hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fraunhofer diffraction equation
In optics, the Fraunhofer diffraction equation is used to model the diffraction of waves when the diffraction pattern is viewed at a long distance from the diffracting object, and also when it is viewed at the focal plane of an imaging lens.

The equation was named in honour of Joseph von Fraunhofer although he was not actually involved in the development of the theory.

This article gives the equation in various mathematical forms, and provides detailed calculations of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern for several different forms of diffracting apertures, specially for normally incident monochromatic plane wave. A qualitative discussion of Fraunhofer diffraction can be found elsewhere.

Cardinal point (optics)
In Gaussian optics, the cardinal points consist of three pairs of points located on the optical axis of a rotationally symmetric, focal, optical system. These are the focal points, the principal points, and the nodal points; there are two of each. For ideal systems, the basic imaging properties such as image size, location, and orientation are completely determined by the locations of the cardinal points. For simple cases where the medium on both sides of an optical system is air or vacuum, four cardinal points are sufficient: the two focal points and either the principal points or the nodal points. The only ideal system that has been achieved in practice is a plane mirror, however the cardinal points are widely used to approximate the behavior of real optical systems. Cardinal points provide a way to analytically simplify an optical system with many components, allowing the imaging characteristics of the system to be approximately determined with simple calculations.
2019–20 Liga Primera
The 2019–20 Liga Primera de Nicaragua season was divided into two tournaments (Apertura and Clausura) and will determine the 73rd and 74th champions in the history of the Liga Primera de Nicaragua, the top division of football in Nicaragua. The Apertura tournament was played in the second half of 2019, while the Clausura was played in the first half of 2020.

The league was one of the few football leagues in the world, along with the Belarus, Tajikistan that did not suspend their season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Liga Primera
The Liga Primera de Nicaragua is the top division of football in Nicaragua, organized by the Federación Nicaragüense de Fútbol. It was created in 1933.

The league is played in two parts, the Torneo de Apertura from August through November and Torneo de Clausura from January through May. Each of the regular seasons is followed by a playoff of the top four teams over a two-legged semifinal and subsequent final. The relegation end has the bottom team of the aggregate table dropped as well as the defeated one from the playoff match between the 8th and 9th-place teams.
Mongla Export Processing Zone
Mongla Export Processing Zone or Mongla EPZ (Bengali: মংলা রপ্তানী প্রক্রিয়াকরণ এলাকা) is one of the eight export processing zones under the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA). It is located in Mongla and is adjacent to the Port of Mongla. It is currently being led by its Executive Director, The Honorable K. M. Mahbub-e-Sobhani.

The Honourable
The Honourable (Commonwealth English) or The Honorable (American English; see spelling differences) (abbreviation: Hon., Hon'ble, or variations) is an honorific style that is used as a prefix before the names or titles of certain people, usually with official governmental or diplomatic positions.
Taunton railway station
Taunton railway station serves the county town of Taunton, in Somerset, England. It is a stop on the Bristol to Exeter line, the Reading to Taunton line and the Cross Country Route. The station lies 163 miles 12 chains (263 km) west of London Paddington, via Box, although most London-bound services take the shorter route via Newbury. It is managed by Great Western Railway, which also operates services along with CrossCountry. The West Somerset Railway operates here on special event days and provides main line steam excursions.

Cross Country Route
The Cross Country Route is a long-distance railway route in England, which runs from Bristol Temple Meads to York via Birmingham New Street, Derby, Sheffield and Leeds or Doncaster. Inter-city services on the route, which include some of the longest passenger journeys in the UK such as Aberdeen to Plymouth, are operated by CrossCountry.

It is classed as a high-speed line because its sections from Birmingham to Wakefield Westgate and from Leeds to York have a speed limit of 125 mph (200 km/h); however, the section from Birmingham to Bristol is limited to 100 mph (160 km/h) because of numerous level crossings, especially half-barrier level crossings, and the section from Wakefield to Leeds has the same limit because of a number of curves.
Camponotus herculeanus
Camponotus herculeanus (or Hercules ant) is a species of ant in the genus Camponotus, the carpenter ants, occurring in Northern Eurasia, from Norway to Eastern Siberia, and North America. First described as Formica herculeana by Linnaeus in 1758, the species was moved to Camponotus by Mayr in 1861.

