hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Badaruddin Othman
Badaruddin bin Haji Othman (born 23 September 1942), known by his pen name Badaruddin H.O., is a Bruneian aristocrat, poet, and politician. He has served as the minister of religious affairs since 2015. Previously, he held several prominent roles, including ambassador to Indonesia from 1986 to 1987, deputy minister of religious affairs from 2005 to 2010, and minister of home affairs from 2010 to 2015.

In 1983, Badaruddin embraced the Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB) philosophy, which emphasised Islamic values to strengthen support for Brunei's monarchy. During the 1990s, he became a key proponent of MIB as the leader of Brunei's conservative Islamic political movement. His advocacy extended to encouraging non-Muslims to convert to Islam to integrate into Bruneian society, while also seeking to counter materialistic and consumer-driven cultural trends.

Melayu Islam Beraja
Melayu Islam Beraja (abbrev: MIB; Jawi: ملايو اسلام براج‎; English: Malay Islamic Monarchy) was officially proclaimed as the national philosophy of Brunei on the day of its independence on 1 January 1984 by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.

MIB is described as "a blend of Malay language, culture, and Malay customs, the teaching of Islamic laws and values and the monarchy system which must be esteemed and practiced by all." Islam is the official and state religion of Brunei.
Tri-State Highway
The Tri-State Highway was the designation for an 18 mile expressway in the Chicago metropolitan area.  The original designations for the expressway were Interstate 80, 90, and 294, as well as a portion of U.S. Route 6.  It connects the Tri-State Tollway, Bishop Ford Freeway, and Illinois Route 394 in the west to the Indiana Toll Road in the east.

In 1953, the Tri-State Highway was renamed.  The road that was once part of the Tri-State Highway is now:

The Kingery Expressway in Illinois

The Borman Expressway in Indiana

Kingery Expressway
The Robert Kingery Expressway, formerly called the Tri-State Highway, is a three-mile-long (5 km), eight-lane freeway in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Illinois. It carries Interstate 80 (I-80) and Interstate 94 (I-94) from the Illinois–Indiana border at the Borman Expressway west to Illinois Route 394 (IL 394), I-294 (the Tri-State Tollway), and the southern end of the Bishop Ford Freeway (where I-94 turns north to downtown Chicago). It also carries U.S. Route 6 (US 6) west from the Indiana state line to the US 6 exit with IL 83 (Torrence Avenue).
Bernd Fritzsch
Bernd Fritzsch (born May 1, 1948) is a German–American neurobiologist, professor emeritus, and former chair of the department of Biology at University of Iowa. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is known for his research in comparative molecular neuroembryology, particularly in discovering the molecular evolution and development of sensory cells within the inner ear, including auditory hair cells and neurons. His research identifies developmental stages that could facilitate the restoration of hearing abilities.

Fritzsch's investigations cover the molecular intricacies behind the development of various auditory structures, such as the cochlear and vestibular organs, spiral and vestibular ganglion neurons, and the cochlear and vestibular nuclei in the hindbrain.

Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist specializing in neuroscience that deals with the anatomy and function of neurons, neural circuits, and glia, and their behavioral, biological, and psychological roles in health and disease.

Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists design and conduct scientific experiments on the nervous system and its functions. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research seeks to expand current understanding of the nervous system, whereas applied research seeks to address a specific problem, such as developing a treatment for a neurological disorder.

Neuroscientists have numerous career opportunities outside of academic research, including careers in industry, science writing, government program management, science advocacy, and education. A neuroscientist commonly holds a doctorate in a medical science.
Fforest Fawr Geopark
51°56′13″N 3°19′16″W﻿ / ﻿51.937°N 3.321°W﻿ / 51.937; -3.321

Fforest Fawr Geopark is a Geopark in the Brecon Beacons National Park, south Wales. It is the first designated Geopark in Wales having gained membership of both the European Geoparks Network and the UNESCO-assisted Global Network of National Geoparks in October 2005.  The Geopark aims to promote and support sustainable tourism and other opportunities to improve the economy of the area whilst safeguarding the natural environment.  Its aims largely coincide with the statutory duties and purpose of the National Park within which it sits.

