hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abstract interpretation
In computer science, abstract interpretation is a theory of sound approximation of the semantics of computer programs, based on monotonic functions over ordered sets, especially lattices. It can be viewed as a partial execution of a computer program which gains information about its semantics (e.g., control-flow, data-flow) without performing all the calculations.

Its main concrete application is formal static analysis, the automatic extraction of information about the possible executions of computer programs; such analyses have two main usages:

inside compilers, to analyse programs to decide whether certain optimizations or transformations are applicable;

for debugging or even the certification of programs against classes of bugs.

Abstract interpretation was formalized by the French computer scientist working couple Patrick Cousot and Radhia Cousot in the late 1970s.

Execution (computing)
In computing, execution is the process by which a computer program is processed to perform the actions that it encodes. As the processor follows the program instructions, effects are produced in accordance with the semantics of those instructions. The term run is generally synonymous. The act of starting execution is often called launching or invoking in addition to executing and running.

An execution processor comes in many forms. A machine code program may be executed via the programmable interface of a computer where execution involves repeatedly following a fetch–decode–execute cycle for each program instruction executed by the control unit. Source code may be executed by interpreter software. A program may be executed in a batch process without human interaction or a user may type commands in an interactive session.
Malaysia Federal Route 109
Federal Route 109, or Jalan Sungai Perak Kanan or Jalan Sungai Manik, is a federal road in Perak, Malaysia. It is also a main route to Pasir Salak Historical Complex in Pasir Salak.

The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 109 is located at Bota Kanan, at its junction with the Federal Route 5, the main trunk road of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Pasir Salak
Pasir Salak is a mukim and historical riverside town in Perak Tengah District, Perak, Malaysia, about 45 minutes from the state capital, Ipoh.

The British colonial official J.W.W. Birch, who had been sent to take up the position of the first British Resident in Perak, was assassinated at Pasir Salak as the result of a conspiracy involving the local chiefs Dato Maharaja Lela and Sepuntum. The British responded to Birch's assassination with a military intervention during the Perak War.

Today, Pasir Salak is also the name of the parliamentary constituency.
Vistulan Boulevards, Kraków
The Vistulan Boulevards are historical hydraulic boulevards used for flood management in Kraków, Poland. The boulevards are structured from retaining walls (an upper, high and lower which is used to channel the river channel), allowing the boulevards to perform a river port function. The nineteenth- and twentieth-century boulevards are used for flood management, namely during the floods of 1970, 1997, and 2010.

The boulevards around the river channel of the Vistula and the Rudawa are part of an area of parkland, being a popular recreational area for Cracovians and tourists alike. The boulevards are pedestrianised, with bicycle routes.

Channel (geography)
In physical geography and hydrology, a channel is a landform on which a relatively narrow body of water is situated, such as a river, river delta or strait. While channel typically refers to a natural formation, the cognate term canal denotes a similar artificial structure.

Channels are important for the functionality of ports and other bodies of water used for navigability for shipping. Naturally, channels will change their depth and capacity due to erosion and deposition processes. Humans maintain navigable channels by dredging and other engineering processes.

By extension, the term also applies to fluids other than water, e.g., lava channels.
The term is also traditionally used to describe the waterless surface features on Venus.
Mymensingh Museum
Mymensingh Museum (Bengali: ময়মনসিংহ জাদুঘর) is located at the Baganbari of zamindar Madan Babu at 17 Amrita Babu Road, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The museum, which began as an important regional institution for preservation of locally collected historical evidence, lacks proper preservation.  Its objective is to preserve the rare and unique relics of local architecture, sculpture, metal works, utensils, handwritten scripts on paper and leaf, and commercial products.  Collected from the palaces of Mymensingh District zamindars, the museum's initial collection included 214 articles. They are housed in three rooms within the museum.

