hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tariq Alam Abro
Tariq Alam Abro (Sindhi: طارق عالم ابڙو) was a Sindhi novelist, short story author and playwright. He was born on 10 April 1958, in Qambar, Sindh. According to Rasool Bux Dars, he was one of the three greatest living Sindhi poets at the time of his death. He died on 11 June 2011, due to kidney and liver failures.

University of Sindh
The University of Sindh (Urdu: جامعہ سندھ; Sindhi: سنڌ يونيورسٽي; informally known as Sindh University) is a public research university located in the city of Jamshoro, in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is one of the oldest universities in Pakistan and was certified by ISO in 2015.

Founded in 1947 in Karachi, the university was relocated to Hyderabad in 1951, where it began to function as a full-fledged teaching university. The university is associated with four colleges of law and various other colleges. Sindh University is noted for its research in literature, natural sciences, philosophy, and Sindhology.
Red House School
Red House School is a co-educational private day school in Norton, Stockton-on-Tees, in the north-east of England.

Nursery, Reception and Year 1 are located in a purpose-built unit, whilst Years 2, 3 and 4 are in a Georgian Vicarage. The Preparatory School and Senior School are in a manor house.

In 2010 Red House came 1st in the independent secondary school with no sixth form category in The Sunday Times Parent League Tables 2010. 
A school's place in the Sunday Times league tables is determined by the percentage of its students who achieve A - C grades at GCSE, and A and B grades at A level.

Preparatory school (United Kingdom)
A preparatory school (or, shortened: prep school) in the United Kingdom is a fee-charging private primary school that caters for children up to approximately the age of 13.  The term "preparatory school" is used as it prepares the children for the Common Entrance Examination in order to secure a place at an independent secondary school, typically one of the English public schools.  They are also preferred by some parents in the hope of getting their child into a state selective grammar school. Most prep schools are inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate, which is overseen by Ofsted on behalf of the Department for Education.
The Philberds
The Philberds was a preparatory school based in a house in Holyport, near Maidenhead, Berkshire, on the site of one which Charles II had given to Nell Gwyn. The name derives from a family that owned land in the area in medieval times.

Holyport
Holyport (pronounced Hollyport) is a suburban village in the civil parish of Bray (where at the 2011 Census the population was included), about 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Maidenhead town centre in the English county of Berkshire.
Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo
Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo ("The truth is worth more than a kobo"; kobo is a subunit of the Nigerian naira currency) is a Nigerian newspaper, printed three times a week. It is the world's first Hausa-language paper, and was one of northern Nigeria's first periodicals. Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo's first editor was Abubakar Imam. In 1941, some pages in Ajami were added to the newspaper for those who could not read the Roman script. They were called "`Yar Gaskiya" ("Daughter of Truth").

Hausa language
Hausa (/ˈhaʊsə/; in Hausa: Harshen/Halshen Hausa listenⓘ /hawˈsa/; Ajami: هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا‎) is a Chadic language spoken primarily by the Hausa people in Niger (where it is the sole official language, having replaced French in 2025) and in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo and the southern parts of Chad. It is also spoken by a significant minority in Ivory Coast and a small number of speakers in Sudan.

Hausa is a member of the Afroasiatic language family and is the most widely spoken language within the Chadic branch of that family. Hausa is tonal, using relative pitch both to distinguish words, and mark grammatical categories. Ethnologue estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 58 million people and as a second language by another 36 million, bringing the total number of Hausa speakers to an estimated 94 million.

In Nigeria, the Hausa film industry is known as Kannywood.
Shuklino, Kursk Oblast
Shuklino (Russian: Шуклино) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') in Soldatsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:  50 (2010 Census); 68 (2002 Census); 79 (1989 Soviet census).

Kursk Oblast
Kursk Oblast (Russian: Курская область, romanized: Kurskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [ˈkurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kursk. As of the 2021 census, Kursk Oblast had a population of 1,082,458.
Onychostoma barbatum
Onychostoma barbatum is a species of cyprinid in the genus Onychostoma that inhabits inland wetlands in Guangxi, Guangdong and Hunan, China. It is used for food locally a maximum length of 17.6 centimetres (6.9 in).

