hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael Shulman (mathematician)
Michael "Mike" Shulman (/ˈʃuːlmən/; born 1980) is an American professor of mathematics at the University of San Diego who works in category theory and higher category theory, homotopy theory, logic as applied to set theory, and computer science.

Higher category theory
In mathematics, higher category theory is the part of category theory at a higher order, which means that some equalities are replaced by explicit arrows in order to be able to explicitly study the structure behind those equalities. Higher category theory is often applied in algebraic topology (especially in homotopy theory), where one studies algebraic invariants of spaces, such as the fundamental weak ∞-groupoid.

In higher category theory, the concept of higher categorical structures, such as (∞-categories), allows for a more robust treatment of homotopy theory, enabling one to capture finer homotopical distinctions, such as differentiating two topological spaces that have the same fundamental group but differ in their higher homotopy groups. This approach is particularly valuable when dealing with spaces with intricate topological features, such as the Eilenberg-MacLane space.
NGC 750
NGC 750 is an elliptical galaxy approximately 225 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Triangulum. It forms a close pair of interacting galaxies together with the nearby NGC 751 galaxy. The pair is listed as Arp 166 in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (in the category Galaxies with diffuse filaments).

Interacting galaxy
Interacting galaxies, also known as colliding galaxies, are two or more galaxies whose gravitational fields result in a disturbance of one another. There are several types of galactic interactions, including major interactions, minor interactions, and galaxy harassment. Major interactions occur between galaxies with similar amounts of mass, whereas minor interactions involve galaxies with masses that vary significantly. An example of a minor interaction is a satellite galaxy disturbing the primary galaxy's spiral arms. An example of a major interaction is a galactic collision, such as the one that  astronomers estimate will happen in the future between the Milky Way and Andromeda. Collisions may lead to galaxy mergers and may also lead to other phenomena such as star formation and black hole activity.
2019 AFL Women's Rising Star
The 2019 NAB AFL Women's Rising Star award was presented to the player adjudged the best young player during the 2019 AFL Women's season. Maddy Prespakis of the Carlton Football Club won the award with 49 votes.

National Australia Bank
National Australia Bank Limited (abbreviated NAB, branded and stylised as nab) is one of the four largest financial institutions in Australia (colloquially referred to as "The Big Four") in terms of market capitalisation, earnings and customers. NAB was ranked the world's 21st-largest bank measured by market capitalisation and 52nd-largest bank in the world as measured by total assets in 2019.

As of January 2019, NAB operated 3,500 Bank@Post locations—including 7,000+ ATMs across Australia, New Zealand, and Asia—and served 9 million customers.

NAB has an "AA−" long-term issuer rating by Standard & Poor's.
Shared earning/shared parenting marriage
Shared earning/shared parenting marriage, also known as peer marriage, is a type of marriage where partners at the outset agree to adhere to a model of shared responsibility for earning money, meeting the needs of children, doing household chores, and taking recreation time in near equal fashion across these four domains. It refers to an intact family formed in the relatively equal earning and parenting style from its initiation. Peer marriage is distinct from shared parenting, as well as the type of equal or co-parenting that father's rights activists in the United States, the United Kingdom and elsewhere seek after a divorce in the case of marriages, or unmarried pregnancies/childbirths, not set up in this fashion at the outset of the relationship or pregnancy.

Kyle Pruett
Kyle D. Pruett is an author of books and columns on parenting, and is a professor of child psychiatry at Yale University. This researcher and practicing psychiatrist was the host of the TV series Your Child Six to Twelve with Dr. Kyle Pruett. He has contributed to Good Housekeeping, Child, and The New York Times. He has appeared as a guest on Good Morning America, Oprah, CBS This Morning, and National Public Radio.

Pruett was also the former president and board member of Zero to Three, an early childhood development organization.
Michael Clarkson (rugby league)
Michael "Micky" Clarkson is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played at club level for Stanley Rangers ARLFC, Wakefield Trinity, and Featherstone Rovers, as a prop.

