hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Inclosure Act 1773
The Inclosure Act 1773 (13 Geo. 3. c. 81) (also known as the Enclosure Act 1773) is an act of the Parliament of Great Britain, passed during the reign of George III. The act is still in force in the United Kingdom. It created a law that enabled enclosure of land, at the same time removing the right of commoners' access.

Common land
Common land  is collective land (sometimes only open to those whose nation governs the land) in which all persons have certain common rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect wood, or to cut turf for fuel. A person who has a right in, or over, common land jointly with another or others is usually called a commoner.

In Great Britain, common land or former common land is usually referred to as a common; for instance, Clapham Common and Mungrisdale Common. Due to enclosure, the extent of common land is now much reduced from the hundreds of square kilometres that existed until the 17th century, but a considerable amount of common land still exists, particularly in upland areas. There are over 8,000 registered commons in England alone.
Road Rash
Road Rash is a motorcycle racing video game series by Electronic Arts in which the player participates in violent, illegal street races. The series started on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive and was released on various other systems over the years. The game's title is based on the slang term for the severe abrasive injuries that can occur in a motorcycle fall where skin comes into contact with the ground at high speed.

Six different games were released from 1991 to 2000, and an alternate version of one game was developed for the Game Boy Advance. The Sega Genesis trilogy was re-released in EA Replay for the PlayStation Portable. The series sold 3 million units by 1998.

Motorcycle racing
The motorcycle sport of racing (also called moto racing and motorbike racing) includes motorcycle road racing and off-road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
Nakazawa
Nakazawa (written: 中澤, 中沢, 仲澤 or 仲沢) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ayumu Nakazawa, Japanese voice actor

Daisuke Nakazawa, sushi chef

Kazuto Nakazawa (born 1968), Japanese animator

Kei Nakazawa (born 1959), Japanese writer and professor

Keiji Nakazawa (born 1939), Japanese manga artist and writer

Kyle Nakazawa (born 1988), Japanese-American football player

Masatomo Nakazawa (中澤 匡智; born 1983), Japanese actor, voice actor and singer

Masatsugu Nakazawa (中澤 公胤; born 1975), Japanese professional wrestler known as Michael Nakazawa

Motoki Nakazawa (中沢 元紀; born 2000), Japanese actor

Sae Nakazawa (born 1983), Japanese judoka

Takumi Nakazawa (born 1976), Japanese video game writer

Tomohide Nakazawa (中澤 友秀; born 1980), Japanese footballer

Yuji Nakazawa (born 1978), Japanese football player

Yuko Nakazawa (born 1973), Japanese J-pop singer

Christoph Nakazawa (born 1989), video game developer

Keiji Nakazawa
Keiji Nakazawa (中沢 啓治, Nakazawa Keiji; March 14, 1939 – December 19, 2012) was a Japanese manga artist and writer. He is best known for his semi-autobiographical series Barefoot Gen, a landmark work depicting the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and its aftermath. A hibakusha (atomic bomb survivor) himself, Nakazawa was in Hiroshima during the bombing in August 1945 and lost most of his family. His experiences shaped his artistic and political vision, leading to pioneering manga that confronted war trauma, nuclear devastation, and postwar Japanese society with stark realism and deep humanism. Barefoot Gen, serialized from 1973, became one of the first Japanese comics to gain international recognition and remains a foundational work in the genre of A-bomb manga. Through his work, Nakazawa combined personal testimony with bold criticism of militarism and nationalism, establishing manga as a medium for historical and political reflection.
Xihaina
Xihaina is an extinct genus of iguanian lizard from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China. The type species Xihaina aquilonia was named in 1995 from the Djadochta Formation and is known from a partial skeleton that preserves parts of the skull, most of the vertebral column, the pelvis, and the right hind limb. The incomplete nature of this specimen makes the classification of Xihaina difficult; it has never been incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis, but it shares similarities with a group of Late Cretaceous Mongolian lizards called Gobiguania, particularly the gobiguanian genera Anchaurosaurus and Polrussia. The fact that many skeletal elements are missing yet the rest of the skeleton is articulated suggests the individual may have been partially eaten by a predator or scavenger and then rapidly buried soon after.

