket 2025 qualification Group G.

The team is coached by FIBA Hall of Fame coach Svetislav Pešić, with assistant coaches Oliver Kostić, Marko Marinović, Nenad Jakovljević, Ognjen Stojaković and Mihajlo Mitić.

This will be the eighth appearance of Serbia at the EuroBasket as an independent state; its best results are second places in 2009 and 2017. Serbia last competed in EuroBasket 2022, finishing in ninth place with a 5–1 record, following a loss to Italy in the Round of 16.

EuroBasket 2025 qualification
The EuroBasket 2025 qualification was a basketball competition that was played from November 2021 to February 2025, to determine the 20 FIBA Europe member nations who would join the automatically qualified co-hosts Cyprus, Finland, Poland and Latvia at the EuroBasket 2025 finals tournament.
John Fifita
John Fifita (Tongan: Sione Fifita) (born 28 July 1959) is a Tongan former professional rugby league footballer who represented Tonga in the 1986 Pacific Cup and played as a professional in England and Australia.

Tongan language
Tongan (English pronunciation: /ˈtɒŋ(ɡ)ən/ TONG-(g)ən; lea fakatonga) is an Austronesian language of the Polynesian branch native to the island nation of Tonga. It has around 187,000 speakers. It uses the word order verb–subject–object and, although primarily spoken, the written form uses Latin script.
La Cabrera Tunnel
The La Cabrera Tunnel (Spanish: Túnel de La Cabrera), also known as the La Cabrera bridge-tunnel, is a tunnel and viaduct in Venezuela which lies within Aragua State and connects it with Carabobo State.  It was built in the late 1950s using the New Austrian Tunnelling method.  It was the first application by Ladislaus von Rabcewicz of systematic rock bolt and shotcrete support in a highway tunnel.

In July 2016, it was reported that the viaduct which leads to the tunnel was in danger of collapse and that multiple vehicles had fallen off due to a lack of guardrails combined with swerving to avoid potholes.

New Austrian tunneling method
The new Austrian tunneling method (NATM), also known as the sequential excavation method (SEM) or sprayed concrete lining method (SCL), is a method of modern tunnel design and construction employing sophisticated monitoring to optimize various wall reinforcement techniques based on the type of rock encountered as tunneling progresses. This technique first gained attention in the 1960s based on the work of Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller, and Franz Pacher between 1957 and 1965 in Austria. The name NATM was intended to distinguish it from earlier methods, with its economic advantage of employing inherent geological strength available in the surrounding rock mass to stabilize the tunnel wherever possible rather than reinforcing the entire tunnel.

NATM/SEM is generally thought to have helped revolutionise the modern tunneling industry. Many modern tunnels have used this excavation technique.

The Sequential Excavation Method is very cost effective, even in karst conditions.