hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Guns versus butter model
In macroeconomics, the guns versus butter model is an example of a simple production–possibility frontier. It demonstrates the relationship between a nation's investment in defense and ability to consume civilian goods. The "guns or butter" model is used generally as a simplification of national spending as a part of GDP. This may be seen as an analogy for choices between defense and civilian spending in more complex economies. The government will have to decide which balance of guns versus butter best fulfills its needs, with its choice being partly influenced by the military spending and military stance of potential opponents.

Researchers in political economy have viewed the trade-off between military and consumer spending as a useful predictor of election success.

In this example, a nation has to choose between two options when spending its finite resources. It may buy either guns (invest in defense/military) or butter (invest in production of goods), or a combination of both.

Non-renewable resource
A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption. An example is carbon-based fossil fuels. The original organic matter, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual elements are always conserved (except in nuclear reactions, nuclear decay or atmospheric escape).

Conversely, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) and wind (used to power energy conversion systems) are considered renewable resources, largely because their localized replenishment can also occur within our lifespans.
Cuss Control
Cuss Control: The Complete Book on How to Curb Your Cursing is a self-help book on how to curb swearing written by James V. O'Connor in 2000. O'Connor, who also founded the Cuss Control Academy of Northbrook, Illinois in 1998, has gained a reputation as a swearing expert and the book has been featured and reviewed in hundreds of media outlets, including Time, The Oprah Winfrey Show, The New York Times, The View, and The O'Reilly Factor.

Northbrook, Illinois
Northbrook is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago in the greater North Shore, part of a collection of upscale residential communities north of Chicago. The population was 35,222 at the 2020 census. It is within Northfield Township, Illinois, bordering Lake County.

When incorporated in 1901, the village was known as Shermerville in honor of Frederick Schermer, who donated the land for its first train station. The village changed its name to Northbrook in 1923 as an effort to improve its public image. The name was chosen because the West Fork of the North Branch of the Chicago River runs through the village.

Glenbrook North High School, founded in 1953 as Glenbrook High School, is located in Northbrook. The village is also home to the Northbrook Park District, the Northbrook Court shopping mall, the Ed Rudolph Velodrome, the Chicago Curling Club, and the Northbrook Public Library.
Belize Defence Force FC
Belize Defence Force Football Club is a Belizean football team based in Belize City which currently competes in the Premier League of Belize of the Football Federation of Belize. It is sponsored by the country's national army of the same name. The Belize Defence Force F.C (or "Military Football Machine" as they are known at the national level) have won the Belize Premier Football League National Championship three times; the 2009–2010 Opening season,
the 2009–10 Closing season, and the 2010–11 Opening season.

The team is based in Belize. Their home stadium is MCC Grounds.

Premier League of Belize
The Premier League of Belize is the highest competitive football league in Belize. It was founded on 28 December 2011 after the merger between the Belize Premier Football League and the Super League of Belize. League games usually take place in front of dozens of spectators.
Selsbakk IF
Selsbakk Idrettsforening is a Norwegian sports club from Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag. It has sections for team handball, gymnastics, track and field and Nordic skiing.

It was founded on 15 May 1945 as a merger of Forsøket SL, Selsbakk TF and the Workers' Confederation of Sports club SK Fram. In 1953 it had no gymnastics section, but since then it has lost sections for association football and swimming. One of these clubs was founded on 25 January 1911, which the club now counts as its founding date.

The club has had success in athletics, with Martin Stokken representing the club. High jumper Tonje Angelsen has also represented the club.

The ski jumping hill Granåsen originally belonged to the club.

Sør-Trøndelag
Sør-Trøndelag (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsø̂ːˌʈrœndəlɑːɡ] ⓘ; lit. 'South Trøndelag') was a county comprising the southern portion of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway. It bordered the old Nord-Trøndelag (lit. 'North Trøndelag') county as well as the counties of Møre og Romsdal, Oppland, and Hedmark. To the west is the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean), and to the east is Jämtland in Sweden. The county was separated into a northern and southern part by the Trondheimsfjorden. Slightly over 200,000 of the county's population (or around 55%) lives in the city of Trondheim and its suburbs. The Norwegian dialect of the region is Trøndersk.

The region was divided into two administrative counties in 1804. In 2016, the two county councils voted to merge into a single county, which became effective 1 January 2018.
Howard Cissell
Howard Cissell (August 21, 1936 - February 19, 2019) is an American former professional football player who played for the Montreal Alouettes from 1960 to 1962 and was an assistant college football coach.

He played college football at Arkansas State University. He led his team in receiving for two seasons (10 catches for 129 yards and a touchdown in 1955 and 10 catches for 138 yards and two touchdowns in 1957), and led in scoring his senior year with 36 points and 6 touchdowns. He also lettered four years as a hurdler on the track team.

