hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Protocol stack
The protocol stack or network stack is an implementation of a computer networking protocol suite or protocol family.  Some of these terms are used interchangeably, but strictly speaking, the suite is the definition of the communication protocols, and the stack is the software implementation of them.

Individual protocols within a suite are often designed with a single purpose in mind. This modularization simplifies design and evaluation. Because each protocol module usually communicates with two others, they are commonly imagined as layers in a stack of protocols. The lowest protocol always deals with low-level interaction with the communications hardware. Each higher layer adds additional capabilities. User applications usually deal only with the topmost layers.

Modular programming
Modular programming is a programming paradigm that emphasizes organizing the functions of a codebase into independent modules – each providing an aspect of a computer program in its entirety without providing other aspects.

A module interface expresses the elements that are provided and required by the module. The elements defined in the interface are detectable by other modules. The implementation contains the working code that corresponds to the elements declared in the interface.
Maleshevo Mountain
The Maleshevo Mountain (Bulgarian: Малешевска планина, romanized: Maleshevska planina) or Maleševo Mountain (Macedonian: Малешевски Планини, romanized: Maleševski Planini), is situated in southwestern Bulgaria and eastern North Macedonia.  It is the third of the five mountains of the Osogovo-Belasica mountain group, known also as the Western Border Mountains.  The highest point is Ilyov Vrah (1,803 m).

The mountain represents an elongated structure with area of 497 km2. It has rich wildlife which includes many Mediterranean flora and fauna species. There are two nature reserves to protect the varied wildlife.

Maleshevo Cove on the north coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after "the Maleshevo region in Southwestern Bulgaria."

Romanization of Macedonian
The romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in Macedonian from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Romanization can be used for various purposes, such as rendering of proper names in foreign contexts, or for informal writing of Macedonian in environments where Cyrillic is not easily available. Official use of romanization by North Macedonia's authorities is found, for instance, on road signage and in passports. Several different codified standards of transliteration currently exist and there is widespread variability in practice.

Although used for transliteration, Macedonian Latin script is neither widespread nor used in any formal or semi-formal communication in Macedonia. The language law of Macedonia emphasizes Cyrillic as the only alphabet of Macedonian language.
Schardenberg
Schardenberg (Central Bavarian: Schadnberi) is a municipality in the district of Schärding in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

In September 1938, the Passau Kreisleiter and Schärding Kreisleiter cordially welcomed Gauleiter August Eigruber in Schardenberg. During a rally at the Hermannseder Inn, Eigruber announced that the adjacent tower will be called Adolf-Hitler-Warte.

Central Bavarian
Central or Middle Bavarian form a subgroup of Bavarian dialects in large parts of Austria and the Free State of Bavaria along the Danube river, on the northern side of the Eastern Alps. They are spoken in the 'Old Bavarian' regions of Upper Bavaria (with Munich), Lower Bavaria and in the adjacent parts of the Upper Palatinate region around Regensburg, in Upper and Lower Austria, in Vienna (see Viennese German), in the state of Salzburg, as well as in the northern and eastern parts of Styria and Burgenland. Before 1945 and the expulsions of the Germans, it was also spoken in Hungary and southern Bohemia and Moravia.
It also influenced Austrian German.
Willem Verschuring
Willem Verschuring (September 25, 1660, Gorinchem – March 11, 1726, Gorinchem), was a Dutch Golden Age Painter, Mezzotinter and a Burgomaster. He was born to Hendrik Verschuring and Aertgen van der Ham.

Burgomaster
Burgomaster (alternatively spelled burgermeister, lit. 'master of the town/borough/fortress/citizens') is the English form of various terms in or derived from Germanic languages for the chief magistrate or executive of a city or town. The name in English was derived from the Dutch burgemeester.

In some cases, burgomaster was the title of the head of state and head of government of a sovereign (or partially or de facto sovereign) city-state, sometimes combined with other titles, such as Hamburg's First Mayor and President of the Senate). Contemporary titles are commonly translated into English as mayor.
3rd FAI World Rally Flying Championship
3rd FAI World Rally Flying Championship took place between August 28 -August 31, 1980 in Aschaffenburg in West Germany.

