hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arenas of Besançon
The arenas of Besançon are the remains of a Roman amphitheater built in the 1st century in Vesontio, the ancient city that later became Besançon, located in the present-day Doubs department of France.

The amphitheater was built on the opposite bank of the Doubs River from the ancient settlement of Vesontio. Measuring between 122 and 130 meters in length, it was constructed partly on a slope and partly on flat ground, combining features of classical amphitheaters, such as those in Arles and Nîmes, with those of massive amphitheaters, such as those in Amiens and Tours. Abandoned in the 4th century, it was not excavated until the late 19th century. Few remains are visible today. The monument has been listed as a historic monument since 1927.

Nîmes
Nîmes is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Cévennes mountain range, the estimated population of the commune of Nîmes stood at 148,561 in 2019.

Dubbed the most Roman city outside Italy, Nîmes has a rich history dating back to the Roman Empire when the city's population was estimated at approximately 50,000–60,000. Since several famous monuments and ancient Roman buildings are located in Nîmes, including the Arena of Nîmes and the Maison carrée, the city is often referred to as the "French Rome."
Valiyev
Valiyev or Valiev (masculine, Azerbaijani: Vəliyev, Cyrillic: Валиев) and Valiyeva or Valieva (feminine, Azerbaijani: Vəliyeva, Cyrillic: Валиева) is an Azerbaijani and Tatar surname, meaning "son of Vali". It is closely related to Valeyev. Notable people with the surname include:

Arif Valiyev (1943–2014), Azerbaijani politician

Elmar Valiyev, Azerbaijani politician

Evgeny Valiev (born 1990), Russian basketball player

Mirabi Valiyev (born 1970), Ukrainian sport wrestler

Ravil Valiyev (born 1966), Russian footballer

Rinat Valiev (born 1995), Russian ice hockey defenceman

Roman Valiyev (born 1984), Kazakhstani triple jumper

Suleyman Valiyev (1916–1996), Azerbaijani writer

Timur Valiev (born 1990), Russian mixed martial artist

Zinyat Valiyeva (born 1974), Azerbaijani paralympic archer

Kamila Valieva (born 2006), Russian figure skater

Lamiya Valiyeva (born 2002), Azerbaijani Paralympic athlete

Roman Valiyev
Roman Valiyev (born 27 March 1984) is a Russian-Kazakhstani triple jumper.

He finished fourth at the 2005 Asian Championships and won the silver medal at the 2006 Asian Games. He also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games without reaching the final.

His personal best jump is 16.98 metres, achieved at the 2006 Asian Games in December 2006 in Doha. His new personal best is 17.20 m, achieved in Almaty in 2012, qualifying him for the Olympic Games in London.
Pope v. State
Pope v. State, 396 A.2d 1054 (Md 1979), was a case decided by the Court of Appeals of Maryland that abolished the common law offense of misprision of felony on the grounds of long non-use and excessive scope that rendered it incompatible with the jurisprudence of the state.

Atlantic Reporter
The Atlantic Reporter (ISSN 8750-2631) is a United States regional case law reporter.  It is part of the National Reporter System created by John B. West for West Publishing Company, which is now part of Thomson West.

The Atlantic Reporter contains select opinions of state supreme courts and lower appellate courts from the following jurisdictions:

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Maine

Maryland

New Hampshire

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

Vermont

The first series of the Atlantic Reporter was published from 1886 until 1938, for 200 volumes. The Atlantic Reporter, Second Series, was published from 1939 until 2010, for 999 volumes. The Atlantic Reporter, Third Series, is published from 2010 to the present. The citation forms for these series are A., A.2d, and A.3d respectively.
South German Railway Company
The South German Railway Company (Süddeutsche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft AG) or SEG was founded on 11 February 1895, in Darmstadt by the railway entrepreneur, Herrmann Bachstein, and several bank managers.

