hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Catuaba
The name Catuaba (/kəˈtwɑːbə/ kə-TWAH-bə, Brazilian Portuguese: [katuˈabɐ]; ultimately from Guarani) is used for the infusions of the bark of a number of trees native to Brazil. The most widely used barks are derived from the trees Trichilia catigua and Erythroxylum vaccinifolium. Other catuaba preparations use the bark of trees from the following genera or families: Anemopaegma, Ilex, Micropholis, Phyllanthus, Secondatia, Tetragastris and species from the Myrtaceae. Local synonyms are Chuchuhuasha, Tatuaba, Pau de Reposta, Piratancara and Caramuru.

It is often claimed that catuaba is derived from the tree Erythroxylum catuaba, but this tree has been described only once, in 1904, and it is not known today to what tree this name referred. E. catuaba is therefore not a recognised species.

Holly
Ilex (/ˈaɪlɛks/) or holly is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. Ilex has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide. The type species is Ilex aquifolium, the common European holly used in Christmas decorations and cards.
National Society for Medical Research
The National Society for Medical Research (NSMR) was formed in 1945 by three physicians, Andrew C. Ivy, Ralph G. Carlson and George E. Wakerlin of The University of Illinois Medical School. The organization was formed in response to increasing resistance of the use of animals in medical experimentation, including for vivisection. They were " founded to improve public understanding of the principals methods and needs of the biological services". NSMR merged in 1985 with the Association for Biomedical Research to become the National Association for Biomedical Research.

A collection of the Society's papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.

Vivisection
Vivisection (from Latin  vivus 'alive' and  sectio 'cutting') is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure. The word is, more broadly, used as a pejorative catch-all term for experimentation on live animals by organizations opposed to animal experimentation, but the term is rarely used by practicing scientists. Human vivisection, such as live organ harvesting, has been perpetrated as a form of torture.
Laura Chenoweth Butz
Laura Chenoweth Butz (July 11, 1860 – September 1, 1939) was an American educator. After moving from the Midwest to Shoshone County, Idaho in 1899, she became involved in local schools in a region dominated by silver mining. She served as the Superintendent of Wardner-Kellogg City Schools in Idaho for eight years, 1915-1923. She also served as assistant to the Idaho State Superintendent Research Secretary in the Department of Education in Boise, Idaho.

Shoshone County, Idaho
Shoshone County shə-SHOHN is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,169. The county seat is Wallace and the largest city is Kellogg. The county was established in 1864, named for the Native American Shoshone tribe.

Shoshone County is commonly referred to as the Silver Valley, due to its century-old mining history. The Silver Valley is famous nationwide for the vast amounts of silver, lead, and zinc mined from it.
Olav Lid
Olav Lid (1908–1998) was a Norwegian jurist.

He was born in Kviteseid. He was a programme secretary and chief secretary in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation between 1945 and 1957. In 1961 he took the dr.juris degree with the thesis Tomtefeste, and was appointed professor of jurisprudence at the Norwegian College of Agriculture in the same year. He retired in 1978. Lid also chaired the board of the Norwegian National Opera from its inception in 1957 to 1969.

Norwegian University of Life Sciences
The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Norwegian: Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet, NMBU) is a public university located in Ås, Norway. It is located  in Akershus county and has around 7,700 students.
Seven Against Greece
Seven Against Greece is the 25th novel in the long-running Nick Carter-Killmaster series of spy novels.  Carter is a US secret agent, code-named N-3, with the rank of Killmaster.  He works for AXE – a secret arm of the US intelligence services.

