hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Individual terror
In leftist terminology, individual terror, a form of revolutionary terror, is the murder of isolated individuals with the goal of promotion of a political movement, of provoking political changes, up to political revolution. As such, it differs from other forms of targeted killing, in particular, the close type of individual murder, the ancient practice of political assassination.

Targeted killing
Targeted killing is a form of assassination carried out by governments outside a judicial procedure or a battlefield.

Since the late 20th century, the legal status of targeted killing has become a subject of contention within and between various nations. Historically, at least since the mid-eighteenth century, Western thinking has generally considered the use of assassination as a tool of statecraft to be illegal. Some academics, military personnel and officials describe targeted killing as legitimate within the context of self-defense, when employed against terrorists or combatants engaged in asymmetrical warfare. They argue that unmanned combat aerial vehicles (drones) are more humane and more accurate than manned vehicles.

Scholars are also divided as to whether targeted killings are an effective counterterrorism strategy.

The strategy has also been used by non-state actors and unrecognised states such as the so-called Islamic State.
Granulation (jewellery)
Granulation is a jewellery manufacturing technique whereby a surface is covered in spherules or granules of precious metal. The technique is thought to have its origins in Sumer about 5,000 years ago. This technique then spread to southern Europe during the orientalizing period, also through the role of Phoenicians, who had founded colonies in Sardinia, Sicily and Spain, or Near Eastern craftsmen.

In the first millennium B.C. the technique was used by Etruscans living in present-day Italy. Greek craftsmen also employed the technique, but it was the work coming from Etruria which became famous, in part due to the mysteries surrounding the process.

Etruria
Etruria (/ɪˈtrʊəriə/ ih-TROOR-ee-ə) was a region of Central Italy delimited by the rivers Arno and Tiber, an area that covered what is now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and north-western Umbria. It was inhabited by the Etruscans, an ancient civilization that flourished in the area from around the 8th century BC until they were assimilated into the Roman Republic in the 4th century BC.
Best Days (Matt White album)
Best Days is the debut studio album by American songwriter-singer Matt White. The album follows up his 2006 debut EP Bleecker Street Stories. The album was released on September 18, 2007, in the United States. The song "Best Days" was used in the soundtracks to Shrek the Third (as Shrek and Fiona's song) and Hotel for Dogs.

Hotel for Dogs (film)
Hotel for Dogs is a 2009 American family comedy film directed by Thor Freudenthal, based on the 1971 novel by Lois Duncan. Starring Emma Roberts, Jake T. Austin, Kyla Pratt, Lisa Kudrow, Kevin Dillon and Don Cheadle, the film tells the story of two orphaned siblings living in foster care who secretly take in stray dogs along with their family dog at a vacant hotel.

Shooting began in November 2007 and took place in the cities of Los Angeles and Universal City, California. The dogs in the film were trained for several months before shooting began. Nearly eighty boys auditioned for the role of Bruce before Austin was ultimately selected.

Hotel for Dogs was released in the United States on January 16, 2009, by DreamWorks Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies. It received mixed reviews from critics, and was a box office success, grossing $117 million on a $35 million budget.
Alvin Joseph
Alvin Joseph is an electrical engineer with the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for his contributions to silicon-germanium bipolar-CMOS and RF silicon-on-insulator technology.

Thomas J. Watson Research Center
The Thomas J. Watson Research Center is the headquarters for IBM Research. Its main laboratory is in Yorktown Heights, New York, 38 miles (61 km) north of New York City. It also operates facilities in Cambridge, Massachusetts and Albany, New York.
Brugsch Papyrus
The Brugsch Papyrus (Papyrus Berlin 3038), also known as the Greater Berlin Papyrus or simply Berlin Papyrus,: 25 & 37  is an important ancient Egyptian medical papyrus. It was discovered by Giuseppe Passalacqua in Saqqara, Egypt.

Frederick William IV of Prussia acquired it in 1827 for the Berlin Museum, where it is still housed. The style of writing is that of the 19th Dynasty, and it is dated between 1350 and 1200 BC.

The papyrus was studied initially by Heinrich Karl Brugsch, but was translated and published by Walter Wreszinski in 1909. Only a German translation is available.

The papyrus contains twenty-four pages of writing. Much of it is parallel to the Ebers Papyrus. Some of the contents deals with contraception and fertility tests.: 37–38  Some historians believe that this papyrus was used by Galen in his writings.

