hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Olav M. Skulberg
Olav Magnus Skulberg (3 August 1930 – 15 January 2021) was a Norwegian limnologist.

He was born in Spydeberg, and finished his secondary education in Askim in 1949. He studied at the University of Oslo as well as in Switzerland. In 1958 he was hired in the Norwegian Institute for Water Research, becoming a specialist on freshwater algae. He was a fellow of the Linnean Society of London. He died in January 2021.

Examen artium
Examen artium was the name of the academic certification conferred in Denmark and Norway, qualifying the student for admission to university studies. Examen artium was originally introduced as the entrance exam of the University of Copenhagen in 1630. The University of Copenhagen was the only university of Denmark-Norway until The Royal Frederick University in Christiania was founded in 1811.

In Norway, examen artium was formally discontinued after the 1982 class (but the term is still sometimes used informally to denote the diploma from today's videregående skole).
Cynosurus echinatus
Cynosurus echinatus is a species of grass known by the common names bristly dogstail grass, rough dog's-tail and hedgehog dogtail. It is native to southern Europe, and it is known in the Americas and Australia as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. An herbicide-resistant strain can be found growing as a weed in canola and wheat fields in Chile. This is an annual grass growing 10 to 50 centimeters tall. The inflorescence is a rounded or oval cluster or series of clusters of spikelets. The fertile spikelet has an awn up to a centimeter long. The awns clumped closely together into a tuft gives the inflorescence its bristly, hairy appearance.

Awn (botany)
An awn is a hairy or bristle-like growth on a plant.

On the seeds of grasses such as barley or rye, they form foxtails which assist seed dispersal by being barbed and so sticking to passing animals.  Also, the awns may twist or curl as they are wetted and dry out and this action can make fallen seeds walk until they fall into a crevice into which they then burrow.

Besides grasses, other families of plants which have awns include Asteraceae such as sunflowers and Geraniaceae such as geraniums.  In the latter, the awns help disperse the seeds by developing a tension which then catapults the seeds when the seed head ripens and dries out.
Vinberg Nature Reserve
56°56′31″N 12°32′51″E﻿ / ﻿56.941941°N 12.547495°E﻿ / 56.941941; 12.547495
Vinberg Nature Reserve (Swedish: 'Vinbergs naturreservat, Vinberg') is a municipal nature reserve in Falkenberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, of area 14.02ha. It was established by the municipality in 2003 and managed by it. NUTS code: SE231.

The reserve is located just south of Vinberg locality. Vinån rivulet (tributary of Ätran) flows across the reserve.

Urban areas in Sweden
An urban area or tätort (lit. 'dense locality') in Sweden has a minimum of 200 inhabitants and may be a city, town or larger village. It is a purely statistical concept, not defined by any municipal or county boundaries. Larger urban areas synonymous with cities or towns (Swedish: stad for both terms) for statistical purposes have a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The same statistical definition is also used for urban areas in the other Nordic countries.

In 2018, there were nearly two thousand urban areas in Sweden, which were inhabited by 87% of the Swedish population.

Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort. The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however, "locality" (Swedish: ort). It could be compared with "census-designated places" in the United States.
Alikdjuak Island
Alikdjuak Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Davis Strait, southeast of Baffin Island's Cumberland Peninsula and north of Auyuittuq National Park Reserve. Other islands in the immediate vicinity include Idjuniving Island, Kekerturnak Island, Manitung Island, Nedlukseak Island, and Nunatsiaq Island.

Cumberland Peninsula
Cumberland Peninsula is a peninsula in the southeastern part of Baffin Island in Nunavut, Canada. It is located between 64°56' and 67°57' north latitude, and 61°56' to 68° west longitude. The Arctic Circle crosses the peninsula, with the Labrador Sea to the southeast, and the Davis Strait to the east, which lies between the peninsula and Greenland. The Cumberland Sound lies to the southwest, separating the Cumberland Peninsula from the Hall Peninsula, which is also part of Baffin Island.

