hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Terreneuvian
The Terreneuvian or Early Cambrian is the lowermost and oldest series of the Cambrian geological system. Its base is defined by the first appearance datum of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum around 538.8 million years ago. Its top is defined as the first appearance of trilobites in the stratigraphic record around 521 million years ago. This series' name was formally accepted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2007.

The Fortunian stage and presently unnamed Cambrian Stage 2 are the stages within this series. The Terreneuvian corresponds to the pre-trilobitic Cambrian.

The name Terreneuvian is derived from Terre Neuve, the French name for the island of Newfoundland, Canada, where many rocks of this age are found, including the type section.

Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.  A given stage of rock and the corresponding age of time will by convention have the same name, and the same boundaries.

Rock series are divided into stages, just as geological epochs are divided into ages. Stages are divided into smaller stratigraphic units called chronozones or substages, and added together into superstages.

The term faunal stage is sometimes used, referring to the fact that the same fauna (animals) are found throughout the layer (by definition).
Castañeiras
Castañeira is a village in the municipality of Balboa in El Bierzo, province of province of León, Autonomous Community of Castilla y León, Spain. It is located almost in the Port of Portelo, and it is the last village before entering El Bierzo in the province of Lugo. The nearest towns are comeal (uninhabited), Parajís (1.4 km) and Villanueva (Balboa) (1.4 km).

Castañeira was known as a legend (like many similar El Bierzo) that spoke of a "golden yoke" buried nearby, related to Moors and treasures (the Moors were not such, but a kind of legendary beings) and where they lived, "the Curtain the Mouro"

42°44′N 6°58′W﻿ / ﻿42.733°N 6.967°W﻿ / 42.733; -6.967

Province of León
León (UK: /leɪˈɒn/, US: /leɪˈoʊn/; Spanish: [leˈon]; Leonese: Llión [ʎiˈoŋ]; Galician: [leˈoŋ]) is a province of northwestern Spain in the northern part of the Region of León and in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

About one quarter of its population of 463,746 (2018) lives in the capital, León. The climate is dry, cold in winter and hot in summer. This creates the perfect environment for wine and all types of cold meats and sausages like the leonese "Morcilla" and the "Cecina".

There are two famous Roman Catholic cathedrals in the province, the main one in León and another in Astorga. The province shares the Picos de Europa National Park (in the Picos de Europa mountain range) with Cantabria and Asturias. It has 211 municipalities.
Fatherland and Constitution
Fatherland and Constitution (Italian: Patria e Costituzione, PeC) is a left-wing souverainist political association in Italy. It was founded in September 2018 by Stefano Fassina, a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Free and Equal.

Fassina is an Italian economist and was a former member of left-wing, pro-Europeanist Democratic Party (PD). He later assumed more critical views on the European Union (UE), formed Future to the Left (FaS) and was a founding member of Italian Left (SI) in 2015. Fassina has proposed a "controlled disintegration of the Eurozone".

In September 2019, PeC supported the formation of the second government of Giuseppe Conte, composed by the Five Star Movement, PD and LeU.

Pro-Europeanism
Pro-Europeanism, sometimes called European Unionism, is a political position that favours European integration and membership of the European Union (EU). The opposite of Pro-Europeanism is Euroscepticism.
Papa's Tomato Pies
Papa's Tomato Pies is a historic pizzeria selling Trenton tomato pies in New Jersey. It was founded by Giuseppe "Joe" Papa in 1912 on South Clinton Avenue in Trenton, New Jersey. Papa's is the oldest family owned and longest continuously operating pizzeria in the United States, as well as the second oldest pizzeria in the United States after Lombardi's Pizza (Lombardi's closed for a decade from 1984 to 1994 and was reopened under new management).