Mymensingh District
Mymensingh District (Bengali: ময়মনসিংহ জেলা) is a district in Mymensingh Division Bangladesh, and is bordered in the north by Meghalaya, India and the Garo Hills, in the south by Gazipur District, in the east by the districts of Netrokona and Kishoreganj and in the west by the districts of Sherpur, Jamalpur and Tangail. Mymensingh is the 8th administrative divisional headquarters and 12th city corporation of Bangladesh. According to Ministry of Public Administration, Mymensingh is ranked 4th in district status. The density of Mymensingh city is 44,458/km2 (115,150/sq mi) which is the second most densely populated city in Bangladesh. Mymensingh attracts 25 percent of health tourists visiting Bangladesh. It was once known as the largest district of the Indian subcontinent. Mymensingh town is the district headquarters.
Brandywine Community Schools
Brandywine Community Schools is a public school district in the Michiana region of Michigan. In Berrien County, it serves parts of Bertrand Township and Niles Township. In Cass County, it serves part of Milton Township.

Cass County, Michigan
Cass County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 51,589. Its county seat is Cassopolis. Cass County is included in the South Bend-Mishawaka metropolitan area which has a total population of 316,663 and is considered part of the Michiana region.
Arthur Staples
Arthur Staples (4 February 1899 – 9 September 1965) was an English first-class cricketer active 1924–38 who played for Nottinghamshire. He was born in Newstead, Nottinghamshire and died in Redhill, Nottinghamshire. He played in 358 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman, scoring 12,762 runs with a highest score of 153*; and as a right-arm medium pace bowler, taking 635 wickets with a best performance of seven for 20. He was awarded his county cap in 1926 and a benefit season in 1937. Staples played football in the Football League as a goalkeeper for Mansfield Town and Notts County.

Newstead, Nottinghamshire
Newstead is a village and civil parish in Nottinghamshire, England in the borough of Gedling. It is situated between the city of Nottingham and the towns of Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Sutton-in-Ashfield and Hucknall.

A former coal mining village, and previously called Newstead Colliery Village. Lord Byron, the poet, lived at nearby Newstead Abbey. The parish is part of Nottinghamshire's Hidden Valleys. It had at the 2001 census a population of 1,194, increasing to 1,312 at the 2011 census, and 1,333 at the 2021 census.

Newstead Primary School is a state run primary school for children aged 5 to 11.

Newstead railway station is on the Robin Hood Line, which runs from Nottingham to Worksop.
Sherburne, New York
Sherburne is a town in Chenango County, New York, United States. The population was 4,048 at the 2010 census. The town contains two villages, Sherburne and Earlville. The town is at the northern border of Chenango County.

Chenango River
The Chenango River is a 90-mile-long (140 km) tributary of the Susquehanna River in central New York in the United States. It drains a dissected plateau area in upstate New York at the northern end of the Susquehanna watershed.

Named after the Oneida word for bull thistle,  in the 19th century the Chenango furnished a critical link in the canal system of the northeastern United States. The Chenango Canal, built from 1836–1837 between Utica and Binghamton, connected the Erie Canal in the north to the Susquehanna River. The canal was rendered obsolete by railroads and was abandoned in 1878.

Flooding is often a concern during the spring and fall.
Norbury
Norbury is an town and suburb in south London. It shares the postcode London SW16 with neighbouring Streatham. The area is mainly in the borough of Croydon, with some parts extending into the neighbouring borough of Lambeth. Norbury is 6.7 miles (10.8 km) south of Charing Cross.

SW postcode area
The SW (South Western) postcode area, also known as the London SW postcode area, is a group of 20 postcode districts within the London post town in England. The area comprises the South Western operational district (covering the subdivisions of postcode district SW1, plus SW2 - SW10) and the Battersea operational district (covering SW11 - SW20), and is the only area within the London post town to lie on both sides of the River Thames.

Mail for the area is sorted at the Jubilee Mail Centre in Hounslow, along with mail for the TW, KT and GU postcode areas.
Leakey (crater)
Leakey is a small, undistinguished lunar impact crater that is located in an area of rough terrain in the eastern part of the Moon. It was named after British archaeologist Louis Leakey.

