hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Operation Donnerschlag
During World War II, the German military planned or undertook an operation named Donnerschlag ("Thunderclap" in German).

The December 1942 German Army plan called for a breakout from the besieged city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) by the German Sixth Army and there meet up with the relief Operation Wintergewitter.  Donnerschlag was to be the code word for the commencement of Operation Wintergewitter.  The operation was downgraded and converted into a defensive stance after Hermann Göring's boast that the Luftwaffe would resupply the surrounded troops at Stalingrad.  This effort eventually failed, and the Sixth Army, encircled by the Red Army as a result of Operation Uranus, surrendered in early February 1943.

Encirclement
Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces. The situation is highly dangerous for the encircled force. At the strategic level, it cannot receive supplies or reinforcements, and on the tactical level, the units in the force can be subject to an attack from several sides. Lastly, since the force cannot retreat, unless it is relieved or can break out, it must fight to the death or surrender.

A special kind of encirclement is the siege. In that case, the encircled forces are enveloped in a fortified position in which long-lasting supplies and strong defences are in place, allowing them to withstand attacks. Sieges have taken place in almost all eras of warfare.
Choi Yuen (constituency)
Choi Yuen is one of the 17 constituencies in the North District, Hong Kong.

The constituency returns one district councillor to the North District Council, with an election every four years. The seat has been currently held by Lam Tsz-King of the Democratic.

Choi Yuen constituency is loosely based on Choi Yuen Estate and Choi Po Court in Sheung Shui with estimated population of 17,222.

North District Council
The North District Council (Chinese: 北區區議會) is one of the 18 Hong Kong district councils and represents the North District. It is one of 18 such councils. Consisting of 24 members, the district council is drawn from two constituencies, which elect 4 members, along with 8 district committee members, 8 appointed members, and four ex officio members who are the Ta Kwu Ling, Sheung Shui, Sha Tau Kok and Fanling rural committee chairmen. The latest election was held on 10 December 2023.
Matt Holubowski
Matt Holubowski is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Hudson, Quebec. A fluently bilingual performer of mixed Polish and Québécois descent, he writes and sings material in both English and French.

After releasing his debut album Ogen, Old Man independently in 2014, he competed on the third season of TVA's music competition series La Voix in 2015, auditioning with Ray LaMontagne's song "Burn". Although he made it to the finals, he lost the final audience vote to Kevin Bazinet. He released his second album, Solitudes, in 2016 on Audiogram, and has supported the album with extensive touring in Quebec, select dates in English Canada, and a tour of Europe as an opening act for Ben Folds. In 2017, he followed up with the three-song EP Epilogue, which was released both on its own and as bonus tracks on a new expanded edition of Solitudes.

La Voix
La Voix (French pronunciation: [la vwa]) is a francophone Canadian reality talent show as part of the international television series franchise The Voice, based on the original Dutch version of the program created by John de Mol Jr. The series is part of The Voice franchise and is based on a similar competition format in The Netherlands entitled The Voice of Holland. The series is structured into three phases: blind auditions, battles, and live performance shows. In 2016, La Voix also launched a separate series for younger contestants called La Voix Junior.
Leblouh
Leblouh (Arabic: البلوح, romanized: lə-blūḥ) is the practice of force-feeding girls from as young as five to nineteen, in countries where obesity was traditionally regarded as desirable. Especially prevalent in rural areas and having its roots in Tuareg tradition, leblouh is practiced to increase chances of marriage in a society where high body volume used to be a sign of wealth.

The practice occurs in several African countries, such as Mauritania, Niger, Uganda, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa. It used to be widespread across most of the Arab world as well.

The practice goes back to the 11th century, and has been reported to have made a significant comeback in Mauritania after a military junta took over the country in 2008. The younger generations in Mauritania view this practice negatively.

Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Examples include the lipid cholesterol, sex hormones estradiol and testosterone,: 10–19  anabolic steroids, and the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug dexamethasone. Hundreds of steroids are found in fungi, plants, and animals. All steroids are manufactured in cells from a sterol: cholesterol (animals), lanosterol (opisthokonts), or cycloartenol (plants). All three of these molecules are produced via cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
Avtozavodskaya (Nizhny Novgorod Metro)
Avtozavodskaya (Russian: Автозаводская) is a station on the Avtozavodskaya line of the Nizhny Novgorod Metro. The authorities planned to open the station as part of the initial phase from Moskovskaya

It opened on 8 August 1987 in the second phase of construction with Komsomolskaya station. It is in the Avtozavodsky District of Nizhny Novgorod which gets its name from GAZ automobile factory.

