hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cultural development of Kamarupa
Kamarupa was a kingdom in Northeast India that was ruled by three dynasties (Varmans, Mlechchha, and Palas) from their capitals in Pragjyotishpura, Haruppeshwara, and Durjaya. The kingdom was known for its power and influence in the region.

Durjaya (Kamarupa capital)
Durjaya, now North Guwahati, was capital of Kamarupa kingdom under the Pala Dynasty for the period 900 to 1100 C.E. Pala rulers built their capital on the banks of the Brahmaputra and surrounded it with a rampart and a strong palisade, whence they named it Durjaya which means impregnable . Many wealthy merchants lived there in safety and it boasted of many plastered turrets. Encouraged by the King, the learned men, religious preceptors, and poets made it a place of resort.
Shea's Hippodrome
Shea's Hippodrome was a historic film and vaudeville theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Hippodrome was located in downtown Toronto, at the southwest corner of Albert and Teraulay streets (now Nathan Phillips Square). At its opening in 1914, it was the largest movie palace in Canada, and one of the largest vaudeville theatres in the world. The Hippodrome included 12 opera boxes, a Wurlitzer organ, as well as a full-size orchestra pit. It debuted some of Canada's first non-silent films. It was built by brothers Jerry and Michael Shea and situated directly across from Toronto's (now former) City Hall. The Hippodrome was operated by Famous Players and managed for decades by Leonard N. Bishop. It closed in 1956 and was demolished in 1957 to make way for Toronto's new City Hall.

Movie palace
A movie palace (or picture palace in the United Kingdom) is a large, elaborately decorated movie theater built from the 1910s to the 1940s. The late 1920s saw the peak of the movie palace, with hundreds opening every year between 1925 and 1930. With the rise of television in the 1950s, movie attendance dropped, while the rising popularity of large multiplex chains in the 1980s and 1990s signaled the obsolescence of single-screen theaters. Many movie palaces were razed or converted into multiple-screen venues or performing arts centers, though some have undergone restoration and reopened to the public as historic buildings.

There are three architectural design types of movie palaces: the classical-style movie palace, with opulent, luxurious architecture; the atmospheric theatre, which has an auditorium ceiling that resembles an open sky as a defining feature; and the Art Deco theaters that became popular in the 1930s.
New Mama
"New Mama" is a song by Neil Young, recorded initially for his 1973 album Tonight's the Night.

It is said to have been inspired by the birth in 1972 of Zeke, his son with Carrie Snodgress. It is a slow song with sparse instrumentation—guitar, piano, and vibes.

Critics have described the song as "tender" and "poignantly lovely," but noted also that while it offered "some hope in family life," Tonight's the Night as a whole, an album of mourning, "did not offer solutions to the personal and professional problems it posed."

Stephen Stills recorded the song for the 1975 album Stills. Young referred to the song on his 1982 album Trans, in the song "Transformer Man" ("Every morning when I look in your eyes, / I feel electrified by you"), and in "Big Time", a song from his 1996 album Broken Arrow ("I'm still living in dreamland").

Stills (Stephen Stills album)
Stills is a 1975 studio album by American musician Stephen Stills. It is his third solo album and his first release on Columbia Records. The album was a commercial success on release, charting at number 19 on the US album charts, but was released to mixed critical reaction.
Henry M. Ridgely
Henry Moore Ridgely (August 6, 1779 – August 6, 1847) was an American lawyer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the Democratic Party, who served as U.S. Representative from Delaware and as U.S. Senator from Delaware.

Dover, Delaware
Dover (/ˈdoʊvər/ DOH-vər) is the capital and the second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Delaware, after Wilmington. It is also the county seat of Kent County and the principal city of the Dover metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Kent County and is part of the Philadelphia–Wilmington–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD, combined statistical area. It is located on the St. Jones River in the Delaware River coastal plain. It was named by William Penn for Dover in Kent, England (for which Kent County is named). As of 2020, its population was 39,403.
Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar
The Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar (Gujarati: સાહિત્ય ગૌરવ પુરસ્કાર), also known as Sahitya Gaurav Award, is a literary honour in Gujarat, India. The award is conferred by Gujarat Sahitya Akademi and the Government of Gujarat to the Gujarati authors for their significant contribution in Gujarati literature. Established in 1983, the award comprises a plaque, shawl and a cash prize of ₹100,000. In 1985, Umashankar Joshi rejected the Sahitya Gaurav Award.

