hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Umbilicaria africana
Umbilicaria africana is a species of foliose lichen in the family Umbilicariaceae. Initially described as a variety under Gyrophora haplocarpa by Antonio Jatta in 1908, it was elevated to species status in 1986. This lichen is predominantly found on boulders of siliceous rock in the high alpine zones of the tropical mountains of South America and parts of Africa.

Umbilicariaceae
The Umbilicariaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota. Species of this family are known from a variety of climates, including temperate, boreal, austral, and warmer montane regions. The family contains five genera and 53 species.
Cambia
Cambia can mean:

Cambia, Haute-Corse, a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France

Cambia (non-profit organisation), an open science and biology non-profit institute based in Australia

Cambia Health Solutions, an American health insurance company

Cambia or cambiums, the four humours in medicine

Cambia, a brand name for the medication diclofenac

the plural of cambium (botany), a type of tissue found in plants

Cambium
A cambium (pl.: cambiums or cambia), in plants, is a tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth. It is found in the area between xylem and phloem. A cambium can also be defined as a cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grows by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening. It forms parallel rows of cells, which result in secondary tissues.

There are several distinct kinds of cambium found in plant stems and roots:

Cork cambium, a tissue found in many vascular plants as part of the periderm.

Unifacial cambium, which ultimately produces cells to the interior of its cylinder.

Vascular cambium, a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.

Note:- Although Procambium is a secondary meristematic tissue, in most cases it behaves like a secondary  meristematic tissue or its characteristics can be observed, that is, in this case it can be said that it is a type of primary meristematic tissue.
All but dissertation
"All but dissertation" (ABD) is a term identifying a stage in the process of obtaining a research doctorate, most commonly used in the United States.

In typical usage of the term, the ABD graduate student has completed the required preparatory coursework and passed the required preliminary, comprehensive, and doctoral qualifying examinations (or PhD candidacy examination). After the graduate student has successfully passed this examination stage, they are referred to as a "PhD candidate."

The informal ABD designation indicates that graduate student has met all program requirements except for writing of the dissertation (or thesis) and the final defense at the end of a PhD program. Therefore, any formal usage of the term "Ph.D. (ABD)" is erroneous. Some universities, including Columbia, Yale, and George Washington, may award a formal Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree for these achievements.

Prelim
The term prelim (short for preliminary examination) generally refers to an examination that qualifies a student to continue studies at a higher level, and/or allow the student to comprehend their studies and see how prepared they are for an upcoming examination. It can also act as a gauge on how knowledgeable one is within the chosen subject.

Prelim exams may pre-date the qualifying exam at some institutions, although some universities combine both concepts into one exam.
Buckingham House, Pall Mall
Buckingham House was a residence of the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos in Pall Mall, London. Designed by the Neoclassical architect Sir John Soane in 1790, it featured the Neo-Palladian style for the three-storey-high frontage. The construction work finished in 1795.

The house was demolished in 1908, and the Royal Automobile Club occupies the site today.

Duke of Buckingham
Duke of Buckingham, referring to the market town of Buckingham, England, is an extinct title that has been created several times in the peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. There were creations of double dukedoms of Buckingham and Normanby and of Buckingham and Chandos.  The 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby built Buckingham House in the early 1700s, which eventually came into the hands of the monarch and is now Buckingham Palace. The last holder of the dukedom, the 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, died in 1889.

There have also been Earls of Buckingham and Marquesses of Buckingham.
Northern Culture Museum
Northern Culture Museum (北方文化博物館, Hoppō Bunka Hakubutsukan) is an open-air museum in Kōnan-ku, Niigata, Japan. It contains the well known mansion of a wealthy farming family called gōnō (豪農), gardens and houses from the Edo period. There is also a branch in Chūō-ku, Niigata.