Stanley Rangers
Stanley Rangers (founded 1919) is an amateur rugby league club situated in the village of Stanley near Wakefield. They are in Division One of the National Conference League.
Players range from 8-years old and receive training in all aspects of the sport. Many younger players have attended Paul Sculthorpe's training camps.
Ancient East Eurasians
The term Ancient East Eurasian, alternatively also known as East Eurasian or Eastern Eurasian, is used in population genomics to describe the genetic ancestry and phylogenetic relationship of diverse populations primarily living in the Asia-Pacific region, belonging to the "Eastern Eurasian clade" of human genetic diversity, and which can be associated with the Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) wave, following the Out of Africa migration at least 60,000 years ago.

Population genomics
Population genomics is the large-scale comparison of DNA sequences of populations. Population genomics is a neologism that is associated with population genetics. Population genomics studies genome-wide effects to improve our understanding of microevolution so that we may learn the phylogenetic history and demography of a population.
Ping An Bank
Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. is a Chinese joint-stock commercial bank with its headquarters in Shenzhen. It primarily operates in mainland China with a representative branch in Hong Kong. The bank offers services in retail and corporate banking, including investment banking services. As a subsidiary of Ping An Insurance, the bank is one of the three main pillars of Ping An Group: insurance, banking and asset management.

The bank reverse takeover publicly traded company Shenzhen Development Bank and retained the stock code of the bank in 2012.

As one of twelve joint-stock commercial banks in China, Ping An Bank is a component of the FTSE China A50 Index, Hang Seng China 50 Index, and CSI 300 Index amongst others.

CSI 300 Index
The CSI 300 (Chinese: 沪深300; pinyin: Hù Shēn Sānbǎi) is a capitalization-weighted stock market index designed to replicate the performance of the top 300 stocks traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. It has two sub-indexes: the CSI 100 Index and the CSI 200 Index. Over the years, it has been deemed the Chinese counterpart of the S&P 500 index and a better gauge of the Chinese stock market than the more traditional SSE Composite Index.

The index is compiled by the China Securities Index Company, Ltd.

It has been calculated since April 8, 2005. Its value is normalized relative to a base of 1000 on December 31, 2004.

It is considered to be a blue chip index for Mainland China stock exchanges.
Gopalapatnam mandal
Gopalapatnam mandal is one of the 11 mandals in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh in India. It is administered under Visakhapatnam revenue division and its headquarters is located at Gopalapatnam. The mandal lies on the west fringe of Visakhapatnam city and is bounded by Visakhapatnam Rural to the north and Gajuwaka to the south.

There are no villages in this mandal as it is located within the jurisdiction of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, which is responsible for the civic amenities of Gopalapatnam.

Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) is the civic body that governs the city of Visakhapatnam, largest city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Its jurisdiction encompasses an area of 640 km2 (250 sq mi). It is also part of the planning body of the Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority. Established in the year 1979, the executive power of the GVMC is vested in the Municipal Commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service officer appointed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. In January 2021, the number of wards were increased to 98 from 81 earlier. On 28 April 2025, Peela Srinivasa Rao from 96th ward of GVMC elected as new mayor of Visakhapatnam after no-confidence motion on previous mayor has successfully passed in the council.
11th Army (German Empire)
The 11th Army (German: 11. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 11 / A.O.K. 11) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I.  It was formed in March 1915 in Kassel originally to serve on the Western Front but was transported to Galicia for service on the Eastern Front.  The army was dissolved on 8 September 1915, but reformed on 23 September 1915 for the Serbian Campaign.  It was finally dissolved on 7 January 1919.