Gustav Mayr
Gustav L. Mayr (12 October 1830 – 14 July 1908) was an Austrian entomologist and professor in Budapest and Vienna. He specialised in Hymenoptera, being particularly known for his studies of ants.

In 1868, he was the first to describe the Argentine ant. He is credited with naming the harvesting ant species, Aphaenogaster treatae, for naturalist Mary Davis Treat, in honor of her research on the species.
Ronald Grimshaw
Ronald Grimshaw (1905–1982) was an artist. He was born in Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire and trained at the Royal College of Art, studying stained glass. He also worked with pottery. He taught at Bolton College of Art and Lancaster School of Art where he worked until his retirement. Many of Grimshaw's talented students went to the Royal College of Art. Some of his students included actor Frankie Vaughan, performer John Waite, sculptor Geoffrey Clarke, painter Audrey Pilkington and photographer Geoffrey Ireland.

His body of work consists of many oil paintings and smaller gouache paintings. His style was influenced by Piet Mondrian, Matisse and Picasso. The oil paintings depict abstract landscapes using pointillist techniques. The gouache paintings depict abstract portraits of faces and dancers.

He wrote the novel Bitter Harvest, in the late 1930s.  He also wrote poetry.

John Waite
John Charles Waite (born 4 July 1952) is an English rock singer and musician. As a solo artist, he has released ten studio albums and is best known for the 1984 hit single "Missing You", which reached No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten on the UK singles chart. He was also the lead vocalist for the rock bands the Babys and Bad English.
Lester Center for Entrepreneurship
The Berkeley-Haas Entrepreneurship Program is a program and the primary locus for the study and promotion of entrepreneurship and new enterprise development at the University of California Berkeley. The offices are located in the Faculty Building of the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley.

Haas School of Business
The Haas School of Business (branded as Berkeley Haas) is the business school of the University of California, Berkeley, a public research university in Berkeley, California. It was the first business school at a public university in the United States.

Named after Walter A. Haas, the school is housed in four buildings surrounding a central courtyard on the southeastern corner of the Berkeley campus, where both undergraduate and graduate students attend classes. Its resident startup incubator, Berkeley SkyDeck, is located west of campus in downtown Berkeley. Notable faculty include former chairs of the Federal Reserve and the Council of Economic Advisors, Nobel laureates in economics, the secretary of the treasury, the chief economist of Google, and more.
Marcin Lubiejewski
Marcin Lubiejewski (born October 10, 1981) is a Polish volleyball player playing in an attacking position.

He started his career at MKS MDK Warsaw and in the 2000/2001 season he joined Stilon Gorzów Wielkopolski. Since 2002, he has played for Joker Piła from where, in 2004, he returned to Gorzów, where coach Waldemar Wspaniały switched him to the attacking position. In 2005, he left GTPS and joined Chemik Bydgoszcz. From the 2006/2007 season he was a player of AZS Olsztyn. In 2008, he left Olsztyn and moved to Siatkarz Wieluń.

AZS Olsztyn (volleyball)
AZS Olsztyn, officially known for sponsorship reasons as Indykpol AZS Olsztyn, is a professional men's volleyball club based in Olsztyn in northeastern Poland, founded in 1950 as a university team (AZS), located near the University of Warmia and Mazury campus. They play in the top flight of Polish volleyball, PlusLiga.

It is one of the most successful volleyball clubs in Poland, having won 5 domestic league titles and 7 national cups.
Nurobod District, Tajikistan
Nurobod District (Tajik: Ноҳияи Нуробод, Russian spelling: Nurabad District) is a district in Tajikistan, one of the 9 Districts of Republican Subordination. Formerly known as Darband District, Nurobod District lies east of the city of Roghun, south of the city of Vahdat and Rasht District, and west of Sangvor District. Its southern border is with the Khatlon Region. The capital of Nurobod District is the town Darband. The population of the district is 82,100 (January 2020 estimate).

