hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jaswant Singh Marwah
Lieutenant Colonel Jaswant Singh Marwah (born 21 January 1921) is an Indian former soldier, journalist and author, and the father of General Joginder Jaswant Singh, the first Sikh Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army. He was a former Special Duty Officer in the Archaeological Survey of India, and served in the Indian Army's Electrical Mechanical Engineering branch from 1943 to 1973. A veteran of the Second World War, he received an emergency commission in the Royal Indian Army Service Corps on 27 June 1943. He was awarded the Nehru Award in 1981 and 1984, by the Vice President of India and the President of India respectively. In 1987 he was awarded the Journalism Award by the Indian Ministry of Communications.

Marwah wrote and published nine books. All his published books were sent to over 100 universities in India, and other educational establishments by the Government of India, Punjabi Academy and Hindi Academy.

Archaeological Survey of India
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is an Indian government agency that is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural historical monuments in the country. It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham during the British Raj who also became its first Director-General.
KRI Sutanto
KRI Sutanto (377) is a Kapitan Patimura-class corvette currently operated by the Indonesian Navy. Before her service in Indonesia, ship was part of the East German Volksmarine, as Prenzlau / Wismar (241).

Wolgast
Wolgast (German pronunciation: [ˈvɔlˌɡast] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Vorpommern-Greifswald, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is situated on the bank of the strait Peenestrom, facing the island of Usedom on the Baltic coast that can be accessed by road and railway via a movable bascule bridge (Blaues Wunder). In December 2004, the town had a population of 12,725.
Restelo Hermitage
The Hermitage of Restelo (Portuguese: Ermida de Restelo), alternately Chapel of Saint Jerome (Portuguese: Capela de São Jerónimo), is a hermitage in the civil parish of Santa Maria de Belém, in the municipality of Lisbon. The religious architecture has Manueline and revivalist Neo-manueline elements, consisting of a single-nave structure with a vaulted ceiling and surrounded by a modernist landscape, as evidenced by a preoccupation with choice of plants and manicured environment (completed by Gonçalo Ribeiro), in order to create a zone of protection for the hermitage.

Belém, Lisbon
Belém (locally [bɨˈlɐ̃j]) is a freguesia (civil parish) and district of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. Belém is located in western Lisbon, to the west of Ajuda and Alcântara and directly east of Lisbon's border with Oeiras. Belém is famous as a museum district, as the home of many of the most notable monuments of Lisbon and Portugal alike, such as the Belém Tower, the Jerónimos Monastery, the Padrão dos Descobrimentos, and Belém Palace (official residence of the President of Portugal). The population in 2011 was 16,528.
La Pedrera Airport
La Pedrera Airport (IATA: LPD, ICAO: SKLP) (Spanish: Aeropuerto de La Pedrera) is an airport serving the Caquetá River town of La Pedrera in the Amazonas Department of southern Colombia.

The runway length does not include 290 metres (950 ft) of unpaved overrun on the southeast end. The La Pedrera non-directional beacon (Ident: LPD) is located on the field.

La Pedrera, Amazonas
La Pedrera is a non-municipalized area in Colombia, located in the Amazonas department. It has a population of 4,985 inhabitants. It is situated at 100 meters above sea level on the banks of the Caquetá River, serving as a port for this river, and is a few kilometers from the mouth of the Apaporis River. It is located on the border with Brazil, near Vila Bittencourt and São José do Apaporis.
Faller du så faller jag
"Faller du så faller jag" is a song written by Patrik Isaksson, and performed by himself at  Melodifestivalen 2006, where it was knocked out at the Second Chance Contest.

The single peaked at number 12 on the Swedish Singles Chart. On 23 April 2006, the song entered  Svensktoppen, where it ended up at number six. The three following weeks, the song fell down, only to be knocked out of chart the upcoming week.

During Melodifestivalen 2012, the song was one of the "Third Chance" entries.

Melodifestivalen 2006
Melodifestivalen 2006 was the 46th edition of the Swedish music competition Melodifestivalen, which was organised by Sveriges Television (SVT) and took place over a five-week period between 18 February and 18 March 2006. The winner of the competition was Carola with the song "Evighet". She represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, with the English version of the song, "Invincible", where she came fifth with 170 points.
Eish merahrah
Eish merahrah (Egyptian Arabic: عيش مرحرح, [ʕeːʃ meˈɾɑħɾɑħ], "smoothed-out bread", "spread-out bread") is a flatbread, made with ground fenugreek seeds and maize, eaten in Egypt. It is part of the traditional diet of the Egyptian countryside, prepared locally in village homes in Upper Egypt. The loaves are flat and wide, and usually about 50 cm (20 in) in diameter. A soft dough is made with the maize flour and left to ferment overnight with a sourdough starter, shaped into round loaves, and then allowed to rise or "proof" for 30 minutes before being flattened into round disks and baked.