Ichtershausen
Ichtershausen (German pronunciation: [ɪçtɐsˈhaʊzn̩]) is a village and a former municipality in the district Ilm-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 31 December 2012, it is part of the municipality Amt Wachsenburg.
Royal Pavilion
The Royal Pavilion (also known as the Brighton Pavilion) and its surrounding gardens form a Grade I listed former royal residence located in Brighton, England. Beginning in 1787, it was built in three stages as a seaside retreat for George, Prince of Wales, who became the Prince Regent in 1811, and King George IV in 1820. It is built in the Indo-Saracenic style prevalent in India for most of the 19th century. The current appearance, with its Mughal inspired features such as bulbous domes, chhatri-topped minarets and cusped arches, is the work of the architect John Nash, who extended the building starting in 1815. George IV's successors William IV and Victoria also used the Pavilion, but Queen Victoria decided that Osborne House should be the royal seaside retreat, and the Pavilion was sold to the city of Brighton in 1850.

Multifoil arch
A multifoil arch (or polyfoil arch), also known as a cusped arch, polylobed arch, or scalloped arch, is an arch characterized by multiple circular arcs or leaf shapes (called foils, lobes, or cusps) that are cut into its interior profile or intrados. The term foil comes from the old French word for "leaf." A specific number of foils is indicated by a prefix: trefoil (three), quatrefoil (four), cinquefoil (five), sexfoil (six), octofoil (eight). The term multifoil or scalloped is specifically used for arches with more than five foils. The multifoil arch is characteristic of Islamic art and architecture; particularly in the Moorish architecture of al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula) and North Africa and in Mughal architecture of the Indian subcontinent. Variants of the multifoil arch, such as the trefoil arch, are also common in other architectural traditions such as Gothic architecture.: 132
John Shaw (oil driller)
John Shaw (c. 1831-July 1871) was an American oil driller, businessman and photographer. Shaw is best known for striking Canada's first oil gusher at Oil Springs on January 16, 1862.  Shaw's oil gusher marked the beginning of the first oil boom in Enniskillen Township, as speculators rushed to Oil Springs seeking similar fortunes.

Enniskillen, Ontario
Enniskillen is a township in the Canadian province of Ontario, within Lambton County. It is located at the intersection of Highway 21 (Oil Heritage Road) and Rokeby Line. The economy of the township is based on agriculture. It was named after Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole's father who was the Earl of Enniskillen, Northern Ireland.
An L.A. Minute
An L.A. Minute is a 2018 American comedy film directed by Daniel Adams, from a screenplay by Adams and Larry Sloman. It stars Gabriel Byrne, Kiersey Clemons, Bob Balaban, Ned Bellamy and others. It is Adams' first film after being released from prison where he spent 21 months for tax fraud related to his previous two films. The film was released in August 2018 only in three theaters. In December 2019, Adams was convicted of defrauding investors in connection to this film.

Kiersey Clemons
Kiersey Nicole Clemons (born December 17, 1993) is an American actress. She is known for her role in the 2015 comedy-drama film Dope, playing Cassandra "Diggy" Andrews. Subsequently, she went on to co-star in Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising (2016), Flatliners (2017), Hearts Beat Loud (2018), and played Iris West in both Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) and The Flash (2023).

Clemons had recurring roles in numerous television series, including Austin & Ally (2013), Transparent (2014–2015), Extant (2015), and Easy (2016–2019), and had a main role in the final season of the comedy series Angie Tribeca (2018).
Pamal
Pamal is a village in Ludhiana in Punjab.

A First Anglo-Sikh War memorial has been constructed in Pamal (established in 2000), under the leadership of the most respected resident of the village and ex-army officer, Capt. Amarjit Singh Sekhon. All the funding for the memorial was made by the people of whole village community. The village is on the Mullanpur Dakha-Jodhan link road. The village has daily hourly passenger bus and Tempo services linking it with the nearest major towns/cities of Mullanpur Dakha, Dehlon and Ludhiana.

Just like all of Punjab, almost all the business in Pamal is based on agriculture.

Memorial
A memorial is an object or place which serves as a focus for the memory or the commemoration of something, usually an influential, deceased person or a historical, tragic event. Popular forms of memorials include landmark objects such as homes or other sites, or works of art such as sculptures, statues, fountains or parks. Larger memorials may be known as monuments.
Rubroporus
Rubroporus is a small genus of neotropical fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The type species, R. carneoporis, is found in Brazil where it causes a white rot on Alchornea triplinervia. Rubroporus aurantiaca, found in Belize, was added to the genus in 2007.