He signed with the Baltimore Colts after college, but was released and played professionally in the CFL for three seasons with the Montreal Alouettes.

He coached ten years in high school in Arkansas, and was an assistant coach under Hayden Fry for six seasons at North Texas State, and two seasons at Iowa.

In 1993, he was selected to the Arkansas State Athletic Hall of Fame.

Arkansas State University
Arkansas State University (A-State or ASU) is a public research university in Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States. It is the flagship campus of the Arkansas State University System and the second-largest university in the state. The university was founded in 1909 and is located atop 1,376 acres (557 hectares) on Crowley's Ridge.

Arkansas State University is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
Kate Baines
Kate Baines (born 18 July 1978) is an English actress, born in Doncaster. She has appeared in the Channel 4 British soap opera's Hollyoaks (as Beth Morgan #2), Coronation Street and Emmerdale (as Joanne). Kate has also appeared in dramas including At Home with the Braithwaites, Peak Practice and City Central. In June 2020, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Claire Mortimer.

Baines trained at Bretton Hall College and gained a BA (Hons) in Performing Arts (1996–1999). She has also appeared in many stage plays and regularly performs for the Hull Truck Theatre Company.

Bretton Hall College of Education
Bretton Hall College of Education was a higher education college  in West Bretton in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England.  It opened as a teacher training college in 1949 with awards from the University of Leeds. The college merged with the University of Leeds in 2001 and the campus closed in 2007.
Crazy Climber
Crazy Climber is a 1980 action video game developed by Jorudan and published by Nichibutsu for arcades. In North America, the game was also released by Taito. Ports for the Arcadia 2001 and Atari 2600 were published in 1982, followed by the Famicom in 1986 and X68000 in 1993.

With the goal of scaling a series of skyscrapers using two joysticks (one controlling the left side of the character's body, the other the right) Crazy Climber was the first in a "climbing games" genre which includes Nintendo's 1981 Donkey Kong. The genre eventually became better known as platform games and is defined by jumping and traversal between platforms, neither of which are found in Crazy Climber.

Crazy Climber was the third highest-earning arcade game of 1980 in Japan while also being a commercial success in North America. A lesser-known sequel, Crazy Climber 2, was released for arcades in 1988.

X68000
The X68000 (Japanese: エックス ろくまんはっせん, Hepburn: Ekkusu Rokuman Hassen) is a home computer created by Sharp Corporation. It was first released in 1987 and sold only in Japan.

The initial model has a 10 MHz Motorola 68000 CPU, 1 MB of RAM, and lacks a hard drive. The final model was released in 1993 with a 25 MHz Motorola 68030 CPU, 4 MB of RAM, and optional 80 MB SCSI hard drive. RAM in these systems is expandable to 12 MB, though most games and applications do not require more than 2 MB.

The X68000 has graphics hardware similar to arcade video games of the late-1980s, with custom coprocessors supporting scrolling, tiled backgrounds, and large numbers of sprites. Sound is supplied through multiple sound chips supporting 8 channels of FM synthesis and one channel of adaptive differential pulse-code modulation audio, which are mixed down to 2 analog stereo channels via a DAC chip. As such, video gaming was a major use of the X68000.
Basic Latin (Unicode block)
The Basic Latin Unicode block, sometimes informally called C0 Controls and Basic Latin, is the first block of the Unicode standard, and the only block which is encoded in one byte in UTF-8. The block contains all the letters and control codes of the ASCII encoding. It ranges from U+0000 to U+007F, contains 128 characters and includes the C0 controls, ASCII punctuation and symbols, ASCII digits, both the uppercase and lowercase of the English alphabet and a control character.

The Basic Latin block was included in its present form from version 1.0.0 of the Unicode Standard, without addition or alteration of the character repertoire. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was ASCII.

English alphabet
Modern English is written with a Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters, with each having both uppercase and lowercase forms. The word alphabet is a compound of alpha and beta, the names of the first two letters in the Greek alphabet. The earliest Old English writing during the 5th century used a runic alphabet known as the futhorc. The Old English Latin alphabet was adopted from the 7th century onward—and over the following centuries, various letters entered and fell out of use. By the 16th century, the present set of 26 letters had largely stabilised:

There are 5 vowel letters (A, E, I, O, U) and 19 consonant letters—as well as 2 letters (Y and W) which may function as either type. Written English has a large number of digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨oo⟩, ⟨sh⟩, and ⟨th⟩. Diacritics are generally not used to write native English words, which is unusual among orthographies used to write the languages of Europe.
Full Tilt Ice Cream
Full Tilt Ice Cream was a small chain of ice cream shops in the Seattle metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of Washington.

