hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Josef Mariä Amstad
Josef Mariä Amstad (25 September 1846 – 14 February 1926) was a Swiss politician, merchant, and entrepreneur from Nidwalden. He served as a member of the Council of States from 1884 to 1894 and was instrumental in establishing the central purchasing organization for Sbrinz cheese merchants in 1885.

Engelberg
Engelberg (lit.: mountain of angel(s)) is a village resort and a municipality in the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland. Alongside the central village of Engelberg, the municipality encompasses additional settlements, including Grafenort, Oberberg and Schwand.

The municipality of Engelberg is an exclave, entirely encircled by the neighboring cantons of Bern, Nidwalden and Uri.

Engelberg is a mountain resort in Central Switzerland. In the Middle Ages, the area garnered recognition for its Benedictine monastery, known as Engelberg Abbey. As time progressed, particularly from the 19th century onwards, Engelberg became a well-known mountain resort. The city of Lucerne serves as the nearest major urban center.

While the official language of Engelberg is German, the predominant spoken language is the local variation of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.
Mr. Boston
Mr. Boston, previously Old Mr. Boston, was a distillery located at 1010 Massachusetts Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts, from 1933 to 1986. It produced its own label of gin, bourbon, rum, and brandies, as well as a few cordials and liqueurs.

Brandy
Brandy is a liquor produced by distilling wine. Brandy generally contains 35–60% alcohol by volume (70–120 US proof) and is typically consumed as an after-dinner digestif. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks. Others are coloured with caramel colouring to imitate the effect of ageing, and some are produced using a combination of ageing and colouring. Varieties of wine brandy can be found across the winemaking world. Among the most renowned are Cognac and Armagnac from southwestern France.

In a broader sense, the term brandy also denotes liquors obtained from the distillation of pomace (yielding pomace brandy), or mash or wine of any other fruit (fruit brandy). These products are also called eau de vie (literally "water of life" in French).
Dale DeVon
Dale DeVon (born July 25, 1958) is an American politician who is the Republican member of the Indiana House of Representatives representing District 5. He was first elected in 2012. He was elected to the St. Joseph County Council for District C in 2002. He served on the County Council until his election to the State House in 2012.

DeVon and his wife Christine are the parents of three children. He is also the National Director of the Home Builders Association.

Indiana House of Representatives
The Indiana House of Representatives is the lower house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Indiana. The House is composed of 100 members representing an equal number of constituent districts. House members serve two-year terms without term limits. According to the 2010 U.S. census, each State House district contains an average of 64,838 people.

The House convenes at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis.
Marlous Fluitsma
Maria Louise Clara Albertine Fluitsma (born 12 December 1946), known as Marlous Fluitsma, is a Dutch actress, known for her roles in Dutch films and on television in various Dutch language series. She was well-known to Europeans outside the Netherlands for hosting the Eurovision Song Contest 1980, held in The Hague.

Herman van Veen
Hermannus Jantinus van Veen (born 14 March 1945) is a Dutch stage performer, actor, author, singer-songwriter, musician and painter. He worked with accompanists Laurens van Rooyen and Erik van der Wurff, both of whom were pianists and composers.

In addition to performing internationally, Van Veen is famous as the creator of Alfred J. Kwak (1976). The original one-man theatre show was adapted as a Dutch-German-Japanese cartoon (1989), which was broadcast internationally. In addition to creating the show's story, Van Veen also wrote, composed and performed most of the show's music.  He sings in both Dutch and German.

He also performed the voice-overs for the characters Johan Sebastian Kwak, Krabnagel de Kater and Professor Paljas (Professor Buffon) in the Dutch and German versions of Alfred J. Kwak.
Klasak Duży
Klasak Duży [ˈklasak ˈduʐɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skomlin, within Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north-west of Skomlin, 16 km (10 mi) west of Wieluń, and 102 km (63 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Wieluń
Wieluń [ˈvjɛluɲ] (Latin: Velun) is a town in south-central Poland with 21,624 inhabitants (2021). The town is the seat of the Gmina Wieluń and Wieluń County, and is located within the Łódź Voivodeship. Wieluń is a capital of the historical Wieluń Land.

