hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Patient Self-Determination Act
The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) was passed by the United States Congress in 1990 as an amendment to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Effective on December 1, 1991, this legislation required many hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and other health care institutions to provide information about advance health care directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility. This law does not apply to individual physicians.

Section 1233 of the proposed America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 (H.R. 3200) would have authorized reimbursements for physician counseling regarding advance directives (once every five years) but it was not included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 because of controversy over what were characterized as "death panels."

Home care
Homecare (also known as home care, in-home care, care at home, domiciliary care, personal care, community care, or social care) is health care or supportive care provided in the individual home where the patient or client is living, generally focusing on paramedical aid by professional caregivers, assistance in daily living for ill, disabled or elderly people, or a combination thereof. Depending on legislation, a wide range of other services can also be included in homecare.

Homecare can be organised by national or local government, by volunteer organizations or on a market basis.
Estella Moses Tallis
Estella Moses Tallis is a Vanuatuan public figure, anti-plastic activist, and environmental advocate. She served as the First Lady of Vanuatu from 2017 until 2022 as the wife of President Tallis Obed Moses. During her tenure as first lady, Tallis campaigned against the use of plastic drinking straws and other single use plastics in Vanuatu to alleviate plastic pollution.  Under Tallis' leadership, Vanuatu became the world's first country to ban the use of plastic straws on 1 July 2018. Disposable, single-use plastic bags and polystyrene take-out boxes were also banned by the same legislation supported by First Lady Moses Tallis and other anti-plastics activists. She became known as "Vanuatu's very own ‘Ban Plastic’ champion."

President of Vanuatu
The president of Vanuatu (French: Président du Vanuatu) is the head of state of Vanuatu. The president is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional councils.

The president's role is mostly ceremonial. The Constitution grants the president the ability to appoint the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Vanuatu, and three other justices.

In case of vacancy, the speaker of the Parliament will be the acting president of Vanuatu.

From 1906 to 1980 the resident commissioners of the New Hebrides were British and French colonial officials. From 1887 to 1906 the New Hebrides was led by Anglo-French joint naval commissioners.

The current president is Nikenike Vurobaravu, since 23 July 2022.
Mount Little Xuebaoding
Mount Little Xuebaoding (Chinese: 雪宝顶; lit. 'Snowy Treasure Peak'; Tibetan name:Shar Dung Ri) is a mountain near the easternmost edge of the Tibetan Plateau in China. With an elevation of 5,443 metres (17,858 ft), it is the second highest peak of the Min Mountains and the easternmost 5,000 m (16,400 ft) or higher peak on Earth. It is located in Songpan County of the Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province.

Little Xuebaoding was first climbed in May 2012 by an International team: Karim Adouane (France), Linda Eketoft (Sweden), Jon Otto (USA), Asu (China).

Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, also known as Aba (Tibetan: རྔ་བ་བོད་རིགས་དང་ཆང་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ།, Wylie: rnga ba bod rigs cha'ang rigs rang skyong khul; Qiang: Rrmeabba Shbea Rrmea Nyujwju Gvexueaj Legea; simplified Chinese: 阿坝藏族羌族自治州; traditional Chinese: 阿壩藏族羌族自治州), is an autonomous prefecture of northwestern Sichuan, bordering Gansu to the north and northeast and Qinghai to the northwest. Its seat is in Barkam, and it has an area of 83,201 km2 (32,124 sq mi). The population was 895,200 by 2022.

The county of Wenchuan in Ngawa is the site of the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, in which over 20,000 of its residents died and 40,000 were injured.
Giovannelli
Giovannelli is an Italian surname, derived from the given name Giovanni. Notable people with the surname include:

Benedetto Giovannelli (1602–1676), architect

Leonida Nikolai Giovannelli (1906–198?), Italian/Manx writer and cultural activist

Miriam Giovanelli (born 1989), Italian/Spanish actress and model

Paolo Giovannelli (born 1960), Italian football player

Riccardo Giovanelli (1946–2022), Italian astronomer

Ruggiero Giovannelli (c.1560–1625), Italian composer

Benedetto Giovannelli
Benedetto Giovannelli (also Benedetto Giovannelli Orlandi) (1602–1676 CE) was an architect from Siena.

