hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩
The pronunciation of the digraph ⟨wh⟩ in English has changed over time, and still varies today between different regions and accents. It is now most commonly pronounced /w/, the same as a plain initial ⟨w⟩, although some dialects, particularly those of Scotland, Ireland, and the Southern United States, retain the traditional pronunciation /hw/, generally realized as [w̥], a voiceless "w" sound. The process by which the historical /hw/ has become /w/ in most modern varieties of English is called the wine–whine merger. It is also referred to as glide cluster reduction.

Before rounded vowels, a different reduction process took place in Middle English, as a result of which the ⟨wh⟩ in words like who and whom is now pronounced /h/. (A similar sound change occurred earlier in the word how.)

Cluster reduction
In phonology and historical linguistics, cluster reduction is the simplification of consonant clusters in certain environments or over time.  Cluster reduction can happen in different languages, dialects of those languages, in World Englishes, and as a part of language acquisition.
Storyman (band)
Storyman is the songwriting partnership of Kevin May and Mick Lynch. Both hail from Ireland and first achieved success as members of the band The Guggenheim Grotto. After raising funds for a new album through PledgeMusic, the duo worked with producer Chris Kuffner on new material. The resulting album was different enough from their previous work as The Guggenheim Grotto that they decided to change their name to reflect the new project.  They released their first album as Storyman, entitled This Time Round, on November 12, 2013.

PledgeMusic
PledgeMusic was an online direct-to-fan music platform, launched in August 2009. It was started to facilitate musicians looking to pre-sell, market, and distribute projects, such as recordings and concerts. It bore similarities to other artist payment platforms as ArtistShare, Kickstarter, Indiegogo, Patreon, RocketHub and Sellaband.

The company announced it was facing bankruptcy in May 2019, after a year of artists reporting slow payment problems. The company was granted permission to wind up on 19 August 2019.
Dumas Malone
Dumas Malone (DEW-mah; January 10, 1892 – December 27, 1986) was an American historian, minister, and biographer. A professor by occupation, Malone spent the majority of his career teaching at the University of Virginia (UVA), where he served as the Thomas Jefferson Foundation Professor of History.

Malone was best known for his six-volume biography, Jefferson and His Time, for which he received the 1975 Pulitzer Prize for History. Completed in 1981, the series became Malone's defining work and is considered the foremost authoritative biography of Thomas Jefferson. Before beginning a lifelong career as a biographer, he was editor-in-chief of the twenty-volume Dictionary of American Biography and the third director of the Harvard University Press. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Masterpiece
A masterpiece, magnum opus (Latin for 'great work'), or chef-d'œuvre (French for 'master of work'; pl. chefs-d'œuvre; French: [ʃɛ.d‿œvʁ]) is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.

Historically, a "masterpiece" was a work of a very high standard produced by an apprentice to obtain full membership, as a "master", of a craft guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.
Burghalden railway station
Burghalden is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich and municipality of Richterswil. It is located on the Südostbahn's Wädenswil to Einsiedeln line, within fare zone 153 of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV).

Wädenswil–Einsiedeln railway
The Wädenswil–Einsiedeln railway is a largely single-track standard-gauge line in Switzerland. It was built by the Wädenswil-Einsiedeln-Bahn and is now owned by the Schweizerischen Südostbahn (SOB). The line between Wädenswil and Einsiedeln is 16.64 kilometres-long and was opened on 1 May 1877. It has been electrified since 15 May 1939 at 15 kV AC 16.7 Hz.
Magdalena: Anghel sa Putikan
Magdalena: Anghel sa Putikan (transl. Magdalena: angel in mud) is a Philippine television drama series broadcast by GMA Network. The series is based on Nuevas' comic book series, Kukulayan Ko ang Langit. Directed by Gina Alajar, it stars Bela Padilla in the title role. It premiered on October 8, 2012 on the network's Afternoon Prime line up. The series concluded on January 18, 2013 with a total of 75 episodes.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.

Pauleen Luna
Marie Pauleen Javier Luna-Sotto (born November 10, 1988) is a Filipino actress. She was a regular host of the long-running Philippine noontime variety show Eat Bulaga! since 2005, where she portrays the child-woman character Baby Poleng.
Rap?
Rap? is the debut EP by American rapper Tierra Whack. It was released on December 2, 2021, by Interscope Records. The album is mainly produced by J Melodic and conscripts other producers including J-Louis, Sam Gellaitry and T-Minus. It's the first installment of her style-changing EP trilogy, and was followed by the next installments Pop? and R&B? the same year.

