hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Log transformation (statistics)
In statistics, the log transformation is the application of the logarithmic function to each point in a data set—that is, each data point zi is replaced with the transformed value yi = log(zi). The log transform is usually applied so that the data, after transformation, appear to more closely meet the assumptions of a statistical inference procedure that is to be applied, or to improve the interpretability or appearance of graphs.

The log transform is invertible, continuous, and monotonic. The transformation is usually applied to a collection of comparable measurements. For example, if we are working with data on peoples' incomes in some currency unit, it would be common to transform each person's income value by the logarithm function.

Transformation (function)
In mathematics, a transformation, transform, or self-map is a function f, usually with some geometrical underpinning, that maps a set X to itself, i.e. f: X → X.
Examples include linear transformations of vector spaces and geometric transformations, which include projective transformations, affine transformations, and specific affine transformations, such as rotations, reflections and translations.
Rajupaja Areena
Kupittaan panohalli ('Kupittaa Multipurpose Hall'), also known as Rajupano Areena for sponsorship reasons, is an arena in the Kupittaa district of Turku, Finland. It is primarily used for ice hockey and is the home arena of the Mestis team TUTO Hockey and Auroraliiga team TPS Naiset. It was opened on 18 November 2006 on the original site of the Kupittaan jäähalli (Swedish: Kuppishallen), which had opened in 1973 and held 5,500 people.

Ringette is also played at the Rajupaja Areena. In 2011, it hosted the 2011 Ringette World Club Championship. Ten years later in 2022, it hosted an exhibition game between Team Canada and Team Finland with both teams later competing in Espoo at the 2022 World Ringette Championships.

Home (sports)
In sports, home is the place and venue identified with a sports team. Most professional teams are named for, and marketed to, particular metropolitan areas; amateur teams may be drawn from a particular region, or from institutions such as schools or universities. When they play in that venue, they are said to be the "home team"; when the team plays elsewhere, they are the away, visiting, or road team. Home teams wear home colors.
Joseba Agirreazkuenaga
Joseba Agirreazkuenaga (Bilbao, Biscay, Spain, 2 February 1953) is a researcher and historian. He is specialist in the history of the Basque Country particularly: the crisis of the Ancien Régime; the fueros, self-governance, the economic concert between Spain and the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country and its fiscal system, and the social movements both in Bilbao and in the Basque Country as a whole.

University of Nevada, Reno
The University of Nevada, Reno (Nevada, the University of Nevada, or UNR) is a public land-grant research university in Reno, Nevada, United States. It is the state's flagship public university and primary land grant institution. It was founded on October 12, 1874, in Elko, Nevada.

The university is classified as a doctoral, R1 research university by the Carnegie Classification. In 2018, the university spent $144 million on research and development according to the National Science Foundation. Among its several schools and colleges, the university has a medical school and is home to the Donald W. Reynolds School of Journalism from which six Pulitzer Prize winners have graduated.
University at Buffalo Law School
The University at Buffalo School of Law (also known as State University of New York at Buffalo Law School, or SUNY Buffalo Law School) is the law school of the University at Buffalo. Founded in 1887, and affiliated with Niagara University until 1891, it is the State University of New York (SUNY) system's only law school.

According to the University at Buffalo School of Law's 2023 ABA-required disclosures, 91.72% of the Class of 2023 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.

Law school
A law school (also known as a law centre/center, college of law, or faculty of law) is an institution, professional school, or department of a college or university specializing in legal education, usually involved as part of a process for becoming a judge, lawyer, or other legal professional within a given jurisdiction. Depending on the country, legal system, or desired qualifications, the coursework is undertaken at undergraduate, graduate, or both levels.
Christ Healing the Blind (Champaigne)
Christ Healing the Blind is an oil on canvas painting by Philippe de Champaigne, painted from c. 1655 to 1660. It is held at the Timken Museum of Art, in San Diego. It portrays a miracle of Jesus, having as a background a landscape featuring a river, a bridge, a walled city, and a castle on top of a mountain.