The immediate area is not notable for crater features, although some distance to the southwest is the crater pair of Capella and Isidorus. In the surface between this pair and Leakey is a system of rilles designated the Rimae Gutenberg that follow a course to the southeast.

Leakey is a circular, bowl-shaped formation that is symmetrical and not significantly eroded. The inner walls slope down to a ring of low albedo material having a diameter about half that of the crater. The rim is not notably eroded and the crater has no other features of interest.

Rille
Rille /ˈrɪl/ (German for 'groove') is typically used to describe any of the long, narrow depressions in the surface of the Moon that resemble channels. The Latin term is rima, plural rimae. Typically, a rille can be several kilometers wide and hundreds of kilometers in length. However, the term has also been used loosely to describe similar structures on a number of planets in the Solar System, including Mars, Venus, and on a number of moons. All bear a structural resemblance to each other.
Van Oosten
Van Oosten is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from the east". People with the surname include:

Ben van Oosten (born 1955), Dutch classical organist, academic and writer

Foort van Oosten (born 1977), Dutch VVD politician

Gerrit Willem van Oosten de Bruyn (1727–1797), Dutch lawyer

Gertrude van der Oosten or Geertrui van Oosten (ca.1320–1358), Dutch Beguine and mystic

Izaak van Oosten (1613–1661), Flemish landscape and cabinet painter

Keetie van Oosten-Hage (born 1949), Dutch racing cyclist

Lauren van Oosten (born 1978), Canadian swimmer

Marion Van Oosten (1914–2010), American ten-pin bowler

Marsel van Oosten (born 1967), Dutch photographer

Roald van Oosten (born 1969), Composer and musician

Van Oost

Jacob van Oost (1603–1671), Flemish history and portrait painter

Jacob van Oost the Younger (1639–1713), Flemish portrait and genre painter, son of the above

Dominique van Oost (1677–1738), Flemish portrait painter, son of the above

Jacob van Oost the Younger
Jacob van Oost the Younger (1639–1713 in Bruges), was a Flemish Baroque painter.

According to the Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie, he was a pupil of his father Jacob sr. and brother to the painter Willem van Oost. He is known for portraits and genre works.
Wicks (hairstyle)
Wicks (also referred to as bonks or globs) are a hairstyle originating in South Florida by Haitians. This hairstyle is prevalent amongst African Americans. The hairstyle originated from Afro-Caribbean people involved in the Hip-Hop community as well as related subgenres in Florida.

Haitians
Haitians (Haitian Creole: Ayisyen, French: Haïtiens) are the citizens and nationals of Haiti. The Haitian people have their origins in West and Central Africa with the most spoken language being Haitian Creole. The larger Haitian diaspora includes individuals that trace ancestry to Haiti and self-identify as Haitian but are not necessarily Haitian by citizenship. The United States and the Dominican Republic have the largest Haitian populations in the world after Haiti.

An ethnonational group, Haitians generally comprise the modern descendants of self-liberated Africans in the Caribbean territory historically referred to as Saint-Domingue. This includes the mulatto minority who denote corresponding European ancestry, notably from French settlers.
Terakawa
Terakawa (written: 寺川) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aya Terakawa (寺川 綾, born 1948), Japanese swimmer

Yoshito Terakawa (寺川 能人, born 1974), Japanese footballer

Aimi Terakawa (寺川 愛美, born 1991), Japanese voice actor

Aya Terakawa
Aya Terakawa (寺川綾, Terakawa Aya) (born November 12, 1984) is a retired Japanese backstroke swimmer; she announced her retirement from competitions in early December 2013. She is married to former swimmer Daisuke Hosokawa.
Alexandru Segal
Alexandru Sorin Segal was a Jewish Romanian Brazilian economist and chess player. He was the Brazilian chess champion in 1974 and 1978. He became internationally known for his participation in five Chess Olympiads.

Brazilian Chess Championship
Following are the official winners of the national Brazilian Chess Championships from 1927 to date.