Pizzeria
A pizzeria (Italian: [ˌpitːseˈriːa]), also called a pizza parlor, is a restaurant focusing on pizza. It may offer take-away, where the customer orders their food either in advance or at the restaurant and then takes the prepared food with them in a pizza box. A pizzeria may deliver food to the customer's home.
Muhammad ibn Marwan
Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam (Arabic: محمد بن مروان) (died 719/720) was an Umayyad prince and one of the most important generals of the Umayyad Caliphate in the period 690–710, and the one who completed the Arab conquest of Armenia. He defeated the Byzantines and conquered their Armenian territories, crushed an Armenian rebellion in 704–705 and made the country into an Umayyad province. His son Marwan II (r. 744–750) was the last Umayyad caliph.

Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (also French: Encyclopédie de l'Islam and German: Enzyklopädie des Islām; EI is a common abbreviation in all three languages) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam. It is published by Brill and provides information on various aspects of Islam and the Islamic world. It is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies. The first edition was published in 1913–1938, the second in 1954–2005, and the third was begun in 2007.
Australian reggae
Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. Australia has several bands and sound systems that play reggae music in a style faithful to its expression in Jamaica. Australia has a relatively small Jamaican community, but reggae penetrated local consciousness via the popularity of reggae among the non-Jamaican population of England in the 1960s and 1970s. Many indigenous musicians have embraced reggae, both for its musical qualities and its ethos of resistance.  Examples include Mantaka, No Fixed Address, Zennith and Coloured Stone.

Sound system (Jamaican)
In Jamaican popular culture, a sound system is a group of disc jockeys, sound engineers and MCs playing music such as ska, rocksteady, reggae, dub reggae, dancehall and ragga. Sound systems are an important part of Jamaican culture and history, especially with the Windrush generation in Britain. Sound clashes involve crew members from opposing sound systems pitting their DJing and MCing skills against each other in venues or at festivals.
Still Life with Lobsters
Still Life with Lobsters is an 1827 oil painting by the French artist Eugène Delacroix. A still life, it features a collection of lobsters and game birds against the backdrop of a county landscape. It is also referred to by the title Game and Shellfish. The Tartan gamebag in the foreground reflects Delacroix's enthusiasm for British culture as do the redcoated fox hunters seen in the distance.

Delacroix was by this time a leading member of the Romantic movement, having made his mark with paintings such as The Barque of Dante and The Massacre at Chios. The painting was commissioned by the Napoleonic era general the Count of Coëtlosquet whose estate Delacroix visited. The work was displayed at the Salon of 1827 held at the Louvre in Paris. In 1906 it was acquired by the French state and is today in the collection of the Louvre.

Fox hunting
Fox hunting is an activity involving the tracking, chase and, if caught, the killing of a fox, normally a red fox, by trained foxhounds or other scent hounds. A group of unarmed followers, led by a "master of foxhounds" (or "master of hounds"), follow the hounds on foot or on horseback.

Fox hunting with hounds, as a formalised activity, originated in England in the sixteenth century, in a form very similar to that practised until February 2005, when a law banning the activity in England and Wales came into force. A ban on hunting in Scotland had been passed in 2002, but it continues to be within the law in Northern Ireland and several other jurisdictions, including Australia, Canada, France, Ireland and the United States.

The sport is controversial, particularly in the United Kingdom. Proponents of fox hunting view it as an important part of rural culture and useful for reasons of conservation and pest control, while opponents argue it is cruel and unnecessary.
Echemographis
Echemographis is a genus of South American spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, and was first described in 1955 by Caporiacco. As of 2017, it contains only one species, Echemographis distincta, found in Venezuela. It is possibly a synonym of Camillina.

Camillina
Camillina is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by Lucien Berland in 1919. They are very similar to sister genus Zelotes.

They are common ground dwellers often sampled in pitfall traps.
Sensitometry
Sensitometry is the scientific study of light-sensitive materials, especially photographic film. The study has its origins in the work by Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield (circa 1876) with early black-and-white emulsions. They determined how the density of silver produced varied with the amount of light received, and the method and time of development.

