hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Language assessment
Language assessment or language testing is a field of study under the umbrella of applied linguistics.  Its main focus is the assessment of first, second or other language in the school, college, or university context; assessment of language use in the workplace; and assessment of language in the immigration, citizenship, and asylum contexts. The assessment may include listening, speaking, reading, writing, an integration of two or more of these skills, or other constructs of language ability. Equal weight may be placed on knowledge (understanding how the language works theoretically) and proficiency (ability to use the language practically), or greater weight may be given to one aspect or the other.

Studies in Language Testing
Studies in Language Testing (SiLT) is a series of academic books containing papers in the fields of education and applied linguistics related to language testing and assessment.

It has been published by Cambridge English Language Assessment and Cambridge University Press and Cambridge English Language Assessment since 1995. The series editors are Lynda Taylor and Nick Saville.

Although each volume has a variety of purposes, 10 broad themes characterize the series:

language testing terminology

language testing research methodology

test taker characteristics and language test performance

testing the four language skills

testing English for Academic Purposes: IELTS

test impact/washback

test comparability

test documenting

conference proceedings.
Mainz-Gustavsburg station
Mainz-Gustavsburg station is the station of the town of Ginsheim-Gustavsburg in the German state of Hesse on the Main Railway from Mainz to Frankfurt am Main. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station. The station is served by the S-Bahn and some regional trains. The station was opened at its current location in 1858.

Between 1930 and 1945, Gustavsburg was a district of the city of Mainz and, as a result, the station was renamed Mainz-Gustavsburg. In 1945, the American and French occupying authorities transferred Gustavsburg to American administration and several months later it became part of the new state of Hesse. Although Gustavsburg became a self-governing municipality again as a result, the station is still called Mainz-Gustavsburg.

Ginsheim-Gustavsburg
The double city of Ginsheim-Gustavsburg (German pronunciation: [ˈɡɪnshaɪm ˈɡʊstafsˌbʊʁk]) in the northwest of the Groß-Gerau district in the German state of Hesse, has about 16,000 inhabitants. It is part of what is called the Rhine-Main region in Germany which has the city of Frankfurt am Main at its centre.
Pushnoy
Pushnoy (Russian: Пушной; masculine), Pushnaya (Пушная; feminine), or Pushnoye (Пушное; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Pushnoy, Republic of Karelia, a settlement in Belomorsky District of the Republic of Karelia

Pushnoy, Murmansk Oblast, an inhabited locality in Pushnovsky Territorial Okrug of Kolsky District in Murmansk Oblast

Pushnoy, Novosibirsk Oblast, a settlement in Cherepanovsky District of Novosibirsk Oblast

Pushnoye, Republic of Khakassia, a selo in Pushnovsky Selsoviet of Bogradsky District in the Republic of Khakassia

Pushnoye, Leningrad Oblast, a logging depot settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Roshchinskoye Settlement Municipal Formation in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast

Roshchino, Leningrad Oblast
Roshchino (Russian: Ро́щино; Finnish: Raivola), Raivola  before 1948, is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, and a station on the Saint Petersburg-Vyborg railroad. It is situated on the Karelian Isthmus 60 kilometers (37 mi) northwest of St. Petersburg, approximately halfway to Vyborg. Population:  13,439 (2010 census); 9,393 (2002 census); 8,436 (1989 Soviet census).

In the wooded areas surrounding Roshchino there are multiple marshes and small lakes. Lintula larch forest is located some 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) to the west from the railroad station.
Berrington railway station
Berrington railway station was a railway station on the Severn Valley line serving the village of Berrington, Shropshire. It opened in 1862 with a single platform and a siding. By 1894 it had acquired an additional platform along with a signal box and the sidings had been expanded. Despite the name it was actually closer to the neighbouring village of Cross Houses. Although thought by some people to have been closed as part of the Beeching axe in 1963 its planned closure pre-dated his report. The station and its buildings now house a private dwelling.

