hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fringe benefits tax (India)
The fringe benefits tax (FBT) was the tax applied to most, although not all, fringe benefits in India. A new tax was imposed on employers by India's Finance Act 2005 from the financial year commencing April 1, 2005. The fringe benefit tax was temporarily suspended in the 2009 Union budget of India by the then Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee.

The following items were covered:

Employer's expenses on entertainment, travel, employee welfare and accommodation. The definition of fringe benefits that have become taxable has been significantly extended. The law provides an exact list of taxable items.

Employer's provision of employee transportation to work or a cash allowances for this purpose.

Employer's contributions to an approved retirement plan (called a superannuation fund).

Employee stock option plans (ESOPs) have also been brought under fringe benefits tax from the fiscal year 2007–08.

Pension fund
A pension fund, also known as a superannuation fund in some countries, is any program, fund, or scheme which provides retirement income. The U.S. Government's Social Security Trust Fund, which oversees $2.57 trillion in assets, is the world's largest public pension fund. Pension funds typically have large amounts of money to invest and are the major investors in listed and private companies.  They are especially important to the stock market where large institutional investors dominate.  The largest 300 pension funds collectively hold about USD$6 trillion in assets. In 2012, PricewaterhouseCoopers estimated that pension funds worldwide hold over $33.9 trillion in assets (and were expected to grow to more than $56 trillion by 2020), the largest for any category of institutional investor ahead of mutual funds, insurance companies, currency reserves, sovereign wealth funds, hedge funds, or private equity.
Creurgops
Creurgops is a genus of Neotropical birds in the tanager family Thraupidae. They are found in the canopy of humid montane forest in the Andes of South America.

These are relatively large and heavy-billed tanagers. They are mainly slaty grey above and rufous below, except in the male slaty tanager where the underparts also are slaty grey. Males of both species have a crown patch, which is lacking in the females. They commonly participate in mixed-species flocks.

Rufous
Rufous (/ˈruːfəs/) is a color that may be described as reddish-brown or brownish-red, as of rust or oxidised iron. The first recorded use of rufous as a color name in English was in 1782. However, the color is also recorded earlier in 1527 as a diagnostic urine color.

The word "rufous" is derived from the Latin rufus, meaning "red", and is used as an adjective in the names of many animals—especially birds—to describe the color of their skin, fur, or plumage.
Haut-Brion
Haut-Brion is a name found in several Bordeaux wine producers in the Graves district, including:

Château Haut-Brion, a premier cru selection of the 1855 classification then named simply Haut-Brion

Château Laville Haut-Brion, a grand cru of the Graves classification

Château La Mission Haut-Brion, a grand cru of the Graves classification

Château La Tour Haut-Brion, formerly a grand cru, now discontinued

Château Les Carmes Haut-Brion, an unclassed Pessac-Léognan estate

Château Larrivet-Haut-Brion, an unclassed Pessac-Léognan estate

Château La Mission Haut-Brion
44°48′55″N 0°36′20″W﻿ / ﻿44.81539°N 0.60565°W﻿ / 44.81539; -0.60565

Château la Mission Haut-Brion is a Bordeaux wine from the Pessac-Léognan appellation, classed among the Crus Classés in the Graves classification of 1953. La Mission Haut-Brion is the sister property of the First Growth Château Haut-Brion. The winery, located in close vicinity of the city of Bordeaux, belongs to the wine region Graves, in the commune of Talence with additional property in Pessac.

The château also produces a second wine from younger vines, La Chapelle de la Mission, since the 1991 vintage, and the dry white wine Château La Mission Haut-Brion Blanc since the 2010 merger of Château Laville Haut-Brion.
Domain privacy
Domain privacy (often called Whois privacy) is a service offered by a number of domain name registrars. A user buys privacy from the company, who in turn replaces the user's information in the WHOIS and Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) with the information of a forwarding service (for email and sometimes postal mail, it is done by a proxy server).

Namecheap
Namecheap is a U.S. based domain name registrar and web hosting service company headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. It was founded in 2000 by Richard Kirkendall. The company provides domain name registration, web hosting, SSL certificates, content delivery network services, email hosting, privacy protection, and other internet-related services.

