hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maronesa
The Maronesa is a traditional Portuguese breed of mountain cattle. Its name derives from that of the Serra do Marão, which lies in the Trás-os-Montes and Douro Litoral regions in the northern part of the country. Its primary use is for draught power.

Breed registry
A breed registry, also known as a herdbook, studbook or register, in animal husbandry, the hobby of animal fancy, is an official list of animals within a specific breed whose parents are known. Animals are usually registered by their breeders while they are young. The terms studbook and register are also used to refer to lists of male animals "standing at stud", that is, those animals actively breeding, as opposed to every known specimen of that breed. Such registries usually issue certificates for each recorded animal, called a pedigree, pedigreed animal documentation, or most commonly, an animal's "papers". Registration papers may consist of a simple certificate or a listing of ancestors in the animal's background, sometimes with a chart showing the lineage.
Juana Maria
Juana Maria (died October 19, 1853), better known to history as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island (her birth name is unknown), was the last surviving member of her tribe, the Nicoleño. She lived alone on San Nicolas Island off the coast of Alta California from 1835 until her removal from the island in 1853. Scott O'Dell's award-winning children's novel Island of the Blue Dolphins (1960) was inspired by her story. She was the last native speaker of the Nicoleño language.

Chumash people
The Chumash are a Native American people of the central and southern coastal regions of California, in portions of what is now Kern, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles counties, extending from Morro Bay in the north to Malibu in the south to Mount Pinos in the east. Their territory includes three of the Channel Islands: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel; the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source.

Modern place names with Chumash origins include Malibu, Nipomo, Lompoc, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, Piru, Lake Castaic, Saticoy, Simi Valley, and Somis. Archaeological research shows that the Chumash people have deep roots in the Santa Barbara Channel area and have lived along the southern California coast for millennia.
Ryan Izzo
Ryan Anthony Izzo (born December 21, 1995) is an American professional football tight end. He played college football at Florida State, and was selected by the New England Patriots in the 2018 NFL draft.

United Football League (2024–present)
The United Football League (UFL) is a professional American football spring league in the United States. The league was created following the merger of the latest iterations of the XFL and United States Football League (USFL); it started play in March 2024. It comprises eight teams, five of which were members of the XFL or USFL prior to the UFL's creation, and all concentrated in the Midwest and Southern United States.
Kedahan Malays
Kedahan Malays (Malay: Melayu Kedah, Jawi: ملايو ﻗﺪﺡ‎) or commonly known as Orang Utara ('Northerners'), are a sub-group of Malays native to northern Malay Peninsula in areas of both current and historical area of Kedah (which is now divided into the modern states of Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar). They are among the oldest ethnic groups in the Malay Peninsula with a history dating back 2,800 years as proven by the discovery of sites in Bujang Valley and historical documents from India, China and Arabia. Kedahan Malays are one of the largest Malay sub-groups in Malaysia, comprising at least 15% of the total Malaysian Malay population, including those with Kedahan ancestry.

Lord President of the Supreme Court
The title of Lord President of the Supreme Court was formerly the title of the head of the judiciary in Malaysia, until 1994 when the office was renamed "Chief Justice of the Federal Court".

The lord president was head of the highest court in Malaysia after the abolition of appeals from Malaysia to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1985. Below him were the chief justices of the High Courts of Malaya and Borneo (and, until 1969, Singapore: see Law of Singapore).
OSA Seattle FC
OSA Seattle FC, formerly FC Tacoma 253, is an American association football (soccer) club based in the Seattle metro area. The team plays within the Northwest Conference of the National Premier Soccer League, a national league generally considered the fourth-tier of the American Soccer Pyramid.

It is affiliated with a women's team, OSA XF (formerly AC Seattle), which competes in the semi-professional Women's Premier Soccer League. Both are run by OSA Soccer Academy, LLC.

2015 NPSL season
The 2015 NPSL  season was the 103rd season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer in the United States, and the 13th season of the National Premier Soccer League. Sixty eight clubs competed in the semi-professional soccer leagues.
Battle of Marseille–Nice (1451)
The Battle of Marseille–Nice (1451) were two naval actions fought between a Portuguese fleet against Pirates in December 1451 off Marseille and near Nice, during the voyage escorting Princess Eleanor of Portugal to Italy.

Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress
Eleanor of Portugal (Portuguese: Leonor; 18 September 1434 – 3 September 1467) was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire. A Portuguese infanta (princess), daughter of King Edward of Portugal and Eleanor of Aragon, she was the consort of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III and the mother of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I.
Best SF: 1968
Best SF: 1968 (also known as Best Science Fiction 1968 or The Year's Best Science Fiction No. 2) is the second in the Best SF series edited by Harry Harrison and Brian W. Aldiss, first published in a British edition in January 1969 by Sphere Books. The first American (and first hardcover) edition was released later that year by Putnam, with a Berkley paperback following shortly thereafter. Severn House issued a British hardcover edition in 1977.

Robert Sheckley
Robert Sheckley (July 16, 1928 – December 9, 2005) was an American writer. First published in the science-fiction magazines of the 1950s, his many quick-witted stories and novels were famously unpredictable, absurdist, and broadly comical.

Nominated for Hugo and Nebula Awards, Sheckley was named Author Emeritus by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America in 2001.
Elbert Watson
Elbert Minor Watson (18 May 1912 – 22 October 1967) was an American politician.

Elbert Watson was born on 18 May 1912 in Ringgold County, Iowa, and attended schools in Diagonal. He pursued further study at Creston Junior College, Simpson College, and the University of Iowa. Outside of politics, Watson was a banker and insurance agent. He was a member of the local and county boards of education prior to election to the state legislature. Watson was elected to the Iowa House of Representatives as a Republican for District 7 in November 1966, and served from 9 January 1967 to his death on 22 October 1967.

Iowa House of Representatives
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa House of Representatives is the lower house of the Iowa General Assembly, the upper house being the Iowa Senate. There are 100 seats in the Iowa House of Representatives, representing 100 single-member districts across the state, formed by dividing the 50 Senate districts in half. Each district has a population of approximately 30,464 as of the 2010 United States census. The House of Representatives meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the upper house, the Iowa Senate, state House representatives serve two-year terms with the whole chamber up for re-election in even-numbered years. There are no term limits for the House.
Jérémy Corinus
Jérémy Jimmy Théophile Corinus (born 16 March 1997) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender Thai League 1 club Ratchaburi. Born in metropolitan France, he plays for the Martinique national team.

Thai League 1
The Thai League (Thai: ไทยลีก, pronounced as ไท-หลีก) or Thai League 1 (Thai: ไทยลีก 1, pronounced as ไท-หลีก-หนึ่ง), often referred to as T1, is the highest level of the Thai football league system. Contested by 16 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Thai League 2. Seasons typically run from August to May, with each team playing 30 games: two against each other team, one home and one away. It is sponsored by BYD Auto and therefore officially known as the BYD Sealion 6 League I. In the Thai League, most games are played on Saturday and Sunday evenings, occasionally being played on Wednesday and Friday evening fixtures.
Arthur Groos
Arthur B. Groos (born 5 February 1943 in Fullerton, California) is an American philologist, musicologist, medievalist and Germanist.

Groos began teaching at Cornell University in 1973, held the Avalon Foundation Professorship in Humanities, and was granted emeritus status upon retirement. He was co-editor of the Cambridge Opera Journal alongside Roger Parker. A Festschrift was published in Groos's honor in 2020.

German studies
German studies is an academic field that researches, documents and disseminates German language, literature, and culture in its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies therefore often focus on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Approaches to the discipline vary by country. Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics alongside Germanophone literature and cultural studies.

Common names for "German Studies" for the field within German-speaking countries are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology. Academics who specialize in German studies are referred to as Germanists.
Stephen Donaldson (activist)
Stephen Donaldson (July 27, 1946 – July 18, 1996), born Robert Anthony Martin Jr. and also known by the pseudonym Donny the Punk, was an American bisexual rights activist, and political activist. He is best known for his pioneering activism in LGBT rights and prison reform, and for his writing about punk rock and subculture.

At Columbia University, he founded the first LGBT college group in the United States, called the Student Homophile League (SHL) (now the Columbia Queer Alliance).

He coined the term "protective pairing".

Prison reform
Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, improve the effectiveness of a penal system, reduce recidivism or implement alternatives to incarceration. It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are impacted by crimes.

In modern times, the idea of making living spaces safe and clean has extended from the civilian population to include prisons, based on ethical grounds. It is recognized that unsafe and unsanitary prisons violate constitutional prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. In recent times prison reform ideas include greater access to legal counsel and family, conjugal visits, proactive security against violence, and implementing house arrest with assistive technology.
Billy Moore (musician, born 1917)
William Moore Jr. (December 7, 1917, Parkersburg, West Virginia — February 28, 1989, Copenhagen) was an American jazz pianist and arranger.