There took part 32 crews from 10 countries: Federal Republic of Germany (6), United Kingdom (6), Austria (6), Poland (4), Italy (3), Sweden (2), Luxembourg (2), South Africa (1), the Netherlands (1), Switzerland (1).

Most popular airplane was Cessna 150 (6 crews) and  Cessna 172 (6), then PZL-104 Wilga (4, Polish team), Piper PA-28 Cherokee (4), Cessna 152 (2) and Piper PA-24 Comanche (2). Other types were single (Piper PA-22, Grumman American AA-5, Morane-Saulnier MS-885, B-24R, Bölkow Bo 207, F-8L Falco, PN-68, SIAI Marchetti SF.260).

Grumman American AA-5
The Grumman American AA-5 series is a family of American all-metal, four-seat, light aircraft used for touring and training. The line includes the original American Aviation AA-5 Traveler, the Grumman American AA-5 Traveler, AA-5A Cheetah, and AA-5B Tiger, the Gulfstream American AA-5A Cheetah and AA-5B Tiger, the American General AG-5B Tiger, and the Tiger Aircraft AG-5B Tiger.
David Siegel (musician)
David Siegel  is an American record producer and songwriter from Miami, Florida. He is best known for co-writing Enrique Iglesias' 2002 single "Escape", as well as T.I.'s octuple platinum-certified 2008 single "Whatever You Like", the latter of which remained atop the Billboard Hot 100 for seven non-consecutive weeks. He often contributed to productions by fellow record producer Jim Jonsin, and has been credited on songs by music industry acts such as Beyoncé, Kara DioGuardi, Christina Aguilera, Cathy Dennis, Shelly Peiken, and Linda Perry.

In May 2009, Siegel ranked third on Billboard's Top Ten Songwriters Chart, for the magazine's First Publishers Quarterly Edition.

Now That's What I Call Music! discography
This is a list of available physical albums belonging to the official 1983 Now That's What I Call Music! UK series, comprising compact discs (CD), magnetic audio cassettes (AC), vinyl (LP), VHS tape, DVD and other short-lived formats. They are categorized by series (country), and then ordered by date. All countries apart from the United Kingdom have permanently ended their respective series.
Kindergarten Wars
Kindergarten Wars (Japanese: 幼稚園WARS, Hepburn: Yōchien Wars) is a Japanese web manga series written and illustrated by You Chiba. It began serialization on Shueisha's Shōnen Jump+ app and website in September 2022. Its chapters have been collected in 16 tankōbon volumes as of January 2026. An anime television series adaptation produced by Sunrise has been announced.

Webcomic
Webcomics (also known as online comics or Internet comics) are comics published on the internet, such as on a website or a mobile app. While many webcomics are published exclusively online, others are also published in magazines, newspapers, or comic books.
Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic. Readership levels vary widely; many are read only by the creator's immediate friends and family, while some of the most widely read have audiences of well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics, and cover many genres, styles, and subjects. They sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. The term web cartoonist is sometimes used to refer to someone who creates webcomics. Two examples of webcomic website builders are Comic Fury and Webtoon.
Sayyid Hashim al-Bahrani
Sayyid Hashim al-Bahrani (Arabic: السيد هاشم البحراني) also known as Sayyid Hashim al-Tublani (Arabic: السيد هاشم التوبلاني) (d. 1107 or 1109 AH) was a Twelver Shia jurist, muhaddith, exegete, and historian from Bahrain. He is known for his Al-Burhan Fi Tafsir al-Quran, a traditionary (riwayi) exegesis of the Quran. Shia scholars frequently praised him, including his contemporary Shaykh Al-Hurr al-Amili, author of the comprehensive hadith compilation Wasa'il al-Shia, which remarked his virtues and high status. He is considered by Shaykh Yusuf al-Bahrani to be second only to Allama Majlisi in terms of compilation and collection of Shia hadith.

Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
Mohammad Baqer Majlesi (c. 1627 – 29 March 1699; Persian: محمد باقر مجلسی), also known as Allamah Majlesi or Majlesi Al-Thani (Majlesi the Second), was an influential Iranian Akhbari Twelver Shi'i scholar and thinker during the Safavid dynasty. He has been described as "one of the most powerful and influential Shi'a ulema of all time", whose "policies and actions reoriented Twelver Shia'ism in the direction that it was to develop from his day on."

He was buried next to his father in a family mausoleum located next to the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan.
Ninetta Vad
Ninetta Vad (born 1989) is a Hungarian sprint canoer who has competed since the late 2000s. She won a silver medal in the K-1 4 x 200 m event at the 2010 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Poznań. In June 2015, she competed in the inaugural European Games, for Hungary in canoe sprint, more specifically, Women's K-2 500m and the K-4 500m Gabriella Szabó, Anna Kárász, and Danuta Kozák. She earned a bronze medal in the K-2 500m and a gold within the Women's K-4 500m.

2015 European Games
The 1st European Games (Azerbaijani: 1-ci Avropa Oyunları), also known as the 2015 European Games or Baku 2015 (Azerbaijani: Bakı 2015), were the inaugural edition of the European Games, an international multi-sport event for athletes representing the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the European Olympic Committees. It took place in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 12 to 28 June 2015, and featured almost 6,000 athletes from 50 countries competing in 30 sports, including 15 summer Olympic and 2 non-Olympic sports.
Jean Babin
Jean Babin is a Canadian art director and production designer. He is most noted for his work on the film The Time Thief (L'Arracheuse de temps), for which he, Arnaud Brisebois, and Ève Turcotte won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Art Direction/Production Design at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022.

He was also nominated in the same year for his work on Maria Chapdelaine, and was previously nominated at the 30th Genie Awards in 2010 for The Master Key (Grande Ourse: La Clé des possibles).

He has also been a four-time Jutra/Iris nominee for Best Art Direction, receiving nods at the 7th Jutra Awards in 2005 for Dans une galaxie près de chez vous, at the 12th Jutra Awards in 2010 for The Master Key, at the 16th Jutra Awards in 2014 for Triptych (Triptyque), and at the 19th Quebec Cinema Awards in 2017 for Wild Run: The Legend (Chasse-Galerie: La Légende).

Dans une galaxie près de chez vous
Dans une galaxie près de chez vous (English: In a galaxy near you) is a Quebec French language television series that aired on Canal Famille (later Vrak.TV) from January 25, 1999 to November 25, 2001, and a movie of the same name, released in 2004. The second movie, Dans une galaxie près de chez vous 2, was released in April 2008. There have been rumours of a third movie since 2016, but no official announcements have been made. It is a humorous sci-fi parody.
Mojibur Rahman (cricketer)
Mojibur Rahman (born 1 November 1993) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his List A debut for Victoria Sporting Club in the Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League on 8 May 2016. He made his first-class debut for Chittagong Division in the 2016–17 National Cricket League on 27 December 2016.

Chittagong Division cricket team
Chattogram Division cricket team represents the Chittagong Division, one of the eight administrative regions in Bangladesh. The team was founded in 1999 to compete in the National Cricket League (NCL) and plays first-class cricket. For the short-lived National Cricket League Twenty20 in 2010, the team adopted the name Cyclones of Chittagong. The equivalent team in the Bangladesh Premier League is the Chittagong Kings.

Chittagong Division play most of their home games at the Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium (BSFLMRCS) in the port city of Chittagong. The BSFLMRCS has superseded the older District Stadium, Chottogram (DSC) as Chittagong's main cricket venue. The District Stadium is now used primarily for football.
Louros (river)
The Louros (Greek: Λούρος) is a river in the Epirus region, in northwestern Greece. It is 80 km (50 mi) long, and its drainage area is 963 km2 (372 sq mi). It emerges from the ground in a large spring located immediately north of the village of Vouliasta, in the Ioannina regional unit.  It flows south through a canyon, and then a dam followed by a hydroelectric power station.  The Louros flows past the town of Filippiada, forming the boundary between Arta regional unit and the Preveza regional unit.  The river then veers east into the Preveza regional unit, flowing through the municipality of Louros, named after the river.  The Louros then empties into the marshes at the northern end of the Ambracian Gulf.