Chūō-ku, Niigata
Chūō-ku (中央区, Chūō-ku) is one of the eight wards of Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture, in the Hokuriku region of  Japan. It comprises much of the city centre. As of 1 September 2018, the ward had an estimated population of 183,231 in 87,162 households  and a population density of 4,900 persons per km2. The total area of the ward was 37.75 square kilometres (14.58 sq mi).
Intini Uyu Pata
Intini Uyu Pata or Inti Uyu (Aymara inti sun, uyu pen (enclosure), yard, cemetery) is an archaeological site in Peru. It is located in the Puno Region, Yunguyo Province, between the districts Ollaraya and Unicachi, at a height of about 3,867 m (12,687 ft). The site was declared a National Cultural Heritage (Patrimonio Cultural) of Peru by the National Institute of Culture.

Pen (enclosure)
A pen is a fenced/walled open-air enclosure for holding land animals in captivity, typically for livestock but may also be used for holding other domesticated animals such as pets that are unwanted inside buildings. The term describes types of enclosures that may confine one or many animals. Construction and terminology vary depending on the region of the world, purpose, animal species to be confined, local materials used and tradition. Pen or penning as a verb refers to the act of confining animals in an enclosure.

Similar terms are kraal, boma, and corrals. Encyclopædia Britannica notes usage of the term "kraal" for elephant corrals in India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Chicago Symphony Chorus
The Chicago Symphony Chorus began on September 22, 1957, when the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) announced that Margaret Hillis would organize and train a symphony chorus. The music director Fritz Reiner's original intent was to utilize the chorus for the two weeks of subscription concerts that season, performing George Frideric Handel's Messiah in December and Giuseppe Verdi's Requiem in April. When Bruno Walter informed the orchestra's management that his March 1958 appearances would be his last in Chicago, the board president, Eric Oldberg, insisted that Walter conduct Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Requiem utilizing the new chorus. During that first season, it was logistically impossible for Hillis to audition and prepare a new Chorus for three major works within less than four months. As an interim fix, the Apollo Chorus of Chicago was used for the Christmas Messiah concerts.

A German Requiem (Brahms)
A German Requiem, to Words of the Holy Scriptures, Op. 45 (German: Ein deutsches Requiem, nach Worten der heiligen Schrift) by Johannes Brahms, is a large-scale work for chorus, orchestra, and soprano and baritone soloists, composed between 1865 and 1868. It comprises seven movements, which together last 65 to 80 minutes, making this work both Brahms's longest composition and largest-ensemble work. A German Requiem is sacred but non-liturgical, and unlike a long tradition of the Latin Requiem, A German Requiem, as its title states, is set in the German language.
Dolike Sunderpur
Dolike Sunderpur is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 24 kilometres (15 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 167 kilometres (104 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Jalandhar
Jalandhar (IPA: /d͡ʒəːləndə̀ɾᵊ/) is a city in the state of Punjab in India. With a considerable population, it ranks as the third most-populous city in the state and is the largest city in the Doaba region. Jalandhar lies alongside the historical Grand Trunk Road and is a well-connected junction for both rail and road networks. The National Highway 1 (NH1), crosses Jalandhar, further enhancing its connectivity.
Rusaba
Rusaba is an administrative ward in Buhigwe District  of Kigoma Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 13,070 people in the ward, from 20,997 in 2012.: 124 : 152

Kigoma Region
Kigoma Region (Mkoa wa Kigoma in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions, with the city of  Kigoma as the regional capital. Kigoma Region borders Kagera Region, Geita Region, Katavi Region, Tabora Region, DRC and Burundi According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 2,127,930, which was higher than the pre-census projection of 1,971,332.: page 2  For 2002–2012, the region's 2.4 percent average annual population growth rate was tied for the fourteenth highest in the country.: page 4  It was also the sixteenth most densely populated region with 57 people per square kilometer.: page 6  With a size of 45,066 square kilometres (17,400 sq mi), the region is slightly smaller than Estonia (45,227 square kilometres (17,462 sq mi)).
2nd California Cavalry Regiment
The 2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry was a cavalry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States, with most of its companies dispersed to various posts.