Philippe de Champaigne
Philippe de Champaigne (French pronunciation: [filip də ʃɑ̃paɲ]; 26 May 1602 – 12 August 1674) was a Brabant-born French Baroque era painter, a major exponent of French Baroque painting. He was a founding member of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture in Paris, the premier art institution in the Kingdom of France during the Ancien Régime.

Especially in the 1630s and 1640s, he was the leading French court painter of portraits and religious subjects. He continued to work almost until his death, exhibiting a Supper at Emmaus in 1673.
Gnash (software)
Gnash is a media player for playing Adobe Flash (SWF) files. Gnash is available both as a standalone player for desktop computers and embedded devices, as well as a plugin for the browsers still supporting NPAPI. It is part of the GNU Project and is a free and open-source alternative to Adobe Flash Player. It was developed from the gameswf project.

Gnash was first announced in late 2005 by software developer John Gilmore. As of 2011, the project's maintainer is Rob Savoye. The main developer's web site for Gnash is located on the Free Software Foundation's GNU Savannah project support server.

Gnash supports most SWF v7 features and some SWF v8 and v9, however SWF v10 is not supported.

Media player software
Media player software is a type of application software for playing multimedia computer files like audio and video files. Media players commonly display standard media control icons known from physical devices such as tape recorders and CD players, such as play (), pause (), fastforward (⏩️), rewind (⏪), and stop () buttons. In addition, they generally have progress bars (or "playback bars"), which are sliders to locate the current position in the duration of the media file.

Mainstream operating systems have at least one default media player. For example, Windows comes with Windows Media Player and it’s 2022 successor, while macOS comes with QuickTime Player and Apple Music. Linux distributions come with different media players, such as SMPlayer, Amarok, Audacious, Banshee, MPlayer, mpv, Rhythmbox, Totem, VLC media player, and xine. Android comes with YouTube Music for audio and Google Photos for video, and smartphone vendors such as Samsung may bundle custom software.
Plagiarism from Wikipedia
Contributors to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, often referred to as Wikipedians, license their submitted content under a Creative Commons license, which permits re-use as long as attribution is given. However, there have been a number of occasions when persons have failed to give the necessary attribution and attempted to pass off material from Wikipedia as their own work. Such plagiarism is a violation of the Creative Commons license and, when discovered, can be a reason for embarrassment, professional sanctions, or legal issues.

In educational settings, students sometimes copy Wikipedia to fulfill class assignments. A 2011 study by Turnitin found that Wikipedia was the most copied website by both secondary and higher education students.

Turnitin
Turnitin (stylized as turnitin) is an Internet-based similarity detection service run by the American company Turnitin, LLC, a subsidiary of Advance Publications. The software as a service (SaaS) website sells automated checks of submitted documents against its database of prior submitted documents and the content of other websites to identify plagiarism. As of 2025, the company licenses access to its services to over 16,000 universities and high schools worldwide, with more than 71 million students enrolled, but as early as 2006, Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Stanford decided not to use Turnitin.
Where There's a Will (1936 film)
Where There's a Will is a 1936 British comedy film directed by William Beaudine and starring Will Hay, Graham Moffatt and Norma Varden. It features an incompetent solicitor who unwittingly becomes party to a bank robbery.

The film marked the first appearance of Graham Moffatt in a Will Hay film. Moffatt acted as a straight man to Hay, along with Moore Marriott, beginning in the film Windbag the Sailor.

Moore Marriott
George Thomas Moore Marriott (14 September 1885 – 11 December 1949) was an English character actor best remembered for the series of films he made with Will Hay. His first appearance with Hay was in the film Dandy Dick (1935), but he was a significant supporting performer in Hay's films from 1936 to 1940, and while he starred with Hay during this period he played a character called "Harbottle" that was based on a character Marriott usually played. His character Harbottle was originally created by Hay when he used the character in his "The fourth form at St. Michael's" sketches in the 1920s.
Te Atawhai Hudson-Wihongi
Te Atawhai Maurice Hudson-Wihongi (born 27 March 1995) is a New Zealand footballer who currently plays for Isthmian League North Division club Walthamstow. He has also played for the New Zealand national football team.