Berrington, Shropshire
Berrington is a small village and civil parish in Shropshire, England. According to the 2001 census the village had a population of 30, though the parish, which also includes the larger village of Cross Houses and other settlements such as Betton Strange and Cantlop, had a population of 805 in total.

The village is about five miles SE of Shrewsbury. The local newsletter, The Village Pump, is distributed bi-monthly. There is a phone box and a village hall.

A notable feature in the parish, but not the village itself, is Cantlop Bridge. The village primary school closed in 1994 and has since been converted into a private residence.

A damaged wooden effigy in the parish church (All Saints) is known locally as 'Old Scriven'. It is said that he once fought a lion, hence his damaged face.

Berrington Manor is a Grade II* listed 17th century timber-framed house, located opposite All Saints church.
WEC 25
WEC 25: McCullough vs. Cope was the first mixed martial arts event held by the World Extreme Cagefighting under Zuffa management. The event was held on January 20, 2007. WEC 25's main event was a championship fight for the vacant WEC Lightweight Title, between rivals Rob McCullough and Kit Cope. The co-main event was a WEC Featherweight Title bout between champion, Urijah Faber and challenger Joe Pearson.

A WEC Light Heavyweight Title bout was originally advertised between champion Doug Marshall and Jorge Oliveira, but the bout was later pulled from the card. Marshall would instead make his first title defense against Justin McElfresh at WEC 27 in May 2007.

Card (sports)
In sports, a card lists the matches taking place in a title match combat-sport event. Cards include a main event match and the undercard listing the rest of the matches. The undercard may be divided into a midcard and a lower card, according to the perceived importance of the matches.  Promoters schedule matches to occur in ascending order of importance.
8th federal electoral district of Guerrero
The 8th federal electoral district of Guerrero (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 08 de Guerrero) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of eight such districts in the state of Guerrero.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fourth region.

The current member for the district, elected in the 2024 general election, is Marco Antonio de la Mora Torreblanca of the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM).

Copala (municipality)
Copala is a municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero. The municipal seat lies at Copala. It is known for its beach, Playa Ventura. The municipality covers an area of 344.4 km2.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 11,896.
East Glamorgan General Hospital
The East Glamorgan General Hospital (Welsh: Ysbyty Cyffredinol Dwyrain Morgannwg) was a NHS hospital in Church Village near Pontypridd, Wales which operated 1938–1999. The site has been demolished and redeveloped for housing.

Pontypridd
Pontypridd (/ˌpɒntɪˈpriːð/ PON-tih-PREEDH, Welsh: [ˌpɔntəˈpriːð]), colloquially referred to as Ponty, is a town and a community in Rhondda Cynon Taf, South Wales, approximately 10 miles (16 km) north west of Cardiff city centre.
White-bellied robin-chat
The white-bellied robin-chat (Cossyphicula roberti) is a species of bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is found across the Western High Plateau, Bioko and the Albertine Rift montane forests. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023 found that the white-bellied robin-chat was sister to the mountain robin-chat.

Western High Plateau
The Western High Plateau, Western Highlands or Bamenda Grassfields is a region of Cameroon characterised by high relief, cool temperatures, heavy rainfall and savanna vegetation. The region lies along the Cameroon line and consists of mountain ranges and volcanoes made of crystalline and igneous rock. The region borders the South Cameroon Plateau to the southeast, the Adamawa Plateau to the northeast and the Cameroon coastal plain to the south.
Vagbhatananda
Vayaleri Kunhikkannan Gurukkal, popularly known as Vagbhatananda (1885 – October 1939), was a Hindu religious leader and Reform movement in British India. He was the founder of the Atmavidya Sangham, which was fundamentally a group of professionals and intellectuals who sought change, and also the Uralungal Labour Contract Co-Operative Society.

Reformism (historical)
Reformism is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements which reject those old ideals, in that the ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be rooted in socialist (specifically, social democratic) or religious concepts. Some rely on personal transformation; others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel and the self-sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. Reactionary movements, which can arise against any of these, attempt to put things back the way they were before any successes the new reform movement(s) enjoyed, or to prevent any such successes.
Faram Lek
Faram Lek (Persian: فرام لك, also Romanized as Farām Lek) is a village in Sajjadrud Rural District, Bandpey-ye Sharqi District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 97, in 28 families.

