hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Salim Karam
Salim Bey Karam (Arabic: سليم بك كرم; born on May 21, 1946\ was a Minister of State in the Lebanese government. He was a Member of the 2009-2017 Parliament for the Maronite seat of Zgharta in North Lebanon.

Second cabinet of Najib Mikati
The formation of a new government led by Najib Mikati follows five months of negotiations after the fall of the Saad Hariri government. Mikati formed a controversial 30-minister cabinet. Following ruptures and tensions and two previous threats to resign, Mikati finally resigned on 23 March 2013. Tammam Salam was tasked to form a new government on 6 April 2013.
Statistics Mauritius
Statistics Mauritius, formerly known as the Central Statistics Office (CSO) until 2000, is the national statistical agency of Mauritius. It operates under the aegis of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development and is responsible for all statistical activities except for fisheries and health statistics which fall under the responsibility of the respective ministry.

According to the Statistics Act No. 38 of 2000, "Statistics Mauritius shall constitute the central statistical authority and depository of all officials statistics produced in Mauritius and as such, shall collect, compile, analyse and disseminate accurate, relevant, timely and high quality statistics and related information on social, demographic, economic and financial activities to serve the needs of public and private users." The headquarters of the statistics office is located in Port Louis.

Ministry of Finance (Mauritius)
The Ministry of Finance of Mauritius is a ministerial department found in the Cabinet of the government of the republic. It is considered as the most executive and important ministry in the cabinet after the Prime Minister's Office. The minister of finance is the most desirable position in the cabinet of the country except of the prime minister. Most of the time being the Deputy Prime Minister or any other senior member of the cabinet. It was created along with the cabinet on 7 July 1968, and since then it has been in the cabinet.

There are other departments falling under the aegis of the office such as economic development or empowerment. The department is not to be confused with the minister of economic planning as the minister of finance is the sole person in charge of the yearly budget for governmental and parliamentary works. The incumbent minister is Navin Ramgoolam who is also the Prime Minister, took office as from 22 November 2024.
Dry Andes
The Dry Andes (Spanish: Andes áridos) is a climatic and glaciological subregion of the Andes. Together with the Wet Andes it is one of the two subregions of the Argentine and Chilean Andes.

The Dry Andes runs from the Atacama Desert in northern Chile and Northwest Argentina south to a latitude of 35°S in Chile. In Argentina the Dry Andes reaches 40°S due to the leeward effect of the Andes. According to Luis Lliboutry
the Dry Andes can be defined by the distribution of penitentes. The southernmost well-developed penitentes are found on Lanín Volcano.

Rock glaciers occur in parts of the Dry Andes, but are lacking in the more southern Wet Andes. In the Dry Andes, ordinary glaciers develop usually at higher altitudes than rock glaciers. Around Aconcagua rock glaciers reach altitudes as a low as 900 m a.s.l.

The Principal Cordillera near Santiago may have been subject to significant glaciation as early as 1 million years ago, as indicated by the development of glacial valleys.

Glaciology
Glaciology (from Latin  glacies 'frost, ice' and Ancient Greek  λόγος (logos) 'subject matter'; lit. 'study of ice') is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, biology, and ecology. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of human geography and anthropology. The discoveries of water ice on the Moon, Mars, Europa and Pluto add an extraterrestrial component to the field, which is referred to as "astroglaciology".
Lee's Family Reunion
Lee's Family Reunion (Chinese: 家和萬事興; pinyin: Jiā Hé Wànshì Xīng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ka Hô Bān-sū Heng) is a Taiwanese Hokkien television series that airs on Sanlih E-Television in Taiwan. The producers received funding from the Government Information Office to produce this series in high definition.

Sanlih E-Television
Sanlih Entertainment Television or Sanlih E-Television (SET; Chinese: 三立電視) is a Taiwanese nationwide cable TV network founded in May 1993. It also produces Taiwanese drama that are broadcast on free-to-air channels like Taiwan Television (TTV).