Established in 2008, the business has operated in Seattle's Ballard, Columbia City, and University District neighborhoods, as well as White Center. Full Tilt offers flavors inspired by international ingredients; varieties include horchata and Thai tea. Shops also have beer and pinball. The University District location was smaller and had a single video game machine, but closed along with the Ballard location in 2019.

Spouses Justin Cline and Ann Magyar started the business together. Following Cline's death in 2024, Magyar announced plans to close the White Center location and wind down Full Tilt's wholesale operations. A location in Columbia City remains open under separate ownership, sourcing its ice cream from local manufacturer Snoqualmie Ice Cream.

University District, Seattle
The University District (commonly the U District) is a neighborhood and a major district in central northeastern Seattle, Washington, comprising several distinct neighborhoods. The main campus of the University of Washington (UW) is located in the district, lending its name to both the district as well as University Way NE (commonly The Ave). The neighborhood lies north of Portage Bay and the Lake Washington Ship Canal and generally east of Interstate 5.

The area, originally a Duwamish settlement, was surveyed by the territorial government in 1855 and opened to settlement in 1867. Real estate developers created the Brooklyn neighborhood on the west side of the district in the 1890s, which was followed by the relocation of the UW campus to the east side of the district in 1895. The name Brooklyn faded from use in favor of "University District", which was adopted after a public contest in 1919.
Lava Cap Mine
The Lava Cap Mine is an abandoned gold mine in Nevada County, California.  The mine is located 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Nevada City.  The site is undergoing consideration to be designated a National Historical Landmark

Nevada City, California
Nevada City is a city in and the county seat of Nevada County, California, United States, 60 miles (97 km) northeast of Sacramento, 84 miles (135 km) southwest of Reno and 147 miles (237 km) northeast of San Francisco. The population was 3,152 as of the 2020 census.
Ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium
Ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium (also known as extraradical mycelium) is the collection of filamentous fungal hyphae emanating from ectomycorrhizas. It may be composed of fine, hydrophilic hypha which branches frequently to explore and exploit the soil matrix or may aggregate to form rhizomorphs; highly differentiated, hydrophobic, enduring, transport structures.

Biomass
Biomass is material produced by the growth of microorganisms, plants or animals. Beyond this general definition, there are differences in how the term is used and applied depending on industry or subject-matter norms. For example, it may be more narrowly defined as just plant matter, or as a combination of plant and animal matter.
Sylvanie Morandais
Sylvanie Morandais (born 14 July 1979) is a retired French athlete who specialized in the 400 metres hurdles.

She was born in Pointe-Noire, Guadeloupe. She won the gold medal at the 2005 Jeux de la Francophonie, and the 2005 Mediterranean Games. She also competed without reaching the final at the 2001 World Championships and the 2002 European Championships. In the 4 x 400 metres relay she finished fifth at the 2002 European Championships.

Her personal best times are 55.30 seconds in the 400 metres, achieved in May 2006 in Baie-Mahault; and 55.49 seconds in the 400 metres hurdles, achieved in July 2001 in Monaco.

4 × 400 metres relay
The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
Kissing Cup's Race (1920 film)
Kissing Cup's Race is a 1920 British silent sports film directed by Walter West and starring Violet Hopson, Gregory Scott and Clive Brook. It is based on the poem Kissing Cup's Race by Campbell Rae Brown.

The Bioscope described the film at the time as "probably the most exciting British racing film yet produced". In a slightly later review they said "The story is not complicated with the usual thrilling adventures, but nor has it the simplicity of Campbell Rae Brown's famous recitation; while many of the details are even less convincing than in the average turf drama. It is only in the technique of the racing scenes that there is any exceptional skill".

Sports film
A sports film is a film genre in which any particular sport plays a prominent role in the film's plot or acts as its central theme. It is a production in which a sport or a sports-related topic is prominently featured or is a focus of the plot. Despite this, sport is ultimately rarely the central concern of such films and sport performs primarily an allegorical role. Furthermore, sports fans are not necessarily the target demographic in such movies, but sports fans tend to maintain a high following and esteem for such movies.
Janusiscus
Janusiscus schultzei is an extinct gnathostome vertebrate dating from the Early Devonian period in Siberia, approximately 415 million years ago. It may be the sister group of the last common ancestor of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) or Osteichthyes (bony fish). This makes J. schultzei a sister species to all living jawed vertebrates. The species name is in honor of Hans-Peter Schultze; the genus named after Janus, the Roman god of duality.

Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes (/kɒnˈdrɪkθiiːz/; from Ancient Greek  χόνδρος (khóndros) 'cartilage' and  ἰχθύς (ikhthús) 'fish') is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, placoid scales, conus arteriosus in the heart, and a lack of opercula and swim bladders. Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.

The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).  Extant chondrichthyans range in size from the 10 cm (3.9 in) finless sleeper ray to the over 10 m (33 ft) whale shark.
Brian Malone
Brian Malone (born 2 May 1986) is the former captain of the Wexford senior football team. He made his debut against Monaghan in a 2006 All-Ireland SFC qualifier.