GAZ
GAZ (Gorkovsky avtomobilny zavod, Russian: ГАЗ, Го́рьковский автомоби́льный заво́д, lit. 'Gorky Automobile Plant') is a Russian automotive manufacturer located in Nizhny Novgorod, formerly known as Gorky (Горький) (1932–1990). It is the core subsidiary of GAZ Group Holding, which is itself part of Basic Element industrial group. JSC Russian Machines is the controlling shareholder in OAO GAZ.
Jim Sangma
Jim Sangma (born 30 March 1976) is an Indian politician from Meghalaya. He is a member of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly from Rongjeng Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in East Garo Hills district. He won the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election representing the National People's Party (India).

National People's Party (India)
The National People's Party is a conservative national political party in India. It is mostly concentrated in Meghalaya. Founded by P. A. Sangma after his expulsion from the Nationalist Congress Party in July 2012, it was accorded national party status on 7 June 2019. It is the first political party from Northeast India to have attained this status.
Baron Grantley
Baron Grantley, of Markenfield, in the County of York is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created on 9 April 1782 for Sir Fletcher Norton, Attorney General from 1763 to 1765 and Speaker of the House of Commons from 1770 to 1780. His son, the second Baron, was also a politician and represented Richmond, Wigtown Burghs, Guildford and Surrey in Parliament. He was succeeded by his nephew, Fletcher Norton, the third Baron. He was childless and on his death the title passed to his nephew, the fourth Baron. As of 2017 the title is held by the latter's great-great-grandson, the eighth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1995.

Surrey (UK Parliament constituency)
Surrey was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Members of Parliament until 1832.

The constituency was split into two two-member divisions, for Parliamentary purposes, in 1832. The county was then represented by the East Surrey and West Surrey constituencies.
Regnal title
A regnal title is the title held by a monarch while in office. Monarchs can have various titles, including king or queen, prince or princess (Sovereign Prince of Monaco), emperor or empress (Emperor of Japan, Emperor of India), or even duke or grand duke (Grand Duke of Luxembourg) or duchess. Many monarchs also are distinguished by styles, such as "Majesty", "Royal Highness" or "By the Grace of God".

Sometimes titles are used to express claims to territories that are not held in fact (for example, English claims to the French throne) or titles not recognized (antipopes). A pretender is a claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else. Abdication is the resignation of a monarch.

Royal Highness
Royal Highness is a style, or form of address, used to address or refer to some members of royal families, usually princes or princesses. Kings and their female consorts, as well as queens regnant, are usually styled Majesty.

When used as a direct form of address, spoken or written, it takes the form Your Royal Highness. When used as a third-person reference, it is gender-specific (His Royal Highness or Her Royal Highness, both abbreviated HRH) and in plural, Their Royal Highnesses (TRH).

It is used also for hereditary members of former reigning royal houses.
Rigibore
Rigibore is a British-American manufacturer of special tools based in Hayle, Cornwall, UK, and Mukwonago, Wisconsin, US.

Founded in 1983, Rigibore supplies tools, cartridges, units and inserts, generally for use in CNC machining, as well as developing high-precision tooling solutions. Rigibore won the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Manufacturing Excellence Award for Best SME in 2002 and Best Practice in IT in 2003.

In 2007 the Smartbore product range was launched, which allows fine adjustments to be made to a tool without removing it from a machine spindle.

In 2008 Rigibore launched its ActiveEdge products which utilise a wireless link to allow micrometre-accurate adjustments to be made to tooling.

Institution of Mechanical Engineers
The Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) is an independent professional association and learned society headquartered in London, United Kingdom, that represents mechanical engineers and the engineering profession. With over 110,000 members in 140 countries, working across industries such as railways, automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, energy, biomedical and construction, the Institution is licensed by the Engineering Council to assess candidates for inclusion on its Register of Chartered Engineers, Incorporated Engineers and Engineering Technicians.

The Institution was founded at the Queen's Hotel, Birmingham, by George Stephenson in 1847. It received a Royal Charter in 1930. The Institution's headquarters, purpose-built for the Institution in 1899, is situated at No. 1 Birdcage Walk in central London.
McClammy
McClammy is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles W. McClammy (1839–1896), American politician

Patrice McClammy (fl. 1997), American attorney and politician

Thad McClammy (1942–2021), American politician

Adam D. McClammy (2013-Now), Child prodigy IQ 136 at age 12

Patrice McClammy
Patrice Ernita "Penni" McClammy is an American attorney and politician serving as a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from the 76th district. She assumed office on November 17, 2021. She a member of the Democratic Party.
Mariana González (fencer)
Mariana Isabel González Parra (born September 17, 1979, in Maracaibo, Zulia) is a female fencer from Venezuela. She twice competed for her native country at the Summer Olympics (2004 and 2008) in the foil competition, and won two gold medals, in the individual and team events at the 2007 Pan American Games.