In terms of political orientation, Sanlih leans heavily towards the Pan-Green Coalition.
Tim Whiten
Tim Whiten RCA (born August 13, 1941) is an American-born Canadian artist who works in the areas of sculpture, drawing, performance art, and multi-media installations, using a wide range of materials. He has also worked as an educator. Whiten, one of Canada's most important contemporary artists, engages with themes of ritual, myth, and alchemy in his work, exploring the transformations inherent in the human experience.

Performance
A performance is an act or process of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other forms of entertainment. It is also defined as the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function.
Jacques François Mouret
Jacques François Mouret (1780–1837) was a French chess master of the early 19th century who became chess tutor of the future Louis Philippe I. He was one of the most successful operators of The Turk, a famous chess-playing automaton.

Café de la Régence
The Café de la Régence (French pronunciation: [kafe d(ə) la ʁeʒɑ̃s]) in Paris was an important European centre of chess in the 18th and 19th centuries. All important chess masters of the time played there.

The Café's masters included, but are not limited to:

Paul Morphy

François-André Danican Philidor

Alexandre Deschapelles

Legall de Kermeur (Philidor's teacher)

Jules Arnous de Rivière

Adolf Anderssen

Samuel Rosenthal

Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant

Lionel Kieseritzky

Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais
Francesco Trabucco
Francesco Trabucco (14 November 1944 – 14 March 2021) was an Italian architect and designer. He was a five-time winner of the Compasso d'Oro.

Trabucco died from COVID-19 in Milan on 14 March 2021, at the age of 76.

Compasso d'Oro
The Compasso d'Oro (Italian pronunciation: [komˈpasso ˈdɔːro]; 'Golden Compass') is an industrial design award which originated in Italy in 1954. Initially sponsored by Milanese department store La Rinascente, the award has been organised and managed by the Associazione per il Disegno Industriale (ADI) since 1964. The Compasso d'Oro is the first and among the most recognized and respected design awards. It aims to acknowledge and promote quality in industrial design in Italy and internationally, and has been called both the "Nobel" and the "Oscar" of design.
Iksha
Iksha (Russian: И́кша) is an urban locality (a work settlement) in Dmitrovsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located 45 kilometers (28 mi) north of Moscow along the Dmitrov highway and the Moscow Canal, and is a junction of the Savyolovo Railway. Population:  3,721 (2010 Census); 3,738 (2002 Census); 4,619 (1989 Soviet census).

The settlement was founded during the construction of the railroad from Moscow to Dmitrov in 1889. It further developed due to the construction of the Moscow Canal in the 1930s. The main point of interest is a cascade of Moscow Canal locks on the Iksha Reservoir built in Socialist Classicism style.

Moscow Canal
The Moscow Canal (Russian: Кана́л и́мени Москвы́), named the Moskva–Volga Canal until 1947, is a canal in Russia that connects the Moskva (river) with the Volga.  It is located in Moscow itself and in the Moscow Oblast. The canal connects to the Moskva River in Tushino (an area in the north-west of Moscow), from which it runs approximately north to meet the Volga River in the town of Dubna, just upstream of the dam of the Ivankovo Reservoir. The length of the canal is 128.1 kilometres (79.6 mi).

It was constructed between 1932 and 1937 by 200,000 gulag prisoners, under direction of the Soviet secret police and Matvei Berman.
The New Gulliver
The New Gulliver (Russian: Новый Гулливер, Novyy Gullivyer) is a Soviet stop motion-animated fantasy adventure film. It was the first to make such extensive use of puppet animation, running almost all the way through the film (it begins and ends with short live-action sequences). The film was released in 1935 to widespread acclaim and earned director Aleksandr Ptushko a special prize at the International Cinema Festival in Milan. The part of Gulliver was played by Vladimir Konstantinov, who was born in 1920 and died in 1944 near Tallinn in the Second World War. This was his first and only film role.

