hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Chinese State in Ming Society
The Chinese State in Ming Society is a history book which investigates the role of the state in China in the Ming dynasty (from 1368 to 1644 in the late Imperial Chinese era); the interface between the state and society, and the effect of the state on ordinary people.

The book is written by Timothy Brook, a distinguished Canadian historian based at the University of British Columbia, who specializes in the study of China (Sinology).

Sinology
Sinology, also referred to as China studies, is a subfield of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through Chinese language, history, culture, literature, philosophy, art, music, cinema, and science. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."

The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until the 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to philology concerning the Chinese classics and other literature written in the Chinese language. Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include Chinese history and palaeography, among other subjects.
Subtropical Cyclone Katie
Subtropical Cyclone Katie, unofficially named by researchers, was an unusual weather event in early 2015. After the 2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season had officially ended, a rare subtropical cyclone was identified outside of the basin near Easter Island, during early May, and was unofficially dubbed Katie by researchers. Katie was one of the few tropical or subtropical systems ever observed forming in the far Southeast Pacific, outside of the official basin boundary of 120°W, which marks the eastern edge of RSMC Nadi's and RSMC Wellington's warning areas, during the satellite era. Due to the fact that this storm developed outside of the official areas of responsibility of the warning agencies in the South Pacific, the storm was not officially included as a part of the 2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season. However, the Chilean Navy Weather Service issued High Seas Warnings on the system as an extratropical low.

Tropical cyclone basins
Traditionally, areas of tropical cyclone formation are divided into seven basins. These include the North Atlantic Ocean, the eastern and western parts of the North Pacific Ocean, the Southwest Pacific, the Southwest and Southeast Indian Oceans, and the North Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal). The West Pacific is the most active and the north Indian the least active. An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones, super typhoons, or major hurricanes (at least of Category 3 intensity).
Francis Kirkpatrick
Francis Kirkpatrick was an American politician who served as a member of the Illinois Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives. He served as a state representative representing Bond County in the 1st Illinois General Assembly. He later served as a state senator representing Bond County in the 4th Illinois General Assembly and 5th Illinois General Assembly.

1st Illinois General Assembly
The 1st Illinois General Assembly, consisting of the Illinois State Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives, met from October 4, 1818, to March 31, 1819, during the 1st two years of Shadrach Bond's governorship, at The Kaskaskia State House.   The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of the First Illinois Constitution.  Political parties were not established in the State at the time.

It was succeeded by the 2nd Illinois General Assembly.
Strangers (Marvel Comics)
The Strangers, individually named Strange and Vincent Stevens, are fictional magical beings appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The characters were created by David Quinn and Melvin Rubi.

In a year-long storyline published in 1994 in Doctor Strange: Sorcerer Supreme, Doctor Strange creates the Strangers out of aetheric energy a part of a plan to defeat the demon sorceress Salomé.  The storyline began a year previously in Doctor Strange: Sorcerer Supreme #50 (February, 1993), in which Doctor Strange loses access to the extradimensional entities who give him his magical abilities, following his refusal to participate in the War of the Seven Spheres. In Doctor Strange: Sorcerer Supreme #60 (December, 1993) Doctor Strange cannot prevent his Sanctum Sanctorum from being destroyed, leaving him open to an attack by Salomé.  The events were part of the "Siege of Darkness" crossover running through the Midnight Sons comic books.

Doctor Strange (comic book)
Doctor Strange is a series of several comic book volumes featuring the character Doctor Strange and published by Marvel Comics, beginning with the original Doctor Strange comic book series that debuted in 1968.
Dana Johnson
Dana Johnson (born 1967) is an American writer and Associate Professor at the University of Southern California. Honors include the Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction, and being named a nominee for the Hurston/Wright Legacy Award. Her writing has appeared in Callaloo, The Iowa Review, and elsewhere.

Callaloo (literary magazine)
Callaloo, A Journal of African Diaspora Arts and Letters, is a quarterly literary magazine established in 1976 by Charles H. Rowell, who remains its editor-in-chief. It contains creative writing, visual art, and critical texts about literature and culture of the African diaspora, and is the longest continuously running African-American literary magazine.

Notable writers published in Callaloo include Ernest Gaines, Rita Dove, Yusef Komunyakaa, Octavia Butler, Alice Walker, Lucille Clifton, Edwidge Danticat, Thomas Glave, Samuel Delany, and John Edgar Wideman. Callaloo is well known for connecting Black artists from different cultures and sponsoring upcoming writers. It has been published by the Johns Hopkins University Press since 1986 and headquartered at Texas A&M since 2001.
Muhintiri
Muhintiri is an administrative ward in the Singida Rural district of the Singida Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 9,761 people in the ward, from 8,896 in 2012.

