hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Non-functional testing
Non-functional testing is testing software for its non-functional requirements: the way a system operates, rather than specific behaviors of that system.
 This is in contrast to functional testing, which tests against functional requirements that describe the functions of a system and its components.

Non-functional requirement
In systems engineering and requirements engineering, a non-functional requirement (NFR) is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviours. They are contrasted with functional requirements that define specific behavior or functions. The plan for implementing functional requirements is detailed in the system design. The plan for implementing non-functional requirements is detailed in the system architecture, because they are usually architecturally significant requirements. Non-functional requirements are also known as cross-functional requirements by some.

In software architecture, non-functional requirements are known as "architectural characteristics". Note that synchronous communication between software architectural components entangles them, and they must share the same architectural characteristics.
Michael Kane (writer)
Michael Kane is an American writer and journalist. He is currently the entertainment features writer for the New York Post. In 2009 he wrote a book published by Viking Press called GAME BOYS: PROFESSIONAL VIDEOGAMING'S RISE FROM THE BASEMENT TO THE BIG TIME, which details the American professional Counter-Strike community.

Kane was a sports writer and editor at the Denver Post. His work has appeared in ESPN Magazine, and Sport Magazine.

Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.

The publisher's name and logo, a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent, were chosen as symbols of enterprise, adventure, and exploration in publishing.

Viking Press was sold to Penguin Books in 1975 for $12 million due to the publishing house's monetary difficulties. These were speculated to have been caused by the shrinkage in the juvenile market and Viking Press' lack of a textbook division.
Flin Aerodrome
Flin Aerodrome,  was a temporary World War I airfield in France, used by the Air Service, United States Army.  It was located near Lunéville, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

Lunéville
Lunéville (French pronunciation: [lynevil]; German: Lünstadt [ˈlʏnʃtat] ⓘ; Lorrain: Leneinvile) is a commune in the northeastern French  department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.

It is a subprefecture of the department and lies on the river Meurthe at its confluence with the Vezouze.
Guy II, Count of Soissons
Guy II (died 1057), son of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife (name unknown), widow of Hilduin III, Count of Montdidier. Guy was identified as Count of Soissons in 1042 in a charter in which Gaunilo of Marmoutiers, the treasurer of St. Martin, denoted property. Guy died with his father in 1057 at the siege of Soissons.

It is not known whether or not Guy was married and no children are recorded. Upon his death, his sister Adelaide assumed the countship of Soissons.

Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
Gaunilo or Gaunillon (fl. 11th century) was a Benedictine monk of Marmoutier Abbey in Tours, France. He is best known for his contemporary criticism of the ontological argument for the existence of God which appeared in St. Anselm's Proslogion. In his work In Behalf of the Fool, Gaunilo contends that St. Anselm's ontological argument fails because logic of the same kind would force one to conclude many things exist which certainly do not. An empiricist, Gaunilo thought that the human intellect is only able to comprehend information provided by the senses.

Little beyond this essay is known of Gaunilo; no other extant writings bear his name. Anselm wrote a reply to it, essentially arguing that Gaunilo had definitely missed his point.
Elisabeth Terland
Elisabeth Terland (Norwegian: [ˈtæ̂ːrlɑn]; born 28 June 2001) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Women's Super League club Manchester United and the Norway national team.

Women's FA Cup
The Women's FA Challenge Cup is the top annual cup tournament for women's clubs in English football. Founded in 1970, it has been named the WFA Cup, FA Women's Cup, and now Women's FA Cup (currently known as the Adobe Women's FA Cup for sponsorship reasons).

Designed as an equivalent to the FA Cup in men's football, the competition began in 1970–71 as the Mitre Challenge Trophy, organised by the Women's Football Association (WFA). There were 71 entrants, including teams from Scotland and Wales.

The WFA ran the competition for the first 23 editions, during which time Southampton won the cup eight times. The Football Association (FA) began administering English women's football in mid-1993.

