hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hillingar effect
The hillingar effect or Arctic mirage is a mirage that occurs when cold air near the surface causes light rays to bend.

Light passing from an object through air to an observer always refracts, or bends, in the direction of increasing air density. Especially over cold ocean areas but also over snowfields or glaciers, air density can change with altitude so rapidly that the horizon appears to lift up like the edges of a saucer. Coastlines normally well below the horizon are raised up into view. Early Norsemen called these mirages hillingars.

Mirage
A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays bend via refraction to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French (se) mirer, from the Latin mirari, meaning "to look at, to wonder at".

Mirages can be categorized as "inferior" (meaning lower), "superior" (meaning higher) and "Fata Morgana", one kind of superior mirage consisting of a series of unusually elaborate, vertically stacked images, which form one rapidly changing mirage.

In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon that can be captured on camera, since light rays are actually refracted to form the false image at the observer's location. What the image appears to represent, however, is determined by the interpretive faculties of the human mind. For example, inferior images on land are very easily mistaken for the reflections from a small body of water.
Raymond H. Bares
Raymond Hubert Bares (April 17, 1929 – April 27, 1964) was an American politician and educator.

Bares was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota, and graduated from St. Cloud Technical High School. He served in the United States Army in 1951 and 1952. received his bachelor's degree from St. Cloud State University and his master's degree in social work from Catholic University of America. Bares lived in Sauk Rapids, Minnesota, with his wife and family, He was an elementary teacher and principal. Bares also worked as a counselor for Catholic Charities. Bares served in the Minnesota Senate from 1963 until his death. Bares, his wife, and daughter were killed in an automobile accident in Loogootee, Martin County, Indiana.

St. Cloud State University
St. Cloud State University (SCSU) is a public university in St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1869, the university is one of the largest institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system. In the fall of 2023, it enrolled 8,430 undergraduate and 2,084 graduate students.
Montvale station
Montvale is an active commuter railroad station in the borough of Montvale, Bergen County, New Jersey. Located in the middle of an active road junction of East Grand Avenue (County Route 94) and Kinderkamack Road (County Route 503), the station serves trains on New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line, serving as the first/last stop in New Jersey. The station consists of one low-level side platform with a mini-high-level platform to service handicapped customers under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

NJ Transit Rail Operations
NJ Transit Rail Operations (reporting mark NJTR) is the rail division of NJ Transit. It operates commuter rail service in New Jersey, with most service centered on transportation to and from New York City, Hoboken, and Newark. NJ Transit also operates rail service in Orange and Rockland counties in New York under contract to Metro-North Railroad. The commuter rail lines saw 59,447,200 riders in 2024, making it the third-busiest commuter railroad in North America and the longest commuter rail system in North America by route length.
Ostrowąs, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Ostrowąs [ɔsˈtrɔvɔ̃s] (German: Wusterhansberg) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Połczyn-Zdrój, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-west of Połczyn-Zdrój, 20 km (12 mi) east of Świdwin, and 105 km (65 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The village has a population of 30.

Połczyn-Zdrój
Połczyn-Zdrój [ˈpɔu̯t͡ʂɨn ˈzdrui̯] (Kashubian: Pôłczëno; German: Bad Polzin) is a town in Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 8,372 inhabitants (2010). It is situated on the Wogra River in the historic region of Pomerania.
Duroziez's sign
Duroziez's sign is a sign of aortic insufficiency. It consists of an audible diastolic murmur which can be heard over the femoral artery when it is compressed with the bell of a stethoscope.

It is named for French physician Paul Louis Duroziez who published its description in 1861, even though it was first described by Portuguese physician Pedro Francisco da Costa Alvarenga in 1855; for this reason it is alternatively known as the Alvarenga-Duroziez sign.

Femoral artery
The femoral artery is a large artery in the thigh and the main arterial supply to the thigh and leg. The femoral artery gives off the deep femoral artery and descends along the anteromedial part of the thigh in the femoral triangle. It enters and passes through the adductor canal, and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus near the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the thigh.

The femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery is referred to as the common femoral artery, whereas the femoral artery distal to this origin is referred to as the superficial femoral artery.
2019 India doctors' strike
On 11 June 2019, following the assault of two junior doctors at Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital (NRSMCH) the previous night, junior doctors in Kolkata began protesting and demanded that the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee, should intervene and provide adequate security to medical professionals. The protests caused a collapse of healthcare facilities in the state. Protests continued through 13 June, despite attempts at mediation, resulting in the chief minister issuing an ultimatum to the protesting doctors. The doctors ignored the ultimatum, asking the government to meet their demands for security and for the chief minister to give them a public apology.

Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital
The Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, also known as NRS Medical College (formerly Campbell Medical College), is a public medical school and hospital in Kolkata, India. It is located in Sealdah, in the heart of Kolkata. The medical college was established on 1 December 1873 as Sealdah Medical School.
Stalowa Wola railway station
Stalowa Wola is a railway station in Stalowa Wola, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland. Until recently, Twoje Linie Kolejowe trains stopped here, today only Regio trains. At the station, there is a closed station building, built in the early 1950s, in poor condition, with ticket offices open until 2012.

In 2017, the station served 100–149 passengers a day.

PKP Intercity
PKP Intercity is the subsidiary of the PKP Group responsible for long-distance rail passenger transport in Poland. It operates around 350 trains daily, connecting large agglomerations and smaller towns in Poland. It offers its services under TLK, InterCity, Express Intercity and Express Intercity Premium brands. The company also provides most international rail connections to and from the country. In 2023, the company reported an 18.2% of market share in terms of total number of served passengers in the country.
Voloshcha
Voloshcha (Ukrainian: Волоща, Polish: Wołoszcza) is a village (selo) in Drohobych Raion, Lviv Oblast, in south-west Ukraine. It belongs to Medenychi settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

The local Catholic parish was first mentioned in 1425.

Lviv Oblast
Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian: Львівська область, romanized: Lvivska oblast, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also referred to as Lvivshchyna (Ukrainian: Львівщина, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv. The current population is 2,478,133 (2022 estimate).
Quantitative marketing research
Quantitative marketing research is the application of quantitative research techniques to the field of marketing research. It has roots in both the positivist view of the world, and the modern marketing viewpoint that marketing is an interactive process in which both the buyer and seller reach a satisfying agreement on the "four Ps" of marketing: Product, Price, Place (location) and Promotion.

As a social research method, it typically involves the construction of questionnaires and scales. People who respond (respondents) are asked to complete the survey. Marketers use the information to obtain and understand the needs of individuals in the marketplace, and to create strategies and marketing plans.

Statistical inference
Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying probability distribution. Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is sampled from a larger population.

Inferential statistics can be contrasted with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population. In machine learning, the term inference is sometimes used instead to mean "make a prediction, by evaluating an already trained model"; in this context inferring properties of the model is referred to as training or learning (rather than inference), and using a model for prediction is referred to as inference (instead of prediction); see also predictive inference.
12 O'Clock Boys
12 O'Clock Boys is a 2013 American documentary film directed by Lotfy Nathan. The documentary focuses on urban dirt-bike riders in Baltimore, Maryland, and one boy's fascination with dirt bikes and desire to join the 12 O'Clock Boys group (named for doing a high angle wheelie that mimics a clock’s hands at 12 o'clock).

Wheelie
A wheelie, or wheelstand, is a vehicle maneuver in vehicle acrobatics in which the front wheel or wheels come off the ground due to sufficient torque being applied to the rear wheel or wheels, or rider motion relative to the vehicle. Wheelies are usually associated with bicycles and motorcycles, but can be done with other vehicles such as cars, especially in drag racing and tractor pulling.
Jane Williams (Ysgafell)
Jane Williams (1 February 1806 – 15 March 1885) was a Welsh writer, often known by her bardic name of Ysgafell.

Williams was born in Chelsea, and raised at Neuadd Felen, near Talgarth, Brecknockshire. Her primary interests as a writer included Welsh history, Welsh literature, and Welsh folklore. In 1862, Williams wrote a book about Celtic fables, fairy tales, and legends. In 1869, she wrote a book about the history of Wales, using (in her words) "authentic sources".

Fable
Fable is a literary genre defined as a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphised, and that illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson, which may at the end be added explicitly as a concise maxim or saying.

A fable differs from a parable in that the latter excludes animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that assume speech or other powers of humankind. Conversely, an animal tale specifically includes talking animals as characters.

Usage has not always been so clearly distinguished. In the King James Version of the New Testament, "μῦθος" ("mythos") was rendered by the translators as "fable" in the First Epistle to Timothy, the Second Epistle to Timothy, the Epistle to Titus and the First Epistle of Peter.
Go to Hell (EP)
Go to Hell is a 7-inch EP by Polish death metal band Vader, containing two tracks from Tibi et Igni. The song "Where Angels Weep" was also released digitally. Both were released on April 18, 2014, through Nuclear Blast. There is a slight difference in mixing between Go to Hell and Tibi et Igni: the second guitar solo in "Where Angels Weep" was performed by Marek "Spider" Pająk, while on the album all guitars were performed by Piotr "Peter" Wiwczarek.

The song "Where Angels Weep" is based on conflict between good and evil, while the lyrics for "Triumph of Death" were inspired by Pieter Bruegel the Elder's painting The Triumph of Death (1562).