National Bureau of Statistics (Tanzania)
The National Bureau of Statistics is a branch of the Government of Tanzania which has the mandate to provide official statistics to the Government of Tanzania, business community and the public at large. It is based in Dodoma and obtains a wide range of economic, social and demographic statistics about the country. The bureau compiled data on every village in Tanzania for the censuses of 2002, 2012 and 2022, but also provides the results of the previous censuses of 1967, 1978 and 1988.
Jachnun
Jachnun or jahnun (Hebrew: גַ'חְנוּן, Hebrew pronunciation: ['d͡ʒaχnun], ['d͡ʒaħnun]) is a Jewish pastry, originating from the Adeni Jews, and traditionally served on Shabbat morning, with resek agvaniyot (a freshly grated tomato dip), hard-boiled eggs, and zhug (a type of spicy green herbal condiment).

Jachnun has become popular in Israeli cuisine, where it is served in homes (usually on Shabbat), as fast food at roadside stalls, and in restaurants, events, and dining halls.

Boiled egg
Boiled eggs are a food typically made using chicken eggs. They are cooked with their shells unbroken, usually by immersion in boiling water. Hard-boiled or hard-cooked eggs are cooked so that the egg white and egg yolk both solidify, while soft-boiled eggs may leave the yolk, and sometimes the white, at least partially liquid. Boiled eggs are a popular breakfast food around the world.

Besides boiling water immersion, there are a few different methods to make boiled eggs. Eggs can also be cooked below the boiling temperature, i.e. coddling, or they can be steamed. The egg timer was named for commonly being used to time the boiling of eggs.
SV Drochtersen/Assel
SV Drochtersen/Assel is a German association football club from the municipality of Drochtersen, Lower Saxony. The club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier four Regionalliga Nord in 2015 after winning the Niedersachsenliga.

Lower Saxony Cup
The Lower Saxony Cup (German: Niedersächsischer Pokal) is an annual football cup competition, held by the Niedersächsischer Fußball-Verband (English: Lower Saxony Football Association) since 1956. For sponsorship reasons, the official name of the competition is Krombacher-Pokal. The Krombacher brewery, sponsor of the competition since 2010, also sponsored, at the time, the cup competitions in Thuringia, Westphalia, Hesse and Rhineland. It is one of the 21 regional cup competitions in Germany and a qualifying competition for the German Cup, with the winner and runners-up of the competition being automatically qualified for the first round of the German Cup in the following season.

The record winners of the competition are VfL Osnabrück with five titles, followed by Sportfreunde Salzgitter with four titles and Kickers Emden, VfL Wolfsburg, and Hannover 96 with three titles each to their name.
Exaeretia praeustella
Exaeretia praeustella is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Sweden, Finland, the Baltic region, Ukraine, Russia and Mongolia.

The wingspan is 16–19 mm. Adults have been recorded in June and August.

Baltic region
The Baltic Sea Region, alternatively the Baltic Rim countries (or simply the Baltic Rim), and the Baltic Sea countries/states, refers to the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea, including parts of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. Unlike the "Baltic states", the Baltic region includes all countries that border the sea.
Amica Hallenndorff
Amica Hallendorff (born 26 October 1992) is a South African water polo player, who is a member of the South Africa women's national water polo team. She was part of the team in the women's water polo tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

She competed at the 2014 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, 2018 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup, 2019 FINA Women's Water Polo World League.

2014 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup
The 2014 FINA Women's Water Polo World Cup was the 16th edition of the event, organised by the world's governing body in aquatics, the International Swimming Federation (FINA). The event took place in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia from 12 to 17 August 2014.

The United States won the gold medal, after defeating Australia 10-6 in the final. Spain captured bronze, beating China 7-5.
2014 Abierto Tampico – Doubles
María Fernanda Álvarez Terán and María Irigoyen were the defending champions, having won the event in 2013, however Álvarez Terán chose not to participate. Irigoyen partnered Irina Falconi as the second seeds, but lost in the semifinals to Kateryna Bondarenko and Valeria Savinykh.

The top seeds Petra Martić and Maria Sanchez won the title, defeating Bondarenko and Savinykh in the final, 3–6, 6–3, [10–2].