Cyprinidae
Cyprinidae is a family of cyprinoid freshwater fishes commonly referred to as the carp family, which includes the carps, barbs, and barbels, among others. These cyprinids also share sister taxa with the danionins and minnows under the suborder Cyprinoidei. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest family of vertebrates overall, with roughly 1,780 species split into 166 valid genera.

Cyprinids range from the 12 mm (0.5 in)-long glassfishes, to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis). The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos (κυπρῖνος 'carp').
Asterina stellifera
Asterina stellifera is one of thirty species of small bat star in the genus Asterina. It is mainly found on the east coast of South America, ranging from Cabo Frio, Brazil to Mar del Plata, Argentina. In the past decades, their numbers have depleted and are currently abundant only in the southern limit of its former range. Due to this decline, it is on Brazil’s endangered species list. It has a slow growth rate and relatively long lifespan. A. stellifera is an omnivorous generalist predator, and modifies the abundance of other invertebrates and algae in subtidal marine communities.

Mar del Plata
Mar del Plata is a city of the Atlantic Coast, in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the seat of General Pueyrredón district. Mar del Plata is the second largest city in Buenos Aires Province. The name "Mar del Plata"  is short for "Mar del Río de la Plata," and means "sea of the Río de la Plata basin" or "adjoining sea to the (River) Plate region." Mar del Plata is one of the major fishing ports and the biggest seaside beach resort in Argentina.
With a population of 682,605 as per the 2022 census [INDEC], it is the 5th largest city in Argentina.
Aq Burhan
Aq Burhan (Arabic: آق برهان, romanized: Āq Burhān) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. Situated on the eastern Queiq Plain, it is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Akhtarin, some 35 km (22 mi) northeast of the city of Aleppo, and 15 km (9.3 mi) south of the border to the Turkish province of Kilis.

Administratively the village belongs to Nahiya Akhtarin in Azaz District. Nearby localities include Qar Kalbin 2 km (1.2 mi) to the east. In the 2004 census, Aq Burhan had a population of 627.

Akhtarin Subdistrict
Akhtarin Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية أخترين, romanized: Nāḥiyah Akhtarin) is the easternmost subdistrict of Azaz District in the northern Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria, on the border with Turkey. Its administrative centre and largest town is Akhtarin. Its town of Dabiq is notable for the battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, and its place in Islamic eschatology. Neighbouring subdistricts are Sawran Subdistrict (northwest) and Mare' Subdistrict (southwest), both in Azaz District, as well as al-Rai Subdistrict (northeast) and al-Bab Subdistrict (southeast), both belonging to al-Bab District. To the north is the Kilis Province of Turkey.

At the 2004 census, the subdistrict had a population of 39,385.
Oecanthus niveus
Oecanthus niveus, known generally as the narrow-winged tree cricket or snowy tree cricket, is a species of tree cricket in the family Oecanthidae, which includes all crickets. First noted by Swedish Entomologist Charles de Geer in 1773 by a Pennsylvanian Specimen, it is found primarily in Eastern North America south of Canada, and also in the Caribbean.

Oecanthidae
The Oecanthidae are a recently (2022) restored family of crickets based on the type genus Oecanthus Serville, 1831.  They include "tree crickets", "anomalous crickets" and "bush crickets" (American usage) and can be found in warmer parts of most of the world (not the northern Palaearctic, Nearctic or Antarctica).
North Karachi
New Karachi or North Karachi (Urdu: شمالی  کراچی) is a town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. New Karachi is located between the Lyari River, the Manghopir Hills and two major roads - Surjani Road to the north and Shahrah-e-Zahid Hussain to the south. To the north and west lies Gadap Town, and to the south the towns of Gulberg and North Nazimabad.

Manghopir Hills
Manghopir Hills are located in between Karachi West District of Sindh and Hub District of Balochistan in Pakistan.