The 1998 championship was held 9–19 December in Itabirito, Minas Gerais State.
The field of sixteen played a series of two-game single-elimination matches to determine the finalists.
Rafael Leitão defeated Giovanni Vescovi in the four-game final match, winning the first game and drawing the remaining three.
Hanson Traction
Hanson Traction Ltd was a locomotive leasing company based at Washwood Heath, Birmingham, West Midlands.

The company owned thirteen locomotives, consisting of seven class 56s, one class 50 and five class 31s. They were the first company to return class 56 locomotives to mainline use in the United Kingdom  after the previous fleet (operated by Fastline) was withdrawn in 2008, owing to a decline in traffic levels (specifically the intermodal arm).

In October 2010, the company was merged into the operations of British American Railway Services and the locomotives rebranded as part of their Devon & Cornwall Railways fleet with ultimate ownership by RMS Locotec, part of the wider group.

British Rail Class 31
The British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotives, also known as the Brush Type 2 and previously as Class 30, were built by Brush Traction from 1957 to 1962. They were numbered in two series, D5500-D5699 and D5800-D5862. Construction of the first locomotive was completed in the final week of September 1957, and the handing-over took place on 31 October. The first Class 31 entered service in November 1957, after the launch of the Class 20 locomotive and was one of the Pilot Scheme locomotives ordered by British Railways to replace steam traction.
Philippines at the 2025 Summer World University Games
The Philippines competed at the 2025 Summer World University Games, which was held from 16 July to 27 July 2025 in Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany.

The country entered athletes in seven disciplines namely archery, athletics, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, table tennis, and volleyball.

2025 Summer World University Games
The 2025 FISU Summer World University Games, also known as Rhine-Ruhr 2025, was a multi-sport event held from 16 to 27 July 2025, in five cities in Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region and in Berlin as an outlying venue in Germany. The Rhine-Ruhr region had previously hosted the 1989 Summer Universiade in Duisburg.

The event returned to its traditional 2-year cycle following the 2021 Summer World University Games in Chengdu, first postponed until 2022 and then postponed again to 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic (replacing Yekaterinburg 2023 due to Russian invasion of Ukraine).
Antonio Fominaya
Antonio Fominoya (born in Mollet del Vallès, Spain, in 1769) was a Spanish soldier who served as the governor of Socorro and fought in the Ecuadorian War of Independence and in the Spanish reconquest of New Granada.

Spanish reconquest of New Granada
The Spanish reconquest of New Granada in 1815–1816 was part of the Spanish American wars of independence in South America and Colombian War of Independence. Shortly after the Napoleonic Wars ended, Ferdinand VII, recently restored to the throne in Spain, decided to send military forces to retake most of the northern South American colonies, which had established autonomous juntas and independent states. The Spanish expeditionary army under the command of Lieutenant General Pablo Morillo, with support from loyal colonial troops, completed the reconquest of New Granada by taking Bogotá on 6 May 1816.
2000 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 2000 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 90th completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

St Martin's entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 15 October 2000 at St Patrick's Park in Enniscorthy, between St Anne's and Oulart–The Ballagh, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. St Anne's won the match by 2–12 to 2–10 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in 76 years. This victory was the second part of a double, as St Anne's had earlier won the Wexford SFC title.

Wexford Senior Football Championship
The Wexford Senior Football Championship is an annual Gaelic football competition contested by top-tier Wexford GAA clubs. The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1886.

The 2024 champions are Castletown Liam Mellows who beat Gusserane O'Rahilly's in the final.

The 2025 champions are Castletown Liam Mellows who beat Shelmaliers in the final.
Sinap, Erdemli
Sinap is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Erdemli, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 179 (2022). The village is situated in the peneplane area to the north of Çukurova  (Cilicia) plains. The distance to Erdemli is 28 kilometres (17 mi) and the distance to Mersin is 44 kilometres (27 mi). The name of the village probably means "underwater". The castle ruin Sinap Kalesi proves that the area around Sinap was inhabited during ancient and early medieval times. The later history of the village is more or less intermingled with that of Karayakup village. Up to 1989 Sinap was a part of Karayakup. The main economic activity is farming. Figs and other fruits are the main crops. Goat and cattle breeding are other activities.

