hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Software copyright
Software copyright is the application of copyright in law to machine-readable software. While many of the legal principles and policy debates concerning software copyright have close parallels in other domains of copyright law, there are a number of distinctive issues that arise with software. This article primarily focuses on topics particular to software.

Software copyright is used by software developers and proprietary software companies to prevent the unauthorized copying of their software. Free and open source licenses also rely on copyright law to enforce their terms. For instance, copyleft licenses impose a duty on licensees to share their modifications to the work with the user or copy owner under some circumstances. No such duty would apply had the software in question been in the public domain.

Structure, sequence and organization
Structure, sequence and organization (SSO) is a term used in the United States to define a basis for comparing one software work to another in order to determine if copying has occurred that infringes on copyright, even when the second work is not a literal copy of the first.  
The term was introduced in the case of Whelan v. Jaslow in 1986.
The method of comparing the SSO of two software products has since evolved in attempts to avoid the extremes of over-protection and under-protection, both of which are considered to discourage innovation. 
More recently, the concept has been used in Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
Aspromonte National Park
Aspromonte National Park is situated in the southern section of the Apennines, in Calabria, Italy.

The park lies near the sea and includes mountain summits with altitudes close to 2000 meters (Montalto is 1,955 m).

The park's territory, crossed by several watercourses, is populated by important species such as Italian wolf, peregrine falcon, Eurasian eagle-owl and northern goshawk. Most of the territory is dominated by forests of beech, silver fir, black pine, holm oak, sweet chestnut and Mediterranean maquis shrubland. A couple of rare species live here: Bonelli's eagle and a tropical fern, Woodwardia radicans.

Surrounded by the Mediterranean, the park is also rich in historical, artistic and archaeological value.

The park obtained recognition of UNESCO Global Geopark on April 21, 2021.

Sweet chestnut
The sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), also known as the Spanish chestnut or European chestnut, is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae, native to Southern Europe and Asia Minor, and widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. A substantial, long-lived deciduous tree, it produces an edible seed, the chestnut, which has been used in cooking since ancient times.
Schur's theorem
In discrete mathematics, Schur's theorem is any of several theorems of the mathematician Issai Schur. In differential geometry, Schur's theorem is a theorem of Axel Schur. In functional analysis, Schur's theorem is often called Schur's property, also due to Issai Schur.

John M. Sullivan (mathematician)
John Matthew Sullivan (born February 25, 1963) is an American mathematician who works in Germany as a professor at Technische Universität Berlin. His research includes work on knot theory, constant-mean-curvature surfaces, mathematical foams, scientific visualization, and mesh generation.
Arbab Zarak Khan
Arbab Zarak Khan is a Pakistani politician who serves as a member of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (PAKP) from the constituency PK-80 (Peshawar-IX). He was elected in the 2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election as a candidate of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). He belongs to the prominent Arbab family of Peshawar, which has a significant history in the politics of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election
Provincial elections were held in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on 8 February 2024 to elect members of the 12th Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. On 5 August 2023, the results of the 2023 digital census were approved by the Council of Common Interests headed by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif. Therefore, elections have been delayed for several months, as new delimitations will be published on 14 December 2023, as announced by the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP). On 2 November 2023, the ECP announced, in agreement with the President of Pakistan, Arif Alvi, that the elections would be held on 8 February 2024. This election was held concurrently with nationwide general elections and other provincial elections.
Literary Mama
Literary Mama (LiteraryMama.com) is a U.S.-based online literary magazine focused on publishing writing about motherhood in a variety of genres. The writings found in Literary Mama challenge all types of media to rethink its narrow focus of what mothers think and do. Updated monthly, the departments include columns, creative nonfiction, fiction, Literary Reflections, poetry, Profiles and Reviews, OpEd, and a blog. Literary Mama reaches 40,000 readers monthly.