The hills in Karachi are the offshoots of the Kirthar Range. The highest point of these hills in Karachi is about 528m in the extreme north. All these hills are devoid of vegetation and have wide intervening plains, dry river beds and water channels.
Sunday Jones
Sunday Jones are an English indie rock band from Huyton, Liverpool, England, published by LoveCat Music in the United States. Their songs are featured in film and TV, such as "Up and Down" in the 2011 movie The One, starring Jon Prescott and Margaret Anne Florence; 2013's The Marine 3: Homefront directed by Scott Wiper starring The Miz and Neal McDonough. (DVD chart ranking in at #12 and #15 on the DVD and Blu-ray lists respectively), and, in 2018, the History Channel’s SIX, an American military drama series.

The band's song "Butterfly" was featured in 2012's Forgetting the Girl directed by Nate Taylor, starring Christopher Denham and Anna Camp. Their songs “Long Wet Day” and “Without” have featured in CBC TV series Heartland. Their songs “This Is Why I Dream” and “Don't Take It Personal” have appeared in Canadian TV series Being Erica.

Sunday Jones are currently recording songs for their debut album.

Christopher Denham
Christopher Denham is an American actor and director. He is known for supporting roles in Oppenheimer, Shutter Island, Argo, Being the Ricardos, Charlie Wilson's War and Sound of My Voice. Television credits include For All Mankind, Billions, Shining Girls opposite Elisabeth Moss, and Amazon Prime's Utopia, created by Gillian Flynn. Denham has appeared on Broadway in Master Harold...and the Boys, Martin McDonagh's The Lieutenant of Inishmore and David Mamet's China Doll, opposite Al Pacino. In 2025, he co-starred opposite George Clooney in the Broadway adaptation of Good Night and Good Luck, directed by David Cromer.
Furan (river)
Furan (also written as: Furens) is a 39.3 km long river in central France (Loire department), right tributary of the river Loire. It flows through the city Saint-Étienne and flows into the Loire in the small town Andrézieux-Bouthéon.

Towns along the river include:

Le Bessat

Tarentaise

Saint-Étienne

La Fouillouse

Andrézieux-Bouthéon

Loire (department)
Loire (/lwɑːr/; French pronunciation: [lwaʁ]; Arpitan: Lêre; Occitan: Léger or Leir) is a landlocked department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France occupying the river Loire's upper reaches. Its prefecture is Saint-Étienne. It had a population of 765,634 in 2019.
Liverwurst
Liverwurst, leberwurst, or liver sausage is a kind of sausage made from liver. It is eaten throughout Europe, particularly Northern Germany, as well as North and South America, notably amongst the large German diaspora in Argentina and Chile.

Some liverwurst varieties are spreadable. Liverwurst usually contains pigs' or calves' liver. Other ingredients are meat (notably veal), fat, and spices including ground black pepper, marjoram, allspice, thyme, ground mustard seed, and nutmeg. Many regions in Germany have distinct recipes for liverwurst. Adding ingredients like pieces of onion or bacon to the recipe make each variety of liverwurst very important to cultural identity. For example, the Thüringer Leberwurst (Thuringian liverwurst) has a Protected Geographical Status throughout the EU. Recently, more exotic additions such as cowberries and mushrooms have gained popularity.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium vitis-idaea is a small evergreen shrub in the heath family, Ericaceae. It is known colloquially as the lingonberry, partridgeberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry, or cowberry. It is native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Commercially cultivated in the United States Pacific Northwest and the Netherlands, the edible berries are also picked in the wild and used in various dishes, especially in Nordic cuisine, and among many other cuisines around the world.
Green baronets of Wakefield (1886)
The Green baronetcy, of Wakefield in the County of York, and of Ken Hill in the parish of Snettisham in the County of Norfolk, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 5 March 1886 for Edward Green, Conservative Member of Parliament for Wakefield. The second baronet became involved in the Royal Baccarat Scandal of 1890. The fourth Baronet was a deputy lieutenant and high sheriff of Norfolk and was a member of the Norfolk County Council.