Foil (fencing)
A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. It is a flexible weapon of total length 110 cm (43 in) or under, rectangular in cross section, weighing under 500 g (18 oz), with a blunt tip. As with the épée, points are only scored by making contact with the tip. The foil is the most commonly used weapon in fencing.
1963 FC Dnipro Kremenchuk season
The 1963 season was Dnipro Kremenchuk's 1st year in the Ukrainian Class B a Soviet football competition at the Soviet third tier. In addition to the domestic league, Dnipro also participated in this season's editions of the Soviet Cup and Cup of Central Committee of Leninist Communist League of Youth of Ukraine. Managed by Anatolii Sadovskyi they finished fortieth in the combined championship table and had to rely on two play-offs to remain in the league. They were eliminated form both cups in their first matches. The season covers the period from 1 January 1963 to 31 December 1963.

1964 Ukrainian Class B
The 1964 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR (Class B) was the 34th season of association football competition of the Ukrainian SSR, which was part of the Ukrainian Class B. It was the fourteenth in the Soviet Class B and the second season of the Ukrainian Class B.

The 1964 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR (Class B) was won by FC Lokomotyv Vinnytsia.
Crianlarich
Crianlarich (/ˌkriːənˈlærɪx/ ⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: A' Chrìon Làraich) is a village in Stirling council area and in the registration county of Perthshire, Scotland, around six miles (ten kilometres) northeast of the head of Loch Lomond. The village bills itself as "the gateway to the Highlands".

Registration county
A registration county was, in Great Britain and Ireland, a statistical unit used for the registration of births, deaths and marriages and for the output of census information. In Scotland registration counties are used for land registration purposes.
Samadera harmandiana
Samadera harmandiana (syn Quassia harmandiana) is a freshwater mangrove shrub or small tree in the Simaroubaceae family. It is found in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. The wood provides firewood. Certain fish eat the poisonous fruit

Simaroubaceae
The Simaroubaceae, also known as the quassia family, are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phylogeny of the family was published in 2007, greatly clarifying relationships within the family. Together with chemical characteristics such as the occurrence of petroselinic acid in Picrasma, in contrast to other members of the family such as Ailanthus, this indicates the existence of a subgroup in the family with Picrasma, Holacantha, and Castela.

The best-known species is the temperate Chinese tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima, which has become a cosmopolitan weed tree of urban areas and wildlands.

Well-known genera in the family include the tropical Quassia and Simarouba.

It is known in English by the common names of the quassia family or ailanthus family.
Bob Lustig
Robert Thomas Lustig (July 12, 1924 – November 5, 2005) was an American football executive who worked for the Buffalo Bills from 1960 to 1979. A business associate of Bills owner Ralph Wilson from 1948, Lustig began his tenure with the Bills in 1960, primarily working as a contract negotiator. He was promoted to team vice president in 1964, and became general manager in 1967. Under his leadership, the Bills drafted O. J. Simpson number one overall in the 1969 NFL/AFL draft, and built Rich Stadium in 1973. He left the Bills in 1979 to work for Ralph Wilson's insurance agency in Detroit. Lustig attended the University of Detroit, where he played baseball, and served in the 104th Infantry Division of the United States Army during World War II. Lustig died on November 5, 2005, at the age of 81.

Ralph Wilson Stadium
Ralph Wilson Stadium (colloquially known as The Ralph) is a defunct stadium in Orchard Park, New York, in the Southtowns of the Buffalo metropolitan area. It served as the home venue of the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL) from 1973 to 2025. The stadium opened in 1973 as Rich Stadium and remained that until 1998. It was known as Ralph Wilson Stadium from 1998 to 2015, New Era Field from 2016 to 2019, Bills Stadium in 2020, and Highmark Stadium from 2021 until its closure following the 2025 season. The stadium is set to be demolished in March 2027 following the construction and opening of its replacement, (New) Highmark Stadium.
Anne-Marie Hofmann
Anne-Marie Hofmann (17 August 1920 in Stuttgart – 23 August 2014) was a German lawyer. She studied law at the University of Münster and in Heidelberg. In 1972, she was appointed federal prosecutor at the Federal Court. For twelve years, she remained the only federal prosecutor in the history of justice in the Federal Republic.

University of Münster
The University of Münster (German: Universität Münster, until 2023 German: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, WWU) is a public research university located in the city of Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

With more than 43,000 students and over 120 fields of study in 15 departments, it is Germany's fifth largest university and one of the foremost centers of German intellectual life. The university offers a wide range of subjects across the sciences, social sciences and the humanities. Several courses are also taught in English, including PhD programmes as well as postgraduate courses in geoinformatics, geospational technologies or information systems.