Creative nonfiction
Creative nonfiction (also known as literary nonfiction, narrative nonfiction or verfabula) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contrasts with other non-fiction, such as academic, technical, or journalistic writing, which are also rooted in accurate fact but not written to entertain based on prose style. Many writers view creative nonfiction as overlapping with the essay.
John Wawrzynek
John Wawrzynek is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California at Berkeley. He holds a joint appointment with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and is the Chief Faculty Director of the Berkeley Wireless Research Center. He is currently a principal researcher in multiple large research centers at UC Berkeley including Algorithms and Specializers for Provably Optimal Implementations with Resilience and Efficiency (ASPIRE), the  Parallel Computing Laboratory (ParLab), and the TerraSwarm Research Center.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL, Berkeley Lab) is a federally funded research and development center in the hills of Berkeley, California, United States. Established in 1931 by the University of California (UC), the laboratory is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administered by the UC system. Ernest Lawrence, who won the Nobel prize for inventing the cyclotron, founded the lab and served as its director until his death in 1958. Located in the Berkeley Hills, the lab overlooks the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.
Ivan Marinov (canoeist)
Ivan Marinov (Bulgarian: Иван Маринов) (born August 7, 1968) is a Bulgarian sprint canoer who competed in the late 1980s. He won a bronze medal in the K-4 500 m event at the 1989 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Plovdiv.

At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Marinov competed in the K-4 1000 m event, but was eliminated in the semifinals.

Plovdiv
Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив, pronounced [ˈpɫɔvdif]) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria and the most populous city in the Bulgarian part of the historic region of Thrace, located 144 km (93 miles) southeast of the capital Sofia. It had a population of 329,489 as of 2024 and 540,000 in its greater metropolitan area. An important economic, transport, cultural, and educational hub of Bulgaria, Plovdiv was the European Capital of Culture in 1999 and 2019, and joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Tánh Linh district
Tánh Linh is a rural district of Bình Thuận province in the Southeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 99,679. The district covers an area of 1,174 km2 (453 sq mi). The district capital lies at Lạc Tánh.

Southeast (Vietnam)
Đông Nam Bộ (literally "Southeast region") is a region in Southern Vietnam. This region includes one municipality, Ho Chi Minh City; and five provinces: Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, Bình Phước and Tây Ninh. The two south central provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. This region is the most economically developed region in Vietnam. In 2006, this region contributed 148,000 billion VND (equal to $9.25 billion) out of 251,000 billion VND to the state budget.  This region is also the most highly urbanized in the country with more than 50% people living in urban areas (while the equivalent figure for Vietnam is just 25%).
Digital ICE
Digital Image Correction and Enhancement (Digital ICE) is a set of technologies related to producing an altered image in a variety of frequency spectra. The objective of these technologies is to render an image more usable by Fourier or other filtering techniques. These technologies were most actively advanced in the 1960s and early 1970s in the fields of strategic reconnaissance and medical electronics.

The term Digital ICE initially applied specifically to a proprietary technology developed by Kodak's Austin Development Center, formerly Applied Science Fiction (ASF), that automatically removes surface defects, such as dust and scratches, from scanned images.

Dust
Dust is made of fine particles of solid matter. On Earth, it generally consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil lifted by wind (an aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution.

Dust in homes is composed of about 20–50% dead skin cells. The rest, and in offices and other built environments, is composed of small amounts of plant pollen, human hairs, animal fur, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil, burnt meteorite particles, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment.
West of Scotland Cricket Club
The West of Scotland Cricket Club is a cricket club based in Glasgow, Scotland.  The club's home ground is Hamilton Crescent, located in the Partick area of Glasgow's West End.

West of Scotland, traditionally, are one of the working class cricket clubs in Glasgow and on a summer's day there can be quite a jovial, rowdy, yet well informed support on the famous banking.  Many famous players have both played at the ground and for the club, including Scottish internationalists opening batsman Douglas Lockhart and bowler John Blain. Lockhart was a former Oxford UCCE player and having had trials with Derbyshire whilst Blain played professional county cricket for Northamptonshire and Yorkshire before working with West as the club's coach.