Association football in New Zealand
Association football, also known as football (or sometimes as soccer), is a popular recreation sport in New Zealand. The sport is administered by the governing body New Zealand Football (NZF). It is the third-most popular men's team sport  after rugby union and cricket. Approximately 60% of the people in New Zealand are considered association football fans.

Among New Zealand adults in 2000, it was the 12th most participated sport, at seven percent. Among boys ages 5–17, it was the most participated in sport, with a 17 percent participation rate; among girls, it ranks fifth in popularity at six percent, behind swimming, netball, horse riding, and tennis.
Władysław Orlicz
Władysław Roman Orlicz (May 24, 1903 – August 9, 1990) was a Polish mathematician of Lwów School of Mathematics. His main interests were functional analysis and topology: Orlicz spaces are named after him.

University of Lviv
The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (named after Ivan Franko, Ukrainian: Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, romanized: Lvivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni Ivana Franka) is a state-sponsored university in Lviv, Ukraine. Since 1940 the university is named after Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko.

The university is the oldest institution of higher learning in continuous operation in present-day Ukraine, dating from 1661 when John II Casimir, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, granted it its first royal charter. Over the centuries, it has undergone various transformations, suspensions, and name changes that have reflected the geopolitical complexities of this part of Europe. The present institution can be dated to 1940.
Rita María Esquivel Reyes
Rita María Esquivel Reyes (born 22 May 1946) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party. She served as Senator of the LVIII and LIX Legislatures of the Mexican Congress representing Nayarit. She also served in the XXV Legislature of the Congress of Nayarit.

LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LIX Legislature (59th session) of the Congress of Mexico met from September 2003 to August 2006. All members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) were elected in the elections of July 2003 while members of the upper house (Senate) were elected in the elections of July 2000.
Splits and Mergers of Kerala Congress
The Kerala Congress (KEC) has suffered severe divisions and several factions (called groups), and a number of parties have emerged over the years, all claiming the name Kerala Congress in various times in its history. Factions include KEC under P. J. Joseph, KEC(M) under Jose K. Mani, KEC(B) under K. B. Ganesh Kumar, and KEC(J) under Anoop Jacob.

The Group that had retained the official recognition by the Election Commission of India to the name Kerala Congress was the one led by P. J. Joseph from 1979 to 2010 and again from 2021 (which is informally called by the media as KEC(J)).

Anoop Jacob
Anoop Jacob (born 16 December 1977) is an Indian politician and a Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly and Legislative Party leader of the Kerala Congress (Jacob), a constituent of the UDF political alliance. He is the son of T. M. Jacob who founded the party in 1993. Anoop represents Piravom Constituency in Kerala Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Assembly following a by-election at Piravom in March 2012 which was necessitated due to the demise of his father, the incumbent of the constituency. He was also elected in May 2016. In the 2021 election Anoop was elected from the same constituency with a highest majority.
Essie Kelley
Essie Kelley-Washington (born January 12, 1957) is an American former middle-distance runner who specialized in the 800-meter run. She was the gold medallist in that event at the 1979 Pan American Games. She also represented America at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics and 1987 Pan American Games, reaching both finals.

At national level at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships she was a regular finalist during her career and won the 800 m twice: in 1979 then again in 1987. She was runner-up in 1978 and made her last final in 1990, taking seventh place.

After retiring from running Kelley went into coaching. She had gained a degree in physical education from Prairie View A&M University in 1980, where she also participated in AIAW competition. She served as head coach for the 1999 Pan American Games delegation and was assistant coach on the 1997 Summer Universiade team.