The Cumberland Peninsula is part of the Arctic Tundra biome—the world's coldest and driest biome—as is the rest of Baffin Island. The terrain is mountainous, and Mt. Odin, near the Arctic Circle, rises 7,044 ft (2,147 m).

The peninsula is home to Pangnirtung, which lies on the southwest coast, and the Auyuittuq National Park.
Peam Ro District
Peam Ro (Khmer: ស្រុកពាមរក៏, pronounced [piəm.rɔː]) is a district located in Prey Veng Province, in south eastern Cambodia.

Peam Ro district is a district located in Prey Veng province, in south eastern Cambodia. It is bordered with Peam Chor and Preah Sdach districts to the south, Ba Phnum and Svay Antor districts to the east, and Krong Prey Veng and Kampong Leav to the north. Mekong River stretches along the border between PMR and LDK dividing the area into two different districts. Most communes in this low land district are clustered along the banks of the river, and therefore boats are an important form of transport during rainy season. PMR is subdivided into 8 (eight) communes further subdivided into 41 villages. The district covers 20,390 ha: 14,300 ha for cultivation, 2,846 ha for construction, 798 ha flooded forest, and 2,446 ha of other land.

Prey Veng province
Prey Veng (Khmer: ព្រៃវែង [prɨj.ʋɛːŋ]; lit. 'High Forest') is a province (khaet) of Cambodia. The capital is Prey Veng. With a population of 1.1 million people, it is the third most populous province.

This densely populated agricultural region is located on the east bank of the Mekong. The name literally means "long forest" in khmer, but the last great forests have gradually disappeared there over 30-year to provide for agricultural land.
FC Inter Dobrich
Inter Dobrich (Bulgarian: Интер Добрич) is a Bulgarian football club from Dobrich, formed in 2013, which currently competes in Bulgaria's fourth division, the Dobrich Regional Football Group–East. Inter plays its home matches at the Druzhba Stadium, training ground, in Dobrich.

Regional Amateur Football Groups (Bulgaria)
The Bulgarian Regional Amateur Football Groups (Bulgarian: Областни Аматьорски Футболни Групи, romanized: Oblastni Amat'orski Futbolni Grupi) are the 4th and 5th level of the Bulgarian football league system. There are 41 groups called A Regional Football Groups and 19 B Regional Football Groups. Teams from B RFG are promoted to A RFG and A RFG teams are promoted to Third League.
Heighway
Heighway is a surname. Notable persons with the surname include:

Carolyn M. Heighway (born 1943), British archeologist

Freida Ruth Heighway, (1907–1963), Australian obstetrician and gynaecologist

Geoffrey Heighway, inventor of the micromodel concept

Richard Heighway (1832–1917), British illustrator

Steve Heighway (born 1947), Irish footballer

Victoria Heighway (born 1980), New Zealand rugby union player

Freida Ruth Heighway
Freida Ruth Heighway (1907–1963) was an Australian obstetrician and gynaecologist, the first woman to graduate from Sydney University with a medical degree and the first woman admitted to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
Alfred Barrow Health Centre
Alfred Barrow Health Centre is a primary care health centre in Barrow-in-Furness.

It is housed in a refurbishment of the former Alfred Barrow School with a newly built extension housing the patient-facing services and all clinical spaces.  It was developed by a public private partnership, eLIFT Cumbria, involving Community Health Partnerships. It has a base for the North West Ambulance Service.  The contractor was ESH Construction.  It opened in November 2019 with a celebration event.

It houses three GP surgeries - Abbey Road Surgery, Risedale Surgery, Atkinson Health Centre - and services provided by North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust and University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust as well as facilities for Morecambe Bay CCG, BAE Systems and Boots Pharmacy.

Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust
Lancashire & South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust, known as Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust until October 2019, provides a range of services including secondary mental health care, inpatient child and adolescent mental health services, perinatal mental health and forensic services including low and medium secure care. It also provides a range of physical health and well-being services in the community with partners in the Lancashire and Sefton area. The Trust was first established in 2002 and employs approximately 7,000 staff who provide care from more than 400 sites.
Tim Bajarin
Tim Bajarin is an American technology columnist and a technology consultant. His writing and analysis has been on the forefront of the digital revolution. He was one of the first analysts to cover the personal computer industry and is considered one of the leading experts in the field of technology adoption life cycles. He is president of a technology company called Creative Strategies, located in Campbell, California.

He is a leading columnist for PC Magazine and Time Magazine. He also contributed in some episodes of the Computer Chronicles.

PCMag
PC Magazine (shortened as PCMag) is an American computer magazine published by Ziff Davis. A print edition was published from 1982 to January 2009. Publication of online editions started in late 1994 and continues as of 2026.
Automatic route selection
Automatic route selection is a private branch exchange (PBX) feature that allows a system to route a telephone call over the most appropriate carrier and service offering based on factors such as the type of call (i.e., local, local long distance, etc.), the user's class of service (CoS), the time of day, and the day of the week (e.g., workday, weekend, or holiday).

ARS can be used to route the landline leg of a call through a cellular network, if it offers lower rates. ARS is of greatest value in a liberalized or deregulated telecom environment where there are multiple competing carriers and rate plans available. ARS generally uses a lookup table rather than parsing a hierarchy of dialed telephone numbers and calculating a least cost route.

ARS is also known as Least-cost routing (LCR).

Class of service
Class of service (COS or CoS) is a parameter used in data and voice protocols to differentiate the types of payloads contained in the packet being transmitted. The objective of such differentiation is generally associated with assigning priorities to the data payload or access levels to the telephone call.
Alice Rowland Musukwa
Alice Rowland Musukwa is a Zambian businesswoman, model, and beauty pageant titleholder. In 2010, she won the Miss Universe Zambia competition and was the country's representative at the Miss Universe the same year. She is also the current pageant national director of Miss Universe Zambia and Miss Teen Zambia.

Miss Universe Zambia
Miss Universe Zambia is a beauty pageant to select Zambian women to compete in the Miss Universe pageant. The current President is Tendai Hunda and Zodwa Mkandla designated as the national director of Miss Universe Zambia.
Optibo
Optibo is the product of a collaboration between Swedish firms to solve the housing industry's problem of availability of space caused by high land prices. Optibo's main architect was inspired when he saw the Disney cartoon Mickey's Trailer on TV.

The project has led to the construction of an apartment which is only 25 square meters (270 square feet) in area. The single-room living space has the furniture built into the floor and the room can be changed from a living room to a bedroom, to a dining room, and back. The kitchen area is affixed to the wall and does not change.

Bedroom
A bedroom or bedchamber is a room situated within a residential or accommodation unit, primarily used for sleeping. A typical Western bedroom contains as bedroom furniture one or two beds, a clothes closet, and bedside table and dressing table, both of which usually contain drawers. In dwellings with multiple stories, bedrooms are often on the upper floors. Beds range from a crib for an infant; a single or twin bed for a toddler, child, teenager or single adult; to bigger sizes like a full, double, queen, king or California king). Beds and bedrooms are often devised to create barriers to insects and vermin, especially mosquitoes, and to dampen or contain light or noise to aid sleep and privacy.
HMS Bacchus
Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Bacchus, after the Greco-Roman deity Bacchus:

HMS Bacchus (1806) was a 10-gun Adonis-class schooner built in Bermuda in 1806 and captured in 1807.

HMS Bacchus (1808) was a Dutch 10-gun schooner launched c.1806, that the Royal Navy captured in 1807, took into service in 1808, and broke up in 1812.

HMS Bacchus (1813) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1813 and expended as a breakwater in 1829.

HMS Arethusa was a 46-gun fifth rate launched in 1817, and renamed HMS Bacchus in 1844 upon her conversion into a hulk; she was broken up in 1883.