In September 2025, CVC Capital Partners acquired a majority stake in Namecheap for an undisclosed amount, valuing the company at $1.5 billion. The founder stepped down three months later and was replaced by Hillan Klein.
Something Borrowed, Someone Blue
"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue" is a two-part episode, making up the final two episodes (EP 23 & 24) in season 7 of the American sitcom Frasier. The episode aired on May 18, 2000, on NBC. The hour-long episode brings to a climax the romantic character arc between Niles Crane and Daphne Moon, a significant running plotline for the first seven years of the show's production.

Niles Crane
Niles Crane (born 1957) is a fictional character on the American sitcom Frasier, a spin-off of the television show Cheers. He was portrayed by David Hyde Pierce. Niles is the younger brother of Frasier Crane (played by Kelsey Grammer).

Pierce was hired because Frasier producers saw his headshot and commented on how much he looked like a young Grammer. Unlike Frasier, part of whose background comes from Cheers, Niles's background is established over the course of Frasier.

Pierce has said that his character was originally explained to him as "what Frasier would be if he had never gone to Boston and never been exposed to the people at Cheers." Anita Gates of The New York Times wrote in 1998 that "the difference between the brothers is that Frasier knows they're being pretentious; Niles honestly doesn't".
American Freightways
American Freightways Corp. (AF) was an American regional less than truckload (LTL) carrier based in Harrison, Arkansas. It was acquired by FedEx in 2001, renamed FedEx Freight East in 2002, and its operations were merged with FedEx's other LTL subsidiaries in 2010 to form FedEx Freight Inc.

Less-than-truckload shipping
Less-than-truckload shipping or less than load (LTL) is the transportation of freight amounts as small as one parcel and as large as a full truckload. Parcel carriers handle small packages and freight that can be broken down into units less than approximately 150 pounds (68 kg). Full truckload carriers move entire semi-trailers. Semi-trailers are typically between 26 and 53 feet (7.92 and 16.15 m) and require a substantial amount of freight to make such transportation economical. The term LTL can refer to the freight itself, or to the carrier that transports such freight.
Anto Drobnjak
Anto Drobnjak (Cyrillic: Анто Дробњак; born 21 September 1968) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a forward. He was one of two top scorers of the First League of Yugoslavia in 1993 when he played for Red Star Belgrade. Internationally, he played for FR Yugoslavia national team in the qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, although he was not selected to the country's squad for the final tournament.

1998 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 6
Group 6 consisted of six of the 50 teams entered into the European zone: Czech Republic, Faroe Islands, Malta, Slovakia, Spain, and Yugoslavia. These six teams competed on a home-and-away basis for two of the 15 spots in the final tournament allocated to the European zone, with the group's winner and runner-up claiming those spots.
Samuel James Kitson
Samuel James Kitson (January 1, 1848 – November 9, 1906) was a British-American sculptor active in the United States from about 1876 to 1906. He maintained studios in New York City and Boston.

Many of his works were religious in nature, and he also completed a number of busts of prominent Americans. His work, mostly in marble, consisted of full-body statues, head and shoulder portraits, and friezes.

After the death of his older brother John William Kitson, he became more active in his Boston studio where his younger brother Henry Hudson Kitson joined him.

Statue
A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure, but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst those that are more than twice life-size are regarded as colossal statues.

Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as public art. The world's tallest statue, Statue of Unity, is 182 metres (597 ft) tall and is located near the Narmada dam in Gujarat, India.
Lillium
Lillium or Lillion (Ancient Greek: Λίλλιον), or Lileon or Lileum (Λιλεόν), or Lilaeus or Lilaios (Λίλαιος), was a commercial town (emporium) on the Black Sea coast of ancient Bithynia, 40 stadia to the east of Dia. It is possible that the place may have derived its name from the Lilaeus, which Pliny the Elder mentions among the rivers of Bithynia.

Its site is located east of Akçakoca in Asiatic Turkey.