Greek resistance
The Greek resistance (Greek: Εθνική Αντίσταση, romanized: Ethnikí Antístasi "National Resistance") involved armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis occupation of Greece in the period 1941–1944, during World War II. The largest group was the Communist-dominated EAM-ELAS. The Greek Resistance is considered one of the strongest resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe, with partisans, men and women known as andartes and andartisses (Greek: αντάρτες, αντάρτισσες, romanized: antártes, antártises, meaning "male and female guerrillas"), controlling much of the countryside prior to the German withdrawal from Greece in late 1944.
Armenian Evangelical Shamlian Tatigian Secondary School
The Armenian Evangelical Shamlian Tatigian Secondary School (Armenian: Հայ Աւետարանական Շամլեան Թաթիկեան Երկրորդական Վարժարան) is located in Bourj Hammoud, a suburb to the north east of Beirut, Lebanon. It began in 1934 as Nor Marash Armenian Evangelical School with kindergarten and primary classes only. In 1964 Mr. and Mrs. G. Shamlian and their son Mr. J. Tatigian contributed to the school a new modern building and the school was renamed the Armenian Evangelical Shamlian-Tatigian Secondary School. Now the school has 300 pupils and kindergarten, primary and secondary classes.

Bourj Hammoud
Bourj Hammoud (also spelled Burj Hammud; Arabic: بُرْجُ حَمُّودٍ; Armenian: Պուրճ Համուտ) is a town and municipality in Lebanon located north-east of the capital Beirut, in the Matn District, and is part of Greater Beirut. The town is heavily populated by Lebanese Armenians.

Bourj Hammoud is a mixed residential, industrial and commercial area and is one of the most densely populated districts in the Middle East. Bourj Hammoud has a major waterfront (river and sea) at Beirut's north gateway that, however, underwent an anarchic urban development.
2018 Burnie International – Women's doubles
Riko Sawayanagi and Barbora Štefková were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.

Vania King and Laura Robson won the title, defeating Momoko Kobori and Chihiro Muramatsu in the final, 7–6(7–3), 6–1.

Chihiro Muramatsu
Chihiro Muramatsu (村松千裕, Muramatsu Chihiro; born 22 May 1998) is a Japanese tennis player.
On 24 February 2020, she achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 205. On 2 April 2018, she peaked at No. 303 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Muramatsu has won one singles title and three doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
Graph toughness
In graph theory, toughness is a measure of the connectivity of a graph.  A graph G is said to be t-tough for a given real number t if, for every integer k > 1, G cannot be split into k different connected components by the removal of fewer than tk vertices. For instance, a graph is 1-tough if the number of components formed by removing a set of vertices is always at most as large as the number of removed vertices. The toughness of a graph is the maximum t for which it is t-tough; this is a finite number for all finite graphs except the complete graphs, which by convention have infinite toughness.

Graph toughness was first introduced by Václav Chvátal (1973). Since then there has been extensive work by other mathematicians on toughness; the recent survey by Bauer, Broersma & Schmeichel (2006) lists 99 theorems and 162 papers on the subject.

Complete graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique edge.  A complete digraph is a directed graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a pair of unique edges (one in each direction).

Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete graphs, with their vertices placed on the points of a regular polygon, had already appeared in the 13th century, in the work of Ramon Llull. Such a drawing is sometimes referred to as a mystic rose.
Warnham LNR
Warnham LNR is a  38.4-hectare (95-acre) Local Nature Reserve in Horsham in West Sussex. It is owned and managed by Horsham District Council.

The principal feature of the site is the 7-hectare (17-acre) Warnham Millpond, together with its islands and marginal vegetation. Boldings Brook runs through the site and in the winter it floods areas of wet grassland and willow carr. Invertebrates including 523 species of moths and 366 plant species have been recorded.

There is access from Warnham Road.

Horsham District
Horsham is a local government district in West Sussex, England. It is named after the town of Horsham, which is its largest settlement and where the council is based. The district also includes the surrounding rural area and contains many villages, the largest of which are Southwater and Billingshurst. The district includes part of the South Downs National Park and part of the designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty of High Weald. At the 2021 census the district had a population of 147,487.

