hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jack D. Ives
Jack D. Ives (October 15, 1931 – September 15, 2024) was a British-born Canadian montologist, an honorary adjunct research professor of geography and environmental studies at Carleton University in  Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, an author, and a prominent advocate of mountain issues at the global level. He was formerly director of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado, Boulder, founding editor of two peer-reviewed journals, chair of the Commission on High Altitude Geoecology under the auspices of the International Geographical Union, and a  senior advisor on mountain ecology and sustainable development for United Nations University.

Mountain research
Mountain research, traditionally also known as orology (from Greek oros ὄρος for 'mountain' and logos λόγος), is a field of research that regionally concentrates on the Earth's surface's part covered by mountain environments.
Thomas Culpeper
Thomas Culpeper (c. 1514 – 10 December 1541) was an English courtier and close friend of Henry VIII, and was related to two of his queens, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. He is known to have had many private meetings with Catherine during her marriage, though these may have involved political intrigue rather than sex. A letter to him was found, written by Queen Catherine and signed, "Yours as long as life endures." Accused of adultery with Henry's young consort, Culpeper denied it and blamed the Queen for the situation, saying that he had tried to end his friendship with her, but that she was "dying of love for him". Eventually, Culpeper admitted that he intended to sleep with the queen, though he never admitted to having actually done so. After being convicted of treason, Culpeper was executed by beheading in December, 1541.

Courtier
A courtier (/ˈkɔːrtiər/) is a person who attends the royal court of a monarch or other royalty. The earliest historical examples of courtiers were part of the retinues of rulers. Historically, the court was the centre of government as well as the official residence of the monarch, and the social and political life were often completely mixed together.
Ašvieniai
Ašvieniai are divine twins in the Lithuanian mythology, identical to Latvian Dieva dēli and the Baltic counterparts of Vedic Ashvins. Both names derive from the same Proto-Indo-European root for the horse – *ék̂wos: Old Lithuanian ašva and Sanskrit aśva mean "horse". Like the Greek Dioscuri Castor and Pollux, they are reflexes of a common Indo-European mytheme, the Divine Twins.

Ašvieniai are represented as pulling a carriage of Saulė (the Sun) through the sky. Ašvieniai, depicted as žirgeliai or little horses, are common motifs on Lithuanian rooftops, placed for protection of the house. Similar motifs can also be found on beehives, harnesses, bed frames, and other household objects. Ašvieniai are related to Lithuanian Ūsinis and Latvian Ūsiņš (cf. Vedic Ushas), gods of horses. Usins, one of the Ašvieniai, is described as driving a solar chariot pulled across the sky by a pair of white horses.

Ashva
Ashva (Sanskrit: अश्व, IAST: Aśva) is the Sanskrit word for a horse, one of the significant animals finding references in the Vedas as well as later Hindu scriptures. The word is cognate to Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa), Latin equus, Ancient Greek ἵππος (hippos), Proto-Germanic *ehwaz, obsolete Prussian Lithuanian ašvà (from Proto-Balto-Slavic *éśwāˀ), all from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.
2023–24 Macedonian Second Football League
The 2023–24 Macedonian Second Football League was the 32nd season of the Macedonian Second Football League, the second division in the Macedonian football league system. This was the second season since the league was returned to the united league format, for the first time since 2016–17 season. The season began on 12 August 2023.

The winners (Besa) and runners-up (Pelister) were promoted to the 2024–25 Macedonian First Football League. The third-placed team (Detonit Plachkovica) qualified for the Macedonian First Football League play-off. The fourteenth-placed team (Pobeda) qualified for the Macedonian Second Football League play-off. The bottom two teams (Teteks and Karaorman) were relegated to the 2024–25 Macedonian Third Football League.