J-Louis
Joshua Louis Huizar (born May 29, 1993, in Los Angeles, California), known professionally as J-Louis, is a Grammy-nominated American record producer and DJ. His early production was created entirely on an iPhone application called NanoStudio and he soon began to gain traction on SoundCloud, Bandcamp, and Soulection Radio. J-Louis has gone on to produce for artists including Drake, Chris Brown, Bryson Tiller, Pardison Fontaine, Cardi B, Zacari and Xavier Omar. J-Louis' fusion of R&B, hip-hop and experimental sounds has earned him multiple platinum records and placements on the Billboard Hot 100, 200, and top songwriter charts. An experienced live performer, J-Louis tours alongside Bryson Tiller as his live DJ.
Portrait of a Lady (said to be Anne Stuart, Maréchale d'Aubigny)
Portrait of a Lady (said to be Anne Stuart, Maréchale d'Aubigny) is an oil on panel painting by Corneille de Lyon, from c. 1533-1536. It is known in three versions. It depicts Anne Stuart, wife of her cousin Robert Stewart, 5th Lord of Aubigny and lady-in-waiting of Queen Eleanor.

The earliest of the three versions has the dimensions of 21 cm by 16 cm and is now in the Louvre Museum (where it is sometimes identified as Anne de la Queille or Jacqueline de Rohan Gye.) The second measures 18 cm by 15.8 cm and is in Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, and the third is 21 cm by 16 cm and is in the Musée de l'Histoire de France in Versailles.

Musée de l'Histoire de France (Versailles)
The Musée de l'Histoire de France (French pronunciation: [myze d(ə) listwaʁ də fʁɑ̃s] ⓘ; "Museum of French History") is a museum that was created by King Louis Philippe I in the Palace of Versailles and opened in 1837. At the time, it represented an ambitious project of national reconciliation between the hitherto competing narratives of the French monarchy and the French Revolution, to which Louis-Philippe devoted significant personal attention. Whereas it gradually faded in importance as a museum in the later 19th century, its lavish historicist decoration remains a major exemplar of the art of France's July Monarchy.
Gösta Peterson
Gösta "Gus" Peterson (né Gösta Reinhold Pettersson, April 25, 1923 – July 28, 2017) was a Swedish-American photographer whose fashion photographs were widely published in the editorial pages of magazines including  Elle, Esquire, Essence Harper's Bazaar, Mademoiselle, Marie Claire, and The New York Times, from the late 1950s to the late 1980s. In the 1960s, Bea Feitler, the former Art Director for Harper’s Bazaar, Ms., and Rolling Stone said, "The most interesting fashion pages now – the ones that say the most about our times – are Gösta Peterson’s for Mademoiselle." The photographer Duane Michals called him, "underrated."

Bea Feitler
Beatriz Feitler (February 5, 1938 – April 8, 1982) was a Brazilian designer and art director best known for her work in Harper's Bazaar, Ms., Rolling Stone and the premiere issue of the modern Vanity Fair.
Machine tool builder
A machine tool builder is a corporation or person that builds machine tools, usually for sale to manufacturers, who use them to manufacture products. A machine tool builder runs a machine factory, which is part of the machine industry.

The machine tools often make interchangeable parts, which are assembled into subassemblies or finished assemblies, ending up sold to consumers, either directly or through other businesses at intermediate links of a value-adding chain. Alternatively, the machine tools may help make molds or dies, which then make the parts for the assemblies.

Consumer
A consumer is a person or a group who intends to order, or use purchased goods, products, or services primarily for personal, social, family, household and similar needs, who is not directly related to entrepreneurial or business activities.  The term most commonly refers to a person who purchases goods and services for personal use.
Henry Reed (cricketer)
Henry Albert Reed (17 May 1892 – 3 May 1963) was an English cricketer. Reed's batting style is unknown. He was born at Bristol.

Reed made his first-class debut for Gloucestershire against Essex in 1921 County Championship. He made five further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Essex in the 1923 County Championship. In his six first-class matches for Gloucestershire, he scored a total of 110 runs at an average of 9.16, with a high score of 45.

He died at Redland, Bristol, on 3 May 1963.

1923 County Championship
The 1923 County Championship was the 30th officially organised running of the County Championship. Yorkshire County Cricket Club won the championship title. Final placings were still decided by calculating the percentage of points gained against possible points available.

In May 1923, Jack Hobbs scored his 100th century in first-class cricket, batting for Surrey against Somerset.
Every Dog's Guide to Complete Home Safety
Every Dog's Guide to Complete Home Safety is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Les Drew for the National Film Board of Canada and released in 1986. The film's central character is Wally (Paul Brown), a dog who is frantically trying to protect his new family from their own careless actions as they prepare for a dinner party.

The film's voice cast also includes Luba Goy as Honey, Harvey Atkin as Bernard and Henry Beckman as The Boss.

It received a Genie Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film at the 8th Genie Awards in 1987.