In 1660 he was commissioned by Pope Alexander VII (a Chigi) to build a new marble façade for the church of San Raimondo, which is in three classicist-style superimposed orders.

He was one of a group of architects (the others being Damiano Schifandini, Flaminio del Turco, Giovanni Fontana) who produced buildings marked by a harmonious, measured style.
2017 Thailand Masters Grand Prix Gold
The 2017 Thailand Masters Grand Prix Gold was the third Grand Prix's badminton tournament of the 2017 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. The tournament was held at the Nimibutr Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand on February 7–12, 2017 and had a total purse of $120,000.

Dechapol Puavaranukroh
Dechapol Puavaranukroh (Thai: เดชาพล พัววรานุเคราะห์; born 20 May 1997) is a Thai badminton player. He was a gold medalist at the 2014 BWF World Junior Championships in the boys' doubles event with his partner Kittinupong Kedren. Dechapol claimed doubles titles at the 2017 SEA Games by winning the gold medal in the men's doubles with Kedren and in the mixed doubles with Sapsiree Taerattanachai. Together with Sapsiree, he won the silver and gold medals at the BWF World Championships in 2019 and 2021 respectively, became the first Thai pair who won the world title. The duo made a clean sweep of all three 2020 Asian leg titles in Thailand and all 2021 Bali leg titles, thus climbing to world number 1 in the BWF ranking. Dechapol and Sapsiree made history as the first ever Thai players to win a title in the year-end Finals tournaments and rank first in the world ranking.
Drahov
Drahov is a municipality and village in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

Drahov lies approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) south of Tábor, 32 km (20 mi) north-east of České Budějovice, and 105 km (65 mi) south of Prague.

České Budějovice
České Budějovice (Czech: [ˈtʃɛskɛː ˈbuɟɛjovɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Budweis) is a city in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 97,000 inhabitants. The city is located in the valley of the Vltava River, at its confluence with the Malše.

České Budějovice is the largest city in the region and its political and commercial capital, the seat of the Diocese of České Budějovice and the University of South Bohemia. It is famous for the Budweiser Budvar Brewery. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Van Vleck High School
Van Vleck High School is a public high school located in the city of Van Vleck, Texas, in Matagorda County, United States and classified as a 3A school by the UIL.  It is a part of the Van Vleck Independent School District located in northeast Matagorda County.   In 2013, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

University Interscholastic League
The University Interscholastic League (UIL) is an organization that creates rules for and administers almost all athletic, musical, and academic contests for public primary and secondary schools in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the largest organization of its type in the world.

Activities range from American football and cross-examination debate to mathematics and marching band competitions; however, the UIL does not administer Academic Decathlon competitions.

The UIL is under the governance of the Vice President for Diversity and Community Engagement at the University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas. Although the Texas Education Agency governs the activities of schools and school districts in Texas, the UIL does not report to TEA, but is instead a separate entity.
Oweniasuchus
Oweniasuchus is an extinct genus of goniopholidid mesoeucrocodylian. Remains have been found from England and Portugal that are Cretaceous in age.

The type species of Oweniasuchus is O. major from the Early Cretaceous Upper Purbeck Group in Beccles, England. It is known from a mandibular ramus that was first described as Brachydectes minor by Richard Owen in 1879. Because the generic name Brachydectes was preoccupied by the Carboniferous amphibian Brachydectes, the species was reassigned to the new genus Oweniasuchus by Arthur Smith Woodward in 1885, along with another species, B. minor, also described by Owen from material from Beccles. Recently, O. major has been considered a nomen dubium because the holotype specimen (BMNH 48304) is too fragmentary to provide an adequate diagnosis. O. minor has since been proposed to be a synonym of the atoposaurid Theriosuchus pusillus. Two other species, O. lusitanicus and O. pulchelus, are known from the Late Cretaceous of Portugal.

