hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
German resistance
German resistance can refer to:

Freikorps, German nationalist paramilitary groups resisting German communist uprisings and the Weimar Republic government

German resistance to Nazism

Landsturm, German resistance groups fighting against France during the Napoleonic Wars

Volkssturm, a German resistance group and militia created by the NSDAP near the end of World War II

Werwolf, a German guerrilla and pro-Nazi resistance organisation resisting Allied occupation of Germany

Volkssturm
The Volkssturm (German pronunciation: [ˈfɔlksʃtʊʁm] ⓘ, lit. 'people's storm') was a levée en masse national militia established by Nazi Germany during the last months of World War II. It was set up by the Nazi Party on the orders of Adolf Hitler and established on 25 September 1944. It was staffed by conscripting males between the ages of 16 and 60 years who were not already serving in some military unit.

The Volkssturm comprised one of the final components of the total war promulgated by Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, part of a Nazi endeavor to overcome their enemies' military strength through force of will. Volkssturm units fought unsuccessful battles against Allied forces at the end of the war. On several occasions, its members participated in atrocities, accompanied by German civilians and the Hitler Youth, which were overseen by members of the SS or Gau leaders.
Parma, Usinsk, Komi Republic
Parma (Russian: Парма; Komi: Парма) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of republic significance of Usinsk in the Komi Republic, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,248.

Komi language
Komi (коми кыв, komi kyv, IPA: [komi kɨv] ⓘ), also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (зыран коми кыв, zyran komi kyv), is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permic languages; the other regional varieties are Komi-Permyak, which has official status, and Komi-Yazva.

Komi is spoken in the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia. There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010.

It was formerly written in the Old Permic script created by Stephen of Perm for liturgical purposes in the 14th century, though very few texts exist in this script. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in the 17th century, replacing it. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century.
RA1 (railbus)
RA1 (Russian: РА1 - рельсовый автобус, тип 1) (Rail Bus, 1st type) - a series of rail buses that unified structurally with metrovagon. It is produced by JSC "Metrovagonmash". That is an independent mobile unit for the carriage of passengers. The term "Motor coach" is considered more correct by the majority of specialists. However PA1 is classified exactly as "railbuses" in the JSC "Metrovagonmash" factory documentation.
Designed for the transport of passengers on non-electrified sections of railways and can be used for urban, suburban and interregional communication. Railbus have cabins at both ends of the car, and do not require a turn. At the same time, RA1 can be operated singly and in the system of many units (in pairs with 2-3 sections) both. The family PA1 is represented by six models. The body, the crew and the undercarriage are made on the basis of the "Yauza" subway wagons.

Metrowagonmash
Metrowagonmash, also Metrovagonmash (Russian: ОАО "Метровагонмаш", romanized: OAO "Metrovagonmash"), is an engineering company in Mytishchi, Russia. Metrowagonmash (MWM) is one of the leading enterprises in Russia operating in the field of transport machine building. It specializes in development, designing and manufacturing of rolling stock for metro systems and railways. Metrowagonmash is part of Transmashholding.

In May 2009 its Mytishchi Machine-building Factory was spun off as a separate truck and armored vehicle manufacturing company.
Brontotheriidae
Brontotheriidae is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially, they looked rather like rhinos with some developing bony nose horns, and were some of the earliest mammals to have evolved large body sizes of several tonnes. They lived around 56–34 million years ago, until the very close of the Eocene. Brontotheres had a Holarctic distribution, with the exception of Western Europe: they occupied North America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. They were the first fossilized mammals to be discovered west of the Mississippi, and were first discovered in South Dakota.

