hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lynching of Joseph Vermillion
Joseph Vermillion was a 27-year-old white man lynched on December 3, 1889, for the crime of arson in Upper Marlboro, Maryland.

Vermillion had been jailed in Upper Marlboro for a series of arsons involving barns filled with tobacco and houses in Prince George's County.  At 2:30am, a band of masked men broke into the jail, overpowered the jailkeeper, and left with Vermillion.

Vermillion was dragged to the "iron bridge just between the town and the railroad depot" and hanged. His body was left hanging from the bridge until the coroner's investigation. That same bridge was used 5 years later in another lynching, of Stephen Williams, by a similar band of masked men.

Lynching
Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged or convicted transgressor or to intimidate others. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle (often in the form of a hanging) for maximum intimidation. Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in all societies.

In the United States, where the word lynching likely originated, the practice became associated with vigilante justice on the frontier and mob attacks on African Americans accused of crimes. The latter became frequent in the South during the period after the Reconstruction era, especially during the nadir of American race relations. Black people are thought to be the primary victims of lynching in the U.S. (about 72% of the total).
Joseph Chiolé
Joseph Chiolé (born 12 August 1948) is a retired South African politician who represented the Freedom Front (FF) in the National Assembly during the first democratic Parliament from 1994 to 1999. Afterwards he served a single term in the Gauteng Provincial Legislature; he represented the FF until March 2003, when he crossed the floor to the Herstigte Nasionale Party (HNP).

Floor crossing (South Africa)
Floor crossing was a system introduced to the post-apartheid South African political system in 2002, under which members of Parliament, members of provincial legislatures and local government councillors could change political party (or form a new party) and take their seats with them when they did so. Floor crossing in South Africa was abolished in January 2009.
Fabian Goodall
Fabian Goodall (born 13 December 1994) is a Fijian professional rugby league and rugby union player. He recently returned from Toronto, Canada after playing in the MLR for the Toronto Arrows. Fabian is currently playing for Western Sydney Two Blues in the Shute Shield Competition, Goodall is a Fiji representative.

Fiji national rugby league team
The Fiji national rugby league team, nicknamed the Bati (pronounced [mˈbatʃi]), has been participating in international rugby league football since 1992. The team is controlled by the governing body for rugby league in Fiji, Fiji National Rugby League (FNRL), which is currently a member of the Asia-Pacific Rugby League Confederation (APRLC). Fiji have thrice reached the semi-finals of the Rugby League World Cup, in 2008, 2013 and 2017, and are currently ranked 6th in the International Rugby League's World Rankings. They are coached by Fijian Wise Kativerata, and their captain is Tui Kamikamica. The team will typically perform the hymn "Noqu Masu" before each match, singing in unison.
Sonocatalysis
Sonocatalysis is a field of sonochemistry which is based on the use of ultrasound to change the reactivity of a catalyst in homogenous or heterogenous catalysis. It is generally used to support catalysis. This method of catalysis has been known since the creation of sonochemistry in 1927 by physicists Alfred Lee Loomis and Robert Williams Wood. Sonocatalysis depends on ultrasounds, which were discovered in 1794 by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani.

Lazzaro Spallanzani
Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian pronunciation: [ˈladdzaro spallanˈtsaːni]; 12 January 1729 – 11 February 1799) was an Italian Catholic priest (for which he was nicknamed Abbé Spallanzani), biologist and physiologist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions, animal reproduction, and animal echolocation. His research on biogenesis paved the way for the downfall of the theory of spontaneous generation, a prevailing idea at the time that organisms develop from inanimate matters, though the final death blow to the idea was dealt by French scientist Louis Pasteur a century later.

His most important works were summed up in his book Expériences pour servir a l'histoire de la génération des animaux et des plantes (Experiences to Serve to the History of the Generation of Animals and Plants), published in 1785. Among his contributions were experimental demonstrations of fertilisation between ova and spermatozoa, and in vitro fertilisation.
Henri Zagwijn
Henri Zagwijn (17 July 1878 – 23 October 1954) was a Dutch composer.