The neighbouring districts are Crawley, Mid Sussex, Brighton and Hove, Adur, Arun, Chichester, Waverley and Mole Valley.
Jafar Ebrahimi
Jafar Ebrahimi (Persian: جعفرابراهیمی) is an Iranian poet, born in Ardabil and living in Tehran. His pen name is Shahed. He is a children's and teen's author and poet, and has written 50 works including novels, poetry, and story collections.

Ardabil
Ardabil (Persian: اردبیل, pronunciationⓘ) is a city in northwestern Iran. It is in the Central District of Ardabil County, Ardabil province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

The city of Ardabil lies close to the borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 40 kilometers from the village of Diqo.

As of the 2022 census, Ardabil's population was 588,000. The population of Ardabil County is about 650,000 with the majority Shia Muslim.

For a brief period in the 10th century, Ardabil was the principal city of Azerbaijan, but it was eventually replaced by Tabriz.

Ardabil is known for its trade in silk and carpets. Ardabil rugs are renowned and the ancient Ardabil carpets are considered among the best of classical Persian carpets. Ardabil is also home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Sheikh Safi al-Din Khanegah and Shrine Ensemble, the sanctuary and tomb of Shaikh Safi ad-Din, and the tomb of Ismail I, founder of the Safavid Empire.
Meenglas and Leesh River Tea Estates
Meenglas Tea Estate and Leesh River Tea Estate are tea gardens, located near each other in the Mal CD block in the Malbazar subdivision of the Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Both the tea estates are located in the western end of the Dooars.

Community development block
In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply a block is a sub-division of a district, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a block development officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, the local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area.
Tamburini Corse
Tamburini Corse is an Italian-Sammarinese motorcycle manufacturer. It was founded in 2009 by Andrea Tamburini, son of Massimo Tamburini, originally producing small metal components.

The T12 Massimo, introduced in 2016, has a unique feature allowing on-the-fly adjustment of lateral frame stiffness, and has a dry weight of 154 kilograms (340 lb).

Motorcycle frame
A motorcycle frame is a motorcycle's core structure. Its main function is to provide a torsionally rigid connection between the steering head at the front and the swinging-arm bearing at the rear for predictable handling and safety. It also supports the engine, the rider and any passenger or luggage. Also attached to the frame are the fuel tank and battery. At the front of the frame is found the steering head tube that holds the pivoting front fork, while at the rear there is a pivot point for the swingarm suspension motion. Some motorcycles include the engine as a load-bearing stressed member; while some other bikes do not use a single frame, but instead have a front and a rear subframe attached to the engine.
Muhammad al-Munajjid
Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ al-Munajjid (Arabic: محمد صالح المنجد; born 14 June 1961 (30 Dhu al-Hijjah 1380 AH)) is a Syrian-born Palestinian-Saudi Islamic scholar. He is the founder of the fatwa website IslamQA, the most popular website for responses on the topic of Islam.

Dhu al-Hijjah
Dhu al-Hijjah (also Dhu al-Hijja; Arabic: ذُو ٱلْحِجَّة, romanized: Ḏū al-Ḥijja IPA: [ðul ħid͡ʒːa]) is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic calendar. Being one of the four sacred months during which war is forbidden, it is the month in which the Ḥajj (Arabic: حج, lit. 'pilgrimage') takes place as well as Eid al-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى, lit. 'The Festival of the Sacrifice').

The Arabic name of the month, Dhu al-Hijjah, means "Possessor of the Pilgrimage" or "The Month of the Pilgrimage". During this month, Muslim pilgrims from all around the world congregate at Mecca to visit the Kaaba. The Hajj rites begin on the eighth day and continue for four or five days. The Day of Arafah takes place on the ninth of the month. Eid al-Adha, the "Festival of the Sacrifice", begins on the tenth day and ends on the thirteenth day.