Tapir
Tapirs (/ˈteɪpər/ TAY-pər) are large herbivorous mammals belonging to the family Tapiridae. They are similar in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile nose trunk (proboscis). Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South and Central America and Southeast Asia. They are one of three extant branches of Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates), alongside equines and rhinoceroses. Only a single genus, Tapirus, is currently extant. Tapirs migrated into South America during the Pleistocene epoch from North America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama as part of the Great American Interchange. Tapirs were present across North America, but became extinct in the region at the end of the Late Pleistocene, around 12,000 years ago.
Claude Garache
Claude Garache (1929-2023) is a French artist. He has worked in painting, sculpture, illustration and engraving. His principal subject is the female nude. Much of his work uses a single colour on a monochrome background, very often blood-red on white.: 163

Yves Bonnefoy
Yves Jean Bonnefoy (24 June 1923, Tours – 1 July 2016, Paris) was a French poet and art historian. He also published a number of translations, most notably the plays of William Shakespeare which are considered among the best in French. He was a professor at the Collège de France from 1981 to 1993 and is the author of several works on art, art history, and artists including Miró and Giacometti, and a monograph on Paris-based Iranian artist Farhad Ostovani. The Encyclopædia Britannica states that Bonnefoy was ″perhaps the most important French poet of the latter half of the 20th century.″
Slobodan Grubačić
Slobodan Grubačić was Dean of the Faculty of Philology at the University of Belgrade. He is an elected member of  Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Father of Andrej Grubacic. Son of Emilija Grubačić and Kosta Grubačić.

University of Belgrade
The University of Belgrade (Serbian: Универзитет у Београду / Univerzitet u Beogradu) is a public research university in Belgrade, Serbia. It is the oldest and largest modern university in Serbia.

Founded in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School in revolutionary Serbia, it merged with the Kragujevac-based departments by 1838 to form a single university. The university has around 59,600 enrolled students and over 4,600 academic staff members. Since its founding, the university has educated more than 378,000 bachelors, approximately 25,100 master's, 29,000 specialists, and 14,670 doctors. The university comprises 31 faculties, 12 research institutes, the university library, and 9 university centres. The faculties are organized into four groups: social sciences and humanities; medical sciences; natural sciences and mathematics; and technological sciences.
Marguerite Massart
Marguerite Massart (19 September 1900 – 25 February 1979) was the first woman to graduate as an engineer in Belgium. She set up a successful foundry business in Ghent and later introduced a desalinisation project and early solar panels in the first hotel on Sal Island in Cape Verde.

Université libre de Bruxelles
The Université libre de Bruxelles (French, pronounced [ynivɛʁsite libʁ də bʁysɛl]; lit. Free University of Brussels; abbreviated ULB) is a French- and English-speaking research university in Brussels, Belgium. It has three campuses: the Solbosch/Solbos campus (in the City of Brussels and Ixelles), the La Plaine/Het Plein campus (in Ixelles) and the Erasme/Erasmus campus (in Anderlecht).

The Université libre de Bruxelles was formed in 1969 by the splitting of the Free University of Brussels, which was founded in 1834 by the lawyer and liberal politician Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen. The founder aimed to establish a university independent from state and church, where academic freedom would prevail. This is still reflected in the university's motto Scientia vincere tenebras, or "Conquering darkness through science".

In 2012, the ULB had about 24,200 students, a diverse student population as well as a diverse staff.
Mingsioi
Mingsioi  (Manchu: ) or Mingxu (simplified Chinese: 明绪; traditional Chinese: 明緒; pinyin: Míngxù; Wade–Giles: Ming-hsü) was the Qing General of Ili in 1864–66, charged with the overall command of the Chinese troops in Xinjiang.

Mingsioi's predecessor, Cangcing (常清; Cháng qīng) was sacked after the defeat of Qing troops at Wusu during the Dungan revolt. Mingsioi commanded the defense of the Ili Region against the Dungan and Taranchi rebels for the next two years. With most of Xinjiang and Gansu under rebel control, he could not expect to receive any aid from China; meanwhile neighboring Russia would not be interested in seriously helping the Qing against the Muslim rebels either.

Mingsioi's last stand was on March 8, 1866  at his headquarters at Fort Huiyuan. As the rebels were seizing the fort from its starving defendants, Mingsioi assembled his family, staff, treasury, and tea into his palace and set off the gunpowder.