Moore was chiefly known as an arranger for most of his jazz career, writing charts for Jimmie Lunceford, Charlie Barnet, Jan Savitt, and Tommy Dorsey in the 1940s. He also worked for publishing companies in New York City. In the 1950s, he relocated to France, where he accompanied and wrote for The Peters Sisters from 1953 to 1960. From 1960 to 1963, he worked as an arranger for Berliner Rundfunk and then accompanied the Delta Rhythm Boys on tour. He moved to Copenhagen in the 1970s, where he remained active as an arranger.

Moore and Leonard Feather were friends, and Feather sometimes used Moore's name for songwriting credits.

Tommy Dorsey
Thomas Francis Dorsey Jr. (November 19, 1905 – November 26, 1956) was an American jazz trombonist, composer, conductor and bandleader of the big band era. He was known as the "Sentimental Gentleman of Swing" because of his smooth-toned trombone playing. His theme song was "I'm Getting Sentimental Over You". His technical skill on the trombone gave him renown among other musicians. He was the younger brother of bandleader Jimmy Dorsey. After Dorsey broke with his brother in the mid-1930s, he led an extremely successful band from the late 1930s into the 1950s. He is best remembered for standards such as "Opus One", "This Love of Mine" (no. 3 in 1941) featuring Frank Sinatra on vocals, "Song of India", "Marie", "On Treasure Island", and his biggest hit single, "I'll Never Smile Again" (no. 1 for 12 weeks in 1940).
Michelle Lyons
Michelle Lyons (/ˈlaɪənz/ "lions"; born 1975 or 1976) is an American crime reporter, author and former Public Information Director for the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, best known for witnessing almost 300 executions in Texas.

Shaka Sankofa
Shaka Sankofa (born Gary Lee Graham; September 5, 1963 – June 22, 2000) was a Texas death-row inmate who was sentenced to death at the age of 17 for the murder of 53-year-old Bobby Grant Lambert during a deadly 1981 crime spree in Houston, Texas, that also included at least 10 armed robberies and a rape.

Sankofa was scheduled to be executed five times: once in 1987, three times in 1993 (April, in which Lambert's widow Loretta appealed to Governor Ann Richards to spare Sankofa's life; May and August), and once on January 11, 1999; each time he was given a stay of execution before it was later lifted.

He was executed by lethal injection on June 22, 2000, in Huntsville, Texas.
Joshua Millner
Joshua Kearney Millner (5 July 1847 – 16 November 1931), also referred to as Jerry Millner, was an Irish shooter who represented Great Britain and Ireland at the 1908 Summer Olympics. He won a gold medal in the Free rifle at 1000 yards. At the time, he was 61 years and 4 days old, making him one of the oldest gold medalists ever. He also finished 9th in the single-shot running deer event and 15th in the double-shot running deer event.

Miller was an officer in the 8th (Militia) Battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, formerly the Carlow Rifles. He was appointed a captain on 18 August 1888, was promoted to major in early 1902, and received the honorary rank of lieutenant-colonel on 23 August 1902. Only two months later, he received the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel as he was appointed in command of the battalion on 5 November 1902.

Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed as the host nation of the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.  The British Olympic Association was the National Olympic Committee responsible for organising the United Kingdom's representation. At the time British and Irish athletes competed under the team name "United Kingdom". The British team comprised 676 competitors.

It was the fourth appearance of the country, which has not missed any of the Summer Olympic Games. The country finished in the Olympic table in first place for the first and only time in its history. The Men's field hockey on the 31st of October is the last time that Great Britain swept the medal podium at an Olympics, as of 2022.
Dionicio Morales
Dionicio Morales (1918, Yuma, Arizona – September 24, 2008, Beverly Hospital, Montebello, California) was a Mexican-American civil rights leader and social entrepreneur. Morales was the founder of the Mexican American Opportunity Foundation (MAOF), the largest Mexican American nonprofit in the nation. He spent his life fighting segregation and prejudice in the United States. His abilities to work with corporate and political leaders opened the doors and jobs for thousands of Mexican Americans in the U.S. His relationship with President Lyndon Johnson allowed MOAF to win significant civil rights victories for Mexican Americans. His civil rights activism earned him recognition as “an urban Cesar Chavez” and social entrepreneur. He worked tirelessly inspiring several new generations of Mexican American business and political leaders as he pursued his vision of a U.S.A. where all Latinos have equal educational and workplace opportunities.

Prejudice (legal term)
Prejudice is a legal term with different meanings, which depend on whether it is used in criminal, civil, or common law. In legal context, prejudice differs from the more common use of the word and so the term has specific technical meanings.