Emporium (antiquity)
An emporium refers to a trading post, factory, or market of classical antiquity, derived from ἐμπόριον empórion, which becomes emporium in Latin. The plural is emporia in both languages, although in Greek the plural undergoes a semantic shift towards 'merchandise'. Emporium is a term that has also been used to describe the centres of heightened trade during the Early Middle Ages.

Emporia varied greatly in their level of activity. Some seem to have functioned much like the permanent European trading colonies in China, India and Japan in the early modern period or those of the mediaeval Italian maritime republics in the Levant. Others were probably annual events for a few days or weeks like the medieval Champagne fairs or modern trade fairs.
Glorioso Colegio Nacional de San Carlos
Glorious National School of Saint Charles was created by decree of Simón Bolivar on 7 August 1825 in Puno, Peru.

The school situated in the urban radius of the city of Puno and pertaining to the Unit of Local Educational Management Puno (UGEL Puno), according to the Resolution Directoral Number 674-99-DREP, has by code modulate the 0240184 and 441640 by code of school venue.

It gives education in the following levels:

Childish education (Educational Institution Initial N° 196 Glorious Saint Carlos)

Primary education (Primary education|Primary Educational Institution N° 71013 Glorious Saint Carlos)

Secondary education (Emblematic Educational Institution Secondary Glorious Saint Carlos)

Education of aldultos (Centre of Alternative Basic Education Glorious Saint Carlos)

Puno
Puno (Aymara and Quechua: Punu) is a city in southeastern Peru, located on the shore of Lake Titicaca. It is the capital city of the eponymous Puno Province and Puno Region; in 2017, it had a population of 135,288 (2017 census). The city was established in 1668 by viceroy Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro as capital of the province of Paucarcolla with the name San Juan Bautista de Puno. The name was later changed to San Carlos de Puno, in honor of king Charles II of Spain. Puno has several churches dating back from the colonial period; they were built to service the Spanish population and evangelize the Quechua people.
La vita agra (film)
La vita agra is a 1964 Italian film by director Carlo Lizzani, based on Luciano Bianciardi's novel of the same name.

In 2008, the film was included on the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage’s 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978."

A hundred Italian films to be saved
The list of A hundred Italian films to be saved (Italian: Cento film italiani da salvare) was created with the aim to report "100 films that have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978". Film preservation, or film restoration, describes a series of ongoing efforts among film historians, archivists, museums, cinematheques, and nonprofit organization to rescue decaying film stock and preserve the images they contain. In the widest sense, preservation assures that a movie will continue to exist in as close to its original form as possible.
Balfour Downs Station
Balfour Downs Station is a pastoral lease and cattle station located approximately 132 kilometres (82 mi) northeast of Newman, 88 kilometres (55 mi) east of Roy Hill and 108 kilometres (67 mi) southeast of Nullagine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. At 6,395 square kilometres (2,469 sq mi), it is among the largest cattle stations in Australia.

Pilbara
The Pilbara (/ˈpɪlbərə/) is a large, dry, sparsely populated region in the north of Western Australia. It is known for its Aboriginal people, its geography, its red earth, and its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore. It is also a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna.
Amadigi di Gaula
Amadigi di Gaula (HWV 11) is a "magic" opera in three acts, with music by George Frideric Handel. It was the fifth Italian opera that Handel wrote for an English theatre and the second he wrote for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington in 1715. The opera about a damsel in distress is based on Amadis de Grèce, a French tragédie-lyrique by André Cardinal Destouches and Antoine Houdar de la Motte. Amadigi was written for a small cast, employing four high voices. Handel made prominent use of wind instruments, so the score is unusually colorful, comparable to his Water Music.

The opera received its first performance in London at the King's Theatre in the Haymarket on 25 May 1715, in a lavish successful production. Charles Burney maintained near the end of the eighteenth century: Amadigi contained "...more invention, variety and good composition, than in any one of the musical dramas of Handel which I have yet carefully and critically examined".

Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis
The Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis (abbreviated as HWV) is the Catalogue of Handel's Works. It was published in three volumes (in German) by Bernd Baselt between 1978 and 1986, and lists every piece of music known to have been written by George Frideric Handel. The catalogue also includes the first few bars of each piece and large amounts of factual information including manuscript sources, early prints, photographs, spurious works, etc. The catalogue does not include the full scores of Handel's works (for the full scores, see Händel-Gesellschaft and Hallische Händel-Ausgabe).
Second cabinet of Khayreddin Ahdab
The second cabinet of Lebanon's Prime Minister, Khayreddin al-Ahdab, was formed on 13 March 1937, after the government of his first cabinet, formed two months earlier on 5 January, collapsed. and was a national unity government. It won the confidence of the parliament by consensus. After the reshuffle following the death of Michel Zakour, the confidence was re-discussed and the next cabinet was announced.

National unity government
A national unity government, government of national unity (GNU), or national union government is a broad coalition government consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature, usually formed during a time of war or other national emergency. A unity government according to the principles of consensus democracy lacks opposition, or opposition parties are too small and negligible.
Manzoor Dar
Manzoor Ahmad Dar (born 1 November 1993) is an Indian former cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Jammu and Kashmir in the 2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament on 30 January 2017. He made his List A debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 25 February 2017. In January 2018, he was bought by the Kings XI Punjab in the 2018 IPL auction.

2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy
The 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy was the 24th edition of the Vijay Hazare Trophy, an annual List A cricket tournament in India. It was held between 25 February and 20 March 2017. Tamil Nadu won the tournament, beating Bengal by 37 runs in the final.
Frank Paschek
Frank Paschek (born 25 June 1956) is a retired East German long jumper.

He was born in Bad Doberan, Bezirk Rostock, and won a silver medal for East Germany at the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Soviet Union.

His personal best jump was 8.36 metres, achieved in May 1980 in Berlin. This ranks him fourth among German long jumpers, behind Lutz Dombrowski, Christian Reif and Sebastian Bayer.

Christian Reif
Christian Reif (born 24 October 1984 in Speyer) is a retired German long jumper.

He finished ninth at the 2007 World Championships. He had previously competed at the 2007 European Indoor Championships without reaching the final.

His then personal best jump is 8.47 metres, achieved during the 2010 European Championships, in which he won the gold medal.  In 2014 he extended his personal best to 8.49 metres.
Marian Woyna Orlewicz
Marian Wiktor Woyna-Orlewicz (5 October 1913 – 13 January 2011) was a Polish cross-country skier who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics. He was born in Wadowice and died in Zakopane.

In 1936 he was a member of the Polish cross-country relay team which finished seventh in the 4x10 km relay event.  In the 18 km competition at the same Olympiad he finished 32nd. Before his death, he was the oldest living Polish Olympic competitor.

Wadowice
Wadowice (Polish: [vadɔˈvit͡sɛ] ⓘ) is a town in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland, 50 kilometres (31 miles) southwest of Kraków with 17,455 inhabitants (2022), situated on the Skawa river, confluence of Vistula, in the eastern part of Silesian Foothills (Pogórze Śląskie). Wadowice is known for being the birthplace of Karol Wojtyła, later Pope John Paul II and Godwin von Brumowski, Austria-Hungary’s best flying ace with 35 credited and an additional 8 possible wins in the air.
Wrockstock
Wrockstock was a yearly music festival featuring wizard rock, music inspired by the world of Harry Potter. Its name is a play on the music festival Woodstock. Wrockstock was first held in 2007. Organized by Abby Hupp, it was the first large Wizard Rock gathering of its kind that was not part of a general Harry Potter fan conference. It took place at the YMCA summer camp near Ozark, Missouri. The first year it was titled "WRockstock Spooktacular". It doubled as a fundraiser for the Harry Potter Alliance, a charitable foundation run by Harry Potter fans. Its final festival was in 2013.

The events were broadcast live over the internet for those unable to attend in person.