Photosensitivity
In medicine, photosensitivity is an abnormal reaction of the skin to light. There are two types: photoallergy and phototoxicity. The photosensitive ganglion cells in the mammalian eye are a separate class of light-detecting cells from the photoreceptor cells that function in vision.
Stotfield fishing disaster
The Stotfield fishing disaster was the first of several fishing disasters of the 19th century on the east coast of Scotland.  A storm struck the Moray Firth on 25 December 1806.  Compared to the Moray Firth fishing disaster of 1848 or the Eyemouth disaster of 1881, the Stotfield disaster was small.  However, although in other major disasters many more lives and boats were lost, the effect at Stotfield was arguably worse. There, the village lost its entire fleet of three fishing boats.  More importantly, it lost all of its able-bodied men and youths in one afternoon.

Moray Firth
The Moray Firth (/ˈmʌri-/; Scottish Gaelic: An Cuan Moireach, Linne Mhoireibh or Caolas Mhoireibh) is a roughly triangular inlet (or firth) of the North Sea, north and east of Inverness, which is in the Highland council area of the north of Scotland.

It is the largest firth in Scotland, stretching from Duncansby Head (near John o' Groats) in the north, in the Highland council area, and Fraserburgh in the east, in the Aberdeenshire council area, to Inverness and the Beauly Firth in the west.

Therefore, three council areas have Moray Firth coastline: Highland to the west and north of the Moray Firth and Highland, Moray and Aberdeenshire to the south.  The firth has more than 500 miles (800 km) of coastline, much of which is cliff.
Cessor
Cessor is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

James Cessor, American saddle and harness maker, state legislator, and public official

Loretta C. Manggrum, née Loretta Cessor (1896–1992), American pianist, music educator, and composer of sacred music

Loretta C. Manggrum
Loretta Cessor Manggrum (July 28, 1896 – May 11, 1992), also known as L.C. Manggrum, was an American pianist, music educator, and composer of sacred music. In particular, she is known for her cantatas and other choral works. She was the first African American to earn a degree from the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, where she earned a master's degree in Music in 1953. Some of her archives, including, manuscripts, scores, and correspondence, is in the Library of Congress and in the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University.
Proofpoint Systems
Proofpoint Systems, Inc. is a  provider of software, systems, and programs that support individual and organizational performance. Based in Silicon Valley (Los Altos, California) and founded in 2003 by Jim Hill, Proofpoint Systems developed the first browser-based performance analysis software systems.

Proofpoint Systems has research and development facilities in Denver, Colorado, as well as sales offices in Phoenix, Arizona and Washington, D.C.

Profiling (computer programming)
In software engineering, profiling (program profiling, software profiling) is a form of dynamic program analysis that measures, for example, the space (memory) or time complexity of a program, the usage of particular instructions, or the frequency and duration of function calls.  Most commonly, profiling information serves to aid program optimization, and more specifically, performance engineering.

Profiling is achieved by instrumenting either the program source code or its binary executable form using a tool called a profiler (or code profiler). Profilers may use a number of different techniques, such as event-based, statistical, instrumented, and simulation methods.
Christoffer Andersson
Christoffer Tobias Andersson (born 22 October 1978) is a Swedish former professional football player who played as a defender and midfielder. He is best remembered for his time with Helsingborgs IF for which he played more than 500 official games, but also represented Lillestrøm SK, Hannover 96, and Halmstads BK during a career that spanned between 1998 and 2016. A full international between 2000 and 2006, he won 24 caps for the Sweden national team.

Svenska Supercupen
Svenska Supercupen, Swedish Super Cup, was a one-off fixture in Swedish football played between the Allsvenskan champions and the winners of Svenska Cupen. The fixture was played in November, after the Allsvenskan season.