Visalia, California
Visalia (/vaɪˈseɪljə, vɪ-/ vy-SAYL-yə, vih-) is a city in the agricultural San Joaquin Valley of California. The population was 141,384 as per the 2020 census. Visalia is the fifth-most populous city in the San Joaquin Valley, the 38th most populous in California, and 183rd in the United States. As the county seat of Tulare County, Visalia serves as the economic and governmental center to one of the most productive agricultural counties in the country.
Pokertek
PokerTek was a company that developed the PokerPro electronic poker table and Heads-Up Challenge video game, as well as related software applications.

The PokerPro table were introduced at casinos in dozens of countries as well as cruise ships. Introduction of PokerPro tables at Trump Plaza raised concerns among dealers about their job security.

The Heads-Up Challenge video game was co-branded with the World Series of Poker.

Pokertek was the exclusive provider of automated poker tables for Harrah's Entertainment and Ameristar Casinos.

Aristocrat Leisure was Pokertek's exclusive provider for countries outside of the United States and Canada.

In 2014, PokerTek was sold to Multimedia Games (of Austin, Texas) for $13,500,000.

World Series of Poker
The World Series of Poker (WSOP) is a series of poker tournaments held annually in Paradise, Nevada, and since 2004, sponsored by Caesars Entertainment. It dates its origins to 1970, when Benny Binion invited seven of the best-known poker players to the Horseshoe Casino for a single tournament, with a set start and stop time, and a winner determined by a secret ballot of the seven players.

As of 2020, the WSOP consists of 101 events, with most major poker variants featured. Events traditionally take place during one day or over several consecutive days during the series in June and July.

The 2024 WSOP was held at the Horseshoe and Paris Las Vegas, and saw record-breaking attendance for the Main Event tournament. In August 2024, Caesars Entertainment announced it had sold the WSOP brand to GGPoker operator NSUS Group for $500 million.
Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam
Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam is represented by 3 parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church: one in Vung Tau, named after the icon of Our Lady of Kazan, where there are many Russian-speaking employees of the Russian-Vietnamese joint venture "Vietsovpetro", and also parish of Xenia of Saint Petersburg in Hanoi and parish of Protection of Our Most Holy Lady Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary in Ho Chi Minh City.

The earliest parish in Vung Tau was opened in 2002 with the blessing of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, which had been given in Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra.

Holy Synod
In several of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches and Eastern Catholic Churches, the patriarch or head bishop is elected by a group of bishops called the Holy Synod. For instance, the Holy Synod is a ruling body of the Georgian Orthodox Church.

In Oriental Orthodoxy the Holy Synod is the highest authority in the church and it formulates the rules and regulations regarding matters of church organization, faith, and order of service.
Monsters of Rock: Platinum Edition
Monsters of Rock: Platinum Edition is a compilation album featuring many hard rock and heavy metal hits. It was released as a 2 disc set exclusively through telephone orders and its website and a single disc version sold in stores.

Cum On Feel the Noize
"Cum On Feel the Noize" is a song by English rock band Slade which was released in 1973 as a non-album single. It was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea and produced by Chas Chandler. It reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart, giving the band their fourth number one single, and remained in the charts for twelve weeks. In a UK poll in 2015 it was voted 15th on the ITV special The Nation's Favourite 70s Number One.

In 1983, the American heavy metal band Quiet Riot recorded their own version of the song, which was a million-selling hit single in the United States, reaching No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Hey, Killer
'Hey, Killer' is the eighth studio album by American alternative rock duo Local H, released on April 14, 2015, through G&P Records, the merchandiser for the band. Unlike previous recordings, Hey, Killer is not a conceptual release. The album was released on digital, CD, and vinyl formats. The record marks the first full-length recording to feature Ryan Harding on drums.

Recording for the album was mostly funded by a Pledgemusic campaign started by the band. People who helped donate to the campaign were rewarded with items such as limited edition T-shirts and signed copies of the record. Five percent of the money raised by the campaign was completed was sent to MusiCares, an organization that helps musicians with financial and personal struggles.