Born in Nieuwer-Amstel, Zagwijn never received a formal musical education, instead being almost completely self-taught in composition. He was attracted to the style of the Impressionists and began to compose in a manner reflective of trends then current in France. He gained an appointment to teach at the Rotterdam School of Music in 1916; two years later, with Sem Dresden, he founded the Society of Modern Composers in the Netherlands. Later in his career he settled in The Hague, and from 1931 taught at the Rotterdam Conservatory. An anthroposophic disciple of Rudolf Steiner, he published De muziek in het licht der anthroposophie in 1935; in 1940 he published a life of Claude Debussy. Zagwijn died in The Hague. His compositional output consists largely of chamber music.

Codarts
Codarts University for the Arts (Dutch: Codarts hogeschool voor de kunsten) is a Dutch vocational university in Rotterdam that teaches music, dance and circus. It was established in its present location in 2000.
KK Elektra
Košarkarski klub Elektra Šoštanj (English: Elektra Šoštanj Basketball Club), commonly referred to as KK Elektra, is a Slovenian basketball team based in Šoštanj. Founded in 1948, the club plays its home games at Šoštanj Sports Hall. As of the 2024–25 season, Elektra competes in the Slovenian Third League, the third level of Slovenian basketball.

Šoštanj
Šoštanj (pronounced [ˈʃóːʃtan] ⓘ; German: Schönstein) is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šoštanj. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Travelogue (Joni Mitchell album)
Travelogue is the eighteenth studio album by Canadian musician Joni Mitchell. It was released on November 19, 2002, through Nonesuch Records. A double album, it was co-produced by Mitchell and Larry Klein, and consists of re-recordings of songs from Mitchell's back catalogue with orchestral arrangements by Vince Mendoza. At the time of its release, Mitchell announced it would be her last album, though it was later succeeded by Shine in 2007.

The album was not commercially successful and failed to chart, as well as receiving mixed reviews from critics. However, Mendoza won a 2004 Grammy award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) for his arrangement of "Woodstock". As of 2007, the two-disc set had sold 72,000 copies in the US.

Nonesuch Records
Nonesuch Records is an American record company and label owned by Warner Music Group, distributed by Warner Records (formerly Warner Bros. Records), and based in New York City. Founded by Jac Holzman in 1964 as a budget classical label, Nonesuch has developed into a label that records a wide range of music genres. Robert Hurwitz was president of the company from 1984 to 2017.
Dark Castle Entertainment
Dark Castle Entertainment is a film production label of OEG Inc. It was founded in 1998 originally as a film production company by producers Joel Silver & Gilbert Adler and filmmaker Robert Zemeckis, with most of its productions centered on horror films, the majority of which were distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.

Film studio
A film studio (also known as movie studio or simply studio) is a major entertainment company that makes films. Today, studios are mostly financing and distribution entities. In addition, they may have their own studio facility or facilities; however, most firms in the entertainment industry have never had their own studios, but have rented space from other companies instead. Day-to-day filming operations are generally handled by a production company subsidiary.

Another type of company is an independently owned studio facility, which does not produce motion pictures by itself; such facilities only sell studio space.
Georgia Aquarium
Georgia Aquarium is a public aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The aquarium exhibits hundreds of species and thousands of animals across its seven major galleries, all of which reside in more than 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3) of water. It was the largest aquarium in the world from its opening in 2005 until 2012 when it was surpassed by the S.E.A. Aquarium in Singapore and the Chimelong Ocean Kingdom in China; the Georgia Aquarium remains the largest aquarium in the United States and the sixth largest in the world.

A $250 million donation from the foundation of local businessman and The Home Depot co-founder Bernard Marcus provided the bulk of the funding needed to build and stock the new facility.