Field army
A field army (also known as numbered army or simply army) is a military formation in many armed forces, composed of two or more corps. It may be subordinate to an army group. Air armies are the equivalent formations in air forces, and fleets in navies. A field army is composed of 80,000 to 300,000 soldiers.
Elle Mills
Elle Janette Mills (born July 17, 1998), also known by her YouTube username ElleOfTheMills, is a Philippine-born Canadian former YouTube vlogger. She won the "Breakout YouTuber" category at the 10th Shorty Awards in 2018. Her videos have been compared to the films of John Hughes. In 2023, she announced in her New York Times essay that she has taken a step back from YouTube and is now pursuing writing and directing full-time.

John Hughes (filmmaker)
John Wilden Hughes Jr. (February 18, 1950 – August 6, 2009) was an American filmmaker. He is best known for writing, directing, and producing the films Sixteen Candles (1984), The Breakfast Club (1985), Weird Science (1985), Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), and Uncle Buck (1989), in addition to writing the films Pretty in Pink (1986), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Home Alone (1990), 101 Dalmatians (1996), and Flubber (1997).

Widely considered an icon of the 1980s whose coming-of-age stories captured the teenage experience, Hughes set most of his films in Chicago, where he spent his teenage years. His work often combined slapstick comedy with heartfelt moments and launched the acting careers of "Brat Pack" members Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Rob Lowe, Andrew McCarthy, Demi Moore, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, and Ally Sheedy, as well as John Candy and Macaulay Culkin.
Jackson (surname)
Jackson (/ˈdʒæksən/) is a common surname of English origin. In 1980, Jackson was the 24th most common surname in England and Wales. In the 1990 United States Census, Jackson was the thirteenth most frequently reported surname, accounting for 0.3% of the population.

Jackson is also commonly used as a first name.

Notable people with the name include:

3T
3T is an American R&B/pop music trio featuring the three sons of Tito Jackson (from the Jackson 5) and Delores "Dee Dee" Jackson, from whom they inherit their Dominican ancestry. The band members include, from eldest, Tariano Adaryll Jackson II ("Taj") (born August 4, 1973), Taryll Adren Jackson (born August 8, 1975) and Tito Joe Jackson ("TJ") (born July 16, 1978). Their late uncle Michael Jackson mentored the trio, and signed them to his label MJJ Music.
Court administration
Court administration, administration of courts or judicial administration is a field of public administration on back office affairs of court operation, including annual budgeting and human resource management.

Court
A court is an institution, often a government entity, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties  and administer justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

Courts generally consist of judges or other judicial officers, and are usually established and dissolved through legislation enacted by a legislature. Courts may also be established by constitution or an equivalent constituting instrument.

The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction, which describes the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions, or petitions put to it. There are various kinds of courts, including trial courts, appellate courts, administrative courts, international courts, and tribunals.
Dera Shish
Dera Shish (Arabic: دئيره شيش, Kurdish: دێرشیش) also known as ʿŪmrā and ‘Ūmra Shghisha, is a village in Dohuk Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is located near the Iraq–Turkey border in the district of Zakho.

In the village, there was a church of Mar Ephrem. The Monastery of Mar Atqen was located near the village.

Iraq–Turkey border
The Iraq–Turkey border is 331 km (206 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Syria in the west to the tripoint with Iran in the east. Should Turkey, which is a candidate for EU membership, accede to the EU, Iraq will be a border neighbor with the European Union.
Hamedi
Hamedi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ebrahim Hamedi (born 1949), Iranian pop singer better known by his stage name Ebi

Niloofar Hamedi (born 1992), Iranian journalist

Tareg Hamedi (born 1998), Saudi karateka

Ebi
Ebrahim Hamedi (Persian: ابراهیم حامدی, romanized: Ebrāhim Hāmedi; born 19 June 1949), better known by his stage name Ebi (ابی), is an Iranian pop singer who first started his career in Tehran and Karaj, gaining fame as part of a band, and later as a solo performer. He moved to Los Angeles in 1977, two years before the 1979 revolution in Iran, and continued his career in exile. Over 50 years; Ebi has released nearly 200 singles and over 30 albums.
European Association for Vision and Eye Research
The European Association for Vision and Eye Research is a multidisciplinary scientific society that aims to encourage research and the dissemination of knowledge concerning the eye and vision by means of meetings, publications and exchange of information. It is an international non-profit association formed in agreement with the Belgian law. EVER is the largest European research association that covers all areas of ophthalmology and the vision science. The association currently has members from over 48 countries within Europe and abroad, and is organized in 11 scientific sections.