Gujarati literature
The history of Gujarati literature (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય, romanized: Gujarātī sāhitya) may be traced to 1000 AD, and this literature has flourished since then to the present. It is unique in having almost no patronage from a ruling dynasty, other than its composers.

Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Akademi and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Gujarat-based literary institutions promoting the Gujarati literature.
Katzsohlteich
The Katzsohlteich is an artificially impounded reservoir that lies southwest of the town of Güntersberge in the Harz Mountains of central Germany and is used as a preflooder (Vorfluter) and fishpond. Only a few metres from the pond is the considerably larger lake of Bergsee, past the southern shores of which runs the Selke Valley Railway.

The Katzsohlbach stream flows through the pond immediately before it empties at the Bergsee into the Selke. The old Marble Mill (Marmormühle) which used to be driven by water from the pond, no longer exists. It processed marble from a quarry lying some way above the Katzsohlteich.

The Katzsohlteich is checkpoint 172 in the Harzer Wandernadel system.

51°38′12″N 10°58′05.3″E﻿ / ﻿51.63667°N 10.968139°E﻿ / 51.63667; 10.968139

Selke Valley Railway
The Selke Valley Railway (Selketalbahn), Gernrode-Harzgerode Railway (Gernroder-Harzgeroder Eisenbahn) and the Anhalt Harz Railway (Anhaltische Harzbahn) were different names for the metre gauge railway in the Lower Harz, Germany, originally owned by the Gernrode-Harzgerode Railway Company (Gernrode-Harzgeroder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, GHE).

It is now only known as the Selke Valley Railway. This has included the Quedlinburg–Gernrode line since 2006. It continues through Alexisbad to Hasselfelde and includes the Alexisbad–Harzgerode branch and the Stiege–Eisfelder Talmühle connecting line. All of them are now owned by the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways (Harzer Schmalspurbahnen). The line follows the Selke river between Mägdesprung and Albrechtshaus.
Moon Palace
Moon Palace is a novel written by Paul Auster that was first published in 1989.

The novel is set in Manhattan and the U.S. Southwest, and centers on the life of the narrator Marco Stanley Fogg and the two previous generations of his family.

Around the World in Eighty Days
Around the World in Eighty Days (French: Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours) is an adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, first published in French in 1872. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a wager of £20,000 (equivalent to £2.3 million in 2023) set by his friends at the Reform Club. It is one of Verne's most acclaimed works.
Nallikari
Nallikari is a seaside resort located on an island in the Hietasaari district in Oulu, Finland. The resort can be reached year-round with the local bus routes 15 and 15N and during summertime with a trackless train called Potnapekka. The beach of Nallikari stretches for about half a kilometre.

In addition to the beach, Nallikari resort includes a spa hotel, a camping area with rentable cottages and a seaside restaurant. A public beach was established by the city of Oulu in Nallikari in 1946. The camping area was opened in the early 1960s. There were about 40,000 total nights stayed in the camping area in the summer 2014.

Trackless train
A trackless train — or tram (U.S. English), road train, land train, or parking lot train is a road-going articulated vehicle used for the transport of passengers, comprising a driving vehicle pulling one or more carriages connected by drawbar couplings, in the manner of a road-going railway train.
Similar vehicles may be used for transport of freight or baggage for short distances, such as at a factory or airport. Often depending on use, land train may or may not be skeuomorphically styled to look like traditional, often steam trains.
Hovea, Western Australia
Hovea is a suburb in the Shire of Mundaring in Perth, Western Australia.

It is centred on Jane Brook and encompasses the Railway Reserve Heritage Trail (formerly the Eastern Railway) and John Forrest National Park.

Hovea extends as far north as Toodyay Road, and south to Glen Forrest and  Great Eastern Highway. Its western boundary is also the western boundary of the park. Hovea (named for a native Australian flowering plant) was originally named Park View, but the name was changed in 1912 to avoid confusion between Park View, Swan View, National Park and Bellevue, all nearby railway stations.