PledgeMusic
PledgeMusic was an online direct-to-fan music platform, launched in August 2009. It was started to facilitate musicians looking to pre-sell, market, and distribute projects, such as recordings and concerts. It bore similarities to other artist payment platforms as ArtistShare, Kickstarter, Indiegogo, Patreon, RocketHub and Sellaband.

The company announced it was facing bankruptcy in May 2019, after a year of artists reporting slow payment problems. The company was granted permission to wind up on 19 August 2019.
Op. 4
In music, Op. 4 stands for Opus number 4. Compositions that are assigned this number include:

Beethoven – String Quintet, Op. 4

Berg – Altenberg Lieder

Bliss – String Quartet in A major

Brahms – Scherzo

Britten – Simple Symphony

Chopin – Piano Sonata No. 1

David – Trombone Concertino

Dommayer – Gunstwerber

Dvořák – Symphony No. 2

Elgar – Idylle

G. English – Symphony No. 1

Handel – Organ concertos, Op. 4

Madetoja – Elegia, for strings (1910)

Mielck – Symphony in F minor (1897, revised 1898)

Mendelssohn – Violin Sonata in F minor

Reger – Sechs Lieder, Op. 4

Schoenberg – Verklärte Nacht

Schumann – Intermezzi

Schütz – Cantiones sacrae

Sibelius – String Quartet in B-flat major (1890)

Strauss – Kettenbrücke-Walzer

Stravinsky – Feu d'artifice

Vivaldi – La stravaganza

Wieniawski – Polonaise de Concert, Op. 4

Zandonai – Francesca da Rimini

String Quintet, Op. 4 (Beethoven)
The String Quintet in E-flat major, Op. 4, was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1795. It was adapted from his Octet in E-flat major, Op. 103, which, despite its high opus number, was in fact composed by Beethoven in 1792/1793 but was published only in 1837, ten years after the composer's death. The Quintet was published in Vienna in 1796.
Minnow on the Say
Minnow on the Say is a Canadian children's adventure television series which aired on CBC Television in 1960. It is based on the 1955 novel of the same title by Philippa Pearce, who later wrote the classic Tom's Midnight Garden. (Her first novel was adapted for British television in 1972, as Treasure over the Water.)

Television in Canada
Television in Canada officially began with the sign-on of the nation's first television stations in Montreal and Toronto in 1952. As with most media in Canada, the television industry, and the television programming available in that country, are strongly influenced by media in the United States and the United Kingdom, perhaps to an extent not seen in any other major industrialized nation. As a result, the government institutes quotas for "Canadian content". Nonetheless, new content is often aimed at a broader North American audience, although the similarities may be less pronounced in the predominantly French-language province of Quebec.
Cult Hero (film)
Cult Hero is a Canadian thriller comedy film, directed by Jesse Thomas Cook and released in 2022. The film stars Liv Collins as Kallie Jones, a real estate agent and stereotypical "Karen" in Owen Sound, Ontario, whose husband Brad (Justin Bott) gets drawn into a death cult led by Master Jagori (Tony Burgess), forcing her to team up with "cult buster" Dale Domazar (Ry Barrett) to rescue him.

The cast also includes Jessica Vano, Charlie Baker, Jonathan Craig, Justin Darmanin, Steve Kasan, Michael Masurkevitch, Marcia Alderson, Zoë Woodrow, Matt Griffin, Ross Docherty, James Mercier, Alex Bonwick, Donna Henry and Greg Collins.

Karen (slang)
Karen is a pejorative slang term typically used to refer to a middle class woman who is perceived as entitled or excessively demanding. The term is often portrayed in memes depicting middle-class white women who use their white and class privilege to demand their own way. Depictions include demanding to "speak to the manager", being racist, or wearing a particular bob cut hairstyle. It was popularized in the aftermath of the Central Park birdwatching incident in 2020, when a woman called the police during a disagreement over the requirement for her dog to be leashed in an area of the park.

The term has been criticized by some as racist, sexist, ageist, classist, and controlling women's behavior. The term has occasionally been applied to male behavior.