Wusu
Wusu, officially Usu, is a county-level city with more than 100,000 residents in Xinjiang, China. It is a part of Tacheng Prefecture of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Oil production is a major part of the economy while the county is an oasis in the Dzungarian Basin. Wusu lies between the major cities of Bole and Shihezi in Northern Xinjiang and west of Ürümqi, capital of Xinjiang and Kuitun, south of Karamay.
SPICA (spacecraft)
The Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), was a proposed infrared space telescope, follow-on to the successful Akari space observatory. It was a collaboration between European and Japanese scientists, which was selected in May 2018 by the European Space Agency (ESA) as a finalist for the next Medium class Mission 5 (M5) of the Cosmic Vision programme, to launch in 2032. At the time the other two finalists were THESEUS and EnVision, with the latter that was eventually selected for further development. SPICA would have improved on the spectral line sensitivity of previous missions, the Spitzer and Herschel space telescopes, between 30 and 230 μm by a factor of 50—100.

A final decision was expected in 2021, but in October 2020, it was announced that SPICA was no longer being considered as a candidate for the M5 mission.

Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions"—collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products.  It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy.  Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred to as star clusters or stellar associations.
Tunaij
The Tunaij (Arabic: الطنيج), also spelled as Tanaij (singular Al Tunaiji Arabic: الطنيجي), is an Arab tribe of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The Tunaij mostly settled in Dhaid, the inland oasis town of Sharjah, and the Ras Al Khaimah town of Rams. A small number of Tunaij also settled at Hamriyah.

At the turn of the 19th century, there were some 4,000 Tunaij in the Northern Emirates, of whom 1,500 were Bedouin. Influential in tribal politics because they could raise a force of some 500 fighting men, the Bedouin Tunaij used Dhaid as a centre and a fortified tower protected the 70-odd Tunaij houses there (the Na'im maintained a similar arrangement at Dhaid). The Tunaij have been linked to the Bani Qitab.

The Tunaij of Rams were mostly involved in pearl fishing and, during the pearling season, both Bedouin Tunaij and Shihuh would come to the coast to work as seasonal labour.

Al Hamriyah
Al Hamriyah is the name of a coastal settlement of Sharjah on the northern perimeter of the United Arab Emirates. It is one of nine municipalities of the emirate, and is wedged between the emirates of Ajman (south) and Umm Al Qawain (north). It is notable for its lagoon popular with pleasure boaters and jet skiers as well as local fishermen who moor here, as well as store and repaire both rope and wire mesh fishing nets.

The village is not to be confused with the Hamriyah Port and Free Zone, which lie immediately to the south of it.

It has traditionally been home to families belonging to the Darawishah section of the Al Bu Shamis Na'im, linked through this relationship to the area of Sharjah bounding immediately to the south of Ajman, Al Heera. These would be associated with the modern Emirati family name Alshamsi.
Fabianus Tibo
Fabianus Tibo was an Indonesian Catholic citizen who was executed by firing squad on 22 September 2006 together with Dominggus da Silva and Marinus Riwu for leading Poso riots, in 2000 that led to the murders of about 200 people.

Human rights activists have expressed doubts that Tibo, and the other men, were the masterminds of the riots. The different treatment of Christians and Muslims in court was also criticised, as few Muslims were punished for their roles in the riots and none were sentenced to more than 15 years' in prison. Religious leaders of Christianity and Islam, including Pope Benedict XVI and Abdurrahman Wahid, former President of Indonesia and former leader of Nahdlatul Ulama, protested about the execution of Tibo.

Poso riots
The Poso riots (Indonesian: Kerusuhan Poso), also known as Poso communal conflict (Indonesian: Konflik Komunal Poso), is a name given to a series of riots that occurred in Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This incident involved a group of Muslims and Christians in the region and was divided into three stages. The first Poso riot took place from 25 to 29 December 1998, the second from 17 to 21 April 2000, and the final one from 16 May to 15 June 2000.