Malone formerly held the record for most senior appearances for Wexford with 174. In March 2024, Ben Brosnan made a record-equalling 174th appearance for Wexford, bringing him level with Malone.

Malone has also represented Wexford in senior hurling. He won a Leinster and All-Ireland IHC medal in 2007.

Malone trained as a teacher at Mater Dei Institute of Education in Dublin. He previously taught at Blackrock College, and currently teaches at St Peter's College, Wexford.

2006 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 2006 Bank of Ireland All-Ireland Senior Football Championship began on Sunday 7 May 2006. The 2006 championship used the same "Qualifier" system that was used in 2005. Tyrone were the defending champions, but were knocked out relatively early in the competition by Laois. Kerry won their 34th Sam Maguire beating Mayo in a repeat of the 2004 final.
Library anxiety
Library anxiety refers to the "feeling that one’s research skills are inadequate and that those shortcomings should be hidden". In some students this manifests as an outright fear of libraries and the librarians who work there. The term stems from a 1986 article by Constance Mellon, a professor of library science in the U.S. state of North Carolina, titled "Library anxiety: A grounded theory and its development" in the College & Research Libraries journal.

Library and information science
Library and information science (LIS) are two academic disciplines that study all aspects of the creation, organization, documentation, management, communication, and use of recorded information. It underlies a variety of professional activities such as information management, librarianship, and archiving and records management, educating professionals for work in those areas, and carrying out research to improve practice.

Library science and information science are two original disciplines; however, they are within the same field of study. Library science is applied information science, as well as a subfield of information science. Due to the strong connection, sometimes the two terms are used synonymously.
Bhirawati
Bhirawati is a village in Ferozepur Jhirka sub-division of Nuh district of Haryana state of India. It lies in the Mewat region of Delhi NCR and Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor. It lies 10 km east of Sohna adjacent to the NH 919 and Delhi–Mumbai Expressway.

National Highway 919 (India)
National Highway 919 (NH 919) is a National Highway in India. It connects Palwal and Rewari in Haryana via Dharuhera and Sohna, all of which are in Haryana.

It merges with NH 48 (Delhi-Jaipur highway) at Dharuhera, and again separates as NH 919 after 3 km at Masani Barrage at Sahibi River.

Its former number was NH 71B before all the national highways were renumbered in the year 2010.
Akhilesh Sahani
Akhilesh Sahani (born 16 March 1994) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 19 September 2018. He made his first-class debut for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 1 November 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 24 February 2019.

2018–19 Ranji Trophy
The 2018–19 Ranji Trophy was the 85th season of the Ranji Trophy, the premier first-class cricket tournament that took place in India between November 2018 and February 2019. Vidarbha were the defending champions. The final took place between Vidarbha and Saurashtra, starting on 3 February 2019. Vidarbha defeated Saurashtra by 78 runs in the final, to become the sixth team in the tournament's history to retain their title.
2020 Italian Open – Women's doubles
Victoria Azarenka and Ashleigh Barty are the defending champions but neither player chose to participate.

Hsieh Su-wei and Barbora Strýcová won the title, defeating Anna-Lena Friedsam and Raluca Olaru in the final, 6–2, 6–2.

Raluca Olaru
Ioana Raluca Olaru (born 3 March 1989) is a Romanian former professional tennis player. The winner of eleven singles and fifteen doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit, Olaru reached one WTA Tour singles final, at the 2009 Gastein Ladies, losing to Andrea Petkovic, in straight sets. She also won eleven doubles titles on WTA Tour tournaments.

Olaru was a successful junior player. She was the runner–up in both junior singles and doubles at the 2005 French Open, and captured the 2006 US Open doubles title along with Mihaela Buzărnescu. Her best professional Grand Slam result has been the third round of the 2007 French Open, when she defeated the 30th seed Julia Vakulenko, in straight sets, and lost to eventual runner–up, the seventh seed Ana Ivanovic. Olaru reached her highest singles ranking, world No. 53, on 27 July 2009, and her best doubles ranking, No. 30, on 31 January 2022.

Olaru announced her retirement from tennis in June 2024.
Tatar Legions
The Tatar Legions were auxiliary units of the Waffen-SS formed after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.

It included:

Crimean Tatar Legion, comprising Crimean Tatars, Qarays, Nogais

Volga Tatar Legion, which included also Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Mari, Udmurt, Mordwa

Mordvins
Mordvins (also Mordvinians, Mordovians; Russian: мордва, romanized: Mordva, lit. 'Mordvins'; no equivalents in Moksha and Erzya) is an official term used in Russia and the Soviet Union to refer both to Erzyas and Mokshas since 1928.