Professors and former students have won ten Leibniz Prizes, the most prestigious as well as the best-funded prize in Europe, one Fields Medal and two Nobel Prizes. The University of Münster has also been successful in the German government's Excellence Initiative.
Asharam Netam
Asharam Netam (born 1981) is an Indian politician from Chhattisgarh. He is an MLA from Kanker Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in Kanker District. He won the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election, representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.

2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Chhattisgarh in two phases on 7 November and 17 November 2023 to elect all 90 members of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly. The votes were counted and the results declared on 3 December 2023.

Defying all pollsters and predictions, the BJP won an absolute majority with 54 seats, wresting power from the INC, which had won a landslide in 2018 but could win only 35 seats. This was also the BJP's biggest win in Chhattisgarh. On 13 December, BJP leader Vishnu Deo Sai took oath as the fourth chief minister of the state.
Linrodostat
Linrodostat (development code BMS-986205) is an experimental drug being studied for its immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities.

Linrodostat is an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1).

Linrodostat has entered clinical trials for a variety of cancer types including bladder cancer, head and neck cancer,
endometrial cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, liver cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and solid tumors.

Non-small-cell lung cancer
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), or non-small-cell lung carcinoma, is a type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Non-small-cell lung cancer accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. As a class, non-small-cell lung cancers are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, compared to small-cell carcinoma. When possible, they are primarily treated by surgical resection with curative intent, although chemotherapy has been used increasingly both preoperatively (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and postoperatively (adjuvant chemotherapy).
Rita de Barrenechea
María Rita de Barrenechea y Morante de la Madrid, Countess of Carpio, Marchioness of la Solana (19 May 1757, Bilbao – 23 November 1795, Madrid) was a Spanish writer and playwright of the Age of Enlightenment. She is considered the first Basque playwright and one of the first playwrights in Spanish whose work was edited by a publisher. She was a member of the first group of women of the Board of Ladies of the Matritense Economic Society.

La Solana
La Solana is a municipality in Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 15,340. It has a very arid climate.  It is located in a zone of Spain that produces large quantities of wine and olive oil.

38°39′0″N 3°04′0″W﻿ / ﻿38.65000°N 3.06667°W﻿ / 38.65000; -3.06667
Ring and Ball Apparatus
Ring and Ball Apparatus is used to determine the softening point of bitumen, waxes, LDPE, HDPE/PP blend granules, rosin and solid hydrocarbon resins. The apparatus was first designed in the 1910s while ASTM adopted a test method in 1916. This instrument is ideally used for materials having softening point in the range of 30 °C to 157 °C.

Low-density polyethylene
LDPE has SPI resin ID code 4

Schematic of LDPE branching structure

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from the monomer ethylene. It was the first grade of polyethylene, produced in 1933 by John C. Swallow and M.W Perrin who were working for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) using a high pressure process via free radical polymerization. Its manufacture employs the same method today. The EPA estimates 5.7% of LDPE (resin identification code 4) is recycled in the United States. Despite competition from more modern polymers, LDPE continues to be an important plastic grade. In 2013 the worldwide LDPE market reached a volume of about US$33 billion.

Despite its designation with the recycling symbol, it cannot be as commonly recycled as No. 1 (polyethylene terephthalate) or 2 plastics (high-density polyethylene).
Sainte-Perpétue, Quebec
There are two municipalities named Sainte-Perpétue in Quebec:

Sainte-Perpétue, Centre-du-Québec, Quebec, in Nicolet-Yamaska Regional County Municipality

Sainte-Perpétue, Chaudière-Appalaches, Quebec, in L'Islet Regional County Municipality

Sainte-Perpétue, Centre-du-Québec
Sainte-Perpétue (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t pɛʁpety]) is a parish municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada, situated along Route 259. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 916.
Tucke Monument
The Tucke Monument is a 46.5-foot-tall (14.2 m) obelisk gravestone monument erected in 1914 to honor Reverend John Tucke (1702–1773).  The monument is located on Star Island, New Hampshire, where Tucke was a minister, judge, educator, physician, and in his probate record, "owner" of a 12-year-old black girl by the name of Diana, valued at 20 pounds.

The Tucke Monument is the tallest gravestone in the state of New Hampshire, far surpassing the 28-foot-tall (8.5 m) gravestone of Frank Jones located in Portsmouth.

Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It had a population of 21,956 at the 2020 census. A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine, Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Pease Air Force Base, since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease.