hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
American Astronautical Society
Formed in 1954, the American Astronautical Society (AAS) is an independent scientific and technical group in the United States dedicated to the advancement of space science and space exploration. AAS supports NASA's Vision for Space Exploration and is a member of the Coalition for Space Exploration and the Space Exploration Alliance. The AAS also focuses on strengthening the global space program through cooperation with international space organizations. The society has a long history of supporting space exploration through scholarships.

Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
The Coalition for Deep Space Exploration is a United States space advocacy organization for space industry businesses and non-profit groups supporting continued government investment in space exploration.
Haruo Ochi
Haruo Ochi  (Japanese: 越智晴雄, born 7 February 1984) is a Japanese mixed martial artist, who has been professionally competing since 2008. He is a former two-time DEEP Strawweight Champion. According to Fight Matrix he is the #4 strawweight in the world as of October 2020, and is considered to be one of the best current strawweights.

Deep (mixed martial arts)
Deep (previously Deep2001) is a Japan-based mixed martial arts promoting and sanctioning organization. It is promoted by Shigeru Saeki who is also the former Public Relations Director of Pride Fighting Championships. Their inaugural event took place in 2001 and featured Paulo Filho and Royler Gracie. On May 17, 2008, Deep announced a partnership with ZST to share fighters, co-promote shows and eventually unify the promotions.
Computer Science Teachers Association
The Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA) is a professional association. Started in 2004, CSTA is a membership organization.

CSTA supports computer science teachers with educational information.

Professional association
A professional association (also called  a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest. In the United States, such an association is typically a nonprofit business league for tax purposes. In the UK, they may take a variety of legal forms.
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg is the name of some places in the United States of America:

Sharpsburg, Georgia

Sharpsburg, Illinois

Sharpsburg, Iowa

Sharpsburg, Kentucky

Sharpsburg, Maryland
The Battle of Antietam, often called the "Battle of Sharpsburg" in the southern United States

Sharpsburg, Missouri

Sharpsburg, Athens County, Ohio

Sharpsburg, Mercer County, Ohio

Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania

Sharpsburg, North Carolina

Sharpsburg, North Carolina
Sharpsburg is a town in Edgecombe, Nash, and Wilson counties, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the Rocky Mount, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, Sharpsburg had a population of 1,697.
Dragomir R. Radev
Dragomir R. Radev (August 7, 1968 – March 29, 2023) was an American computer scientist who was a professor at Yale University, working on natural language processing and information retrieval. He also served as a University of Michigan computer science professor and Columbia University computer science adjunct professor, as well as a Member of the Advisory Board of Lawyaw.

Radev worked in the fields of open domain question answering,  multi-document summarization, large language models and the application of NLP in Bioinformatics, Social Network Analysis and Political Science.

Radev received his PhD in Computer Science from Columbia University in 1999. He had served on the executive committee of the Association for Computational Linguistics, and as survey editor and associate editor of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research.

Radev died on March 29, 2023, at the age of 54.

Question answering
Question answering (QA) is a computer science discipline within the fields of information retrieval and natural language processing (NLP) that is concerned with building systems that automatically answer questions that are posed by humans in a natural language.

A question-answering implementation, usually a computer program, may construct its answers by querying a structured database of knowledge or information, usually a knowledge base. More commonly, question-answering systems can pull answers from an unstructured collection of natural language documents.

Some examples of natural language document collections used for question answering systems include reference texts, compiled newswire reports, Wikipedia pages and other World Wide Web pages.
San Diego Surge
The San Diego Surge were a women's professional football team based in Santee, California, that competed in the Women's Football Alliance (WFA). The team played its home games at Santana High School and previously at Mira Mesa Senior High School. The Surge began play in the 2011 season. On September 10, 2019, the team ceased operations indefinitely.

In their first season, the Surge finished 8–0, winning their division, and won the American Conference championship over the Dallas Diamonds before losing to the Boston Militia in the WFA championship game.

The Surge won the 2013 WFA title by beating the Chicago Force in the championship game at Heinz Field.

