hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Development theory
Development theory is a collection of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social science disciplines and approaches. In this article, multiple theories are discussed, as are recent developments with regard to these theories. Depending on which theory that is being looked at, there are different explanations to the process of development and their inequalities.

Wage labour
Wage labour (also wage labor in American English), usually referred to as paid work, paid employment, or paid labour, refers to the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour power under a formal or informal employment contract. These transactions usually occur in a labour market where wages or salaries are market-determined. Wage labor is a service in standard economic theory.

In exchange for the money paid as wages (usual for short-term work-contracts) or salaries (in permanent employment contracts), the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer. A wage labourer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of their labour in this way.
East Kennebago Mountain
East Kennebago Mountain is a trailless mountain located in Franklin County, Maine. 
East Kennebago Mtn. is a monadnock, flanked by its spurs: Tim Mountain to the north, Black Spur to the west, and Blackcat Mountain to the southwest.

The southeast side of East Kennebago Mountain drains into the South Branch of the Dead River, thence into Flagstaff Lake, the Dead River, and the Kennebec River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine.
The northeast end of East Kennebago drains into Cherry Run, thence into the South Branch of the Dead River.
The southwest end of East Kennebago drains into Kennebago Lake, thence into the Kennebago River, Cupsuptic Lake, through a series of lakes into the Rapid River and Umbagog Lake, the source of the Androscoggin River, which drains into Merrymeeting Bay, the estuary of the Kennebec River.
The northwest side of East Kennebago drains into Big Sag Brook, thence into Kennebago Lake.

Flagstaff Lake (Maine)
Flagstaff Lake is located in Somerset County and Franklin County, Maine, in the United States.  The North Branch Dead River and South Branch Dead River join in the lake, forming the Dead River.

The lake's surface area is 20,300 acres (82 km2), and it has a storage capacity of about 275,482 acre-feet (339,802,000 m3).  It is extremely shallow (more so during drought years). Its deepest point is 48 feet (15 m). Landlocked salmon and brook trout can be caught. Some points on the lake are very marshy and have to be negotiated with a canoe or kayak; even then, wading may be necessary in the marshy areas to get through to the rest of the lake.

Bigelow Mountain Range overlooks from the lake's southern shore, which makes the lake popular for outdoor activities. The lake is mostly undeveloped with relatively few boats and is optimal for kayaking.
Trikala, Imathia
Trikala (Greek: Τρίκαλα) is a town in the eastern part of Imathia, Greece.  The town is in the municipal unit of Platy. It is situated between the Aliakmon and Loudias rivers, southeast of Alexandreia.

Loudias
The Loudias (Greek: Λουδίας) or Lydias (Λυδίας), popularly called Mavroneri (Μαυρονέρι, "Blackwater", from its Ottoman Turkish name Kara Asmak قره آصماق) is a river in Central Macedonia that flows through the regional units of Pella and Thessaloniki draining into the Thermaic Gulf through the Axios Delta National Park. Its drainage basin is 1,251 km2 (483 sq mi).
Neotelphusa huemeri
Neotelphusa huemeri is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Portugal, Spain, southern France and on Corsica and Sardinia.

The larvae feed on Cistus salvifolius, Cistus laurifolius, Cistus monspeliensis and Cistus psilosepalus.

Cistus laurifolius
Cistus laurifolius, commonly called laurel-leaf cistus, laurel-leaved cistus or laurel-leaved rock rose, is a species of highly branched flowering evergreen shrub native to some areas around the Mediterranean.
George Goodman
George Jerome Waldo Goodman (August 10, 1930 – January 3, 2014) was an American author and economics broadcast commentator, best known by his pseudonym Adam Smith (which was assigned by Clay Felker at New York magazine in order to keep his published articles about Wall Street anonymous). He published fiction under his own name.