Petra Martić
Petra Martić (Croatian pronunciation: [pêtra mâːrtitɕ]; born 19 January 1991) is a Croatian professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 14, achieved in January 2020. Martić has won two singles titles on the WTA Tour, one singles and one doubles tournament on the WTA Challenger Tour, plus four singles and five doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
Word of Life
Word of Life can refer to:

Word of Life Fellowship, headquartered in Schroon Lake, New York

Word of Life Christian Church, in New Hartford, New York

Kale Heywet Word of Life Church, church in Ethiopia

Livets Ord (Swedish for "Word of Life"), a church founded by Ulf Ekman

Born Again Movement  (From the subtitle of Yalin Xin's book) Large Asian House-Church Network/Fellowship

Word of Life Bible Church, headquartered in Warri, Nigeria

Word of Life (mural), mural on the side of the Hesburgh Library at the Notre Dame University

Killing of Lucas Leonard
In October 2015, 19-year-old Lucas Leonard died from injuries sustained during repeated and severe beatings at the Word of Life Christian Church in Chadwicks, New York. The beatings were part of "spiritual counseling" for Lucas and his 17-year old brother Christopher, who survived with severe injuries. The two were repeatedly assaulted by a group of parishioners, which included church leaders and the Leonard brothers' parents and older sister.
Lasthenes (general)
Lasthenes (Greek: Λασθένης) was a strategos (general) of the ancient Cretan city of Kydonia when the Romans attacked the city in 69 BC. In this era Kydonia had protected pirates and incurred the anger of the Roman Senate. When the Romans defeated Kydonia, Lasthenes' fellow strategos Panares surrendered the city, whilst Lasthenes fled to Knossos.

There is another Lasthenes, who is philosopher and friend of Dio Chrysostomus. He was a citizen of Apameia Myrleia. (Lucius Flavius Philostratos, Vita Apollonius (Life of Apollonius of Tyana), V.38)

Strategos
Strategos (pl.  strategoi), also known by its Latinised form strategus, is a Greek term meaning 'military general'. In the Hellenistic world and in the Byzantine Empire, the term also described a military governor. In the modern Hellenic Army, it is the highest officer rank.
Disfranchisement
Disfranchisement, also disenfranchisement (which has become more common since 1982) or voter disqualification, is the restriction of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or a practice that has the effect of preventing someone from exercising the right to vote. Disfranchisement can also refer to the revocation of power or control of a particular individual, community, or being to the natural amenity they have; that is to deprive of a franchise, of a legal right, of some privilege or inherent immunity. Disfranchisement may be accomplished explicitly by law or implicitly through requirements applied in a discriminatory fashion, through intimidation, or by placing unreasonable requirements on voters for registration or voting.
High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements.

Barriers to entry
In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, or an economic barrier to entry, is a fixed cost that must be incurred by a new entrant, regardless of production or sales activities, into a market that incumbents do not have or have not had to incur.
Because barriers to entry protect incumbent firms and restrict competition in a market, they can contribute to distortionary prices and are therefore most important when discussing antitrust policy. Barriers to entry often cause or aid the existence of monopolies and oligopolies, or give companies market power.
Barriers of entry also have an importance in industries. First of all it is important to identify that some exist naturally, such as brand loyalty.
Governments can also create barriers to entry to meet consumer protection laws, protecting the public. In other cases it can also be due to inherent scarcity of public resources needed to enter a market.
M42 Duperite helmet
The M42 Duperite helmet was a paratrooper helmet issued to Australian paratroopers during World War II and was produced by the Australian Moulding Corporation. The helmet got its eponymous name from the shock impact-absorbing material it was composed of. It was similar to the first of the British dispatch rider helmets.

Shock (mechanics)
In mechanics and physics, shock is a sudden acceleration caused, for example, by impact, drop, kick, earthquake, or explosion.  Shock is a transient physical excitation. A mechanical shock typically consists of a short-duration, high-magnitude acceleration event that can cause structural deformation or failure in components.

Shock describes matter subject to extreme rates of force with respect to time. Shock is a vector that has units of an acceleration (rate of change of velocity).  The unit g (or g) represents multiples of the standard acceleration of gravity and is conventionally used.

A shock pulse can be characterised by its peak acceleration, the duration, and the shape of the shock pulse (half sine, triangular, trapezoidal, etc.).  The shock response spectrum is a method for further evaluating a mechanical shock.
Ranoli railway station
Ranoli railway station is a railway station in Ranoli town of Vadodara district on the Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Passenger, MEMU and Intercity trains halt here.

Station code of Ranoli is 'RNO'. It has two platforms. Ranoli is well connected by rail to Ahmedabad Junction, Kathana, Anand Junction, Nadiad Junction, Vadodara Junction, Viramgam Junction, Bharuch Junction and Mumbai Central.

Viramgam Junction railway station
Viramgam Junction railway station is located in Ahmedabad district of Gujarat state of India. It serves Viramgam town. Its code is VG. It comes under Ahmedabad division of Western Railway Zone. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt here.
Finn Hvistendahl
Finn Arild Hvistendahl (born 12 February 1942) is a Norwegian businessperson.