Djadochta Formation
The Djadochta formation (sometimes transcribed and also known as Djadokhta, Djadokata, or Dzhadokhtskaya) is a highly fossiliferous geological formation in Central Asia, Gobi Desert, dating from the Late Cretaceous period, during the Campanian to the Maastrichtian. The type locality is the Bayn Dzak locality, famously known as the Flaming Cliffs. Reptile (including dinosaur) and mammal remains are among the fossils recovered from the formation.
Berdan Öztürk
Berdan Öztürk (born 1 May 1980 in Tutak) is a Turkish politician of Kurdish descent who is from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), who has served as a Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Ağrı since 7 June 2015.

Tutak, Turkey
Tutak (Kurdish: Dûtax), is a town in Ağrı Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Tutak District. Its population is 7,059 (2021). It is located on a small plain surrounded by high mountains and watered by the Murat River, on the road from the city of Ağrı to the district of Patnos. Its altitude is 1,535 m. The mayor is Fevzi Sayan (AKP).
Brian Frons
Brian Scott Frons (born June 15, 1956) is an American television executive and the former president of ABC Daytime. He is an adjunct professor at the UCLA Anderson School of Management and founder of Frons Consulting LLC.

The Chew
The Chew is an American cooking-themed talk show that aired for seven seasons from September 26, 2011, to June 28, 2018, having replaced the soap opera All My Children, on ABC as part of the network's weekday daytime lineup. The name was inspired by fellow ABC talk show The View, but The Chew centered on food and lifestyle topics rather than the news of the day.

For most of the show's run, it was hosted by chefs Mario Batali, Carla Hall and Michael Symon, wellness expert Daphne Oz, and Clinton Kelly (who served as the show's moderator). Oz left in August 2017, while Batali left in December 2017, and was later officially terminated, amid sexual misconduct allegations from some of his restaurant workers. The five co-hosts won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informative Talk Show Host in 2015.

On May 23, 2018, ABC announced that it was canceling The Chew. The show aired its final episode on June 15, 2018 and was subsequently replaced with a third hour of Good Morning America.
Maitland, South Dakota
Maitland, originally called Garden City and sometimes misspelled Midland, is a ghost town in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. It was a mining community that boomed during the Black Hills Gold Rush, but was abandoned by about 1915.

Today many parts of the area are residential and include Maitland Ridge and Paradise Acres.

Lieutenant Governor of Michigan
The lieutenant governor of Michigan is the second-ranking official in U.S. state of Michigan, behind the governor.

The current lieutenant governor is Garlin Gilchrist, a Democrat, who has held the office since January 1, 2019.
Gina, Dale Haze and the Champions
Gina, Dale Haze and the Champions are an Irish pop group who formed in 1973 and remained a successful chart act for the next two decades. They were one of the most popular club acts in Ireland, playing on the showband circuit until their retirement in 1992. In 2009 they staged a reunion (with all the original members) and they continue to perform at selected venues around Ireland.

Irish showband
The Irish showband (Irish: seó-bhanna) was a dance band format popular in Ireland from the 1950s to the 1980s, with its peak in the 1960s. These bands typically had seven to ten members, including a rhythm section and a brass section with various combinations of trumpet, saxophone, and trombone, and were fronted by lead singers. Some included comedy skits in their shows. Their repertoire included rock and roll, country and western, Dixieland jazz, big band tunes, Irish Céilí dances, Latin, folk, and more. Showbands were noted for the energy they brought to live performances, their chart-topping covers, and sometimes choreographed performances. Many such bands toured in Ireland, and some of the successful ones later performed in Britain, the US, Canada, on the German nightclub circuit, and on U.S. military bases in Europe.
Hospital of God
The Hospital of God, Greatham, County Durham, was founded in 1273 by the then Bishop of Durham, Robert de Stichell.  It was originally a foundation to aid poor people.  By the sixteenth century the foundation was used more as a "house of entertainment for gentlemen" and it was not well used for helping the poor.  After 1610 there were reforms, and its original mission was resumed.

It now runs day centres and home visiting services for patients, many of whom have dementia, in Greatham, Horden, Seaham and Wheatley Hill.