Wieluń has a long and rich history. In the past, it used to be an important urban trade centre of the Kingdom of Poland. Several Polish kings and notables visited the town, but following the catastrophic Swedish Deluge (1655–1660), Wieluń declined and never regained its status. In September 1939, during the invasion of Poland, it was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe. The Bombing of Wieluń is considered to be the first World War II bombing in Europe. It killed at least 127 civilians, injured hundreds more and destroyed the majority of the town.
Little Boy (album)
Little Boy is the eighth album of singer/actor/host Janno Gibbs. This 10-track album was produced and released by GMA Records in November, 2007.

In mid-2008, GMA Records released a special edition album of Little Boy which contain additional two tracks, Lupin the theme song of the action-adventure series of the same title, written by Janno Gibbs himself and featuring actress Ara Mina; and the revival Muli (Again), a Vehnee Saturno composition, which is also the theme song of an afternoon drama of the same title.

Muli (TV series)
Muli (transl. again / international title: In Love Again) is a 2007 Philippine-Malaysian television drama romance series broadcast by GMA Network and TV1. Directed by Mac Alejandre, it stars Alfred Vargas, Carrie Lee and Marian Rivera. It premiered on February 19, 2007 on GMA Network's Dramarama sa Hapon line up. The series concluded on May 18, 2007 with a total of 63 episodes.
Ledenik, Bulgaria
Ledenik is a village in Central North Bulgaria, in the Veliko Tarnovo Municipality, Veliko Tarnovo Province - near the municipal city of Veliko Tarnovo. South of the village passes the river Yantra. The name of the village comes from the fact that it was famous for its ice houses in the past.

Veliko Tarnovo Province
Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgarian: Област Велико Търново, romanized: Oblast Veliko Tǎrnovo) is a province in the middle of the northern part of Bulgaria. Its capital city, Veliko Tarnovo, is of historical significance as it was the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The province is divided into ten municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 275,395.

Other towns in the province include Gorna Oryahovitsa, which is within 10 km (6.2 mi) of Veliko Tarnovo, Svishtov, set on the Danube River and famous for its Tsenov Academy of Economics, and Suhindol, the hometown of Lovico — an internationally recognised label for fine wines and spirits. Another notable place is the village of Arbanasi, set between Veliko Tarnovo and Gorna Oryahovitsa. The combination of old style and modern architecture, as well as its churches and monasteries, present the spirit of Bulgaria. Real estate is among the most expensive in the country.
Functional equivalence
Functional equivalence can refer to

Dynamic and formal equivalence in biblical translation

Functional equivalence (ecology), a concept in community ecology

Formal equivalence checking in formal methods

Dynamic and formal equivalence
Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence, in translating, is the dichotomy between transparency and fidelity  – respectively, between the meaning and the literal structure of a source text.

The dynamic- versus formal-equivalence dichotomy was originally proposed by Eugene Nida in relation to Bible translation.
Minister of Justice (Japan)
The Minister of Justice (法務大臣, Hōmu Daijin) is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Justice. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.

The current minister is Hiroshi Hiraguchi, who took office on 21 October 2025.

Cabinet of Japan
The Cabinet of Japan (内閣, Naikaku; Japanese pronunciation: [naꜜi.ka.kɯ]) is the chief executive body of the government of Japan. It consists of the prime minister, who is appointed by the Emperor after being nominated by the National Diet, in addition to up to seventeen other members, called ministers of state. The current cabinet, the Second Takaichi cabinet, was formed on 18 February 2026 and is led by Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi. The country has had a Liberal Democratic Party-led majority government since 2026.