Alchornea triplinervia
Alchornea triplinervia is a commercial timber tree native to the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado vegetation in Brazil. This plant is found in the following states of Brazil: Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo. It is also used as a honey plant.
Bakhtiari people
The Bakhtiari (also spelled Bakhtiyari; Persian: بختیاری) are a Lur tribe from Iran. They speak the Bakhtiari dialect of the Luri language.

Bakhtiaris primarily inhabit Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and eastern Khuzestan, Lorestan, Bushehr, and Isfahan provinces. Bakhtiari tribes have an especially large population concentration in the cities of Masjed Soleyman, Izeh, Shahr-e Kord, and Andika, and the surrounding villages.

A small percentage of Bakhtiari are still nomadic pastoralists, migrating between summer quarters (sardsīr or yaylāq) and winter quarters (garmsīr or qishlāq).

Shahr-e Kord
Shahr-e Kord (Persian: شهركرد) is a city in the Central District of Shahrekord County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is the largest city in the province, and is 90 km away from Iran's third largest city, Isfahan.
Danira Boukhriss
Danira Boukhriss Terkessidis (Vilvoorde, 12 August 1990) is a Flemish television presenter and newscaster.

Boukhriss studied modern languages and literature (Dutch, English and Spanish) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and has been working for the Flemish public television broadcaster VRT since 2012. She first worked behind the scenes for the tourist series Vlaanderen Vakantieland and then moved to VRT News in mid-2013, where she mainly worked as a television reporter for Het Journaal. In 2015, she came into the spotlight when suffering racist abuse due to her mixed Greek and Moroccan origin while covering a Pegida demonstration.

In addition to her journalistic work, Boukhriss presented the reportage programme Login on the Canvas channel from autumn 2013 to autumn 2014. From autumn 2015 to mid-2016 she presented the report programme Koppen XL on Eén. In 2016, she took temporary leave as a reporter for Het Journaal to participate in the nutrition program Over Eten, with Kobe Ilsen.

VRT (broadcaster)
The Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie ("Flemish Radio and Television broadcasting organisation"), shortened to VRT (Dutch: [ˌveːjɛrˈteː]), is one of the national public service broadcasters for the Flemish Community of Belgium. Its counterpart in the French Community is the French-language RTBF (Radio-télévision belge de la Communauté française), and in the German-speaking Community it is BRF (Belgischer Rundfunk).

The VRT operates six television channels (VRT 1, VRT Canvas, Ketnet, Sporza, VRT NWS and VRT MAX) together with a number of radio channels, including Radio 1, Radio 2, Klara, Studio Brussel, and MNM.
Gourgopal Ghosh
Gourgopal Ghosh was an Indian footballer playing for Mohun Bagan club of Kolkata. He also served as a member of managing committee of central co-operative bank of Visva-Bharati since its establishment in 1927. He also worked at Silpa-Sadan for some time. Thus he played an important role in the development of Visva-Bharati.

He graduated with a degree in mathematics from the prestigious Scottish Church College, in Kolkata. He then joined Santiniketan as a teacher of Mathematics.

In 1927 he joined Sriniketan and served the institutes in various capacities. He was in the managing committee of the Central Cooperative Bank of Visva Bharati since its establishment in 1927. He also served Silpa Sadana for some time.

A ground in Santiniketan asrama campus is named Gour-Prangana after him.

Central Cooperative Bank
Central Cooperative Bank (Bulgarian: Централна кооперативна банка, Centralna kooperativna banka), founded on 28 March 1991 is a universal commercial bank in Sofia, Bulgaria, belonging to the financial structure of CCB Group. It is listed on the Bulgarian Stock Exchange.
Toluid Civil War
The Toluid Civil War was a war of succession fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264. Möngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to a civil war. The Toluid Civil War, and the wars that followed it, such as the Berke–Hulegu war and the Kaidu–Kublai war, weakened the authority of the Great Khan over the Mongol Empire and split the empire into autonomous khanates.

War of succession
A war of succession is prompted by a succession crisis in which two or more individuals claim to be the rightful successor to a deceased or deposed monarch. The rivals are typically supported by factions within the royal court. Foreign powers sometimes intervene, allying themselves with a faction. This may widen the war into one between those powers.

