hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Idiots Act 1886
The Idiots Act 1886 (49 & 50 Vict. c. 25) was an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was intended to give "... facilities for the care, education, and training of Idiots and Imbeciles".

The act made, for the first time, the distinction between "lunatics", "idiots", and "imbeciles" for the purpose of making entry into education establishments easier and for defining the ways they were cared for.

Before the act, learning institutions for idiots and imbeciles were seen as either "licensed houses" or "registered hospitals" for lunatics, for which the parents of children hoping to enter would have to complete a form stating that they were "a lunatic, an idiot, or a person of unsound mind". Additionally, they were required to answer irrelevant  questions and present two medical certificates.

Idiot
An idiot, in modern use, is a stupid or foolish person. Idiot was formerly a technical term in legal and psychiatric contexts for some kinds of profound intellectual disability where the mental age is two years or less, and the person cannot guard themself against common physical dangers. The term was gradually replaced by "profound mental retardation", which has since been replaced by other terms. Along with terms like moron, imbecile, retard and cretin, its use to describe people with mental disabilities is considered archaic and offensive. Moral idiocy is the inability to distinguish between right and wrong.
Arthur Smith (producer)
Arthur Smith (born November 25, 1960) is a Canadian television producer who is the chairman of A. Smith & Co. and of Tinopolis America. Best known for the reality competition shows American Ninja Warrior and Hell's Kitchen, he was inducted into the Realscreen Hall of Fame in 2021, and was named Producer of the Year 2020  by Broadcasting & Cable. He previously worked for CBC Sports, Dick Clark Productions, MCA Television Group, and Fox Sports Net. He has won multiple NAACP awards for his series Unsung, Rose D'Or Awards for I Survived A Japanese Game Show, a Critics' Choice Real TV Award, a Realscreen Award and multiple Reality Television Awards. In addition, his shows have been nominated for Daytime Emmys, Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards, Producers' Guild Awards and People's Choice Awards. Smith is also the author of REACH: Hard Lessons and Learned Truths from a Lifetime in Television, his memoir that was released in 2023, which Forbes called an “immediate must-read.”

MCA Inc.
MCA Inc., originally an initialism for Music Corporation of America, was an American media conglomerate that operated from 1924 to December 6, 1996. Originally a talent agency with artists in the music business as clients, the company became a major force in the film industry and later expanded into television production. MCA published music, booked acts, ran the MCA Records music label, represented film, television and radio stars, and eventually produced and sold television programs to the three major television networks, especially NBC.

MCA was the legal predecessor of Vivendi Universal and its successor NBCUniversal. Its other legal successor is Universal Music Group Holding Corp, a holding company owned by Universal Music Group (which absorbed PolyGram).
Russ Gibb
Russel James Gibb (June 15, 1931 – April 30, 2019) was an American rock concert promoter, school teacher, and disc jockey from Dearborn, Michigan. He is best known for his role in the "Paul is dead" urban legend, which he discussed on radio station WKNR-FM in Dearborn, propelling the underground conspiracy into a global phenomenon. He is also known as the owner of the Grande Ballroom, a major rock music venue in Detroit.

Urban legend
Urban legend (sometimes modern legend, urban myth, or simply legend) is a genre of folklore concerning stories about an unusual (usually scary) or humorous event that many people believe to be true but largely are not.

These legends can be entertaining but often concern mysterious and troubling events, such as disappearances and strange objects or entities. Urban legends may confirm moral standards, reflect prejudices, or be a way to make sense of societal anxieties.

In the past, urban legends were most often circulated orally, at gatherings and around the campfire for instance. Now, they can be spread by any media, including newspapers, mobile news apps, e-mail, and most often, social media.  Some urban legends have passed through the years/decades with only minor changes, in where the time period takes place. Generic urban legends are often altered to suit regional variations, but the lesson or moral generally remains the same.
Sphere spectrum
In stable homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics, the sphere spectrum S is the monoidal unit in the category of spectra. It is the suspension spectrum of S0, i.e., a set of two points. Explicitly, the nth space in the sphere spectrum is the n-dimensional sphere Sn, and the structure maps from the suspension of Sn to Sn+1 are the canonical homeomorphisms. The k-th homotopy group of a sphere spectrum is the k-th stable homotopy group of spheres.