Roghun
Roghun (Tajik: Роғун; Russian: Рогун) is a city in Tajikistan. The city was the seat of the former Roghun District, and is part of the Districts of Republican Subordination. Its population is estimated at 14,900 for the city proper and 44,100 for the city with the outlying communities (2020).
5th Korea Drama Awards
The 5th Korea Drama Awards (Korean: 코리아 드라마 어워즈) is an awards ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea. It was held at the Kyungnam Culture and Arts Center in Jinju, South Gyeongsang Province on October 2, 2012 and hosted by Jun Hyun-moo and Jewelry's Kim Eun-jung. The nominees were chosen from Korean dramas that aired from October 2011 to September 2012.

Jewelry (group)
Jewelry (Korean: 쥬얼리) was a South Korean girl group formed in 2001 by Star Empire Entertainment. The group, which underwent several line-up changes over the years, disbanded in 2015. During their 14-year career, the group released six studio albums, which spawned hit songs including "I Really Like You" (2003), "Superstar" (2005) and "One More Time" (2008). The group also branched out into the Japanese market with the release of several successful singles there.

The group won numerous awards, including Best Female Group at the 2003 and 2005 Mnet Asian Music Awards, and Song of the Year for "One More Time" at the 2008 Golden Disc Awards.
Lumbricus badensis
Lumbricus badensis is a type of giant earthworm, a species of annelid. It is endemic to the upper-elevation spruce forests of Germany's Black Forest, where its common name is Badischer Riesenregenwurm ("giant rainworm of Baden"). It inhabits exclusively the region between the mountains Feldberg and Belchen, and the Wiese Valley at elevations above 1000 m. Up to 60 cm in length, this earthworm is one of the largest European species. It weighs between 25 and 35 g and lives in subterranean tubes which are up to 2.5 m deep. It feeds on organic matter it ingests from the surface and aerates the soil as it moves through it, contributing to the formation of humus. It is prey for foxes and owls. An informational trail about this giant earthworm, the Riesenregenwurm-Erlebnispfad, has been established on Belchen mountain.

Baden
Baden (/ˈbɑːdən/; German: [ˈbaːdn̩]) is a historical territory in southern Germany. In earlier times it was considered to be on both sides of the Upper Rhine, but since the Napoleonic Wars, it has been considered only East of the Rhine.
Green Sky Trilogy
The Green Sky Trilogy is a series of science fantasy novels by Zilpha Keatley Snyder, originally published between 1975 and 1978 by Atheneum. The books feature illustrations by Alton Raible.

The story takes place on an alien world called Green-sky (although the trilogy as a whole is referred to as the Green Sky Trilogy).

The 1984 game Below the Root is a continuation of the trilogy’s plot. Unusual for a video game, its story is written by the author and is considered canon.

Zilpha Keatley Snyder
Zilpha Keatley Snyder (May 11, 1927 – October 7, 2014) was an American author of books for children and young adults. Three of Snyder's works were named Newbery Honor books: The Egypt Game, The Headless Cupid and The Witches of Worm. She was most famous for writing adventure stories and fantasies.
David Labriola
David Labriola (born September 9, 1960) is an American politician and judge currently serving on the Region 22 Probate Court with jurisdiction over the towns of Bethlehem, Oxford, Roxbury, Southbury, Washington, Watertown, and Woodbury.

Labriola was elected to the court in 2024, after running unopposed as a Republican in a special election to replace Domenick N. Calabrese, who was soon to be 70 years old, the mandatory retirement age for judges in Connecticut.

He previously served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 131st district from 2003 to 2025.

He is the son of Jerry Labriola.

Roxbury, Connecticut
Roxbury is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 2,260 at the 2020 census. The town is located 65 miles (105 km) northeast of New York City, and is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region.
Original 106 (Solent)
Original 106fm was an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to the Solent region of southern England, centred on the towns and cities of Portsmouth, Southampton and Bournemouth, from its transmitters at Chillerton Down, Mannings Heath (Poole) and Crabwood Farm (Winchester). It was awarded its broadcast licence in September 2005 and launched on 1 October 2006 and ceased broadcasting on 30 September 2008.