With Strymon River, Louros is one of only two rivers in the world where the critically endangered Greek lamprey (Caspiomyzon hellenicus) has been found.

Ioannina (regional unit)
Ioannina (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ιωαννίνων) is one of the regional units of Greece, located in the northwestern part of the country.

It is part of the region of Epirus. Its capital is the city of Ioannina. It is the largest regional unit in Epirus, and one of the largest regional units of Greece, with a population of 160,773 people, according to the 2021 census.
Ashok Mahto gang
The criminal Ashok Mahto gang, which was active in the Indian state Bihar, was led by Ashok Mahto and included Pintu Mahto. Ashok Mahto and his gang were responsible for the 2005 killing of Rajo Singh, a sitting Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha). Ashok Mahto was imprisoned but escaped from Nawada jail in 2002. Pintu Mahto killed three police officers during the prison breakout. The gang's leaders are said to belong to either the Kurmi or Koeri caste, and were supported by the backward castes in the Nawada and Sheikhpura regions. The Mahto gang was waging a war of retribution against the exploitative upper-caste Bhumihars. Mahto and his  gang were responsible for the killings of a large number of Forward Caste people in the late 1990s.

Aruna Devi
Aruna Devi is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar who is former Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly representing Warisaliganj of Nawada district. She was elected as the Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly for the first time in 2000 as an Independent. She emerged victorious for the second time in February 2005 as Lok Janshakti Party candidate. She later joined Indian National Congress and contested as Congress candidate in October 2005 & 2010 but lost to Pradeep Mahto of Janata Dal (United). She later joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2015 and emerged victorious in 2015 as well as 2020. Her spouse is Akhilesh singh sardar.
Lauragh
Lauragh (Irish: An Láithreach) is a village on the Beara Peninsula, County Kerry, Ireland. The townlands of Lauragh Upper and Lauragh Lower contain several ringfort and souterrain sites. There is a stone circle and stone row site, in Cashelkeelty townland, near Lauragh.

Lauragh's former post office, now a pub, was built c. 1870. As of 2017, the modern post office operated alongside a café and bike hire business.

The area's national (primary) school, Lauragh National School, was built in 1862. As of 2024, there were 13 children enrolled at the small school.

The local Catholic church, St. Killian's church in Lauragh, is in Tuosist parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kerry.

Diocese of Kerry
The Diocese of Kerry (Irish: Deoise Chiarraí) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in south-western Ireland, one of six suffragan dioceses in the ecclesiastical province of Cashel and Emly.

The cathedral church of the diocese is St Mary's Cathedral in Killarney, County Kerry.

The incumbent bishop of the diocese is Raymond Browne.
Mine-Akiyoshidai Karst Plateau Geopark
Mine-Akiyoshidai Karst Plateau Geopark (Japanese: Mine秋吉台ジオパーク) is a geopark that covers the entire area of Mine City in Yamaguchi Prefecture, southern Japan. It was certified as a Japanese geopark in 2015 and is a UNESCO Global Geopark. Akiyoshidai Quasi-National Park is situated within the geopark. Mine-Akiyoshidai Karst Plateau Geopark is a member of the Japanese Geoparks Network, and works with both the Global Geoparks Network and the Asia Pacific Geoparks Network.

Mudstone
Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.

The term mudstone is also used to describe carbonate rocks (limestone or dolomite) that are composed predominantly of carbonate mud. However, in most contexts, the term refers to siliciclastic mudstone, composed mostly of silicate minerals.

The NASA Curiosity rover has found deposits of mudstone on Mars that contain organic substances such as propane, benzene and toluene.
Kong Asgers Høj
Kong Asgers Høj is a large passage grave on the island of Møn in Denmark.

The megalithic structure dated to Neolithic Funnel Beaker culture. The grave consists of a chamber (10 m long by 2 m wide) with a long passage (7.5 m long). This type of graves is found primarily in Denmark, Germany and Scandinavia, and occasionally in France and the Netherlands.

