hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Generality of algebra
In the history of mathematics, the generality of algebra was a phrase used by Augustin-Louis Cauchy to describe a method of argument that was used in the 18th century by mathematicians such as Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, particularly in manipulating infinite series. According to Koetsier, the generality of algebra principle assumed, roughly, that the algebraic rules that hold for a certain class of expressions can be extended to hold more generally on a larger class of objects, even if the rules are no longer obviously valid.  As a consequence, 18th century mathematicians believed that they could derive meaningful results by applying the usual rules of algebra and calculus that hold for finite expansions even when manipulating infinite expansions.

In works such as Cours d'Analyse, Cauchy rejected the use of "generality of algebra" methods and sought a more rigorous foundation for mathematical analysis.

Rigour
Rigour (British English) or rigor (American English; see spelling differences) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness. These constraints may be environmentally imposed, such as "the rigours of famine"; logically imposed, such as mathematical proofs which must maintain consistent answers; or socially imposed, such as the process of defining ethics and law.
Oldsmobile Cruiser
The Oldsmobile vehicle company used the Cruiser name on three of their station wagons:

Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, a full-size station wagon (1971-1992)

Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser, a mid-size station wagon; replaced the Vista Cruiser (1978-1996)

Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser, a mid-size station wagon (1964-1977)

Full-size car
Full-size car, also known as large car, is a vehicle size class which originated in the United States and is used for cars larger than mid-size cars. It is the largest size class for cars. In the United Kingdom, this class is referred to as the executive car, while in Europe, it is known as E-segment or F-segment.
2021 in Myanmar
2021 (MMXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2021st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 21st  year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the  2nd   year of the 2020s decade.

Year 2021 is a major year in Myanmar, particularly after the February 1 coup d'état. As hundreds of thousands of Myanmar citizens held major protests across Myanmar, the military junta cracked down on protesters. These crackdowns later turned violent and caused the deaths of more than 700 people across Myanmar. The aftermath of the coup caused a severe deterioration on the security and condition of the country, with United Nations describing it as "near civil war-like".

3rd millennium
The third millennium of the Anno Domini or Common Era is the current millennium spanning the years 2001 to 3000. It began on January 1, 2001 (MMI) and will end on December 31, 3000 (MMM), (21st to 30th centuries; in astronomy: JD 2451910.5 – 2817151.5).

Ongoing futures studies seek to understand what will likely continue and what could plausibly change in this period and beyond.
Tom Findlay (cricketer)
Thomas Alexander Findlay (22 March 1918 – 27 June 2005) was a Scottish first-class cricketer.

Findlay was born in March 1918 at Rubislaw, Aberdeenshire. He was educated at Robert Gordon's College. A club cricketer for Aberdeenshire, Findlay made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Scotland against Ireland at Cork in 1947. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed without scoring by James Boucher in the Scotland first innings, while in their second innings he was dismissed for 19 runs by Sonny Hool. Outside of cricket, he was employed by the Clydesdale and North of Scotland Bank. Findlay died at Perth in June 2005. His brother, Francis, was also a first-class cricketer.

Rubislaw
Rubislaw is an area of Aberdeen, Scotland. It is located in the area between Queen's Road and King's Gate, including Rubislaw Den North and South. It is close to Rubislaw Quarry and the Rubislaw Playing Fields used by Aberdeen Grammar School.
The buildings of the area are primarily Victorian or 1930s.

Before becoming a suburb of the city, Rubislaw was a landed estate belonging to the Skene family. Their seat, Rubislaw House, stood on what is now Queen's Road and was of 17th century date. It was demolished in 1886 and succeeded by an elaborate Gothic Revival villa of the same name.
WGAD
WGAD (930 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Rainbow City, Alabama, United States. It operates at 930 kilohertz, with a daytime power of 5,000 watts non-directional, and 500 watts directional at night. Established in 1951, the station is currently owned by Jeff Beck and the broadcast license is held by Gadsden Radio Media, LLC.