Arsenal holds the record for most titles overall, having won fourteen times. The current cup holders are Chelsea, who defeated Manchester United 3–0 in the 2025 final to win their sixth FA Cup title.
Miles Airport
Miles Airport or Aerodrome (IATA: WLE, ICAO: YMLS) is an airport serving the small towns of Miles and Condamine, and surrounding rural residents in Queensland, Australia.

The airport is located along the Leichhardt Highway approximately 19 km (12 mi) south of the Leichhardt and Warrego Highway intersection, Miles, Queensland, and 14 km (8.7 mi) north of the Leichhardt Highway and Roma-Condamine Road intersection, Condamine, Queensland.

The aerodrome underwent a major expansion in 2013 to meet the Fly-in fly-out needs of the coal seam gas industry in that region (Coalbed methane), and is capable of taking aircraft with 50 to 74 seats. The runway is 1,590 meters long and 30 meters wide.

Condamine, Queensland
Condamine is a rural town and locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Condamine had a population of 294 people.

Condamine is claimed to be the location of the invention of the Condamine Bell, a small bell made from sheet metal used to locate herds of cattle.
The Mahdi's tomb
The Mahdi's tomb or qubba (Arabic: قُبَّة) is located in Omdurman, Sudan. It was the burial place of Muhammad Ahmad, the leader of an Islamic revolt against Turco-Egyptian Sudan in the late 19th century.

The Mahdist State was established in 1885 after the Siege of Khartoum. Muhammad Ahmad died shortly after this Mahdist victory and was buried at Omdurman. The Mahdist State was led by the Mahdī's successor, the Khalifa Abdullahi, until 1898 when an Anglo-Egyptian force, led by Lord Kitchener, defeated the Mahdists at the Battle of Omdurman. This victory marked the success of Kitchener's reconquest of Sudan. After the Battle, the Mahdī's tomb was seriously damaged by naval gunfire on Lord Kitchener's orders.

The tomb was reconstructed in 1947 under the direction of the Mahdī's son, al-sayyid ʿAbd-al-Raḥman al-Mahdī. It is located next to the Khalifa House Museum. The tomb has been listed as a site of 'outstanding cultural value' by UNESCO.

Turco-Egyptian Sudan
Turco-Egyptian Sudan (Arabic: السودان التركي المصري), also known as Turkish Sudan or Turkiyya (Arabic: التركية, at-Turkiyyah), describes the rule of the Eyalet and later Khedivate of Egypt over what is now Sudan and South Sudan. It lasted from 1820, when Muhammad Ali Pasha started his conquest of Sudan, to the fall of Khartoum in 1885 to Muhammad Ahmad, the self-proclaimed Mahdi.
Yuldashev
Yuldashev or Yoʻldoshev (Cyrillic: Юлдашев, also Йўлдошев) is the surname of the following persons:

Akram Yuldashev (1963–2010/2011), founder of Akromiya, an Islamist organization operating in Uzbekistan

Daniyar Yuldashev (born 1996), Kazakhstani karate fighter

Dilshod Yuldashev (born 1976), Uzbekistani boxer

Ibrokhimkhalil Yuldashev (born 2001), Uzbekistani footballer

Muhammad Ali Yuldashev (born 1991), Uzbek actor, screenwriter, producer and singer

Nigmatilla Yuldashev (born 1962), Uzbek lawyer and politician

Ramil Yuldashev (born 1961), Soviet and Ukrainian ice hockey winger

Shohruxxon, (born in 1985 as Shohrux Yoʻldoshev), Uzbek actor and singer

Takhir Yuldashev (1967–2009), Uzbek Islamist militant, cofounder of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

Tolibboy Yuldashev (born 2003), Uzbekistani Paralympic athlete

Ulugbek Yuldashev (born 1985), entrepreneur from Kyrgyzstan

Daniyar Yuldashev
Daniyar Yuldashev (born 3 September 1996) is a Kazakhstani karateka. He won the silver medal in the men's kumite 84 kg event at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China. He is also a three-time medalist in his event at the Asian Karate Championships.