The aquarium's notable specimens include whale sharks, beluga whales, California sea lions, bottlenose dolphins, manta rays, sea otters, and tiger sharks. Its centerpiece is a 6.3 million US gallons (24,000 m3) whale shark exhibit.

SeaWorld San Antonio
SeaWorld San Antonio is a 416-acre (168 ha) marine mammal park, oceanarium and animal theme park in the Westover Hills District of San Antonio, Texas, on the city's west side. It is the largest of the three parks in the SeaWorld chain owned and operated by United Parks & Resorts. As North America's largest marine-life theme park, and one of the world's largest marine-life theme parks, it is focused on conservation, education and animal rescue. It is a member of the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA) and is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).
Guangchang County
Guangchang County (simplified Chinese: 广昌县; traditional Chinese: 廣昌縣; pinyin: Guǎngchāng Xiàn) lies in the municipal region of Fuzhou (抚州), Jiangxi. It is the southernmost and most remote of Fuzhou's ten counties, being bordered by counties in Ganzhou to the south and west and, to the east and over the watershed and provincial border, by Jianning and Ninghua Counties, Sanming, Fujian. It is the source of the second largest river in Jiangxi: Fuhe (抚河). This county built in the Southern Song dynasty Shaoxing eight years (1138, Shaoxing is an era name of Gaozong), because the rich white lotus, known as "the hometown of Chinese White Lotus." County has width of 45 km (28 mi) from west to east, 55 km (34 mi) long from north to south. The total area is 1,612 km2 (622 sq mi), with a population of 240,000 in 2003.

Ganzhou
Ganzhou (Chinese: 赣州; pinyin: Gànzhōu), alternately romanized as Kanchow, is a prefecture-level city in the south of Jiangxi province, China, bordering Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, and Hunan to the west. Its administrative seat is at Zhanggong District.
Jesse Singal
Jesse Singal (born 1983) is an American journalist. He has written for publications including New York magazine, The New York Times and The Atlantic. Singal also publishes a newsletter and hosts the podcast Blocked and Reported with journalist Katie Herzog.

Much of Singal's writing deals with the social sciences, and he previously edited New York magazine's behavioral-science vertical, "Science of Us". In 2021, he published a book, The Quick Fix, about the failings of popular psychology. Singal's writing on transgender issues has attracted controversy, particularly in his 2018 cover story for The Atlantic, "When Children Say They're Trans".

Singal's political orientation has been described as liberal but "heterodox", though he has expressed an aversion to the latter term as a descriptor of his work.

Horizontal and vertical market
A vertical market is a market in which vendors offer goods and services specific to an industry, trade, profession, or other group of customers with specialized needs.

A horizontal market is a market in which a product or service meets the needs of a wide range of buyers across different sectors of an economy.
Yolanda Vargas Dulché
Yolanda Vargas Dulché de la Parra (Spanish: [ʝoˈlanda ˈβaɾɣas ðulˈtʃe ðe la ˈpara]; born July 18, 1926, Mexico City)  – August 8, 1999, Mexico City) was a Mexican writer principally known for the creation of the comic book character of Memín Pinguín and various telenovelas for Mexican television. She began her writing career as a way to supplement income for several newspapers, creating Memín Penguín in 1943. By 1960, she has successfully published a number of comic books, encouraging her husband, Guillermo de la Parra, to write as well. The two went on to create various successful telenovelas including Rubí, which has been redone for both television and film. In total Varga Dulché published over sixty titles in both Mexico and abroad. Rubí was published between 1963 and 1964 in the romance comic book Lágrimas, Risas y Amor.

Also in the comics, Yolanda Vargas Dulché created the character Memín Pinguín.

Romance comics
Romance comics is a genre of comic books that were most popular during the Golden Age of Comics. The market for comics, which had been growing rapidly throughout the 1940s, began to plummet after the end of World War II when military contracts to provide disposable reading matter to servicemen ended. This left many comic creators seeking new markets. In 1947, part of an effort to tap into new adult audiences, the romance comic genre was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby with the Crestwood Publications title Young Romance.
Viktoriya Grigorova
Viktoriya Grigorova (Bulgarian: Виктория Григорова) (born (1990-07-25)25 July 1990) is a Bulgarian female volleyball player. She is part of the Bulgaria women's national volleyball team. On club level she played for Levski in 2014.

Bulgaria women's national volleyball team
The Bulgaria women's national volleyball team represents Bulgaria in international women's volleyball competitions and is controlled by the Bulgarian Volleyball Federation. The team's successes includes winning the Balkan Championship in 1982, and runners-up at the 1970 Summer Universidade along with bronze at the 1980 Summer Olympics. The national team's biggest success came in 1981, winning the European title at home in Sofia.
Journal Watch
NEJM Journal Watch is a series of topic-specific newsletters written for physicians and other health professionals. It is published by the Massachusetts Medical Society and is a sibling publication to the New England Journal of Medicine.

NEJM Journal Watch distributes its products via print, e-mail, and its website.

Printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century. Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using woodblock printing) appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
Social order
The term social order can be used in two senses: In the first sense, it refers to a particular system of social structures and institutions. Examples are the ancient, the feudal, and the capitalist social order. In the second sense, social order is contrasted to social chaos or disorder and refers to a stable state of society in which the existing social structure is accepted and maintained by its members. The problem of order or Hobbesian problem, which is central to much of sociology, political science and political philosophy, is the question of how and why it is that social orders exist at all.

Hobbesian trap
The Hobbesian trap (or Schelling's dilemma) is a theory that explains why preemptive strikes occur between two groups, out of bilateral fear of an imminent attack. Without outside influences, this situation will lead to a fear spiral (catch-22, vicious circle, Nash equilibrium) in which fear will lead to an arms race which in turn will lead to increasing fear. The Hobbesian trap can be explained in terms of game theory. Although cooperation would be the better outcome for both sides, mutual distrust leads to the adoption of strategies that have negative outcomes for both individual players and all players combined. The theory has been used to explain outbreaks of conflicts and violence, spanning from individuals to states.
Rooster (film)
Rooster is a 1982 made-for-television film starring Paul Williams and Pat McCormick who were reunited after their pairing in the Smokey and the Bandit movies. Rooster is an unsold television pilot written and produced by Glen A. Larson for 20th Century Fox Television and broadcast as a two-hour movie on ABC on August 19, 1982 and was rebroadcast on July 24, 1983.

Glen A. Larson
Glen Albert Larson (January 3, 1937 – November 14, 2014) was an American television producer, writer, and composer. He created many series, including Alias Smith and Jones; Battlestar Galactica; Buck Rogers in the 25th Century; The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo; Quincy, M.E.; The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries; B. J. and the Bear; The Fall Guy; Magnum, P.I.; and Knight Rider. Active on television until the early 2010s, he was also a member of the folk revival/satire group The Four Preps.
Valentin Teodorica
Valentin Teodorica (Hebrew: ולנטין תודוריקה; born 26 January 1981) is a Romanian-Israeli professional association football player who played in the Israeli Premier League for Hapoel Kfar Saba and also played for Hapoel Mevaseret Zion, Hapoel Jerusalem, Hakoah Ramat Gan and Beitar Jerusalem.

Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C.
Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל הפועל כפר סבא, Moadon Kaduregel Hapoel Kfar Saba) is an Israeli football club based in Kfar Saba. The club competes in the Liga Leumit and plays home matches at Levita Stadium.
Marsland, Nebraska
Marsland is an unincorporated community in southwestern Dawes County, Nebraska, United States.  It lies on the Niobrara River along Nebraska Highways 2 and 71, 18 miles south of Crawford, and southwest of the city of Chadron, the county seat of Dawes County.  Its elevation is 4,160 feet (1,298 m),  and its ZIP code is 69354.