Pioneer movement
A pioneer movement is an organization for children operated by a communist party. Typically children enter into the organization in elementary school and continue until adolescence. The adolescents then typically join the Young Communist League. Prior to the 1990s, there was a wide cooperation between pioneer and similar movements of about 30 countries, coordinated by the international organization, International Committee of Children's and Adolescents' Movements (French: Comité international des mouvements d'enfants et d'adolescents, CIMEA), founded in 1958, with headquarters in Budapest, Hungary.
Max Arthur
Max Arthur OBE (25 February 1939 – 2 May 2019) was a military historian, author and actor who specialised in first-hand recollections of the twentieth century. In particular his works focussed on the First and Second World War.

Weidenfeld & Nicolson
Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd (established 1949), often shortened to W&N or Weidenfeld, is a British publisher of fiction and reference books. It has been a division of the French-owned Orion Publishing Group since 1991.
Wiler railway station
Wiler railway station (German: Bahnhof Wiler) is a railway station in the municipality of Wiler bei Utzenstorf, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Solothurn–Langnau line of BLS AG.

BLS AG
BLS AG is a Swiss railway company created by the 2006 (2006) merger of BLS Lötschbergbahn and Regionalverkehr Mittelland AG. Its ownership is divided, with 55.8% of it owned by the canton of Berne, and 21.7% by the Swiss Confederation. It has two main business fields: passenger traffic and infrastructure.

BLS has a subsidiary—BLS Cargo—which is responsible for all freight operations. BLS Cargo works in cooperation with the freight subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, Railion. However, the staff, apart from management and sales, is employed by BLS AG. Part of the BLS locomotive fleet is owned by BLS Cargo.

Another subsidiary, BLS Fernverkehr AG, is responsible for long-distance passenger transport. BLS Fernverkehr AG is wholly owned by BLS AG.
Stardom to the World
Stardom to the World (世界へのスターダム, Sekai e no sutādamu) was a professional wrestling event promoted by World Wonder Ring Stardom. The event took place on September 6, 2025, in Yokohama, Japan, at the Yokohama Budokan.

Eleven matches were contested at the event, including three on the pre-show. In the main event, Saya Kamitani defeated Bea Priestley to retain the World of Stardom Championship. In other prominent matches, Starlight Kid defeated Tomoka Inaba to retain the Wonder of Stardom Championship, and Sareee defeated Suzu Suzuki to retain the IWGP Women's Championship.

IWGP Women's Championship
The IWGP Women's Championship (Japanese: IWGP女子王座, Hepburn: IWGP Joshi Ōza) is a women's professional wrestling world championship owned by the New Japan Pro-Wrestling promotion. The title is defended on shows promoted by NJPW in Japan, with talent from NJPW's sister promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom featuring as its primary contenders. The inaugural champion was Kairi. The reigning champion is Syuri, who is in her second reign.
Geographical distribution of German speakers
This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the German language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken. In addition to the Germanosphere (German: Deutscher Sprachraum) in Europe, German-speaking minorities are present in many other countries and on all six inhabited continents.

Mostly depending on the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties with a disputed status as separate languages or which were later acknowledged as separate languages (e.g., Low German/Plautdietsch), it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language, 10–25 million as a second language, and 75–100 million as a foreign language. This would imply approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide.

Second language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home country, or a foreign language.

A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable with, is not necessarily the speaker's first language. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "What is the language that this person first learned at home in childhood and still understands?", recognizing that for some, the earliest language may be lost, a process known as language attrition. This can happen when young children start school or move to a new language environment.
Eleutherodactylus diplasius
Eleutherodactylus diplasius, the patternless whistling frog, is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. A native of Haiti, it can be found in the Tiburon Peninsula northwest, to the Massif de la Hotte. It has an estimated polygon range of about 814 km2 (314 sq mi), spanning an elevational range of up to 1,207 m (3,960 ft) asl. In July 2011 it was found in at Morne Deux Mamelles.