Railway Reserves Heritage Trail
The Railway Reserves Heritage Trail – also on some maps as Rail Reserve Heritage Trail or Rail Reserves Historical Trail, and frequently referred to locally as the Bridle Trail or Bridle Track – is within the Shire of Mundaring in Western Australia.
Meggittia
Meggittia is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

Not to be confused with Meggittia Lopez-Neyra, 1929; a genus of cestodes in the family Davaineidae.

Davaineidae
Davaineidae is the name of a family of tapeworms that includes helminth parasites of vertebrates. Of the 14 genera recorded under this family, Raillietina is the best understood and most extensively studied. Members of the family are characterized by the presence of a crown (rostellum) at the tip of the scolex, and the rostellum is made up of mattock- or hammer-shaped hooks. The rostellum is surrounded by suckers which are armed with spines.  These tapeworms are most commonly found in birds, and in few cases, mammals, which are the definitive hosts. Intermediate hosts are small insects such as ants. Hosts of Davainea proglottina (length 1 – 4 mm), for example, are chickens. Slugs are the intermediate hosts.
Alp Er Tunga
Alp Er Tunga or Alp Er Tonga (Alp  "brave, hero, conqueror, warrior", Er "man, male, soldier, Tom", Tonga/Tunga "Siberian tiger") is a mythical Turkic hero who was mentioned in Mahmud al-Kashgari's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, Yusuf Balasaguni's Kutadgu Bilig and in the Vatican manuscript of Oghuznama by an unknown writer.

The Karakhanids claimed to have descended from Alp Er Tunga.

Kutadgu Bilig
The Kutadgu Bilig or Qutadğu Bilig (/kuːˈtɑːdɡuː ˈbɪlɪk/; Khaqani Turkic: [qʊtɑðˈɢʊ bɪˈlɪɡ]) is an 11th-century work written by Yūsuf Balasaguni for the prince of Kashgar. The text reflects the author's and his society's beliefs, feelings and practices with regard to quite a few topics and depicts interesting facets of various aspects of life in the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
Rick Byers
Rick Byers (born c. 1959) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 2022 provincial election. He represented the riding of Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.

On September 10, 2024, he announced he would not seek re-election in the 44th Ontario general election.

Byers was an unsuccessful candidate for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in the 2000 and Conservative Party of Canada in the 2004 Canadian federal election in Oakville.

Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound (provincial electoral district)
Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound is a provincial electoral district in western Ontario, Canada. It elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

It was created in 1999 from parts of Bruce and Grey when ridings in Ontario were redistributed to match their federal counterparts.

The riding from 1999 to 2007 included the municipalities of West Grey, Hanover, Chatsworth, Meaford, Owen Sound, Georgian Bluffs, Arran-Elderslie, South Bruce Peninsula, Northern Bruce Peninsula, Neyaashiinigmiing, Saugeen 29, plus the eastern half of Brockton and South Bruce plus the northern third of Grey Highlands.

In 2007, the riding gained the municipality of Southgate, the rest of Grey Highlands, but lost the parts of Brockton and South Bruce in the riding.

The riding is notable for running a Green Party of Ontario candidate who received 33.1% of the popular vote in the 2007 election, one of largest shares of the popular vote the party has ever received in a single riding.
Ada Leonard
Ada Leonard (July 22, 1915 – November 29, 1997) was an American bandleader.

She was the leader of the All-American Girl Orchestra, the first all-female band to tour with the USO during World War II. The big-band leader was a performer with a background in musical performance.

All-female band
An all-female band is a musical group in popular music that is exclusively composed of female musicians. This is distinct from a girl group, in which the female members are solely vocalists, though this terminology is not universally followed. While all-male bands are common in many rock and pop scenes, all-female bands are less common.
2018–19 Highland Football League
The 2018–19 Highland Football League (known as the Breedon Highland League for sponsorship reasons) was the 116th season of the Highland Football League, and the fifth season as the fifth-tier of the Scottish football pyramid system. The season began on 28 July 2018 and ended on 27 April 2019.

Cove Rangers were the defending champions and retained the title on 13 April 2019 with one match still to play, after a 1–0 win away to Forres Mechanics.

