hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transphonologization
In historical linguistics, transphonologisation (also known as rephonologisation or cheshirisation, see below) is a type of sound change whereby a phonemic contrast that used to involve a certain feature X evolves in such a way that the contrast is preserved, yet becomes associated with a different feature Y.

For example, a language contrasting two words */sat/ vs. */san/ may evolve historically so that final consonants are dropped, yet the modern language preserves the contrast through the nature of the vowel, as in a pair /sa/ vs. /sã/. Such a situation would be described by saying that a former contrast between oral and nasal consonants has been transphonologised into a contrast between oral and nasal vowels.

The term transphonologisation was coined by André-Georges Haudricourt. The concept was defined and amply illustrated by Hagège & Haudricourt; it has been mentioned by several followers of panchronic phonology, and beyond.

Nasal consonant
In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The vast majority of consonants are oral consonants. Examples of nasals in English are [n], [ŋ] and [m], in words such as nose, bring and mouth.

Nasal occlusives are nearly universal in human languages. There are also other kinds of nasal consonants in some languages.
Victory Boulevard (Los Angeles)
Victory Boulevard is a major mostly east–west arterial road that runs for 25 miles (40 km) traversing almost the entire length of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles and Burbank, California. About two miles (3.2 km) of the boulevard runs north–south before reaching its eastern terminus.

Arterial road
An arterial road or arterial thoroughfare is a high-capacity urban road that sits below highways on the road hierarchy in terms of traffic flow and speed. The primary function of an arterial road is to deliver traffic from collector roads to highways or expressways, and between urban hubs at a relatively high level of service. Therefore, many arteries are limited-access roads or feature restrictions on private access. Because of their relatively high accessibility, many major roads face large amounts of land use and urban development, making them significant urban places.

In traffic engineering hierarchy, an arterial road delivers traffic between collector roads and highways. For new arterial roads, intersections are often reduced to increase traffic flow. In California, arterial roads are usually spaced every half mile, and have intersecting collector(s) and streets.
Edgard Hérouard
Edgard Joseph Émile Hérouard (18 March 1858 in Saint-Quentin, Aisne - 22 March 1932 in Paris) was a French marine biologist.

In 1889 he started work as a préparateur at the Sorbonne, earning his doctorate in natural sciences during the following year. From 1895 he served as chef des travaux pratiques de zoologie. In 1901 he was named vice-president of the Société zoologique de France, and soon afterwards was appointed assistant director of the Station biologique de Roscoff.
In 1910 he attained the title of associate professor, becoming a professor "without chair" in 1921.

Hérouard is known for his investigations of sea cucumbers, providing descriptions of numerous Holothurian species. Also, with Yves Delage (1854-1920), he is credited with describing the Order Hymenostomatida (1896).

Société zoologique de France
La Société zoologique de France (English: "Zoological Society of France"),  founded in 1876 by Aimé Bouvier, is a scientific society devoted to Zoology.  It publishes a bulletin and organises the Prix Gadeau de Kerville de la Société zoologique de France.
Elmapınar, Mut
Elmapınar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mut, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 71 (2022). It is situated in the high reaches of Toros Mountains. Its distance to Mut is 40 kilometres (25 mi) and to Mersin is 200 kilometres (120 mi). The economic activity of Elmapınar is agriculture. Ovine breeding is another activity.

Mersin Province
Mersin Province (Turkish: Mersin ili), formerly İçel Province (İçel ili), is a province and metropolitan municipality in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. Its area is 16,010 km2, and its population is 1,916,432 (2022). The provincial capital and the biggest city in the province is Mersin, which is composed of four municipalities and district governorates: Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir. Next largest is Tarsus, the birthplace of Paul the Apostle. The province is considered to be a part of the geographical, economical and cultural region of Çukurova, which covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Ammertzwiller
Ammertzwiller (before 2015: Ammerzwiller, German: Ammerzweiler, Alsatian: Àmmerzwiller) is a former commune in the Haut-Rhin department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune Bernwiller.