Rainbow City, Alabama
Rainbow City is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated in 1950. As of the 2020 census, Rainbow City had a population of 10,191. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Fred Thiel
Fred Thiel (born 1960) is an American business executive and the CEO of Thiel Advisors and cryptocurrency mining company MARA Holdings. Thiel is the former CEO of GameSpy, Local Corporation, and Lantronix.

Thiel serves as past chairman of the board of the Young Presidents' Organization's technology network and is chairman of the Fintech subnetwork. He also serves on the boards of several other companies including Oden Technologies, OptConnect, Gatekeeper Systems, and Sequent Software.

Business executive
A business executive is a person responsible for running an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization.

Executives run companies or government agencies. They create plans to help their organizations grow. Becoming an executive usually takes years of promotions and hard work since the qualifications of this role needs hard working individuals with years of experience in multiple facets of the business.
Carolin Schäfer
Carolin Schäfer (born 5 December 1991) is a German athlete who specialises in the heptathlon. She won the silver medal in the event at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics. Schäfer took bronze at the 2018 European Athletics Championships.

At the age of 15, she won the silver medal at the 2007 World Youth Championships. She was the heptathlon 2008 World junior and 2009 European junior champion. Schäfer represented Germany at the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympics, where she finished fifth and seventh respectively.

2017 World Championships in Athletics
The 2017 IAAF World Championships, the sixteenth edition of the IAAF World Championships, were held from 4 to 13 August at London Stadium in London, United Kingdom. London was officially awarded the championships on 11 November 2011.
Electoral district of Albert Park
The electoral district of Albert Park is one of the electoral districts of Victoria, Australia, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It covers an area of 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi) in inner suburban Melbourne, and includes the suburbs of Albert Park, Middle Park, Port Melbourne, St Kilda West, Southbank, South Melbourne, South Wharf, and parts of St Kilda. It lies within the Southern Metropolitan Region of the upper house, the Legislative Council.

It was first proclaimed in 1889, and has been held by the Labor Party without interruption since the 1950 election.

John Thwaites was the member from 1992 to 2007, serving as deputy leader of Victorian Labor from 1996 to 2007 and as Deputy Premier of Victoria from 1999 to 2007. He and Premier Steve Bracks, the member for neighbouring Williamstown, both resigned on 30 July 2007.  A by-election was held on 15 September 2007, which resulted in Martin Foley retaining the seat for Labor.

St Kilda West
St Kilda West is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 5 km south of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Port Phillip local government area. St Kilda West recorded a population of 2,951 at the 2021 census.

St Kilda West is bounded by Albert Park and Canterbury Road in the north-east and south-east, West Beach Road, Scoops Lane and Beaconsfield Parade in the south-west, Port Phillip Bay in the west, and Fraser Street in the north and north-west. Fraser Street was the western boundary of the former City of St Kilda, now part of the City of Port Phillip.

It is an almost exclusively residential area characterised by a mix of Victorian terraces, modest Edwardian villas, interwar and post war walk-up flats, as well as some 1960s-70s hi-rise towers facing Port Phillip bay. The suburb's community and commercial facilities (including schools and shops) are located in nearby suburbs, and it is well served by public transport.
GNOME Display Manager
GNOME Display Manager (GDM) is a graphical login manager ("display manager") for the windowing systems X11 and Wayland.

The X Window System by default uses the XDM display manager. However, resolving XDM configuration issues typically involves editing a configuration file. GDM allows users to customize or troubleshoot settings without having to resort to a command line. Users can pick their session type on a per-login basis. GDM 2.38.0 is the last version that features customization with themes; subsequent releases do not support themes.

X Window System
The X Window System (X11, or simply X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on Unix-like operating systems. X originated as part of Project Athena at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1984. The X protocol has been at version 11 (hence "X11") since September 1987.  The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, X.Org Server, available as free and open-source software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.
Ribera, Álava
Ribera is a deserted village in the municipality of Valdegovía in Álava, Basque Country, Spain.