Drew released a sequel film, Every Dog's Guide to the Playground, in 1991. Both films were broadcast in the United States on Cartoon Network's O Canada anthology series of NFB animated shorts, and were packaged together in 1996 for home video release as The Blue Dog Safety Video.

Canadian Screen Award for Best Animated Short
The Canadian Screen Award for Best Animated Short is awarded by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the best Canadian animated short film. Formerly part of the Genie Awards, since 2012 it has been presented as part of the Canadian Screen Awards.
Magdeburg–Thale railway
The Magdeburg–Thale railway is a predominantly single-track, non-electrified main line railway that connects Thale, in the northern Harz, with Magdeburg, the capital of Saxony-Anhalt. Its eastern section between Magdeburg and Halberstadt was opened in 1843 and it is one of the oldest railways in Germany.

Blankenburg (Harz)
Blankenburg (Harz) (German pronunciation: [ˈblaŋkn̩bʊʁk]) is a town and health resort in the district of Harz in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, at the north foot of the Harz Mountains, 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Halberstadt.

It has been largely rebuilt since an 1836 fire, and possesses a castle with various collections, a museum of antiquities, an old town hall and churches. There are pine-needle baths and a psychiatric hospital. The nearby ridge of rocks called the Teufelsmauer ('Devil's Wall') offers views across the plain and into the deep gorges of the Harz.
Neuhauser
Neuhauser is a German surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Adele Neuhauser (born 1959), Greek-born Austrian actress

Charlotte Neuhäuser (born 1998), German politician

Claudia Neuhauser (born 1962), American mathematical biologist

Frank Neuhauser (1913–2011), American patent lawyer and spelling bee champion

Georg Neuhauser (born 1982), Austrian metal vocalist

Leopold Neuhauser (died after 1813), Austrian musician and composer

Mary Neuhauser (born 1934), American lawyer and politician

Adele Neuhauser
Adele Neuhauser (born 17 January 1959 in Athens, Greece) is an Austrian actress. She began her career as a theater actress. Later she also worked in television and cinema. She is a member of the Akademie des Österreichischen Films.
Operation Pershing
Operation Pershing was an operation conducted by the 1st Cavalry Division, the 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 22nd Division and the South Korean Capital Division in Bình Định Province, lasting from 12 February 1967 to 19 January 1968.: 181

The operation concluded on 19 January 1968 with the 1st Cavalry Division being ordered to move 350 km north from Landing Zone English in Bình Định Province to Camp Evans in Thừa Thiên Province as part of Operation Checkers, to increase the number of maneuver battalions in I Corps in order to support the besieged Marines at Khe Sanh Combat Base and defeat any other People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) attack across the DMZ.

Bình Định province
Bình Định was formerly a northern coastal province in the South Central Coast region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Quảng Ngãi to the north, Phú Yên to the south, Gia Lai to the west and the South China Sea to the east.

Bình Định province has an area of 6,066.40 km2 (2,342.25 mi2), comprising 11 district-level sub-divisions, with a population of over 1.5 million people as of 2023. The province is known for its scenery and beaches. There are also a number of Cham structures. Majority of the province is covered by mountains or hills. Its capital Quy Nhon served as the capital of the historic Tây Sơn dynasty. Economically the province has the most productive primary sector in the South Central Coast region, mostly because of its large output of rice, coconuts and its strong livestock, forestry and fishing sectors.

On June 12, 2025, Bình Định was incorporated into Gia Lai province.
Sonprayag
Sonprayag is a village in the Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand state in India. Approximately 73 Kilometres from Rudraprayag Town, the district headquarter. Situated on the banks of river Mandakini River, it is a proposed Y-forked railway junction on Chota Char Dham Railway for two different railways going to Kedarnath and Badrinath.

Rudraprayag district
Rudraprayag district is a district of the state of Uttarakhand of northern India. The district occupies an area of 1984 km2. The town of Rudraprayag is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district is bounded by Uttarkashi District on the north, Chamoli District on the east, Pauri Garhwal District on the south, and Tehri Garhwal District on the west.
Amish lethal microcephaly
Amish lethal microcephaly is a rare genetic disorder which is characterized by severe microcephaly (small head) from birth, brain hypoplasia (underdeveloped brain), micrognathia (small chin), irritability (at second or third month of age), seizures, problems controlling their body temperature, high levels of alpha-ketogluraic acid in their urine, and less commonly hepatomegaly (large liver). Babies with this condition typically die when they are 6 months old. This disorder was named after the Amish because it was discovered in Old Order Amish communities in Pennsylvania, where it affects 1 in 500 babies. Additionally, 1 in 11 people in those communities are unaffected carriers of the recessive mutation that causes the disorder. No cases of the disorder have been found outside this population.