Haut-Rhin
Haut-Rhin (French pronunciation: [oʁɛ̃] ⓘ) is a department in the Grand Est region, France, bordering both Germany and Switzerland. It is named after the river Rhine. Its name means Upper Rhine. Haut-Rhin is the smaller and less populated of the two departments of the former administrative Alsace region, the other being Bas-Rhin (Lower Rhine), especially after the 1871 cession of the southern territory known since 1922 as the Territoire de Belfort, although it is still rather densely populated compared to the rest of metropolitan France. It had a population of 767,083 in 2021.

On 1 January 2021, the départemental collectivities of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin were merged into the European Collectivity of Alsace.
J.W. McConnell Building
The J.W. McConnell Building is an academic building on the Sir George Williams campus of Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec. Built in 1992, it is named for John Wilson McConnell, a Canadian businessman and philanthropist whose foundation contributed to the building's erection. It sits between Bishop Street and Mackay Street on De Maisonneuve Boulevard in the Quartier Concordia. It is the home of the R. Howard Webster Library, the Departments of Education, English, Études Français, History, and Mathematics & Statistics. It is also home to the Leonard and Bina Ellen Art Gallery, the J.A. DeSève Cinema, the Birks Student Centre and Welcome Centre, as well as many other services such as the Campus Bookstore and Print Services.

De Maisonneuve Boulevard
De Maisonneuve Boulevard  (officially in French: boulevard De Maisonneuve) is a major westbound boulevard located in downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is named after the founder of Montreal, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve. It is a one-way street westbound.

De Maisonneuve Boulevard is about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) long and begins on Du Havre Street in the east end (one block east of Frontenac Street in the borough of Ville-Marie), and ends at West Broadway in the city's west end (in the borough of Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grâce) near Concordia University's Loyola Campus. The street also runs through the wealthy enclave of Westmount, and is cut in two by Westmount Park.
1980 State of the Union Address
The 1980 State of the Union address was given by President Jimmy Carter, the 39th president of the United States, to a joint session of the 96th United States Congress on January 23, 1980. 
Carter addressed the Iran Hostage Crisis and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan: "At this time in Iran, 50 Americans are still held captive, innocent victims of terrorism and anarchy. Also at this moment, massive Soviet troops are attempting to subjugate the fiercely independent and deeply religious people of Afghanistan."

The speech lasted 32 minutes and 4 seconds. and contained 3412 words.

The Republican Party response was delivered by Senator Ted Stevens (AK) and Representative John Rhodes (AZ).

In additional matters, the President noted the continued increase in price of OPEC oil, which he related to a cause of increased inflation. The normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China was also announced.

Response to the State of the Union address
In American politics, the response to the State of the Union address is a rebuttal speech, often brief, delivered by a representative (or representatives) of an opposition party following a presidential State of the Union address. When the president is a Democrat, the rebuttal is typically given by a Republican, and vice versa.

The practice began in 1966 when Republican Sen. Everett Dirksen (Illinois) and Rep. Gerald Ford (Michigan) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson. The opposition party's response has varied in format, ranging from a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970 to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers. Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address.

Four presidents have given both a State of the Union address and an opposition response: Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Joe Biden.
Iakopo Mapu
Iakopo Petelo Mapu (born 4 November 1997) is a Samoan international rugby union player.

Mapu grew up in the village of Fale'ula on the north coast of Upolu, Samoa's second-largest island, where he was educated at Wesley College (Samoa). He came to New Zealand on a rugby scholarship to finish his schooling at Massey High School in Auckland.

A try-scoring number eight, Mapu first played test rugby for Samoa in 2018, making his debut off the bench against the USA in San Sebastián, Spain. He is contracted to Moana Pasifika and currently plays with Kia Toa.

On 21 November 2024, Mapu would travel to England to sign for Northampton Saints in the Gallagher Premiership for the rest of the 2024–25 season.

On 1 July 2025, Mapu would move to France as he signs for Top 14 side Stade Francais for the 2025-26 season after spending a season at Northampton.