FK Teteks
42°1′4.814″N 20°58′44.538″E﻿ / ﻿42.01800389°N 20.97903833°E﻿ / 42.01800389; 20.97903833

FK Teteks (Macedonian: ФК Тетекс) is a football club from the city of Tetovo in North Macedonia. They are currently competing in the Macedonian Second League.
Ferguson Davie baronets
The Ferguson Davie Baronetcy, of Creedy in the County of Devon, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 9 January 1847 for Henry Ferguson Davie, a General in the Army and Member of Parliament for Haddington from 1847 to 1878. Born Henry Ferguson, he was the husband of Frances Juliana Davie, only surviving sister of Sir John Davie, 9th Baronet, of Creedy, and niece and heiress of Sir Humphrey Davie, 10th Baronet, of Creedy (on whose death in 1846 the Davie baronetcy of Creedy became extinct; see Davie baronets). In 1846 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Davie. The second Baronet represented Barnstaple in the House of Commons as a Liberal.

Barnstaple (UK Parliament constituency)
Barnstaple was a constituency centred on the town of Barnstaple in Devon, in the South West of England. It returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of England until 1707, House of Commons of Great Britain until 1800 and the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1885, thereafter, one.

It was created in 1295 and abolished for the 1950 general election. Most of the area and the town falls into the North Devon seat.
Sainte-Eulalie-en-Royans
Sainte-Eulalie-en-Royans (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t‿ølali ɑ̃ ʁwajɑ̃]; Vivaro-Alpine: Santa Eulàlia de Roians) is a commune in the Drôme department in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, southeastern France.

Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom] ⓘ; Occitan: Droma; Arpitan: Drôma) is the southernmost department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. Named after the river Drôme, it had a population of 516,762 as of 2019. Drôme's prefecture is Valence.

The southern portion of the Drôme, closest to Provence, is often known as the fr:Drôme Provençale.
Association des Scouts et Guides du Congo
The Association des Scouts et Guides du Congo (ASGC, Scout and Guide Association of the Congo) is one of the national Scouting and Guiding organizations of the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville). The coeducational organization was founded in 1992 and has about 40 groups with 3,000 members, but there is no national organization recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement.

Guiding was introduced to French Equatorial Africa in 1927, and became a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1957, and again in 1996 after the renewal of the organization. The Guide section numbers 1,100 members as of 2008.

The emblem of the Association des Scouts et Guides du Congo incorporates the color scheme of the flag of the Republic of the Congo.

Girl Guides
Girl Guides (or Girl Scouts in the United States and some other countries) are organisations within the Scout Movement originally and largely still for girls and women only. The Girl Guides began in 1910 with the formation of The Girl Guides Association in the United Kingdom, following which, similar girl-only organisations were formed in other countries. Many girls and some organisations preferred to use the name Girl Scouts.
St Mary the Virgin, Ivinghoe
The Church of St Mary the Virgin, Ivinghoe is a 13th-century Church of England parish church in the town of Ivinghoe, Buckinghamshire, England, and is a Grade I listed building. It stands on the main High Street  and is surrounded by a churchyard.

The parish is within the Diocese of Oxford.

Diocese of Oxford
The Diocese of Oxford is a Church of England diocese that forms part of the Province of Canterbury. The diocese is led by the Bishop of Oxford (currently Steven Croft), and the bishop's seat is at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. It contains more church buildings than any other diocese and has more paid clergy than any other except London.

The diocese now covers the counties of Berkshire (118 churches), Buckinghamshire (152 churches), Oxfordshire (227 churches) and five churches in the nearby counties. Their 284 schools educate more than 68,000 students.
Fourth heart sound
The fourth heart sound or S4 is an extra heart sound that occurs during late diastole, immediately before the normal two "lub-dub" heart sounds (S1 and S2). It occurs just after atrial contraction and immediately before the systolic S1 and is caused by the atria contracting forcefully in an effort to overcome an abnormally stiff or hypertrophic ventricle.

This produces a rhythm classically compared to the cadence of the word "Tennessee." One can also use the phrase "A-stiff-wall" to help with the cadence (a S4, stiff S1, wall S2), as well as the pathology of the S4 sound.

Heart valve
A heart valve (cardiac valve) is a biological one-way valve that allows blood to flow in one direction through the chambers of the heart. A mammalian heart usually has four valves. Together, the valves determine the direction of blood flow through the heart. Heart valves are opened or closed by a difference in blood pressure on each side.