Wars of succession were some of the most prevalent types of wars by cause throughout human history, but the replacement of absolute monarchies by an international order based on democracy with constitutional monarchies or republics ended almost all such wars by 1900.
Geethanjali Malli Vachindi
Geethanjali Malli Vachindi (transl. Geethanjali came again) is a 2024 Indian Telugu-language comedy horror film directed by debutant Siva Thurlapati. Produced by Kona Venkat and M. V. V. Satyanarayana through Kona Film Corporation and MVV Cinema respectively, the film stars Anjali, Srinivasa Reddy, Sunil, Rahul Madhav, Satyam Rajesh, Shakalaka Shankar and Satya in lead roles. It is a sequel to the 2014 film Geethanjali. The film was released on 11 April 2024.

Kona Venkat
Kona Venkat (born 19 February 1965) is an Indian screenwriter and producer known for his works in Telugu and Hindi cinema.
He is known for his works in box office hits such as Alludu Seenu, Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi, Baadshah, Dookudu, Adhurs, Ready, Dhee, Venky, Geethanjali, Happy, Samba, Ninnu Kori and Jai Lava Kusa and has recently completed 50 films and 20 years in the film industry.
Tikitere
Tikitere, also known as "Hell's Gate", is a suburb in Rotorua's most active geothermal area on State Highway 30, between Lake Rotorua and Lake Rotoiti in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand.  It includes many geothermal features such as steaming lakes, mudpools, fumaroles, a mud volcano and the Kakahi Falls, the largest hot waterfall in the southern hemisphere.

The area is operated under the name "Hell’s Gate", and offers self-guided and guided tours of the geothermal park, information about its history and Māori culture, and a mud spa. It is part of the wider Tikitere-Ruahine geothermal field.

Islam in New Zealand
Islam is the third-largest religion in New Zealand (1.5%) after Christianity (32.3%) and Hinduism (2.9%). Small numbers of Muslim immigrants from South Asia and eastern Europe settled in New Zealand from the early 1900s until the 1960s. Large-scale Muslim immigration began in the 1970s with the arrival of Indian Fijians, followed in the 1990s by refugees from various war-torn countries.

According to the 2023 New Zealand census, there are 75,144 Muslim New Zealanders, representing 1.5% of the total population.

The first Islamic centre in New Zealand opened in 1959 and there are now several mosques and two Islamic schools. The majority of Muslims in New Zealand are Sunni, with significant Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities. The Ahmadiyya Community has translated the Qur'an into the Māori language.
Adolphus Buschbeck
Adolphus (Adolph) Buschbeck (March 23, 1822 – May 28, 1883) commanded the 27th Pennsylvania Infantry in the Army of the Potomac and a brigade in that army and later in the Army of the Cumberland during the American Civil War.

Army of the Potomac
The Army of the Potomac was the primary field army of the Union army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April.
Sonowal Kachari people
The Sonowal Kachari are one of the indigenous peoples of the state of Assam in Northeast India. They are of Tibeto-Burman origin, and are closely associated with the other ethnic groups of Assam, which are commonly referred to as Kachari. Today, they are predominantly inhabitants of Dhemaji, North Lakhimpur, Tinsukia and Dibrugarh districts of Assam, along with pocket populations in Jorhat, Sivsagar, Golaghat district of Assam and in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. The headquarters of the Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council is at Dibrugarh.

Golaghat district
Golaghat district (Pron:ˌgəʊləˈgɑ:t) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India.  It attained district status in 1987. The district headquarters are located at Golaghat. The district occupies an area of3,502 km2 (1,352 sq mi) and lies 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level.
Amaiur (1979 coalition)
Amaiur (Spanish language: Agrupaciones Electorales de Merindad, AMAIUR) was a Navarrese political coalition with a socialist and Basque nationalist ideology formed by the union of Herri Batasuna (HB), Euskadiko Ezkerra (EE) and the Communist Movement of Euskadi (EMK) in 1979, to contest the Navarrese elections of that year. The coalition gained 7 seats in the Parliament of Navarre.