Pontneddfechan
Pontneddfechan (Welsh for 'bridge over the Little Neath'; pronounced [pɔntˌniðˈvɔːn]; also known as Pontneathvaughan) is a village in Powys, Wales. It is the southernmost village in the historic county of Brecknockshire, within the Vale of Neath and in the community of Ystradfellte. It stands at the confluence of the rivers Mellte and Nedd Fechan ("Neath Vaughan") and gives access to a series of waterfalls that adorn the upper Neath valley. Dinas Rock is a quarried limestone promontory east of the village, popular with visitors.
William M. Grant
William M. Grant (September 20, 1868 – January 9, 1931) was a real estate agent and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Batoche in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1905 to 1908 as a Liberal.

He was born in Princeton, Ontario, the son of Adam Grant and Lucinda Everette, and was educated there. In 1905, Grant married Catherine Henry. For a time, he worked at the jail in Regina, Saskatchewan. He also was a farming instructor at the Regina Industrial School. Grant later worked as an agent for the Massey-Harris company.

Massey Ferguson
Massey Ferguson is an agricultural machinery manufacturer, established in 1953 through the merger of farm equipment makers Massey-Harris of Canada and the Ferguson Company of Ireland. It was based in Coventry then moved to Beauvais in 2003 when the Coventry factory was shut down.
Cline's Church of the United Brethren in Christ
Cline's Church of the United Brethren in Christ, also known as Cline's United Methodist Church, is a historic Brethren church on Cline's Church Road, 0.5 miles south of PA 34 at Menallen Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1850, and is a one-story, plain rectangular limestone building with a low gable roof. It measures 35 feet wide and 46 feet deep. The interior is a single room with white plastered walls and ceiling.  Located adjacent to the church is the Cline's Cemetery, with grave markers dated from the mid-1800s to the present.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Menallen Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania
Menallen Township is a township that is located in Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,515 at the time of the 2010 census.

This American township is named after an older variant spelling of Moyallen, County Down, now in Northern Ireland.
Maria Adriana Prolo
Maria Adriana Prolo (1908–1991) was a historian of Italian film. She studied pioneering narratives in silent film, founded the National Museum of Cinema in Turin, and was an active member of International Federation of Film Archives. She was one of the first people, with Einar Lauritzen and Henri Langlois, to have the idea of founding a museum dedicated to film and its conservation.

International Federation of Film Archives
The International Federation of Film Archives (French: Fédération internationale des archives du film, FIAF) was founded in Paris in 1938 by the Cinémathèque Française, the Reichsfilmarchiv in Berlin, the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.

FIAF brings together the world's leading institutions in the field of moving picture heritage.
Its affiliates describe themselves as "the defenders of the twentieth century's own art form". They are dedicated to the rescue, collection, preservation and screening of moving images, which are valued both as works of art and culture and as historical documents. As of April 2021, it comprises 171 institutions in 79 countries - a reflection of the extent to which preservation of moving image heritage has become a world-wide concern.
Brisker
Brisker (Yiddish: בריסק), derived from the Yiddish name Brisk for the town of Brest, Belarus, is a Jewish surname and a Rabbibic appellation. Notable people with the surname include:

Reb Chaim Brisker (Soloveitchik) (1853–1918), rabbi and Talmudist

Eliyahu Brisker - One of the founders of Tel Aviv and Ramat Gan

Yehuda Brisker - writer, playwright, journalist, radio broadcaster and Hebrew editor

Brisker Rov ("rabbi of/from Brisk") (1886 in Valozhyn – 1959)

Gordon Brisker (1937–2004), American jazz tenor saxophonist

Jaquan Brisker (born 1999), American football player

John Brisker (born 1947), American basketball player

Mark Brisker (born 1969), American-Israeli basketball player

Michael Brisker (born 1998), Israeli basketball player

Michael Brisker
Michael Mor Brisker (Hebrew: מייקל מור בריסקר; born February 21, 1998) is an Israeli basketball player who last played for Ironi Kiryat Ata of the Israeli Premier League. He plays the shooting guard position.
Riccardo Cassin
Riccardo Cassin (2 January 1909 – 6 August 2009) was an Italian mountaineer, developer of mountaineering equipment and author, and an important figure in the history of rock climbing, alpine climbing and big wall climbing.