The localization of the sphere spectrum at a prime number p is called the local sphere at p and is denoted by .

Suspension (topology)
In topology, a branch of mathematics, the suspension of a topological space X is intuitively obtained by stretching X into a cylinder and then collapsing both end faces to points. One views X as "suspended" between these end points. The suspension of X is denoted by SX or susp(X).: 76

There is a variant of the suspension for a pointed space, which is called the reduced suspension and denoted by ΣX. The "usual" suspension SX is sometimes called the unreduced suspension, unbased suspension, or free suspension of X, to distinguish it from ΣX.
Over the Edge (Kayzo and Gammer song)
"Over the Edge" is a song by American electronic producer Hayden Capuozzo and English UK hardcore producer Matthew Lee, featuring American singer-songwriter August Hausman. Canadian record label Monstercat released it on August 11, 2017. The song was featured on the compilation album Monstercat Uncaged Vol. 2, released August 25, 2017.

Kayzo
Hayden Capuozzo (born October 8, 1991), better known by his stage name Kayzo, is an American DJ based in Los Angeles, California. He is best known for remixing songs and incorporating trap and hardstyle genres into his remixes. His collaboration with Riot, "Wake Up", received more than 200,000 plays in less than 24 hours.

Kayzo is also the founder of Welcome Records.
Fiat CR.20
The Fiat CR.20 was a biplane fighter designed and produced by the Italian aircraft manufacturer Fiat. It represented an intermediate step from the early biplane CR.1 and the later, successful series CR.30, CR.32 and CR.42.

Development of the CR.20 was headed by the aeronautical engineer Celestino Rosatelli, who selected a sesquiplane configuration. The engine was a water-cooled 306 kW (410 hp) Fiat A.20 V-12 engine. Major variants were the CR.20 Idro, a pontoon floatplane, and the CR.20 Asso, using a more powerful (336 kW/450 hp) Isotta Fraschini engine. CR.20bis, produced from 1930, differed from the original version only with the addition of a more advanced landing gear.

Pontoon boat
A pontoon boat is a flattish boat that relies on floats to remain buoyant. These pontoons (also called tubes) contain much reserve buoyancy and allow designers to create large deck plans fitted with a variety of accommodations including expansive lounge areas, stand-up bars, and sun pads. More horsepower is now able to be applied to the stern due to design improvements. Pontoon boat drafts may be as shallow as eight inches (20 centimetres), which reduces risk of running aground and underwater damage; this allows it to come close to shore to pick up and drop off loads.
Clergy's Houses, Timișoara
The Clergy's Houses (Romanian: Casele Canonicilor) are a collection of four listed buildings located on the northern side of Union Square in Timișoara, Romania, connected to one another. They have been documented since 1758, suggesting they were likely constructed before this date. In 1844, the four houses shared a single facade, which was likely damaged during the events of 1849, after which the facades were individually restored.

Union Square, Timișoara
Union Square (Romanian: Piața Unirii), also known as Dome Square (Romanian: Piața Domului), is the oldest square in Timișoara, Romania. It was named in honor of the Romanian troops that entered Timișoara on 3 August 1919 and established the Romanian administration, thus finalizing the union of Banat with Romania. Initially, it was called Losonczy Square, after Count István Losonczy who was killed by the Turks in 1552, when the fortress was conquered.

Union Square is the most important reserve of Baroque architecture in the city. It houses some of the most valuable monuments of Timișoara: the two cathedrals, one Roman Catholic and one Serbian Orthodox, the Baroque Palace, the Plague Column, etc.
Kalle Trapp
Karl-Heinz "Kalle" Trapp is a German former music engineer and producer, and owner of the Karo Studio in Münster.

The federal state North Rhine-Westphalia became breeding ground for most German metal bands in the 1980s, with Trapp being referred to as "one of the main power metal producers of the 1980s and '90s". He became especially known as recurring producer of Blind Guardian's records, also credited as backing vocalist on several Blind Guardian albums. According to Andy Ergün of Grinder, Trapp also recommended that No Remorse Records sign Blind Guardian to release their first record.