These loaves can be kept for one to two weeks in an airtight container. The addition of fenugreek seeds is thought to increase the protein content, storage length, and digestibility of the bread.

Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt (Arabic: صعيد مصر Ṣaʿīd Miṣr, shortened to الصعيد, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [es.sˤe.ˈʕiːd], locally: [es.sˤɑ.ˈʕiːd]) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel North. It thus starts at Beni Suef and stretches down to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).
Grey-collared oriole
The grey-collared oriole (Oriolus forsteni), or Seram oriole, is a species of bird in the family Oriolidae. It is endemic to Seram.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

Old World oriole
The Old World orioles (Oriolidae) are an Old World family of passerine birds. The family contains 41 species which are divided in 4 genera. The family includes two extinct species from New Zealand that are placed in the genus Turnagra.
Larry Josephson
Norman Lawrence Josephson (May 12, 1939 – July 27, 2022) was an American public radio producer. From 1965, he worked in the field of public broadcasting as a producer, host, station manager, engineer, teacher, writer, and consultant. His first show at listener-supported radio station WBAI in New York was influential in developing the free-form radio style of the 1960s and 1970s.

WNYC
WNYC is one of the service brands under the oversight of New York Public Radio, a non-profit organization. Radio and other audio programming is primarily provided by a pair of nonprofit, noncommercial, public radio stations: WNYC (AM) and WNYC-FM, located in New York City. Both stations are members of NPR and carry local and national news/talk programs.

WNYC reaches more than one million listeners each week and has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The WNYC stations are co-owned with Newark, New Jersey-licensed classical music outlet WQXR-FM (105.9 MHz), and all three broadcast from studios located in the Hudson Square neighborhood in lower Manhattan.

WNYC has been an early adopter of new technologies including HD radio, live audio streaming, and podcasting. RSS feeds and email newsletters link to archived audio of individual program segments. WNYC also makes some of its programming available on Sirius XM satellite radio.
Agnès Arnauld
Mother Agnès Arnauld, S.O.Cist. (1593–1672), was the Abbess of the Abbey of Port-Royal, near Paris, and a major figure in French Jansenism.

She was born Jeanne-Catherine-Agnès Arnauld, a member of the Arnauld family, sister of Antoine Arnauld, "le Grand Arnauld" and of Mother Angélique Arnauld. She succeeded Angélique as head of the abbey in 1658, thus leading it during the most repressive anti-Jansenist period. She organised the movement against signing the Formulary of Alexander VII and for this was confronted by Hardouin de Péréfixe, the Archbishop of Paris. She was also the author of the Constitutions of Port-Royal, a text which reformed the material and spiritual rule of the abbey in a spirit of Cistercian renewal.

Port-Royal-des-Champs
48°44′39″N 2°0′58″E﻿ / ﻿48.74417°N 2.01611°E﻿ / 48.74417; 2.01611

Port-Royal-des-Champs (French pronunciation: [pɔʁ ʁwajal de ʃɑ̃]) was an abbey of Cistercian nuns in Magny-les-Hameaux, in the Vallée de Chevreuse southwest of Paris that launched a number of culturally important institutions.
Ram Air Freight
Ram Air Freight was a cargo airline based in Morrisville, North Carolina, United States. It specialized in prompt freight transportation. The airline had its main base at the Raleigh-Durham International Airport.  It ceased operations on March 2, 2012.

Cargo airline
Cargo airlines (or air freight carriers, and derivatives of these names) are airlines mainly dedicated to the transport of cargo by air. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines.
In 2018, airline cargo traffic represented 262,333 million tonne-kilometres with a 49.3% load factor: 52.1% for dedicated cargo operations, and 47.9% within mixed operations (belly freight of passenger airliners).

Dedicated cargo airlines such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, operate a fleet of cargo aircraft and handle the entire freight transportation process. Many airlines, like Emirates and Qatar Airways, have dedicated cargo divisions that operate their own fleet of cargo aircraft alongside their passenger operations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, airlines like American Airlines, Air Canada, and Delta Air Lines utilized their passenger planes, removing seats to create space for cargo, to meet the demand for freight transport.
Tibbie, Alabama
Tibbie is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Washington County, Alabama, United States. Its population was 41 as of the 2010 census.

The Red Alabama Blackmouth Cur is thought to have originated in the area around Tibbie in the 1940s.

Black Mouth Cur
The Black Mouth Cur, also known as the Southern Cur, Southern Black Mouth Cur, and the Yellow Black Mouth Cur, is a medium to large sized breed of cur-type dog from the United States. Originating in the south of the country, the breed is a popular hunting companion used to hunt a large variety of game.
Donaldson Run
Donaldson Run is a stream in Arlington County, Virginia. From its source near Marymount University, Donaldson Run flows on a northeastern course and empties into the Potomac River within the federal parklands of the George Washington Memorial Parkway.  Donaldson Run is surrounded predominantly by forests.