Clay Felker
Clay Schuette Felker (October 2, 1925 – July 1, 2008) was an American magazine editor and journalist who co-founded New York magazine in 1968 and California magazine (first known as New West) in 1976. He was known for bringing numerous journalists into the profession. The New York Times wrote in 1995, "Few journalists have left a more enduring imprint on late 20th-century journalism—an imprint that was unabashedly mimicked even as it was being mocked—than Clay Felker."
San Leone (river)
The San Leone is a river in the Province of Agrigento, Sicily, Italy. Its main stream is 26 kilometres (16 mi) long, and it has a drainage basin of 206 square kilometres (80 sq mi). Its source is in the commune of Santa Elisabetta and it empties into the Mediterranean Sea in San Leone, a frazione of the city of Agrigento. It has various names along its course: at its source it is called Akragas, further downstream Drago, then Sant'Anna (the ancient Hypsas) and the final 3 km until its mouth San Leone. Its largest tributary is the San Biagio (also: San Benedetto). In the 19th century it was known as Fiume di Girgenti.

Province of Agrigento
The province of Agrigento (Italian: provincia di Agrigento; Sicilian: pruvincia di Girgenti) was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy, situated on its south-western coast. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free Municipal Consortium of Agrigento (Italian: libero consorzio comunale di Agrigento). As of 2025, the area has a population of 408,059 in an area of 3,052.59 square kilometres (1,178.61 sq mi) across its 43 municipalities (comuni).
Ash Bank
Ash Bank is a village in the civil parish of Werrington, in the Staffordshire Moorlands district, in Staffordshire, England, near to Stoke-on-Trent. Located in the village is Ash Hall, on Ash Bank Road, and "The Ash" (a combination of Ash House also known as Ash Farm house located on Ash Farm together with other buildings on farm Land) on the opposite side of the road. The estate is split by Ash Bank Road.
In the 1830s a mansion was built by Broad Street Pottery Works owner, Job Meigh. A two-storey house in Tudor style, it is a Grade II listed building, as is the single-storey lodge which accompanies it.
Ash Hall obtained planning permissions to repurpose Ash bank Hotel, which became a nursing home and build ten new homes and a golf course.
There was a piece of land on Ash Bank Road It is now used as a nursing home for the elderly.

Stoke-on-Trent
Stoke-on-Trent (often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England. It had an estimated population of 259,965 in 2022, making it the largest settlement in Staffordshire and one of the largest cities of the Midlands. Stoke is surrounded by the towns of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Alsager, Kidsgrove and Biddulph, which form a conurbation around the city.

The city is polycentric, formed from the federation of six towns in 1910. It took its name from the town of Stoke-upon-Trent, where the main centre of government and the principal railway station in the district were located. Hanley is the primary commercial centre. The other four towns which form the city are Burslem, Tunstall, Longton and Fenton.

As the home of the pottery industry in England, the area is known as The Potteries. It is a centre for service industries and distribution centres. It formerly had a primarily heavy industry sector.
2022 Montevideo Open
The 2022 Montevideo Open was a professional women's tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts at the Carrasco Lawn Tennis Club in Montevideo, Uruguay. It was the second edition of the tournament and part of the 2022 WTA 125 tournaments. It took place at the Carrasco Lawn Tennis Club in Montevideo, Uruguay between November 22 and 27, 2022.

Yvonne Cavallé Reimers
Yvonne Cavallé Reimers (born 22 May 1992) is a Spanish tennis player.
She has career-high WTA rankings of No. 77 in doubles, achieved 3 March 2025, and No. 266 in singles, set on 11 July 2022.

Cavallé Reimers has won seven singles titles and 32 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Tarja Cronberg
Tarja Cronberg (née Mattila; born 29 June 1943 in Helsinki) is a Finnish Green League politician who served as a member of the European Parliament from 2011 until 2014. 
Cronberg was Member of the Finnish Parliament 2003–2007. She chaired her party from 2005 until 2009 and was the Minister of Labour in the Finnish government from 2007 to 2009 as part of Matti Vanhanen's second cabinet.