Trapp also produced or engineered albums by thrash metal bands such as Sieges Even, Destruction,,Drifter  and Paradox; death metal such as Malleus Maleficarum by Dutch Pestilence, as well as heavy metal and hard rock such as Mad Max, Saxon and Uriah Heep.

When retiring as a producer, Trapp also closed Karo Studios.

Grinder (band)
Grinder was a late 1980s/early 1990s speed metal/thrash metal band from Germany. They released three full-length albums and one EP before disbanding. Grinder was the first international heavy metal act to play in Turkey, on May 12, 1990, at the Open Air Theater in Istanbul.
Yeşilköy, Hatay
Yeşilköy is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Dörtyol, Hatay Province, Turkey. Its population is 10,436 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is situated between Nur Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea coast. Turkish state highway D.817 is to the west, Çukurova Motorway is to the east and Dörtyol is to the south of the town. Yeşilköy is almost merged to Dörtyol. The distance to Antakya (center of the province) is 90 kilometres (56 mi). Yeşilköy was declared a seat of township in 1968. The main agricultural crops are citrus and vegetables. The town is in a flourishing industrial area. Services to summer houses around the town also constitute a part of town revenue.

Part of the village's territory includes the archaeological site of Issus, the ancient settlement that gave its name to several important battles. Most notably, the Battle of Issus was the decisive contest in Alexander the Great's invasion of the Persian Empire.

Dörtyol
Dörtyol, historically Chok Merzimen (Western Armenian: Չորք Մարզպան, romanized: Č'ork' Marzban, lit. 'four reaches'), is a municipality and district of Hatay Province, Turkey. Its area is 342 km2, and its population is 128,941 (2022). It is a port city and oil terminus located 26 km north of the city of İskenderun, near the easternmost point of the Mediterranean at the head of the Gulf of İskenderun.
Shaker Abdul Hamid
Shaker Abdel Hamid Suleiman (June 20, 1952 – March 18, 2021) was the Egyptian Minister of Culture from 2011 to 2017. He served as Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Culture, then Minister of Culture at the Ministry of Kamal al-Ganzuri in December 2011. He was also a Professor of Creative Psychology at The Egyptian Academy of Arts.

He was director of the Talent Education Program at the Graduate School of the Arab Gulf University (Kingdom of Bahrain / 2005 -2011). He served as Dean of the Higher Institute of Art Criticism at the Academy of Arts in Egypt and later as Vice-President of the Academy from 2003 to 2005. Suleiman's academic works contributed to literary and plastic criticism. He specialized in the study of artistic creativity and taste in children and adults.

Arabian Gulf University
Arabian Gulf University is a university in the city of Manama, in the Kingdom of Bahrain. It is accredited by the Ministry of Education, Bahrain, and governed by Gulf Cooperative Countries, and is a member of Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World. Entry into the university is restricted to GCC nationals, with other Arab nationals considered only if vacancies are available.
Carlos González Jaksic
Carlos González Jaksic (April 1, 1928 – December 29, 2008) was a Chilean accountant, mathematics teacher, and politician of the Socialist Party of Chile.

He served as Deputy for the Twenty-Seventh Departamental Group (Magallanes, Última Esperanza and Tierra del Fuego).

Socialist Party of Chile
The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish: Partido Socialista de Chile, PS) is a centre-left political party founded in 1933.

Its historic leader was President of Chile Salvador Allende, who was deposed in a coup d'état by General Augusto Pinochet in 1973. The military junta immediately banned socialist, Marxist and other leftist political parties. Members of the Socialist party and other leftists were subject to violent suppression, including torture and murder, under the Pinochet dictatorship, and many went into exile.