The mammalian heart has two atrioventricular valves separating the upper atria from the lower ventricles: the mitral valve in the left heart, and the tricuspid valve in the right heart. The two semilunar valves are at the entrance of the arteries leaving the heart. These are the aortic valve at the aorta, and the pulmonary valve at the pulmonary artery.

The heart also has a coronary sinus valve and an inferior vena cava valve, not discussed here.
Alf Taylor (cricketer)
Alfred George Taylor (29 December 1891 – date of death unknown) was an English cricketer.  Taylor's batting and bowling styles are unknown.  He was born at West Ham, Essex.

Taylor made his first-class debut for Essex against Derbyshire in the 1923 County Championship.  He scored 7 runs in Essex's first-innings, before being dismissed by Arthur Morton, while in Derbyshire's first-innings he took Morton's wicket for the cost of 40 runs from 11 overs. Days after this match he played his second and final first-class match against Surrey, He scored no further runs or took any wickets in the match.

His date of death is not known.

Over (cricket)
In cricket, an over consists of six legal deliveries bowled from one end of a cricket pitch to the player batting at the other end, almost always by a single bowler.

A maiden over is an over in which no runs are scored that count against the bowler (so leg byes and byes may be scored as they are not counted against the bowler). A wicket maiden is a maiden over in which a wicket is also taken. Similarly, double and triple wicket maidens are when two and three wickets are taken in a maiden over.

After six deliveries the umpire calls 'over'; the fielding team switches ends, and a different bowler is selected to bowl from the opposite end. The captain of the fielding team decides which bowler will bowl any given over, and no bowler may bowl two overs in succession.
1 Samuel 17
1 Samuel 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the battle of
David with Goliath, the Philistine. This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.

Gath (city)
Gath or Gat (Hebrew: גַּת, romanized: Gaṯ, lit. 'wine press'; Latin: Geth, Philistine: 𐤂𐤕 *Gīt) was one of the five cities of the Philistine pentapolis during the Iron Age. It was located in northeastern Philistia, close to the border with Judah.
Gath is often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and its existence is confirmed by Egyptian inscriptions. Already of significance during the Bronze Age, the city is believed to be mentioned in the El-Amarna letters as Gimti/Gintu, ruled by the two Shuwardata and 'Abdi-Ashtarti. Another Gath, known as Ginti-kirmil (Gath of Carmel) also appears in the Amarna letters.

The site most favored as the location of Gath is the archaeological mound or tell known as Tell es-Safi in Arabic and Tel Zafit in Hebrew (sometimes written Tel Tzafit), located inside Tel Zafit National Park, but a stone inscription disclosing the name of the city has yet to be discovered. A Gittite is a person from Gath.
Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica
Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica is a perennial tree native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan.  It is also cultivated in Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Tanzania.  Common names for it include babul, kikar and  prickly acacia.

Its uses include chemical products, environmental management, fiber, food and drink, forage, medicine and wood.

Catechin
Catechin /ˈkætɪkɪn/ is a flavan-3-ol, a type of secondary metabolite providing antioxidant roles in plants. It belongs to the subgroup of polyphenols called flavonoids.

The name of the catechin chemical family derives from catechu, which is the tannic juice or boiled extract of Mimosa catechu (Acacia catechu L.f.).
Margarete Bieber
Margarete Bieber (31 July 1879  – 25 February 1978) was a Jewish German-American art historian, classical archaeologist and professor. She became the second woman university professor in Germany in 1919 when she took a position at the University of Giessen. She studied the theatre of ancient Greece and Rome as well as the sculpture and clothing in ancient Rome and Greece.

Bieber left Germany after the Nazis seized power and she made her way to the United States where she taught at Barnard College, Columbia University and Princeton University. She published hundreds of works during her career and authored definitive works in four areas of study: the Greek and Roman theater, Hellenistic sculpture, ancient dress, and Roman copies of Greek art. She emphasised that Roman reproductions of Greek originals were essentially Roman works and carried the stamp of Roman civilization.

