hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rice–Shapiro theorem
In computability theory, the Rice–Shapiro theorem is a generalization of Rice's theorem, named after Henry Gordon Rice and Norman Shapiro. It states that when a semi-decidable property of partial computable functions is true on a certain partial function, one can extract a finite subfunction such that the property is still true.

The informal idea of the theorem is that the "only general way" to obtain information on the behavior of a program is to run the program, and because a computation is finite, one can only try the program on a finite number of inputs.

A closely related theorem is the Kreisel–Lacombe–Shoenfield–Tseitin theorem (or KLST theorem), which was obtained independently by Georg Kreisel, Daniel Lacombe and Joseph R. Shoenfield , and by Grigori Tseitin.

Promise problem
In computational complexity theory, a promise problem is a generalization of a decision problem where the input is promised to belong to a particular subset of all possible inputs. Unlike decision problems, the yes instances (the inputs for which an algorithm must return yes) and no instances do not exhaust the set of all inputs. Intuitively, the algorithm has been promised that the input does indeed belong to the set of yes instances or no instances. There may be inputs which are neither yes nor no. If such an input is given to an algorithm for solving a promise problem, the algorithm is allowed to output anything, and may even not halt.
Independence, Barbour County, West Virginia
Independence is an unincorporated community in Barbour County, West Virginia, United States. Independence is located south of Philippi on County Route 30 near the Tygart Valley River. The community is centered on and named for the Independence School there.

Tygart Valley River
The Tygart Valley River — also known as the Tygart River — is a principal tributary of the Monongahela River, approximately 135 miles (217 km) long, in east-central West Virginia in the United States. Via the Monongahela and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 1,329 square miles (3,440 km2) in the Allegheny Mountains and the unglaciated portion of the Allegheny Plateau.
Ralph Garcia
Ralph "Rafael" Garcia (born December 14, 1948) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. Garcia played for the San Diego Padres in 1972 and 1974. He batted and threw right-handed. He then played in the Mexican League from 1976 through 1988, mainly for the Indios de Ciudad Juarez. He was inducted into the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005.

Garcia also played winter baseball in the Mexican Pacific League for 16 seasons with the Yaquis de Obregón, Ostioneros de Guaymas, Mayos de Navojoa, Algodoneros de Guasave, Águilas de Mexicali, Venados de Mazatlán and Potros de Tijuana.

Potros de Tijuana
The Potros de Tijuana (English: Tijuana Colts) were a professional baseball team based in Tijuana, Baja California. The Potros played in the Mexican Pacific League and later in the Mexican League. The team played their home games at the Estadio Nacional de Tijuana.
Bishop of Aston
Christianity portal

The Bishop of Aston is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Birmingham, in the Province of Canterbury, England. The title takes its name after Aston, an area of the City of Birmingham; the See was erected under the Suffragans Nomination Act 1888, by Order in Council dated 15 July 1954. The suffragan bishop of Aston assists the diocesan bishop of Birmingham, sharing Episcopal oversight throughout the diocese.

Esther Prior has been the Bishop of Aston since February 2025; the bishop's residence is Bishop's Lodge, Sutton Coldfield.

Aston
Aston is an area of inner Birmingham, in the metropolitan West Midlands of England, and historically within Warwickshire. Located immediately to the north-west of Central Birmingham, Aston constitutes a ward within the metropolitan authority. Prior to 1911, it was an independent parish, separate to Birmingham, known as Aston-juxta-Birmingham. It is approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from Birmingham City Centre.
Bernard Larson
Bernard Larson (also known as Bernhard; December 3, 1859 – January 13, 1923) was a Swedish-born farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Milestone in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1912 to 1923 as a Liberal.

He was born in Goerlof, Sweden, the son of Andrew Larson and Hannah Anderson. Larson served five years in the Swedish Army. He moved to Dakota Territory, USA in 1878. In 1882 he married Minnie Hendrickson. Larson moved to Canada in 1902 and settled on a farm near the current location of Lang, Saskatchewan. He is generally considered the founder of Lang because he was able to convince the Canadian Pacific Railway to locate a railway siding on his land. After his death, he was interred in the Larson Mausoleum, now designated a municipal heritage property by the province.

Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (French: Assemblée législative de la Saskatchewan) is the legislative chamber of the Saskatchewan Legislature in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan, in the name of the King of Canada. The assembly meets at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina.

There are 61 constituencies in the province, which elect members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). All are single-member districts, though the cities of Regina, Saskatoon and Moose Jaw were in the past represented through multi-member districts, with members elected through block voting.

The legislature has been unicameral since its establishment; there has never been a provincial upper house.

The 30th Saskatchewan Legislature was elected at the 2024 Saskatchewan general election.
Igor Dorokhin
Igor Lvovich Dorokhin (Russian: Игорь Львович Дорохин; born August 15, 1962) is a former Kazakhstani-German professional ice hockey player, who played for Kazakhstan National Hockey Team. He is the former head coach of Kazzinc-Torpedo and his farm club Kazzinc-Torpedo-2.

Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team
The Kazakhstan Men's National Ice Hockey Team is controlled by Kazakhstan Ice Hockey Federation. Kazakhstan is ranked 13th in the world as of 2025. They have competed at the Winter Olympics twice, in 1998 and 2006. The national team joined the IIHF in 1992 and first played internationally at the 1993 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. The team has frequently played at the elite division of the World Championship, often moving between there and the Division I level.
Maabaidhoo
Maabaidhoo (Dhivehi: މާބައިދޫ) is one of the inhabited islands of Laamu Atoll, Medhu-dekunu Province.

It has its own dialect of Dhivehi which is considerably different from northern and mid-Maldivian speech. Kadhdhoo Airport is situated on a nearby island. Maabaidhoo also has one of the 4 mangroves in Maldives.

Kadhdhoo Airport
Kadhdhoo Airport (Dhivehi: ކައްދޫ އެއަރޕޯޓް) (IATA: KDO, ICAO: VRMK) is a domestic airport located on the island of Kadhdhoo in Laamu Atoll, Maldives. The airport is 3.7 km (2.0 NM) northeast of Fonadhoo.
Farm to Market Road 1776
Farm to Market Road 1776 (FM 1776) is a Farm to Market Road in the U.S. state of Texas maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The 45-mile (72 km) road begins at a junction with Interstate 10 (I-10) and U.S. Highway 67 (US 67) in Pecos County west of Fort Stockton and extends northward through the town of Coyanosa before ending at State Highway 18 (SH 18) in Ward County south of Monahans. The road has an interchange with US 285 northeast of Fort Stockton.

Before the road was established, TxDOT had previously assigned the road's numerical designation to two other roads in eastern Texas.

Pecos County, Texas
Pecos County (/ˈpeɪkəs/ PAY-kəs) is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 15,193. The county seat is Fort Stockton. The county was created in 1871 and organized in 1875. It is named for the Pecos River. It is one of the nine counties that comprise the Trans-Pecos region of West Texas.
Spalletti
Spalletti is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ettore Spalletti (1940–2019), Italian artist

Gabriella Rasponi Spalletti (1853–1931), Italian feminist, educator and philanthropist

Luciano Spalletti (born 1959), Italian footballer and football manager

Luciano Spalletti
Luciano Spalletti (Italian pronunciation: [luˈtʃaːno spalˈletti]; born 7 March 1959) is an Italian football manager and former player who is the manager of Juventus. He started his managerial career with Empoli in 1993 before coaching clubs in Italy, including two spells with Roma, where he won two consecutive Coppa Italia titles. Spalletti managed Zenit St. Petersburg from 2009 to 2014, winning two Russian Premier League titles.

