hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bar–Virpazar railway
Bar–Virpazar railway was an isolated narrow-gauge railway in Montenegro between the towns of Bar and Virpazar. It was opened in 1908, and was the first railway built in the Principality of Montenegro. It connected the Port of Bar on the Adriatic coast with the Virpazar port on the Lake Skadar. Total length of the line was 43.3 km on the 750 mm gauge rail. It was abandoned in 1959 when the standard-gauge railway Bar–Titograd (now part of the Belgrade–Bar railway) was opened to traffic.

Port of Bar
The Port of Bar (Montenegrin: Luka Bar, Лука Бар, MNSE: LUBA Archived 2013-07-07 at the Wayback Machine) is Montenegro's main sea port. It is located in Bar.

The EU believes that the Port of Bar is one of the essential elements of transport, and therefore the economy of Montenegro, with almost all overseas trade goods being carried through it.
Vaiphei language
Vaiphei is a Sino-Tibetan language belonging to the Zo-Mizo linguistic subbranch of the Tibeto-Burman group of languages. It is spoken mainly in the Indian state of Manipur and minutely in Mizoram, Assam, Meghalaya, and Tripura. The dialect spoken in Manipur exhibits a least partial mutual intelligibility with the other Zo-Mizo dialects of the area including Thadou, Hmar, Paite, Simte, Mizo and Gangte languages.

Tibeto-Burman languages
The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non-Chinese members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, Burmese and the Tibetic languages, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail.

Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree.
Separation (1967 film)
Separation is a 1967 British experimental psychological drama film directed by Jack Bond and starring Jane Arden, David de Keyser, Ann Lynn and Iain Quarrier. It was written by Arden. The mostly black and white film occasionally cuts to colour sequences.

Stanley Myers
Stanley Myers (6 October 1930 – 9 November 1993) was an English composer and conductor, who scored over sixty films and television series, working closely with filmmakers Nicolas Roeg, Jerzy Skolimowski and Volker Schlöndorff. He is best known for his guitar piece "Cavatina", composed for the 1970 film The Walking Stick and later used as the theme for The Deer Hunter. He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music for Wish You Were Here (1987), and was an early collaborator with and mentor of Hans Zimmer.
2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group B
Group B of the 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying competition consisted of six teams: Germany, Poland, Israel, Hungary, Latvia, and San Marino. The composition of the nine groups in the qualifying group stage was decided by the draw held on 28 January 2021, 12:00 CET (UTC+1), at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, with the teams seeded according to their coefficient ranking.

Poland national under-21 football team
The Poland national under-21 football team (Polish: Reprezentacja Polski U-21 w piłce nożnej) is the national under-21 football team of Poland and is controlled by the Polish Football Association.

This team is for Polish players aged 21 or under at the start of a two-year European Under-21 Championship campaign, so players can be, and often are, up to 23 years old.

The performance of Poland in the U-21 Euro is used to decide if Poland can qualify for the Summer Olympics. Since the team's foundation, Poland only managed to qualify once, the 1992 Summer Olympics thanked for having the best coefficence point among losing quarter-finalists in the 1992 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, but managed to finish second in the tournament.
Solvent dye
A solvent dye is a dye soluble in organic solvents. It is usually used as a solution in an organic solvent.

Solvent dyes are used to color organic solvents, hydrocarbon fuels, waxes, lubricants, plastics, and other hydrocarbon-based nonpolar materials. Fuel dyes are one use of solvent dyes. Their molecules are typically nonpolar or little polar, and they do not undergo ionization. They are insoluble in water. They form a colloidal solution in solvents. They have poor (basic dyes) to good (metal complex based) light fastness.

Solvent dyes are used for gold imitation (and other transparent metallic effects) of metallized polyester films. Also used in marking inks, inkjet inks, glass coloration, and so on.

Names of solvent dyes are often generic, of the scheme "solvent <color> <number>", e.g. Solvent Red 24, Solvent Red 26, Solvent Red 164, Solvent Yellow 124, Solvent Blue 35, etc.

Red and yellow solvent dyes are often azo dyes, green and blue ones tend to be anthraquinone dyes.

Azo dye
Azo dyes are organic compounds bearing the functional group R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ are usually aryl and substituted aryl groups. They are a commercially important family of azo compounds, i.e. compounds containing the C−N=N−C linkage. Azo dyes are synthetic dyes and do not occur naturally. Most azo dyes contain only one azo group but there are some that contain two or three azo groups, called "diazo dyes" and "triazo dyes" respectively. Azo dyes comprise 60–70% of all dyes used in food and textile industries. Azo dyes are widely used to treat textiles,  leather articles, and some foods. Chemically related derivatives of azo dyes include azo pigments, which are insoluble in water and other solvents.
Désiré Olivier Bourbeau
Désiré Olivier Bourbeau (21 September 1834 – 21 December 1900) was a Canadian politician and merchant.

