hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Provincial Medical and Surgical Association
The Provincial Medical and Surgical Association (PMSA) was founded by Sir Charles Hastings on 19 July 1832 at a meeting in the Board Room of the Worcester Infirmary. It was initially established for the sharing of scientific and medical knowledge. This is now the site of the University of Worcester's City Campus. An audience of 50 doctors was present to hear Hastings propose the inauguration of an Association both friendly and scientific for the sharing of knowledge between doctors. Ten years after its initial meeting the association's membership had grown to 1,350 and it had begun to publish a weekly journal, The Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal. In 1853 the PMSA extended its membership to London doctors and 1856 transformed itself into the British Medical Association.

Worcestershire Royal Hospital
The Worcestershire Royal Hospital is an acute general hospital located in Charles Hastings Way in Worcester, England. It is managed by the Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. The hospital replaced the Worcester Royal Infirmary in 2002 as the main hospital in the county of Worcestershire.
Power of a Woman (song)
"Power of a Woman" is a song by British R&B girl group Eternal. It was written by the songwriting duo of Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers, and was released in October 1995 by EMI United Kingdom and 1st Avenue Records as the first single from the group's second studio album, Power of a Woman (1995). It was also their first release as a trio after the departure of Louise Redknapp. "Power of a Woman" peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart and became the group's fifth top-10 single. In Australia, the song became the group's second top-10 single, reaching number eight in April 1996. Its music video was directed by Randee St. Nicholas.

First Avenue Records
First Avenue Records (also known as 1st Avenue and First Avenue Management) was a British record label, publishing company and music management company. The publishing side of the company was acquired by BMG Music Publishing in 2002. After Universal Music Publishing's acquisition of BMG Music Publishing in 2004, First Avenue Music then belonged to Universal Music Publishing.
Saint-Lary, Gers
Saint-Lary (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ laʁi]; Gascon: Sent Lari), known as Saint-Lary-du-Gers (pronounced [sɛ̃ laʁi dy ʒɛʁs]; Occitan: Sent Lari de Gers) for disambiguation, is a commune in the Gers department, and the region of Occitania, southwestern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Saint-Lariens (masculine plural) and Saint-Lariennes (feminine plural).

Occitania (administrative region)
Occitania (French: Occitanie [ɔksitani] ⓘ; Occitan: Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ]; Catalan: Occitània [uksiˈtaniə]) is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica, located in the south of the country, created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. The Council of State approved Occitania as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, coming into effect on 30 September 2016.

The modern administrative region is named after the larger cultural and historical region of Occitania, which corresponds with the southern third of France. The region of Occitania as it is today covers a territory similar to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th centuries. The banner of arms of the Counts of Toulouse, known colloquially as the Occitan cross, is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol. In 2022, Occitania had a population of 6,080,731.
All-African Convention
The All-African Convention conference took place from 15–18 December 1935. Notable figures who attended the delegation included Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu, Pixley ka Isaka Seme, JL Dube, Zacharias Richard Mahabane, Alfred Bitini Xuma, James Moroka and Thabo Edwin Mofutsanyana. The Convention consisted of representatives from across a broad political spectrum, including the African National Congress, the South African Communist Party, and the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union. They convened at a community hall in Bloemfontein in response to three proposed bills by President J.B.M. Hertzog.

Alfred Bitini Xuma
Alfred Bitini Xuma, OLG, commonly referred to by his initials as AB Xuma (8 March 1893 – 27 January 1962), was the first black South African to become a medical doctor, as well as a leader, activist and president-general of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1940 to 1949. He was a member of the African American founded Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.
Sophie Mackintosh
Sophie Mackintosh (born 1988) is a British novelist and short story writer. Her debut novel, The Water Cure, was nominated for the 2018 Man Booker Prize. In 2023, she was named on the Granta Best of Young British Novelists list, compiled every 10 years since 1983, identifying the 20 most significant British novelists aged under 40.