1987 Pan American Games
The 1987 Pan American Games, officially known as the X Pan American Games, was a major international multi-sport event held in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, on August 7–23, 1987. Over 4,300 athletes from 38 countries in the Americas competed in 297 events in 30 sports, earning 1,015 medals. Events were held at 23 venues in and around Indianapolis. The official mascot for the games was Amigo, a green parrot.
History of Boeing
The Pacific Aero Products Company was founded by William E. Boeing in 1916 before being renamed as Boeing Airplane Company the following year. The company was renamed The Boeing Company in 1961. It has manufactured aircraft, jets, helicopters, missiles, satellites, wind turbines, and other products for both military and civilian use.

Harry Stonecipher
Harrison Curtis "Harry" Stonecipher (born May 16, 1936) is an American business executive who was president and chief executive officer of American aerospace companies: Sundstrand, McDonnell Douglas, and The Boeing Company. Stonecipher was widely credited with the seeming resurgence of Boeing after government procurement scandals. However, his tenure also included major decisions to change Boeing's design and sourcing process for the new 787 airliner.  These decisions later proved to be organizationally and financially disastrous for the company. Stonecipher was forced to resign from Boeing following the disclosure of an affair with a subordinate, in violation of the Boeing Code of Conduct.
Warrawee Park
Warrawee Park (sometimes referred to as the Oakleigh Football Ground) is an Australian rules football and cricket venue located in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh. The name also refers to the wider public park in which the main oval is located.

As of 2025, it is home to the Oakleigh Chargers in the Talent League and the Oakleigh Cricket Club in the Victorian Sub-District Cricket Association (VSDCA).

Victorian Sub-District Cricket Association
The Victorian Sub-District Cricket Association (VSDCA) is a turf cricket competition based in Melbourne, Australia.  There are 32 clubs each fielding four teams (one per grade) plus an under 15 (formerly under 14) team in the annual J.G Craig (formerly R.M. Hatch) shield competition, which is regarded as the premier competition for the future of Victorian cricket.  There are four divisions (North, South, East, West).  In first and second grade these divisions rotate annually to ensure every club plays each other at least once every three years.  In third and fourth division these do not change and the two 'leagues' are South-East and North-West.
Gustaaf Van Slembrouck
Gustaaf Van Slembrouck (25 March 1902, Ostend – 7 July 1968, Ostend) was a Belgian professional cyclist from 1926 to 1934, nicknamed 'Den Staf'. He won 4 Tour de France stages, and wore the yellow jersey for 6 days in 1926. He finished in second place in the 1926 Paris–Roubaix.

Ostend
Ostend (/ɒstˈɛnd/ ost-END; Dutch: Oostende [oːstˈɛndə] ⓘ West Flemish: Ostende; French: Ostende [ɔstɑ̃d] ⓘ; lit. 'East End') is a coastal city and municipality in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke, Raversijde, Stene and Zandvoorde, and the city of Ostend proper – the largest on the Belgian coast.
Octorara Farm
Octorara Farm is a historic home located at Conowingo, Cecil County, Maryland, United States.  It was built in sections dating from the period between 1775 and 1840. The main block is a 2+1⁄2-story brick structure of high style Greek Revival architecture; it was probably added to the earlier rear section around 1830–1840. The present kitchen, which constitutes the central room of the three rooms of the rear section, is the earliest section of the house, probably dates to about 1775.  Also on the property are a large four-bay fieldstone barn, a wagon shed, dairy, smokehouse, and tenant houses.

Octorara Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Cecil County, Maryland
Cecil County is located in the U.S. state of Maryland at the northeastern corner of the state, bordering both Pennsylvania and Delaware. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 103,725. The county seat is Elkton. The county is part of the Mid-Eastern Shore region of the state.

The county was named for Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605–1675), the first Proprietary Governor of the Province (colony) of Maryland. With the eastern part of the county closer to Philadelphia than Baltimore, it is part of the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is located in Wilmington's Radio Market and Baltimore's Designated Market Area.
Trojan Arena
Trojan Arena is a 6,000-seat arena that is home to the Troy Trojans men's and women's basketball, volleyball and track programs.  It is also used for the University's commencement ceremonies and special events.  The arena replaced the University's longtime basketball and events facility, Sartain Hall, which opened in 1962.  Trojan Arena has been considered to be one of the most modern and technologically advanced basketball facilities in the southeastern United States since it was completed in 2012.  The total cost to build the arena was $40 million.