Purbeck Group
The Purbeck Group is an Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in south-east England. The name is derived from the district known as the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset where the strata are exposed in the cliffs west of Swanage. It is quarried for Purbeck stone, a common building material.

The Purbeck Group is famous for its fossils of reptiles and early mammals. This sequence of rocks has gone by various names in the past including amongst others the Purbeck Beds, Purbeck Formation, Purbeck Limestone Formation and Purbeck Stone.

Rocks of this age have in the past been called the Purbeckian stage by European geologists. The Purbeckian corresponds with the Tithonian to Berriasian stages of the internationally used geologic timescale.
Liechtensteiners
Liechtensteiners (German: Liechtensteiner, pronounced [ˈlɪçtn̩ˌʃtaɪ̯nɐ] ⓘ) are people native to Liechtenstein descended from both Swiss Germans and Swabians. Approximately 34,000 Liechtensteiners were noted at the turn of the 21st century.

Swabians
Swabians (German: Schwaben pronounced [ˈʃvaːbn̩] ⓘ, singular Schwabe) are a German ethnographic group native to the region of Swabia, which is mostly divided between the modern states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, in southwestern Germany.

The name is ultimately derived from the medieval Duchy of Swabia, one of the German stem duchies, representing the territory of Alemannia, whose Germanic inhabitants were interchangeably called Alemanni or Suebi. This territory would include all of the Alemannic German area, but the modern concept of Swabia is more restricted, due to the collapse of the duchy of Swabia in the 13th century. Swabia as understood in modern ethnography roughly coincides with the Swabian Circle of the  Holy Roman Empire as it stood during the Early Modern period.
Bahadur Nariman Kavina
Lt. Com. Bahadur Nariman Kavina VrC (Marathi: बहादुर नरिमन कविना; 1 March 1937 – 30 June 2017) was a prominent Indian naval officer, who was commanding officer of the INS Nipat. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Kavina was the chief architect of attack on the Port of Karachi and led the successful attack on Pakistani Navy headquarters.

Operation Trident (1971)
Operation Trident was an offensive operation launched by the Indian Navy on Pakistan's port city of Karachi during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Operation Trident saw the first use of anti-ship missiles in combat in the region. The operation was conducted on the night of 4–5 December and inflicted heavy damage on Pakistani vessels and facilities. While India suffered no losses, Pakistan lost a minesweeper, a destroyer, a cargo vessel carrying ammunition, and fuel storage tanks in Karachi. Another destroyer was also badly damaged and eventually scrapped. India celebrates its Navy Day annually on 4 December to mark this operation. Trident was followed up by Operation Python three days later
Kakwkylla
Kakwkylla was a local saint venerated in Sweden and Germany under a wide range of names during the Late Middle Ages. She served as protector against rats and mice. Her cult probably originated as a misnomer for the Irish saint Columba, apparently combined with misappropriated traits of Gertrude of Nivelles. In Sweden, where Columba was not widely venerated nor Gertrude of Nivelles associated with rats, Kakwkylla appears to have played a more independent role.

Misnomer
A misnomer is a name that is incorrectly or unsuitably applied. Misnomers often arise because something was named long before its correct nature was known, or because an earlier form of something has been replaced by a later form to which the name no longer suitably applies. A misnomer may also be a word that is used incorrectly or misleadingly. The word "misnomer" does not mean "misunderstanding" or "popular misconception", and a number of misnomers remain in common usage — which is to say that a word being a misnomer does not necessarily make usage of the word incorrect.
2008 Tippeligaen
The 2008 Tippeligaen was the 64th completed season of top division football in Norway. The season began on 29 March and ended 2 November. Brann were the defending champions, having won their third Tippeligaen championship in 2007. The teams promoted from the 1. divisjon at the end of the previous season were champions Molde, automatic qualifiers HamKam, and play-off winners Bodø/Glimt.