2018 Man Booker Prize
The 2018 Booker Prize for Fiction was awarded at a ceremony on 16 October 2018. The Man Booker dozen of 13 books was announced on 24 July, and was narrowed down to a shortlist of six on 20 September. The longlist included Sabrina by Nick Drnaso, the first in Booker Prize history to nominate a graphic novel.

Anna Burns was awarded the 2018 Booker Prize for her third novel, Milkman, receiving £50,000; she became the first Northern Irish author to win the prize.
Chymotrypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen is an inactive precursor (zymogen) of chymotrypsin, a digestive enzyme which breaks proteins down into smaller peptides. Chymotrypsinogen is a single polypeptide chain consisting of 245 amino acid residues. It is synthesized in the acinar cells of the pancreas and stored inside membrane-bounded granules at the apex of the acinar cell. Release of the granules from the cell is stimulated by either a hormonal signal or a nerve impulse, and the granules spill into a duct leading into the duodenum.

Acinus
An acinus (/ˈæsɪnəs/; pl.: acini; adjective, acinar /ˈæsɪnər/ or acinous) refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed "berry", such as a raspberry (acinus is Latin for "berry"). The berry-shaped termination of an exocrine gland, where the secretion is produced, is acinar in form, as is the alveolar sac containing multiple alveoli in the lungs.
Camp Sharpe
Camp Sharpe was a World War II military installation located on the Gettysburg Battlefield that trained soldiers for psychological operations (e.g., morale operations) in the European Theater of Operations (see Operation Cornflakes & Frontpost newspaper).

Operation Cornflakes
Operation Cornflakes was a morale operation by the Office of Strategic Services during World War II that aimed to trick Deutsche Reichspost into inadvertently delivering anti-Nazi propaganda to German citizens through mail.

The operation involved special planes that were instructed to airdrop bags of false, but properly addressed, mail in the vicinity of bombed mail trains. When recovering the mail during clean-up of the wreck, the postal service would hopefully confuse the false mail for genuine mailbags and deliver it to the various addresses.
Animal breeding
Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation (using best linear unbiased prediction and other methods) of the genetic value (estimated breeding value, EBV) of livestock. Selecting for breeding animals with superior EBV in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production, or with other desirable traits has revolutionized livestock production throughout the entire world. The scientific theory of animal breeding incorporates population genetics, quantitative genetics, statistics, and recently molecular genetics and is based on the pioneering work of Sewall Wright, Jay Lush, and Charles Henderson.

Sewall Wright
Sewall Green Wright ForMemRS
HonFRSE (December 21, 1889 – March 3, 1988) was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis. He was a founder of population genetics alongside Ronald Fisher and J. B. S. Haldane, which was a major step in the development of the modern synthesis combining genetics with evolution. He discovered the inbreeding coefficient and methods of computing it in pedigree animals. He extended this work to populations, computing the amount of inbreeding between members of populations as a result of random genetic drift, and along with Fisher he pioneered methods for computing the distribution of gene frequencies among populations as a result of the interaction of natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift. Wright also made major contributions to mammalian and biochemical genetics.
Pangasinan's 2nd congressional district
Pangasinan's 2nd congressional district is one of the six congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Pangasinan. It has been represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippines since 1916 and earlier in the Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1916. The district consists of the provincial capital, Lingayen, as well as adjacent municipalities of Aguilar, Basista, Binmaley, Bugallon, Labrador, Mangatarem and Urbiztondo. It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by Mark Cojuangco of the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC).

Aguilar, Pangasinan
Aguilar, officially the Municipality of Aguilar (Pangasinan: Baley na Aguilar; Ilocano: Ili ti Aguilar; Tagalog: Bayan ng Aguilar), is a municipality in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 45,363 people.
Johnny Pritchett
John G. Pritchett (born 15 February 1943) is an English amateur welterweight and professional light middle/middle/light heavyweight boxer of the 1960s and '70s, and boxing manager of the 1970s and '80s. He fought as Johnny Pritchett.