They faced the winners of the 2018–19 Lowland Football League (East Kilbride) in the Pyramid play-off, winning 5–1 on aggregate. Cove then defeated Berwick Rangers 7–0 on aggregate in the League Two play-off final to gain a place in Scottish League Two.

Forres Mechanics F.C.
Forres Mechanics Football Club are a senior Scottish association football club from the town of Forres, Moray, currently playing in the Highland League. They play at the town's Mosset Park. Forres Mechanics are the oldest association football club in the North of Scotland and are one of only two original teams to play in the Highland League since its first season in 1893, the other being Clachnacuddin.
Mr Films
Mister Films, Ltd was a British film studio (based first in Epping and then at Shepperton Studios) that made and produced all of the Mr Men and Little Miss programmes from 1974 through 1991. The company also produced several television ads, cinema adverts and one feature film.

Shepperton Studios
Shepperton Studios is a film studio located in Shepperton, Middlesex, England, with a history dating back to 1931. It is now part of the Pinewood Studios Group. During its early existence, the studio was branded as Sound City (not to be confused with the Californian Sound City Studios).
Turčianske Teplice
Turčianske Teplice (German: Bad Stuben; Hungarian: Stubnyafürdő) is a town in central Slovakia in the Žilina Region. It is about halfway between Martin and Kremnica. The town's population is around 6,500. The town was the historic center of the Upper Turiec subregion within the Turiec region (comitatus), and now enjoys the status of a capital of the Turčianske Teplice District.

Žilina Region
The Žilina Region (Slovak: Žilinský kraj; Polish: Kraj żyliński; Hungarian: Zsolnai kerület) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions and consists of 11 districts (okresy) and 315 municipalities, from which 18 have a town status. The region was established in 1923, however, in its present borders exists from 1996. It is a more industrial region with several large towns. Žilina is the region administrative center and there is a strong cultural environment in Martin.
P45 road (Ukraine)
P45 is a regional Ukraine road (P-highway) in Sumy Oblast and Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, running mainly north-south and connecting Sumy with Bohodukhiv in sloped line. It begins in Sumy at Bandera Street (Highway H07/Highway P61) and Illinska Street, and travels straight through central Sumy. It passes through Verkhnya Syrovatka, Stinka, Hlybne, Samotoivka, Krasnopillya, Zemlyane, Mezenivka, Slavhorod, Porozok, Pozhnya, Druzhba, Shurove, Shyrokyi Bereh, Vilne, Velyka Pysarivka, Rozsoshi, Vinnytski Ivany, Leskivka, before terminating in Bohodukhiv at Tretyakivska Street (Highway P46) and Kharkivska Street.

Velyka Pysarivka
Velyka Pysarivka (Ukrainian: Велика Писарівка [ʋeˈɫɪkɐ ˈpɪsɐrʲiu̯kɐ]; Russian: Великая Писаревка) is a rural settlement in Sumy Oblast, northeastern Ukraine. It was formerly the administrative center of Velyka Pysarivka Raion, but is now administered within Okhtyrka Raion. It is located close to the border with Russia, on the left bank of the Vorskla, a tributary of the Dnieper. Population: 3,928 (2022 estimate).
Kent Business School
Kent Business School (KBS) is the business school of the University of Kent. Since opening in 1988, it offers undergraduate, postgraduate, MBA and PhD programmes.

KBS is sited in two locations, at The University of Kent campus in Canterbury and at Medway on Chatham Historic Dockyard.

In March 2017, Kent Business School at the Canterbury Campus moved into its new home, The Sibson Building, named after the University of Kent's third Vice-Chancellor, Professor Robin Sibson.

Robin Sibson
Robin Sibson (4 May 1944 – 19 March 2017) was a British mathematician and educator.

He was a fellow of King's College, Cambridge, professor of statistics at the University of Bath and then vice-chancellor of the University of Kent.  He was chief executive of the Higher Education Statistics Agency from 2001 until 2009. He was also a member of the Committee for Higher Education and Research (CC-HER), the predecessor to the Steering Committee for Higher Education and Research (CDESR).

