hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kolbar
A kolbar (Persian: کول‌بر) or kolber (Kurdish: کۆڵبەر) or cross-border labor is a worker who is employed to carry goods on their back across the borders of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey legally or illegally. Most kolbars live in Iranian Kurdistan, where the Kurdish provinces are among the poorest in the country. Kolbars also live in Turkish Kurdistan and to a lesser extent Iraqi Kurdistan. Since kolbar work is mostly considered illegal, kolbar workers have no insurance, retirement plans and unions. Among the kolbars are highly educated young people, who have no job because of high unemployment in Kurdish provinces. According to Iranian statistics, only in the Kurdistan Province more than twenty thousand people depend on being a kolbar for sustenance. The phenomenon of kolbari is tied to the de-development of the Kurdistan region, Iran.

Turkish Kurdistan
Turkish Kurdistan or Northern Kurdistan (Kurdish: Bakurê Kurdistanê) is the southeastern part of Turkey where Kurds form the predominant ethnic group. The Kurdish Institute of Paris estimates that there are 20 million Kurds living in Turkey, the majority of them in the southeast.

Southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan) is considered to be one of the four parts of Kurdistan, which also includes parts of northern Syria (Western Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan) and northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan).
1970 Gillette Cup
The 1970 Gillette Cup was the eighth Gillette Cup, an English limited overs county cricket tournament. It was held between 25 April and 5 September 1970. The tournament was won by Lancashire County Cricket Club who defeated Sussex County Cricket Club by 6 wickets in the final at Lord's.

County cricket
Inter-county cricket matches have been played since the early 18th century, involving teams that are representative of the historic counties of England and Wales.

Two county championship competitions have existed since the late 19th century at different levels: the County Championship, a first-class competition which involves 18 clubs, of which 17 are English and one is from Wales; and the National Counties Championship, with 19 English clubs and one club representing several Welsh counties.

County clubs have also played limited-overs competitions since the 1960s. The first edition of the Gillette Cup in 1963 was the world's first List A cricket tournament. The Sunday League existed from 1969 to 2009, mostly as a 40-overs-per-side league. The 2003 Twenty20 Cup was the world's first Twenty20 tournament. Currently, the main limited-overs county competitions are the One-Day Cup, Women's One-Day Cup, T20 Blast and Women's T20 Blast.
George Jamison
George R. Jamison Jr. (born September 30, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Cincinnati Bearcats. After playing the 1984 and 1985 seasons in the United States Football League for the Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars, he joined the Detroit Lions in the NFL. The Lions selected him in the second round of the 1984 Supplemental Draft. He also played three seasons for the Kansas City Chiefs before rejoining the Lions to finish his career.

Jamison grew up in Bridgeton, New Jersey and attended Bridgeton High School.

He lives in Rochester, Michigan and has a daughter who is going to attend Northwestern University on a basketball scholarship. He also has a son who has graduated from Bowling Green State University and is now teaching in the West Bloomfield School District.

West Bloomfield School District
The West Bloomfield School District is a public school district in Metro Detroit in the U.S. state of Michigan, serving portions of West Bloomfield and Sylvan Lake, all of Keego Harbor, and most of Orchard Lake Village.
Sir James Johnstone, 3rd Baronet
Sir James Johnstone, 3rd Baronet (9 February 1697 – 10 December 1772) was a Scottish baronet and politician. He sat in the  House of Commons of Great Britain from 1743 to 1754.

Sir James was the son of Sir William Johnstone, 2nd Baronet. In 1719 he married Barbara Murray, daughter of Alexander Murray, 4th Lord Elibank. They had 14 children: 8 sons and 6 daughters, including Margaret Ogilvy. Johnstone succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1727.

He was the MP for Dumfries Burghs from 1743 to 1754.

He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son James (1726–1794), who became MP for Dumfries Burghs and then for Weymouth.

Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)
Weymouth and Melcombe Regis was a parliamentary borough in Dorset represented in the English House of Commons, later in that of Great Britain, and finally in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was formed by the Union of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis Act 1571 (13 Eliz. 1. c. 9 Pr.) which amalgamated the existing boroughs of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis. Until 1832, the combined borough continued to elect the four Members of Parliament (MPs) to which its constituent parts had previously been entitled; the Great Reform Act reduced its representation to two Members, and the constituency was abolished altogether in 1885, becoming part of the new South Dorset constituency.
1983 Australian Film Institute Awards
The 25th Australian Film Institute Awards (generally known as the AFI Awards) were held at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on 24 September 1983.  Presented by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), the awards celebrated the best in Australian feature film, documentary and short film productions of 1983.

Twenty feature films were entered. Careful, He Might Hear You received eight awards including Best Film. Phar Lap received three awards. Film technician Bill Gooley received the Raymond Longford Award for lifetime achievement.

Australian Film Institute
The Australian Film Institute (AFI) was founded in 1958 as a non-profit organisation devoted to developing an active film culture in Australia and fostering engagement between the general public and the Australian film industry. It is responsible for producing Australia's premier annual film and television awards, the AACTA Awards (previously the AFI Awards).
Marcellino (surname)
Marcellino is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carl L. Marcellino (born 1942), member of the New York State Senate

Dennis Marcellino (born 1948), American musician, speaker and author of psychology, philosophy, theology and political books

Fred Marcellino (1939–2001), American illustrator and later an author of children's books

Jocko Marcellino (born 1950), American singer, musician, songwriter, producer and actor, one of the founders of Sha Na Na

Muzzy Marcellino (1912–1997), American singer and musician, known primarily for his clear, melodious style of whistling

Noella Marcellino, (born 1951), American Benedictine nun who has earned a doctorate in microbiology from the University of Connecticut

P.J. Marcellino (born 1978), Portuguese-Canadian filmmaker

Raffaele Marcellino (born 1964), Australian composer

P.J. Marcellino
P.J. Marcellino (born Pedro José-Marcelino, 24 October 1978) is a Portuguese-Canadian filmmaker.

Born in Lisbon, Portugal, to a Portuguese a family with Portuguese, Cape-Verdean and Italian roots, he is a journalist, children's author, political analyst, and filmmaker.
Hôtel de Ville, Aix-les-Bains
The Hôtel de Ville (French pronunciation: [otɛl də vil], City Hall) is a municipal building in Aix-les-Bains, Savoie in southeastern France, standing on Place Maurice Mollard. It was designated a monument historique by the French government in 1890.

Savoie
Savoie (French pronunciation: [savwa]; Arpitan: Savouè or Savouè-d'Avâl, lit. 'Lower Savoy'; Italian: Savoia; Occitan: Savòia; English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a department in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. Located in the French Alps, its prefecture is Chambéry. In 2019, Savoie had a population of 436,434.

Together with Haute-Savoie, it is one of the two departments of the historical region of Savoy; the Duchy of Savoy was annexed by France in 1860, following the signing of the Treaty of Turin. The area is known for its numerous ski resorts and contribution to French cuisine, with culinary specialities such as fondue savoyarde, tartiflette, génépi, as well as various sorts of saucisson.
Kottaiyur railway station
Kottaiyur railway station (station code:KTYR) is an HG-2 category Indian railway station in Madurai railway division of Southern Railway zone. It serves Kottaiyur, located in northern suburb of Karaikudi Municipal Corporation in Sivaganga district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Kottaiyur
Kottaiyur is a Northern Neighborhood of Karaikudi city in Sivaganga district. Formerly, it was a Town panchayat until getting included into Karaikudi City Municipal Corporation. It's the most populous and a well-developed neighborhood or inner-core suburb of Karaikudi. It is known for its Kottaiyur Sivan Temple, one of the master pieces of the Chettinad region. The temple and the area's old lime stone heritage buildings give Kottaiyur a unique identity. Kottaiyur is well developed and famous for its reputed educational institutions. Kottaiyur panchayat administration including the villages of Velangudi and Alagapuri.
Eryon
Eryon is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans from the Late Jurassic of Germany. Its remains are known from the Solnhofen limestone. It reached a length of around 10 cm (3.9 in), and may have fed on particulate matter on the sea bed. It went extinct sometime after the Late Jurassic, which ended approximately 145 million years ago (Ma). There is no specific date for the extinction of the Eryon genus itself mentioned in the records, only that its existence is confined to the fossil records of the Late Jurassic period.

Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.6 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.

In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.
Letter frequency effect
The letter frequency effect is an effect of letter frequency, according to which the frequency with which the letter is encountered influences the recognition time of a letter. Letters of high frequency show a significant advantage over letters of low frequency in letter naming, same-different matching, and visual search. Letters of high frequency are recognized faster than letters of low frequency. Appelman and Mayzner (1981) in their re-analysis of the studies concerning letter frequency effect have found that in 3 out of 6 studies using reaction times (RTs) as a dependent variable the letter frequency correlated significantly with RTs.

Dependent and independent variables
A variable is considered dependent if it depends on (or is hypothesized to depend on) an independent variable. Dependent variables are the outcome of the  test they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on. Independent variables, on the other hand, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of the experiment in question. Rather, they are controlled by the experimenter.
Richard Makenga
Richard Katemi Makenga (born 12 September 1960) is a Kenyan businessman and politician, who is currently the Member of National Assembly for Kaiti Constituency in Makueni County, Kenya.

He was elected Member of National Assembly in March 2013 after many unsuccessful attempts to clinch the seat, taking over from Gideon Ndambuki who had quit the parliamentary race to run for Makueni Senator seat in the same general election but lost the Wiper Democratic Movement ticket to the late Mutula Kilonzo who would eventually be elected senator. Mutula died slightly over a month after the general elections.

Makenga has been running private businesses, mostly in the Clearing and Forwarding industry since 1990.

Mutula Kilonzo
Mutula Kilonzo (2 July 1948 – 27 April 2013) was a Kenyan politician and Senior Counsel, who served as Minister of Education after having previously served as Minister for Nairobi Metropolitan and justice and constitutional affairs He belonged to the Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (now Wiper Democratic Movement) and was elected to represent Makueni County as Senator in the 2013 general elections.
Etlingera gracilis
Etlingera gracilis is a monocotyledonous plant species first described by Theodoric Valeton, and given its current name by Rosemary Margaret Smith. Etlingera gracilis is part of the genus Etlingera and the family Zingiberaceae.

The species' range is in Sumatra. No subspecies are listed in the Catalog of Life.

Theodoric Valeton
Theodoric Valeton (1855 in Groningen – 1929 in The Hague) was a Dutch botanist.

He studied at the University of Groningen and received his doctorate in 1886. In 1893, he began working at the botanical garden in Bogor, Indonesia and managed its herbarium between 1903 and 1913. Valeton studied Zingiberaceae in Bogor between 1916 and 1919.

He was honoured in the naming of 2 plant taxa;
Valetonia T.Durand (in the Icacinaceae family), which was published in 1888, the name is now a synonym of Pleurisanthes Baill.
In 1909, Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel published Valetoniella Höhn., which is a genus of fungi (in the family Niessliaceae).
Spaceballs (demogroup)
Spaceballs is a Norwegian Amiga demogroup, originally formed in Halden in 1988–1989. The group is particularly known for its demos in the early 1990s, such as Wayfarer, State of the Art and 9 Fingers, which won awards at international demo parties. It is the oldest existing demogroup in Norway.

The Gathering (LAN party)
The Gathering (abbreviated as "TG" for short) is a computer party which is held annually in Vikingskipet Olympic Arena in Hamar, Norway, and lasts for five consecutive days (starting on the Wednesday in Easter each year). Each year, TG attracts more than 5200 (mostly young) people, with attendance increasing every year.
2024–25 Women's FA Cup
The 2024–25 Women's FA Cup was the 55th staging of the Women's FA Cup, a knockout cup competition for women's football teams in England. Manchester United were the defending champions, having beaten Tottenham Hotspur 4–0 in the 2024 final on 12 May 2024. They reached the final, losing 3–0 to Chelsea.