Santee, California
Santee is a city in San Diego County, California, United States. The population was 60,037 at the 2020 census. It is a part of the East County region. The city is bisected by the San Diego River, a linear greenbelt that includes parks, trails and more than 1,100 acres (450 ha) of natural habitat.
LeRoy Lemke
LeRoy Walter Lemke (September 24, 1935 – September 19, 1991) was an American politician and lawyer.

Lemke was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Drake University and John Marshall Law School. He was admitted to the Illinois bar and practice law in Chicago. Lemke served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1973 to 1975 and was a Democrat. Lemke then served in the Illinois Senate from 1975 to 1987. Lemke died at the La Grange Memorial Hospital in La Grange, Illinois. He had lived in Willow Springs, Illinois at the time of his death.

Drake University
Drake University is a private university in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. It offers over 140 undergraduate and graduate programs, including professional programs in business, education, law, and pharmacy. Drake University Law School was founded in 1865, which makes it one of the 25 oldest law schools in the United States.
Sainte-Anne-du-Bocage Sanctuary
Sainte-Anne-du-Bocage, or simply Le Bocage, is a Catholic sanctuary in Caraquet, New Brunswick (Canada).

Built on the land bequeathed by Alexis Landry in 1791, the sanctuary includes a chapel, a Stations of the Cross, a well, a fountain, a cemetery, and monuments, all set in a bocage. The chapel, one of the oldest Acadian places of worship, is also an enigma. The exact reason for its construction is unknown, but it is linked to the historical quarrel between the inhabitants of the east and west of the town. The sanctuary became a place of pilgrimage in the second half of the 19th century, and is still very popular with both locals and tourists.

Caraquet Bay
Caraquet Bay (French: Baie de Caraquet) is situated in the northeast of the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the town of Caraquet and the village of Bertrand, to the south by the parish of New Bandon, to the north by the village of Maisonnette and to the northwest by the Baie des Chaleurs. Caraquet Island is located between the two bays. There are a number of beaches on the bay, as well as oyster farms and the port of Caraquet.  Caraquet Bay flows into the Caraquet River and the Du Nord River

There are two theories about the origin of the bay's name. Either Caraquet is a word in the Mi'kmaq language meaning "where two rivers meet", or it comes from a type of ship, the carrack. Governor Nicolas Denys was the first to mention Caraquet, in 1672.
Bianchi group
In mathematics, a Bianchi group is a group of the form

where d is a positive square-free integer. Here, PSL denotes the projective special linear group and  is the ring of integers of the imaginary quadratic field .

The groups were first studied by Bianchi (1892) as a natural class of discrete subgroups of , now termed Kleinian groups.

As a subgroup of , a Bianchi group acts as orientation-preserving isometries of 3-dimensional hyperbolic space .  The quotient space  is a non-compact, hyperbolic 3-fold with finite volume, which is also called Bianchi orbifold. An exact formula for the volume, in terms of the Dedekind zeta function of the base field , was computed by Humbert as follows. Let  be the discriminant of , and , the discontinuous action on , then

The set of cusps of  is in bijection with the class group of . It is well known that every non-cocompact arithmetic Kleinian group is weakly commensurable with a Bianchi group.

Quadratic field
In algebraic number theory, a quadratic field is an algebraic number field of degree two over , the rational numbers.

Every such quadratic field is some  where  is a (uniquely defined) square-free integer different from  and . If , the corresponding quadratic field is called a real quadratic field, and, if , it is called an imaginary quadratic field or a complex quadratic field, corresponding to whether or not it is a subfield of the field of the real numbers.

Quadratic fields have been studied in great depth, initially as part of the theory of binary quadratic forms. There remain some unsolved problems. The class number problem is particularly important.
Battle of Himera (409 BC)
Near the site of the first battle and great Carthaginian defeat of 480 BC, the Second Battle of Himera was fought near the city of Himera in Sicily in 409 between the Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Mago (a king of Carthage of the Magonid family, not the famous Hannibal of the Barcid family) and the Ionian Greeks of Himera aided by an army and a fleet from Syracuse. Hannibal, acting under the instructions of the Carthaginian senate, had previously sacked and destroyed the city of Selinus after the Battle of Selinus in 409.  Hannibal then destroyed Himera which was never rebuilt. 
Mass graves associated with this battle (along with the first Battle of Himera in 480 BC) were discovered in 2008-2011, corroborating the stories told by ancient historians.