Nebraska Highway 71
Nebraska Highway 71 is a highway in western Nebraska.  Its southern terminus is at the Colorado border south of Kimball, as a continuation of Colorado State Highway 71.  Its northern terminus is at the South Dakota border northwest of Crawford, where it continues as South Dakota Highway 71.
Paulina Urrutia
Paulina Marcela Urrutia Fernández (born 15 January 1969) is a Chilean actress, academic, director, trade union leader, and politician. She was a State Minister of the first government of President Michelle Bachelet.

Ramón Griffero
Ramón Griffero Sánchez (born 29 November 1954) is a Chilean playwright and theater director, one of the most prominent in his country. He is considered an emblematic figure of the national theater during the 1980s; his earliest productions are associated with cultural and political resistance to the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.
Mount Dempo
Mount Dempo is the highest stratovolcano in South Sumatra province that rises above Pasumah Plain near Pagar Alam and adjacent with Bengkulu Province. Seven craters are found around the summit. A 400-metre (1,300 ft) wide lake is found at the north-west end of the crater complex.

Activities present been in 2009 and most recently, August 21, 2023. Historical activity has been confined to being small-to-moderate explosive activity that produced ashfall near the volcano.

At 1:54 AM (GMT+7), a small phreatic explosion occurred causing small pyroclastic flows to ride down the northwest slope a few hundred meters downward, resulting to no injuries nor any damage to the surrounding landscape other than the volcano itself, lasting no more than 239s/3m59s.

The Royal Rotterdam Lloyd Dutch shipping company named and operated a fine passenger liner named 'Dempo' from 1931 to 1944 between Europe and South Asia.

Volcanic crater
A volcanic crater is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature containing one or more vents. During volcanic eruptions, molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an underground magma chamber, through a conduit, until they reach the crater's vent, from where the gases escape into the atmosphere and the magma is erupted as lava. A volcanic crater can be of large dimensions and sometimes of great depth. During certain types of explosive eruptions, a volcano's magma chamber may empty enough for an area above it to subside, forming a type of larger depression known as a caldera.
Ali Mezher
Ali Mezher (born 22 March 1994 in Beirut) is a Lebanese professional basketball player for Akita Northern Happinets in Japanese B.League.

In the 2016–2017 season, Ali played for Hoops Club and averaged 17.9 ppg, 8.1 assists, 4.4 rebounds, and 1.6 steals, then signed a contract with Sagesse Club for the 2017–2018 season. He joined Champville SC the following summer, but returned to Sagesse Club just a year later. Internationally, he represents the Lebanese national team, and he is a WABA (West Asian Basketball) champion from 2017.

CS Maristes
CS Maristes, formerly known as Champville Club SC (Arabic: نادي الشانفيل الرياضي), is a Lebanese basketball team from Dik El Mehdi, Lebanon. The team competes in the Lebanese Basketball League.

Since its establishment in 1967, the team has been affiliated with the Collège Mariste Champville ("Champville"), a private Marist Roman Catholic educational institution. After a disagreement with Champville's management in 2022, the club was renamed CS Maristes.

CS Maristes achieved the pinnacle of their success by securing the national championship in 2012. They have also clinched the runner-up position in the league on five occasions. Their trophy cabinet also displays two Lebanese Cups, one Lebanese SuperCup, and the 2006 WABA Super League championship.
Halifax Cricket League
The Halifax Cricket League is the premier cricket competition in the town of Halifax, West Yorkshire, England.

In the league, there are also clubs from the nearby Calder Valley, city of Bradford, town of Huddersfield and the Spen Valley.

Halifax, West Yorkshire
Halifax is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England. It is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. In the 15th century, the town became an economic hub of the old West Riding of Yorkshire, primarily in woollen manufacture with the large Piece Hall square later built for trading wool in the town centre. The town was a thriving mill town during the Industrial Revolution with the Dean Clough Mill buildings a surviving landmark. In the 2021 census, the town was recorded as having a population of 88,134. It is also the administrative centre of the Calderdale Metropolitan Borough.