The name of this month is also spelled Dhul-Hijja. In modern Turkish, the name is Zilhicce.
4-Methylsalicylic acid
4-Methylsalicylic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H3(CO2H)(OH). It is a white solid that is soluble in basic water and in polar organic solvents.  Its functional groups include a carboxylic acid and a phenol group.  It is one of four isomers of methylsalicylic acid, including the naturally occurring 6-methylsalicylic acid.  The compound has few applications.  It is produced by carboxylation of sodium para-cresolate:
CH3C6H4ONa  +  CO2   →   CH3C6H3(CO2Na)OH

It has been prepared by hydroxylation of 4-methylbenzoic acid.

Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion.
KHHM
KHHM (101.9 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Shingle Springs, California, and serving the Sacramento metropolitan area. It is owned by Entravision Communications and airs a Bilingual Rhythmic CHR radio format branded as "Fuego 101.9". KHHM, along with sister stations KNTY, KRCX-FM, and KXSE have their radio studios and offices on Auburn Blvd in Sacramento.

KHHM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 47,000 watts. The transmitter is in Coloma, California, about 30 miles northeast of Sacramento. Although KHHM is licensed for HD Radio, it has yet to sign on a HD2 or HD3 digital subchannel.

Rhythmic contemporary
Rhythmic contemporary, also known as Rhythmic Top 20, Rhythmic Top 30, Rhythmic Top 40, Rhythmic CHR or rhythmic crossover, is a primarily American music-radio format that includes a mix of EDM, upbeat rhythmic pop, hip-hop and upbeat R&B hits. Rhythmic contemporary never uses hard rock or country in its airplay, but it may occasionally use a reggae, Latin, reggaeton, or an urban contemporary gospel hit. Essentially, the format is a cross between the mainstream radio and urban contemporary radio formats.
Erlend Holm
Erlend Holm (born 17 May 1983 in Ålesund) is a Norwegian teacher and former part-time football defender who played for Aalesund until 2008, when he after the season was released. Since then, he decided to retire from football at 25 years old, despite receiving offers from other clubs, to concentrate on his studies.

He has also played for the Norwegian under-21 national team.

Aalesunds FK
Aalesunds Fotballklubb, commonly known as Aalesund or AaFK, is a Norwegian professional football club from the town of Ålesund, that competes in the Eliteserien, the top tier of the Norwegian football league system. The club was founded on 25 June 1914. As of 2004, the football club had 835 members and several teams on both professional and amateur levels. These teams are the 1st and 2nd teams, junior team, and also several age-specific teams.
Aleksandrov–Clark measure
In mathematics, Aleksandrov–Clark (AC) measures are specially constructed measures named after the two mathematicians, A. B. Aleksandrov and Douglas Clark, who discovered some of their deepest properties. The measures are also called either Aleksandrov measures, Clark measures, or occasionally spectral measures.

AC measures are used to extract information about self-maps of the unit disc, and have applications in a number of areas of complex analysis, most notably those related to operator theory. Systems of AC measures have also been constructed for higher dimensions, and for the half-plane.

Operator theory
In mathematics, operator theory is the study of linear operators on function spaces, beginning with differential operators and integral operators. The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such as bounded linear operators or closed operators, and consideration may be given to nonlinear operators. The study, which depends heavily on the topology of function spaces, is a branch of functional analysis.

If a collection of operators forms an algebra over a field, then it is an operator algebra. The description of operator algebras is part of operator theory.
Alina Marushchak
Alina Marushchak (born 6 March 1997 in Pylypy-Khrebtiyivski, Khmelnytskyi Oblast) is a Ukrainian weightlifter. In 2021, she won the gold medal in the women's 81 kg event at both the World Weightlifting Championships in Tashkent, Uzbekistan and the European Weightlifting Championships in Moscow, Russia.

She also won the silver medal in the under-23 women's 71 kg event at the 2019 European Junior & U23 Weightlifting Championships in Bucharest, Romania.

Marushchak won silver medal at the 2022 European Championships in Tirana, Albania, finishing second behind her team fellow Iryna Dekha.

