hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
An-Naqura
An-Naqura (Arabic: الناقورة, also spelled al-Nakura) is a Palestinian village in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 10 kilometers northwest of Nablus and adjacent to the Israeli settlement of Shavei Shomron. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) census, the village had a population of 1,545 in 2007 and 1,786 in 2017. An-Naqura is administered by a ten-member village council headed by Muhammad Hashish.

Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS; Arabic: الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء الفلسطيني, romanized: al-Jihāz al-Markazī lil-Iḥṣāʼ al-Filasṭīnī) is the official statistical institution of Palestine. Its main task is to provide credible statistical figures at the national and international levels. It is a state institution that provides service to the governmental, non – governmental and private sectors in addition to research institutions and universities. It is established as an independent statistical bureau. The PCBS publishes the Statistical Yearbook of Palestine and the Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook annually.

The head office of the agency is in Ein Munjed Quarter, Ramallah.
Lupanar
The Lupanar (Latin for "brothel") is the ruined building of an ancient Roman brothel in the city of Pompeii. It is of particular interest for the erotic paintings on its walls, and is also known as the Lupanare Grande or the "Purpose-Built Brothel" in the Roman colony. Pompeii was closely associated with Venus, the ancient Roman goddess of love, sex, and fertility, and therefore a mythological figure closely tied to prostitution.

Venus (mythology)
Venus (/ˈviːnəs/; Classical Latin: [ˈwɛnʊs]) is a Roman goddess whose functions encompass love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. In Roman mythology, she was the ancestor of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles.

The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her Greek counterpart Aphrodite for Roman art and Latin literature. In the later classical tradition of the West, Venus became one of the most widely referenced deities of Greco-Roman mythology as the embodiment of love and sexuality. As such, she is usually depicted nude.
Dilinata
Dilinata (Greek: Διλινάτα) is a village in the municipal unit of Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece. It is situated on a mountain slope, at 400 m elevation. It is 2 km east of Davgata, 2 km north of Faraklata and 6 km northeast of Argostoli. The mountaintop of Evmorfia, elevation 1,043 m, is to the northeast. Dilinata suffered great damage from the 1953 Ionian earthquake.

It is the place of origin of Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos Athletic Club.

1953 Ionian earthquake
The 1953 Ionian earthquake (also known as the Great Kefalonia earthquake) struck the southern Ionian Islands in Greece on August 12. In mid-August, there were over 113 recorded earthquakes in the region between Kefalonia and Zakynthos, and the most destructive was the August 12 earthquake. The event measured 6.8 on the moment magnitude scale, raised the whole island of  Kefalonia by 60 cm (24 in), and caused widespread damage throughout the islands of Kefalonia and Zakynthos. The maximum felt intensity of shaking was X (extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Between 445 and 800 people were killed.
Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)
Maharaja Rao Birender Singh (20 February 1921 – 30 September 2009) was an Indian politician. He served first as a minister in the state government of Punjab and then as Chief Minister of Haryana, and also served as a minister in Punjab state, Haryana state and the Union cabinet. He also served as the second Speaker (first male speaker) of Haryana state assembly in 1967. He coined an Indian political vocabulary Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram to describe the practice of frequently floor-crossing by legislature.

East Punjab
East Punjab was a province of the Dominion of India from 1947 until 1950. It consist of  parts of the Punjab Province of British India that remained in India following the partition of the state between the new dominions of Pakistan and India by the Radcliffe Commission in 1947. The mostly Muslim western parts of the old Punjab became Pakistan's West Punjab, later,  renamed as Punjab Province, while the mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern parts remained with India.
Home Council of Ministers
The Home Council of Ministers (Polish: Krajowa Rada Ministrów) was a part of the Polish Government in Exile residing in occupied Poland.  It was established by decree of the president of Poland on 3 May 1944 and headed by the Government Delegate for Poland.

It was the top executive of the Polish Underground State, created on 26 July 1944 from the Government Delegation for Poland.  The Government Delegate, Jan Stanisław Jankowski, then became deputy prime minister and with tow other ministers led the Home Council of Ministers.  It was divided into departments representative of pre-war Polish ministries and other offices. Most of its members, including Jankowski, were arrested on 27 March 1945 by NKVD and sentenced in the Trial of the Sixteen. The remaining leaders of the Underground State decided not to recreate the Council.