In the event of a club winning the double (as AIK did in 2009 and Helsingborg in 2011) the runner up of the Allsvenskan would take part. In 2011, Helsingborgs IF became the first team to have won Svenska Supercupen and not being the defending Allsvenskan champions. The winner of Svenska Supercupen received a prize money of 250,000 SEK.

The 2015 match, which became the last edition, was played on 8 November at Nya Parken, Norrköping where league winners IFK Norrköping competed against cup winners IFK Göteborg. IFK Norrköping won the match 3–0.
Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki
Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki is an Indian mythological television drama series on 9X based on the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata.

It aired from 7 July 2008 to 6 November 2008. The series was produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under their banner Balaji Telefilms.

Shobha Kapoor
Shobha Kapoor (born 1 February 1949) is an Indian television, film and web series producer. She is the managing director of Mumbai-based Balaji Telefilms Limited, a film, TV and web series production house, which she runs together with her daughter Ekta Kapoor.

Kapoor takes care of the overall administrative and production activities of Balaji Telefilms.
Boyn Ridge
Boyn Ridge (69°7′S 71°48′W﻿ / ﻿69.117°S 71.800°W﻿ / -69.117; -71.800) is the northernmost ridge of the Havre Mountains, north Alexander Island, Antarctica. Situated 5.6 km north-northwest of Satovcha Peak. Following geological work by the British Antarctic Survey, 1976–77, it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1980 after Charles Boyn, Director, Agence General Maritime, France, who superintended the building of the expedition ship Pourquoi-Pas? of the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10.

Havre Mountains
The Havre Mountains (69°8′S 71°40′W﻿ / ﻿69.133°S 71.667°W﻿ / -69.133; -71.667) are a large group of mountains forming the northwestern extremity of Alexander Island, Antarctica, extending 20 nautical miles (37 km) in an east–west direction between Cape Vostok and the Russian Gap, and rising to 1,984 metres (6,509 ft) at Dimitrova Peak. They were first seen in 1821 by a Russian expedition under Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and re-sighted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99. They were roughly charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who named them for Le Havre, the French port from which the Pourquol Pas? sailed in 1908. The mountains were mapped in detail from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–48, by D. Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960.
Yan Shunkai
Yan Shunkai (Chinese: 严顺开; 6 June 1937 – 16 October 2017) was a Chinese comedian, actor and film director.

Yan rose to fame after portraying Ah Q in The True Story of Ah Q,  which was based on an episodic novella by Lu Xun, one of the pioneers of modern Chinese literature. He was  awarded the Best Actor at the 6th Hundred Flowers Awards and earned "The Gold Stick Prize" at the Second International Comedy Film Festival of Vevey, Switzerland in 1982.

Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and begins with the earliest recorded inscriptions, court archives, building to the major works of philosophy and history written during the Axial Age. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties were considered golden ages of poetry, while the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) were notable for their lyrics (ci), essays, dramas, and plays. During the Ming and Qing, mature novels were written in written vernacular Chinese, an evolution from the preeminence of Literary Chinese patterned off the language of the Chinese classics. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. Around the turn of the 20th century, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of vernacular Chinese literature.
Ralph Lownie
Ralph Hamilton Lownie (27 September 1924 – 28 November 2007) was a British barrister and judge.

Ralph Hamilton Lownie was born in Edinburgh on 27 September 1924 into a literary family, the son of James Hood Wilson Lownie and Jessie Helen Aitken, and educated there at George Watson's College. His maternal grandfather, Edward Hamilton Aitken, was a natural history writer, and civil servant in India, and his mother had had a book published while still a child.

In 1943 he joined the Royal Engineers and fought in the Second World War in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.

He earned a general arts degree from the University of Edinburgh. While working he completed a PhD in homicide and diminished responsibility at the University of Kent.

In 1960, he married Claudine Lecrocq, and they had a son, the historian Andrew Lownie, and a daughter, Solange.

University of Kent
The University of Kent (formerly the University of Kent at Canterbury, abbreviated as UKC) is a public research university in Kent, United Kingdom. Founded by royal charter in 1965, Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent served as its first Chancellor.