Finnish Government
The Finnish Government (Finnish: Suomen valtioneuvosto; Swedish: Finlands statsråd; lit. 'Finland's council of state') is the executive branch and cabinet of Finland, which directs the politics of Finland and is the main source of legislation proposed to the Parliament. The Government has collective ministerial responsibility and represents Finland in the Council of the European Union. In the incumbent Orpo Cabinet, the Government comprises 19 ministers leading 12 ministries.

Majority coalition governments have become the foundation of the Finnish Government; apart from a few historical exceptions, a Government is usually assembled by the representatives of two major parties and a number of smaller parties.
Kura bleak
The Kura bleak (Alburnus filippii)  is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Alburnus. It is native to the Caspian Sea basin, from the Kura River and Aras River in the east to the Sefīd-Rūd in Iran.

Aras (river)
The Aras is a transboundary river in the Caucasus. It rises in eastern Turkey and flows along the borders between Turkey and Armenia, between Turkey and the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, between Iran and both Azerbaijan and Armenia, and, finally, through Azerbaijan where it flows into the Kura river as a right tributary. It drains the south side of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, while the Kura drains the north side of the Lesser Caucasus. The river's total length is 1,072 km (666 mi) and its watershed covers an area of 102,000 km2 (39,000 mi2). The Aras is one of the longest rivers in the Caucasus.
Mahadevsthan, Sindhuli
Mahadevsthan is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5,772 people living in 913 individual households.

Janakpur Zone
Janakpur Zone (Nepali: जनकपुर अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, reaching from the Indian border in the south to the Tibetan border in the north and Sagarmatha Zone in the east and Bagmati and Naryani Zones in the west.

The headquarters of Janakpur Zone and its main city was Janakpur. Close to the Indian border, it is a historic city of Hinduism. The city is believed to have been the capital city of King Janaka, the father-in-law of Lord Rama, the son of the then king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha. The city was then called 'Mithila Nagari'. The name of Janakpur zone is related to the historic King Janaka and his capital Janakpur.

Other cities within Janakpur Zone are Kamalamai (in Inner Terai), Manthali (in Hill), Bhimeshwor (in Himalaya) and Bardibas, Dhalkebar, Jaleshwor, Malangwa, Hariwan, Lalbandi, Gaushala Bazar and Matihani (Outer Terai).
Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park
Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park (Górznieńsko-Lidzbarski Park Krajobrazowy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in north-central Poland, established in 1990, covering an area of 189.66 square kilometres (73.23 sq mi).

The Park is shared between three voivodeships: Kuyavian-Pomeranian, Masovian and Warmian-Masurian. Within Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship it lies in Brodnica County (Gmina Brzozie, Gmina Górzno, Gmina Bartniczka, Gmina Świedziebnia). Within Masovian Voivodeship it lies in Żuromin County (Gmina Lubowidz). Within Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship it lies in Działdowo County (Gmina Lidzbark).

Within the Landscape Park are six nature reserves.

Żuromin County
Żuromin County (Polish: powiat żuromiński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Żuromin, which lies 121 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Warsaw. Other towns in the county are Bieżuń, lying 13 km (8 mi) south of Żuromin and Lubowidz, lying 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Żuromin.

The county covers an area of 805.01 square kilometres (310.8 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 38,688, out of which the population of Żuromin is 8,867, that of Bieżuń is 1,846, that of Lubowidz is 1,684, and the rural population is 26,291.
Theux
Theux (French pronunciation: [tø]; Walloon: Teu) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 the municipality had 11,571 inhabitants. The total area is 83.36 km2, giving a population density of 139 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: La Reid, Polleur, and Theux (including the hamlet of Tancrémont).

Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.
Nikki Phillips (model)
Nikki Phillips (born 1983) is a New Zealand model, blogger, and television host.