Climbing equipment
Climbing equipment refers to a broad range of manufactured gear that is used in the activity or sport of climbing.

Notable groups include:

Alpine climbing equipment as is used in alpine climbing and mountaineering

Deep-water soloing equipment as is used in deep-water soloing

Ice climbing equipment as is used in ice climbing and in mixed climbing

Mixed climbing equipment as used in mixed climbing and in dry-tooling

Mountaineering equipment as is used in mountaineering and in alpine climbing

Rock-climbing equipment as is used in aid climbing, bouldering, competition climbing, free solo climbing, multi-pitch climbing (big wall climbing), rope solo climbing, sport climbing, traditional climbing and top rope climbing

Rope team equipment as used in glacier travel

Via Ferrata equipment as used in Via Ferrata climbing
Tamil keyboard
The Tamil keyboard is used in computers and mobile devices to input text in the Tamil script.

The keyboard layout approved by the Government of Tamil Nadu is Tamil 99. The InScript keyboard is the keyboard layout standardized by the Government of India for inputting text in the languages of India written in Brahmic scripts.

Tamil keyboards are often digraphic, combining the Tamil script with the Latin alphabet.

Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet comprises the letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. In a largely unaltered form (two splits, ⟨J⟩ from ⟨I⟩ and ⟨U⟩ from ⟨V⟩; an addition, ⟨W⟩; and extensions such as letters with diacritics), it forms the Latin script that is used to write many languages worldwide: in western and central Europe, in Africa, in the Americas, and in Oceania. It is the most widely used writing system in the world, used by over 3,000 languages, which is about 70% of the global population.

Its basic modern 26-letter inventory is standardized as the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Carter Ham
Carter Frederick Ham (born 16 February 1952) is a retired United States Army General Officer who served as the second commander of United States Africa Command. As commander of Africa Command, he led Operation Odyssey Dawn, the initial United States role in the 2011 military intervention in Libya.

Ham served as the commanding general of the United States Army Europe and Seventh Army from 28 August 2008 to 8 March 2011. Prior to that, he served as Director for Operations (J-3) at the Joint Staff from August 2007 to August 2008 and the commanding general, 1st Infantry Division from August 2006 to August 2007, and was the commander of Operation Able Sentry in Macedonia in the mid-1990s, during the Yugoslav wars.

Post-retirement, Ham served as president and CEO of the Association of the United States Army from July 2016 to September 2021.

John Carroll University
John Carroll University (JCU) is a private Jesuit university in University Heights, Ohio, United States, a suburb of Cleveland. It was founded in 1886 as St. Ignatius College and renamed in 1923 for John Carroll, the first Catholic bishop in the United States. For the 2025–2026 academic year, the university enrolled approximately 3,900 undergraduate and graduate students.

The university is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution composed of three colleges—the College of Arts and Sciences, the Boler College of Business, and the College of Health. As a Jesuit institution, the university follows an educational approach shaped by Jesuit traditions.
2014 All-Africa Korfball Championship
The 2014 All-Africa Korfball Championship was held in Zambia from August 6 to August 8, with 4 national teams in competition.

The tournament also served as an African qualifier for the 2015 Korfball World Championship, with the top nation qualifying for the world championship.

2015 IKF World Korfball Championship
The 10th IKF World Korfball Championship were held in the Belgian cities of Ghent, Tielen and Antwerp in 2015. Ghent and Tielen hosted the first and second round matches, whilst the placing matches and finals were all held in the Lotto Arena in Antwerp.

This tournament also acts as the qualification tournament for Korfball at the World Games 2017. Seven teams will qualify for the World Games, including first all non-European teams finishing in the top 11. As such, at least one and maximum six non-European teams will qualify. Then, the remaining slots will be filled by the top European teams in this competition, with the exception of Poland which have already qualified as host country of the World Games 2017.

The International Korfball Federation chose to award the hosting rights for the tournament to Belgium on 4 November 2011. The other hosting candidate was New Zealand, who planned to host the tournament in Wellington.
William J. Carpenter
William J. Carpenter (April 17, 1827 – February 21, 1921) was an American outdoorsman from West Virginia. He was said to have had "no equal" in skills at hunting and fishing, and to be the best long rifle marksman in his community in his younger years—his skill in hitting difficult targets in squirrel hunting earned him the nickname "Squirrely Bill."