The university's principal campus occupies 300 acres of land overlooking the World Heritage Site of Canterbury Cathedral, and also maintains a campus in Medway and a postgraduate centre in Paris. The university is international, with students from 158 different nationalities and 41% of its academic and research staff being from outside the United Kingdom. It is a member of the Santander Network of European universities encouraging social and economic development.

Alumni include two Nobel laureates in literature — Sir Kazuo Ishiguro, and Abdulrazak Gurnah — as well as prominent individuals in politics, media, and law.
Michał Zdzisław Zamoyski
Michał Zdzisław Zamoyski (1679–1735) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

Michał became the 6th Ordynat of Zamość estate. He was Great Łowczy of the Crown since 1714, voivode of Smolensk Voivodeship since 1732 and starost of Gniew, Bratian, Lębork, Bolemów. He became Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded on 3 August 1732.

Master of the hunt (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)
Master of the hunt (Polish: łowczy; Lithuanian: medžioklis; Latin: venator) was a Polish royal court official from the 13th century with responsibility for organising hunts and guarding royal forests against poachers. Masters of the Hunt also served at the regional courts of magnates in various provinces.

From the 15th century, "Master of the Hunt" was an honorary court title and a district office in the Kingdom of Poland and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Łowczy wielki koronny - Crown Grand Master of the Hunt

Łowczy wielki litewski - Lithuanian Grand Master of the Hunt

Łowczy wojewódzki - Voivodship Master of the Hunt

Łowczy ziemski - District Master of the Hunt

Łowczy nadworny - Court Master of the Hunt

Podłowczy - Deputy Master of the Hunt
Abbeville, South Carolina
Abbeville is a city and county seat of Abbeville County, in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is located 86 miles (138 km) west of Columbia and 45 miles (72 km) south of Greenville. As of the 2020 census, Abbeville had a population of 4,874. Settled by French Huguenot settlers, it was named, along with the county, for the French town of the same name.

William Kitchiner
William Kitchiner (11 April 1778 – 26 February 1827) was an English optician, amateur musician and cook. A celebrity chef, he was a household name during the 19th century, and his 1817 cookbook, The Cook's Oracle, was a bestseller in the United Kingdom and the United States. The origin of the crisp (also known as potato chip) is attributed to Kitchiner, with The Cook's Oracle including the earliest known recipe.

Unlike most food writers of the time he cooked the food himself, washed up afterwards, and performed all the household tasks he wrote about. He travelled around with his portable cabinet of taste, a folding cabinet containing his mustards and sauces. He was also the creator of Wow-Wow sauce.
Henry Bates Grubb
Henry Bates Grubb (February 6, 1774 – March 9, 1823) was a third-generation member of the Grubb Family Iron Dynasty, the founder of the family's enterprises headquartered at Mount Hope near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and perhaps the family's first "true" ironmaster. He was the son and heir of Peter Grubb, Jr. who, with his brother Curtis, had owned and operated the Cornwall ironworks founded by their father Peter Grubb in 1737. Henry and his heirs rebuilt the family business after most of the original Peter Grubb holdings were gradually acquired by Robert Coleman between 1783 and 1802. The Grubbs and Colemans were among the largest iron producers in Pennsylvania through the mid-19th century.

Ironmaster
An ironmaster is the manager, and usually owner, of a forge or blast furnace for the processing of iron. It is a term mainly associated with the period of the Industrial Revolution, especially in Great Britain.

The ironmaster was usually a large-scale entrepreneur and thus an important member of a community. He would have a large country house or mansion as his residence. The organization of operations surrounding the smelting, refining, and casting of iron was labour-intensive, and so there would be numerous workers reliant on the furnace works.

There were ironmasters (possibly not called such) from the 17th century onward, but they became more prominent with the great expansion in the British iron industry during the Industrial Revolution.