HMS Bacchus (1808)
HMS Bacchus was a Dutch 10-gun schooner launched c.1806 that the British Royal Navy captured in 1807 and took into service in 1808 under her existing name. She served in several campaigns that earned her crews clasps to the Naval General Service Medal. She was broken up in 1812.
Harun Ateş
Harun Ateş (born 9 March 1968) is a retired Turkish taekwondo practitioner who competed in the finweight (−50 kg) category. He achieved notable success at both world and European championships during the late 1980s and early 1990s. He competed in the men's finweight at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Taekwondo at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.  It was the first time that the sport was included in the Olympic program; it would become an official sport twelve years later at the 2000 Games.  A total of 120 men and 62 women from 35 nations competed in eight weight classes.  Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner.  Competition was held at the Changchung Gymnasium from September 17 to 20.  Fighters from the host nation of South Korea won nine of the sixteen events.
Are You Homeless?
Are You Homeless? is an EP from The Jimi Homeless Experience.  It contains seven tracks of parody songs written by Jon Kinyon, each one lampooning a well known Jimi Hendrix hit.  The CD was officially released on August 23, 2007, the 40th anniversary of The Jimi Hendrix Experience's first LP, Are You Experienced.  The album cover itself is a parody of this influential album.

Anniversary
An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded.

Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. There is no definite method for determining the date of establishment of an institution, and it is generally decided within the institution by convention. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a "jubilee".
Need for achievement
Need for achievement is a person's desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills, control, or high standards. The psychometric device designed to measure need-for-achievement, N-Ach, was popularized by the psychologist David McClelland. A need for achievement figures as a secondary or psychogenic need in Henry Murray's system of needs.

Thematic Apperception Test
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed during the 1930s by Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan at Harvard University. Proponents of the technique assert that subjects' responses, in the narratives they make up about ambiguous pictures of people, reveal their underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world. Historically, the test has been among the most widely researched, taught, and used of such techniques.
Kolb Slingshot
The Kolb Slingshot is an American tandem two seat, high wing, strut-braced, pusher configuration, conventional landing gear-equipped ultralight aircraft, that was produced in kit form by New Kolb Aircraft of London, Kentucky and intended for amateur construction.

By mid-2014, the company was no longer offering the model for sale and production had ended.

Conventional landing gear
Conventional landing gear, also known as tailwheel-type landing gear or taildragger, is a type of aircraft undercarriage (landing gear) consisting of two wheeled main gears forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid at the rear end under the tail boom.

Taildraggers are the default undercarriage arrangements of almost all early aircraft up to the first half of the 20th century and the term "conventional" persists for this historical reason, but all modern jet aircraft and most modern propeller fixed-wing aircraft use tricycle landing gears instead, which have a single front gear (nose gear) and two aft main gears.
Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative
The Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative (NMI) was an initiative of the Effective Philanthropy Group of the Hewlett Foundation launched in 2006. Its closure was announced in the Chronicle of Philanthropy in April 2014.

Candid (organization)
Candid is an information service specializing in reporting on U.S. nonprofit companies. In 2016, its database provided information on 2.5 million organizations. It is the product of the February 2019 merger of GuideStar with Foundation Center.

The organization maintains comprehensive databases on grantmakers and their grants; issues a wide variety of print, electronic, and online information resources; conducts and publishes research on trends in foundation growth, giving, and practice; and offers education and training programs.
Babergh Hundred
Babergh was a hundred of Suffolk, consisting of 71,882 acres (290.90 km2). Its name survives in that of Babergh District, the local government district of southern Suffolk that includes the former hundred as well as those of Cosford and Samford.

It consisted of the land to the north, east and south-east of Sudbury, the hundred's largest town, and its southern boundary forms the border with Essex. The majority of the land is rural.

It was listed as Baberga in the Domesday Book of 1086, and the name is believed to mean "Mound of a man called Babba".

The name derives from Babergh Heath, an area of land around the villages of Great and Little Waldingfield. The village of Great Waldingfield is home to Babergh Hall, the ancient meeting place of the hundred.