Welterweight
Welterweight is a weight class in combat sports. Originally the term welterweight was used only in boxing, but other combat sports like muay Thai, taekwondo, and mixed martial arts also use it for their own weight division system to classify the opponents. If used, welterweight is typically between lightweight and middleweight.
Niger national rugby union team
The Niger national rugby union team represents Niger in international rugby union. Niger are a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB), and have yet to play in a Rugby World Cup tournament. Niger were the runner up to  Tanzania in the CAR Castel Beer Trophy in 2006, but won the northern section.

African Development Trophy
The African Development Trophy also called CAR Development Trophy is a rugby union tournament consisting of 16 teams played in the continent of Africa, formerly named the CAR Castel Beer Trophy. It is organised by Rugby Africa and was also known as the CAR Super 16. The tournament contains the teams in the second division of African rugby, below those playing in the Africa Cup. The competition is divided into north and south sections with two pools of four in each section. The winners of these pools will go on to play each other in the final where the winner of both north and south will be found.

In 2004, a second division called CAR Development Trophy was renamed the African Development Trophy reserved for U19 national teams.
Allcock
Allcock is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Amy Allcock (born 1993), British sprinter

Annette Allcock (1923–2001), English artist

Bill Allcock (1907–1971), English footballer

Charles Allcock (1855–1947), English cricketer

Daniel Allcock, American mathematician, professor of mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin

Frank Allcock (1925–2005), English footballer

Harry R. Allcock (born 1932), American academic chemist

Henry Allcock (1759–1808), English judge

Ken Allcock (1921–1996), English footballer

Louise Allcock, British marine biologist

Maartin Allcock (1957–2018), English musician

Terry Allcock (1935–2024), English footballer

Thomas Allcock (1815–1891), American inventor and businessman

Tony Allcock (born 1955), English bowls player

Tony Allcock
Anthony Allcock OBE (born 1955) is an English bowls player. Born in Leicestershire, England,  he is considered to be one of the leading bowlers of his generation and was twice world outdoor singles champion (1992 and 1996) and three times World Indoor Singles Champion (1986, 1987 and 2002).
James Cheverud
James M. Cheverud is an American biologist, focusing on evolutionary quantitative genetics, morphology, and the genetics of complex traits and diseases in mammals. He is currently the Chair of the Biology Department at Loyola University Chicago. He spent several years as a professor at Washington University in St. Louis, where he is an Emeritus Professor in the departments of Anthropology and Anatomy & Neurobiology.

He was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1988.

Complex traits
Complex traits, also known as polygenic or multigenic traits, are phenotypes determined by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. A central goal of contemporary genetics research is to understand the molecular mechanisms by which genetic variation influences complex traits. Examples of complex traits in humans include height; intelligence and cognitive function; body-mass index; blood pressure; and risk for complex diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia.

The genetic architecture of complex traits has been explored using statistical approaches such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping.
Edward McCullagh
Edward Vincent McCullagh (2 December 1912 – 28 November 1986) was a nationalist politician and farmer in Northern Ireland.

He was born in the townland of Sheskinshule (Greencastle) in 1912, the son of Patrick McCullagh, merchant, and Maggie McGurk.

McCullagh was a member of Omagh Rural District Council and was active in his local Gaelic Athletic Association. In 1948, he won a by-election in Mid Tyrone and was elected to the Parliament of Northern Ireland for the Nationalist Party. His chief interests in Parliament were farming and rural issues.

McCullagh held his seat at the 1949 general election, then worked with the Nationalist MPs Cahir Healy and Joe Connellan and the independent Republican Charles McGleenan in lobbying for admission to the Dáil, as elected representatives of territory it claimed.  A motion from Con Lehane proposing this was rejected.

McCullagh lost his seat to the Anti-Partition candidate Liam Kelly at the 1953 general election.

He died in 1986.