Manchester United W.F.C.
Manchester United Women Football Club is a professional football club based in Leigh, Greater Manchester, England, that competes in the Women's Super League (WSL), the top tier of English women's football, after gaining promotion from the Championship at the end of the 2018–19 season. They won their first major honour when they lifted the 2023–24 Women's FA Cup, a season which also saw the team make their UEFA Women's Champions League debut.
Mladje
Mladje (pronounced [ˈmlaːdjɛ]) is a small village south of Podbočje in the Gorjanci Mountains in the Municipality of Krško in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

Žumberak Mountains
The Žumberak Mountains (Croatian: Žumberačka gora, Slovene: Gorjanci, historic German name: Uskokengebirge) is a range of hills and mountains in northwestern Croatia and southeastern Slovenia, extending from the southwest to the northeast between the Krka and the Kupa.

It covers an area of 430 km2 (170 sq mi). The geographically unified massif consists of two parts, separated by the Bregana and Žumberak rivers (Croatian: Žumberačka rijeka). The northeastern part is the Samobor Hills (Croatian: Samoborsko gorje) with the foothills. The central and western part is named Žumberak Hills (Croatian: Žumberačko gorje, Žumberak). Its northwesternmost part, named Gorjanci, lies in Slovenia. The highest peak of the range is Sveta Gera (Trdina Peak) on the border between Croatia and Slovenia, with an elevation of 1,178 m (3,865 ft). Since 1999, an area of the range in Croatia has been protected as the Žumberak–Samobor Hills Nature Park.
Law Abiding Citizen (soundtrack)
Law Abiding Citizen is the soundtrack to the film of the same name by F. Gary Gray. The score was composed by Brian Tyler. It was released on Downtown Soundtracks, a division of Downtown Music LLC, on October 13, 2009.

The score features a 52-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony.

Downtown Records
Downtown Records is an American record label based in New York City with offices in Los Angeles. Owned and operated by Josh Deutsch and Terence Lam, the label is distributed by Interscope Capitol Labels Group (formerly Geffen Records and Interscope Records) in the US, in the UK distributed by Polydor Records, and in the EU distributed by The Orchard.

Downtown's roster includes artists such as Nick Murphy, Brett Dennen, Electric Guest, Tei Shi, Goldroom and Tommy Genesis.
NFA minimization
In automata theory (a branch of theoretical computer science), NFA minimization is the task of transforming a given nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) into an equivalent NFA that has a minimum number of states, transitions, or both. While efficient algorithms exist for DFA minimization, NFA minimization is PSPACE-complete. No efficient (polynomial time) algorithms are known, and under the standard assumption that P ≠ PSPACE, none exist. The most efficient known algorithm is the Kameda–Weiner algorithm.

PSPACE-complete
In computational complexity theory, a decision problem is PSPACE-complete if it can be solved using an amount of memory that is polynomial in the input length (polynomial space) and if every other problem that can be solved in polynomial space can be transformed to it in polynomial time.  The problems that are PSPACE-complete can be thought of as the hardest problems in PSPACE, the class of decision problems solvable in polynomial space, because a solution to any one such problem could easily be used to solve any other problem in PSPACE.

Problems known to be PSPACE-complete include determining properties of regular expressions and context-sensitive grammars, determining the truth of quantified Boolean formulas, step-by-step changes between solutions of combinatorial optimization problems, and many puzzles and games.
Małgorzata Pritulak
Małgorzata Pritulak (born 21 June 1947, Warsaw) is a Polish theatre and film actress.

In 1970, Pritulak graduated from the Theatre Academy in Warsaw.

She is the wife of actor Zdzisław Wardejn, and has two sons: Przemysław and Franciszek.

Pritulak won the Best Actress award at the then Polish Film Festival in 1974, for her performances in Mieczysław Waśkowski's Jej portret and Janusz Zaorski's Chleba naszego powszedniego.