Twenty-seven years after the 1973 coup, Ricardo Lagos Escobar won the Presidency as the Socialist Party candidate in the 1999–2000 Chilean presidential election. Socialist Michelle Bachelet won the 2005–06 Chilean presidential election. She was the first female president of Chile and was succeeded by Sebastián Piñera in 2010. In the 2013 Chilean general election, she was again elected president, leaving office in 2018.
Hornblende gabbro
Hornblende gabbro is an intrusive rock similar to normal gabbro (gabbro sensu stricto). In the QAPF classification it falls within the gabbro field, in which quartz makes up 0% to 5% of the QAPF mineral fraction, plagioclase makes up 90% or more of the total feldspar content, and the plagioclase is calcium-rich (%An > 50). Hornblende gabbro is distinguished from other subtypes of gabbro by having a composition almost entirely of plagioclase and hornblende, with olivine and pyroxene each making up less than 5% of its mineral content.

QAPF diagram
A QAPF diagram is a doubled-triangle plot diagram used to classify igneous rocks based on their mineralogy. The acronym QAPF stands for "quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, feldspathoid (foid)", which are the four mineral groups used for classification in a QAPF diagram. The percentages (ratios) of the Q, A, P and F groups are normalized, i.e., recalculated so that their sum is 100%.
Karaputar
Karaputar was a municipality of Lamjung District in Gandaki Province of central Nepal. The municipality was established on 19 September 2015 by merging the existing Bangre, Bhorletar, Isaneshwor and Karapu village development committees (VDCs). The center of the municipality was established in the former VDC Office of Karapu Bazaar. After merging the four VDC's population it had a total population of 10,836 according to 2011 Nepal census. After the government decision the number of municipalities has reached 217 in Nepal. This municipality finally merged with Madhyanepal municipality on 10 March 2017. Madhyanepal established the same day with part of Karaputar municipality.

Lamjung District
Lamjung District (Nepali: लमजुङ जिल्ला [ˈlʌmd͡zuŋ] ⓘ), a part of Gandaki Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Besisahar as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,692 square kilometres (653 sq mi) and as of 2011 had a population of 167,724.  lies in the mid-hills of Nepal spanning tropical to trans-Himalayan geo-ecological belts, including the geographical midpoint of the country (i.e., Duipipal). It has mixed habitation of castes and ethnicities. It is host to probably the highest density of the Gurung ethnic population in the country.

Popular Media in Lamjung Includes Mero Lamjung, Radio Chautari, Aantaranga Saptahik, Radio Marsyangdi,Radio Lamjung, etc.
Church of São Pedro (Ponta Delgada, Flores)
The Church of São Pedro (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Ponta Delgada/Igreja de São Pedro) is a 17th-century church located in the civil parish of Ponta Delgada in the municipality of Santa Cruz das Flores, in the Portuguese island of Flores, in the archipelago of the Azores.

Concelho
Concelho (Portuguese: [kõˈseʎu]) is the Portuguese-language term for municipality, referring to the territorial subdivision in local government. In comparison, the word município ([muniˈsipiu]) refers to the organs of State. This differentiation is still in use in Portugal and some of its former overseas provinces, but is no longer in use in Brazil following the abolition of these organs, in favour of the French prefecture system. It is similar to borough and council.
Scholefield
Scholefield is a surname of Northern English origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Adam Scholefield (born 1985), English water polo player

Alan Scholefield (1931–2017), South African writer

Edward Scholefield (1893–1929), British Royal Air Force officer and test pilot

Guy Scholefield (1877–1963), New Zealand journalist, historian, archivist, librarian and editor

James Scholefield (1789–1853), English classical scholar

James Scholefield (1790–1855), English religious leader and reformer

Joshua Scholefield (1775–1844), English businessman and politician

Mark Scholefield (1828–1858), English Victoria Cross recipient

William Scholefield (1809–1867), English businessman and politician

Joshua Scholefield
Joshua Scholefield (23 May 1775 – 4 July 1844) was a British businessman and Radical politician. He was elected as one of Birmingham's two first members of parliament when the town was enfranchised as a result of the Reform Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 45).