Yuldashev represented Kazakhstan at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. He competed in the men's +75 kg event.
2018 Hualien earthquake
At 23:50 (UTC+8) on 6 February 2018, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 on the moment magnitude scale hit Taiwan. The epicenter was on the coastline near Hualien, which was the most severely affected area, with a maximum felt intensity of 7 on the Central Weather Administration seismic intensity scale. At least 17 deaths were reported, with 285 injured. The maximum foreshock was recorded on 4 February 2018, at 21:56:40. The epicenter was located at Hualien County, Taiwan, reaching a scale of ML 5.8.

Epicenter
The epicenter (/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər/), epicentre, or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
Paul Hartwig
Paul Hartwig (18 February 1859, in Pirna – 3 August 1919, in Gaschwitz, near Leipzig) was a German classical archaeologist, known for his study of Greek vases.

In 1883 he received his doctorate from the University of Leipzig with the dissertation Herakles mit dem Füllhorn ("Heracles with the Cornucopia"). In 1887/88 with a travel scholarship from the German Archaeological Institute, he conducted archaeological research throughout the Mediterranean region. Afterwards, he worked at the Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin, and from 1892 to 1915, he lived in Rome as a collector and art dealer.

German Archaeological Institute
The German Archaeological Institute (German: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, DAI) is a research institute in the field of archaeology (and other related fields). The DAI is a "federal agency" under the Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
Berberana
Berberana is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 81 inhabitants.

The municipality of Berberana is made up of two towns: Berberana (seat or capital) and Valpuesta.

Province of Burgos
The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Burgos is the province of Spain that has borders with most provinces. Its capital is the city of Burgos.

The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents containing words written in the Spanish language.
Robert Lichfield
Robert Lichfield is an American businessman who was the founder of World Wide Association of Specialty Programs and Schools. He started working in the troubled teen industry in 1977. His first job in the industry was at Provo Canyon School as a dorm parent. Then in 1987 he started the Cross Creek School.

Lichfield has been linked to controversial network of schools for troubled teens and allegations of abuse and fraud. Lichfield was the founder of Academy at Ivy Ridge, as well as many other school programs reported to have committed child abuse. These were documented in the 2024 Netflix docu-series The Program: Cons, Cults, and Kidnapping, which featured former students of the WWASPS programs.

Lichfield is a long-time campaign fundraiser for Republican Senator and 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney.

Cross Creek Programs
Cross Creek Programs was a reform school facility in La Verkin, Utah, operated by the World Wide Association of Specialty Programs and Schools (WWASPS). It sometimes is referred to as two facilities, with the name Cross Creek Manor applied to the girls' program and the name Cross Creek Center used for the boys' program, which were originally in different locations. Cross Creek Academy and Browning Academy have been used as names for the academic program. Cross Creek Programs was founded in 1988 by Robert Lichfield and Brent Facer, originally only for girls. Before founding Cross Creek, Lichfield had worked at Provo Canyon School.

The cross creek programs used teen escort company to facilitate the transporting from adolescents from their parents residents to the program.
F4 Spanish Championship
The F4 Spanish Championship (Spanish: Campeonato de España de Fórmula 4) is an FIA Formula 4 racing series. The championship was planned to launch in 2015, though the inaugural season was cancelled and delayed until 2016. Koiranen GP was the promoter of the championship for the first two seasons. The current promoter is Agrupación Deportiva F4 Spain.

Abarth
Abarth & C. S.p.A. (Italian: [ˈaːbart]) is an Italian racing- and road-car maker and performance division founded by Italo-Austrian Carlo Abarth in 1949. Abarth & C. S.p.A. is owned by Stellantis through its Italian subsidiary. Abarth's logo is a shield with a stylized scorpion on a yellow and red background, a short, wide Italian flag in the middle, and "Abarth" text on a black background.
Nuclear parity
Nuclear parity is a situation where opposing superpowers have comparable and roughly equal strategic nuclear weapons capabilities. The expiration of the New START treaty between Russia and the United States on February 5, 2026 was described as "the end of nuclear parity and the beginning of an era of uncertainty".