Carpenter was a descendant of Jeremiah Carpenter, the first Euro-American man to settle in the upper Elk River valley, at or near the mouth of Holly River, in the year of 1784. His father was the first Euro-American child born in that section of Webster County, Virginia, created from Greenbrier County, Virginia in 1788.

Carpenter's extended family is known for producing noteworthy raconteurs and musicians.

Greenbrier County, West Virginia
Greenbrier County (/ˈɡriːnbraɪ.ər/) is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 32,977. Its county seat is Lewisburg. The county was formed in 1778 from Botetourt and Montgomery Counties in Virginia.
Koidma
Koidma is a village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia. It has five inhabitants as per 2011 census. Koidma is 8 km away from the capital Kärdla. Before 2013, it was located in Kõrgessaare Parish.

Hiiumaa Parish
Hiiumaa Parish (Estonian: Hiiumaa vald) is a rural municipality of Estonia on the island of Hiiumaa. Hiiumaa Parish was established by merging Emmaste Parish, Hiiu Parish, Käina Parish and Pühalepa Parish after the municipal elections held on 15 October 2017. Kärdla is the administrative center of the municipality. The current mayor (vallavanem) is Hergo Tasuja. The municipalities of Emmaste and Pühalepa contested their forced merger with Hiiu and Käina to form the new Hiiumaa municipality, which includes the whole island and what is Hiiu County.
William Pember Reeves
William Pember Reeves (10 February 1857 – 16 May 1932) was a New Zealand politician, cricketer, historian and poet who is most notable for his role in the creation of New Zealand's system of industrial relations as Minister of Labour during the Liberal Government of 1891 to 1912.

Liberal Government of New Zealand
The Liberal Government of New Zealand was the first responsible government in New Zealand politics organised along party lines. The government formed following the founding of the Liberal Party and took office on 24 January 1891, and governed New Zealand for over 21 years until 10 July 1912. To date, it is the longest-serving government in New Zealand's history. The government was also historically notable for enacting significant social and economic changes, such as the Old Age Pensions Act and women's suffrage. One historian described the policies of the government as "a revolution in the relationship between the government and the people".
2022 Leicester unrest
In August and September 2022, Leicester, England, saw a period of religious and ethnic tension between predominately British Hindus and British Muslims of South Asian origin. The unrest saw rioting, protest marches, sloganeering and ethnic violence between the two populations. It was also preceded by social media campaigning, misinformation and hate propaganda.

Muslim apprehensions of what they alleged as "Hindutva fascism" entering their neighbourhoods was evidently the main driver behind the unrest. Community leaders and analysts point to the Indian celebrations following the India–Pakistan 2022 Asia Cup match on 28 August as a catalyst, which saw a reaction from Pakistani fans.

Sunny Hundal
Sunny Hundal (born Sundeep Singh Hundal in 1977) is a British journalist and blogger.

Born in London to Sikh parents of Indian origin, Hundal has a degree in economics from Brunel University. He is best known as the founder and editor of the centre-left group blog Liberal Conspiracy.  The Guardian's website named him as their blogger of the year in 2006. Hundal has also written for publications including The Guardian, The Financial Times, New Statesman and The Independent.

In June 2019, he helped to found a progressive news aggregator, Front Page Live, where he serves as Editorial Director UK. He is also a journalist-in-residence at Kingston University.

Hundal is a Covenor of the cross-party political movement, More United.
Tumon Bay Japanese fortifications
The Tumon Bay Japanese fortifications are a collection of World War II-era military structures along the coast of Guam in and near the village of Tumon.  Many of these structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, using the alternate spelling "Tomhum".  They include pillboxes on or close to the beach, and concrete structures and caves located a short way inland  on the limestone cliffs that overlook the beach.

Pillbox (military)
A pillbox is a type of blockhouse, or concrete dug-in guard-post, often camouflaged, normally equipped with  loopholes through which defenders can fire weapons. It is in effect a  trench firing step, hardened to protect against small-arms fire and grenades, and raised to improve the field of fire.