EVER was founded in 1997 in Montpellier, France, when The Association for Eye Research (AER), the European Community Ophthalmic Research Association (ECORA) and the Joint European Meetings in Ophthalmology and Vision (JERMOV) merged, and recognized by the Belgian Royal Decree on 20 September 1998.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Leonard Strong (writer)
Leonard Alfred George Strong (8 March 1896 – 17 August 1958) was a popular English novelist, critic, historian, and poet, and published under the name L. A. G. Strong. He served as a director of the publishers Methuen Ltd. from 1938 to 1958.

Methuen Publishing
Methuen Publishing Ltd (/ˈmɛθjuən/; also known as Methuen Books) is an English publishing house.

It was founded in 1889 by Sir Algernon Methuen (1856–1924) and began publishing in London in 1892. Initially, Methuen mainly published non-fiction academic works, eventually diversifying to encourage female authors and later translated works. E. V. Lucas headed the firm from 1924 to 1938.
USS Safeguard
USS Safeguard is a name used more than once by the United States Navy:

USS Safeguard (ARS-25), laid down, 5 June 1943, at Basalt Rock Co. Inc., Napa, California.

USNS Safeguard (T-ARS-50), laid down on 8 November 1982 by Peterson Builders, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin; launched on 12 November 1983; and commissioned on 17 August 1985.

USNS Safeguard
USNS Safeguard (T-ARS-50), formerly USS Safeguard (ARS-50), is the lead ship of her class and the second United States Navy ship of that name.

Safeguard was laid down on 8 November 1982 by Peterson Builders, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin; launched on 12 November 1983; and commissioned on 17 August 1985.

Safeguard is the lead ship of the newest auxiliary rescue and salvage class of vessels constructed for the US Navy. The rugged construction of this steel-hulled vessel, combined with her speed and endurance, make Safeguard well-suited for rescue and salvage operations throughout the world. The hull below the waterline is ice-strengthened.

USNS Safeguard's sister ships are the USNS Grasp (T-ARS-51), USNS Salvor (T-ARS-52) and USNS Grapple (T-ARS-53).

On 26 September 2007 USS Safeguard was transferred to the Military Sealift Command as USNS Safeguard (T-ARS-50).
MorphoSys
MorphoSys AG is a German biopharmaceutical company founded in 1992. The company is headquartered near Munich, Germany, and has a wholly owned subsidiary, MorphoSys US Inc., in Boston, Massachusetts, in the US. The company has various antibody, protein and peptide technologies that it uses to discover and develop both proprietary and partnered drug candidates. The company has more than 100 drugs in its wider pipeline that are being investigated as treatments for a variety of diseases. While many of these are being developed in partnership with pharma and biotech companies, MorphoSys also has a proprietary pipeline with a focus on cancer and autoimmune diseases.

MorphoSys AG was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and on the US Nasdaq stock exchange. Novartis agreed to acquire the company in February 2024.

Guselkumab
Guselkumab, sold under the brand name Tremfya, is a human monoclonal antibody against interleukin-23 used for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.
Somebody's Hero (song)
"Somebody's Hero" is a song co-written and recorded by Australian country music artist Jamie O'Neal.  It was released in April 2005 as the second single from her album Brave.  It peaked at number 3 on the Hot Country Songs chart, giving O'Neal her sixth Top 40 country hit, and her third top ten hit.  The song was written by O'Neal, Ed Hill and Shaye Smith.