Marymount University
Marymount University is a private Catholic research university with its main campus in Arlington County, Virginia, United States. It was founded as Marymount Junior College in 1950. Marymount offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. It has approximately 4,400 students enrolled, representing 50 states and 70 countries.
Rodrigo Muñoz de Guzmán
Rodrigo Muñoz de Guzmán or Rodrigo Núñez de Guzmán (died ca. 1186), considered the common ancestor of the noble house of Guzmán, was a  Castilian magnate and tenente of Roa and of the village of Guzmán in Burgos, from which this lineage took its name.

Province of Burgos
The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Burgos is the province of Spain that has borders with most provinces. Its capital is the city of Burgos.

The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents containing words written in the Spanish language.
Schima superba
Schima superba is a species of flowering plant in the tea family Theaceae, native to subtropical areas of Vietnam, southern China, Hainan, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands. With Pinus massoniana it often dominates forests from 100 to 800 m (300 to 2,600 ft) in elevation. It is used as a street tree in a number of southern Chinese cities.

S. superba has a long history; in China, it has been described as early as in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas", and it is one of the "sacred trees" in this classic text.
S. superba is a precious and multi-purpose tree species.

Classic of Mountains and Seas
The Classic of Mountains and Seas, also known as Shanhai jing (Chinese: 山海经), formerly romanized as the Shan-hai Ching, is a Chinese classic text and a compilation of mythic geography and beasts. Early versions of the text may have existed since the 4th century BCE, but the present form was not reached until the early Han dynasty. It is largely a fabulous geographical and cultural account of pre-Qin China as well as a collection of Chinese mythology. The book is divided into eighteen sections; it describes over 550 mountains and 300 channels.
Fluorescent glucose biosensor
Fluorescent glucose biosensors are devices that measure the concentration of glucose in diabetic patients by means of sensitive protein that relays the concentration by means of fluorescence, an alternative to amperometric sension of glucose. Due to the prevalence of diabetes, it is the prime drive in the construction of fluorescent biosensors. A recent development has been approved by the FDA allowing a new continuous glucose monitoring system called EverSense, which is a 90-day glucose monitor using fluorescent biosensors.

Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration. The concentration can refer to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently refers to solutes and solvents in solutions. The molar (amount) concentration has variants, such as normal concentration and osmotic concentration. Dilution is reduction of concentration, e.g., by adding solvent to a solution. The verb "to concentrate" means to increase concentration, the opposite of dilute.
Radical 67
Radical 67 or radical script (文部) meaning "script" or "literature" is one of the 34 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 4 strokes.

In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 26 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.

文 is also the 93rd indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China.

Chinese character radicals
A radical (Chinese: 部首; pinyin: bùshǒu; lit. 'section header'), or indexing component, is a visually prominent component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary. The radical for a character is typically a semantic component, but it can also be another structural component or an artificially extracted portion of the character. In some cases, the original semantic or phonological connection has become obscure, owing to changes in the meaning or pronunciation of the character over time.

The use of the English term radical is based on an analogy between the structure of Chinese characters and the inflection of words in European languages. Radicals are also sometimes called classifiers, but this name is more commonly applied to the grammatical measure words in Chinese.
Verina Wihongi
Verina Rosiland Wihongi is a taekwando practitioner from New Zealand.

Wihongi has a 3rd degree black belt in taekwondo. She was the first woman to represent New Zealand in taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics at Athens. She qualified for the Olympics after winning the selection tournament in Auckland and the Asian Taekwondo Games in Bangkok.

Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 67 kg
The women's 67 kg  competition in taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens took place on August 28 at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex.

China's Luo Wei narrowly outclassed the local favorite Elisavet Mystakidou of Greece in front of the raucous home crowd inside the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex to capture the gold medal in the event at 7–6. Meanwhile, South Korean fighter Hwang Kyung-Seon, who lost to Luo early in the opening match, mounted her strength throughout the repechage rounds to score a vigorous 5–2 victory for the bronze over Guatemala's Heidy Juárez.
Faisal Sakhizada
Faisal Safa Sakhizada (Persian: فیصل سخی‌زاده; born 15 June 1990) is an Afghan professional footballer who plays as a defender for Australian side Kingston City. He has played for the Afghanistan national team.

Afghans
Afghans are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan. Afghans comprise various ethnic groups, of which Tajiks, Pushtuns, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest.