On 20 December 2001, the Malino I Declaration was signed between the two conflicting parties, initiated by Jusuf Kalla, officially concluding the conflict.
Salt (quartet)
SALT is a Swedish barbershop quartet that won the Sweet Adelines International competition Quartet Championship for 2007 in Las Vegas, Nevada in October 2006. Sweet Adelines, "one of the world's largest singing organizations for women", has members over five continents who belong to more than 1200 quartets. SALT's November 2008 feature performance in Anaheim, California was noted by the Vasa Order of America. At the time of winning the Sweet Adelines competition, SALT included tenor Anna Öhman, lead Annika Andersson; baritone Anna-Stina Gerdin, and bass Susanna Berndts. The quartet announced its retirement on Facebook in June 2012 "after singing together for 13 years".

Vasa Order of America
Vasa Order of America (Swedish: Vasa Orden av Amerika) is a Swedish-American fraternal, cultural and educational organization.
The organization seeks to benefit its members by sharing Swedish and Scandinavian culture and heritage.
Kisan Kanya
Kisan Kanya is a 1937 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Moti Gidwani and produced by Ardeshir Irani under the banner of Imperial Pictures. Made using Cinecolor, the film is based on a novel by Saadat Hasan Manto that highlights the struggles of poor farmers.

The film is historically significant as India’s first indigenously made colour film. While V. Shantaram's Sairandhri (1933) featured scenes in colour, it was processed and printed in Germany, distinguishing Kisan Kanya as the first colour film entirely produced within India.

Cinecolor
Cinecolor was an early subtractive color-model two-color motion picture process that was based upon the Prizma system of the 1910s and 1920s and the Multicolor system of the late 1920s and the 1930s. It was developed by William T. Crispinel and Alan M. Gundelfinger, and its various formats were in use from 1932 to 1955.
Tobe ware
Tobe ware (砥部焼, Tobe-yaki) is a type of Japanese porcelain traditionally from Tobe, Ehime, western Japan. It is of the sometsuke (染付) blue and white pottery type.

The ware started making its appearance when Katō Yasutoki, 9th lord of the Ōzu Domain (1769–1787), started hiring potters from Hizen. Production of white porcelain (hakuji) commenced in An'ei 6 (1777).

In 1976 it was officially designated by the government as a traditional crafts.

The products are characterized by a slightly thick, rugged base and fine brush strokes.

An'ei
An'ei (安永) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Meiwa and before Tenmei. This period spanned the years November 1772 through  March 1781. The reigning emperors were Go-Momozono-tennō (後桃園天皇) and Kōkaku-tennō (光格天皇).
Blackpool North railway station
Blackpool North is the main railway station serving the seaside resort of Blackpool, in Lancashire, England. It is the terminus of the main Blackpool branch line and is 17+1⁄2 miles (28 km) north-west of Preston. There is an adjacent tram stop on the Blackpool Tramway.

It was opened in its present form in 1974 and succeeded a previous station a few hundred yards away on Talbot Road, which had first opened in 1846 and had been rebuilt in 1898. The present station is based on the 1938 concrete canopy which covered the entrance to the former excursion platforms of the old station. The town's other station, Blackpool South, facilitates services towards Preston and Colne; it does not connect to Blackpool North.

Blackpool North has regular services to Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool Lime Street, Bolton, Wigan North Western, Preston, Blackburn, Leeds and York. There are two inter-city trains per day to London Euston.

Inter-city rail
Inter-city rail services are express trains that run services that connect cities over longer distances than commuter or regional trains. They include rail services that are neither short-distance commuter rail trains within one city area nor slow regional rail trains stopping at all stations and covering local journeys only. An inter-city train is typically an express train with limited stops and comfortable carriages to serve long-distance travel.