Ozark, Missouri
Ozark is a city in and the county seat of Christian County, Missouri, United States, that is on Finley Creek. Its population was 21,284 as of the 2020 census.  Ozark is also the third largest city in the Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Area, and is centered along a business loop of US 65, where it intersects with MO 14.
Our Young Folks
Our Young Folks: An Illustrated Magazine for Boys and Girls was a monthly United States children’s magazine, published between January 1865 and December 1873. It was printed in Boston by Ticknor and Fields from 1865 to 1868, and then by James R. Osgood & Co. from 1869 to 1873. The magazine published works by  Lucretia Peabody Hale, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Horatio Alger, Oliver Optic, Louisa May Alcott, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, John Greenleaf Whittier, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Frances Matilda Abbott.

In 1874 the periodical merged with St. Nicholas Magazine.

Thomas Bailey Aldrich
Thomas Bailey Aldrich (/ˈɔːldrɪtʃ/ AWL-dritch; November 11, 1836 – March 19, 1907) was an American writer, poet, critic, and editor. He is notable for his long editorship of The Atlantic Monthly, during which he published writers including Charles W. Chesnutt. He was also known for his semi-autobiographical book The Story of a Bad Boy, which established the "bad boy's book" subgenre in nineteenth-century American literature, and for his poetry.
Mitchell's Grove Nature Preserve
Mitchell's Grove Nature Preserve is a 184 acres (74 ha) nature preserve and State Natural Area located in LaSalle County, Illinois, situated between Tomahawk Creek and the Little Vermillion River north of their confluence. It is composed of diverse terrain with over 300 plant species present. While much of the upland area is oak savanna and prairie, the bottomlands consist of several different types of mesic forest with diverse plant communities. The site was given to the state of Illinois by William and Irene Mitchell in 1997.

Oak savanna
An oak savanna is a type of savanna (or lightly forested grassland), where oaks (Quercus spp.) are the dominant trees. It is also generally characterized by an understory that is lush with grass and herbaceous plants. The terms "oakery" or "woodlands" are also used commonly, though the former is more prevalent when referencing the Mediterranean area. Oak savannas typically exist in areas with low precipitation or high fire frequency and may feature poor soils. Predominant land uses include rangeland agriculture. Naturally, these savannas depend on natural wildfires (e.g. caused by lightning) to maintain their open vegetation.
Ellis Jacob
Ellis Jacob CM OOnt (born 1953) is a Canadian business executive who serves as the president and chief executive officer of Cineplex Entertainment.

Since 1987, he has been involved in the movie theatre industry. He was the founder of Galaxy Entertainment Inc. in 1999 and has been the President and CEO of Cineplex Galaxy since November 2003. Under his leadership, he opened several movie theatres along with the expansion of arcades, restaurants and e-sports.

Order of Ontario
The Order of Ontario (French: Ordre de l'Ontario) is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Ontario. Instituted in 1986 by Lieutenant Governor Lincoln Alexander, on the advice of the Cabinet under Premier David Peterson, the civilian order is administered by the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Ontario residents for conspicuous achievements in any field.
Thomas Edward Bridges
Thomas Edward Bridges, D.D. (c.1783–1843) was an Oxford college head in the 19th century.

Bridges matriculated at University College, Oxford in 1798, at age 15, graduating at Corpus Christi College B.A. in 1802, M.A. in 1806, B.D. in 1815, and D.D. in 1823. He was President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1823 to 1843. He died 3 September 1843.

University College, Oxford
University College, formally The Master and Fellows of the College of the Great Hall of the University commonly called University College in the University of Oxford and colloquially referred to as "Univ", is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It has a claim to being the oldest college of the university, having been founded by William of Durham in 1249.

As of 2024, the college had an estimated financial endowment of £156.679 million, and their total net assets amounted to £255.431 million.

The college is associated with a number of influential people, including Clement Attlee, Harold Wilson, Bill Clinton, Festus Mogae, Stephen Hawking, C. S. Lewis, R.F. Kuang, William Beveridge, Bob Hawke, Robert Cecil, Tom Hooper, Percy Bysshe Shelley and Christian Cole, the first Black student to graduate from the university.