In March 2023, she tested positive for a banned substance.

2021 World Weightlifting Championships
The 2021 World Weightlifting Championships was a weightlifting competition held from 7 to 17 December in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Due to concerns about the rapid spread of Omicron variant and held shortly after Olympics and Chinese National Games, the tournament faced the absence of many strong competitors. 10 Olympic champions from Tokyo four months earlier, 15 world champion title holders, and entire teams from China, North Korea, Italy and Germany decided not to compete. Weightlifters competing at the event were exempt from the required quarantine when visiting Uzbekistan.

The event was also designated the 2021 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships, with places in the 2022 Commonwealth Games awarded to the best Commonwealth lifter (totals only, as per the Olympics) in each eligible division.
MARC USA
MARC USA is a privately held United States–based advertising agency with more than $350 million in billings and 250 employees. MARC USA operates full-service offices in Chicago, Illinois, Boston, Massachusetts, and Pittsburgh. MARC USA also partners with MARCA Hispanic in Miami, Florida.

Clients include Rite Aid, True Value Hardware, Cooper Tire & Rubber Company, and Pennsylvania Lottery  MARC USA is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

It has done pro-bono campaigns for the Andy Warhol Museum and Pittsburgh Opera.

MARC USA is also recognized for its philanthropic work, having undertaken pro-bono campaigns for institutions such as the Andy Warhol Museum and the Pittsburgh Opera. This indicates the agency's involvement in supporting cultural and artistic endeavors within its community.

Advertising agency
An advertising agency, often referred to as a creative agency or an ad agency, is a business dedicated to creating, planning, and handling advertising and sometimes other forms of promotion and marketing for its clients. An ad agency is generally independent of the client; it may be an internal department or agency that provides an outside point of view to the effort of selling the client's products or services, or an outside firm. An agency can also handle overall marketing and branding strategies and promotions for its clients, which may include sales as well.

Typical ad agency clients include businesses and corporations, non-profit organizations and private agencies. Agencies may be hired to produce television advertisements, radio advertisements, online advertising, out-of-home advertising, mobile marketing, and AR advertising, as part of an advertising campaign.
Fort Gregg
Fort Gregg was a Confederate fort located near Petersburg, Virginia.

The battle for Fort Gregg occurred on April 2, 1865, as part of the Third Battle of Petersburg in Dinwiddie County near the outskirts of Petersburg.

Dinwiddie County, Virginia
Dinwiddie County is a largely rural United States county located in the south-central part of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Dinwiddie forms part of the Greater Richmond metropolitan statistical area, and as of the 2020 census, the county's population was 27,947. The county seat is the small town of Dinwiddie, which shares the county’s name.

The county was established in 1752 from part of Prince George County and was named in honor of Robert Dinwiddie, the de facto head of the Virginia colony at the time.  Agriculture has historically played an important role in the county's economy.  Dinwiddie's close proximity to the city of Petersburg and its railroad lines led to the county hosting six notable Civil War battles.
Emmanuel Baptist Church (Alexandria, Louisiana)
The Emmanuel Baptist Church in downtown Alexandria, Louisiana was built in 1950.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 2001.

The building was designed by New Orleans architects Favrot & Reed. Jacoby Stained Glass Studios of St. Louis also contributed to the project.

In 1960 the building was expanded by an addition to the rear, and its education building was extensively remodeled.

A family life center was added to Emmanuel in the late 1970s under the leadership of then pastor Schuyler M. Batson (1923–1996).

In 2008 a roof replacement project took place, with new tiles produced by Ludowici, the original manufacturer.

Ludowici Roof Tile
Ludowici Roof Tile, LLC., based in New Lexington, Ohio, is an American manufacturer of clay roof tiles, floor tiles, and wall cladding. The company was established in 1888 with the formation of the Celadon Terra Cotta Company in Alfred, New York. It has created tiles for many prominent buildings throughout the United States.