Inter-city rail sometimes provides international services. This is most prevalent in Europe because of the proximity of its 50 countries to a 10,180,000-square-kilometre (3,930,000-square-mile) area. Eurostar and EuroCity are examples. In many European countries, the word InterCity or Inter-City is an official brand name for a network of regular-interval and relatively long-distance train services that meet certain criteria of speed and comfort. That use of the term appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and has been widely imitated.
Tommy Farrell
Tommy Farrell (born Thomas Farrell Richards; October 7, 1921 – May 9, 2004) was an American actor who appeared in over 100 films and TV series between 1944 and 1983. He was best known for his sidekick roles in the Hollywood Golden Age.

Here's Lucy
Here's Lucy is an American sitcom starring Lucille Ball. The series co-starred her long-time comedy partner Gale Gordon and her real-life children Lucie Arnaz and Desi Arnaz Jr. It was broadcast on CBS from 1968 to 1974. It was Ball's third network sitcom, following I Love Lucy (1951–57) and The Lucy Show (1962–68).
Odd Rikard Olsen
Odd Rikard Olsen (18 June 1947 – 10 April 2012) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Conservative Party.

He was born in Tromsø and grew up in Kvænangen Municipality. After the examen artium he started working as an office clerk in Hammerfest in 1968. He was later hired as a journalist in Finnmarksposten, Bladet Tromsø, Aftenposten and the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. He was then editor-in-chief of Sør-Varanger Avis from 1982 to 1990 and Harstad Tidende from 1991 to 2004, then political editor in Harstad Tidende from 2004 until his death.

He has been a board member of the Association of Norwegian Editors. In politics, he was a member of Finnmark county council from 1987 to 1990 and State Secretary in the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Syse's Cabinet.

He died in April 2012 in his Harstad home.

Harstad (town)
Harstad (Norwegian: [hɑ̂ʂtɑ] ⓘ; Northern Sami: Hárstták) is a city in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. The city is also the administrative centre of Harstad Municipality. The 11.46-square-kilometre (2,830-acre) city has a population (2023) of 21,289 (31,404 in the Urban area) and a population density of 1,858 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,810/sq mi).  It is the second-largest town in Troms county, after the city of Tromsø, and it is the largest town in Central Hålogaland.

The town is located on the northeastern part of the large island of Hinnøya, along the Vågsfjorden. The city is made up of several areas (bydeler) including Gansås, Grønnebakkan, Kanebogen, Medkila, Sama, Seljestad, Kilhus, Stangnes, and Trondenes and more. There are two churches of the Church of Norway in the town: Harstad Church and Kanebogen Church. The historic Trondenes Church lies on the north edge of the town, near the Trondenes Fort.
Joseph Maselli
Joseph Maselli (May 30, 1924 - October 18, 2009) was a businessman, philanthropist, and American-Italian activist. Maselli was the founder and publisher of the Italian American Digest. Maselli also founded the American Italian Museum and the Louisiana American Italian Sports Hall of Fame (now known as the American Italian Cultural Center) as well as the American Italian Federation of the Southeast, the first umbrella organization of Italian American groups in the region and now consisting of 30 organizations.

Umbrella organization
An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions who work together formally to coordinate activities and/or pool resources. In business, political, and other environments, it provides resources and identities to the smaller organizations. In this kind of arrangement, it is sometimes responsible, to some degree, for the groups under its care. Umbrella organizations are prominent in cooperatives and in civil society, and can engage in advocacy or collective bargaining on behalf of their members.
Lichuan County
Lichuan County (Chinese: 黎川县; pinyin: Líchuān Xiàn) is a county in the east of Jiangxi province, China, bordering Fujian province to the east. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou.

County (China)
Counties (县) are found in the third level of the administrative hierarchy in provinces and autonomous regions and the second level in municipalities and Hainan, a level that is known as "county level" and also contains autonomous counties, county-level cities, banners, autonomous banners and city districts. There are 1,355 counties in mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions.

The term xian is sometimes translated as "district" or "prefecture" when put in the context of Chinese history.