Nuclear Blast Records
Nuclear Blast Records is a German record label with subsidiaries in Germany, the United States and Brazil. It was founded in 1987 by Markus Staiger in Donzdorf. Originally releasing hardcore punk records, the label moved on to releasing albums by thrash metal, melodic death metal, grindcore, industrial metal, power metal and black metal bands, as well as tribute albums. It also distributes and promotes post-hardcore/metalcore labels SharpTone Records. Another post-hardcore/metalcore label, Arising Empire, was in Nuclear Blast's portfolio until its acquisition by Kontor New Media in 2020.

In October 2018, French independent label Believe Digital acquired a majority stake in Nuclear Blast.
Cape York to Cape Grenville Islands Important Bird Area
The Cape York to Cape Grenville Islands comprise ten small islands or island groups, with a total land area of just 210 ha, scattered along the Great Barrier Reef on the eastern side of the northern end of the Cape York Peninsula between Capes York and Grenville, in Queensland, Australia.  They are classified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area because they support over 1% of the breeding populations of the pied imperial-pigeon (with up to about 25,000 pairs), bridled tern (6000 nests), roseate tern (6000 nests) and lesser crested tern (1000 nests).  Up to 1150 individuals of the migratory wader the grey-tailed tattler have also been recorded.

Bridled tern
The bridled tern (Onychoprion anaethetus) is a seabird of the family Laridae. It is a bird of the tropical oceans. The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. The genus comes from onux meaning "claw" or "nail", and prion, meaning "saw". The specific anaethetus means "senseless, stupid".
2017 Qatar ExxonMobil Open – Singles
Defending champion Novak Djokovic defeated Andy Murray in the final, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2017 Qatar Open. Djokovic saved five match points en route to the title, in the semifinals against Fernando Verdasco. The final marked Djokovic and Murray's 36th and final professional meeting; Djokovic won to end their head-to-head at 25–11 in his favor.

Murray became the first player to reach the ATP Qatar Open final four times; however, his loss in the final ended his 28-match winning streak dating back to the 2016 Davis Cup semifinals.

Alessandro Giannessi
Alessandro Giannessi (born 30 May 1990) is an Italian former professional tennis player. On 24 July 2017 he reached his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 84 while his best doubles ranking was No. 171 on 14 October 2013.
Volley theory
Volley theory states that groups of neurons of the auditory system respond to a sound by firing action potentials slightly out of phase with one another so that when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be encoded and sent to the brain to be analyzed. The theory was proposed by Ernest Wever and Charles Bray in 1930 as a supplement to the frequency theory of hearing. It was later discovered that this only occurs in response to sounds ranging from about 500 Hz to 5000 Hz.

Georg von Békésy
Georg von Békésy (Hungarian: Békésy György, pronounced [ˈbeːkeːʃi ˈɟørɟ]; 3 June 1899 – 13 June 1972) was a Hungarian-American biophysicist.

By using strobe photography and silver flakes as a marker, he was able to observe that the basilar membrane moves like a surface wave when stimulated by sound. Because of the structure of the cochlea and the basilar membrane, different frequencies of sound cause the maximum amplitudes of the waves to occur at different places on the basilar membrane along the coil of the cochlea. High frequencies cause more vibration at the base of the cochlea while low frequencies create more vibration at the apex.

He concluded that his observations showed how different sound wave frequencies are locally dispersed before exciting different nerve fibers that lead from the cochlea to the brain.

In 1961, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the function of the cochlea in the mammalian hearing organ.
Aegilops bicornis
Aegilops bicornis (syn. Aegilops bicorne (misapplied), Triticum bicorne Forssk.) is a species in the family Poaceae native to the Levant, Western Mesopotamia, Egypt & Libya

Elsewhere this plant is commonly considered a weed.

Peter Forsskål
Peter Forsskål, sometimes spelled Pehr Forsskål, Peter Forskaol, Petrus Forskål or Pehr Forsskåhl (11 January 1732 – 11 July 1763) was a Swedish explorer, orientalist, naturalist, and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus.
Manaivi Ready
Manaivi Ready (transl. Wife is Ready) is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language comedy film, produced and directed by Pandiarajan. The film stars Pandiarajan and Debashree Roy, with K. A. Thangavelu, R. S. Manohar and Manorama in supporting roles. Roy was credited as Sinthamani. It was her only film in Tamil.

K. A. Thangavelu
Karaikal Arunachalam Thangavelu (15 January 1917 – 28 September 1994) popularly known as "Danaal Thangavelu", was an Indian actor and comedian popular in the 1950s to 1970s. Not known for physical, acrobatic comedy like his contemporaries J. P. Chandrababu and Nagesh, Thangavelu's humour is recognised for his impeccable timing in verbal agility and the characteristic twang of his delivery. He exclusively acted in Tamil films.
Nankali's Masticatory Force Systematization
Nankali’s masticatory force systematization categorizes the locations of the forces on different part of mandible/maxilla, which are important in designing a prosthetic and implant treatment in dentistry.