Babol County
Babol County(Persian: شهرستان بابل) is the most populous county in Mazandaran province and the second most populous county in northern Iran. The capital of the county is the city of Babol. Babol County consists of six districts, seven cities, and nearly 700 villages.

The elevation of the city of Babol is 2 meters below sea level, making it the "lowest" city in Mazandaran province. The elevation in the county, from the north to 10 kilometers south, is below sea level. The city of Babol is divided into two urban areas. The population of Babol in 2016 was 250,217, and that of Babol County 531,930.
Donald Adam
Donald Adam was a former New Zealand rower. 
At the 1950 British Empire Games, he won the silver medal as part of the men's eight alongside crew members Kerry Ashby, Murray Ashby, Bruce Culpan, Thomas Engel, Grahame Jarratt, Don Rowlands, Edwin Smith and Bill Tinnock.

1950 British Empire Games
The 1950 British Empire Games (Maori: 1950 Nga Keemu Emepaea o Ingarangi)  were the fourth staging of what is now called the Commonwealth Games. It was held in Auckland, New Zealand, between 4 and 11 February 1950, after a 12-year gap from the third edition of the games due to World War II. The fourth games were originally awarded to Montreal, Canada and were to be held in 1942 but were cancelled due to the War.

The Games were declared open by Sir Bernard Freyberg. The opening ceremony was held at Eden Park and was sold out with 40,000 people attending. Eden Park also served as the main venue, while the closing ceremonies were held at Western Springs Stadium. Other venues included the Auckland Town Hall and the Newmarket Olympic Pool.

Total attendances were 246,694; higher than the following three Games, 1954 (159,636), 1958 (178,621) and 1962 (224,987).

A 1950 British Empire Games documentary film of the games was made by the New Zealand National Film Unit.
Mandangala Community
Mandangala is a medium-sized Aboriginal community, located in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, within the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley. The local Aboriginal languages of the community are Miriwoong and Kija; most people in the community speak those languages.

Shire of Wyndham–East Kimberley
The Shire of Wyndham East Kimberley is one of the four local government areas in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia, covering an area of 117,514 square kilometres (45,372 sq mi) at Western Australia's northeastern corner. The Shire's seat of government was originally in Wyndham but now in the town of Kununurra, which is home to over half of the Shire's permanent population of around 7,000 (ABS 2016), while a council office is located at Wyndham.

El Questro Wilderness Park, Drysdale River National Park, Lake Argyle, the Argyle diamond mine and about half of Gibb River Road are located within the Shire's boundaries.
Birmingham Clean Air Zone
Birmingham Clean Air Zone (CAZ) is an area of central Birmingham, England where traffic is restricted to reduce air pollution. It became the third UK Clean Air Zone, after London and Bath, when it launched on 1 June 2021. A study of the zone’s effectiveness, published in 2023, found mixed results, with "modest, but significant reductions" in nitrogen dioxide but "no detectable impact in the concentrations of fine particles... the air pollutant with greatest health effects".

Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2. One of several nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide is a reddish-brown gas.  It is a paramagnetic, bent molecule with C2v point group symmetry. Industrially, NO2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of nitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year, primarily for the production of fertilizers.

Nitrogen dioxide is poisonous and can be fatal if inhaled in large quantities. Cooking with a gas stove produces nitrogen dioxide which causes poorer indoor air quality. Combustion of gas can lead to increased concentrations of nitrogen dioxide throughout the home environment which is linked to respiratory issues and diseases. The LC50 (median lethal dose)  for humans has been estimated to be 174 ppm for a 1-hour exposure. It is also included in the NOx family of atmospheric pollutants.
Bačišta
Bačišta (Macedonian: Бачишта, Albanian: Baçisht) is a village in the municipality of Kičevo, North Macedonia. It used to be part of the former Zajas Municipality. The village has an Albanian school and a mosque.