In 1802, there were 23 families living in the village. By 1960 there were 9 households remaining, which declined further in 1970 to 5 households. In the 1978 census the village reported no households present, and by the 1981 census the village had been officially depopulated.

The local church, Iglesia de San Estaban de Ribera, has Romanesque architecture and has preserved artwork and features from both the 9th century (mural paintings), and the 13th –16th century also. In 1800 it was part of the Diocese of Burgos.

Archdiocese of Burgos
The Archdiocese of Burgos (Latin: Archidioecesis Burgensis) is  Latin Metropolitan sees of the Catholic Church in Spain.

Its ecclesiastical province includes four suffragan dioceses:

Bilbao

Osma–Soria

Palencia

Vitoria
Magnetomotive force
In physics, the magnetomotive force (abbreviated mmf or MMF, symbol ) is a quantity appearing in the equation for the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, Hopkinson's law. It is the property of certain substances or phenomena that give rise to magnetic fields:

where Φ is the magnetic flux and  is the reluctance of the circuit.  It can be seen that the magnetomotive force plays a role in this equation analogous to the voltage V in Ohm's law, V = IR, since it is the cause of magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit:

where N is the number of turns in a coil and I is the electric current through the coil.

where Φ is the magnetic flux and  is the magnetic reluctance

where H is the magnetizing force (the strength of the magnetizing field) and L is the mean length of a solenoid or the circumference of a toroid.

Toroid
In mathematics, a toroid is a surface of revolution with a hole in the middle. The axis of revolution passes through the hole and so does not intersect the surface. For example, when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to one of its edges, then a hollow rectangle-section ring is produced. If the revolved figure is a circle, then the object is called a torus.

The term toroid is also used to describe a toroidal polyhedron. In this context a toroid need not be circular and may have any number of holes. A g-holed toroid can be seen as approximating the surface of a torus having a topological genus, g, of 1 or greater. The Euler characteristic χ of a g holed toroid is 2(1−g).

The torus is an example of a toroid, which is the surface of a doughnut. Doughnuts are an example of a solid torus created by rotating a disk, and are not toroids.

Toroidal structures occur in both natural and synthetic materials.
Culcheth High School
Culcheth High School is a community school for students aged 11–16, located in Warrington, Cheshire. It serves many of the surrounding areas with a student base of over 1,000 students. In 2010, it opened a new £28,000,000 campus, combining the High School and Community Campus in one building.

Community school (England and Wales)
A community school in England and Wales is a type of state-funded school in which the local education authority employs the school's staff, is responsible for the school's admissions and owns the school's estate. The formal use of this name to describe a school derives from the School Standards and Framework Act 1998.
Roslyn, Palmerston North
Roslyn is a suburb in the city of Palmerston North, Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand.

It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north-east of the central city and bounded on the north by the North Island Main Trunk Railway (Milson), on the east by Palmerston North-Gisborne Railway (Kelvin Grove), the south by Main Street East (Terrace End) and the west by Ruahine Street (Palmerston North Hospital Area). Roslyn is also located 2.1 km SE from Palmerston North International Airport.

The suburb is predominantly residential and at the 2018 Census it had a population of 2,364.

Manawatū–Whanganui
Manawatū-Whanganui ([manawaˈtʉː ˈˀwaŋanʉi]; spelled Manawatu-Wanganui prior to 2019) is a region in the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand, whose main population centres are the cities of Palmerston North and Whanganui. It is administered by the Manawatū-Whanganui Regional Council, which operates under the name Horizons Regional Council. The region covers over 22,000 square kilometres (13,670.166 mi), making it the sixth largest region by area in the country and is home to 261,100 residents.
Dalton Gates
Dalton Gates is a hamlet in the county of North Yorkshire, England.

The hamlet was built up around the now disused railway station that formed part of the disbanded Richmond Line. The station building is now a residential property.