Selinunte
Selinunte (/ˌsɛlɪˈnuːnteɪ/ SEL-in-OON-tay, Italian: [seliˈnunte]; Ancient Greek: Σελῑνοῦς, romanized: Selīnoûs [seliːnûːs]; Latin: Selīnūs [sɛˈliːnuːs]; Sicilian: Silinunti [sɪlɪˈnuntɪ]) was a rich and extensive ancient Greek city of Magna Graecia on the south-western coast of Sicily in Italy. It was situated between the valleys of the Cottone and Modione rivers. It now lies in the comune of Castelvetrano, between the frazioni of Triscina di Selinunte in the west and Marinella di Selinunte in the east.

The archaeological site contains many great temples, the earliest dating from 550 BC, with five centred on an acropolis.

At its peak before 409 BC the city may have had 30,000 inhabitants, excluding slaves. It was destroyed and abandoned in 250 BC and never reoccupied.
Preferred Executable Format
The Preferred Executable Format is a file format that specifies the format of executable files and other object code. PEF executables are also called Code Fragment Manager files (CFM).

PEF was developed by Apple Computer for use in its classic Mac OS operating system. It was optimized for RISC processors. In macOS, the Mach-O file format is the native executable format. However, PEF was still supported on PowerPC-based Macintoshes running Mac OS X and was used by some Carbon applications ported from earlier versions for classic Mac OS, so that the same binary could be run on classic Mac OS and Mac OS X.

BeOS on PowerPC systems also uses PEF, although x86 systems do not.

Object code
In computing, object code or object module is the product of an assembler or compiler.

In a general sense, object code is a sequence of statements or instructions in a computer language, usually a machine code language (i.e., binary) or an intermediate language such as register transfer language (RTL). The term indicates that the code is the goal or result of the compiling process, with some early sources referring to source code as a "subject program".
French phonology
French phonology is the sound system of French. This article discusses mainly the phonology of all the varieties of Standard French. Notable phonological features include the uvular r present in some accents, nasal vowels, and three processes affecting word-final sounds:

liaison, a specific instance of sandhi in which word-final consonants are not pronounced unless they are followed by a word beginning with a vowel;

elision, in which certain instances of /ə/ (schwa) are elided (such as when final before an initial vowel);

enchaînement (resyllabification), in which word-final and word-initial consonants may be moved across a syllable boundary, with syllables crossing word boundaries.

An example of the above is this:

Written: On a laissé la fenêtre ouverte.

Meaning: "We left the window open."

In isolation: /ɔ̃ a lɛse la fənɛːtʁə uvɛʁtə/

Together: [ɔ̃.na.le.se.la.fnɛ.tʁu.vɛʁt(ə)]

Close-mid front rounded vowel
The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨ø⟩, a lowercase letter o with a diagonal stroke through it, borrowed from Danish, Norwegian, and Faroese, which sometimes use the letter to represent the sound. This sound is represented by the letter ⟨ø⟩ in those languages of Scandinavia; by the digraphs ⟨eu⟩ and ⟨œu⟩ (using the ⟨œ⟩ ligature) in French; and by ⟨ö⟩ in several languages, including the North Germanic languages Swedish and Icelandic, and the Finno-Ugric languages Estonian and Finnish. The symbol is commonly referred to as a "slashed o" in English.

For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see near-close front rounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Urqipi
Urqipi (Aymara urqu male, ipi a small wild potato, also spelled Orkhepi) is a 4,230-metre-high (13,878 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It lies in the La Paz Department, Pacajes Province, Calacoto Municipality, north of the Anallajsi volcano. It is located at the Achuta River, north-east of the mountain Pukara and north of the mountain Churi Willk'i.

