hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mountain House, Kern County, California
Mountain House or Willow Springs Station, in what is now Kern County, California, was a stage station of the Butterfield Overland Mail, located 12 miles (19 km) south of Fountain Spring Station, and 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Posey Creek Station at Willow Springs on Willow Springs Creek.

Mountain House is a California Historical Landmark. On October 13, 1957, the California State Park Commission erected marker number 589 one and a half miles (2.4 km) south of it. Mountain House Station California Historical Landmark, signed May 22, 1957, reads:

NO. 589 MOUNTAIN HOUSE - One and one-half miles north of this point stood the Mountain House Station on the route of the Butterfield Stage. Operating through present Kern County during 1858-1861, this famous line ran from St. Louis, Missouri to San Francisco until the outbreak of the Civil War.

Butterfield Overland Mail
Butterfield Overland Mail (officially Overland Mail Company) was a stagecoach service in the United States operating from 1858 to 1861. It carried passengers and U.S. Mail from two eastern termini, Memphis, Tennessee, and St. Louis, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. The routes from each eastern terminus met at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and then continued through Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and California ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress authorized the U.S. postmaster general, at that time Aaron V. Brown, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from St. Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the Far West had been delivered by the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line since June 1857.

The route was designated a national historic trail in 2023.
George Henry Burgess
George Henry Burgess (8 June 1831 – 22 April 1905) was an English American painter, wood engraver and lithographer. In London, he received training in lithography. With two other brothers preceding them, in 1850 Burgess traveled to California in the company of his brother Charles. Once there, the Burgess brothers set up a jewelry and watch repair business in Sonora. Unsuccessful at mining, George spent time sketching the gold fields and mining activity. In 1856, he made the first of three trips to Hawaii, where he painted the royal family and made preparations for lithographic views of Honolulu. In San Francisco, his primary source of income was painting portraits, but he often revisited the Gold Rush theme. Burgess' most well-known work is the massive San Francisco in July, 1849, now located at the Oakland Museum of California.

Ancestry.com
Ancestry.com LLC is an American genealogy company based in Lehi, Utah. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical, historical records, and related genetic genealogy websites. It is owned by Blackstone Inc., which acquired the company on December 4, 2020, in a deal valued at $4.7 billion.

As of 2022, the company said it had provided access to 30 billion historical records, tripling its November 2018 figure of 10 billion records. In 2018 it also reported having 3 million paying subscribers, and to have sold 18 million DNA kits to customers. By 2023, Ancestry was the largest provider of consumer DNA testing in the world with a network of more than 25 million users, and Ancestry DNA testing is available in 128 countries.

As well as its main website, Ancestry operates country-specific versions for Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Premalu (soundtrack)
Premalu is the soundtrack to the 2024 film of the same name directed by Girish A. D. starring Naslen and Mamitha Baiju. Produced by Bhavana Studios, Fahadh Faasil and Friends and Working Class Hero, the film's musical score is composed by Vishnu Vijay and featured four songs written by Suhail Koya and an instrumental track. The soundtrack was released through Bhavana Studios on 16 February 2024.

Vishnu Vijay
Vishnu Vijay  is an Indian music composer and a prolific flautist who works predominantly in Malayalam cinema. His film music career began with the 2016 Malayalam film Guppy. His other works include Ambili (2019), Thallumaala (2022), Sulaikha Manzil (2023), Premalu (2024).
3SL
3SL was a Welsh pop group made up of brothers Steve, Anthony "Ant", and Andy Scott-Lee. Originally from Rhyl in North Wales, they were managed by their elder sister Lisa, a member of the pop group Steps. The group's first single, "Take It Easy", reached No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart in April 2002. Their follow-up single was a cover of Case's "Touch Me, Tease Me", which was more successful than the original version, reaching number 16, but was less successful than "Take It Easy", and the band was subsequently dropped by their record label, Sony, leaving their only album project unreleased. The group later toured the country with S Club 7 as part of their S Club Carnival tour, and band member Andy Scott-Lee later appeared on the second series of the ITV talent show Pop Idol, placing seventh.

Case (singer)
Case Woodard (born October 4, 1971) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He is best known for the 1990s hits "Touch Me, Tease Me", "Happily Ever After" and "The Best Man I Can Be" with Ginuwine, R.L. and Tyrese, as well as the early 2000s hits "Missing You" and "Livin' It Up" with Ja Rule. The latter two earned him two Grammy Award nominations.
The Florida Network of Youth and Family Services
The  Florida Network of Youth and Family Services  is a non-profit statewide association and contract management entity, of 31 agencies dealing with runaway, truant, ungovernable and other troubled youth and their families.