The arena is designed to be used for other multi-purpose reasons, including concerts, banquets, indoor sports tournaments, and graduation ceremonies.

The facility was constructed by Whaley Construction Company, and the architects were Goodwyn, Mills and Cawood, and Populous.

Daktronics
Daktronics, Inc. is an American company based in Brookings, South Dakota, that designs, manufactures, sells, and services video displays, scoreboards, digital billboards, dynamic message signs, sound systems, and related products. It was founded in 1968 by two South Dakota State University professors.
Phosphine telluride
A phosphine telluride refers to organophosphorus compounds with the formula R3PTe (R = alkyl or aryl).  They are structurally analogous to phosphine oxides, phosphine sulfides, and phosphine selenides.  Unlike other members of this series, the phosphine tellurides are labile with respect to loss of the chalcogen.  Aryl-substituted phosphine telluridew tend to lose tellurium easier. Nonetheless, several members have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, which reveals a tetrahedral phosphorus center with a P-Te bond length of 236 picometers. Simple trialkylphosphine tellurides are pale yellow solids.

Phosphine tellurides like trioctylphoshine telluride, tributylphosphine telluride and tricyclohexylphosphine telluride are reagents used in the preparation of metal telluride nanoparticles.

Phosphine sulfide
A phosphine sulfide is an organophosphorus compound with the formula R3PS.  They are typically colorless, air-stable solids.  A common example of a tertiary phosphine sulfide is triphenylphosphine sulfide.  Phosphine sulfides are sometimes intermediates in the synthesis of tertiary phosphines.  Phosphine sulfides are tetrahedral.
Piz Giuv
Piz Giuv (or Schattig Wichel) is a mountain of the Glarus Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Uri and Graubünden. At 3,096 metres above sea level, it is the highest mountain of the Glarus Alps lying west of the Oberalpstock. Its summit is situated between three valleys: the Fellital and Etzlital on the north side and the Val Giuv (Surselva) on the south side. The slightly lower Piz Nair lies on its east side

Canton of Uri
The canton of Uri (German: Kanton Uri [ˈuːri] ⓘ; Romansh: Chantun Uri; French: Canton d'Uri; Italian: Canton Uri) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland and a founding member of the Swiss Confederation. It is located in Central Switzerland. The canton's territory covers the valley of the Reuss between the St. Gotthard Pass and Lake Lucerne.

The official language of Uri is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken dialect is the Alemannic Swiss German called Urner German.

Uri was once the only canton whose children in school had to learn Italian as their first foreign language, but in the school year of 2005/2006, that was changed to English, as in other Central and Northeastern Swiss cantons. The canton's population is about 35,000, of which 3,046 (or 8.7%) are foreigners.

The legendary William Tell is said to have hailed from Uri. The historical landmark Rütli lies within the canton of Uri.
Audite
audite Musikproduktion is an independent classical music record label run by recording engineer Ludger Böckenhoff. Founded in Stuttgart in 1973, AUDITE merged with the Fermate label in 2000, relocating to Detmold in the process, where it is still based today. AUDITE (Listen!, imperative plural of the Latin verb audire = to listen) Musikproduktion is an international provider of classical music sound carriers.

Timeline of audio formats
An audio format is a medium for sound recording and reproduction. The term is applied to both the physical recording media and the recording formats of the audio content—in computer science it is often limited to the audio file format, but its wider use usually refers to the physical method used to store the data. Note on the use of analog compared to digital in this list; the definition of digital used here for early formats is that which is represented using discrete values rather than fluctuating variables. A piano roll is digital as it has discrete values, that being a hole for each key, unlike a phonograph record which is analog with a fluctuating groove.

Music is recorded and distributed using a variety of audio formats, some of which store additional information.