He died on 19 March 2017 at the age of 72.
The Lady Is a Cat
The Lady Is a Cat is the first album by American band Antioch Arrow, which was released in 1993 through Gravity Records on 12" vinyl. The record was packaged in spray-painted chipboard sleeves, and the cover design was lifted from the poster for the 1955 film The Man with the Golden Arm. Although primarily pressed on black vinyl, rare translucent red copies were also pressed and released secretly. The total number of these copies is unknown.

The album is characterized by its hardcore-rooted sound that is "simple" compared to the recordings the band would later release. The record, in its entirety, was included on the band's self-titled 1997 compilation album.

Twelve-inch single
The twelve-inch single (often written as 12-inch or 12″) is a type of vinyl (polyvinyl chloride or PVC) gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time with a "single" or a few related sound tracks on each surface, compared to LPs (long play) which have several songs on each side. It is named for its 12-inch (30 cm) diameter that was intended for LPs. This technical adaptation allows for louder levels to be cut on the disc by the mastering engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range, and thus better sound quality. This record type, which is claimed to have been accidentally discovered by Tom Moulton, is commonly used in disco and dance music genres, where DJs use them to play in clubs. They are played at either 33+1⁄3 or 45 revolutions per minute (rpm). The conventional 7-inch single usually holds three or four minutes of music at full volume. The 12-inch LP sacrifices volume for extended playing time.
Non-photochemical quenching
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a mechanism employed by plants and algae to protect themselves from the adverse effects of high light intensity.  It involves the quenching of singlet excited state chlorophylls (Chl) via enhanced internal conversion to the ground state (non-radiative decay), thus harmlessly dissipating excess excitation energy as heat through molecular vibrations. NPQ occurs in almost all photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae and plants), and helps to regulate and protect photosynthesis in environments where light energy absorption exceeds the capacity for light utilization in photosynthesis.

Internal conversion (chemistry)
Internal conversion is a transition from a higher to a lower electronic state in a molecule or atom. It is sometimes called "radiationless de-excitation", because no photons are emitted. It differs from intersystem crossing in that, while both are radiationless methods of de-excitation, the molecular spin state for internal conversion remains the same, whereas it changes for intersystem crossing. 
The energy of the electronically excited state is given off to vibrational modes of the molecule. The excitation energy is transformed into heat.
2018 British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2018 British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the provincial women's curling championship for British Columbia, was held January 2–7 at the Victoria Curling Club in Victoria, British Columbia.  The winning Kesa Van Osch team represented British Columbia at the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts.

Victoria Curling Club
The Victoria Curling Club was founded as the club signed a lease for land with the City of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 1950. However, construction did not commence until 1952 as material shortages from the Korean War had caused delays. Still the Victoria Curling Club opened in February 1953 with eight sheets of ice.
Bolpur
Bolpur is a city and a municipality in Birbhum district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the Bolpur subdivision. Bolpur municipal area includes Santiniketan. The city is known as a cultural and educational hub of West Bengal. The city is under the jurisdiction of Bolpur and Santiniketan Police station. Bolpur is the largest and most populous city in Birbhum district and 28th most populous city in West Bengal. Located on the banks of Ajay River and Kopai River, Bolpur has been one of the major human settlements. It is 150 km north of Kolkata and is famous for Visva Bharati, the University set up by the Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore.

Ajay River
The Ajay (/ˈədʒɑɪ/) is a river which flows through the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The catchment area of Ajay River is 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 mi2). It is a tributary of the Hooghly river.
Dowa, Nepal
Dowa, Nepal  is a Pun village development committee in Myagdi District in the Dhaulagiri Zone of western-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1315 people living in 319 individual households.

Dhaulagiri Zone
Dhaulagiri (Nepali: धौलागिरी अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones which Nepal was divided into for administrative purposes, prior to the September 10, 2015 adoption of a new Constitution, which divided the nation instead into 7 provinces.  It is in the Western Development Region of Nepal and its headquarters are Baglung. Famous trekking areas like Mustang, Muktinath, Kali Gandaki valley and Mt Dhaulagiri fall in this zone. Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, the only hunting reserve in Nepal is spread over Baglung and Myagdi Districts of this zone.