Zajas Municipality
Zajas (Macedonian: Зајасⓘ, Albanian: Zajaz) is a former municipality located in what is now western North Macedonia, created in a 1996 territorial reorganization and dissolved following a new 2013 Macedonian territorial reorganization, after which it was merged with Kičevo Municipality.

Zajas is also the name of the village where the municipal seat was found.
Zajas Municipality was part of the Southwestern Statistical Region.
Henk Schulte Nordholt (art historian)
Henk Schulte Nordholt (8 March 1909, in Zwolle – 9 November 1998, in Amsterdam) was an art history professor and scholar from the Netherlands. He studied German language and literature, history, and art history at the University of Amsterdam from 1932 until 1939 and then taught German and history at the Rijnlands Lyceum in Wassenaar. He earned a doctorate under Jan Romein (1893-1962) in 1948 from the University of Amsterdam and wrote a historiography of the Renaissance . He admired Jacob Burckhardt.

In 1953 he became a full professor of art and cultural history at the University of Groningen. He was a founder of the Groningen Art History Institute.

Jan Romein
Jan Marius Romein (30 October 1893 – 16 July 1962) was a Dutch historian, journalist, literary scholar and professor of history at the University of Amsterdam. A Marxist and a student of Huizinga, Romein is remembered for his popularizing books of Dutch national history, jointly authored with his wife Annie Romein-Verschoor. His work has been translated into English, German, French, Italian, Polish, Indonesian and Japanese.
Giác Lâm Temple
Giác Lâm Temple (Vietnamese: Chùa Giác Lâm; chữ Hán: 覺林寺, Giác Lâm tự) is a historic Buddhist temple in Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), the largest city in Vietnam. Built in 1744, it is one of the oldest temples in the city.  It was officially listed as a historical site by the Vietnamese Department of Culture on November 16, 1988, under Decision 1288 VH/QD.  The temple is located at 565 (previously 118) Lạc Long Quân, Ward 10, Tân Bình district, at the Phú Thọ Hòa region of the city (which is now a ward of Tân Phú district, founded after separated Tân Bình district in 2003).  It stands on Cẩm Sơn, and is also known as Cẩm Đệm and Sơn Can.

Buddhist temple
A Buddhist temple or Buddhist monastery is the place of worship for adherents of Buddhism. They include the structures called vihara, chaitya, stupa, wat, khurul and pagoda in different regions and languages. Temples in Buddhism represent the pure land or pure environment of a Buddha. Traditional Buddhist temples are designed to inspire both inner and outer peace.

Buddhist temples follow a set of architectural guides adhering to Buddhist architecture principal, with stylistic derivatives seen throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia.
Mount Horeb Sasthamcotta
Mount Horeb Ashram is a monastery of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. It is situated in Sasthamkotta near the Sasthamkotta lake. The Ashram was started in 1991.

The tomb of the  19th Malankara Metropolitan and 6th Catholicos of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Moran Mar Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II is in this Ashram.

Sasthamcotta Lake
Sasthamcotta Lake or Sasthamkotta Lake, also categorized as a wetland, is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala, a state of India on the south of the West Coast. The lake is named after the ancient Sastha temple (a pilgrimage centre) located on its bank. It meets the drinking water needs of half million people of the Quilon district and also provides fishing resources. The purity of the lake water for drinking use is attributed to the presence of large population of larva called cavaborus that consumes bacteria in the lake water. The lake is a designated wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention since November 2002.
Death on the Riviera
Death on the Riviera is a 1952 detective novel by the British writer John Bude. It was part of a series featuring Superintendent Meredith of Scotland Yard. While Bude set many of his earlier novels in regional England, after the Second World War they made increasing use of more exotic, Continental settings. In 2016 it was reissued by the British Library Publishing as part of a group of republished crime novels from the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. The character of Inspector Blampignon of the Sûreté returned in the 1956 novel A Telegram from Le Touquet.

Golden Age of Detective Fiction
The Golden Age of Detective Fiction was an era of classic murder mystery novels of similar patterns and styles, predominantly in the 1920s and 1930s. While the Golden Age proper is usually taken to refer to works from that period, this type of fiction has been written since at least 1911 and is still being written.