Douglas Lockhart
Douglas Ross Lockhart (born 19 January 1976) is a Scottish cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper.

He has played well over 100 times for the Scotland national team, making his debut in a match against the MCC on 23 August 1995. His One Day International debut for Scotland was against Pakistan on 27 June 2006.

In addition to playing for Scotland, he has also played for the Derbyshire second XI, Oxford University, and one match for the Durham University cricket team.

Outside of cricket, Lockhart worked in the investment industry.
Afia
Afia is an Akan female given name among the Akan people (i.e. Ashanti, Akuapem, Akyem, Fante) in Ghana that means "born on Friday" in Akan language, following their day naming system. People born on particular days are supposed to exhibit the characteristics, or attributes and philosophy, associated with the days. Afia has the appellation ''Baafi'', ''Nkosuo'', which means "wanderer" or "traveller".

Fante people
The modern Mfantsefo or Fante ("Fanti" is an older spelling) confederacy is a combination of Akan people and aboriginal Guan people. The Fante people are mainly located in the Central and Western regions of Ghana, West Africa, occupying the forest and coastal areas. Their land stretches from the eastern part of western region in the west to Gomoa in the east. The Fante can be broadly categorized into two groups – the Borbor/Boka Fante (Akan ancestry) and the Etsii Fante (Guan ancestry). Over the last half-century, Fante communities have been established as far as Gambia, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire and even Angola due to fishing expeditions. Major Fante cities and towns  in modern Ghana include  Cape Coast, Saltpond, Sekondi, Elmina, Agona Swedru, Mankessim, Winneba, Shama, Apam, Komenda, Kasoa and Anomabo.
Vyacheslav Malezhik
Vyacheslav Yefimovich Malezhik (Russian: Вячесла́в Ефи́мович Малежик; born 17 February 1947 in Moscow, Russia) is a Soviet and Russian singer, poet and composer, Meritorious Artist of Russian Federation (2004). He participated in various musical groups, but became most famous as a solo artist.

Tula Oblast
Tula Oblast (Russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, romanized: Tulʹskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in European Russia and is administratively part of the Central Federal District, covering an area of 25,700 square kilometers (9,900 sq mi). It has a population of 1,553,925 (2010 census). Tula is the largest city and the administrative center of the oblast.

Tula Oblast borders Moscow Oblast in the north, Ryazan in the east, Lipetsk in the southeast, Oryol in the southwest, and Kaluga in the west. Tula Oblast is one of the most developed and urbanized territories in Russia, and the majority of the territory forms the Tula-Novomoskovsk Agglomeration, an urban area with a population of over 1 million.
Mikhailovsky Theatre
The Mikhailovsky Theatre (Russian: Миха́йловский теа́тр) is one of Russia's oldest opera and ballet houses. It was founded in 1833 and occupies a Brulleau-designed building on 1, Arts Square in Saint Petersburg. It is named after Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia. Since 1989, it has borne the Modest Mussorgsky name. Since 1991 it has officially been named The St Petersburg Mussorgsky State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre—Mikhailovsky Theatre.

Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia
Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia (Russian: Михаи́л Па́влович; 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1798 – 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1849) was a Russian grand duke, the tenth child and fourth son of Paul I of Russia and his second wife, Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, who took the name Maria Feodorovna. He was the younger brother of two Tsars, Alexander I and Nicholas I, and the disputed Tsar Konstantin I.
Art Donahoe
Arthur R. Donahoe KC (born April 7, 1940) is a former lawyer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Halifax Citadel in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1978 to 1993 as a Progressive Conservative member.

He was born in Halifax, the son of Richard Donahoe and Mary Eileen Boyd, and was educated at Saint Mary's University and Dalhousie Law School. He was admitted to the Nova Scotia bar in 1966.