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the issue of nuclear parity became temporarily moot as Russia signed the START II treaty. The 2000s saw a tendency for the reduction of Russian nuclear forces at a faster pace than American ones, as Russia decommissioned its out-of-service delivery means more quickly.   But by 2014 Russia has caught up with the United States in the number of all nuclear delivery means within the Strategic Nuclear Forces, as well as in the number of deployed warheads.

START II
START II (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States and Russia on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed by US president George H. W. Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin on 3 January 1993, banning the use of multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Hence, it is often cited as the De-MIRV-ing Agreement.

It was ratified by the US Senate on 26 January 1996 with a vote of 87–4. Russia ratified START II on 14 April 2000, making it conditional on preserving the ABM Treaty. When the US withdrew from the ABM Treaty on 13 June 2002, Russia withdrew from START II one day later. Thus, START II never entered into effect.

Instead, SORT came into effect, which reduced the strategic warheads count per country to 1,700–2,200.
Spilt Milk (festival)
Spilt Milk is an Australian music festival first held exclusively in Canberra in 2016 before expanding to Ballarat in 2019, Gold Coast in 2022, and Perth in 2023.

Spilt Milk was established by Kicks Entertainment and has sold out within hours every single year of launching.

The festival is normally held in November and December each year, although the 2020, 2021 and 2024 festivals did not go ahead, the former two due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia and the latter related to financial costs and fluctuating ticket sales, though the 2024 edition was able to run as smaller "House Party" events instead.

Mansionair
Mansionair is an Australian indie electronic trio formed in 2014. They signed with Glassnote Records in 2015. Their single "Astronaut – Something About Your Love" peaked on the Billboard Rock Airplay charts.

In 2017, their collaboration with Odesza and WYNNE, "Line of Sight", charted on the US Alternative Songs and Dance/Electronic Songs charts. Their first full-length album, Shadowboxer, was released on 1 March 2019.

Mansionair's second studio album, Happiness, Guaranteed., was released on 29 April 2022.

In December 2022, the group released the live EP The Sahā Sessions.

In May 2025, they issued the single "Lose Yourself Again", from their upcoming third studio album.
Barf-O-Rama
Barf-O-Rama is a series of children's novellas by Pat Pollari, the pseudonym of the popular children's author K.A. Applegate (who also wrote the Animorphs series). The stories were humorous, with a strong emphasis on toilet humor and gross-out themes. The humor contained in the series is similar to that of Sylvia Branzei's Grossology series or the Slimeballs trilogy, by U.B. Gross. Because of the limited availability of many of the books in the series and their relative obscurity, most of them are out of print and very difficult to obtain.

Gross-out
Gross-out is described as a movement in art (often with comical connotations), which is intended to shock the viewer(s) and disgust the wider audience by presenting them with  controversial material (such as toilet humor and fetishes) that might be ill received by a mainstream audience.
Wawel Hill (Antarctica)
Wawel Hill is a hill rising to 290 m north of Point Hennequin, on the east side of Admiralty Bay, King George Island. Named "Góra Wawel" in 1980 by the Polish Antarctic Expedition after a hill by this name in Kraków, historic site of the castle of the Polish kings.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Wawel Hill (Antarctica)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

62°7′S 58°24′W﻿ / ﻿62.117°S 58.400°W﻿ / -62.117; -58.400

King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
King George Island (Argentinian Spanish: Isla 25 de Mayo, Brazilian Portuguese: Ilha do Rei George, Chilean Spanish: Isla Rey Jorge, Russian: Ватерло́о Vaterloo) is the largest of the South Shetland Islands, lying 120 km (75 miles) off the coast of Antarctica in the Southern Ocean.  The island was named after King George III.
Black Ink Crew season 2
The second season of the reality television series Black Ink Crew aired on VH1 from September 23, 2013 until April 28, 2014. It chronicles the daily operations and staff drama at an African American-owned and operated tattoo shop in Harlem, New York.