Eleutherodactylidae
The Eleutherodactylidae are a family of direct-developing frogs native to northern South America, the Caribbean, and southernmost North America. They are sometimes known under the common name rain frogs. Formerly the subfamily Eleutherodactylinae of the family Leptodactylidae, it was raised to the family status following a major revision of New World direct-developing frogs in 2008. As currently defined, the family has more than 200 species (as of 2014, 206 or 207 species).

Eleutherodactylid frogs vary considerably in size, from the minuscule Eleutherodactylus iberia (female snout–vent length 10.5 mm (0.41 in)) to the relative giant E. inoptatus (female snout–vent length 88 mm (3.5 in)). Except for the ovoviviparous E. jasperi, these frogs have direct development:  no free-living tadpole stage exists; instead, eggs develop directly into small froglets.
Taxation of illegal income in the United States
Taxation of illegal income in the United States arises from the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, enacted by the U.S. Congress in part for the purpose of taxing net income. As such, a person's taxable income will generally be subject to the same federal income tax rules, regardless of whether the income was obtained legally or illegally.

Internal Revenue Code
The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States. It is codified in statute as Title 26 of the United States Code. The IRC is organized topically into subtitles and sections, covering federal income tax in the United States, payroll taxes, estate taxes, gift taxes, and excise taxes; as well as procedure and administration. The Code's implementing federal agency is the Internal Revenue Service.
Lesser Poland dialect group
The Lesser Polish dialect group (Polish: dialekt małopolski) is a  of dialect group of the Polish language used in Lesser Poland. The exact area is difficult to delineate due to the expansion of its features and the existence of transitional subdialects.

The common traits of the Lesser Polish dialect include:

mazurzenie

regressive voicing of obstruents, including across word boundaries; e.g.: kot leci [kɔd ˈlɛt͡ɕi] (standard Polish: [kɔt ˈlɛt͡ɕi])

differentiated nasalisation (or lack thereof) of /ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/ in different parts of the area

merger of stop+fricative consonant clusters into affricates; e.g.: trzysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] (standard Polish: [ˈtʂɨsta] or [ˈt͡ʂʂɨsta])

frequent usage of initial syllable stress, also oxytonic stress in vocative case (as opposed to paroxytonic stress common in other varieties of Polish)

frequent usage of grammatical particle "że" in imperative mood ("weźże" vs. "weź" – take)

Nasalization
In phonetics, nasalisation (or nasalization in American English) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is [n].

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, nasalisation is indicated by printing a tilde diacritic U+0303 ◌̃ COMBINING TILDE above the symbol for the sound to be nasalised: [ã] is the nasalised equivalent of [a], and [ṽ] is the nasalised equivalent of [v]. Although not IPA, a subscript diacritic [ą], called an ogonek, is sometimes seen, especially when the vowel bears tone marks that would stack with the superscript tilde. For example, ⟨ą̄ ą́ ą̀ ą̂ ą̌⟩ are more legible than stacked ⟨ã̄ ã́ ã̀ ã̂ ã̌⟩. The subscript ogonek is also the preferred diacritic for nasalisation by Americanists.
Michael A. Dornheim Award
The Michael A. Dornheim Award is presented in honor of the late Michael Dornheim, a longtime reporter and editor at Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine.

The award is presented annually as part of the National Press Club's journalism awards, which recognizes and honors professional journalists for their outstanding work for the public, either independently or as employees of editorially-independent news and media entities. The recipient must be a working journalist writing about aerospace, defense, the airline industry, or aerospace science and engineering. Entrants may enter up to 6 examples of work, and the winner receives a $1,000 prize.

National Press Club (United States)
The National Press Club is a professional organization and social community in Washington, D.C., for journalists and communications professionals. It hosts public and private gatherings with invited speakers from public life. The club also offers event space to outside groups to host business meetings, news conferences, industry gatherings, and social events. It was founded in 1908.