In 1972, Donahoe married Carolyn MacCormack. He served as Speaker of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia from 1981 to 1991. Donahoe was named Queen's Counsel in 1982. He was president of the Nova Scotia branch of the Canadian Bar Association and of the Nova Scotia Medical Legal Society. In 1993, he was named Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, serving in that post until 2002. His brother, Terry, also served in the provincial assembly.

Schulich School of Law
The Schulich School of Law is the law school of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Founded in 1883 as Dalhousie Law School, it is the oldest university-based common law school in Canada. It adopted its current name in October 2009 after receiving a $20-million endowment from Canadian businessman and philanthropist Seymour Schulich.

Today, the Schulich School of Law is the largest law school in Atlantic Canada, with 500 students enrolled each year (170 in first-year) and a faculty of Rhodes, Fulbright, and Trudeau scholars.
Box Hill High School
Box Hill High School is a co-educational public secondary school located on the corner of Middleborough Road and Whitehorse Road in the eastern suburb of Box Hill in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

With an enrolment of 1,547 students (as of 2025), it caters for students from years 7 through to 12. Year 10, 11 and 12 students undertake the VCE program.

Its school zone includes the suburbs of Box Hill, Box Hill South, Burwood, Burwood East, Blackburn, Blackburn North, and Blackburn South.

Blackburn, Victoria
Blackburn is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Whitehorse local government area. Blackburn recorded a population of 14,478 at the 2021 census.

The origin of the name Blackburn is not certain, but may have been after an early settler or James Blackburn, who designed Yan Yean Reservoir.

Blackburn is bounded in the west by Middleborough Road, in the north by Springfield Road, in the east by an irregular line along streets to the east of Blackburn Lake Sanctuary - known as the Bellbird area  - and in the south by Canterbury Road.
Nebekian culture
The Nebekian culture is an Early Epipalaeolithic archaeological culture of the  Southern Levant, dating to around 25,000 to 19,000 years ago. It is roughly contemporaneous with the Kebaran culture, but is distinguished by the use of different types of microlithic tools, especially microburins. The Nebekian is also usually found in the eastern steppes and deserts of the region, as opposed to the Kebaran, which is centred on the Mediterranean coast. Most Nebekian sites were small camps occupied by hunter-gatherers for a short period of time; they include Uwaynid 14, Uwaynid 18, KPS-75, Wadi Madamagh, and 'Ayn Qasiyya.

Syrian desert
The Syrian desert (Arabic: بادية الشام Bādiyat Ash-Shām), also known as the North Arabian desert, the Jordanian steppe, the Syrian steppe, or the Badiya, or Badiyat al-Sham, is a region of desert, semi-desert, and steppe, covering about 500,000 square kilometers (200,000 square miles) of West Asia, including parts of northern Saudi Arabia, eastern Jordan, southern Syria, and western Iraq. It accounts for about 85% of the land area of Jordan and 55% of Syria. To the south, it borders and merges into the Arabian Desert. The land is open, rocky or gravelly desert pavement, cut with occasional wadis, or river valleys, generally dry riverbeds.
Kunigami District, Okinawa
Kunigami (国頭郡, Kunigami-gun; Kunigami: Kunzan, Okinawan: Kunjan) is a district located in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.  Roughly translated, kunigami means "head of the country", referring to its northern location on the island of Okinawa.  Compare this to Shimajiri District, Okinawa.

As of 2020, the district has an estimated population of 62,257 and the density of 107.84 persons per km2. The total area is 577.3 km2.

Kunigami district includes a section of Okinawa Island and several smaller islands.

Districts of Japan
In Japan, a district (郡, gun) is composed of one or more rural municipalities (towns or villages) within a prefecture. Districts have no governing function, and are only used for geographic or statistical purposes such as mailing addresses. Cities are not part of districts.