The son of L. Bourbeau and Édesse Gauvreau, Bourbeau established himself as a merchant in Victoriaville. He married M.B. Bouchard. Bourbeau was a director of the Arthabaska Building Society, the Arthabaska Agricultural Society and the Mutual Insurance Company. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1877 in a by-election as a Member of the Conservative Party to represent the riding of Drummond—Arthabaska. He was re-elected in 1878 and 1882. Besides his federal political career, he was also mayor of Arthabaska, Quebec.

1882 Canadian federal election
The 1882 Canadian federal election was held on June 20, 1882, to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 5th Parliament of Canada.

Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservatives and Liberal-Conservatives retained power, defeating the Liberal Party of Edward Blake.
Keith Stattenfield
Keith Stattenfield is a senior Apple Computer software engineer.  He started at Apple Computer in 1989 in the Information Systems & Technology group, then worked on the Macintosh operating system starting in 1995, from the Mac OS 7.5 release on. He led the Netbooting project starting in Mac OS 8.6, and then served as the overall technical lead of Mac OS 9. His California license plate reads "MAC OS 9".

In 2001, he was ranked 14 on the MDJ POWER 25, a list of the most influential people in the Macintosh community.

He has often presented at conferences such as Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference and MacHack (convention).

Keith has a Public-access television show and web site called Keith Explains.  He is also a frequent guest on the show John Wants Answers.

MacHack
MacHack was a Macintosh software developers conference first held in 1986 in Ann Arbor, Michigan in partnership with the University of Michigan. The conference was organized and operated by Expotech, Inc. The final (18th) MacHack conference took place on June 19–21, 2003. In 2004 the conference was renamed ADHOC (The Advanced Developers Hands On Conference). 2005 was the last year of the ADHOC conference.
Wing, Rutland
Wing is a village and civil parish in the East Midlands county of Rutland, England. The population was 315 at the 2001 census and 314 at that of 2011. It features a fine church and a labyrinth made of turf. Rutland Water reservoir is nearby.

East Midlands
The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England. It comprises the eastern half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands. It consists of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire (except for North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire), Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, and Rutland. The region has a land area of 15,623 km2 (6,032 sq mi), with an estimated population 5,063,164 in 2024. With a sufficiency-level world city ranking, Nottingham is the only settlement in the region to be classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.

The main cities in the region are Derby, Leicester, Lincoln and Nottingham. The largest towns in these counties are Boston, Chesterfield, Coalville, Corby, Glossop, Grantham, Kettering, Loughborough, Newark-on-Trent, Northampton, Mansfield, Oakham, Swadlincote and Wellingborough.
Citizens' List (Luxembourg)
The Citizens' List (Luxembourgish: Biergerlëscht, French: Liste des citoyens) is a Luxembourgian political party.  It was founded in the run-up to the 2009 Chamber of Deputies election and European election.  It ran in two circonscriptions; in Sud, the list was to be headed by Aly Jaerling, then an independent member of the Chamber of Deputies, whilst, in Nord, it was led by Jean Ersfeld, formerly leader of the Free Party of Luxembourg.

The party stands for increased pension rights, following on from Jaerling's former membership of the (formerly single-issue) Alternative Democratic Reform Party; social justice; and an anti-establishment opposition to the major political parties.

Anti-establishment
An anti-establishment view or belief is one which stands in opposition to the conventional social, political, and economic principles of a society. The term was first used in the modern sense in 1958 by the British magazine New Statesman to refer to its political and social agenda. Antiestablishmentarianism (or anti-establishmentarianism) is an expression for such a political philosophy. Anti-establishment positions vary depending on political orientation. For example, during the protests of 1968, anti-establishment positions generally emerged from left-wing, socialist, and anarchist circles. In the 2010s, however, anti-establishment positions generally emerged from right-wing populist circles.
Twin Prime Search
Twin Prime Search (TPS) is a volunteer computing project that looks for large twin primes. It uses the programs LLR (for primality testing) and NewPGen (for sieving). It was founded on April 13, 2006, by Michael Kwok. In number theory, it is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes, and this is known as the twin prime conjecture.

Volunteer computing
Volunteer computing is a type of distributed computing in which people donate their computers' unused resources to a research-oriented project, sometimes in exchange for credit points. The fundamental idea behind it is that a modern desktop computer is sufficiently powerful to perform billions of operations a second, but for most users only between 10–15% of its capacity is used. Common tasks such as word processing or web browsing leave the computer mostly idle.