Fertility
Fertility in colloquial terms refers the ability to have offspring. In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than the physical capability to reproduce, which is termed fecundity. The fertility rate is the average number of children born during an individual's lifetime. In medicine, fertility refers to the ability to have children, and infertility refers to difficulty in reproducing naturally. In general, infertility or subfertility in humans is defined as not being able to conceive a child after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex. The antithesis of fertility is infertility, while the antithesis of fecundity is sterility.
Dosmoche
Dosmoche is a Buddhist festival celebrated in Ladakh, India. It is celebrated in Leh, Likir and Diskit monasteries. It is the last festival of New Year Celebrations, the other one is Losar. The two-day Dosmoche festival is a gazetted holiday for Leh district and Zanskar Sub Division. Dosmoche is also known as the "Festival of Scapegoat" and is one of Ladakh's most popular prayer festivals. This festival is also celebrated to purify the town from evil spirits.

Zanskar
Zanskar, Zahar (locally) or Zangskar, is the southwestern region of Kargil district in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. The administrative centre of Zanskar is Padum. Zanskar, together with the rest of Ladakh, was briefly a part of the kingdom of Western Tibet called Ngari Khorsum. Zanskar lies 250 km south of Kargil City on NH301.

In August 2024, the Ministry of Home Affairs announced that Zanskar will become a district in Ladakh by 2028.
Étienne Jeanneau
Étienne Jeanneau (also Janot or Geanneau) (c. 1668 – 8 May 1743) was a Canadian merchant, court officer and notary, and militia officer.

On 14 June 1709 Jeanneau was granted a commission as a court officer and notary for the large territory encompassing Grande-Anse, Rivière-Ouelle, Kamouraska, Rivière-du-Loup, and Port-Joli. He was the first notary to serve this territory. He served in this role for over thirty years.

Kamouraska, Quebec
Kamouraska (French pronunciation: [kamuʁaska] ⓘ) is a municipality on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada. It is part of the Regional County Municipality of Kamouraska. It has been named one of the top 20 most beautiful villages in the province of Quebec, and the municipality is a member of the Most Beautiful Villages of Quebec Association.

The name "Kamouraska" comes from an Algonquin word meaning "where rushes grow at the water's edge".
Punia Territory
Punia is a territory in Maniema province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, the country has a 25-mile (40-km) coastline on the Atlantic Ocean but is otherwise landlocked. It is the second largest country on the continent; only Algeria is larger.

Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are administrative divisions of provinces.  Territories are further divided into sectors, chiefdoms, and communes.  They are led by an administrator and, for the most part, take the name of the town that is their administrative center.
Khurshid Alam Babul
Khurshid Alam Babul (Bengali: খুরশিদ আলম বাবুল) is a retired former Bangladeshi footballer. A defensive midfielder, he achieved most of his success while playing for Abahani Krira Chakra in the Dhaka First Division League during his decade-long spell with the club starting in 1977. He won league title with Abahani in 1977, 1981, 1983, 1984 and 1985. In 1987 he won the title with Mohammedan. Thus he joined an elite list of players who had won the First Division title with both clubs. He also represented Bangladesh national team, and was captain in 1979, 1983 and again in 1986.

Bangladesh national under-20 football team
The Bangladesh national under-20 football team represents Bangladesh in international youth football competitions in SAFF U-20 Championship, AFC U-20 Asian Cup and FIFA U-20 World Cup, as well as any other under-20, under-19 & under-18 international football tournaments. The team is operated under the Bangladesh Football Federation.

They have qualified for the AFC U-20 Asian Cup six previous times and is yet to qualify for FIFA U-20 World Cup. The team taken part in four editions of the SAFF U-20 Championship, and won their maiden title in 2024. Since 2022, Bangladesh U-20 began taking part in all stages of the AFC Championship. Previously, the U-19 team participated in the tournament.
Joseph Shafer Farm
Joseph Shafer Farm, also known as Shady Lawn Farm and Maple Lawn Farm, is a historic home and farm located in Springfield Township, Franklin County, Indiana.  The house was built in 1883, and is a two-story, Italianate style brick dwelling.  It has a slate roof and features a pair of two-story, three-window, projecting bays.  Also on the property are two contributing barns (c. 1883), privy, smithy, henhouse, garage, granary, and well house.: 5

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Outhouse
An outhouse — known variously across the English-speaking world otherwise as bog, dunny, long-drop, or privy — is a small structure, separate from a house or main building, which covers a toilet. This is typically either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be encountered. The term may also be used to denote the toilet itself, not just the structure.

Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries (e.g. Australia) well into the second half of the twentieth century. They are still common in rural areas and also in cities of developing countries. Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause groundwater pollution.
Exology Chapter 1: The Lost Planet
Exology Chapter 1: The Lost Planet (stylized as EXOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE LOST PLANET) is the first live album by South Korean–Chinese boy band Exo. It was released on December 22, 2014 by SM Entertainment. It features 2 CDs and a total of 36 songs (1 CD and 18 songs), including individual tracks from each of the members and studio versions of some of his songs remixed (remix Korean and Mandarin/Mandarin and Korean). The album was released in two versions: a regular version and a special version.