Trial of the Sixteen
The Trial of the Sixteen (Polish: Proces szesnastu) was a staged trial of 16 leaders of the Polish Underground State held by the Soviet authorities in Moscow in 1945. All captives were kidnapped by the NKVD secret service and falsely accused of various forms of 'illegal activity' against the Red Army.
Papaipema impecuniosa
Papaipema impecuniosa, commonly known as the aster borer moth or impecunious borer, is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in eastern North America, where it ranges from Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Illinois and north to Wisconsin and Ontario.

The larvae feed on Aster species and Helenium autumnale. They bore into the stems and roots of their host plant.

Aster (genus)
Aster is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Its circumscription has been narrowed, and it now encompasses around 170 species, all but one of which are restricted to Eurasia; many species formerly in Aster are now in other genera of the tribe Astereae. Aster amellus is the type species of the genus and the family Asteraceae.

The name Aster comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀστήρ (astḗr), meaning 'star', referring to the shape of the flower head. Many species, varieties, and hybrids, sometimes known as Michaelmas daisies for their late blooming, are popular as garden plants because of their attractive and colourful flowers. 'Aster' species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species.
Ubi caritas
"Ubi caritas" is a hymn of the Western Church, long used as one of the antiphons for the washing of feet on Maundy Thursday. Its text is attributed to Paulinus of Aquileia in 796 AD. The traditional melody probably also stems from the late 8th century AD. It is now and then sung at Eucharistic Adoration and Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and has for a long time been part of the Holy Thursday evening liturgy.  The current  Roman Catholic Missal (1970, 3rd typical edition 2002) reassigned it from the foot-washing mandatum to the offertory procession at the Holy Thursday evening Mass of the Lord's Supper. It also is found in current Anglican and Lutheran hymnals.

In the second typical edition (1975) of the current Roman Missal, pups the antiphonal response was altered to read "Ubi caritas est vera, Deus ibi est," after certain very early manuscripts. This translates as: "Where true charity is, God is there."

Paulinus II of Aquileia
Saint Paulinus II (c. 726 – 11 January 802 or 804 AD) was a priest, theologian, poet, and one of the most eminent scholars of the Carolingian Renaissance. From 787 to his death, he was the Patriarch of Aquileia in what is now northeastern Italy. He participated in a number of synods which opposed Spanish Adoptionism and promoted both reforms and the adoption of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed. In addition, Paulinus arranged for the peaceful Christianisation of the Avars and the alpine Slavs in the territory of the Aquileian patriarchate. For this, he is also known as the apostle of the Slovenes.
Jason Osborne (sportsman)
Jason Osborne (born 20 March 1994) is a German former rower and former professional road cyclist, who rode for UCI WorldTeam Alpecin–Deceuninck. He won silver as part of the German team in the lightweight men's quadruple sculls at the 2013 World Rowing Championships in Chungju, Korea. He has also won medals in a number of competitions in the World Rowing Cup and European Championships. He competed in the men's lightweight double sculls event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

On 9 December 2020, he won the first edition of the UCI Cycling Esports World Championships, organised on the online cycling platform Zwift. After this result, he was signed as a stagiaire for UCI WorldTeam Deceuninck–Quick-Step. The following season he joined UCI Continental team Alpecin–Fenix Development Team in June 2022, before being promoted to Alpecin–Deceuninck for the 2023 season.

Rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's lightweight double sculls
The men's lightweight double sculls at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro were held from 8 to 12 August at the Lagoon Rodrigo de Freitas.

The medals for the competition were presented by Luis Alberto Moreno, Colombia, member of the International Olympic Committee, and the gifts were presented by Patrick Rombaut, Belgium, Member of the Executive Committee of the International Rowing Federation.
Gregory J. Moore
Gregory J. Moore is an American political scientist specializing in international relations, international security and Chinese politics and foreign policy.  He teaches international politics and policy at Patrick Henry College in Purcellville, Virginia. He was previously a Stanton Fellow at the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, CO.  Prior to that he was a professor of global studies and politics at Colorado Christian University, and taught political science and international relations at universities in China such as Zhejiang University and University of Nottingham Ningbo for roughly a decade.

Patrick Henry College
Patrick Henry College (PHC) is a private liberal arts non-denominational conservative Protestant Christian college located in Purcellville, Virginia. Its departments teach classical liberal arts, government, strategic intelligence in national security, economics and business analytics, history, journalism, environmental science and stewardship, and literature. The university has accreditation from the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS-COC) as of 2022. Patrick Henry College continues to be accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS), which is also recognized as an institutional accreditor by the United States Department of Education. Its graduation rate is 67%.
Cheddar Valley line
The Cheddar Valley line was a railway line in Somerset, England, running between Yatton and Witham. It was opened in parts: the first section connecting Shepton Mallet to Witham, later extended to Wells, was built by the East Somerset Railway from 1858. Later the Bristol and Exeter Railway built their branch line from Yatton to Wells, but the two lines were prevented for a time from joining up. Eventually the gap was closed, and the line became a simple through line, operated by the Great Western Railway.