Kia Toa RFC
Kia Toa RFC is a constituent club in the Manawatu province for rugby in New Zealand. It is at the Palmerston North Bowling Club on Linton Street and is one of the oldest clubs in the Manawatu.

Kia Toa is a Māori term, which can be translated as "Be Brave".

Due to the colours of the jersey, a dark blue and light blue combination, Kia Toa are known sometimes as "The Double Blues."
Guapiaçu
Guapiaçu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with a population, measured in 2020 by the IBGE, of 21,775 and an area of 326 km2 (126 sq mi). Is located in the north/northwest of the state, 17 kilometres (11 mi) from São José do Rio Preto.

The city name comes from the Tupi language, and means "Big spring (of a river)".

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Portuguese: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; IBGE) is the agency responsible for official collection of statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic and environmental information in Brazil. The IBGE performs a decennial national census; questionnaires account for information such as age, household income, literacy, education, occupation and hygiene levels.

The IBGE is a public institute created in 1936 under the name National Institute of Statistics. Its founder and chief proponent was statistician Mário Augusto Teixeira de Freitas. The current name dates from 1938. Its headquarters are located in Rio de Janeiro, and its current president is Marcio Pochmann, replacing Eduardo Rios Neto. It was made a federal agency by the Federal Decree-Law No. 161 of February 13, 1967, and is linked to the Ministry of the Economy, inside the Secretariat of Planning, Budget and Management.
Zirconia light
A zirconia light is an intensely brilliant chemical light produced by incandescent zirconia.  It is similar in design to the Drummond light (limelight), but uses a block of zirconia instead of quicklime.  Both have been replaced by the electric light.

Calcium oxide
Calcium oxide (formula: CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room temperature. The broadly used term lime connotes calcium-containing inorganic compounds, in which carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, aluminium, and iron predominate. By contrast, quicklime specifically applies to the single compound calcium oxide. Calcium oxide that survives processing without reacting in building products, such as cement, is called free lime.

Quicklime is relatively inexpensive. Both it and the chemical derivative calcium hydroxide (of which quicklime is the base anhydride) are important commodity chemicals.
2010 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships
The 2010 Visa U.S. National Gymnastics Championships was the 47th edition of the U.S. National Gymnastics Championships. The competition was held from August 11–14, 2010 at the XL Center in Hartford, Connecticut.

Great American Gymnastics Express
Great American Gymnastics Express, known also as GAGE Center or GAGE, is an American artistic gymnastics academy in Blue Springs, Missouri. GAGE was founded in 1979 by Al Fong, who remains its head coach.

In December 2025, Fong was suspended for five years by the U.S. Center for SafeSport; his wife, also a coach at the gym, received a one-year suspension. Two months later, USA Gymnastics terminated the gym's membership over allegations of abuse and non-compliance with safety codes and suspensions.
1966 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 30 March 1966. The result was another landslide victory for the National Party (NP) under H. F. Verwoerd. The election marked a major strengthening of power for the ruling NP, which gained a supermajority in parliament for the first time. The main opposition United Party (UP) slightly increased its share of the popular vote, but nevertheless saw its parliamentary representation considerably reduced.

The number of House of Assembly seats for White voters in South Africa had been increased from 150 to 160 by the Constitution Amendment Act of 1965. In addition, there were six seats for White voters from South-West Africa (now Namibia). There were also four seats reserved for Coloured representatives, who did not have to stand for re-election during 1966. On 6 September, several months after the elections, Prime Minister Verwoerd was assassinated.