Hamarkameratene
Hamarkameratene (lit. 'the Hamar Comrades'), often abbreviated to HamKam or Ham-Kam, is a Norwegian professional football club based in the town of Hamar. The club was founded in 1918, originally under the name Freidig.

HamKam were most recently promoted to the Eliteserien in 2021. A third-place finish in 1970 is the highest position that the team has held in the top division; the club has never progressed beyond the semifinals of the Norwegian Cup, last reaching the semifinals in 1989.

Briskeby Stadion has been the home ground of Hamarkameratene since 1936. The construction of a completely modernized stadium began in 2007 but has never been completed. Originally scheduled to be completed in 2009, the expanded Briskeby is expected to have a capacity of 10,200 spectators on completion, but currently has a capacity of approximately 8,100.
Proteak
Proteak is a forestry company that cultivates teak trees on plantations located on reclaimed ranch lands in the dry tropical regions of Mexico and Latin America. Based out of Mexico City, Mexico, Proteak has satellite offices in Wimberley, Texas and Tepic, Mexico. At their manufacturing facilities, Proteak produces a range of teak products including: cutting boards, butcher blocks, decking, flooring and lumber.

Deck (building)
In architecture, a deck is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a building. The term is a generalization from the deck of a ship. A level architectural deck may be intended for use by people, e.g., what in the UK is usually called a decked patio. "Roof deck" refers to the flat layer of construction materials to which the weather impervious layers are attached to form a roof, and they may be either level (for a "flat" rooftop) or sloped.
Fox-Terror
Fox-Terror is a 1957 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies animated short directed by Robert McKimson. The cartoon was released on May 11, 1957, and features Foghorn Leghorn and the Barnyard Dawg. The title is a play on the dog breed name "Fox Terrier".

By the time of this cartoon's release, the Stephen Foster song "Camptown Races" has been established as Foghorn Leghorn's theme; in other cartoons Foghorn normally hums the verse, but in this cartoon he sings specially-written lyrics about fishing.

The cartoon also briefly paid homage to the then-wildly popular genre of television quiz shows, particularly The $64,000 Question which, like many other quiz shows of the day, would soon become embroiled in scandal and be taken off the air a year later.

Camptown Races
"De Camptown Races" or "Gwine to Run All Night" (nowadays popularly known as "Camptown Races") is a folk song by American Romantic composer Stephen Foster. It was published in February 1850 by F. D. Benteen and was introduced to the American mainstream by Christy's Minstrels, eventually becoming one of the most popular folk/Americana tunes of the nineteenth century. It is Roud Folk Song Index no. 11768.
2018 Swedish Open (table tennis)
The 2018 Swedish Open was the eleventh event of the 2018 ITTF World Tour. The event was organised by the Swedish Table Tennis Association, under the authority of the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF). It took place from 1–4 November in Stockholm, Sweden.

Doo Hoi Kem
Doo Hoi Kem (Chinese: 杜凱琹; born 27 November 1996) is a Hong Kong table tennis player. She won two medals at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and she was a member of Hong Kong women's team at the 2014 World Team Championships. In 2015, she won a bronze medal in mixed doubles event with Wong Chun Ting at the World Championships. In 2021, she also won bronze in the women's team event with Lee Ho Ching and Minnie Soo Wai Yam at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Norfolk wherry
The Norfolk wherry is a type of sailing boat used on The Broads in Norfolk and Suffolk, England. Three main types were developed over its life, all featuring the distinctive gaff rig with a single, high-peaked sail and the mast stepped well forward.

Gaff rig
Mast

Gaff

Peak

Throat

Boom

Clew

Tack

Saddle

Parrel

Sall

Bridle

Peak Halyard

Throat Halyard

Gaff rig is a sailing rig (configuration of sails, mast and stays) in which the sail is four-cornered, fore-and-aft rigged, controlled at its peak and, usually, its entire head by a spar (pole) called the gaff. Because of the size and shape of the sail, a gaff rig will have running backstays rather than permanent backstays.