Little Waldingfield
Little Waldingfield is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, England. Located two miles from its sister village, Great Waldingfield, it is part of the Babergh district, and includes the hamlet of Humble Green. In 2021 its population was 364.

Around half the village is a designated conservation area, and the parish also contains part of the Milden Thicks SSSI and two of the sources of the River Box.

Robert Branford, thought to be the first black Metropolitan Police officer, died in 1869 and is buried in the parish churchyard.
Attagenus
Attagenus is a genus of beetles. This genus is found in tropical Africa, the Palearctic including Europe, the Near East, the Nearctic, North Africa and East Asia. There are nearly 200 species. The genus has existed for at least 99 million years, with fossils known from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber and Turonian aged New Jersey amber.

Species include:

Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The amber is of significant palaeontological interest due to the diversity of flora and fauna contained as inclusions, particularly arthropods including insects and arachnids but also birds, lizards, snakes, frogs and fragmentary dinosaur remains. The amber has been known and commercially exploited since the first century AD, and has been known to science since the mid-nineteenth century. Research on the deposit has attracted controversy due to the potential role of the amber trade in funding internal conflict in Myanmar and hazardous working conditions in the mines where it is collected.
Fredrik Nyman
Fredrik Emanuel Nyman (born 7 February 1995) is a Swedish curler.

He is a 2024 Swedish men's champion, a 2023 Swedish mixed champion and three-time Swedish junior men's champion (2014, 2015, 2016). He has competed in four World Junior Championships and two Winter Universiades.

At the World Junior Championships 2016 he received the Sportsmanship Award.

Swedish Mixed Curling Championship
The Swedish Mixed Curling Championship (Swedish: Svenska mästerskap i curling för mixed, SM lag mixed) is the national championship of mixed curling (two men and two women) in Sweden. It has been held annually since 1968.
Christianity in the 13th century
The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) imperial church headed by Constantinople continued to assert its universal authority. By the 13th century this assertion was becoming increasingly irrelevant as the Eastern Roman Empire shrank and the Ottoman Turks took over most of what was left of the Byzantine Empire (indirectly aided by invasions from the West). The other Eastern European churches in communion with Constantinople were not part of its empire and were increasingly acting independently, achieving autocephalous status and only nominally acknowledging Constantinople's standing in the Church hierarchy. In Western Europe the Holy Roman Empire fragmented making it less of an empire as well.

Mechthild of Magdeburg
Mechthild (or Mechtild, Matilda, Matelda) of Magdeburg (c. 1207 – c. 1282/1294), a Beguine, was a Catholic Christian mystic of the Middle Ages whose book, Das fließende Licht der Gottheit ("The Flowing Light of Divinity"), is a compendium of visions, prayers, dialogues and mystical accounts. She was the first mystic to write in Low German.
Kanbara, Shizuoka
Kanbara (蒲原町, Kanbara-chō) was a town located in Ihara District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of March 1, 2006, the town had an estimated population of 12,777 and a density of 870 persons per km2. The total area was 14.69 km2.

On March 31, 2006, Kanbara was merged into the Shimizu-ku Ward of the expanded city of Shizuoka and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

During the Edo period, Kanbara developed as Kanbara-juku, a post station on the Tōkaidō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto. From the Meiji period onward, Kanbara became an industrial town in Shizuoka Prefecture, with aluminum smelters from Nippon Light Metals Company predominating until been closed in 2014. It was the last remaining aluminum smelter in Japan, having survived on cheap hydro-electric power after all other smelters in Japan were closed in 1975-1987 period.

The town was served by Kambara Station on the Tōkaidō Main Line railway and by an interchange on the Tōmei Expressway.

Shukuba
Shukuba (宿場) were staging post stations during the Edo period in Japan, generally located on one of the Edo Five Routes or one of its sub-routes. They were also called shuku-eki (宿駅). These stage stations, or "stage station towns (宿場町, shukuba-machi)" developed around them, were places where travelers could rest on their journey around the nation. They were created based on policies for the transportation of goods by horseback that were developed during the Nara and Heian periods.