Historically, districts have at times functioned as an administrative unit.  From 1878 to 1921 district governments were roughly equivalent to a county of the United States, ranking below prefecture and above town or village, on the same level as a city. District governments were entirely abolished by 1926.
2013 United States Mixed Doubles Curling Championship
The 2013 United States Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was held from December 6–9, 2012 at the Capital Curling Club in Bismarck, North Dakota. Maureen Stolt and her husband Peter Stolt won the tournament, earning the right to represent the United States at the 2013 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship in Fredericton, New Brunswick.

Maureen Stolt
Maureen Stolt (born March 3, 1979) is an American curler from Plymouth, Minnesota.

Stolt competes with her husband, Peter Stolt, in mixed doubles competition. Together they have won the United States Mixed Doubles Curling Championship once, in 2013, and finished in second place three times. Their national championship in 2013 earned them the right to represent the US at the 2013 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship, where they finished in fourth place in the Yellow Pool.
Priscilla Cushman
Priscilla Brooks "Prisca" Cushman (also published as Priscilla Cushman Petersen) is a professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Minnesota. Formerly focused on the study of muons through accelerator-based high energy physics, including collaborating on the Muon g-2 and Compact Muon Solenoid experiments, her recent research has concerned the experimental search for dark matter through the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiments. She has also collaborated with artist Karl Ramberg on a multimedia light and sound performance based on data from her dark matter experiments.

Compact Muon Solenoid
46°18′34″N 6°4′37″E﻿ / ﻿46.30944°N 6.07694°E﻿ / 46.30944; 6.07694

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is one of two large general-purpose particle physics detectors built on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Switzerland and France. The goal of the CMS experiment is to investigate a wide range of physics, including the search for the Higgs boson, extra dimensions, and particles that could make up dark matter.

CMS is 21 metres long, 15 m in diameter, and weighs about 14,000 tonnes. Over 4,000 people, representing 206 scientific institutes and 47 countries, form the CMS collaboration who built and now operate the detector.  It is located in a cavern at Cessy in France, just across the border from Geneva. In July 2012, along with ATLAS, CMS tentatively discovered the Higgs boson. 
By March 2013 its existence was confirmed.

Gautier Hamel de Monchenault is the spokesperson for the CMS collaboration since 2024.
Live Evil (Black Sabbath album)
Live Evil is the first official live album by the English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, recorded during their Mob Rules Tour (1981–1982). The previously released Live at Last (1980) was not sanctioned by the band. Live Evil peaked at number 37 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart.

Geezer Butler
Terence Michael Joseph "Geezer" Butler (born 17 July 1949) is an English musician, best known as the bassist and primary lyricist of the pioneering heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He has also recorded and performed with Heaven & Hell, GZR, Ozzy Osbourne, and Deadland Ritual.
Steve Strydom
Stefanus Strydom (26 March 1938 – 29 October 2005) was a South African cricketer who played first-class cricket for Orange Free State between 1959–60 and 1968–69.

Strydom, one of four brothers to play first-class cricket, was a middle-order batsman and occasional medium-pace bowler. He had one outstanding match, for Orange Free State against Transvaal B in 1965–66, when he scored 97 in the first innings and 234 when Orange Free State followed on. On the second day he scored 97 and 120 not out. The match ended in a draw. He was chosen as one of the South African Cricket Annual Cricketers of the Year in 1966.

Strydom also represented Orange Free State at rugby union, and in the 1970s and 1980s he was an international rugby union referee.

Gauteng cricket team
Gauteng (formerly Transvaal) is the first-class cricket team of the southern parts of Gauteng province of South Africa. The team was called Transvaal from April 1890 to April 1997 (the area north of Johannesburg, including Pretoria being part of the Northerns, formerly Northern Transvaal). Under the main competition's various names – the Currie Cup, then the Castle Cup, now the SuperSport Series – Transvaal/Gauteng cricket team has been the most successful of the South African domestic sides, winning 25 times. The club's most glorious period was the 1980s when they were dubbed the "Mean Machine".

For the purposes of the SuperSport Series, Gauteng merged with North West (formerly Western Transvaal) to form the Highveld Lions or, more simply, "the Lions" (from October 2004 to 2021).