The Redcar Sword Dancers have performed outside the hospital every year since 1967.

Horden
Horden is a village and electoral ward in County Durham, England. It is situated on the North Sea coast, to the east of Peterlee, approximately 12 miles south of Sunderland. Horden was a mining village until the closure of the Horden Colliery in 1987. Main features include the Welfare and Memorial Parks and St Mary's church. It is connected to the villages of Blackhall Colliery and Blackhall Rocks to its south by a spectacular rail viaduct which spans Castle Eden Dene near Denemouth. Horden Dene provides Horden's northern boundary with Easington Colliery.
Andreas Stähle
Andreas Stähle (born 14 February 1965) is an East German sprint canoer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. He won two medals at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul with a silver in the K-1 500 m and a bronze in the K-4 1000 m events.

Stähle also won seven medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds (K-1 500 m: 1985, K-4 500 m: 1983, 1986), three silvers (K-1 500 m: 1987, K-4 500 m: 1990, K-4 1000 m: 1983), and a bronze (K-1 500 m: 1983).

1990 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1990 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Poznań, Poland, on Lake Malta.

The men's competition consisted of eight Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Five events were held for the women, all in kayak.

This was the 23rd championships in the canoe sprint.
Kalhang
Kalhang is a village located north of Ukhrul in Ukhrul district, Manipur state, India. The village is approximately 39 kilometers from Ukhrul. National Highway 150 Imphal-Kohima via Jessami passes through the village. Kalhang is one of the villages that used to make indigenous salt from natural salt springs and supply to other Tangkhul villages before the introduction of common salt. The village is flanked by Phungcham and Peh in the west, Khamasom in the east, Longpi in the south and Kuirei in the North. Locally inhabitants speak Kansang dialect which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family.

Ukhrul
Ukhrul (Tangkhul pronunciation:/ˈuːkˌɹəl or ˈuːkˌɹʊl/ is the headquarters of Ukhrul district, one of the hilly district in the state of Manipur, India. Ukhrul is the home of the Tangkhul Nagas. It is the administrative headquarter of the Ukhrul district. There are also four sub-divisions in the district for administering the villages in and around it. The villages, however, are governed by the 'village heads'. It is also famous for the Shirui Lily.
William Garvie
William Garvie (1837 – December 15, 1872) was a lawyer, journalist, and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Halifax County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly as a Liberal from 1871 to 1872.

Nova Scotia Liberal Party
The Nova Scotia Liberal Party (officially the Liberal Association of Nova Scotia) is a centrist provincial political party in Nova Scotia, Canada and the provincial section of the Liberal Party of Canada. The party currently holds two seats in the Legislature, under the interim leadership of Iain Rankin. The party was in power most recently from the 2013 election until the 2021 election.

The party is the only party in the province with uninterrupted presence in the legislature since confederation. It has formed the Government of Nova Scotia for 90 of the approximately 160 years since it became a province of Canada. It won 25 of the province's 42 elections, but was supplanted by the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party as the official opposition for three consecutive elections in 1999, 2003 and 2006, and again in the most recent election in 2024.
Petrović
Petrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Петровић, pronounced [pětroʋitɕ];) is a South Slavic language patronymic surname literally meaning Peter's son, equivalent to the English last name of Peterson. In Eastern Slavic naming customs its counterpart is "Petrovich".

The surname was notably used by the House of Petrović-Njegoš, and by Karađorđe Petrović.

Petrović is the second most frequent surname in Serbia. It is also the 11th most common in Croatia, with 9,614 carriers (2011 census). It is the third most common surname in the Osijek-Baranja County, the fourth most common in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and ninth most common in the City of Zagreb.

Primorje-Gorski Kotar County
Primorje – Gorski Kotar County (Croatian: Primorsko-goranska županija, pronounced [prǐːmorsko-ɡǒranskaː ʒupǎnija]) is a county in west Croatia, most of it based in the historical and cultural region called Croatia proper and some of it in Istria, including the Bay of Kvarner, the surrounding Northern Croatian Littoral, and the mountainous region of Gorski Kotar. Its center is Rijeka. The county's population was 296,195 at the 2011 census.