The placename Dalton comes from Old English and means settlement in the dale; here it refers to the nearby Dalton-on-Tees and Gates refers to the gates that were used on the railway level crossing. There is evidence that prior to the arrival of the railway the area was known as Straggleton.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Richmondshire, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Dalton Gates is now served by the number 72 bus between Darlington and Northallerton.

Croft Circuit is situated about 0.5 miles (0.8 km) from Dalton Gates; it is one of the most important motor racing venues in the UK.

Paddock Farm Water Gardens is situated in Dalton Gates.

Croft Circuit
Croft Circuit is a motor racing circuit located near Dalton-on-Tees in North Yorkshire, England. The tarmac circuit is 2.127 mi (3.423 km) long and is based on the lands of an airfield, but has long since moved on from being a basic airfield circuit. The circuit holds meetings of the British Touring Car Championship, British Rallycross and Pickup Truck Racing race series.
Grobiņa Castle
Grobiņa Castle is a medieval castle located in the town of Grobiņa, in South Kurzeme Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The ancient Curonian castle hill (Skābāržu kalns) is located only 100 m from the castle. It is supposed to be the famous Seeburg, which is mentioned in Scandinavian sources as early as the 9th century.

Curonians
The Kursenieki are also sometimes known as Curonians.

The Curonians (Latvian: kurši; Lithuanian: kuršiai)  or Kurs (obsolete) were a medieval Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in the 5th–16th centuries, in what are now western parts of Latvia and Lithuania. They eventually merged with other Baltic tribes contributing to the ethnogenesis of present-day Latvians and Lithuanians.  Curonians gave their name to the region of Courland (Kurzeme), Kuršėnai town, Curonian spit and many other localities. They spoke the Curonian language.
Doing Hard Time
Doing Hard Time is a 2004 crime drama film starring Boris Kodjoe, Michael K. Williams, Steven Bauer, David Banks, and Giancarlo Esposito. Michael (Boris Kodjoe) was a good man and a loving father, until one day, his seven-year-old son was caught in the crossfire of a drug deal gone bad. Michael's mourning becomes outrage when his child's killers get only a slap on the wrist for drug possession.

He launches a crusade of vengeance, getting arrested himself so that he can go behind bars and deal out his own brand of justice to the two shooters. But in a place where there are no rules, revenge will no longer be Michael's only concern.

William L. Johnson
William L. Johnson is an American actor and musician who has held starring and prominent roles in many theatrically released projects, including Blue Hill Avenue, Motives 1, Motives 2, Mannsfield 12, Crossover, Doing Hard Time and Tears of a Clown.

Johnson has also acted in several independent short films and features. He also performed in Showtime's A Spider's Web with Stephen Baldwin and Carrie Weir.

As a musician, Johnson has released an album under the persona of "Brotha Bill" called "BrothaBill- Underground Funky Street Soul Brotha".  The music falls under the Neo soul, R&B and funk categories.

Soon after graduation from Emerson Visual and Performing Arts High School, he formed a group "Black to Black", supported by manager Jimmy Newton. In 1999, Johnson and producer/engineer Booker T. Jones conceived "BaldHeadDread", which garnered significant exposure when they scored the movie soundtrack for Ragdoll.
Ankarinarivo Manirisoa
Ankarinarivo Manirisoa is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Fianarantsoa II, which is a part of Haute Matsiatra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 8,000 according to a 2001 commune census.

Only primary schooling is available. The majority 99.5% of the population of the commune are farmers.  The most important crops are rice and grapes, while other important agricultural products are pineapple and cassava. Services provide employment for 0.5% of the population.

Haute Matsiatra
Haute Matsiatra (in Malagasy: Matsiatra Ambony) is a region in Madagascar. It borders Amoron'i Mania region in north, Vatovavy-Fitovinany in east, Ihorombe in south and Atsimo-Andrefana in west. The capital of the region is Fianarantsoa, and the population was 1,447,296 in 2018. The area is 21,080 km2 (8,139 sq mi).
Cholestenol Delta-isomerase
In enzymology, a cholestenol Δ-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol  5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol

Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol, and one product, 5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol.