The club has been visited by most U.S. presidents; since Warren Harding, many have also been members and spoken from the club's podium. Others who have appeared at the club include monarchs, prime ministers, premiers, members of Congress, Cabinet officials, ambassadors, scholars, entertainers, business leaders, and athletes. The club's emblem is the owl, in deference to wisdom, awareness and nights spent working.
NZR D class
The New Zealand Railways Department operated two classes of steam locomotives that were classified as the D class:

NZR D class (1874) - 33 2-4-0T tank locomotives

NZR D class (1929) - 1 experimental 0-4-0T locomotive

The D class unpowered suburban passenger coach, together with a powered DM class, make up a type of electric multiple unit used in the Wellington area.

NZR D class (1874)
NZR D class steam tank locomotives operated on New Zealand's national railway network.  The first entered service in 1874 all had been withdrawn by the end of 1927, which allowed the D classification to be used again in 1929.
Receptron
The receptron (short for "reservoir perceptron") is a neuromorphic data processing model — specifically neuromorphic computing — that generalizes the traditional  perceptron, by incorporating non-linear interactions between inputs. Unlike classical perceptron, which rely on linearly independent weights, the receptron leverages complexity in physical substrates, such as the electric conduction properties of nanostructured materials or optical speckle fields, to perform classification tasks. The receptron bridges unconventional computing and neural network principles, enabling solutions that do not require the training approaches typical of artificial neural networks based on the perceptron model.

Neural network (biology)
A neural network, also called a neuronal network, is an interconnected population of neurons (typically containing multiple neural circuits). Biological neural networks are studied to understand the organization and functioning of nervous systems.

Closely related are artificial neural networks, machine learning models inspired by biological neural networks. They consist of artificial neurons, which are mathematical functions that are designed to be analogous to the mechanisms used by neural circuits.
Jane Kabajungu Bainomugisha
Jane Kabajungu Bainomugisha (born on 10 December 1980) is a Uganda politician and woman member of parliament for Ibanda District in the eleventh Parliament of Uganda under the National Resistance Movement political party.

Parliament of Uganda
The Parliament of Uganda is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Uganda. One of its primary functions is to pass laws that support effective governance in the country. Government ministers are required to answer to the people's representatives on the floor of the house and may be appointed from amongst its members.

Through the various parliamentary committees, parliament scrutinises government programmes, particularly as outlined in the State of the Nation address by the president. Fiscal matters, such as taxation and loans, require parliamentary approval after appropriate debate.Parliament also holds the authority to confirm certain presidential nominations and, through a motion of censure, may compel a Minister to resign.
Fenghuang
Fenghuang (/fʌŋˈwɑːŋ/ fung-HWAHNG) are mythological birds featuring in traditions throughout the Sinosphere. Fenghuang are understood to reign over all other birds: males and females were originally termed feng and huang respectively, but a gender distinction is typically no longer made, and fenghuang are generally considered a feminine entity to be paired with the traditionally masculine Chinese dragon.

In the West, they are commonly called Chinese phoenixes, although mythological similarities with the Western/Persian phoenix are superficial.

Dragon (zodiac)
The Dragon (simplified Chinese: 龙; traditional Chinese: 龍; pinyin: lóng; Jyutping: lung; Cantonese Yale: lùhng) is the fifth of the 12-year cycle of animals that appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Dragon is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 辰 (pinyin: chén).

It has been proposed that the Earthly Branch character may have been associated with scorpions; it may have symbolized the star Antares. In the Buddhist calendar used in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, the dragon is replaced by the nāga. In the Gurung zodiac, the dragon is replaced by the eagle. In the Old Turkic calendar it is replaced by a fish or crocodile. Early Persian translations of the medieval period change the dragon to a sea serpent, although in current times it is generally referred to as whale.

During China's Cultural Revolution, there was an attempt to replace the dragon with the giant panda; however, the movement was short lived.