SM Entertainment
SM Entertainment Co., Ltd. (Korean: SM엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean multinational entertainment agency established in 1995 by Lee Soo-man. It is one of South Korea's largest entertainment companies and has been responsible for fostering and popularizing the careers of many K-pop stars garnering huge global fanbases. The company operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management and concert production company, and music publishing house. SM Entertainment is known for having led the worldwide K-pop phenomenon and the musical side of "Hallyu", also known as the "Korean Wave", with early overseas successes such as H.O.T., S.E.S., and BoA.

The label currently represents K-pop artists such as Kangta, TVXQ, Super Junior, Girls' Generation, Shinee, Exo, Red Velvet, NCT, Aespa, Riize, Naevis, and Hearts2Hearts.
Hap Sharp
James "Hap" Sharp (January 1, 1928 – May 7, 1993) was an American race car driver who drove in six Formula One Grands Prix. He was most famous however, for being a co-owner and driver of the revolutionary Chaparral sports racing cars built by Jim Hall and Sharp in Midland, Texas. In 1962, Sharp and Jim Hall formed Chaparral Cars, Inc. and immediately began the design and construction of Chaparral 2, a mid-engined car with an aerospace inspired semi-monocoque fiberglass chassis.

Midland, Texas
Midland is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Midland County in West Texas, with small portions extending into Martin County. The population was 132,524 at the 2020 census. Located in the Permian Basin, Midland is a major center for American oil and natural gas production.

The Midland metropolitan area includes all of Midland County and had 169,983 residents at the 2020 census. The metropolitan area is part of the larger Midland–Odessa combined statistical area, which had a population of 340,391 in the 2020 census. Residents of Midland are referred to as "Midlanders".

Midland was founded as the midway point between Fort Worth and El Paso on the Texas and Pacific Railway in 1881. The city has many connections to the Bush family; it was the one-time home of former U.S. presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, and the hometown of former First Lady Laura Bush. The Bush Family Home State Historic Site is located in Midland.
Panaqolus claustellifer
Panaqolus claustellifer is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Takutu River and the Branco River in Brazil and Guyana. The species reaches 6.2 cm (2.4 inches) SL. While not described until 2016, it was known to aquarists before its formal description. In the aquarium trade, it is typically referred to either as the blood-red tiger pleco or by one of its two associated L-numbers, which are L-306 and LDA-064. Its specific epithet means "keyhole-bearing" in Latin, referring to the distinctive markings present on the species' snout.

Loricariidae
Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.
Mercian Supremacy
The Mercian Supremacy was the period of Anglo-Saxon history between c. 716 and c. 825, when the kingdom of Mercia dominated the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy in England. Historian Sir Frank Stenton apparently coined the phrase, arguing that Offa of Mercia, who ruled 757–796, effectively achieved the unification of England south of Yorkshire. Scholastic opinion on the relationship between the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia at this time remains divided.

Heptarchy
The Heptarchy was the division of Anglo-Saxon England between the sixth and eighth centuries into petty kingdoms, conventionally the seven kingdoms of East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex. The term originated with the twelfth-century historian Henry of Huntingdon and has been widely used ever since, but it has been questioned by historians as the number of kingdoms fluctuated, and there was never a time when the territory of the Anglo-Saxons was divided into seven kingdoms each ruled by one king. The period of petty kingdoms came to an end in the eighth century, when England was divided into the four dominant kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, and Wessex.
Jesús Aguilar Bueno
Jesús Aguilar Bueno (born 12 August 1968) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). 
In the 2003 mid-terms he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent the ninth district of Chihuahua for the PRI during the 
59th Congress, but on 16 March 2006 he broke with the party and declared himself an independent.

LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LIX Legislature (59th session) of the Congress of Mexico met from September 2003 to August 2006. All members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) were elected in the elections of July 2003 while members of the upper house (Senate) were elected in the elections of July 2000.
Alancık, Sincik
Alancık (Kurdish: Lagin) is a village in the Sincik District, Adıyaman Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Reşwan tribe and had a population of 578 in 2021.

The hamlet of Küsran is attached to the village.

Adıyaman Province
Adıyaman Province is a province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. The capital is Adıyaman. Its area is 7,337 km2, and its population is 635,169 (2022). The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority.

Adıyaman Province was part of the Malatya Province until 1954, when it was made into a province as a reward for voting for the winning Democratic Party in the 1954 general election.
Lindholm amulet
The Lindholm "amulet", listed as DR 261 in Rundata, is a bone piece, carved into the shape of a rib, dated to the 2nd to 4th centuries (the late Roman Iron Age) and has a runic inscription. The Lindholm bone piece is dated between 375CE to 570CE and it is around 17 centimeters long at its longest points. It currently resides at the Lund University Historical Museum in Sweden.