Snettisham
Snettisham is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is located near the west coast of Norfolk, some 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the seaside resort of Hunstanton, 9 miles (14 km) north of the town of King's Lynn and 45 miles (72 km) northwest of the city of Norwich.
Haralson County School District
The Haralson County School District is a public school district in Haralson County, Georgia, United States, based in Tallapoosa. The district includes all of the county except for areas in Bremen. It serves the communities of Buchanan, Tallapoosa, and Waco.

The Haralson County portion of Temple is in the district. As of 2020 no residents lived in that portion of Temple.

Bremen, Georgia
Bremen (/ˈbriːmən/ BREE-mən) is a city in Haralson and Carroll counties, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 7,185 up from 6,227 in the 2010 census. Most of the city is in Haralson County, with a small portion in Carroll County.
Abd al-Sattar Qasim
Abd al-Sattar Tawfiq Qasim al-Khader (Arabic: عبد الستار توفيق قاسم الخضر خليلية; 21 September 1948 – 1 February 2021) was a Palestinian writer, thinker, political analyst, and academic. He was born in the town of Deir al-Ghusun in Tulkarm Governorate and died in Nablus. Qasim was a professor of political science and Palestinian studies at An-Najah National University in Nablus. He is known for his positions rejecting the settlement with Israel and critical of the Palestinian Self-Government Authority.

Tulkarm Governorate
32°19′11.5″N 35°5′38.5″E﻿ / ﻿32.319861°N 35.094028°E﻿ / 32.319861; 35.094028

The Tulkarm Governorate (Arabic: محافظة طولكرم, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Ṭūlkarm) is an administrative district and one of the 16 Governorates of Palestine, located in the north-western West Bank. The governorate's land area is 268 square kilometres. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the governorate had a population of 172,800 inhabitants. The muhafaza or district capital is the city of Tulkarm.
Oswald Smith Crocket
Oswald Smith Crocket (April 13, 1868 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.

Born in Chatham, New Brunswick, the son of William Crocket and Marion Caldwell, he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1886 from the University of New Brunswick. He was called to the Bar in 1892 and practised law.

In 1904, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the riding of York, New Brunswick as a Conservative. He was re-elected in 1908 and 1911.

In 1913, he was appointed the appointed to the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, King's Bench in 1913. In 1916, he was concurrently appointed a judge of the Court of Divorce and Matrimonial Cases of New Brunswick.

York (federal electoral district)
York was a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917.

It was created as part of the British North America Act 1867. It consisted of the County of York. It was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into York—Sunbury riding.
Big Chiwaukum
Big Chiwaukum is a prominent 8,098-foot (2,468-metre) mountain in Chelan County, Washington, United States. Big Chiwaukum is located northeast of Frosty Pass, and within the Alpine Lakes Wilderness. Big Chiwaukum is the highest peak in the Chiwaukum Mountains, a subset of the Cascade Range. The nearest higher peak is Cashmere Mountain, 10.35 mi (16.66 km) to the south-southeast. Precipitation runoff from Big Chiwaukum drains into tributaries of the Wenatchee River. In the Wenatchee dialect, Chiwaukum means many little creeks running into one big one.

Chelan County, Washington
Chelan County (/ʃəˈlæn/, shə-LAN) is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, its population was 79,074. The county seat and largest city is Wenatchee. The county was created out of Okanogan and Kittitas Counties on March 13, 1899. It derives its name from a Chelan Indian word meaning "deep water," likely a reference to 55-mile (89 km)-long Lake Chelan, which reaches a maximum depth of 1,486 feet (453 m).

Chelan County is part of the Wenatchee, Washington, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Slouching Towards Gomorrah
Slouching Towards Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline is a 1996 non-fiction book by Robert H. Bork, a former United States Court of Appeals judge. Bork's thesis in the book is that U.S. and more generally Western culture is in a state of decline and that the cause of this decline is modern liberalism and the rise of the New Left. Specifically, he attacks modern liberalism for what he describes as its dual emphases on radical egalitarianism and radical individualism. The title of the book is a play on the last couplet of W. B. Yeats's poem "The Second Coming": "And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, / Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?" Bork contends that the "rough beast of decadence … now sends us slouching towards our new home, not Bethlehem but Gomorrah." More directly, the title borrows from Joan Didion's Slouching Towards Bethlehem.

Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian and east of the 180th meridian. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere. In the United States, the term "Western Hemisphere" is often used as a metonym for the Americas, even though geographically, the hemisphere also includes parts of other continents.
Jorge Risquet
Jorge Risquet Valdés-Saldaña (6 May 1930 – 28 September 2015) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician. He participated in the Sierra Maestra guerrilla campaign during the Cuban Revolution and became later involved in the Angola Civil War. He also participated in peace negotiations between Angola and South Africa, which led to the independence of Namibia and contributed to the release of Nelson Mandela and the end of apartheid. He was member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1980 to 1991.

Sierra Maestra
The Sierra Maestra is a mountain range that runs westward across the south of the old Oriente Province in southeast Cuba, rising abruptly from the coast. The range falls mainly within the Santiago de Cuba and in Granma Provinces. Some view it as a series of connecting ranges (Vela, Santa Catalina, Quemado Grande, Daña Mariana), which join with others to the west. At 1,974 m (~6,500 ft), Pico Turquino is the range's – and the country's – highest point. The area is rich in minerals, especially copper, manganese, chromium, and iron.
New York's 34th congressional district
New York's 34th congressional district was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. It was created in 1843 as a result of the 1840 census, eliminated after the 1850 census, and then re-created in 1885 due to the 1880 census. It was eliminated most recently as a result of the 1990 census. It was last represented by Amo Houghton who was redistricted into the 31st district.

Tompkins County, New York
Tompkins County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 105,740. The county seat is Ithaca. The name is in honor of Daniel D. Tompkins, who served as Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States. The county is part of the Southern Tier region of the state.

Tompkins County comprises the Ithaca Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is home to Cornell University, Ithaca College and Tompkins Cortland Community College.
Gerald C. MacCallum Jr.
Gerald C. MacCallum Jr. (June 16, 1925 – January 14, 1987) was an American philosopher. He was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. MacCallum is well known for his critique to the distinction, made famous by Isaiah Berlin, between negative and positive liberty, proposing instead that the concept of freedom can only be understood as a 'triadic relation', in which "x is (is not) free from y to do (not do, become, not become) z". His other publications include Political Philosophy (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1987) and Legislative Intent and Other Essays on Law, Politics, and Morality (University of Wisconsin Press, 1993, edited by Marcus G. Singer and Rex Martin) which collects 14 essays on topics that include legislative intent, violence, integrity, civil disobedience, and conscience, as well as negative and positive freedom.

Positive liberty
Positive liberty, or positive freedom, is the possession of the power and resources to act in the context of the structural limitations of the broader society which impacts a person's ability to act, as opposed to negative liberty, which is freedom from external restraint on one's actions.

The concepts of structure and agency are central to the concept of positive liberty because in order to be free, a person should be free from inhibitions of the social structure in carrying out their ambitions.  Structurally, classism, sexism, ageism, ableism and racism can inhibit a person's freedom. As positive liberty is primarily concerned with the possession of sociological agency, it is enhanced by the ability of citizens to participate in government and have their voices, interests, and concerns recognized and acted upon.

Isaiah Berlin's essay "Two Concepts of Liberty" (1958) is typically acknowledged as the first to explicitly draw the distinction between positive and negative liberty.
Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi
Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi (born 20 July 1962) is an Indian judge who is currently serving as a Member of National Human Rights Commission of India. He is a former Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and a former Judge of Orissa High Court.

Orissa High Court
The Orissa High Court is the High Court for the Indian state of Odisha.

The then Bengal Presidency was a vast province including present day Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. It was difficult to administratively manage such a vast area, inhabited by people speaking different languages and having different traditions. Administrative exigencies required separation of such areas which originally did not form part of Bengal. So, the new province of Bihar and Odisha was formed on 22 March 1912. However, the said new province of Bihar and Odisha was under the jurisdiction of the Calcutta High Court.