The line became known as 'The Strawberry Line' because of the volume of locally grown strawberries that it carried.  It closed in 1963. Sections of the former trackbed have been opened as the Strawberry Line railway walk, which runs from Yatton to Cheddar. The southern section operates as a heritage railway using the name East Somerset Railway.

Witham Friary
Witham Friary is a small English village and civil parish located between the  towns of Frome and Bruton in the county of Somerset. It is in the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the ancient Forest of Selwood.
Visual appearance
The visual appearance of objects is given by the way in which they reflect and transmit light. The color of objects is determined by the parts of the spectrum of (incident white) light that are reflected or transmitted without being absorbed. Additional appearance attributes are based on the directional distribution of reflected (BRDF) or transmitted light (BTDF) described by attributes like glossy, shiny versus dull, matte, clear, turbid, distinct, etc. Since "visual appearance" is a general concept that includes also various other visual phenomena, such as color, visual texture, visual perception of shape, size, etc., the specific aspects related to how humans see different spatial distributions of light (absorbed, transmitted and reflected, either regularly or diffusely) have been given the name cesia. It marks a difference (but also a relationship) with color, which could be defined as the sensation arising from different spectral compositions or distributions of light.

Reflection (physics)
Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The law of reflection says that for specular reflection (for example at a mirror) the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.

In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar. In geology, it is important in the study of seismic waves. Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water. Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light. Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar. Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special "grazing" mirrors.
Samuel Henry Carr
Samuel Henry Carr was a Canadian politician who represented Rosthern in the 12th sitting of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

He won a byelection triggered by the resignation of Walter Tucker.

Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (French: Assemblée législative de la Saskatchewan) is the legislative chamber of the Saskatchewan Legislature in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan, in the name of the King of Canada. The assembly meets at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina.

There are 61 constituencies in the province, which elect members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). All are single-member districts, though the cities of Regina, Saskatoon and Moose Jaw were in the past represented through multi-member districts, with members elected through block voting.

The legislature has been unicameral since its establishment; there has never been a provincial upper house.

The 30th Saskatchewan Legislature was elected at the 2024 Saskatchewan general election.
Tom DeMaio
Tom DeMaio Jr. (born c. 1961) is an American former football coach. He served for a single season as the interim head football coach at William Paterson University in Wayne, New Jersey, compiling a record of 3–7 in 1988.

DeMaio attended Hawthorne High School in Hawthorne, New Jersey, where played high school football as a quarterback for his father, Tom DeMaio Sr. He attended Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania before transferring to Seton Hall University, from which he graduated in 1983.

Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Lancaster is a city in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. With a population of 58,039 at the 2020 census, it is the eighth-most populous city in the state. It is a core city within South Central Pennsylvania, with 552,984 residents in the Lancaster metropolitan area.

Settled in the 1720s, Lancaster is one of the oldest inland cities in the US. It served as the capital of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1812. The city's primary industries include healthcare, tourism, public administration, manufacturing, and both professional and semi-professional services. Lancaster is located 59 miles (95 km) southwest of Allentown and 61 miles (98 km) west of Philadelphia and is a hub of Pennsylvania Dutch Country.
1995 NCAA Division I baseball tournament
The 1995 NCAA Division I baseball tournament was played at the end of the 1995 NCAA Division I baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball.  The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series, a double-elimination tournament in its forty ninth year.  Eight regional competitions were held to determine the participants in the final event.  Each region was composed of six teams, resulting in 48 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season, and in some cases, after a conference tournament.  The forty-ninth tournament's champion was Cal State Fullerton, coached by Augie Garrido.  The Most Outstanding Player was Mark Kotsay of Cal State Fullerton.

Augie Garrido
August Edmun Garrido Jr. (February 6, 1939 – March 15, 2018) was an American professional baseball player and coach in NCAA Division I college baseball, best known for his stints with the Cal State Fullerton Titans and Texas Longhorns.

Garrido compiled a collegiate record of 1,975–951–9 and retired in 2016 as the coach with, at the time, the most wins in college baseball history. His win total was surpassed by Mike Martin of the Florida State Seminoles in 2018. He took his programs to 15 College World Series, winning five of them: three with Cal State Fullerton and two with Texas.