The station broadcast an Adult Alternative format, with only 35% of its music coming from past or present Top 20 charts.

Original 106fm was notable for holding the first United Kingdom broadcast licence to be awarded to an overseas group when Canwest won the licence in 2005.  They sold it to Celador Radio Broadcasting in August 2008.

The station ceased broadcasting on 30 September 2008 and was replaced by Celador's new station The Coast.

Chillerton Down transmitting station
The Chillerton Down transmitting station is a broadcasting facility for FM and DAB radio at Chillerton Down, above the village of Chillerton on the Isle of Wight off the south coast of England (grid reference SZ475835). The transmitter was erected in 1958 and uses a 228.9-metre (751 ft) high guyed steel lattice mast of triangular cross section as an aerial.
St. Urbain's Horseman (TV series)
St. Urbain's Horseman is a Canadian television drama miniseries, broadcast on CBC Television in the 2007–2008 television season. Based on the novel by Mordecai Richler, the series starred David Julian Hirsh, Selina Giles, Elliott Gould and Andrea Martin. It was directed by Peter Moss.

2007–08 Canadian network television schedule
The 2007–08 Canadian network television schedule indicates the fall prime time schedules for Canada's major English and French broadcast networks. For schedule changes after the fall launch, please consult each network's individual article.
Grassland mosaic-tailed rat
The grassland mosaic-tailed rat, or grassland melomys (Melomys burtoni), is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Australia and Papua New Guinea. In Australia it is found along the northern coast from Kimberley to New South Wales.  In the Top End it is often found in Pandanus (P. spiralis). Kunwinjku of western Arnhem Land call this animal mulbbu.

Kunwinjku people
The Kunwinjku (formerly written Gunwinggu) people are an Australian Aboriginal people, one of several groups within the Bininj people, who live around West Arnhem Land to the east of Darwin, Northern Territory. Kunwinjku people generally refer to themselves as "Bininj" (meaning people, or Aboriginal people) in much the same way that Yolŋu people refer to themselves as "Yolŋu".
Gilles van Ledenberg
Gilles van Ledenberg (c. 1550 – 28 September 1618) was a Dutch statesman. He was secretary of the States of Utrecht from 1588 until his arrest for treason in 1618, together with Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. He committed suicide to prevent forfeiture of his assets, but he was sentenced to death posthumously and posthumously executed.

The Estates
The Estates, also known as the States (French: États, German: Landstände, Dutch: Staten, Hungarian: Rendek), was the assembly of the representatives of the estates of the realm, the divisions of society in feudal times, called together for purposes of deliberation, legislation or taxation. A meeting of the estates that covered an entire kingdom was called an estates general.
Clotilde García Borrero
Clotilde García Borrero (November 30, 1887 – May 11, 1969) was a Colombian feminist, suffragist, writer, and political activist. Born in Neiva, Colombia, she was a key figure in the fight for women's rights in the early 20th century and is considered one of the most important and influential feminist in the history of her country.

Political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory, which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
La Ola Amarilla
La Ola Amarilla (Spanish for "The Yellow Wave") was a professional wrestling group, also known as a stable in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). The group was founded in 2005 for Japanese-born wrestlers, often wrestlers touring CMLL through a talent-sharing agreement with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW).

Katsushi Takemura
Katsushi Takemura (竹村 豪氏, Takemura Katsushi) is a Japanese retired professional wrestler, mostly known for his ring name Takemura (written in all capitals). Having worked for New Japan Pro-Wrestling for most of his career, he was an occasional member of the renowned stable Tokyo Gurentai.
Chliaria kina
The blue tit is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. It was traditionally called Chliaria kina but the genus Chliaria is merged into Hypolycaena by many recent authors.