Study of King Asger Høj began in 1839, when the Danish merchant Gustav Hage tried to find a treasure but found it empty. The grave is structurally untouched since ancient times, but may have been cleared then. It was used as Secondary burial for Corded Ware culture period.

Passage grave
A passage grave or passage tomb consists of one or more burial chambers covered in earth or stone and having a narrow access passage made of large stones. These structures usually date from the Neolithic Age and are found largely in Western Europe. When covered in earth, a passage grave is a type of burial mound which is found in various forms all over the world. When a passage grave is covered in stone, it is a type of cairn.
Choice modelling
Choice modelling attempts to model the decision process of an individual or segment via revealed preferences or stated preferences made in a particular context or contexts. Typically, it attempts to use discrete choices (A over B; B over A, B & C) in order to infer positions of the items (A, B and C) on some relevant latent scale (typically "utility" in economics and various related fields). Indeed many alternative models exist in econometrics, marketing, sociometrics and other fields, including utility maximization, optimization applied to consumer theory, and a plethora of other identification strategies which may be more or less accurate depending on the data, sample, hypothesis and the particular decision being modelled. In addition, choice modelling is regarded as the most suitable method for estimating consumers' willingness to pay for quality improvements in multiple dimensions.

Willingness to pay
In behavioral economics, willingness to pay (WTP) is the maximum price at or below which a consumer will definitely buy one unit of a product. This corresponds to the standard economic view of a consumer reservation price. Some researchers, however, conceptualize WTP as a range.

According to the constructed preference view, consumer willingness to pay is a context-sensitive construct; that is, a consumer's WTP for a product depends on the concrete decision context. For example, consumers tend to be willing to pay more for a soft drink in a luxury hotel resort in comparison to a beach bar or a local retail store.
Christmas Under Fire
Christmas Under Fire is a 1941 British short documentary film directed by Harry Watt for the Crown Film Unit of the Ministry of Information. It was conceived as propaganda primarily for an American audience, to raise support for the Allied cause during the Second World War. Produced in the context of German bombings of British cities, it depicts the resilience of British civilians despite the hardships they suffered during the 1940 Christmas, by showing the continuation of Christmas traditions in the face of the disruptions caused by war. The film is a sequel to London Can Take It!, with the same narrator, Quentin Reynolds. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short, which was won by Churchill's Island.

Christmas traditions
Christmas traditions include a variety of customs, religious practices, rituals, and folklore associated with the celebration of Christmas. These traditions are diverse in their origins and nature, with some having an exclusively Christian character with origins from within the religion. Other traditions are considered more cultural or secular in nature and have originated outside Christian influence. Christmas traditions have also changed and evolved significantly in the centuries since the Christmas holiday was first instituted, with celebrations often taking on an entirely different quality  depending on the period and geographical region.
Argyrotaenia tabulana
Argyrotaenia tabulana, the jack pine tube moth or lodgepole needletier moth, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alabama, Arkansas, British Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and West Virginia.

The wingspan is about 14–20 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from January to October.

The larvae feed on Picea glauca, Picea engelmannii, Pinus species (including Pinus albicaulis, Pinus banksiana, Pinus contorta, Pinus monticola, Pinus ponderosa), Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.

Western white pine
Western white pine (Pinus monticola), also called silver pine and California mountain pine, is a species of pine in the family Pinaceae. It occurs in mountain ranges of northwestern North America and is the state tree of Idaho.
El Escondido
El Escondido (Spanish for "The Hidden One") is a volcano of the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes in the department of Caldas. The volcano is approximately 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) high.

The volcano, a pyroclastic ring, was discovered in the Selva de Florencia National Natural Park in Samaná, in 2013 based on volcanic products of the volcano, different from those of San Diego to the northeast. The volcano formed approximately 30,000 years ago. The volcano overlies the Early Eocene Florencia Stock.

Caldas Department
Caldas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaldas]) is a department of Colombia named after Colombian patriotic figure Francisco José de Caldas. It is part of the Paisa Region and its capital is Manizales. The population of Caldas is 998,255, and its area is 7,291 km2. Caldas is also part of the Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis region along with the Risaralda and Quindio departments, which were politically separated from Caldas in 1966.