La Paz Department (Bolivia)
The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133,985 square kilometres (51,732 sq mi) with a 2024 census population of 3,022,566 inhabitants. It is situated at the western border of Bolivia, sharing Lake Titicaca with the neighboring Peru. It contains the Cordillera Real mountain range, which reaches altitudes of 6.6 kilometers (22,000 ft). Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas, the steep eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains that make the transition to the Amazon River basin to the northeast. The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government/national capital of Bolivia.
Gaston Ragueneau
Adolphe Gaston Ragueneau (10 October 1881 in Lyon – 14 July 1978 in Draveil) was a French athlete. He competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.

In 1900, Ragueneau won a silver medal with the French team in the 5000 metre team race. He finished fourth of the ten men in the race, behind two British runners and teammate Henri Deloge, on the way to a 26–29 loss to the British team.

In the 1908 Olympics, Ragueneau competed in the 1500 metres but did not finish his initial semifinal heat and did not advance to the final.

Draveil
Draveil (French pronunciation: [dʁavɛj] ⓘ) is a commune in the Essonne department in the southern outer suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 19.1 km (11.9 mi) from the centre of Paris at Notre-Dame. As of 2023, the population of the commune was 30,098. It was formally twinned with Hove, East Sussex in the United Kingdom.

With a score of 7.16/10, Draveil ranks 49th among the 100 best French towns with a population of over 20,000 inhabitants. This result is a survey conducted permanently among the French population and takes into account the following factors : environment, security, medical facilities, cultural events, sports, shops and transport.
V. Trygve Jordahl
Verner Trygve "V.T." Jordahl (Norwegian: [ˈvæ̂ːɳə ˈʈrʏ̂ɡvə ˈvîːtiː ˈjûːrɑːɫ]; October 26, 1898 – September 27, 1984) was an Evangelical Lutheran Church (ELC) District President; he served as a U.S. Army Chaplain, on the Luther College Board of Regents, and was the ELC Director of Service to Military Personnel.

Jordahl was born October 26, 1898, in Norway Lake, Minnesota, as a second generation immigrant from Norway. He retired in Sun City, Arizona. He died on September 27, 1984, at his summer home in Decorah, Iowa. He received his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree from Luther College in 1922, where he had also attended preparatory school. He then attended Luther Seminary in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and received his Bachelor of Theology in 1925.

Sun City, Arizona
Sun City is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, that is located within the Phoenix metropolitan area.

The population was 39,931 as of the 2020 census. Its adjoining sister city is Sun City West. Both Sun Cities are retirement communities popular with snowbirds.
Pincum relief
The Pincum relief is a funerary art fragment of an early 2nd century AD Roman marble relief depicting Achilles and Hector of the Trojan cycle of Homer's Iliad. It is unique in the way that it's the only stele depicting this myth found in Upper Moesia.

The relief was found in Veliko Gradište, Serbia (Roman Pincum, Upper Moesia) at the estate of Kosta Marković.

It is made of white coarse-grained marble and depicts Achilles standing with the dead body of Hector, a myth which is seen on numerous Attica sarcophagi. Artistic analogies are a relief from Maria Saal (Virunum, Noricum) and two images from Dunaújváros (Intercisa, Pannonia).

] | [- - - -] XXX Fl(avio,-ae?) Iucu[n(do,-dae?)] |
[- - - -]r et Aeli (i ) ann(orum) |
[- - - -]s et Iucundus | [- - - -]s et Gaia her(edes) |
[- - - -] Gaianus fil(ius) | [- - - -]c
h(ic) s(itus) e(st).

Maria Saal
Maria Saal (Slovene: Gospa Sveta) is a market town in the district of Klagenfurt-Land in the Austrian state of Carinthia. It is located in the east of the historic Zollfeld plain (Gosposvetsko polje), the wide valley of the Glan River. The municipality includes the cadastral communes of Kading, Karnburg, Möderndorf, Possau and St. Michael am Zollfeld.
Rhein-Weser-Express
The Rhein Weser Express (RE 6) is a Regional-Express service route in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, connecting some of the most important cities in Westphalia (among others Minden, Bielefeld and Hamm) with the Ruhr (especially Dortmund, Bochum, Essen, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Neuss and Cologne). Cologne, Neuss, Düsseldorf and Duisburg lie on the Rhine while Minden lies on the Weser.

Until the timetable change in December 2016, this service was called the Westfalen-Express and ended in Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof. The line is part of the Rhine-Ruhr Express (RRX) network and is operated by National Express.