During 2020, the term increasingly appeared in media and social media, including during the COVID-19 pandemic and George Floyd protests. The Guardian called 2020 "the year of Karen".
Drew Butera
Andrew Edward Butera (/bjʊˈtɛərə/; born August 9, 1983) is an American former professional baseball catcher who currently serves as a major league coach for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB for the Minnesota Twins, Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels, Kansas City Royals, and Colorado Rockies.

The 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m), 210 pounds (95 kg) right-hander is the son of former major league catcher Sal Butera. Butera became the fifth catcher to catch a no-hitter in both the American League (Francisco Liriano, 2011) and National League (Josh Beckett, 2014).

Butera has also pitched scoreless innings in both leagues, with a fastball reaching the mid-90s.  In 2020, he became the first position player ever to pitch a scoreless ninth inning after the other team had scored in each of the first eight innings.

Inning
In baseball, softball, and similar games, an inning is the basic unit of play, consisting of two halves or frames, the "top" (first half) and the "bottom" (second half). In each half, one team bats until three outs are made, with the other team playing defense. A full baseball game is typically scheduled for nine innings, while softball games consist of seven innings, although this may be shortened due to weather, or extended if the score is tied at the end of the scheduled innings. The use of the term inning in baseball and softball contrasts with cricket and rounders, in which the term is innings in both singular and plural.
Congress Street (Portland, Maine)
43°39′25″N 70°15′36″W﻿ / ﻿43.656872°N 70.259981°W﻿ / 43.656872; -70.259981

Congress Street is the main street in Portland, Maine. 5.9 miles (9.5 km) long, it stretches from County Road, Portland's southwestern border with Westbrook, through a number of neighborhoods, before ending overlooking the Eastern Promenade on Munjoy Hill. In March 2009, the Portland City Council designated much of the inner portion of Congress Street a historic district. The western section of the street includes the city's Arts District.

The street was formerly known as both Country Road and Back Street. West of downtown Portland, the street is known colloquially as Outer Congress Street.

Portland City Hall stands at 389 Congress Street, at the head of Exchange Street.

Westbrook, Maine
Westbrook is a city in Cumberland County, Maine, United States and a suburb of Portland. The population was 20,400 at the 2020 census, making it the fastest-growing city in Maine between 2010 and 2020. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area.
Heisenji Hakusan Shrine
Heisenji Hakusan Shrine (平泉寺白山神社, Heisenji Hakusan jinja) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.  In the former Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines, it was a prefectural shrine of Fukui Prefecture. Noted for its mossy gardens, the shrine gardens were designated a National Place of Scenic Beauty (名勝) in 1930 and a  National Historic Site of Japan in 1935. Its main festival is held annually on April 20.  The area of the shrine is within the boundaries of Hakusan National Park.

Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
The modern system of ranked Shinto shrines (近代社格制度, Kindai Shakaku Seido; sometimes called simply shakaku (社格)) was an organizational aspect of the establishment of Japanese State Shinto. This system classified Shinto shrines as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into

Imperial shrines (kampeisha), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and

National shrines (kokuheisha), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.

Some shrines are the "first shrines" called ichinomiya that have the highest rank in their respective provinces of Japan.

The Ise Grand Shrine stood at the top of all shrines and thus was outside the classification.

All listed shrines on this page with the exception of Ise Grand Shrine are Beppyo shrines.
Achille Giroux
Jean François Achille Giroux (13 May 1816, Mortagne-au-Perche - 26 March 1854, Saint-Léon) was a French painter and lithographer in the Realist style. Most of his works feature animals; primarily horses.

Saint-Léon, Lot-et-Garonne
Saint-Léon (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ leɔ̃]; Gascon: Sent Lèu) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. Administration:

The commune is part of the arrondissement (administrative district) of Nérac, the canton of Lavardac and the Communauté de communes du Confluent et des Coteaux de Prayssas. Local governance is managed by a mayor and a municipal council, which oversee the communal affairs.