In his history of the detective story, Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel, the author Julian Symons heads two chapters devoted to the Golden Age as "the Twenties" and "the Thirties". Symons notes that Philip Van Doren Stern's article, "The Case of the Corpse in the Blind Alley" (1941), "could serve ... as an obituary for the Golden Age." Authors Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, Margery Allingham, and Ngaio Marsh have been collectively called the Queens of Crime.
Sineleutherus
Sineleutherus is an extinct genus of euharamiyids which existed in Asia during the Jurassic period. The type species is Sineleutherus uyguricus, which was described by Thomas Martin, Alexander O. Averianov and Hans-Ulrich Pfretzschner in 2010; it lived in what is now China during the late Jurassic (Oxfordian age) Qigu Formation. A second species, Sineleutherus issedonicus, was described by A. O. Averianov, A. V. Lopatin and S. A. Krasnolutskii in 2011. It lived in what is now Sharypovsky District (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia) during the middle Jurassic (Bathonian age); its fossils were collected from the upper part of the Itat Formation. However, this is now believed to represent several euharamiyid taxa not closely related to Sineleutherus.

Mammalian tooth marks on dinosaur bones may belong to Sineleutherus, suggesting that some haramiyidans scavenged on dinosaur remains.

Bathonian
In the geologic timescale the Bathonian is an age and stage of the Middle Jurassic. It lasted from approximately 168.2 ±1.2 Ma to around 165.3 ±1.1 Ma (million years ago). The Bathonian Age succeeds the Bajocian Age and precedes the Callovian Age.
Somite
The somites (outdated term: primitive segments) are a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of somitogenesis, along the head-to-tail axis in segmented animals. In vertebrates, somites subdivide into the 
dermatomes, myotomes, 
sclerotomes and syndetomes that give rise to the vertebrae of the vertebral column, rib cage, part of the occipital bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin (of the back).

The word somite is sometimes also used in place of the word metamere. In this definition, the somite is a homologously-paired structure in an animal body plan, such as is visible in annelids and arthropods.

Mesenchymal–epithelial transition
A mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) is a reversible biological process that involves the transition from motile, multipolar or spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells to planar arrays of polarized cells called epithelia. MET is the reverse process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and it has been shown to occur in normal development, induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming, cancer metastasis and wound healing.
Francis Tebbs Havergal
Francis Tebbs Havergal (1829–1890) was a British writer and editor.

The youngest son of William Henry Havergal was born 27 Aug. 1829. He was a bible-clerk of New College, Oxford (B.A. 1852, M.A. 1857); he became vicar-choral in Hereford Cathedral, 1853–1874, vicar of Pipe and Lyde, 1861–74, and of Upton Bishop, 1874–90, and prebendary of Hereford, 1877–90.

One of his siblings was the prolific Christian poet Frances Ridley Havergal.

He died at Upton on 27 July 1890.

Pipe and Lyde
Pipe and Lyde is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England.  The parish includes the village  of Pipe and Lyde and the hamlets of Lower Lyde and Upper Lyde. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 census was 344. Parts of the church of St Peter date from the 13th century including the south doorway which includes Transitional moulding. James Honeyman-Scott (1956-1982), the Pretenders guitarist, is buried in the churchyard.
2023 European Fencing Championships
The 2023 European Fencing Championships was a fencing competition that took place from 16 to 18 June 2023 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. This edition of the championships only featured individual events, as the team events took place at the 2023 European Games. The points awarded in this championship were valid for Olympic qualification.

Plovdiv
Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив, pronounced [ˈpɫɔvdif]) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria and the most populous city in the Bulgarian part of the historic region of Thrace, located 144 km (93 miles) southeast of the capital Sofia. It had a population of 329,489 as of 2024 and 540,000 in its greater metropolitan area. An important economic, transport, cultural, and educational hub of Bulgaria, Plovdiv was the European Capital of Culture in 1999 and 2019, and joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.