Omagh
Omagh (/ˈoʊmə, ˈoʊmɑː/; from Irish: An Ómaigh [ənˠ ˈoːmˠiː], meaning 'the virgin plain') is the county town of County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated where the rivers Drumragh and Camowen meet to form the Strule. Northern Ireland's capital city, Belfast, is 68 miles (109.5 km) to the east of Omagh, and Derry is 34 miles (55 km) to the north.

The town had a population of 20,458 at the 2021 census. At the time of 2011 census, the former district council, which was the largest in County Tyrone, had a population of 51,356. Omagh contains the headquarters of the Western Education and Library Board, and also houses offices for the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs at Sperrin House, the Department for Infrastructure and the Northern Ireland Roads Service at the Tyrone County Hall and the Northern Ireland Land & Property Services at Boaz House.
Ramón Destorrents
Ramón Destorrents was a Catalan mid-14th century painter and miniaturist. He was influenced by the Sienese Gothic painting.

Numerous works, once assigned to other painters or anonymous, have been recently attributed to Destorrents, such a polyptych in the church of Santa Maria de Manresa. In 1351, at the death of Ferrer Bassa, he was named court miniaturist of Peter IV of Aragon. Pere Serra was a member of Destorrents' workshop.

His other works include a triptych in the church of Santa Maria of Iravalls (1360), showing the influence of Simone Martini, and retablos for the royal palace in Valencia and Palma de Mallorca (chapel of the Royal Palace of La Almudaina), and for the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena.

Simone Martini
Simone Martini (c. 1284 – July 1344) was an Italian painter born in Siena.
He was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the development of the International Gothic style.

It is thought that Martini was a pupil of Duccio di Buoninsegna, the leading Sienese painter of his time. According to late Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari, Simone was instead a pupil of Giotto di Bondone, with whom he went to Rome to paint at the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Giotto also executing a mosaic there. Martini's brother-in-law was the artist Lippo Memmi. Very little documentation of Simone's life survives, and many attributions are debated by art historians. According to E. H. Gombrich, he was a friend of Petrarch and had painted a portrait of Laura.
Juan Nepomuceno Guerra
Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Cárdenas (July 18, 1915 – July 12, 2001) was a Mexican drug lord who founded and led the Gulf Cartel for over 50 years. He is often considered the "godfather" of U.S–Mexico border cartels.

He began his criminal career in the 1930s by smuggling alcohol from Mexico during the Prohibition in the United States. He later diversified to other cross-border smuggling activities. He is the uncle of Juan García Ábrego, his successor in the cartel and once considered Mexico's most-wanted man.

Rum-running
Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. The term rum-running is more commonly applied to smuggling over water; bootlegging is applied to smuggling over land.

Smuggling circumvents alcohol taxes and outright prohibition of alcohol sales.
Minister for Disability Inclusion
The Minister for Disability Inclusion is a minister of the Government of New South Wales with responsibility for social policy and welfare, including matters relating disability in the state of New South Wales, Australia.

The Minister since 5 April 2023 is Kate Washington who also holds the Families and Communities portfolio.

Collectively the ministers administer the portfolio through the Department of Communities and Justice and a range of other government agencies.

Minister of the Crown
Minister of the Crown is a formal constitutional term used in Commonwealth realms to describe a minister of the reigning sovereign or viceroy. The term indicates that the minister serves at His Majesty's pleasure, and advises the sovereign or viceroy on how to exercise the Crown prerogatives relating to the minister's department or ministry.
The Whirl of New York
The Whirl of New York is a Broadway musical that premiered at Winter Garden Theatre on June 13, 1921. It was an expanded and substantially re-worked version of The Belle of New York (1897, music by Gustave Kerker with book and lyrics by Hugh Morton). The show was billed not as a revival but as "founded on The Belle of New York.".  The new version had music by Gustave Kerker, Al Goodman and Lew Pollack; book and lyrics by Hugh Morton and Edgar Smith; additional music by Leo Edwards; and additional lyrics by Sidney D Mitchell, Cyrus Wood and Cliff Friend. It opened to favourable reviews and ran for 124 performances.