This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductases transposing C=C bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is Delta7-cholestenol Delta7-Delta8-isomerase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of steroids.

Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Examples include the lipid cholesterol, sex hormones estradiol and testosterone,: 10–19  anabolic steroids, and the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug dexamethasone. Hundreds of steroids are found in fungi, plants, and animals. All steroids are manufactured in cells from a sterol: cholesterol (animals), lanosterol (opisthokonts), or cycloartenol (plants). All three of these molecules are produced via cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
Government College of Art & Craft
The Government College of Art & Craft (GCAC) in Kolkata is one of the oldest Art colleges in India. It was founded on 16 August 1854 at Garanhata, Chitpur, "with the purpose of establishing an institution for teaching the youth of all classes, industrial art based on scientific methods." as the School of Industrial Art. The institute was later renamed as the Government School of Art and in 1951 it became the Government College of Art & Craft.

Chitpur
Chitpur (or Chitpore) is a neighbourhood in North Kolkata in Kolkata district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Sometimes, the entire area along Chitpur Road is referred to as Chitpur, although the various localities have distinctive names.
Komal Kumar
Komal Kumar (born 4 July 1973), known mononymously as Komal, is an Indian actor and film producer known for his work in Kannada cinema. He made his acting debut with Super Nan Maga in 1992. Since his debut, Komal has acted in over 100 films, initially in comedic roles as a supporting actor before playing lead roles. He is the younger brother of actor Jaggesh, with whom he has frequently collaborated professionally.

Komal has won Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film Thavarige Baa Thangi in 2003 and won the South Filmfare Award for his performance in Neenello Naanalle in 2006.

Neenello Naanalle
Neenello Nanalle (transl. I am where you are) is 2006 Indian Kannada-language romance film directed by Dinesh Babu, and is a remake of the 2005 Telugu film Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana. It stars Vishnuvardhan, Aniruddh and Rakshita in pivotal roles. Anant Nag, Srinivasa Murthy, Ramakrishna and Chitra Shenoy feature in supporting roles. The title of the film comes from a track of the same name of the 1982 Kannada film Chalisuva Modagalu starring Rajkumar. This movie was the 2500th Kannada movie to be released.

The film tells the story of an NRI on returning to India falls in love with a village girl and how he goes about winning over her and her overprotective farmer brother. The plot of the film also drew comparisons to the Bollywood films, Maine Pyar Kiya (1989) and Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998). Upon theatrical release, the film was received well by critics, who mainly praised the performances. The film was a box office success.
Viridothelium solomonense
Viridothelium solomonense is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling)  crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It was described as new to science in 2016 by André Aptroot from material collected in the Solomon Islands.

Ostiole
An ostiole is a small hole or opening through which algae or fungi release their mature spores.

The word is a  diminutive of "ostium", "opening".

The term is also used in higher plants, for example to denote the opening of the involuted  syconium (fig inflorescence) through which fig wasps enter to pollinate and breed.
The species pharamacosycea have an arrangement  interlocking pattern but there is an exception because of insipdia because it is partly cover the ostiole. On the adaxial side of the bracts is made out of cubic cells, that has a staining reactions and contain phenolic compounds.

Sometimes a stomatal aperture is called an "ostiole".
Upper Hay River 212
Upper Hay River 212 is an Indian reserve of the Dene Tha' First Nation in Alberta, located within Mackenzie County. It is 80 kilometres northwest of High Level. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 294 living in 98 of its 115 total private dwellings.

Mackenzie County
Mackenzie County is a specialized municipality in northern Alberta, Canada. It is located in Census Division 17, along the Mackenzie Highway. The municipal office is located in the hamlet of Fort Vermilion.