Legal person
In law, a legal person is any person or legal entity that can do the things a human person is usually able to do in law – such as enter into contracts, sue and be sued, own property, and so on. The reason for the term "legal person" is that some legal persons are not human persons: companies and corporations (i.e., business entities) are persons, legally speaking (they can legally do most of the things an ordinary person can do), but they are not, in a literal sense, human beings.

Legal personhood is a prerequisite to legal capacity (the ability of any legal person to amend – i.e. enter into, transfer, etc. – rights and obligations): it is a prerequisite for an international organization being able to sign international treaties in its own name.
Gerhart Seger
Gerhart Seger (16 November 1896 – 21 January 1967) was a German social democratic newspaper publisher, politician and pacifist. From October 1930 to March 1933 he was a member of the Reichstag. Due to the rejection of the Enabling Act by the Social Democrats, he was among those Reichstag deputies who were persecuted by the Nazis, arrested and sent to concentration camps. In 1934 he fled to Prague, where he wrote a sensational account of his experiences in the Oranienburg concentration camp. Shortly afterwards he emigrated to the United States, where he became politically active and known as a lecturer.

Oranienburg concentration camp
Oranienburg (German pronunciation: [oˈʁaːni̯ənˌbʊʁk], German: Konzentrationslager (KZ) Oranienburg) was an early Nazi concentration camp, one of the first detention facilities established by the Nazis in the state of Prussia when they gained power in 1933.  It held the political opponents of the Nazi Party from the Berlin region, mostly members of the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party and scores of undesirables.

It was established in the center of the town of Oranienburg on the main road to Berlin when the SA took over a disused brewery grounds.  Passers-by were able to look inside the prison perimeter.  Prisoners were marched through the town to perform forced labour on behalf of the local council.

The prison was taken over by the SS on 4 July 1934, when the SA was suppressed by the regime.  It was closed and subsequently replaced in the area by Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1936. At closure, the prison had held over 3,000 inmates, of whom 16 had died.
Westside, Baltimore
Westside Baltimore is the western portion of downtown Baltimore that includes Market Center and many of the newest developments in downtown Baltimore. It has increasingly become the preferred residential section of downtown. It is also home to the site of the "Superblock" project that will include hundreds of condos and apartments as well as a variety of retail and commercial space.  The former home of Baltimore's many and famed department stores, Westside Baltimore is now anchored by the University of Maryland, Baltimore consisting of the University of Maryland Health System, University of Maryland School of Law and the University of Maryland Biopark. The Westside is also home to several performing arts centers, including the Hippodrome Theatre, Royal Farms Arena and the future home of the Everyman Theatre.

The name is sometimes used to describe West Baltimore as a whole, although it is technically incorrect to use it as such.

University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law
The University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (formerly University of Maryland School of Law from 1924 to 2011) is the law school of the University of Maryland, Baltimore. It is located in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1816, it is one of the oldest law schools in the United States.

The law school is fully accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA). It is a member of the Association of American Law Schools and has a chapter of the Order of the Coif honor society.
Snobs (film)
Snobs is a surviving 1915 American comedy silent film directed by Oscar Apfel, written by George Bronson Howard, and starring Victor Moore, Anita King, Ernest Joy, Constance Johnson and Florence Dagmar. It was released on April 12, 1915, by Paramount Pictures. The film was Moore's feature film debut.

George Bronson Howard
George Bronson-Howard (January 7, 1884 – November 20, 1922) was an American writer. Several of his works were made into films.

Some of Bronson's books were adorned by artwork on the frontispiece and some were illustrated by artists including Paul Stahr and Arthur Covey.

He is also credited with lyrics and as a writer of several Broadway plays including Snobs (1911). Snobs was made into a film in 1915.

He featured a spy character named Yorke Norroy in a series of works appearing in serial form in magazines and books.
Davis Guards Medal
The Davis Guards Medal was a military award presented by the citizens of Houston to each of the participants a few weeks after the battle of Sabine Pass (September 8, 1863). Father Quesart, in charge of the Catholic Church in Houston during the American Civil War, started the project by popular subscription. 
These hand-engraved medals are the only medals known to be presented to Confederate soldiers during the Civil War.

Military awards and decorations
Military awards and decorations are distinctions given as a mark of honor for military heroism, meritorious or outstanding service or achievement. A decoration is often a medal consisting of a ribbon and a medallion.

Civil decorations awarded to military personnel should not be considered military decorations, although some orders of chivalry have civil and military divisions. Decorations received by police and fire brigade personnel may sometimes be considered alongside military decorations, on which they may be modelled, although they are strictly not military awards.

Military awards and decorations may take the form of medal ribbons or miniature medals, which are mounted together on a bar known as a barrette.
2024 Michigan elections
The 2024 Michigan elections were held on November 5, 2024. In addition to the 2024 United States presidential election, elections were held for all of the state's seats in the United States House of Representatives, the state's class 1 seat in the United States Senate, and for all the seats in the Michigan House of Representatives. Elections to various local offices were also held.

David Viviano
David Francis Viviano (born December 8, 1971) is a former justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, appointed by Governor Rick Snyder on February 27, 2013, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Justice Diane Hathaway. Prior to his appointment to the Michigan Supreme Court, Viviano was the Chief Judge of the Macomb County Circuit Court.

Viviano defeated Deborah Thomas and Kerry L. Morgan in the general election on November 4, 2014, receiving 62.1 percent of the vote.
Perce Point
Perce Point (72°8′S 74°38′W﻿ / ﻿72.133°S 74.633°W﻿ / -72.133; -74.633) is a low ice-covered headland 12 nautical miles (22 km) west-northwest of Berlioz Point on the southern coast of the Beethoven Peninsula, situated in the southwest portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The headland was first discovered by Snow, Perce and Carroll of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) expedition in a flight from Stonington Island on 22 December 1940. Originally named "Cape Perce" after Earl B. Perce, co-pilot of the discovery aircraft, but the term point is considered appropriate for this feature.

Alexander Island
Alexander Island, also known as Alexander I Island, Alexander I Land, Alexander Land, Alexander I Archipelago, and Zemlja Alexandra I, is the largest island of Antarctica. It lies in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula from which it is separated by Marguerite Bay and George VI Sound. The George VI Ice Shelf entirely fills George VI Sound and connects Alexander Island to Palmer Land. The island partly surrounds Wilkins Sound, which lies to its west. Alexander Island is about 390 kilometres (240 mi) long in a north–south direction, 80 kilometres (50 mi) wide in the north, and 240 kilometres (150 mi) wide in the south. Alexander Island is the second-largest uninhabited island in the world, after Devon Island.
Vibes (video game)
Vibes is a rhythm action video game developed by UK-based studio Laughing Jackal. It was released as a PlayStation mini on the PlayStation Network in North America on June 8, 2010 and Europe on June 9, 2010.

Laughing Jackal
Laughing Jackal Ltd is an independent video game developer, part of the Majesty House Group based in Essex, United Kingdom. Established in 2005, it has developed titles for Wii, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Mobile, PlayStation 3 and iOS.
Kuliyamakhi
Kuliyamakhi (Russian: Кулиямахи; Dargwa: Кулиямахьи) is a rural locality (a selo) in Natsinsky Selsoviet, Akushinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 210 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

Dargwa language
Dargwa (дарган мез, dargan mez) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan. This article discusses the literary dialect of the dialect continuum constituting the Dargin languages. It is based on the Aqusha and Urakhi dialects of Northern Dargin.
2007 UEFA European Under-17 Championship
The UEFA European Under-17 Championship 2007 Final Tournament was held in Belgium from 2 to 13 May 2007. Top-five teams (two best places from each group plus winner of playoff between third-placed teams) qualified for the FIFA U-17 World Cup 2007. Players born after 1 January 1990 could participate in this competition.

2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup
The FIFA U-17 World Cup 2007 was the twelfth edition of the tournament, was held in South Korea between 18 August and 9 September 2007. For this event, the number of teams had been expanded from 16 to 24, with the top two of each group and the four best third-place teams advancing to the Round of 16. Also, from this edition onwards, the confederation which produced the last champion, in this case CONCACAF, had an extra spot in the qualifying rounds.

Players born after 1 January 1990 could participate in this tournament.
Faalelei Sione
Faalelei Sione (born 19 February 1996) is an Australian rugby union player who plays for Manawatu in the Mitre 10 Cup. He has also played for the Brumbies in the Super Rugby competition. His position of choice is prop.

Manawatu (National Provincial Championship)
Manawatu (often known as the Manawatu Turbos) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Palmerston North, New Zealand. The union was originally established in 1886, with the National Provincial Championship established in 1976. They now play in the reformed National Provincial Championship competition. They play their home games at Central Energy Trust Arena in Palmerston North in the Manawatū-Whanganui region. The team is affiliated with the Hurricanes Super Rugby franchise. Their home playing colours are green and white.
Compact Software
Compact Software was the first commercially successful microwave computer-aided design (CAD) company. The company was founded in 1973 by Les Besser to commercialize his eponymous program COMPACT (Computerized Optimization of Microwave Passive and Active CircuiTs), released when he was at Farinon Electric Company.

Ansys
Ansys, Inc. is an American multinational company with its headquarters based in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. It develops and markets CAE/multiphysics engineering simulation software for product design, testing and operation and offers its products and services to customers worldwide. On July 17, 2025, the company became a subsidiary of Synopsys.
2013–14 Rider Broncs men's basketball team
The 2013–14 Rider Broncs men's basketball team represented Rider University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Broncs, led by second year head coach Kevin Baggett, played their home games at Alumni Gymnasium and were members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. They finished the season 14–17, 9–11 in MAAC play to finish in a three way tie for sixth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the MAAC tournament where they lost to Iona.