Leo Edwards (composer)
Leo Edwards (21 February 1886 – 12 July 1978) was a Broadway and Tin Pan Alley composer and pianist. He worked closely with Florenz Ziegfeld Jr., writing music for the Ziegfeld Follies for over a decade. He also wrote music for Paul Whiteman and collaborated with his two brothers, the composer Gus Edwards and music publisher and talent agent Ben Edwards, in addition to writing music for several New York music publishing firms.
Puget Sound on the Pacific Coast
Puget Sound on the Pacific Coast is an 1870 oil landscape painting by the Hudson River School artist Albert Bierstadt. At the time of the work's completion, Bierstadt had not yet traveled to what was then Washington Territory. The work, commissioned by China trade merchant Abiel Abbot Low, was painted solely by written description of the Sound.

Old China Trade
The Old China Trade (Chinese: 舊中國貿易) was the early commerce between the Qing Empire and the United States under the Canton System, spanning from shortly after the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 to the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844. The Old China Trade represented the beginning of relations between the United States and East Asia, including eventually U.S.–China relations. The maritime fur trade was a major aspect of the Old China Trade, as was illegal trafficking in opium. The trade era overlapped the First Opium War, which resulted from an attempt by China to enforce its prohibition on opium smuggling by Western traders and blockade-runners.
Jeffrey Finn
Jeffrey Finn is a Tony Award winning American theatrical producer. He currently serves as the Senior Vice President of Artistic Planning and Vice President of Theater Producing and Programming at The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the artistic director of Broadway Center Stage. He received the Commercial Theater Institute's 2013 Robert Whitehead Award for outstanding achievement in commercial theatre producing. Finn is the President of Jeffrey Finn Productions and Hot On Broadway. He attended Connecticut College, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1992. He attended Beaver Country Day School from 1984 to 1988. He is a member of the executive committee and Board of Governors of The Broadway League and is a part of The Independent Presenters Network.

James Monroe Iglehart
James Monroe Iglehart (born September 4, 1974) is an American actor, singer and comic book writer. He is perhaps best known for his Tony Award-winning performance as the Genie in the original Broadway production of Aladdin. Iglehart assumed the roles of the Marquis de Lafayette and Thomas Jefferson in the Broadway cast of Hamilton in April 2017. His additional Broadway credits include recreating the role of King Arthur in the 2023 revival of Spamalot, creating the role of Louis Armstrong in the original company of A Wonderful World, and playing Billy Flynn in Chicago and Lance in & Juliet. He can be heard as super producer Steve Jones in As The Curtain Rises, Broadway's first original podcast soap opera. More recently, Iglehart joined the casts of animated musical web series Helluva Boss (as Asmodeus and Vortex) and Hazbin Hotel (as Zestial), as well as having written professionally for Marvel Comics, primarily one-shots featuring Spider-Man.
Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement
The Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement Oromo: Warraaqsa Federaalistii Uummata Oromoo, OFDM) was a political party in Ethiopia, created in 2005 by Bulcha Demeksa to further the interests of the Oromo people as an alternative to the armed Oromo Liberation Front. In the 15 May 2005 federal election, the party won 11 seats, all from the Oromia Region. In March 2006, the party Whip was Mesfin Nemera Deriesa from the West Wallaga Zone. The OFDM merged with the Oromo People's Congress (OPC), forming the Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC), in 2012.

2005 Ethiopian general election
General elections were held in Ethiopia on 15 May 2005, for seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives and four regional government councils. Under pressure from the international community, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi promised that this election would be proof that more democracy would come in this multi-ethnic nation; international elections observers from the European Union (EU) and the U.S.-based Carter Center were present to observe the results. This election succeeded in attracting about 90% of the registered voters to the polls. A government ban on protests was imposed throughout the election period.