This disorder is caused by mutations in the SLC25A19 gene in chromosome 17q25, it follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern

Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly is enlargement of the liver.  It is a non-specific medical sign, having many causes, which can broadly be broken down into infection, hepatic tumours, and metabolic disorder. Often, hepatomegaly presents as an abdominal mass. Depending on the cause, it may sometimes present along with jaundice.
Rosalinda Baldoz
Rosalinda Dimapilis-Baldoz is a Filipina lawyer, civil servant, and labor arbiter. She served as Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) of the Philippines under the administration of President Benigno Aquino III.

Ministry of Labour
A ministry of labour (UK), or labor (US), also known as a department of labour, or labor, is a government department responsible for setting labour standards, labour dispute mechanisms, employment, workforce participation, training, and social security. Such a department may have national or regional (e.g. provincial or state-level) authority.
Rattlesnake Lake
Rattlesnake Lake is a lake in the northwest United States, located in Rattlesnake Mountain Scenic Area in King County, Washington, approximately thirty miles (50 km) east of Seattle, south of Interstate 90.

King County, Washington
King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. The population was 2,269,675 in the 2020 census, making it the most populous county in Washington, and the 12th-most populous in the United States. The county seat is Seattle, also the state's most populous city.

Originally named after US representative, senator, and then vice president-elect William R. King in 1852, the county government amended its designation in 1986 to honor Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent activist and leader during the civil rights movement. The change was approved by the state government in 2005.

It is one of three Washington counties that are included in the Seattle metropolitan area along with Snohomish County to the north and Pierce County to the south. About two-thirds of King County's population lives in Seattle's suburbs, which largely developed in the late 20th century and early 21st century as bedroom communities before becoming job centers for the technology industry.
Ave Daniell
Averell Edward "Li'l Abner" Daniell (November 6, 1914 – January 28, 1999) was an American professional football tackle. He played high school football for Mt. Lebanon High School and college football for the University of Pittsburgh as a walk-on. He played professionally for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Green Bay Packers in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected in the second round of the 1937 NFL draft. After leaving football, he founded the Ionics Corp., which was later sold to GE. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975.

Professional sports
In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, enabling sports organizations and teams to command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally, there are many more amateurs than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete.
Serbian True Orthodox Church
The Serbian True Orthodox Church (STOC; Serbian: Српска истинска православна црква, СИПЦ, Srpska istinska pravoslavna crkva, SIPC) is a denomination that separated from the larger Serbian Orthodox Church in 1996. Its founder and current leader is bishop Akakije (Stankovic). The members refer to themselves as revnitelji ('consistent', 'persistent'); they are informally called ziloti ('zealots') by the public. The church is part of the traditionalist True Orthodox movement, a loose group of independent Orthodox churches which oppose ecumenism and other attempts of modernization within the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church.

Old Calendarists
Old Calendarists (Greek: palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites), also known as Old Feasters (palaioeortologitai), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians (GOC; Greek: Γνήσιοι Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί, romanized: Gnisioi Orthodoxoi Christianoi), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians that separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of the latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar.

Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches.

"Old Calendarists" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus.
Section 22 of the Constitution Act, 1867
Section 22 of the Constitution Act, 1867 (French: Article 22 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867) is a provision of the Constitution of Canada setting out the number and distribution of seats in the Senate of Canada, the upper house of the Parliament of Canada.

The Constitution Act, 1867 is the constitutional statute which established Canada.  Originally named the British North America Act, 1867, the Act continues to be the foundational statute for the Constitution of Canada, although it has been amended many times since 1867.  It is now recognised as part of the supreme law of Canada.

Newfoundland Colony
Newfoundland was an English, and later British, colony established in 1610 on the island of Newfoundland. That followed decades of sporadic English settlement on the island, which was at first only seasonal. Newfoundland was made a Crown colony in 1824 and a dominion in 1907. Its economy collapsed during the Great Depression. On 16 February 1934, the Newfoundland legislature agreed to the creation of a six-member Commission of Government to govern the country. In 1949, the country voted to join Canada as the province of Newfoundland.
A. R. Van Cleave
Albert Ray Van Cleave (December 20, 1889 – September 24, 1987) was an American football coach, professor, and college administrator. He was the head football coach at Elon University in Elon, North Carolina for the 1926 season, compiling a record of 0–10.

Van Cleave graduated from the Union Christian College in 1913, Indiana State Normal School in 1919, Indiana University Bloomington in 1921, and the University of Chicago in 1923. He served in the United States Army and became a private first class. He was also Professor of Philosophy at Elon during his time there. In 1943, he received an honorary degree from Elon. At the time he was President of Piedmont College in Georgia. He resigned in 1952.

Van Cleave died in Roanoke, Alabama in 1987. He was 97.

Roanoke, Alabama
Roanoke is a city in Randolph County, which is in the Piedmont region of eastern Alabama, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 5,311, down from 6,074 in 2010 and 6,563 in 2000.