Two of the most common applications of the word are as part of the terms with prejudice and without prejudice. In general, an action taken with prejudice is final. For example, dismissal with prejudice forbids a party to refile the case and might occur because the court finds the alleged facts cannot form a valid claim, or due to  misconduct on the part of the party that filed the claim or criminal complaint, or as the result of an out-of-court agreement or settlement. Dismissal without prejudice (Latin: salvis iuribus, lit. 'with preserved rights') allows the party the option to refile and is often a response to procedural or technical problems with the filing that the party may be able to correct by making a new or amended filing.
Lake Jefferson (Minnesota)
Lake Jefferson is a lake in Le Sueur County, Minnesota. The lake covers an area of 1,141 acres (4.62 km2) and is 37 feet (11 m) deep at its deepest point. Fish species enzootic to Lake Jefferson include bluegill, largemouth bass, northern pike, and walleye. While the Geographic Names Information System considers Lake Jefferson to be a single lake, it is sometimes referred to as two lakes, East Jefferson Lake and West Jefferson Lake. There are four sections: lower Jefferson, middle Jefferson, upper Jefferson, and Swedes Bay. The lake drains to German Lake through a connecting culvert, and is part of the Cannon River watershed.

The lake was named for Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States.

Cannon River (Minnesota)
The Cannon River (Dakota: Iŋ'yaŋ Bosdata) is a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows 112 miles (180 km) from Shields Lake near Shieldsville to Red Wing in the U.S. state of Minnesota, where it joins the Mississippi River.  It drains a watershed approximately 1460 square miles (3,780 km²) in size. The river flows through the counties of Le Sueur, Rice, Dakota, and Goodhue.

The Cannon River has few rapids, but some can be difficult (Class II). Some have claimed lives, as has the confluence with the Little Cannon River in Cannon Falls. Canoes traversing the river must portage several dams; the low header dams are more dangerous than they appear to novices. Downed trees and logjams are extreme hazards in high water, as are low bridges. The river varies in width from 50 to 200 feet (15 to 60 m).
Deaths in August 2010
The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2010.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Transitional Federal Parliament of Somalia
The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic (TFP) (Somali: Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya) was the national parliament of Somalia from 2004 until 2012.

In a 2008 report called 'So Much to Fear' Human Rights Watch accused the Transitional Federal Government of human rights abuses and war crimes which include murder, rape, assault, and looting. The report also states that the TFG police force had also been implicated in arbitrary arrests of ordinary civilians in order to extort ransoms from their families. The TFP was succeeded by the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
February 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
February 4 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 6

All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 18  by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For February 5th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the saints listed on January 23.

Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar
The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Passages of Holy Scripture, saints and events for commemoration are associated with each date, as are many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of the week or time of year in relationship to the major feast days.

There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. The moveable feasts are generally relative to Pascha (Easter), and so the cycle of moveable feasts is referred to as the Paschal cycle.
Citation graph
A citation graph (or citation network), in information science and bibliometrics, is a directed graph that describes the citations within a collection of documents.

Each vertex (or node) in the graph represents a document in the collection, and each edge is directed from one document toward another that it cites (or vice versa depending on the specific implementation).

Citation graphs have been utilised in various ways, including forms of citation analysis, academic search tools and court judgements. They are predicted to become more relevant and useful in the future as the body of published research grows.

Judgment (law)
In law, a judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular court order.

Speakers of British English tend to use the term at the appellate level as synonymous with judicial opinion. American English speakers prefer to maintain a clear distinction between the opinion of an appellate court (setting forth reasons for the disposition of an appeal) and the judgment of an appellate court (the pronouncement of the disposition itself).

In Canadian English, the phrase "reasons for judgment" is often used interchangeably with "judgment," although the former refers to the court's justification of its judgment while the latter refers to the final court order regarding the rights and liabilities of the parties.
Frank Rich
Frank Hart Rich Jr. (born June 2, 1949) is an American essayist and liberal op-ed columnist, who held various positions within The New York Times from 1980 to 2011. He has also produced television series and documentaries for HBO.

Rich is currently writer-at-large for New York magazine, where he writes essays on politics and culture and engages in regular dialogues on news of the week for the "Daily Intelligencer". He served as executive producer of the long-running HBO comedy series Veep, having joined the show at its outset in 2011, and of the HBO drama series Succession.

The Harvard Crimson
The Harvard Crimson is the undergraduate student newspaper at Harvard University, an Ivy League university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The newspaper was founded in 1873, and is run entirely by Harvard College undergraduate students. It is the joint-oldest continuously published student newspaper in North America, alongside The Queen's Journal, and the oldest in the United States.