The county includes the island territories of Krk, Cres, Lošinj and Rab. It borders Slovenia.

The county is divided:
Chiranjeevulu (2001 film)
Chiranjeevulu (transl. Immortals) is a 2001 Telugu action drama film written and directed by Radha Krishna in his debut. The film stars Ravi Teja, Sanghavi, Sivaji, Brahmaji, and Shiju. The music was composed by A. B. Murali, and the film released on 1 January 2001. The title is based on the 1956 Telugu film of the same name starring N. T. Rama Rao and Jamuna. The film is a remake of the Tamil film Putham Pudhu Payanam (1991).

Sivaji (Telugu actor)
Sontineni Sivaji (born 30 June 1971), is an Indian actor and voice actor who works in Telugu cinema. He had won the Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist for Dil. His notable performances include Missamma (2003), Adirindayya Chandram (2005), Satyabhama (2007), Mantra (2007), Taj Mahal (2010), Court – State vs a Nobody (2025), and Dhandoraa (2025). In 2023, he participated in the reality show Bigg Boss 7, and emerged as the second runner-up.

Beside acting, Sivaji was politically active as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party from 2014 to 2015 when he exited the party citing ideological differences. He embarked on a hunger strike to demand special status for Andhra Pradesh.
Kings Meadows High School
Kings Meadows High School is a government co-educational comprehensive secondary school located in Kings Meadows, a southern suburb of Launceston, Tasmania, Australia. Established in 1960, the school caters to approximately 550 students from Years 7 to 12. The school is administered by the Tasmanian Department of Education.

In 2019 student enrolments were 540. The school principal is Cary Stocks.

The school services the Kings Meadows, Youngtown, and Northern Midlands area.

Youngtown, Tasmania
Youngtown is a residential locality in the local government areas (LGA) of Launceston and Northern Midlands in the Launceston and Central LGA regions of Tasmania. The locality is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south-east of the town of Launceston. The 2016 census has a population of 291 for the state suburb of Youngtown.
It is a southern suburb of Launceston.

There is an Australian rules football ground at Youngtown, the Youngtown Oval, which is where South Launceston Football Club play their home games in the Tasmania State League. Youngtown Primary School is also located in the suburb.
Juan Bautista Rael
Juan Bautista Rael (August 14, 1900 – November 8, 1993) was an American ethnographer, linguist, and folklorist who was a pioneer in the study of the people, stories, and language of Northern New Mexico and southern Colorado in the Southwestern United States. Rael was a professor at Stanford University. He donated his considerable collection of ethnographic materials to the Library of Congress.

Northern New Mexico
Northern New Mexico in cultural terms usually refers to the area of heavy-Spanish settlement in the north-central part of New Mexico. However, New Mexico state government also uses the term to mean the northwest and north central, but to exclude both the northeastern high plains counties and Sandoval County. The five largest cities in northern New Mexico are: Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Española, Los Alamos, and Taos.
Zacatón
Zacatón is a thermal water-filled sinkhole belonging to the Zacatón system – a group of unusual karst features located in Aldama Municipality near the Sierra de Tamaulipas in the northeastern state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.  At a total depth of 339 meters (1,112 ft), it is one of the deepest known water-filled sinkholes in the world.

Using an autonomous robot, the underwater portion of Zacatón has been measured to be 319 meters (1,047 ft) deep (a 20 m or 66 ft difference between the rim of cliff and surface of water adds to the total depth). Zacatón is the only sinkhole of the five located in Rancho La Azufrosa to have any noticeable water flow.

The name Zacatón comes from the free-floating islands of zacate grass which move around on the surface with the wind.

Scrapings from the rock walls beneath the surface yielded at least three new phyla of bacteria.

Principal investigator
In many countries, the term principal investigator (PI) refers to the holder of an independent grant and the lead researcher for the grant project, usually in the sciences, such as a laboratory study or a clinical trial. The phrase is also often used as a synonym for "head of the laboratory" or "research group leader". While the expression is common in the sciences, it is used widely for the person or persons who make final decisions and supervise funding and expenditures on a given research project.