Minden (Westfalen) station
Minden (Westfalen) station (officially Minden (Westf) Bf) is a railway station in Minden. The station is located on the Hanover–Minden railway to Hanover, the Hamm–Minden railway to Hamm and the Verden–Rotenburg railway to Rotenburg an der Wümme. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and WestfalenBahn. The station is also served by the Hanover S-Bahn.
James Cowan (English cricketer)
James Daniel Cowan (born 17 August 1989) is an English former first-class cricketer.

Cowan was born at Cambridge in August 1989. He was educated at Swavesey Village College, before going up to Anglia Ruskin University. While studying at Anglia Ruskin, he made two appearances in first-class cricket for Cambridge MCCU against Middlesex in 2011 and 2013. He scored 26 runs in his two matches, as well as taking 5 wickets with his left-arm medium-fast bowler, with best figures of 2 for 29. In addition to playing first-class cricket, he also played minor counties cricket for Cambridgeshire in 2010 and 2011, making three appearances in the Minor Counties Championship and two appearances in the MCCA Knockout Trophy.

Swavesey Village College
Swavesey Village College is a village college and academy school in the village of Swavesey in south Cambridgeshire, England. In 2011, Swavesey Village College became an Academy and established the Cambridge Meridian Academies Trust.

As of 2020, the school had 1,292 students. The school was officially opened on 14 November 1958.
63rd Operations Group
The 63d Troop Carrier Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the 63d Troop Carrier Wing, Eastern Transport Air Force (MATS), stationed at Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia. It was inactivated on 18 January 1963.

Douglas C-124 Globemaster II
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, nicknamed "Old Shaky", is a retired American heavy-lift cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company in Long Beach, California.

The C-124 was the primary heavy-lift transport for United States Air Force (USAF) Military Air Transport Service (MATS) during the 1950s and early 1960s, until the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter entered service. It served in MATS, later Military Airlift Command (MAC), and units of the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard until retired in 1974.
Pritt (surname)
Pritt is a surname. Notable persons with the name include:

Charlotte Pritt (born 1949), American politician

Denis Pritt (1877–1972), British politician

Emily Pritt (active 2009), American athlete

Frank Pritt (1940–2015), American businessman

Julia Pritt (1932–2010), American philanthropist

Walbanke Ashby Pritt (1897–1928), British military aviator

Denis Pritt
Denis Nowell Pritt, QC (22 September 1887 – 23 May 1972) was a British barrister and left-wing Labour Party politician. Born in Harlesden, Middlesex, he was educated at Winchester College and the University of London.

A member of the Labour Party from 1918, he was a defender of the Soviet Union. In 1932, as part of G. D. H. Cole's New Fabian Research Bureau's expert commission of enquiry, he visited the Soviet Union, and, according to Margaret Cole, "the eminent KC swallowed it all". Pritt was expelled from the Labour Party in March 1940 following his support of the Soviet invasion of Finland.

Pritt was characterised by George Orwell as "perhaps the most effective pro-Soviet publicist in this country".
Gaspar de Portolá
Don Gaspar de Portolá y Rovira (January 1, 1716 – October 10, 1786) was a Spanish Army officer and colonial administrator who served as the first governor of the Californias from 1767 to 1770. Born in Catalonia into an aristocratic family, he is best known for leading the Portolá expedition into California, which laid the foundations of Spanish rule in the region Californian cities like San Diego and Monterey, and bestowed names to geographic features throughout California, many of which are still in use.

Don (honorific)
The terms Don (in Spanish and Italian), Dom (in Portuguese), and Domn (in Romanian), are honorific prefixes derived from the Latin Dominus, meaning "lord" or "owner". The honorific is commonly used in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, as well as in the Spanish-speaking world and Portuguese-speaking world, as well as some other places formerly colonized by Spain or Portugal. The feminine equivalents are Doña (Spanish: [ˈdoɲa]), Donna (Italian: [ˈdɔnna]), Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona (Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ]), meaning "lady".

The term is derived from the Latin dominus: a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity. With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in the Middle Ages, traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles, in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of high distinction.