Tattoo artist
A tattoo artist (also tattooer or tattooist) is an individual who applies permanent decorative tattoos, often in an established business called a "tattoo shop", "tattoo studio" or "tattoo parlour". Tattoo artists usually learn their craft via an apprenticeship under a trained and experienced mentor.
Bachubhai Khabad
Bachubhai Maganbhai Khabad is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Devgadhbariya in the 2002, 2012, 2017 and 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was sworn in as Minister of State for Fisheries, Forest and Environment in Anandiben Patel cabinet in 2014. Khabad belongs to the Koli caste of Gujarat.

2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
The 14th Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 was held on 9 December 2017 and 14 December 2017 in the Indian state of Gujarat to elect the Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA). The votes were counted on 18 December. All 182 members of the 14th Gujarat Legislative Assembly were elected with the leader of the largest party or coalition expected to become the next chief minister.

The incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party obtained a simple majority with an increase in the vote share. Despite suffering a decrease in the number of seats, the incumbent government retained a simple majority in the house. The vote share and number of seats for Congress increased from the previous election in 2012. This was the highest number of seats won by the Congress in the last 32 years (after the 1985 election, in which Congress won 149 seats). The next election was held in December 2022.
HMS Foam
Five ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Foam, a figurative term for the sea:

HMS Foam (1856), a wooden Albacore-class gunboat launched in 1856 and sold for breaking in 1867.

HMS Foam (1871), a composite Ariel-class gunboat launched in 1871 and sold for breaking in 1887.

HMS Foam (1896), a Thornycroft two funnel, 30-knot destroyer (classified as a D-class destroyer in 1912) launched in 1896 and sold for breaking in 1914.

HMS Foam (1919), an Admiralty steel drifter, launched in 1919, sold in 1921, and renamed Starwort.

HMS Foam (1943), J405 a Lend-Lease Catherine-class minesweeper launched in 1943 and returned to the US Navy in 1946.

See also

HMS Northern Foam a 655-ton trawler hired in 1939 and returned to her owners in 1945.

Albacore-class gunboat (1855)
The Albacore-class gunboat, also known as "Crimean gunboat", was a class of 98 gunboats built for the Royal Navy in 1855 and 1856 for use in the 1853-1856 Crimean War. The design of the class, by W. H. Walker, was approved on 18 April 1855. The first vessels were ordered the same day, and 48 were on order by July; a second batch, which included Surly, were ordered in early October.
United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court
The United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court is a special court in the United States created in 1996 to determine whether aliens (non-citizens) should be deported from the United States on the grounds that they are terrorists. The court has never conducted proceedings. It consists of five Article III judges, selected by the Chief Justice of the United States.

The Court is modeled after the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, and was created by Pub. L. 104–132 (text) (PDF), the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, codified at 8 U.S.C. §§ 1531–1537.

The court has "never received an application from the Attorney General for the removal of an alien terrorist, and has therefore conducted no proceedings."

Title 8 of the United States Code
Title 8 of the United States Code is a non-positive law title of the United States Code with the heading "Aliens and Nationality."  The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 is principally editorially codified to chapter 12 of Title 8.  The heading of the title was originally "Aliens and Citizenship" (1926) but it was changed to its current heading, "Aliens and Nationality," starting with the 1940 edition of the U.S. Code.
Perkuć Lock
Perkuć Lock – tenth of the lock on the Augustów Canal (from the Biebrza). It is located near the Reserve Perkuć. Built between 1827 and 1828 by the Lieutenant. Julian Piędzickiego between Lake Krzywym and Lake Mikaszewo.

Location: 63 km canal

difference: 2.91 m

Length: 43.5 m

Width: 6.02 m

Gates: Wooden

Year built: 1827 – 1828

Construction Manager: Julian Piędzicki

Biebrza
The Biebrza (Lithuanian: Bebra, Belarusian: Bobra, German: Bober) is a river in northeastern Poland, a tributary of the Narew River (near Wizna), with a length of 164 kilometers (102 mi) and a basin area of 7,092 km2 (7,067 in Poland).

Larger towns in the area:

Lipsk

Sztabin

Goniądz

Osowiec-Twierdza

Radzilow

Wizna

The region is usually divided into lower, central, and upper basin areas, each with its own different characteristics.