It was found in 1840 in Skåne, Sweden, while cutting peat from a bog. This cut the bone in half and resulted in the destruction of one rune in the second line of text though most of the artifact remained intact.

Scandinavian Runic-text Database
The Scandinavian Runic-text Database (Swedish: Samnordisk runtextdatabas) is a project involving the creation and maintenance of a database of transliterated runic inscriptions. The project's goal is to comprehensively catalog runestones in a machine-readable way for future research. The database is freely available via the Internet with a client program, called Rundata, for Microsoft Windows. For other operating systems, text files are provided or a web browser can be used to interact with the web application Runor.
Madura Tea Estates
Madura Tea Estates is an Australian company that produces tea.

In 1978, Mike and Norma Grant-Cook, tea planters from Ceylon, established the Madura Tea Estates in Murwillumbah (Tweed River valley) in north-eastern New South Wales. Madura produces Assam tea and green tea (the latter is locally produced since 1989), which is blended with Sri Lanka (Ceylon) tea. As of 2000, the company was 100% Australian-owned. The "Madura Tea" production started in 1982, as of 2003, 25 hectares were used for the plantation.

Madura Tea packagings are 100% recyclable.

Madura Tea dumped halal certification in Australia.

Tea primarily targets the domestic market as part of the "buy Australia" campaign. Like its competitors, Tea Estates of Australia and Nerada Tea, Madura Tea established a visitor center, where tourists  can taste and buy samples.  Madura Tea became the official tea of Parliament House in Sydney in 2013 (replacing Twinings).

Green tea
Green tea is a type of tea made from the leaves and buds of the Camellia sinensis that have not undergone the withering and oxidation process that creates oolong teas and black teas. Green tea originated in China in the late 1st millennium BC, and since then its production and manufacture has spread to other countries in East Asia.

Several varieties of green tea exist, which differ substantially based on the variety of C. sinensis used, growing conditions, horticultural methods, production processing, and time of harvest. While it may slightly lower blood pressure and improve alertness, current scientific evidence does not support most health benefit claims, and excessive intake of green tea extracts can cause liver damage and other side effects.
Donaukanal
The Donaukanal (German: [ˈdoːnaʊ̯kaˌnaːl] ⓘ, Danube Canal) is a former arm of the river Danube, now regulated as a water channel (since 1598), within the city of Vienna, Austria. It is 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi) long and, unlike the Danube itself, it borders Vienna's city centre, Innere Stadt, where the Wien River (Wienfluss) flows into it.

The Donaukanal bifurcates from the main river at the Nußdorf weir and lock complex, in Döbling, and joins it again just upstream of the "Praterspitz", at the Prater park in Simmering. The island thus formed between the Donaukanal and the Danube holds two of the 23 districts of Vienna: Brigittenau (20th District) and Leopoldstadt (2nd District). The canal is crossed by fifteen road bridges and five rail bridges.

Because in German, the name Kanal, which has been used since about 1700, evokes associations of an open sewer, attempts at renaming the Donaukanal have been made (one suggestion was Kleine Donau—Little Danube) but have not met with success.

Sanitary sewer
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not stormwater) to a sewage treatment plant or disposal.

Sanitary sewers are a type of gravity sewer and are part of an overall system called a "sewage system" or sewerage. Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas may also carry industrial wastewater. In municipalities served by sanitary sewers, separate storm drains may convey surface runoff directly to surface waters. An advantage of sanitary sewer systems is that they avoid combined sewer overflows. Sanitary sewers are typically much smaller in diameter than combined sewers which also transport urban runoff. Backups of raw sewage can occur if excessive stormwater inflow or groundwater infiltration occurs due to leaking joints, defective pipes etc. in aging infrastructure.
HMAS Limicola
HMAS Limicola was a small ship of the Royal Australian Navy during World War II, serving as an Anti-submarine indicator loop repair ship. Limicola was a "ship taken up from trade" (STUFT) during the War.

It served until at least 1952 when, in October of that year, it was involved in Operation Hurricane, the British nuclear bomb test  in the lagoon in the Montebello Islands off Western Australia’s Pilbara region.

Limicola is a name from the Latin meaning "one that dwells in the mud". There are various birds with this word in their scientific name, notably in the Scolopacidae (waders and shorebirds), such as the broad-billed sandpiper (Limicola falcinellus). Limicolaria are land snails.

STUFT
A STUFT (acronym for ship taken up from trade) is a UK civilian ship requisitioned for government use.

The Falklands War of 1982 saw a diversity of ships taken up from trade, including tankers with potable water (see British logistics in the Falklands War) and fuels, freighters carrying food and munitions, and luxury liners converted to carry troops.