Janusz Zaorski
Janusz Zaorski (born 19 September 1947) is a Polish film director, scenarist and actor, representative of the cinema of moral anxiety (Polish: kino moralnego niepokoju), trend in Polish cinema. Zaorski has directed mainly psychological dramas, comedies and TV series.

Zaorski graduated National Film School in Łódź in 1969. He made his own individual film director debut in 1970. In 1987 Zaorski was selected as a chairman of the Polish Federation of Film Societies (Polska Federacja Dyskusyjnych Klubów Filmowych). He was also an art director of the Film Group "Dom" (since 1988), member of the Cinematography Committee (1987–1989), president of the Radio & Television Committee (1991–1992), president of The National Council of Radio Broadcasting and Television (Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji; 1994–1995), member of the European Film Academy.
Raymo
Raymo  is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language musical romantic drama film written and directed by Pawan Wadeyar, and produced by C. R. Manohar under Jayaditya Films banners. The film stars Ishaan and Ashika Ranganath in pivotal roles. The music is composed by Arjun Janya.

Raymo was released on 25 November 2022 and received positive reviews from critics.

Pavan Wadeyar
Pavan Wadeyar (born 10 December 1987) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, lyricist, actor and producer best known for his work in Kannada cinema. He is known for writing and directing Govindaya Namaha (2012), for which he won the SIIMA award for the Best Debut Director. Being Producer, His Film Dollu won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film In Kannada 2022.
Cross-country skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics – Women's 5 kilometre
The Women's 5 kilometre cross-country skiing event was part of the cross-country skiing programme at the 1972 Winter Olympics, in Sapporo, Japan. It was the third appearance of the event. The competition was held on 9 February 1972, at the Makomanai Cross Country Events Site.

1972 Winter Olympics
The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially the XI Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Sapporo 1972, were a winter multi-sport event held from February 3 to 13, 1972, in Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It was the first Winter Olympic Games to take place outside Europe and North America.
Mike Reid (rugby union)
Michael Noy Reid (born 22 October 1985) is a New Zealand former professional rugby union player.

Reid was educated at Rosmini College in Auckland.

A NZ Colts representative prop, Reid played his provincial rugby with North Harbour and was appointed team captain for their 2010 ITM Cup campaign. He got a Blues cap during the 2010 Super 14 season, coming on off the bench against the Stormers at Eden Park. An injury to his foot tendons necessitated his retirement from rugby aged 25.

Blues (Super Rugby)
The Blues (Māori: Kahurangi; known as the Auckland Blues from 1996 to 1999) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Auckland, who play in the Super Rugby competition. Like New Zealand's four other Super Rugby teams, the Blues were established by the NZRU in 1996. One of the most successful teams in Super Rugby history, the Blues won the competition in its first two seasons, 1996 and 1997, and again in 2003 and 2024. Additionally, the team were finalists in 1998 and 2022, and semi-finalists in 2007, 2011 and 2023. They won a Trans Tasman competition in 2021.
Two Concert Études (Liszt)
For the Richard Wagner composition, see Siegfried (opera).

Two Concert Études (Zwei Konzertetüden), S.145, is a set of two piano works composed in Rome around 1862/63 by Franz Liszt and dedicated to Dionys Pruckner, but intended for Sigmund Lebert and Ludwig Stark’s Klavierschule. It consists of two parts: "Waldesrauschen" (Forest Murmurs) and "Gnomenreigen" (Dance of the Gnomes).

Ludwig Stark
Ludwig Stark (19 June 1831 – 22 March 1884) was a German pianist, composer, teacher and musicologist.

Stark was born in Munich. He studied philosophy and music at the University of Munich and, at the age of twenty-six, co-founded the Conservatory of Stuttgart. There, he also served as a teacher of harmony, singing, and music history. In 1858, he collaborated with Sigmund Lebert to publish the Grosse theoretisch-praktische Klavierschule, a piano method that was translated into several languages and widely distributed in both Europe and America. His students included Olga Radecki.

Stark died in Stuttgart at the age of 52.