hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Micro-atmosphere method
The micro-atmosphere method is an antimicrobial sensitivity testing method involving the use of potentially bacteriostatic or fungicidal compounds which are obtained from the volatile oils of plants, such as citronella grass. This method involves the use of essential oils, a growth medium, a selection of bacterial or fungal cultures, and an incubator.

Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells via the process of cell proliferation or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens. Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells.

The two major types of growth media are those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and those used for microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth. Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells.
Unite and Win
Unite and Win! is an oi!/anarcho-punk album by the band Oi Polloi. It was originally released in 1987 on Oi! Records, and re-released in 2001 on Step 1 Records with eight extra songs.

The phrase "Unite and Win" refers to the desire for unification between the punk and skinhead subcultures. According to the band, if British working class people united, they would succeed in a fight against both the Margaret Thatcher government and totalitarian ideologies like communism and nazism (as described in the song, "Commies and Nazis").

Oi!
Oi! (originally known as new punk or real punk) is a subgenre of punk rock that emerged in the United Kingdom, particularly the East End of London in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The term was originally coined by Sounds magazine writer Garry Bushell in August 1979. The music and its associated subculture aimed to unite punks, skinheads, and generally disaffected working-class youth.

The movement was partly a response to the perception that many participants in the early UK punk scene were, in the words of The Business guitarist Steve Kent, "trendy university people using long words, trying to be artistic... and losing touch." The movement was later associated with conservative and far-right ideologies.

Notable acts included Sham 69, Cock Sparrer, Angelic Upstarts, the 4-Skins, the Business, Anti-Establishment, Blitz, the Blood and Combat 84.
John R. Wright House
John R. Wright House is a historic Queen Anne-style house at 322 West Marlin Street in McPherson, Kansas, United States.  The house was built in 1887 and added to the National Historic Register in 2002.

John R. Wright (1841-1926) was born in New Jersey, grew up in Cincinnati, Ohio, and served in the American Civil War, losing his left arm in the battle of Fayetteville, West Virginia.  He later became a homesteader and businessman in Kansas, and eventually served as County Clerk and also as a Postmaster.

The house was deemed notable "for its historical association with John R. Wright and for its architectural significance as a Queen Anne Revival residence."

McPherson, Kansas
McPherson (/məkˈfɜːrsən/ mək-FUR-sən) is a city in and the county seat of McPherson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 14,082. The city is named after Union General James Birdseye McPherson, a Civil War general. It is home to McPherson College and Central Christian College.
Hiroshi Katsuno
Hiroshi Katsuno (勝野 洋, Katsuno Hiroshi; born July 27, 1949 in Kumamoto) is a Japanese actor. He graduated from Aoyama Gakuin University. Katsuno's debut was as a detective Texas in the television series Taiyō ni Hoero! in 1974 and he won great popularity through the role. The episode his character Texas was killed recorded 42.5% audience rating, it was highest audience rating in Taiyō ni Hoero!.

Kumamoto Prefecture
Kumamoto Prefecture (熊本県, Kumamoto-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [kɯ.ma.mo.to, -toꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Kumamoto Prefecture has a population of 1,683,115 (as of 1 October 2025) and has a geographic area of 7,409 square kilometres (2,861 sq mi). Kumamoto Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the north, Ōita Prefecture to the northeast, Miyazaki Prefecture to the southeast, and Kagoshima Prefecture to the south.

Kumamoto is the capital and largest city of Kumamoto Prefecture, with other major cities including Yatsushiro, Amakusa, and Tamana. Kumamoto Prefecture is located in the center of Kyūshū on the coast of the Ariake Sea, across from Nagasaki Prefecture, with the mainland separated from the East China Sea by the Amakusa Archipelago. Kumamoto Prefecture is home to Mount Aso, the largest active volcano in Japan and among the largest in the world, with its peak 1,592 metres (5,223 ft) above sea level.
Casadei
Casadei is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Barbara Casadei, American doctor and academic

Domenico Casadei, Italian engineer

Fabio Casadei Turroni, Italian novelist

Maurizio Casadei, Sammarinese cyclist

Secondo Casadei, Italian musician

Cesare Casadei, Italian footballer

Secondo Casadei
Aurelio Casadei, known as Secondo Casadei (1 April 1906 – 19 November 1971) was an Italian musician, violinist, arranger, composer and bandleader. He is considered the most important exponent of liscio (literally "smooth"), an Italian style of dance and folk music born in Emilia-Romagna.

Casadei is best known for being the author of the famous popular song "Romagna mia". His nephew is the musician and composer Raoul Casadei.
Globe-class container ship
The Globe class is a series of 5 container ships built for China Shipping Container Lines and later operated by COSCO SHIPPING Lines. The ships have a maximum theoretical capacity of 18,982 TEU. The ships were built by Hyundai Heavy Industries at their shipyard in Ulsan, South Korea. The first ship, the CSCL Globe, was delivered on 18 November 2014. At the time she was the largest container ship in the world.

COSCO Shipping Lines
COSCO SHIPPING Lines Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中远海运集运) is a Chinese international container transportation and shipping company. It is a subsidiary of COSCO Shipping Holdings, and its parent company is China's state-owned COSCO Shipping.
2011 Torneo Internazionale Femminile Antico Tiro a Volo – Doubles
Christina McHale and Olivia Rogowska are the defending champions but chose not to defend their title. 
Sophie Ferguson and Sally Peers defeated Magda Linette and Liana Ungur in the final by a walkover.

Magda Linette
Magda Linette (born 12 February 1992) is a Polish professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 19, achieved in March 2023. She has reached eight finals on the WTA Tour, winning three titles, and the semifinals of the 2023 Australian Open, and the third round of the other majors.

Linette made her first appearance in a WTA Tour main draw at the Internationaux de Strasbourg in May 2013, where she also scored her first match win at this level. The same year, she reached her first WTA Tour semifinal in Baku, coming from qualifying. Linette won her first WTA 125 title at the 2014 Ningbo International Open, and her first WTA Tour title at the 2019 Bronx Open. Her best result in WTA Premier tournaments is the quarterfinals of 2016 Pan Pacific Open.

In 2020, she earned the Fan Favorite Shot of the Year award by the WTA for a slice forehand that she played against Peng Shuai en route to her second WTA Tour title at the Thailand Open.
GWF Brass Knuckles Championship
The GWF Brass Knuckles Championship was a professional wrestling championship. Similar to the WWF Hardcore Championship, it was defended only in hardcore matches in the Global Wrestling Federation. The title had two holders, Black Bart and Bill Irwin but was later retired.

Professional wrestling championship
In professional wrestling, a championship or title is a recognition promoted by professional wrestling organizations. Championship reigns are determined by professional wrestling matches, in which competitors are involved in predetermined rivalries; these narratives create feuds between the various competitors, which usually cast them as either faces (heroes), heels (villains), or more rarely tweeners (morally ambiguous). The bookers in a company, who decide the winners and where the storyline goes, will place the title on the most accomplished performer or the one they believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership.
Ferruccio Tagliavini
Ferruccio Tagliavini (pronounced [ferˈruttʃo taʎʎaˈviːni]; 14 August 1913 – 29 January 1995) was an Italian operatic lyric tenor mainly active in the 1940s and 1950s. Tagliavini was hailed as the heir apparent to Tito Schipa and Beniamino Gigli in the lyric-opera repertory due to the exceptional beauty of his voice, but he did not sustain his great early promise across the full span of his career.

Werther
Werther is an opera (drame lyrique) in four acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Édouard Blau, Paul Milliet and Georges Hartmann (who used the pseudonym Henri Grémont). It is loosely based on Goethe's epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, which itself was based on Goethe's own early life. Earlier examples of operas using the story were made by Kreutzer (1792) and Pucitta (1802).
Last Chance Surgery
Last Chance Surgery is an Australian factual television series screened on the Seven Network that first screened in 2009. Last Chance Surgery is narrated by doctor and former Australian Medical Association president, Kerryn Phelps. The series features people whose only hope of survival is radical and dangerous surgery. The series was created by Executive Producer Danny Milosavljevic who was previously the executive producer of RPA (TV series). It is made by Southern Star Entertainment, Australia's largest independent television production company. Two of the surgeons featured on the show include prominent neurosurgeons, Prof Michael Morgan and Dr Charles Teo.

Factual television
Factual television is a genre of non-fiction television programming that documents actual events and people. These types of programs are also described as observational documentary, fly on the wall, docudrama, and reality television. The genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, although the term factual television has especially been used to describe programs produced since the 1990s. The term is especially used in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
ARA Comodoro Somellera
ARA Comodoro Somellera (A-10) was a Sotoyomo-class rescue tug that served in the Argentine Navy from 1972 to 1998 classified as an aviso.  She previously served in the US Navy as USS Catawba (ATA-210) from 1945 to 1972. After being damaged beyond repair in 1998, she was deliberately sunk as a weapons target in November 2017.

Aviso
An aviso was originally a kind of dispatch boat or "advice boat", carrying orders before the development of effective remote communication.

The term, derived from the Portuguese and Spanish word for "advice", "notice" or "warning", an aviso, was later adopted by the French and Portuguese navies to classify their medium-sized warships designed for colonial service. The term continued to be used in the French Navy to classify the D'Estienne d'Orves-class patrol frigates until 2012, when the remaining ships of the class were reclassified as offshore patrol ships. It is equivalent to the modern use of "sloop" in other countries.
SS San Wilfrido (1914)
SS San Wilfrido was a 6,458 GRT steam-powered British tanker that was launched in February 1914 and sunk by a German mine less than six months later. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co Ltd built her on the River Tyne for the Eagle Oil Transport Co Ltd.

San Wilfrido struck the mine in the North Sea on 3 August 1914, one day before Britain declared war on Germany. She was Britain's first naval loss of the First World War.

This was the first of two Eagle Oil tankers to be called San Wilfrido. The second was the Empire ship Empire Cobbett, which Eagle Oil bought and renamed San Wilfrido in 1946.

River Tyne
The River Tyne /ˈtaɪn/ ⓘ is a river in North East England. Its length (excluding tributaries) is 73 miles (118 km). It is formed by the North Tyne and the South Tyne, which converge at Warden near Hexham in Northumberland at a place dubbed 'The Meeting of the Waters'.

The Tyne Rivers Trust measure the whole Tyne catchment as 2,936 km2 (1,134 square miles), containing 4,399 km (2,733 miles) of waterways.
941 Murray
941 Murray (prov. designation: A920 TF or 1920 HV) is a background asteroid, approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter, located in the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory on 10 October 1920. The X-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.4 hours. It was named after British professor Gilbert Murray (1866–1957).

Provisional designation in astronomy
Provisional designation is the naming convention applied to astronomical objects immediately following their discovery. The provisional designation is usually superseded by a permanent designation once a reliable orbit has been calculated. As of 2019, approximately 47% of the more than 1,100,000 known minor planets remain provisionally designated, as hundreds of thousands have been discovered in the last two decades. The modern system is overseen by the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union.
Henry Puna
Henry Tuakeu Puna (born 29 July 1949) is a Cook Islands politician. He most recently served as the secretary-general of the Pacific Islands Forum from May of 2021 to 2024. He was Prime Minister of the Cook Islands from November 2010 to October 2020. Since 2006 he has been leader of the Cook Islands Party.

Puna was elected to the Parliament of the Cook Islands at the 2005 Manihiki by-election. He lost his seat at the 2006 election, but regained it in the CIP victory at the 2010 election which saw him elected prime minister. During his time as prime minister, he held various ministerial portfolios, including Foreign affairs, Marine Resources, and Energy.

In June 2020 Puna announced his intention to stand down as prime minister in September to compete for the role of secretary-general of the Pacific Islands Forum. He stepped down from office on 1 October 2020. On 4 February 2021 he was elected as secretary-general, replacing Meg Taylor.

Aitutaki
Aitutaki, also traditionally known as Araʻura and Utataki, is the second most-populated island in the Cook Islands, after Rarotonga. It is an "almost atoll", with fifteen islets in a lagoon adjacent to the main island. Total land area is 18.05 km2 (6.97 sq mi), and the lagoon has an area of between 50 and 74 km2 (19 and 29 sq mi). A major tourist destination, Aitutaki is the second most visited island of the Cook Islands archipelago.

Aitutaki had a population of 1,782 in 2021. The main village is Arutanga (Arutunga) on the west side.
Richmond Waller
Richmond Campbell Shakespear Waller (26 July 1879 – 28 June 1950) was an English cricketer and decorated Royal Marines officer.  He was born in Clifton, Bristol. He was educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College from 1893 to 1897.

Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Haileybury is a co-educational public school (fee-charging boarding and day school for 11-to-18-year-olds) located in Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire. It is a member of the Rugby Group and enrols pupils at the 11+, 13+ and 16+ stages of education. Over 890 pupils attend Haileybury, of whom more than 550 board. The campus occupies over 500 acres (200 ha) of Hertfordshire countryside, approximately 20 mi (32 km) from London.
Panagiotis Tzanavaras
Panagiotis Tzanavaras (Greek: Παναγιώτης Τζαναβάρας; born 30 October 1964) is a Greek professional football manager and former player.

As a footballer, he played 16 years for Kalamata, Korinthos, Panelefsiniakos, Panafpliakos, and Olympiakos Loutraki.
He holds an UEFA Pro Coaching Licence.

Kalamata F.C.
Kalamata Football Club (Greek: Π.Σ. "Η Καλαμάτα") is a Greek professional football club based in Kalamata, Messenia. They compete in the Super League Greece 2, the second tier of the Greek football league system. The club's home ground is the Kalamata Metropolitan Stadium.
Denis Haines
Denis Haines is an English musician, best known for his tenure as keyboardist for the Hollies between 1983 and 1991. Haines first came to prominence with new wave band the Doll. He played keyboards for Gary Numan on the album Telekon. Together with Chris Payne, Rrussell Bell and Cedric Sharpley, all of whom had been members of Numan's backing band, he formed new wave band Dramatis in 1981.

After leaving the Hollies, he focused on composing music for film and television, under the name Francis Haines. Haines produced and arranged the album Resurgence, which former Hollies lead singer Allan Clarke released on BMG in September 2019.

Allan Clarke (singer)
Harold Allan Clarke (born 5 April 1942) is an English singer and musician who was one of the founding members and the original lead singer of the Hollies. He achieved international hit singles with the group and is credited as co-writer on several of their best-known songs, including "On a Carousel", "Carrie Anne", "Jennifer Eccles" and "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress". He retired from performing in 2000, but returned to the music industry in 2019. Clarke was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010 as a member of the Hollies.
2024–25 Egypt Cup
The 2024–25 Egypt Cup was the 93rd edition of the premier knockout football competition in Egypt, organized by the Egyptian Football Association (EFA). The tournament began on 23 November 2024.

Zamalek triumphed over the defending champions Pyramids with an 8–7 victory on penalties after a 1–1 draw, securing a place in the Egyptian Super Cup.

Egyptian Super Cup
The Egyptian Super Cup is Egyptian football's annual match contested between the champions of the Egyptian Premier League season and the holders of the Egypt Cup. If the Egyptian Premier League champions also won the Egypt Cup then the cup runners-up provide the opposition. The competition was founded in 2001, the first team to win the trophy was Zamalek SC. Starting with the 2023–24 season, the tournament adopted a new format in which four teams compete instead of the traditional two.
Hulk Classics
Hulk Classics was an action figure line based on the characters of Marvel Comics, and produced by Toy Biz in 2003.  The line revolves around the Hulk and his supporting cast from the comic book series.

Toy Biz
Toy Biz, Inc. (later known as Marvel Toys) was a toy manufacturer, originally founded in Montreal, Quebec as Charan Toys. The company is best known for holding the Marvel Comics toy license from 1990 to 2006.

In 1993, Marvel Entertainment Group acquired a minority stake in Toy Biz. In 1998, Toy Biz merged with Marvel Entertainment Group to bring it out of bankruptcy, with the two merged companies becoming Marvel Enterprises. Toy Biz would continue as the name of its toy manufacturing division.

In 2005, the division would start to use the name Marvel Toys, as well as Toy Biz, to reflect the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In January 2006, Hasbro acquired the Marvel Comics toy license, to release its first products in January 2007. The division attempted to continue with non-Marvel licenses, but became inactive by fall 2007.
Hadım Hafız Ahmed Pasha
Hadım Hafız Ahmed Pasha (usually referred to as Hafız Ahmed Pasha; died November 3, 1613) was an Ottoman statesman who served as the governor of Egypt from 1590 or 1591 to 1594. Previously, he had served as governor (beylerbey) of Cyprus, and he became a vizier along with his appointment to Egypt. After Egypt, he became the governor of Bursa from 1594 to 1595. His epithet Hadım means "eunuch" in Turkish.

He commanded the victorious Ottoman forces during sultan Mehmed III's siege of Eger in 1606. After a string of various government and military roles, Ahmed Pasha retired in 1607 or 1608. He died on November 3, 1613.

Mehmed III
Mehmed III (Ottoman Turkish: محمد ثالث, Meḥmed-i sālis; Turkish: III. Mehmed; 26 May 1566 – 22 December 1603) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death in 1603. Mehmed was known for ordering the execution of his brothers and leading the army in the Long Turkish War, during which the Ottoman army was victorious at the Battle of Keresztes. This victory was however undermined by some military losses such as in Győr and Nikopol. He also ordered the successful quelling of the Jelali rebellions. The sultan also communicated with the court of Elizabeth I on the grounds of stronger commercial relations and in the hopes of England to ally with the Ottomans against the Spanish.
2025 in Latin music
The following is a list of events and new Spanish- and Portuguese-language music that happened or are expected to happen in 2025 in Ibero-America. Ibero-America encompasses Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the Latino population in Canada and the United States.

Grupo Frontera
Grupo Frontera is an American regional Mexican band from Edinburg, Texas. The band currently consists of lead vocalist Adelaido "Payo" Solís III, accordionist and backing vocalist Juan Javier Cantú, congas player Julian Peña Jr., bajo quinto player Alberto "Beto" Acosta, and drummer Carlos Guerrero.
Maseko
Maseko is an African surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andries Maseko (1955–2013), South African football striker

Gertrude Maseko, First Lady of Malawi

Jevan Maseko (1943–2013), Zimbabwean military officer and government official

Job Maseko (died 1952), South African soldier during World War II

Lorna Maseko (born 1983), South African actress and media personality

Owen Maseko (born in 1974 or 1975), Zimbabwean visual artist

Sinegugu Maseko (born 1997), South African cricketer

Themba Maseko (born 1961), South African politician

Thulani Maseko, (born 1970) Swaziland human rights lawyer assassinated in 2023

Zenokuhle Maseko,(born 1998) , South African Actress and internet personality

Zola Maseko (born 1967), Swazi film director and screenwriter

Themba Maseko
Themba Mveli James Maseko (born 27 January 1964) is a South African businessman, former public servant, and whistleblower who was the head of the Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) between 2006 and 2011. Since July 2024, he has been the head of the Wits School of Governance at the University of the Witwatersrand. He is known for publicly accusing the Gupta brothers of attempting improperly to influence the allocation of public advertising contracts during his time at GCIS.

Formerly an anti-apartheid activist, Maseko was briefly a member of the National Assembly of South Africa between 1994 and 1995, representing the African National Congress. In addition to his position at GCIS, and between stints in the private sector, he served as head of the Gauteng Department of Education from 1995 to 2000, as head of the national Department of Public Works from 2003 to 2006, and as head of the national Department of Public Service and Administration in 2011.