Parliament of Navarre
The Parliament of Navarre (Spanish Parlamento de Navarra, Basque Nafarroako Parlamentua) or also known as Cortes de Navarra (in Spanish) or Nafarroako Gorteak (in Basque) is the Navarre autonomous unicameral parliament.
John Samuel Kenyon
John Samuel Kenyon (July 26, 1874 – September 6, 1959) was an American linguist.

Born in Medina, Ohio, he graduated from Hiram College in 1898 and taught there as a professor of English from 1916 to 1944, when he retired and became an emeritus professor until his death.  Together with Thomas A. Knott, he wrote A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (1944). Kenyon had also earlier published American Pronunciation (1924) and served as the consulting editor of pronunciation to the second edition of Webster's New International Dictionary in his career as a pioneering expert on the study of American English, which earned him the epithet "the dean of American phoneticians".

As Kenyon hailed from Northeast Ohio, he used speech forms there as the basis of the popular text American Pronunciation that became widely disseminated as General American English.

Hiram College
Hiram College (/ˈhaɪrəm/ HY-rəm) is a private liberal arts college in Hiram, Ohio, United States. It was founded in 1850 as the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute by Amos Sutton Hayden and other members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). The college is nonsectarian and coeducational. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Among its alumni is the 20th president of the United States, James A. Garfield, who also served as an instructor and principal at Hiram.
Pezinok
Pezinok (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈpezinɔk]; in the local dialect Pezinek; Hungarian: Bazin; German: Bösing; Latin: Bazinium) is a town in southwestern Slovakia. It is roughly 20 km (12.43 mi) northeast of Bratislava and, as of December 2023, had a population of 24,443.

Pezinok lies near the Little Carpathians and thrives mainly on viticulture and agriculture, as well as on brick-making and ceramic(s) production.

Bread
Bread is a baked food product made from water, flour, and often yeast. It is a staple food across the world, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diets. It is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture.

Bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. Bread may also be unleavened. In many countries, mass-produced bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production.
Nash 600
The Nash 600 is an automobile manufactured by the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation of Kenosha, Wisconsin, from 1941 through 1949 model years, after which the car was renamed the Nash Statesman.

The Nash 600 was the first mass-produced unibody-constructed car in the United States and the era's most advanced domestic car design and construction. The "600" name comes from the car's advertised ability to go 600 miles (970 km) on one tank of gasoline.

The Nash 600 was positioned in the low-priced market segment. It was the replacement for Nash's LaFayette line, which was discontinued after 1940.

Nils Erik Wahlberg
Nils Erik Wahlberg (August 10, 1885 – January 20, 1977) was a Finnish-American engineer and automotive pioneer who served as vice president of engineering at Nash Motors for over three decades.

His career included numerous technical and design innovations that distinguished Nash vehicles in the American market.
Beryl Penrose
Beryl Penrose (22 December 1930 – 20 June 2021) was an Australian international tennis player. She competed in the Australian Open from 1950 to 1957. Penrose won the singles title in 1955, defeating compatriot Thelma Coyne Long in the final in straight sets.

In January 1948, she won the Australian girls singles title. In July 1952, she won the singles title at the Welsh Championship.

Her best results came in 1955, aged 24, when in addition to her Australian success, she reached the quarterfinals at the French and Wimbledon Championships. While overseas, Penrose reached four finals, including winning the German Championships against Erika Vollmer.

She was rated as high as fifth in the world in the 1955 rankings.

In 1957, she married and retired from her tennis career.

In 2017, she was inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame. Her grandson, James Duckworth, is an Australian tennis professional.

Erika Vollmer
Erika Vollmer (née Obst; 23 February 1925 - 25 July 2021) was a German professional female tennis player who lost the final of Italian Championships singles title to British player Patricia Ward by 4–6, 3–6 in 1955.

She won the German national singles title in 1952, 1954, 1955, 1957 and 1959. Vollmer was the No.1 ranked German player in 1952 and 1955.

From 1953 to 1959, she competed in seven consecutive editions of the Wimbledon Championships, and she achieved her best singles result in 1953 when she reached the quarterfinals, losing in two sets to first-seeded and eventual champion Maureen Connolly.

In 1947, she married doctor Johannes Vollmer. In 1956, she received the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt (Silver Laurel Leaf), the highest sports award in Germany. Vollmer died in the summer of 2021.