Born in Sheffield, Yorkshire, by 1800 he had established himself as an iron manufacturer, merchant and banker at Birmingham. He subsequently became a director of the National Provincial Bank, the London Joint Stock Bank and the Metropolitan Assurance Company.
Erlandsen
Erlandsen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arne Erlandsen (born 1959), Norwegian football manager and former footballer

Christian Erlandsen (1926–2016), Norwegian physician and politician

Einar E. Erlandsen (1908–1995), American politician

Jakob Erlandsen (died 1274), Danish Roman Catholic archbishop

Maja Erlandsen (born 1989), Norwegian freestyle wrestler

Marius Erlandsen (born 1979), Norwegian auto racing driver

Otto Erlandsen (1867–1959), Swedish-American builder and architect

Christian Erlandsen
Christian Erlandsen (2 March 1926, Aker – 10 October 2016) was a Norwegian physician and politician for the Conservative Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hedmark in 1977, and was re-elected on one occasion. He later served as a deputy representative during the term 1989–1993.

On the local level he was a member of the municipal council for Stange Municipality from 1963 to 1977 and 1987 to 1995. From 1975 to 1979 and 1987 to 1999 he was a deputy member of Hedmark county council. He chaired the local party chapter from 1994 to 1999.

Outside politics he graduated with a cand.med. degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1952, specialized in psychiatry in 1963 and worked at Sanderud Hospital.
Arrondissements of the Landes department
The 2 arrondissements of the Landes department are:

Arrondissement of Dax, (subprefecture: Dax) with 152 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 237,445 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Mont-de-Marsan, (prefecture of the Landes department: Mont-de-Marsan) with 175 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 185,531 in 2021.

Subprefectures in France
In France, a subprefecture (French: sous-préfecture) is the commune that hosts the administrative centre of an arrondissement (a primary division of a department). The commune that hosts the administrative center for the whole department is known as the prefecture. The term "subprefecture" also applies to the building that houses the administrative headquarters for an arrondissement.

The civil servant in charge of a subprefecture is the subprefect, assisted by a general secretary. Between May 1982 and February 1988, subprefects were known instead by the title Deputy Commissioner of the Republic (commissaire adjoint de la République). Where the administration of an arrondissement is carried out from a prefecture, the general secretary to the prefect carries out duties equivalent to those of the subprefect.

(The municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon and Marseille are divisions of the commune rather than the department. They are not arrondissements in the same sense.)
University of Virginia School of Architecture
The University of Virginia School of Architecture is the graduate school of architecture at the University of Virginia, a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. The school offers master's, doctoral and limited bachelor's programmes in architecture, landscape architecture, architectural history, and urban and environmental planning. Additionally, the school offers a certificate in historic preservation.

Founded by Thomas Jefferson, and set in the UNESCO World Heritage Academical Village, the school was founded in 1919, but the original vision for the school dated to 1826. To date, the school is considered a leader for architectural studies, and is ranked among the top ten schools of architecture in the United States.

History of architecture
The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The beginnings of all these traditions is thought to be humans satisfying the very basic need of shelter and protection. The term "architecture" generally refers to buildings, but in its essence is much broader, including fields we now consider specialized forms of practice, such as urbanism, civil engineering, naval, military, and landscape architecture.

Trends in architecture were influenced, among other factors, by technological innovations, particularly in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. The improvement and/or use of steel, cast iron, tile, reinforced concrete, and glass helped for example Art Nouveau appear and made Beaux Arts more grandiose.
Locust Abortion Technician
Locust Abortion Technician is the third studio album by American rock band Butthole Surfers, released in March 1987. The album was originally released on both vinyl and CD on Touch and Go, and was remastered on CD on the band's label, Latino Buggerveil, in 1999.

Touch and Go Records
Touch and Go Records is an American independent record label based in Chicago, Illinois. After its genesis as a handmade fanzine in 1979, it grew into one of the key record labels in the American 1980s underground and alternative rock scenes. Touch and Go carved out a reputation for releasing adventurous noise rock by the likes of Big Black, the Butthole Surfers, and The Jesus Lizard. Touch and Go helped to spearhead the nationwide network of underground bands that formed the pre-Nirvana indie rock scene, and helped preside over the shift from the hardcore punk that then dominated the American underground scene to the more diverse styles of alternative rock emerging at the time.