Mersin
Mersin (pronounced [ˈmæɾsin]) is a large city and port on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey. It is the provincial capital of the Mersin Province (formerly İçel). It is made up of four district governorates, each having its own municipality: Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir.

A larger metropolitan region which combines Mersin with Tarsus and Erdemli houses more than 1.7 million inhabitants. Çukurova International Airport (COV) situated 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Mersin city centre, is its closest international airport. There are ferry services from Mersin to Famagusta (Mağusa) in Northern Cyprus. Mersin is linked to Adana via Tarsus by way of TCDD trains.
Blunham
Blunham is a village and civil parish in the Central Bedfordshire district of Bedfordshire, England, about 6 miles (10 km) east of Bedford town centre. At the 2011 census date its population was 946. The River Ivel forms the parish's eastern boundary in places and the River Great Ouse its western and northern boundaries. The village is just over 0.6 miles (1 km) to the west of the A1 road, and Route 51 of the National Cycle Network passes to the south.

At the north of village is an unusual double humpback bridge across the River Ivel and the Mill Stream which must be crossed to enter the village from the A1 road or Tempsford.

The village school is notable for its thatched roof.

Humpback bridge
A humpback bridge (or hump bridge) is an arch bridge where the deck follows the curve of the arch, rising from ramps on either side to the crown of the span, forming a hump-like arrangement. Examples include Chinese and Japanese moon bridges and the Humpback Covered Bridge in the United States.

Hump bridges can have restricted visibility of oncoming traffic, and the highway code recommends drivers do not overtake on them.

OpenStreetMap lists over 300 humpback bridges in the UK.
126 Artist-run Gallery
126 Artist-run Gallery is an artist-run space located in Galway City, Ireland. It was founded in 2005 and, according to the Galway Advertiser, has "built an international reputation for ambitious programming".

Transmission Gallery
Transmission Gallery is an artist-run space in Glasgow. It was established in 1983 by graduates of Glasgow School of Art. It primarily shows the work of young early career artists and is run by a changing voluntary committee of six people. Among the artists who have served on its committee are Douglas Gordon, Claire Barclay, Roderick Buchanan, Christine Borland, Jacqueline Donachie, Martin Boyce, Simon Starling, Lucy Skaer, Adam Benmakhlouf, Alberta Whittle, Ashanti Sharda Harris and Katherine Ka Yi Liu 廖加怡.
William St. Aubyn
William St. Aubyn (by 1526 – 1558/1571), of Mawgan in Meneage, Cornwall, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Helston in April 1554 and November 1554, for West Looe in 1555 and for Camelford in 1558.

West Looe (UK Parliament constituency)
West Looe, often spelt Westlow or alternative Westlowe, in Cornwall, England, was a rotten borough represented in the House of Commons of England from 1535 to 1707, in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It elected two Members of Parliament (MP) by the bloc vote system of election. It was disfranchised in the Reform Act 1832.
Naomi Salaman
Naomi Salaman (born 25 March 1963) is a British conceptual artist, writer and curator. Her practice uses photography and is informed both by feminism and post-structuralism. She attended Chelsea College of Arts, and completed a research/practice PhD at Goldsmiths in 2008. She currently teaches in Fine Art at University of Brighton. Salaman has written, made work on and/or curated exhibitions related to a wide range of topics including: the art school; pornography and censorship; image technologies; and social justice. She has taught studio art and art theory courses in art and photography schools nationally, and has taught fine art at University of Brighton since 1996.

Chelsea College of Arts
Chelsea College of Arts is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, a public art and design university in London, England.

It offers further and higher education courses in fine art, graphic design, interior design, product design, and textile design up to PhD level.