United Party (South Africa)
The United National South African Party (Afrikaans: Verenigde Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Party) commonly the United Party (UP) (Afrikaans: Verenigde Party, VP) was a South African political party that was the ruling party from its formation in 1934 until 1948. Formed from the parties of Prime Ministers J. B. M. Hertzog and Jan Smuts, the United Party bridged white English-speakers, Afrikaners and Coloureds. It was considered more liberal on race relations than the National Party, which strongly supported the preservation of white supremacy. The United Party lost the 1948 general election to the National Party which subsequently implemented apartheid. The United Party never held power again and dissolved in 1977, with remnants forming the New Republic Party and other smaller groups.
Calling Lake, Alberta
Calling Lake is a hamlet in northern Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Opportunity No. 17. It is located on Highway 813 along the eastern shore of Calling Lake, immediately north of Calling Lake Provincial Park.  It is approximately 59 km (37 mi) north of Athabasca and 113 km (70 mi) south of Wabasca and has an elevation of 595 m (1,952 ft).

The hamlet is located in the federal riding of Fort McMurray-Athabasca. The hamlet is the seat of the Jean Baptiste Gambler 183 Indian reserve of the Bigstone Cree Nation.

Calling Lake is recognized as two separate designated places by Statistics Canada – Calling Lake (which includes lands on either side of the Jean Baptiste Gambler 183 Indian reserve) and Centre Calling Lake (which is located between the designated place of Calling Lake to the north and Calling Lake Provincial Park to the south).

Athabasca, Alberta
Athabasca /ˌæθəˈbæskə/ (2021 population 2,759), originally named Athabasca Landing, is a town in northern Alberta, Canada. It is located 145 km (90 mi) north of Edmonton at the intersection of Highway 2 and Highway 55, on the banks of the Athabasca River. It is the centre of Athabasca County. It was known as Athabasca Landing prior to August 4, 1913.
2020–21 Piast Gliwice season
In the 2020–21 season, Piast Gliwice competed in Ekstraklasa and this season's edition of the Polish Cup. They competed in the UEFA Europa League qualifying phase, but were eliminated in the third qualifying round, following the 3–0 defeat to Copenhagen.

Piast Gliwice
Gliwicki Klub Sportowy Piast Gliwice  (pronounced [ɡliˈvit͡skʲi klup spɔrˈtɔvɨ pjazd ɡliˈvit͡sɛ]) is a Polish professional football club based in Gliwice, Silesian Voivodeship. Founded in 1945, the club competes in the Ekstraklasa, the top tier of the Polish football league system.

Piast won their first national championship in the 2018–19 Ekstraklasa season and have regularly qualified for European competitions since. Prior to their rise in the 2010s, the club had spent most of its history in the lower divisions.

Piast Gliwice play their home matches at the Piotr Wieczorek Stadium, a 10,000-seat venue opened in 2011, and traditionally wear blue and red.
Manson Creek (British Columbia)
Manson Creek is the name of one of three creeks in British Columbia, Canada.  The Manson River in the Omineca Country shared that name until 1951, and is the namesake of the former settlement of Manson Creek, British Columbia.  The other creeks are:

Manson Creek (Nanaimo), a tributary of Boulder Creek southwest of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island

Manson Creek (Moyie River), a south tributary of the Moyie River southwest of Cranbrook, British Columbia in the East Kootenay region

Manson Creek (Tyaughton Creek), a north tributary of Tyaughton Creek in the Bridge River Country region west of Lillooet.

Lillooet
Lillooet (English:  /ˈlɪloʊ.ɛt/) is a district municipality in the Squamish-Lillooet region of southwestern British Columbia. The town is on the west shore of the Fraser River immediately north of the Seton River mouth. On BC Highway 99, the locality is by road about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Pemberton, 64 kilometres (40 mi) northwest of Lytton, and 172 kilometres (107 mi) west of Kamloops.
Bonnie Elliott
Bonnie Elliott  is an Australian cinematographer. She has been nominated for and won numerous AACTA Awards in cinematography, including for Spear (2015), Seven Types of Ambiguity (2017), H Is for Happiness (2019), and Stateless (2020).

AACTA Awards
The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards, known as the AACTA Awards, are presented annually by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). The awards recognise excellence in the film and television industry, both locally and internationally, including the producers, directors, actors, writers, and cinematographers. It is the most prestigious awards ceremony for the Australian film and television industry. They are generally considered to be the Australian counterpart of the Academy Awards for the United States and the BAFTA Awards for the United Kingdom.