Bombay Natural History Society
The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), founded on 15 September 1883, is one of the largest non-governmental organisations in India engaged in conservation and biodiversity research. It supports many research efforts through grants and publishes the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Many prominent naturalists, including the ornithologists Sálim Ali and S. Dillon Ripley, have been associated with it.
George A. Murrell House
George A. Murrell House, also known as Oak Grove, is a historic home located near Napton, Saline County, Missouri. It was built in 1854, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style timber frame I-house with a two-story rear ell. It sits on a limestone block foundation and has a hipped roof. The front facade features a full-height front portico.: 5

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

I-house
The I-house is a vernacular house type, popular in the United States from the colonial period onward. The I-house was so named in the 1930s by Fred Kniffen, a cultural geographer at Louisiana State University who was a specialist in folk architecture. He identified and analyzed the type in his 1936 study of Louisiana house types.

He chose the name "I-house" because the style was commonly built in the rural farm areas of Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, all states beginning with the letter "I". But he was not implying that this house type originated in, or was restricted to, those three states. It is also referred to as Plantation Plain style.
Calculibacillus
Calculibacillus  is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and strictly anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family Bacillaceae with one known species (Calculibacillus koreensis). Calculibacillus koreensis has been isolated from sediments of a coal mine in Taebaek.

Taebaek
Taebaek (Korean: 태백; Korean pronunciation: [tʰɛ̝.bɛ̝k̚]) is a city in the state of Gangwon, South Korea. Its name is shared with that of the Taebaek Mountains. Situated at an elevation of 650 to 700 m (2,130 to 2,300 ft), Taebaek is the second highest city in South Korea, after Pyeongchang.
B.net
B.net is a telecommunications company in Croatia, and has been a subsidiary of Vipnet since 2011. It provides cable television, phone and Internet in Osijek, Rijeka, Solin, Split, Velika Gorica, Zadar and Zagreb.

The company was formed in September 2007 as a merger of two major Croatian cable companies, DCM d.o.o. and Adriatic Kabel d.o.o. In 2010, the company had 105,000 cable television users, with a potential expansion to 250,000 households.

OBN (TV channel)
OBN (abbreviation of Open Broadcast Network) is a local television network broadcasting a TV channel in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The station is headquartered in the Pofalići neighborhood in Sarajevo.

OBN was founded in 1996 as the Open Broadcast Network by the Office of the High Representative and the European Union. It was oriented towards general news, and the international owners invested the equivalent of $20 million to contribute to OBN's development as a neutral television channel.

The station came under private ownership in 2000, when it was acquired by Ivan Ćaleta, a Croatian entrepreneur and former owner of Nova TV. Later, AMC Networks International bought an 85% stake in the television. Ćaleta bought the share back from AMC Networks in November 2019, making him the sole owner of the channel once again.
Isaiah Briscoe
Isaiah Jamal Briscoe (born April 13, 1996) is an American professional basketball player for the Fujian Sturgeons of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). He was ranked among the top point guards in the national class of 2015 by Rivals.com, Scout.com and ESPN. He completed his senior year at Roselle Catholic High School in 2015, and then played two seasons of college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats.

Fujian Sturgeons
Fujian SBS Xunxing Sturgeons (Simplified Chinese: 福建SBS浔兴鲟) or Fujian Xunxing or Fujian SBS are a Chinese professional men's basketball team in the Chinese Basketball Association, based in Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Fujian. The "SBS" reflects corporate sponsorship from the Jinjiang-based Fujian SBS Zipper Science and Technology Corporation. Unlike all the other teams in the CBA, the team originally had no English–friendly animal–type nickname.

The Fujian Sturgeons made their debut in the 2004–2005 season, and finished in seventh and last place in the South Division, out of the playoffs. In 2005–2006, they tied for fifth, just one win away from making the playoffs.
Nikolay Zefirov
Nikolay Serafimovich Zefirov (September 13, 1935 – April 28, 2017) - was a Russian chemist known for his research in Organic chemistry and Medicinal chemistry and the development of new synthetic methods.

Academician
An academician is a full member of an artistic, literary, engineering, or scientific academy. In many countries, it is an honorific title used to denote a full member of an academy that has a strong influence on national scientific life.

Accordingly, within systems such as the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the title grants privileges and administrative responsibilities for funding allocation and research priorities.