Phillips was born in Auckland. She started modelling at age 14 and moved to Australia in 2002. She appeared as a special guest judge in the first series of New Zealand's Next Top Model in 2009. In December 2015 she began hosting Garage Movie Block, a Sky Television show in New Zealand.

Phillips married her husband Dane Rumble in Bali in 2014.

New Zealand's Next Top Model
New Zealand's Next Top Model (NZNTM) is a New Zealand reality television series in which a number of young women compete for the title of New Zealand's Next Top Model and the chance to start their career in the modeling industry.

The show's format was originally created by American talk-show host and model Tyra Banks.

The New Zealand series is hosted by former model and 62 Models Management founder Sara Tetro, and airs on TV3 NZ. The winner of NZNTM wins a modelling contract with Sara's agency. Like its American counterpart, NZNTM features a photographer and international model on its judging panel, Chris Sisarich and Colin Mathura-Jeffree, respectively. Mathura-Jeffree also acts as runway coach to the girls, much like Miss Jay on America's Next Top Model.
Ptahmose, son of Menkheper
Ptahmose was High Priest of Ptah in Memphis during the time of Thutmose IV and/or Amenhotep III. He was the son of a Prophet (priest) named Menkheper. Ptahmose's son Pahonte would later serve as High Priest of Ptah.

Ptahmose is mainly attested by a squatting block statue now in the National Archaeological Museum of Florence (inv. 1790), This statue of Ptahmose is also depicted on Johan Zoffany's painting Tribuna of the Uffizi (1772–78).
Other monuments of Ptahmose are a round topped, limestone stela on which he is mentioned along with the High Priest of Ptah Ptahmose, son of Thutmose and his brother Meryptah, and possibly another small stela, again in Florence (inv. 2537) which may represent either Ptahmose son of Menkheper or Ptahmose son of Thutmose.

Amenhotep III
Amenhotep III  (lit. '"Amun is satisfied"'), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent or Amenhotep the Great and Hellenized as Amenophis III, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. According to different authors following the "Low Chronology", he ruled Ancient Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC, or from June 1388 BC to December 1351 BC/1350 BC, after his father Thutmose IV died. Amenhotep was Thutmose's son by a minor wife, Mutemwiya.

His reign marked a time of exceptional prosperity and grandeur, during which Egypt reached the height of its artistic and international influence, making him one of ancient Egypt's greatest pharaohs. He is also one of the few pharaohs worshipped as a deity during his lifetime.

When he died in the 38th or 39th year of his reign, he was succeeded by his son Amenhotep IV, who later changed his name to Akhenaten.
Pawson Peak
Pawson Peak (62°11′S 58°28′W﻿ / ﻿62.183°S 58.467°W﻿ / -62.183; -58.467) is a solitary peak of irregular conical shape, rising to 250 m west-northwest of Sphinx Hill, Admiralty Bay, King George Island. Named in 1977 by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Kenneth Pawson, Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) meteorological observer, Port Lockroy, 1947–48; general assistant, Admiralty Bay, 1948–50. The name "Czajkowski Needle" was applied to this feature by the Polish Antarctic Expedition, 1977–78, after Ryszard Czajkowski, a geophysicist with the expedition who climbed the peak.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Pawson Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
King George Island (Argentinian Spanish: Isla 25 de Mayo, Brazilian Portuguese: Ilha do Rei George, Chilean Spanish: Isla Rey Jorge, Russian: Ватерло́о Vaterloo) is the largest of the South Shetland Islands, lying 120 km (75 miles) off the coast of Antarctica in the Southern Ocean.  The island was named after King George III.
1996 Lipton Championships
The 1996 Lipton Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 12th edition of the Miami Masters and was part of the Mercedes Super 9 of the 1996 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 1996 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events took place at the Tennis Center at Crandon Park on Key Biscayne, Florida in the United States from March 22 through March 31, 1996.