The awards, previously called Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards, began in 1958, and involved 30 nominations across six categories. They expanded in 1986 to cover television as well as film. The AACTA Awards were instituted in 2011. The AACTA International Awards, inaugurated on 27 January 2012, are presented every January in Los Angeles.
Michael F. Flaherty Sr.
Michael F. Flaherty Sr. (September 6, 1936 – December 22, 2025) was an American politician who was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and an associate justice of the Boston Municipal Court. A South Boston Democrat, he represented the 4th Suffolk district from 1967 to 1991. He was appointed to the Boston Municipal Court by Governor Jane M. Swift in July 2001, and retired in 2006. He was an attorney who graduated from Boston College and the New England School of Law. He was the father of Michael F. Flaherty, a former Boston City Council president.

Flaherty died on December 22, 2025, at the age of 89.

Boston Municipal Court
The Boston Municipal Court (BMC), officially the Boston Municipal Court Department of the Trial Court, is a department of the Trial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. The court hears criminal, civil, mental health, restraining orders, and other types of cases. The court also has an appellate division (composed of justices that sit in rotating panels of three) which reviews questions of law that arise from civil matters filed in the eight divisions of the department.
This Is Not a Love Song
"This Is Not a Love Song" is a single released by the English post-punk band Public Image Ltd in 1983. It is the band's biggest commercial hit, peaking at No. 5 on the UK singles chart and at No. 3 on the Irish Singles Chart.

The 12" remixed version of the song is featured on Commercial Zone as "Love Song". A re-recorded version of the song is featured on PiL's fourth studio album This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get and includes a horn section.

Horn section
A horn section is a group of musicians playing horns.  In an orchestra or concert band, it refers to the musicians who play the "French" horn, and in a British-style brass band it is the tenor horn players. In many popular music genres, the term is applied loosely to any group of woodwind or brass instruments, or a combination of woodwinds and brass.
Margazhi
Margazhi or Margali is the ninth month of the Tamil calendar. The name of the month is derived from the position of the Moon near the Mirugashirisam nakshatra (star) on the pournami (full moon) day. The month corresponds to mun-pani kalam (winter season) and falls in December–January in the Gregorian calendar.

In the Hindu lunar calendar, it corresponds to the ninth month of Agrahayana, falling in the Gregorian months of November–December.

In the Hindu solar calendar, it corresponds to the ninth month of Dhanu and begins with the Sun's entry into Sagittarius.

In the Vaishnava calendar, it corresponds to the ninth month of Keshava.

Tamil calendar
The Tamil calendar is a sidereal solar calendar used by the Tamil people. It is used in the Indian subcontinent, and other countries with significant Tamil population like Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar and Mauritius. It is used in contemporary times for cultural, religious and agricultural events, with the Gregorian calendar largely used for official purposes.
Rusdi Ramli
Rusdi Ramli (Jawi: رشدي راملي; born 16 June 1970) is a Malaysian actor and director who won the 20th Malaysia Film Festival for Best Actor at the University of Science Malaysia. He is a son of the veteran Malaysian actress, Norlia Ghani. Rusdi is born in Ulu Kelang and has starred in many Malaysian television and movie dramas. He was named after P. Ramlee's 1970 film, Dr. Rushdi. His late father was Ramli Ismail, popularly known as Ramli Kechik, starred in Do Re Mi (1966), where he accompanied Maon (starring Mahmud Jun) to the Youth Party while in the 1972 film Laksamana Do Re Mi, Ramli played the role of Prime Minister of Pasir Berdegung Nation in the same film.

Do Re Mi (1966 film)
Do Re Mi (English: Do Re Mi) is a 1966 Malaysian Malay-language black-and-white satirical comedy film directed by and starring P. Ramlee. The concept was partly based on the idea of The Three Stooges with Ramlee playing the character Do. Its success led to two sequels, Nasib Do Re Mi (also 1966) and Laksamana Do Re Mi (1972), Ramlee's last film before his death.