The two main languages spoken among the Afghan people are Dari (a variety of Persian) and Pashto. Historically, the ethnonym "Afghan" used to refer to Pashtuns, but later came to refer to all ethnicities in Afghanistan after the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan proposed by King Mohammad Zahir Shah.
Water Polo Australia Hall of Fame
The Water Polo Australia Hall of Fame, located in Sydney, is a hall of fame dedicated to honoring players, coaches and officials who have contributed greatly to the game of water polo in Australia. It was established in 2009 by Water Polo Australia, which is the national governing body in the country.

Sports governing body
A sports governing body is a sports organization that has a regulatory or sanctioning function.

Sports governing bodies come in various forms and have a variety of regulatory functions, including disciplinary procedure for rule infractions and deciding on rule
changes in the sport that they govern. Governing bodies have different scopes. They may cover a range of sport at an internationally acceptable level, such as the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee, or only a single sport at a national level, such as the Rugby Football League. National bodies will largely have to be affiliated with international bodies for the same sport. The first international federations were formed at the end of the 19th century.
2017–2019 eruptions of Mount Agung
Mount Agung, a volcano on the island of Bali in Indonesia, erupted five times in late November 2017, causing thousands to evacuate, disrupting air travel and causing environmental damage. As of 27 November 2017, the alert level was at its highest and evacuation orders were in place.

Tectonic earthquakes from the volcano had been detected since early August 2017, and volcanic activity intensified for several weeks before decreasing significantly in late October. A second, more violent period of major activity began in late November. Agung has since had eruptions in January, June, July and December 2018 and January, February, March, April, May and June 2019.

Lahar
A lahar ( /ˈlɑːhɑːr/, from Javanese: lahar, ꦭꦲꦂ) is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.

Lahars are often extremely destructive and deadly; they can flow tens of metres per second, they have been known to be up to 140 metres (460 ft) deep, and large flows tend to destroy any structures in their path. Notable lahars include those at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia, the latter of which killed more than 20,000 people in the Armero tragedy.
Salt rinse
Salt rinse  is a saline solution mouthwash used in dentistry to treat certain diseases and reduce post-operative pain and infection. It is also offered commercially for routine oral hygiene. Other names for the treatment include salt water mouthwash, salt water mouth bath,  and saline mouth rinse.

Alveolar osteitis
Alveolar osteitis, also known as dry socket, is inflammation of the alveolar bone (i.e., the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible). Classically, this occurs as a postoperative complication of tooth extraction.

Alveolar osteitis usually occurs where the blood clot fails to form or is lost from the socket (i.e., the defect left in the gum when a tooth is taken out). This leaves an empty socket where bone is exposed to the oral cavity, causing a localized alveolar osteitis limited to the lamina dura (i.e., the bone which lines the socket). This specific type is known as dry socket and is associated with increased pain and delayed healing.

Dry socket occurs in 0.5% to 5% of routine dental extractions, and in about 25–30% of extractions of mandibular (lower) wisdom teeth that are impacted (buried in the bone of the lower jaw, erupting during adulthood).
Giovanni Gussone
Giovanni Gussone (8 February 1787, in Villamaina – 14 January 1866, in Naples) was an Italian academic and botanist, remembered for his work in plant taxonomy and in particular his research in Sicilian flora.

He studied medicine in Naples, where he came under the influence of botanist Michele Tenore. Following graduation in 1811, he worked under Tenore as a manager of the Orto Botanico di Napoli (botanical garden in Naples). In 1817 he moved to Sicily, where he was appointed director of the botanical garden at Boccadifalco, outside of Palermo. In Sicily, he conducted extensive investigations of the island's flora, publishing two major works as a result, "Florae Siculae Prodromus" and "Florae Siculae Synopsis". In 1827 he returned to Naples as superintendent of the botanical gardens. In 1861 he was named by Victor Emmanuel as professor emeritus of the University of Naples.

Plants with the specific epithet of gussonei are named in his honor, an example being Petagnaea gussonei.

Plant taxonomy
Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy—the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living organisms.

Plant taxonomy is closely allied to plant systematics, and there is no sharp boundary between the two. In practice, "plant systematics" involves relationships between plants and their evolution, especially at the higher levels, whereas "plant taxonomy" deals with the actual handling of plant specimens. The precise relationship between taxonomy and systematics, however, has changed along with the goals and methods employed.

Plant taxonomy is well known for being turbulent, and traditionally not having any close agreement on circumscription and placement of taxa. See the list of systems of plant taxonomy.
Phoenix Marketcity
Phoenix Marketcity is the name of several shopping malls developed by The Phoenix Mills Co. Ltd. of India, including:

Phoenix Marketcity (Bengaluru)

Phoenix Marketcity (Chennai)

Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)

Phoenix Marketcity (Pune)

Phoenix Marketcity (Pune)
Phoenix Marketcity is a shopping mall developed by Phoenix Mills Limited, located in Pune, Maharashtra. It was opened in June 2011 and is one of the largest malls in India, with a retail area of 1.19 million square feet. It is located in the Vimannagar area of Pune.