The practice of volunteer computing, which dates back to the mid-1990s, can potentially make substantial processing power available to researchers at minimal cost. Typically, a program running on a volunteer's computer periodically contacts a research application to request jobs and report results. A middleware system usually serves as an intermediary.
John Saville
John Saville (born Orestis Stamatopoulos; 2 April 1916 – 13 June 2009) was a Greek-British Marxist historian, long associated with the University of Hull. He was an influential writer on British labour history in the second half of the twentieth century, and also known for his multi-volume work, the Dictionary of Labour Biography, edited in collaboration with others.

University of Hull
The University of Hull is a public research university in Kingston upon Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was founded in 1927 as University College Hull. The main university campus is located in Hull and is home to the Hull York Medical School, a joint initiative with the University of York. Students are served by Hull University Union.

The first chancellor of the university was Lord Middleton (1954–1969), followed by Lord Cohen (1970–1977), Lord Wilberforce (1978–1994), Lord Armstrong (1994–2006) and Virginia Bottomley (Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone) (2006–2023). Alan Johnson was installed as the current chancellor in July 2023.
Odakyu 3100 series NSE
The Odakyu 3100 series (小田急3100形, Odakyū 3100-gata) or NSE (New Super Express) was an articulated electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Odakyu Electric Railway on Romancecar services in the Tokyo area of Japan between 1963 and 2000.

It won the Blue Ribbon Award in 1964.

Articulated car
Articulated cars are rail vehicles which consist of a number of cars which are semi-permanently attached to each other and share common Jacobs bogies or axles and/or have car elements without axles suspended by the neighbouring car elements.  They are much longer than single passenger cars. Because of the difficulty and cost of separating each car from the next, they are operated as a single unit, often called a trainset.
Nigerian English
Nigerian English, also known as Nigerian Standard English, is a variety of English spoken in Nigeria. Based on British English, the dialect contains various loanwords and collocations from the native languages of Nigeria, due to the need to express concepts specific to the cultures of ethnic groups in the nation (e.g. senior wife).

Nigerian Pidgin, a pidgin derived from English, is mostly used in informal conversations, but the Nigerian Standard English is used in politics, formal education, the media, and other official uses.

Collocation
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation is a type of compositional phraseme, meaning that it can be understood from the words that make it up. This contrasts with an idiom, where the meaning of the whole cannot be inferred from its parts, and may be completely unrelated.

There are about seven main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), noun + verb, verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.

Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.
Chorale partita
A chorale partita is a large-scale multimovement piece of music based on a chorale and written for a keyboard instrument. It represents a fusion of two forms of keyboard music: the north German chorale prelude and the Italian variation canzona. The first movement is a harmonization of the germinating chorale, while the subsequent movements are variations on the chorale melody and harmonization, using a variety of textures and figuration. Chorale partitas are generally played on the organ or harpsichord. The chorale partita was a popular style during the middle and late Baroque era. Georg Böhm is credited as the inventor of the chorale partita, and Johann Pachelbel and Johann Sebastian Bach also wrote many of these works.

Harmonization
In music, harmonization is the chordal accompaniment to a line or melody: "Using chords and melodies together, making harmony by stacking scale tones as triads".

A harmonized scale can be created by using each note of a musical scale as a root note for a chord and then by taking other tones within the scale building the rest of a chord.
For example, using an Ionian (major scale)

the root note would become the I major chord,

the second note the ii minor chord,

the third note the iii minor chord,

the fourth note the IV major chord,

the fifth note the V major chord (or even a dominant 7th),

the sixth note the vi minor chord,

the seventh note the vii diminished chord and

the octave would be a I major chord.

Using the minor (aeolian mode) one would have:

i minor,

ii diminished,

(♭)III major,

iv minor,

v minor,

(♭)VI major,

(♭)VII major and

the i minor an octave higher.
Quiet Man Cottage Museum
The Quiet Man Cottage Museum is a museum located in Cong, County Mayo, Ireland. It is a replica of the cottage used in John Ford's 1951 film The Quiet Man starring John Wayne, Maureen O'Hara and Barry Fitzgerald. It is typical of the Irish cottage of the 1820s featuring a thatched roof with an emerald green half door and whitewashed facade.

The ground floor of the "'White-o-Morn' Cottage" has been reproduced as an identical replica of the original Hollywood film set. Much care was taken to accurately replicate the furnishings, artifacts and costumes on display. These items include the table and chairs, and four-poster bed, so appreciated by Mary Kate Danaher, the character played by Maureen O'Hara.

The museum houses a large collection of newspaper cuttings from 1951 that recount what life was like when Hollywood descended on Cong. The costumes on display were made by the same company who made the original ones for the film: O'Maille's of Galway.