Classical archaeology
Classical archaeology is the archaeological investigation of the Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Nineteenth-century archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann were drawn to study the societies they had read about in Latin and Greek texts. Many universities and foreign nations maintain excavation programs and schools in the area – such is the enduring appeal of the region's archaeology.
1957 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's doubles
The 1957 World Table Tennis Championships men's doubles was the 24th edition of the men's doubles championship.
Ivan Andreadis and Ladislav Štípek won the title after defeating Ichiro Ogimura and Toshiaki Tanaka in the final by three sets to one.

Ichiro Ogimura
Ichiro Ogimura (荻村 伊智朗, Ogimura Ichirō; June 25, 1932 – December 4, 1994) was a Japanese table tennis player, coach, president of the ITTF and former World No. 1 who won 12 World Championship titles during his career. Ogimura was also a key figure in the Ping Pong Diplomacy events of the early 1970s, as well as being instrumental in Korea playing as a unified team at the 1991 World Table Tennis Championships.
Xanthoparmelia neosynestia
Xanthoparmelia neosynestia is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Southern Africa, it was formally described as a new species in 1986 by the American lichenologist Mason Hale. The type specimen was collected from Cape Province at an elevation of 800 m (2,600 ft), where it was found growing on sun-exposed sandstone cliffs in an escarpment among hillside karoo vegetation. The thallus of the lichen has a brittle texture and is dark greenish-yellow in color, reaching 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) in diameter. It contains several secondary metabolites (lichen products): salazinic acid, consalazinic acid, usnic acid, and trace amounts of norstictic acid and protocetraric acid.

Cape Province
The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: Provinsie Kaap die Goeie Hoop), commonly referred to as "the Cape Province" (Afrikaans: Kaapprovinsie) and colloquially as "The Cape" (Afrikaans: Die Kaap), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Colony, as well as Walvis Bay, and had Cape Town as its capital. In 1994, the Cape Province was divided into the new Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces, along with part of the North West.
Allium nevadense
Allium nevadense is a species of wild onion known by the common name Nevada onion. It is native to the western United States where it grows in sand and rocky soil at elevations of 1400–1700 m. The species is widespread in Utah, Nevada and southern Idaho, and has been reported also from southeastern California (Inyo and San Bernardino Counties), northwestern Arizona (Mohave and Cochise Counties), western and central Colorado (Moffat, Garfield, Mesa and Boulder Counties) and eastern Oregon (Harney and Malheur Counties).

The Nevada onion grows from a brown or gray bulb one to one and a half centimeters wide which may have one or two daughter bulblets associated with it. The stem may appear short if the bulb is more than a few inches below the surface of the ground. The stem is topped with an umbel of up to 25 flowers. The tepals may be white or pink-streaked with darker midveins; anthers purple; pollen yellow.

Cochise County, Arizona
Cochise County (/koʊˈtʃiːs/ koh-CHEESS) is a county in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Arizona. It is named after Cochise, a Chiricahua Apache, who was a key war leader during the Apache Wars.

Its population was 125,447 at the 2020 census. The county seat is Bisbee and the most populous city is Sierra Vista.

Cochise County includes the Sierra Vista-Douglas, Arizona metropolitan statistical area. The county borders southwestern New Mexico and the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora.
Asplenium schweinfurthii
Asplenium schweinfurthii is a species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae. It is endemic to Socotra. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Aspleniaceae
The Aspleniaceae (spleenworts) are a family of ferns, included in the order Polypodiales. The composition and classification of the family have been subject to considerable changes. In particular, there is a narrow circumscription, Aspleniaceae s.s. (adopted here), in which the family contains only two genera, and a very broad one, Aspleniaceae s.l., in which the family includes 10 other families kept separate in the narrow circumscription, with the Aspleniaceae s.s. being reduced to the subfamily Asplenioideae. The family has a worldwide distribution, with many species in both temperate and tropical areas. Elongated unpaired sori are an important characteristic of most members of the family.
MSA Brolga
MSA (Minesweeper Auxiliary) Brolga (1102) was a minesweeper operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) between 1988 and 2003. Launched in 1975 by Australian Shipbuilding Industries, the ship was designed for the Department of Transport as the lighthouse tender Lumen. Originally operating as a supply vessel for lighthouses around northern Queensland and the Torres Strait, the transition in lighthouse lights from acetylene gas to solar power meant there was less demand for the vessel, and by 1988, the Department of Transport was looking to sell the ship.