2014 MAAC men's basketball tournament
The 2014 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference men's basketball tournament was held March 6–10 at the MassMutual Center in Springfield, Massachusetts. The winner of the tournament, Manhattan, received the conference's automatic bid into the 2014 NCAA tournament. The regular season champion, Iona, received an automatic bid into the 2014 NIT Tournament.
1904 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1904 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 12, 1904.

Incumbent Governor John Fremont Hill did not seek re-election. Republican candidate William T. Cobb defeated Democratic candidate Cyrus W. Davis.

Governor of Maine
The governor of Maine is the head of government of the U.S. state of Maine. Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820, Maine was part of Massachusetts and the governor of Massachusetts was chief executive.

The current governor of Maine is Janet Mills, a Democrat, who took office January 2, 2019.

The governor of Maine receives a salary of $70,000, which is the lowest salary out of all 50 state governors, as of 2022. This will be raised to $125,000 upon a new governor taking office in 2026, per a bill passed in 2025, as the Maine Constitution prohibits changing the salary of the sitting governor.
In a Good Cause—
"In a Good Cause—" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. The story first appeared in a 1951 edition of the anthology New Tales of Space and Time and was reprinted in the collection Nightfall and Other Stories (1969).

The book begins with the description of a statue containing three dates and an epigram: "In a good cause, there are no failures. There are only delayed successes." This is followed by a section for each of the three dates.

Raymond J. Healy
Raymond John Healy (September 21, 1907 – July 17, 1997) was an American anthologist who edited four science fiction anthologies from 1946 to 1955, two with J. Francis McComas. Their first collaboration, Adventures in Time and Space, (1946) is generally recognized as the finest early anthology from the Golden Age of Science Fiction.
Sociology of terrorism
Sociology of terrorism is a field of sociology that seeks to understand terrorism as a social phenomenon. The field studies terrorism, why it happens, and looks at its impacts on society. The sociology of terrorism draws from the fields of political science, history, economics and psychology. The sociology of terrorism differs from critical terrorism studies, emphasizing the social conditions that enable terrorism. It also studies how individuals, as well as states, respond to such events.

Social phenomenon
Social phenomenon (singular) or social phenomena are any behaviours, actions, or events that takes place because of social influence, including from contemporary as well as historical societal influences. They are often a result of multifaceted processes that add ever increasing dimensions as they operate through individual nodes of people. Because of this, social phenomena are inherently dynamic and operate within a specific time and historical context.

Social phenomena are observable, measurable data.  Psychological notions may drive them, but those notions are not directly observable; only the phenomena that express them.
Milnor–Wood inequality
In mathematics, more specifically in differential geometry and geometric topology, the Milnor–Wood inequality is an obstruction to endow circle bundles over surfaces with a flat structure. It is named after John Milnor and John W. Wood.

Euler class
In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the Euler class is a characteristic class of oriented, real vector bundles. Like other characteristic classes, it measures how "twisted" the vector bundle is. In the case of the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold, it generalizes the classical notion of Euler characteristic.  It is named after Leonhard Euler because of this.

Throughout this article  is an oriented, real vector bundle of rank  over a base space .
Pamplin Pipe Factory
Pamplin Pipe Factory, also known as Merrill and Ford, The Akron Smoking Pipe Factory, and The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company, is a historic factory and archaeological site located at Pamplin, Appomattox County, Virginia.  Located on the property are a wood-framed factory building, a deteriorating brick kiln, and a collapsed brick chimney.  It began operation about 1879 and was at one time the largest clay pipe manufacturer in the United States.

Appomattox County, Virginia
Appomattox County (/ˌæpəˈmætəks/ A-pə-MA-təks) is a United States county located in the Piedmont region and near the center of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The county is part of the Lynchburg metropolitan area, and its county seat is the town of Appomattox.

Appomattox County was created in 1845 from parts of four other Virginia counties. The name of the county comes from the Appamatuck Indians, who lived in the area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,119.
Humber Mouth
Humber Mouth is a literary festival in Hull, England, that started in 1992. The festival has included writer- and reader-in-residence programmes, installed writing artworks in the Queen's Gardens and commissioned a poem to celebrate the city street Whitefriargate.

Queen's Gardens, Kingston upon Hull
Queen's Gardens is a sequence of gardens in the centre of Kingston upon Hull, England. They are set out within a 9.75-acre (4 ha) area that until 1930 was filled with the waters of Queen's Dock.  As the dock was not fully filled in, the gardens are largely below the level of the surrounding streets.