The prime minister is nominated by the National Diet, while the remaining ministers are appointed and dismissed by the prime minister. The Cabinet is collectively responsible to the National Diet and must resign if a motion of no confidence is adopted by the National Diet.
Archie W. Butcher
Archie W. Butcher (April 29, 1901 – May 29, 1981) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Ottawa University in Ottawa, Kansas from 1928 to 1929 and at Oklahoma Baptist University in 1930, compiling a career college football head coaching record of 6–18–1. Butcher was also the head basketball coach at Oklahoma Baptist for one season, in 1930–31, tallying a mark of 5–10.

He obtained a degree in medicine from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1935, practicing in Miltonvale and Wakefield before moving to Abilene where he retired in 1976. Butcher died in 1981 at the age of 80.

Abilene, Kansas
Abilene (pronounced /ˈæbɪliːn/) is a city in and the county seat of Dickinson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 6,460. It is home of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and the Greyhound Hall of Fame.
Raju Shah
Raju Shah (Nepali: राजु शाह; born 26 February 1965 A.D) is a Nepalese Choreographer, Director, Producer. He is a nationally renowned choreographer and film director. Shah is also founder chairman of Nepal Film Dance Association and Film Dance Choreographer Association, Nepal. He started his film career as a dancer of Nepali features film Badalindo Aakash in 1982 and later started working as a choreographer from 1992 A.D in Nepali feature film Dui Thopa Aansu. Shah has directed more than 200 Nepali films as choreographer. He has also directed two feature film, "Sapanako Naulo Sansar" and "Namaste Nepal". Namaste Nepal is one of the first Nepali feature film which was fully picturised in Europe.

Cinema of Nepal
Nepali Cinema, also referred to as "Nepali Chalachitra" (Nepali: नेपाली चलचित्र) is the filmmaking industry in Nepal. This includes films in various languages of Nepal, most notably in Nepali language but also in Newari, Maithili, Tamang, Bhojpuri and Tharu among others. The term Cinemandu is also used, as a portmanteau for films produced in the Nepali language while the Nepalese films produced from Kathmandu and Janakpur in the Maithili language is known as Mithilawood. Both of these film industries are the largest viewing cinema of Nepal and are collectively known as Nepali Cinema.
Etzel Pass
Etzel Pass (el. 950 m.) is a mountain pass in the Alps in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland.

It connects Pfäffikon and Einsiedeln. It lies on the route of pilgrimage to the abbey at Einsiedeln and on to Santiago de Compostela

Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela, alternatively abbreviated to Santiago or Compostela, is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It is located in the province of A Coruña, in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St. James, a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century. In 1985, the city's Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Santiago de Compostela has a very mild climate for its latitude with heavy winter rainfall courtesy of its relative proximity to the prevailing winds from Atlantic low-pressure systems.
Alma Moreno filmography
Alma Moreno  is a Filipina actress and politician.

Moreno appeared in her first film in Babalik Ka Rin. Ligaw Na Bulaklak was her first starring role with Vic Silayan. Ligaw Na Bulaklak was her breakout film. From that point until the late 1980s, Moreno was featured in various uncovering films that were film industry hits, acquiring her the title "Sex Goddess of Philippine Movies" of the 1970s and 1980s. Adaptable for having featured in comedy, sexy, and drama, she also was a presenter on a few variety shows during the 1980s for which she acquired the title "Shining Star".

In the mid-2000s, Moreno partitioned her time between her expert responsibilities with GMA drama Habang Kapiling Ka and situational comedy program Da Boy en Da Girl. She offset these with her own duty to help the ladies and the poor in Parañaque City through different socio-metro and network improvement ventures. In 2002, she starred in her rebound film Kapalit.