He graduated as siv.ing. in 1964, and worked in Norsk Hydro from 1966 to 1968, in Dyno Industrier from 1968 to 1971 and again in Norsk Hydro from 1971 to 1991. He was then CEO of Den norske Bank from 1991 to 1998. He was chairman of the board of Orkla from 2000 to 2001 and the Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway from 2002. He was sacked in Den norske Bank, and received a golden parachute of 10,800,000 kr.

He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway
The Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway (Norwegian: Finanstilsynet) is a Norwegian government agency responsible for supervision of financial companies within Norway based on law and regulations from Storting, the Norwegian Ministry of Finance and international accounting standards. The agency is located in Oslo and is under the supervision of the Ministry of Finance.
Aloys Jousten
Aloys Jousten (2 November 1937 – 20 September 2021) was a bishop emeritus of the Diocese of Liège in Belgium.

Jousten was born in Sankt-Vith on 2 November 1937, and ordained priest in Liège on 8 July 1962. He held the degree of Doctor of Theology. He was nominated as the 91st Bishop of Liège on 9 May 2001, and was consecrated on 4 June the same year.

In 2009 he was named as a possible successor to Godfried Danneels as Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels. He proffered his resignation as bishop of Liège in November 2012, having reached the age of 75, but agreed to remain as bishop until his successor was appointed. He retired on 31 May 2013.

St. Vith
St. Vith (German: Sankt Vith [zaŋkt ˈfɪt]; French: Saint-Vith [sɛ̃ vit] ⓘ; Luxembourgish: Sankt Väit [ˌzɑŋkt ˈvæːɪ̯t]; Walloon: Sint-Vit) is a city and municipality of East Belgium located in the Walloon province of Liège. It was named after Saint Vitus. The majority language is German, as in the rest of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, St. Vith had a total population of 9,169. The total area is 146.93 km2, giving a population density of 62 inhabitants per km2. The official language of the municipality is German.

The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Sankt Vith, Crombach, Lommersweiler, Recht, and Schönberg.
Opposites: Live from Glasgow
Opposites: Live from Glasgow is the second full-length live album by Scottish alternative rock band Biffy Clyro, released on 29 November 2013 on 14th Floor Records. It was released exclusively in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It was recorded during their live performance at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, in Glasgow, Scotland on 1 April 2013, one of their concerts of the Opposites Tour.

The track list relies mostly on songs from their previous studio album Opposites, released in January 2013. Its artwork is also almost the same as that album, featuring a red sky instead of a blue one.

14th Floor Records
14th Floor Records is a British subsidiary record label of Warner Music UK, founded in 2002 by part owner Christian Tattersfield. The label has released albums by artists including:  Biffy Clyro, Damien Rice, David Gray, Longview, Mark Joseph, Nerina Pallot, Ray LaMontagne and The Wombats.

Tattersfield was named as CEO of Warner Music UK and Chairman of Warner Bros. Records UK on 6 August 2009.
Kayseri Castle
Kayseri Castle is a castle built in antiquity and first mentioned in a coin during the rule of Gordian III between 238 and 244 AD. It went through multiple additions starting with the Romans, continuing with the Byzantines, Danishmends, Seljuqs, Dulqadirs, Karamanids, and Ottomans. The castle, located in the eponymous city, is made of an inner and an outer section with a total of 18 towers.

Danishmendids
The Danishmendids or Danishmends (Turkish: Dânişmendliler) were a Turkish dynasty. These terms also refer to the Turkish state in Anatolia. It existed from 1071/1075 to 1178 and is also known as the Danishmendid Beylik (Turkish: Dânişmendliler Beyliği). The dynasty was centered originally around Sivas, Tokat, and Niksar in central-northeastern Anatolia, and extended as far west as Ankara and Kastamonu for a time, and as far south as Malatya, which they captured in 1103. In the early 12th century, the Danishmends were rivals of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, which controlled much of the territory surrounding the Danishmend lands, and they fought extensively against the Crusaders.

The dynasty was established by Danishmend Gazi for whom historical information is rather scarce and was generally written long after his death. His title or name, Dānishmand (دانشمند) means "wise man" or  "one who searches for knowledge" in Persian.
Geology of Lithuania
The geology of Lithuania consists of ancient Proterozoic basement  rock overlain by thick sequences of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sedimentary rocks, with some oil reserves, abundant limestone, dolomite, phosphorite and glauconite. Lithuania is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.

Argillite
Argillite ( /ˈɑːrdʒɪlaɪt/) is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed predominantly of indurated clay particles. Argillaceous rocks are basically lithified muds and oozes. They contain variable amounts of silt-sized particles. The argillites grade into shale when the fissile layering typical of shale is developed. Another name for poorly lithified argillites is mudstone. These rocks, although variable in composition, are typically high in aluminium and silica with variable alkali and alkaline earth cations. The term pelitic or pelite is often applied to these sediments and rocks. Metamorphism of argillites produces slate, phyllite, and pelitic schist.