Following two seasons in charge at Inter Milan, Spalletti was appointed manager of Napoli in 2021, where he won the Serie A in the 2022–23 season before leaving the club in June 2023. In August 2023, he was appointed as coach of the Italy national team and led the team to qualify for UEFA Euro 2024, where they were eliminated in the round of 16. He was sacked as Italy coach in June 2025. In October of that year, he returned to club management as head coach of Juventus.
Isak Scheel
Isak Scheel (born 19 June 1990) is a retired Norwegian football defender.

Scheel hails from Oslo, starting his career in Frigg and Ready before joining Stabæk while also attending the Norwegian College of Elite Sport.

He started his senior career in Sogndal, where he made his Adeccoligaen debut already in 2010. Ahead of the 2012 season he signed for Lillestrøm. He made his debut in for Lillestrøm in a 1-0 win to Sogndal on 20 May 2012.

The autumn of the 2012 season he was on loan to Bærum. In September 2013 he received "study leave" from Lillestrøm. He was released three months later.

Stabæk Fotball
Stabæk Fotball is a Norwegian professional football club based in Bærum, a suburb of Oslo. It is part of the multi-sport organization Stabæk IF. Founded in 1912, the club's name is an archaic spelling of the suburban area Stabekk, from which it once originated. The club currently competes in the Norwegian first division, the second tier of Football in Norway. Their home stadium is the Nadderud Stadion after a three-year-long stay at the Telenor Arena. Their current chairman is Espen Moe. Jörgen Wålemark is the current head coach of the club since taking over in December 2024.
Pandemis cinnamomeana
Pandemis cinnamomeana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from Europe (except in the south) to Russia, China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan), Korea and Japan.

The wingspan is 18–24 mm. Adults are on wing from the end of June to July in western Europe.

The larvae feed on the foliage of Abies alba, Acer, Betula, Larix, Malus pumila, Picea sitchensis, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus commixta, Ulmus davidiana and Vaccinium. It has also been recorded from Camellia. They live amongst spun leaves. Young larvae hibernate, development continues in May and June. Pupation occurs in June and July, in the larval habitation.

Ulmus davidiana
Ulmus davidiana, also known as the David elm, or Father David elm (named after the botanist Armand David, who collected specimens), is a small deciduous tree widely distributed across China, Mongolia, Korea, Siberia, and Japan, where it is found in wetlands along streams at elevations of 2000–2300 m (6,500–7,500 ft). The tree was first described in 1873 from the hills north of Beijing, China.

The tree suffered confusion with Ulmus uyematsui, a Taiwanese species widely planted in China, at the Morton Arboretum.
SciGraph
SciGraph was a search engine tool developed by Springer Nature, the former URL was https://scigraph.springernature.com/explorer. The technology, which was considered a Linked Open Data (LOD) platform, collects information that covers the research landscape, which includes research projects, publications, conferences, funding agencies, and others. Key features of the platform include the detailed semantic description of the relationship of information and the visualization of the scholarly domain. It was launched in 2017 and retired in 2023.

Linked data
In computing, linked data is structured data which is associated with ("linked" to) other data. Interlinking makes the data more useful through semantic queries. 
Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the Semantic Web project.
Part of the vision of linked data is for the Internet to become a global database.

Linked data builds upon standard Web technologies such as HTTP, RDF and URIs, but rather than using them to serve web pages and hyperlinks only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers (machine readable).
Linked data may also be open data, in which case it is usually described as Linked Open Data.
Valentin Turchin
Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin (Russian: Валенти́н Фёдорович Турчи́н, 14 February 1931 – 7 April 2010) was a Soviet and American physicist, cybernetician, and computer scientist. He developed the Refal programming language, the theory of metasystem transitions and the notion of supercompilation. He was a pioneer in artificial intelligence and a proponent of the global brain hypothesis.

Physics Today
Physics Today is the membership magazine of the American Institute of Physics. First published in May 1948, it is issued on a monthly schedule, and is provided to the members of ten physics societies, including the American Physical Society. It is also available to non-members as a paid annual subscription.