Vic Silayan
Victor Payumo Silayan (January 31, 1929 – August 30, 1987) was a Filipino actor. He has appeared in over 300 films throughout his career that spanned over three decades. Silayan was best known for his performances in Anak Dalita (1956), Badjao (1957), Malvarosa (1958), Kisapmata (1981), and Karnal (1983).
Tarmidi Suhardjo
Tarmidi Suhardjo (17 March 1948 – 10 October 2012) was an Indonesian politician. He was a member of the Jakarta Regional House of Representatives, elected in 1999, as part of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP). He was part of PDIP's provincial leadership until his removal for his opposition to PDIP's endorsement of governor Sutiyoso's 2002 reelection, with Suhardjo running as his competitor. He left PDIP afterwards and unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the national House of Representatives in 2004 and 2009.

East Jakarta
East Jakarta (Indonesian: Jakarta Timur; Betawi: Jakarté Bèlétan), abbreviated as Jaktim, is the largest of the five administrative cities (kota administrasi) which form the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia, with a land area of 188.03 km2 (72.6 sq.miles). It had a population of 2,693,896 at the 2010 Census and 3,037,139 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 3,315,114, making it the most populous of the five administrative cities within Jakarta. East Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city council, hence it is not classified as a proper municipality.

East Jakarta is bounded by North Jakarta to the north, Bekasi to the east, Depok to the south, and South Jakarta and Central Jakarta to the west.

The mayor's office is located in the Administrative Village (Kelurahan) of Pulo Gebang, in Cakung District.
Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement
The Westphalen–Lettré rearrangement is a classic organic reaction in organic chemistry describing a rearrangement reaction of cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol diacetate with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid. In this reaction one equivalent of water is lost, a double bond is formed at C10–C11 and importantly the methyl group at the C10 position migrates to the C5 position.

The reaction is first-order in steroid in the presence of an excess of sulfuric acid and the first reaction step in the reaction mechanism is likely the formation of a sulfate ester followed by that of a carbocation at C5 after which the actual re-arrangement takes place.

Organic reaction
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.

The oldest organic reactions are combustion of organic fuels and saponification of fats to make soap. Modern organic chemistry starts with the Wöhler synthesis in 1828. In the history of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards have been given for the invention of specific organic reactions such as the Grignard reaction in 1912, the Diels–Alder reaction in 1950, the Wittig reaction in 1979 and olefin metathesis in 2005.
Laura Rafferty
Laura Marie Rafferty (born 29 April 1996) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Scottish Women's Premier League club Rangers and the Northern Ireland national team. She previously played for Chelsea.

Scottish Women's Premier League
The Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) is the highest level of league competition in women's football in Scotland. Its two divisions are SWPL (previously styled as SWPL 1) and SWPL 2. The league was formed when the Premier Division of the Scottish Women's Football League (SWFL) broke away to form the SWPL in 2002. SWPL 2 was introduced in 2016.

The divisions contain (in the 2022–23 season) 12 clubs in SWPL and eight in SWPL 2. Glasgow City have won 16 championships, including 14 in succession from 2007–08 until 2020–21. The champions and runners-up qualify for the UEFA Women's Champions League.

From 2002, the league was owned and managed by Scottish Women's Football. Administration of the SWPL was taken over by the Scottish Football Association in 2007, then by the Scottish Professional Football League in 2022. The SWPL runs on the winter calendar but operated a summer-season format from 2009 until 2020.
Ashley Hicklin
Ashley Hicklin (born 1985) is an English singer, songwriter, and record producer. He co-owns Unified-Songs, a UK based music publishing/management company and has written songs for artists such as Tiësto, Oliver Heldens, R3hab, Hardwell, Timmy Trumpet, Lost Kings, Feder, Duncan Laurence, and Waylon, including more than ten No.1 chart releases and over twenty Top-10 chart releases.

Waylon (singer)
Willem Bijkerk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪləm ˈbɛikɛr(ə)k]; born 20 April 1980), known professionally as Waylon, is a Dutch singer. His stage name came from the name of his idol Waylon Jennings. He represented the Netherlands with Ilse DeLange as part of the Common Linnets at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014, finishing in second place in the final. He represented the Netherlands again as a solo artist in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 and finished in 18th place.
Form 5472
Form 5472, officially titled the Information Return of a 25% Foreign-Owned U.S. Corporation or a Foreign Corporation Engaged in a U.S. Trade or Business, is an IRS tax form used by foreign-owned United States companies or foreign companies engaged in a United States Trade or Business to report ownership information and related-party transactions between the company and foreign related parties.