Masseter muscle
In anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication. Found only in mammals, it is particularly powerful in herbivores to facilitate chewing of plant matter. The most obvious muscle of mastication is the masseter muscle, since it is the most superficial and one of the strongest.
Peter Veness
Peter Veness (10 April 1984 – 15 January 2012) was an Australian journalist. He worked in the Press Gallery at Parliament House for the Australian Associated Press.

Veness joined the AAP in 2006. He was diagnosed with a rare form of brain cancer in 2009 and died on 15 January 2012. His funeral was attended by Prime Minister Julia Gillard and several Senators.

Australian Associated Press
Australian Associated Press Ltd (AAP) is an Australian news agency. It was founded in 1935 by Keith Murdoch.

AAP employs around 90 journalists who work in bureaus in all states and territories of Australia except the Northern Territory. It also maintains correspondents in New Zealand and London as well as using a network of contributors from the US, Europe, Asia and Africa. AAP's domestic news coverage is complemented by alliances with the major international news agencies.

AAP's main focus is on breaking news but is also known for its court reporting, sport, political coverage, feature stories, and photographs. It also produces video and visual explainers. AAP is one of the few remaining non-government newswires in the world.
Samuel Fowler (1851–1919)
Samuel Fowler (March 22, 1851, in Port Jervis, New York – March 17, 1919, in Newark, New Jersey) was an American Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district in the U.S. representative for two terms from 1889 to 1893.

New Jersey's 4th congressional district
New Jersey's 4th congressional district is a congressional district that stretches along the Jersey Shore. It has been represented by Republican Chris Smith since 1981, the second-longest currently serving member of the US House of Representatives and the longest serving member of Congress from New Jersey in history.

Although the 4th district had a presence in Mercer County for decades, it lost its two municipalities in the county (Hamilton Township and Robbinsville Township) following the redistricting process in late 2021, which was based on the 2020 census. The district is currently contained to Monmouth County and Ocean County. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+14, it is the most Republican district in New Jersey, and it is also the only one that did not elect a Democrat since 2018.
Boreasmi
Boreasmi or Boreasmus (Ancient Greek: βορεασμοί) was a festival celebrated by the Athenians in honor of the god Boreas, the personification of the North Wind.

Little is known about the specifics of the Boreasmi festival, aside from the fact that it involved banquets. The festival did not gain widespread fame, as evidenced by Plato, who suggests that the location of Boreas' temple was not well known to Athenians.

Boreas
Boreas (/ˈbɔːri.əs/, UK: /ˈbɒri.əs/, UK: /ˈbɒri.æs/; Ancient Greek: Βορέας, romanized: Boréas; also Βορρᾶς, Borrhâs) is the Greek god of the cold north wind, storms, and winter. Although he was normally taken as the north wind, the Roman writers Aulus Gellius and Pliny the Elder both took Boreas as a northeast wind, equivalent to the Roman god Aquilo or Septentrio. Boreas is depicted as being very strong, with a violent temper to match. He was frequently shown as a winged old man or sometimes as a young man with shaggy hair and beard, holding a conch shell and wearing a billowing cloak. Boreas's most known myth is his abduction of the Athenian princess Oreithyia.
Popjustice: 100% Solid Pop Music
Popjustice: 100% Solid Pop Music is a compilation album released on 23 October 2006. The album is a non-stop mix mixed by Xfm DJ Grant McSleazy, and is one of the first released on the newly formed Fascination Records. It features exclusive songs by Client, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Girls Aloud and Pet Shop Boys. The track list was arranged by the editor of the Popjustice website.

Radio X (United Kingdom)
Radio X is a British national commercial radio station focused on alternative music, primarily indie rock, and owned by Global. The station launched in 1989 as a pirate radio station named Q102, before being renamed Xfm in 1992. The station became a legally licensed London-wide station in 1997, and in 2015 began national broadcasting under the name Radio X.

According to RAJAR as of Q4 2025, Radio X has reached 2.5 millions listeners. The Chris Moyles Show has received 1.1 million listeners, beating Virgin Radio's Chris Evans morning show.
Donnie Stone
Edward Donald Stone (born January 5, 1937) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the American Football League (AFL). He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks. He played professionally in the AFL for the Denver Broncos from 1961 through 1964, and then the Buffalo Bills and Houston Oilers.  He was an AFL All-Star in 1961.

American Football League All-Star game
The American Football League All-Star game was the annual game which featured each year's best performers in the American Football League (AFL). The game was first played in 1961 and the final AFL All-Star game occurred in 1969, prior to the league's merger with the National Football League (NFL).