The magazine informs readers about important developments in overview articles written by experts, shorter review articles written internally by staff, and also discusses issues and events of importance to the science community in politics, education, and other fields. The magazine provides a historical resource of events associated with physics. For example it discussed physics and feasibility of the Star Wars program of the 1980s, and the state of physics in China and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1970s.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 4.370.
Chiococceae
Chiococceae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae which contains about 233 species in 27 genera. Most representatives occur from southern Florida to tropical and subtropical Central America, except for the genera Badusa and Bikkia, which are found from the Philippines to the West Pacific, and Morierina and Thiollierea, which are native to New Caledonia. The tribe Catesbaeeae is now included within Chiococceae.

Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae (/ruːbiˈeɪsiːˌiː, -siˌaɪ/) is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules and sympetalous actinomorphic flowers. The family contains about 14,200 species in about 615 genera, which makes it the fourth-largest angiosperm family by number of species. Rubiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution; however, the largest species diversity is concentrated in the tropics and subtropics. Economically important genera include  Coffea, the source of coffee; Cinchona, the source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine; ornamental cultivars (e.g., Gardenia, Ixora, Pentas); and historically some dye plants (e.g., Rubia).
McKelvie
McKelvie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chris McKelvie (born 1985), American ice hockey player

Christina McKelvie (1968–2025), Scottish politician

Danny McKelvie (born 1969), Scottish rugby league player

Danny McKelvie (footballer) (born 1980), Scottish footballer

Ian McKelvie, New Zealand politician

Jamie McKelvie (born 1980), British cartoonist and illustrator

Jennifer McKelvie (born 1977), Canadian politician in Ontario

Red McKelvie, New Zealand musician

Robert McKelvie (1912–1996), English cricketer

Roderick R. McKelvie (born 1946), American judge

Samuel Roy McKelvie (1881–1956), American politician

Susan McKelvie (born 1985), Scottish hammer thrower

Zach McKelvie (born 1985), American ice hockey player

Susan McKelvie
Susan McKelvie (born 15 June 1985) is a Scottish hammer thrower from Edinburgh. She is currently ranked first in Scotland, and throws for Edinburgh Athletic Club, Scotland and Great Britain. She represented her country at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Currently a PE teacher, she is training with Alan Bertram. Her personal best throw is 65.03 metres (213.4 ft), set in Birmingham on 20 August 2011.
MK-608
MK-608 (7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine, 7DMA) is an antiviral drug, an adenosine analog (a type of nucleoside analog). It was originally developed by Merck & Co. as a treatment for hepatitis C, but despite promising results in animal studies, it was ultimately unsuccessful in clinical trials. Subsequently it has been widely used in antiviral research and has shown activity against a range of viruses, including Dengue fever, tick-borne encephalitis virus, poliovirus, and most recently Zika virus, in both in vitro and animal models. Since it has already failed in human clinical trials previously, it is unlikely MK-608 itself will be developed as an antiviral medication, but the continuing lack of treatment options for these emerging viral diseases means that much research continues using MK-608 and related antiviral drugs.

Poliovirus
Poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae.  There are three poliovirus serotypes, numbered 1, 2, and 3.

Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long. The viral particle is about 30 nm in diameter with icosahedral symmetry. Because of its short genome and its simple composition—only a strand of RNA and a nonenveloped icosahedral protein coat encapsulating it—poliovirus is widely regarded as the simplest significant virus.

Poliovirus is one of the most well-characterized viruses, and has become a useful model system for understanding the biology of RNA viruses.
Greek National Road 20
National Road 20 (Greek: Εθνική Οδός 20, abbreviated as EO20) is a single carriageway road in northwestern Greece. It links the cities of Ioannina and Kozani via Konitsa and Siatista. It passes through the Ioannina, Kastoria and the Kozani regional units. Since the opening of the A2 motorway (Egnatia Odos), it is no longer the fastest connection between Kozani and Ioannina. The section between Ioannina and Kalpaki is part of the European route E853.