Barry Fitzgerald
William Joseph Shields (10 March 1888 – 4 January 1961), known professionally as Barry Fitzgerald, was an Irish stage, film, and television actor. In a career spanning almost forty years, he appeared in such notable films as Bringing Up Baby (1938), The Long Voyage Home (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941), The Sea Wolf (1941), Going My Way (1944), None but the Lonely Heart (1944), and The Quiet Man (1952). For Going My Way, he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and was simultaneously nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the same performance. In 2020, he was listed at number 11 on The Irish Times list of Ireland's greatest film actors.
Amblyomma varium
Amblyomma varium, or carrapato-gigante-da-preguiça (sloth's giant tick), is a species of hard-backed ticks of the genus Amblyomma, a blood feeding parasite. The adult stage of this tick is specific to the sloths Bradypus tridactylus, Bradypus variegatus, Bradypus torquatus, Choloepus hoffmanni and Choloepus didactylus, with others being considered only incidental infections. It can be found in South America.

Linnaeus's two-toed sloth
Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), also known as the southern two-toed sloth, unau, or Linne's two-toed sloth is a species of sloth from South America, found in Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil north of the Amazon River. There is now evidence suggesting the species' range expands into Bolivia. It's the largest extant sloth species.
Dorothy Weyer Creigh
Dorothy Weyer Creigh (born 12/4/21, Hastings, Nebraska; died 1/2/82, Hastings) was a historian who specialized in the history of Nebraska.  She is listed by Lincoln City Libraries as a significant Nebraska author.

Creigh was chosen to write the story of Nebraska that was published by W.W. Norton as part of their 50-state series to mark the United States Bicentennial of 1976.  She won the Mari Sandoz Award from the Nebraska Library Association in 1981.

W. W. Norton & Company
W. W. Norton & Company is an American publishing company based in New York City. Established in 1923, it has been owned wholly by its employees since the early 1960s. The company is known for its Norton Anthologies (particularly The Norton Anthology of English Literature) and its texts in the Norton Critical Editions series, both of which are frequently assigned in university literature courses.
Hamiltonian complexity
Hamiltonian complexity or quantum Hamiltonian complexity is a topic which deals with problems in quantum complexity theory and condensed matter physics. It mostly studies constraint satisfaction problems related to ground states of local Hamiltonians; that is, Hermitian matrices that act locally on a system of interest. The constraint satisfaction problems in quantum Hamiltonian complexity have led to the quantum version of the Cook–Levin theorem. Quantum Hamiltonian complexity has helped physicists understand the difficulty of simulating physical systems.

Hermitian matrix
In mathematics, a Hermitian matrix (or self-adjoint matrix) is a  square matrix that is equal to its own conjugate transpose—that is, the element in the i-th row and j-th column is equal to the complex conjugate of the element in the j-th row and i-th column, for all indices i and j. In index form, or in matrix form:

Hermitian matrices can be understood as the complex extension of real symmetric matrices.

If the conjugate transpose of a matrix  is denoted by  then the Hermitian property can be written concisely as

Hermitian matrices are named after Charles Hermite, who demonstrated in 1855 that matrices of this form share a property with real symmetric matrices of always having real eigenvalues. Other, equivalent notations in common use are  although in quantum mechanics,  typically means the complex conjugate only, and not the conjugate transpose.
Nordfjord District Court
Nordfjord District Court (Norwegian: Nordfjord tingrett) was a district court in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The court was based in the village of Nordfjordeid. The court existed from 1591 until 2005. The court had jurisdiction over the municipalities located in the Nordfjord region. This included the municipalities of Selje, Vågsøy, Bremanger, Eid, Gloppen, Hornindal, and Stryn. Cases from this court could be appealed to Gulating Court of Appeal.

The court was a court of first instance. Its judicial duties were mainly to settle criminal cases and to resolve civil litigation as well as bankruptcy. The administration and registration tasks of the court included death registration, issuing certain certificates, performing duties of a notary public, and officiating civil wedding ceremonies. Cases from this court were heard by a combination of professional judges and lay judges.

Lay judge
A lay judge, sometimes called a lay assessor, is a person assisting a judge in a trial. Lay judges are used in some civil law jurisdictions. Lay judges are appointed volunteers and often require some legal instruction. However, they are not permanent officers. They attend proceedings about once a month, and often receive only nominal or "costs covered" pay. Lay judges are usually used when the country does not have juries. Lay judges may be randomly selected for a single trial (as jurors are), or politically appointed. In the latter case they may usually not be rejected by the prosecution, the defense, or the permanent judges. Lay judges are similar to magistrates of England and Wales, but magistrates sit about twice as often.
Feyzabad-e Now
Feyzabad-e Now (Persian: فيض ابادنو, also Romanized as Feyẕābād-e Now; also known as Feyẕābād-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Tirjerd Rural District, in the Central District of Abarkuh County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25, in 8 families.

Yazd province
Yazd province (Persian: استان یزد) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran and is in the center of the country. Its capital is the city of Yazd. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5. The province has an area of 76,469 km2.