Brave (Jamie O'Neal album)
Brave is the second studio album by Australian country music singer Jamie O'Neal. It was her first release on the Capitol Nashville label, being issued on 1 March 2005 (see 2005 in country music). It followed an unreleased second album for Mercury Records, titled On My Way to You, the title track of which carried over to Brave. The album reached a peak of number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart and number 40 on the Billboard 200.
Karbeyaz
Karbeyaz (formerly: Yiğityolu) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Altınözü, Hatay Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,128 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

Karbeyaz is situated close to the Syrian border. The distance to Altınözü is 19 kilometres (12 mi) and to Antakya (central city of the province) is 45 kilometres (28 mi). The town was founded by the soldiers in the army of Ottoman sultan Selim I during his return from the Egyptian campaign in 1517. After the First World War like the rest of the province it was offered to France. During the French rule its name was changed to Yiğityolu. But after it merged to Turkey in 1939, the former name Karbeyaz was readopted. ın 1975 Karbeyaz was declared a seat of township. The town is a typical agricultural town with olives being the most important crop. Cereal and figs are also produced.

Altınözü
Altınözü (Arabic: الْقُصَيْر, el-Kusayr) is a municipality and district of Hatay Province, Turkey. Its area is 392 km2, and its population is 60,344 (2022). It is in the south-east of Hatay Province, on the border between Turkey and Syria. The mayor is Rıfat Sarı (AKP).
Sport Club Corinthians Alagoano
Sport Club Corinthians Alagoano, commonly referred to as Corinthians Alagoano, was a Brazilian professional football club based in Maceió, Alagoas. The team last participated in the Campeonato Alagoano in the 2013 season, before merging with Sport Club Santa Rita.

Sport Club Santa Rita
Sport Club Santa Rita is a currently inactive Brazilian football club based in Boca da Mata, Alagoas. The team currently doesn't play in any league, having last participated in the Campeonato Alagoano in the 2018 season.
Posterior teeth
In dentistry, the term posterior teeth usually refers as a group to the premolars and molars, as distinguished from the anterior teeth, which are the incisors and canine teeth. The simplest way of distinguishing between anterior teeth and posterior teeth is that posterior (back) teeth are situated at the back of the mouth. It can be said that the anterior teeth are tailored to biting (breaking the food into chewable chunks) whereas the posterior teeth are tailored to chewing (comminuting the food into swallowable particles).

Anterior teeth are inherently more accessible than are posterior teeth. Sometimes dental health and choice of dental treatment are influenced by this factor.

Premolar
The premolars, also called premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth.  They have at least two cusps.  Premolars can be considered transitional teeth during chewing, or mastication. They have properties of both the canines, that lie anterior and molars that lie posterior, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars.
Schallenberg (surname)
Schallenberg is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Schallenberg family, Austrian noble family
Alexander Schallenberg (born 1969), Chancellor of Austria
Wolfgang Schallenberg (1930–2023), Austrian diplomat, father of Alexander
Herbert, Count of Schallenberg (1901–1974), Austrian diplomat, father of Wolfgang and grandfather of Alexander

Edmund Schallenberg (1913–1999), American handball player

Kolja Schallenberg (born 1984), German theatre director

Ron Schallenberg (born  1998), German professional footballer

Herbert, Count of Schallenberg
Count Herbert Erwin Joseph Anton von Schallenberg (German: Herbert Graf von Schallenberg; 29 March 1901 – 26 March 1974), officially known as Herbert Schallenberg from 1919, was an Austro-Hungarian count, lawyer, diplomat and industrialist. He was the Austrian consul-general in Prague in the 1930s.

He was born in Vienna as a member of the comital branch of the noble Austro-Hungarian Schallenberg family. In September 1927 in the Church of Saint Nicholas in Prague, he married Elisabeth Helene Koch, daughter of the German Ambassador to Prague Walter Koch.

He was the father of the diplomat Wolfgang Schallenberg and the grandfather of acting Chancellor of Austria, Alexander Schallenberg.