Regional units of Greece
The 74 regional units of Greece are the country's third-level administrative units (counting decentralized administrations as first-level). They are subdivisions of the country's 13 regions, and are further divided into municipalities.

They were introduced as part of the Kallikratis administrative reform on 1 January 2011 and are comparable in area and, on the mainland, coterminous with the "pre-Kallikratis" prefectures of Greece.
Hachette Books
Hachette Books, formerly Hyperion Books, is a general-interest book imprint of the Perseus Books Group, which is a division of Hachette Book Group and ultimately a part of Lagardère Group. Established in 1990, Hachette publishes general-interest fiction and non-fiction books for adults. A former subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, it was originally named after Hyperion Avenue, the location of Walt Disney Studios prior to 1939. Hachette took over a 1,000 book backlist when Hyperion was purchased from Disney in 2013 with 250 bestselling novels, including Mitch Albom's The Five People You Meet in Heaven.

Tim Allen
Timothy Alan Dick (born June 13, 1953), known professionally as Tim Allen, is an American actor and comedian. He is known for playing Tim "The Toolman" Taylor on the ABC sitcom Home Improvement (1991–1999) for which he won a Golden Globe Award and Mike Baxter on the ABC/Fox sitcom Last Man Standing (2011–2021). He voices Buzz Lightyear for the Toy Story franchise (1995–present) for which he won an Annie Award and played Scott Calvin and Santa Claus in The Santa Clause franchise (1994–2023).

Allen's other films include Jungle 2 Jungle (1997), Galaxy Quest (1999), Joe Somebody (2001), Big Trouble (2002), Christmas with the Kranks (2004), The Shaggy Dog (2006), Wild Hogs (2007), The Six Wives of Henry Lefay (2009), and Crazy on the Outside (2010).
Bangor station (Michigan)
Bangor station is a train station in Bangor, Michigan, serving Amtrak's Pere Marquette line. The station, originally built in 1926 by the Pere Marquette Railway, was renovated in 2005, and includes an enclosed waiting area, washrooms, a coffee shop, free parking, and payphones. It serves northern Van Buren County and the South Haven area.

Parking
Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and usually leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of a road is often permitted, though sometimes with restrictions.  Some buildings have parking facilities for use of the buildings' users.  Countries and local governments have rules for design and use of parking spaces.

Car parking is essential to car-based travel. Cars are typically stationary around 95 percent of the time. The availability and price of car parking may support car dependency. Significant amounts of urban land are devoted to car parking; in many North American city centers, half or more of all land is devoted to car parking.
Fatemeh Javadi
Fatemeh Javadi (Persian: فاطمه جوادی, also Romanized as “Fāteme(h) Javādī”; born 1959) is a conservative Iranian politician who was Vice President of Iran from 2005 to 2009. She is the niece of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli.

Vice presidents of Iran
First vice president of Iran (Persian: معاون اول رئیس‌جمهور ایران) is defined by article 124 of the Constitution of Iran as anyone appointed by the President of Iran to lead an organization related to presidential affairs in Iran. As of 2025, there are fifteen vice presidents. The first vice president leads cabinet meetings in the absence of the president.
Florida State Road 424
State Road 424 (FL 424) is a 2.572-mile-long (4.139 km) state highway in Orange County, Florida, that runs from State Road 434 and County Road 424 on the Orlando-Lockhart city line to West Par Street and Edgewood Drive in northern Orlando.

The road's historic terminus is an intersection with Plymouth Sorrento Road in Plymouth. The road has since been downgraded to a county road and bisected by State Road 414, the Apopka Expressway. The current designation of County Road 424 (CR 424) begins at U.S. Route 441 in Apopka, is briefly interrupted by SR 414, and continues east to meet SR 424 and SR 434 on the Orlando city line.

Lockhart, Florida
Lockhart is a census-designated place in Orange County, Florida, United States. The population was 13,060 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The community is named for David Lockhart (19 March 1864 - 26 August 1923).