ATP Masters 1000 tournaments
The ATP Masters 1000 tournaments, also known as Masters 1000 or ATP 1000 events, are an annual series of nine tennis tournaments featuring the top-ranked players on the ATP Tour since its inception in 1990. The ATP 1000 tournaments, sitting below the Grand Slam tournaments and the year-end championships, make up the most coveted trophies on the annual ATP Tour calendar. In addition to the quadrennial Summer Olympics, they are collectively known as the 'Big Titles'.
Novak Djokovic holds the record for the most ATP 1000 singles titles with 40. By completing the career set of all nine current ATP 1000 series singles titles in 2018, Djokovic became the first and only player to achieve the career Golden Masters. In 2020, Djokovic completed a second career Golden Masters.
In doubles, the Bryan brothers (Bob and Mike) won a record 39 doubles titles as a team. Daniel Nestor and the Bryan brothers are the only doubles players to achieve the career Golden Masters.
Legends surrounding the papacy
The papacy has been surrounded by numerous legends. Among the most famous are the claims that the papal tiara bears the Number of the Beast inscriptions, that a woman was once elected pope, or that the pope elected after Pope Benedict XVI was to be the last known as “Petrus Romanus”.

Vatican Apostolic Archive
The Vatican Apostolic Archive (Latin: Archivum Apostolicum Vaticanum; Italian: Archivio Apostolico Vaticano), formerly known as the Vatican Secret Archive (Latin: Archivum Secretum Vaticanum; Italian: Archivio Segreto Vaticano), is the central repository in the Vatican City of all acts promulgated by the Holy See.

The Pope, as the sovereign of Vatican City, owns the material held in the archive until his death or resignation, with ownership passing to his successor. The archive also contains state papers, correspondence, account books, and many other documents that the church has accumulated over the centuries.

Pope Paul V separated the Secret Archive from the Vatican Library, where scholars had some very limited access, and the archive remained closed altogether to outsiders until the late 19th century, when Pope Leo XIII opened the archive to researchers, more than a thousand of whom now examine some of its documents each year.
Protection (Allday song)
"Protection" is a song by Australian rapper Allday, released on 22 March 2019 as the second single from the Allday's third studio album Starry Night Over the Phone. The single was certified gold in Australia in 2021.

Allday
Tomas Henry Gaynor (born 21 February 1991), known professionally as Allday, is an Australian rapper, singer and songwriter from Adelaide. Gaynor became active in 2011, when he began uploading his music for free online. Following his works becoming increasingly popular, he moved to Melbourne, to pursue a serious career before later relocating to Los Angeles in February 2017. His works have been influenced by acts such as Silverchair, Frank Ocean, and TLC. Gaynor released his debut album, Startup Cult, in July 2014 to Australian audiences. Startup Cult achieved success and reached number three on the ARIA Charts.
HMS Rifleman
Six ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Rifleman:

HMS Rifleman (1804) was a 12-gun gun-brig purchased in 1804 and sold in 1809.

HMS Rifleman (1809) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1809 and sold in 1836. She then became a whaler, making three whaling voyages between 1837 and 1856.

HMS Rifleman (1846) was a 6-gun Rifleman-class wooden screw gunvessel launched in 1846 and sold in Hong Kong in 1869.

HMS Rifleman (1872) was a Frolic-class composite screw gunvessel launched in 1872 and sold in 1890.

HMS Rifleman (1910) was an Acorn-class destroyer completed in 1910 and sold for breaking in 1921.

HMS Rifleman (J299) was an Algerine-class minesweeper completed in 1944. She was used as an accommodation ship in Barrow in 1970 and sold for breaking in 1972.

A Weapon-class destroyer named HMS Rifle was laid down in 1944, but cancelled in 1945.

HMS Rifleman (J299)
HMS Rifleman was a turbine-powered Algerine-class minesweeper of the Royal Navy.  She was launched in 1943 and saw active service during World War II, both in the European and Far East theatres.  After the war she served in the Mediterranean and was used as an accommodation ship in Barrow before being sold for breaking in 1972.