He is often considered the greatest coach in college baseball history.
Peak Ozodi
Ozodi Peak (Russian: Пик Озоди, Freedom Peak) or until 2020 Korzhenevskoi Peak (Russian: Пик Корженевской), is the third highest peak in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. It is one of the five "Snow Leopard Peaks" in the territory of the former Soviet Union.

Mughob
The Mughob (Russian: Мугоб, Tajik: Муғоб; until 31 July, 2023 muksu) is a west-flowing river in northeastern Tajikistan. It is a tributary of the Vakhsh which in turn is a tributary of the Amu Darya. The river is 88 kilometres (55 mi) long and has a basin area of 7,070 square kilometres (2,730 sq mi). It is formed at the confluence of the rivers Seldara (draining the Vanch-Yakh Glacier) and Sauksay (draining the Saukdara Glaciers), near Altyn Mazar. The north side of its valley is the Trans-Alay Range and the south side is formed by the Peter I Range and the Academy of Sciences Range. It joins the Kyzyl-Suu (which drains the Alay Valley) to form the Surkhob or Vakhsh. At Altyn Mazar there is a pass leading north to Daroot-Korgon in the Alay Valley.
Render unto Caesar
"Render unto Caesar" is the beginning of a phrase attributed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels, which reads in full, "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's" (Ἀπόδοτε οὖν τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ).

This phrase has become a widely quoted summary of the relationship between Christianity, secular government, and society. The original message, coming in response to a question of whether it was lawful for Jews to pay taxes to Caesar, gives rise to multiple possible interpretations about the circumstances under which it is desirable for Christians to submit to earthly authority.

Tax resistance
Tax resistance (also known as a tax strike or tax revolt) is the refusal to pay tax because of opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, or to government policy, or as opposition to taxation in itself. Tax resistance is a form of direct action and, if in violation of the tax regulations, also a form of civil disobedience. Tax resisters are distinct from "tax protesters", who deny that the legal obligation to pay taxes exists or applies to them. Tax resisters may accept that some law commands them to pay taxes but they still choose to resist taxation.

Examples of tax resistance campaigns include those advocating home rule, such as the Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi, and those promoting women's suffrage, such as the Women's Tax Resistance League. War tax resistance is the refusal to pay some or all taxes that pay for war and may be practiced by conscientious objectors, pacifists, or those protesting against a particular war.
Russian submarine AG-16
The AG-16 was an AG-class submarine, designed by the American Holland Torpedo Boat Company/Electric Boat Company, built for the Imperial Russian Navy during World War I. The submarine was fabricated in Canada, shipped to Russia and reassembled for service with the Baltic Fleet. The boat was originally named AG-13, but was redesignated AG-16 after AG-15 sank and later repaired in 1917. She was scuttled by the Russians at Hanko in April 1918.

Attempts were made by the Finns to salvage the vessel: the boat was raised in 1918 and transferred to Helsinki for repair, but this proved too costly and she was scrapped in 1929.

General Dynamics Electric Boat
41°20′40″N 72°04′46″W﻿ / ﻿41.344343°N 72.079526°W﻿ / 41.344343; -72.079526

General Dynamics Electric Boat (GDEB) is a subsidiary of General Dynamics Corporation. It has been the primary builder of submarines for the United States Navy for more than 100 years. The company's main facilities are a shipyard in Groton, Connecticut; a hull-fabrication and outfitting facility in Quonset Point, Rhode Island; and a design and engineering facility in New London, Connecticut.
Mahugarha railway station
Mahugarha railway station is a railway station on Indore–Gwalior line under the Bhopal railway division of West Central Railway zone. This is situated beside State Highway 23 at Barodiya Khurd at in Guna district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

West Central Railway zone
The West Central Railway (abbreviated WCR), one of the 19 zones of the Indian Railways, came into existence on 1 April 2003. It is headquartered at Jabalpur. It was created by taking away two divisions namely Bhopal division and Jabalpur division from central railways and one division namely Kota division from Western Railway zone. The WCR zone provides rail route coverage to the west central region of India. Most of its route is in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan with a very little portion in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Benzing
Benzing is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Enrico Benzing (1932–2026), Italian engineer and journalist

Johannes Benzing (1913–2001), German diplomat and linguist of Turkic languages

Mario Benzing (1896–1958), Italian novelist and translator of German origins

Robin Benzing (born 1989), German basketball player

Mario Benzing
Mario Benzing (7 December 1896 in Como – 29 November 1958) was an Italian novelist and translator of German origins, often forced to sign as Mario Benzi because of the period's fascist Italian laws. Born in Como, Italy, he settled in Milan.