A co-investigator (Co-I) assists the principal investigator in the management and leadership of the research project. There may be a number of co-investigators supporting a PI.
Agrupación Aérea Presidencial
The Agrupación Aérea Presidencial (Presidential Air Group) was the Head of State Air Transport Unit for the President of Argentina. It was closed in 2016 by president Mauricio Macri, because of the high cost of repairs and maintenance and the lack of adequate pilots.

Aeroparque Jorge Newbery
Jorge Newbery Airfield (IATA: AEP, ICAO: SABE), commonly known as Aeroparque, is an international airport 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of downtown Buenos Aires, Argentina. The airport covers an area of 138 hectares (341 acres) and is operated by Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 S.A. It is located along the Río de la Plata, in the Palermo neighbourhood, and serves as the main hub for domestic flights in Argentina and South American destinations.
The Golden Group Memories
The Golden Group Memories is an American touring music group that contains former members of doo-wop groups. The 2006 line-up included:

Vito Balsamo of the Salutations

Randy Silverman of the Salutations and The Impalas

Leo Lucas of J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers

Jimmy Merchant of The Teenagers

Bill Goodwin of the Ink Spots

Al Handfield of Shep & the Limelights

The group was featured in the 1999 PBS special Doo Wop 50. At that time, the group was Balsamo, Silverman, Merchant, and Joe "Speedo" Frazier of The Impalas.

The Ink Spots
The Ink Spots were an American vocal pop group who gained international fame in the 1930s and 1940s. Their unique musical style predated the rhythm and blues and rock and roll musical genres, and the subgenre doo-wop. The Ink Spots were widely accepted in both the white and black communities, largely due to the ballad style introduced to the group by lead singer Bill Kenny.

In 1989, the Ink Spots (Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, Jerry Daniels, and Orville Jones) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 1999 they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. Since the Ink Spots disbanded in 1954, there have been well over a hundred vocal groups calling themselves "The Ink Spots", with and without any original members of the group. It has often been the case that these groups claimed to be "second generation" or "third generation" Ink Spots.
Arena Mall (Budapest)
Arena Mall (formerly known as Aréna Plaza) is the largest shopping plaza in Budapest at a size of 200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft). On November 15, 2007, Arena Plaza opened at the site of an old horse racing track.

The project was developed by Plaza Centers Group, a shopping center developer in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Plaza Centers Group credits itself as the first developer to bring Western-style shopping centers to Hungary. The executive of Plaza Centers says during the opening in 2007, “Arena Plaza is one of the largest and most prestigious shopping and entertainment centres in Central and Eastern Europe, the design and ambition of which has set new standards for the region..."

The center includes the country's first IMAX cinema auditorium, along with 22 other screens. It includes many stores for shopping, dining, and entertainment. A major focal point is the large Tesco, a hypermarket.

Hypermarket
A hypermarket or superstore is a big-box store combining a supermarket and a department store. The result is an expansive retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full grocery lines and general merchandise. In theory, hypermarkets allow customers to satisfy all their routine shopping needs in one trip. The term hypermarket (French: hypermarché) was coined in 1968 by the French trade expert Jacques Pictet.

Hypermarkets, like other big-box stores, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-margin sales. Typically covering an area of 5,000 to 15,000 square metres (54,000 to 161,000 sq ft), they generally have more than 200,000 different brands of merchandise available at any one time. Because of their large footprints, many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile.
Groundwater on Mars
Rain and snow were regular occurrences on Mars in the past; especially in the Noachian and early Hesperian epochs. Water was theorized to seep into the ground until it reached a formation that would not allow it to penetrate further (such a layer is called an aquitard and is believed to be impermeable). Water then accumulated forming a saturated layer. Deep aquifers may still exist.

Arabia quadrangle
The Arabia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The Arabia quadrangle is also referred to as MC-12 (Mars Chart-12).

The quadrangle contains part of the classic area of Mars known as Arabia. It also contains a part of Terra Sabaea and a small part of Meridiani Planum. It lies on the boundary between the young northern plains and the old southern highlands. The quadrangle covers the area from 315° to 360° west longitude and 0° to 30° north latitude.