The gaff enables a fore-and-aft sail to be four-sided, rather than triangular. A gaff rig typically carries 25 percent more sail than an equivalent Bermuda rig for a given hull design.

A sail hoisted from a gaff is called a gaff-rigged sail.
Rogovka, Kursk Oblast
Rogovka (Russian: Роговка) is a rural locality (Russian: село, lit. 'village') in Lebyazhensky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Kursky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:  83 (2010 Census); 76 (2002 Census);

Kursk Oblast
Kursk Oblast (Russian: Курская область, romanized: Kurskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [ˈkurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kursk. As of the 2021 census, Kursk Oblast had a population of 1,082,458.
Cam Smith (artist)
Cam Smith is a British comic book artist and inker known to British comic book readers for his work on 2000 AD and in the American comic book market for his collaborations with Ed McGuinness and Gary Frank, inking that would earn him an Eisner Award nomination.

Motormouth (comics)
Motormouth (Harley Davis) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Paul Neary and developed by writer Graham Marks, with initial designs by Gary Frank. As the title character of her own series, Motormouth (later Motormouth & Killpower) was part of a line of original comics released in the early-to-mid 1990s by Marvel UK. She is a teenage street rat from London, England, with a fierce temper who curses constantly. She is 5 ft 4 in (1.62 m) tall and weighs roughly (105 lb (48 kg).
Mary Chinery-Hesse
Mary Akuokor Chinery-Hesse, née Blay (born 29 October 1938) is an international civil servant and diplomat, serving as the first woman Chancellor of the University of Ghana, inducted on 1 August 2018. She was the first female Deputy Director-General of the International Labour Organization She was also the first woman to attain the rank of Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations 
.

Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations
An under-secretary-general of the United Nations (USG) is a senior official within the United Nations System, normally appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the secretary-general for a renewable term of four years. Under-secretary-general is the third highest rank in the United Nations, after the secretary-general and the deputy secretary-general. The rank is held by the heads of different UN entities, certain high officials of the United Nations Secretariat, and high-level envoys. The United Nations regards the rank as equal to that of a cabinet minister of a member state, and under-secretaries-general have diplomatic immunity under the UN Charter.
2017–18 Israel State Cup
The 2017–18 Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina) was the 79th season of Israel's nationwide Association football cup competition and the 64th after the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

The competition commenced in September 2017.

Israeli Declaration of Independence
The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (Hebrew: הכרזה על הקמת מדינת ישראל), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708), at the end of the civil war phase and beginning of the Arab–Israeli War of the 1948 Palestine war, by David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the World Zionist Organization and chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine.

It declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine (or the Land of Israel in the Jewish tradition), to be known as the State of Israel, which would come into effect on termination of the British Mandate at midnight that day. While celebrated in Israel as Independence Day, a national holiday on 5 Iyar of every year according to the Hebrew calendar, Palestinians view the day as the start of Nakba, or "catastrophe", marking the mass displacements of Palestinians and the loss of homes and lands, and commemorate it annually on 15 May as Nakba Day.
Germaben
Germaben II is a clear, viscous liquid used to inhibit microbial, yeast and mould growth in cosmetics and other personal products.  It contains propylene glycol, propylparaben, methylparaben, and diazolidinyl urea.  It is a Registered Trademark of International Specialty Products.

Germaben II is used primarily by small businesses or home hobbyists who make soap, lotions, shampoos and other body care products.

Propylparaben
Propylparaben (also spelled propyl paraben) is the n-propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. It occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects. Additionally, it can be manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. It is a member of the class of parabens and can be used as a preservative in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and bath products. As a food additive, it has the E number E216.

Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of propylparaben, a compound with formula Na(C3H7(C6H4COO)O), is used similarly as a food additive and as an anti-fungal preservation agent. Its E number is E217.

In 2010, the European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety stated that the use of butylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products is safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their concentrations does not exceed 0.19%.