Around this time, the RAN was looking to acquire vessels under the Craft of Opportunity Program, to serve as auxiliary minesweepers and technology testbeds.

Janes Fighting Ships
Janes Fighting Ships (known as Jane's Fighting Ships before 2020) is an annual reference book of each country's navy and coast guard, along with their weapons and aircraft. Included are ship names, construction data, size, speed, range, complement, engineering, armament, and sensors. This is generally followed by relevant commentary. Originally, it was illustrated with ink sketches done by founder Fred T. Jane.
Joel Beckett
Joel Beckett (born Joel Bygraves; 27 November 1973) is an English actor, known for playing Jake Moon in the BBC soap opera EastEnders and as Lee in the original version of the comedy series The Office. Born in Potton, Bedfordshire, he was educated at Bedford School. He also appeared in other television series such as Holby City and Band of Brothers. In 2005 he appeared in the film Green Street as a pub landlord.

Bedford School
Bedford School is a 7–18 boys public school in the county town of Bedford in England. Founded in 1552, it is the oldest of four independent schools in Bedford run by the Harpur Trust. Bedford School is one of the oldest boys' schools in the United Kingdom, and was the winner of the Independent Boys School of the Year Award at the Independent Schools of the Year Awards in 2021.

Bedford School is composed of the Preparatory School (ages 7 to 13) and the Upper School (ages 13 to 18). There are around 1,100 pupils, of whom approximately one half are boarders. In 2014, James Hodgson succeeded John Moule as headmaster after Moule moved on to Radley College.
Oshawa Metal
Oshawa Metal or Oshawa Metal Centre is a General Motors of Canada facility in Oshawa, Ontario.

Built in 1986 to supply metal for Chevrolet Lumina and Buick Regal made in Oshawa, the plant now makes steel used at the Oshawa Car Assembly plant and other GM customers. It is GM's only metal facility in Canada located close to an assembly plant.

The 587,000 square feet (54,500 m2) facilities makes over 80,000 parts a day using 337 tons of steel a day to make 22 million parts a year.

General Motors Canada
General Motors of Canada Company (French: La Compagnie General Motors du Canada), commonly known as GM Canada, is the Canadian subsidiary of US-based company General Motors. It is headquartered in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada.

After the 2008 financial crisis, GM Canada received a combined loan commitment of CA$3 billion of financial assistance from the federal and provincial governments amid declining sales. On November 26, 2018, GM announced the closure of its Oshawa plant, ending a century of automobile and related manufacturing operations in the city. On November 5, 2020, GM announced reopening of the Oshawa plant in January 2022 to produce GMC Sierra and Chevrolet Silverado trucks, hiring up to 2,500 workers.43°52′34″N 78°48′15″W﻿ / ﻿43.876110°N 78.804253°W﻿ / 43.876110; -78.804253
Saokat Molla
Saokat Molla is an Indian politician member of All India Trinamool Congress.  He is an MLA, elected from the Canning Purba constituency in the 2016 West Bengal state assembly election. In 2021 assembly election he was re-elected from the same constituency.

2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in 2016 for all 294 seats of the Vidhan Sabha in the Indian state of West Bengal. The All India Trinamool Congress under Mamata Banerjee won 211 seats, and thus returned to power with an enhanced majority. As in the 2011 election, the election was held in six phases, with the first phase divided into two days. The first phase was held in Naxalite-Maoist affected red corridor areas with two polling dates: 4 April and 11 April. The other phases were held on 17, 21, 25, 30 April and 5 May. The result of the election was declared on 19 May.

In the previous election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress in a coalition with INC won a majority and ended the 34-year rule of the Left Front government in the state.