Related-party transaction
In business, a related-party transaction is a transaction which takes place between two parties who hold a pre-existing connection prior to the transaction. An example is how a dominant shareholder may benefit from making one of their companies trade with another at advantageous prices. Related party transactions can be a reason for a Type II agency relationship (conflicts among controlling and non-controlling shareholders), as they are not necessarily in the best interest of minority shareholders.

In commercial law, special regulations may apply restricting related-party transactions, such as Part 2E of Australia's Corporations Act 2001, which requires companies to seek approval from their members for such a transaction to take place.

International Financial Reporting Standard IAS 24 requires companies to disclose related-party transactions in their financial statements.
Sydney Metropolitan Wildlife Services
Sydney Metropolitan Wildlife Services, Inc (SMWS) is an organisation that is dedicated to caring for Sydney's sick, injured or orphaned native fauna. Members are licensed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service under the National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974. The head office of SMWS is in the Lane Cove National Park and offers 24-hour rescue service.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) is a directorate of the New South Wales Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water that is responsible for managing more than 890 national parks and reserves, covering over 7.5 million hectares of land across the state of New South Wales, Australia. Despite its name, the NPWS is a state organisation, similar to other national park and wildlife agencies around Australia. However, the state and territory governments will often cooperate in areas of shared interest and concern.
Yellow-eyed pigeon
The yellow-eyed pigeon, pale-backed pigeon, yellow-eyed dove or yellow-eyed stock dove (Columba eversmanni) is a member of the family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). It breeds in southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, north-east Iran and extreme north-west China. It winters in north-east Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir and parts of Rajasthan (including Tal Chhapar Sanctuary and Jorbeer, Bikaner). The bird has declined in numbers over the years, chiefly because of hunting, and it is listed as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

The bird was first described by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1856. The binomial commemorates the German biologist and explorer Eduard Friedrich Eversmann who did much research into the flora and fauna of the southeast steppes of Russia.

Charles Lucien Bonaparte
Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl lysjɛ̃ ʒyl lɔʁɑ̃ bɔnapaʁt]; 24 May 1803 – 29 July 1857) was a French naturalist and ornithologist, and a nephew of Napoleon. Lucien and his wife had twelve children, including Cardinal Lucien Bonaparte.
Toast Skagen
Toast Skagen is a Swedish starter and food dish. It consists of pieces of toasted bread and a prawn salad called skagenröra, typically made with mayonnaise, sour cream and dill, sometimes dijon mustard, and garnished with roe.  Sometimes crab or crabsticks are substituted for prawns. The name of the dish stems from Skagen in Denmark, where it is also popular, but going under the name Skagenssalat. The dish was created by the Stockholm-based restaurateur and chef Tore Wretman. He introduced Toast Skagen to the public in the 1950s. It is a popular entrée and starter dish in the Nordics, especially during spring, summer and autumn.

The dish has been subject to various adaptations, including the typpalingur version, which is more popular during the Swedish and Finnish crab season from July to October.

Dijon mustard
Dijon mustard (French: Moutarde de Dijon) is a traditional mustard from France. It is named after the city of Dijon in Burgundy, which was the center of mustard making in the late Middle Ages and was granted exclusive rights in France in the 17th century. First used in 1336 for the table of King Philip VI, it assumed its current form in 1856 when Jean Naigeon of Dijon replaced the vinegar usually used in prepared mustard with verjuice, the acidic juice of unripe grapes.

The main ingredients are brown mustard seeds (Brassica juncea) and a mixture of white wine, vinegar, water, and salt designed to imitate the original verjuice. It can be used as an accompaniment to all meats, or mixed with other ingredients to make a sauce.