The modern concrete pillbox originated on the  Western Front of World War I, in the  German Army
in 1916.
Obringhausen
Obringhausen is a locality in the municipality Schmallenberg in the district Hochsauerlandkreis in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

The village has 39 inhabitants and lies in the north of the municipality of Schmallenberg at a height of around 420 m. Obringhasuen borders on the villages of Ebbinghof, Gleidorf, Schmallenberg and Wormbach. The Wenne springs in a forest area near Obringhausen.

The first written document mentioning Oytbrechtinchusen dates from 1361. The village used to belong to the municipality of Wormbach in Amt Schmallenberg until the end of 1974.

Hochsauerlandkreis
Hochsauerlandkreis (German pronunciation: [ˈhoːxzaʊɐlantˌkʁaɪs], lit. 'High Sauerland District') is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Soest, Paderborn, Höxter, Waldeck-Frankenberg, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Olpe, Märkischer Kreis.

The district is named “High Sauerland” because two of the highest mountains of the Sauerland mountainous landscape, Langenberg and Kahler Asten are in its territory. With 2,766 ft / 843 m (Langenberg) and 2,762 ft / 842 m (Kahler Asten) these are also the highest mountains of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Church of Saint-Jacques, Dieppe
The Church of Saint-Jacques in Dieppe (French: Église Saint-Jacques de Dieppe) is a church located in Dieppe, France. The building was classified as a monument historique in 1840. The church is dedicated to Saint James the Great.

Dieppe
Dieppe (French pronunciation: [djɛp]; Norman: Dgieppe; prob. from Old English  dēōp or Old Norse djúpr 'deep') is a coastal commune in the Seine-Maritime department, Normandy, northern France.

Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques. A regular ferry service runs to Newhaven in England.

Famous for its scallops, Dieppe also has a popular pebbled beach, a 15th-century castle and the churches of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Remi. The mouth of the river Scie lies at Hautot-sur-Mer, directly to the west of Dieppe.

The inhabitants of the town of Dieppe are called Dieppois (m) and Dieppoise (f) in French.
Cocks (surname)
Cocks is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Herbert Tennyson Somers-Cocks, 6th Baron Somers (1887–1944)

Charles Cocks, 1st Baron Somers (1725–1806)

Charles Cocks, British 19th century wine enthusiast, author of Cocks & Féret

Charles Somers Somers-Cocks, 3rd Earl Somers (1819–1883)

Clifford Cocks (born 1950), British cryptographer

Jay Cocks, film writer

John Somers Somers-Cocks, 2nd Earl Somers (1788–1852)

John Sommers Cocks, 1st Earl Somers (1760–1841)

Richard Cocks, English trader in Japan in the seventeenth century

Robert Cocks, see Cocks baronets

Roger Cocks (fl. 1635), Church of England clergyman

Seymour Cocks (1882–1953), British Labour MP

John Somers-Cocks, 2nd Earl Somers
John Somers Somers-Cocks, 2nd Earl Somers (19 March 1788 – 5 October 1852), styled Viscount Eastnor between 1821 and 1841, was a British peer and Conservative Party politician.

Somers was the second son of John Cocks, 1st Earl Somers; his older brother Edward Charles Cocks died in the Peninsular War. He was educated at Westminster, entered the British Army and served in the Peninsula War. Somers sat as Member of Parliament for Reigate between 1812 and 1818 (succeeding his elder brother) and again between 1832 and 1841 and for Hereford between 1818 and 1832. In 1841 he succeeded his father in the earldom. He was colonel of the disembodied Herefordshire Militia from 16 January 1836 until his death.
Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's mass start
The men's mass start speed skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 24 February 2018 at Gangneung Oval in Gangneung This was the first time the mass start has been introduced to the Olympics.  The competition was held as a points race.

Gangneung
Gangneung (Korean: 강릉; Korean pronunciation: [kaŋ.nɯŋ]) is a municipal city in the South Korean state of Gangwon, located on the east coast of South Korea. It has a population of 213,658 (as of 2017). Gangneung is the economic centre of the Yeongdong region of Gangwon State. It has many tourist attractions, such as Jeongdongjin, a very popular area for watching the sunrise, and Gyeongpo Beach. The city hosted all the ice events for the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.