hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Underwater acoustic communication
Underwater acoustic communication is a technique of sending and receiving messages in water. There are several ways of employing such communication but the most common is by using hydrophones. Underwater communication is difficult due to factors such as multi-path propagation, time variations of the channel, small available bandwidth and strong signal attenuation, especially over long ranges. Compared to terrestrial communication, underwater communication has low data rates because it uses acoustic waves instead of electromagnetic waves.

At the beginning of the 20th century some ships communicated by underwater bells as well as using the system for navigation. Submarine signals were at the time competitive with the primitive maritime radionavigation. The later Fessenden oscillator allowed communication with submarines.

Hydrophone
A hydrophone (Ancient Greek: ὕδωρ + φωνή, lit. 'water + sound') is a microphone designed for underwater use, for recording or listening to underwater sound. Most hydrophones contain a piezoelectric transducer that generates an electric potential when subjected to a pressure change, such as a sound wave.

A hydrophone can also detect airborne sounds but is insensitive of them because it is designed to match the acoustic impedance of water, a denser fluid than air. Sound travels 4.3 times faster in water than in air, and a sound wave in water exerts a pressure 60 times more than what is exerted by a wave of the same amplitude in air. Similarly, a standard microphone can be buried in the ground, or immersed in water if it is put in a waterproof container but will give poor performance because of the similarly-bad acoustic impedance match.
James Giles (porcelain decorator)
James Giles (1718–1780) was a decorator of Worcester, Derby, Bow and Chelsea porcelain and also glass, who created gilt and enamelled objects such as decanters, drinking-glasses, perfume bottles and rosewater sprinklers, for a rococo and neoclassical market.

Producing work similar to the enameling done by the later Ralph and William Beilby of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, he maintained a showroom in fashionable Cockspur Street in London, enjoying the patronage of royalty and affluent clients including Clive of India, the Duke of Northumberland, Princess Amelia (the second daughter of George II), Thomas Pitt, the Duke of Marlborough, the painter George Stubbs and Horace Walpole.

Duke of Marlborough (title)
Duke of Marlborough (pronounced /ˈmɔːrlbrə/) is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough (1650–1722), the noted military leader. The Queen and the nation also gave him what became Blenheim Palace, unique as a national monument and family home. In historical texts, unqualified use of the title typically refers to the 1st Duke. The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire.

The earldom of Marlborough was held by the family of Ley from its creation in 1626 until its extinction with the death of the 4th earl in 1679. The title was recreated 10 years later for John Churchill (in 1689).
Schubach
Schubach is a surname of German origin, likely a variant of Schüpbach, a toponymic surname from the village of Schupbach in Hesse, Germany. Notable people with the surname include:

Danielle Schubach (born 1988), Australian field hockey player

Doris Schubach (1924–2003), American figure skater

Gary Schubach (fl. 1996–present), American sex educator, lecturer and writer

Theodor Schubach (born 1985), German composer

Doris Schubach
Doris V. Schubach (January 11, 1924 – August 10, 2003) was an American figure skater who competed in pairs with her husband Walter Noffke.  They won the gold medal at the United States Figure Skating Championships for three straight years, from 1942 to 1944.  The pair later married and went on to finish sixth at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1947.
Connie Wang
Connie Wang is a Chinese American journalist and writer. She was the former executive director of Refinery29 and has been awarded several Front Page Awards for digital video and fashion. Her multimedia essay published in The New York Times won the Online Commentary, Personal Narrative Online Journalism Award in 2023.

Refinery29
Refinery29 (R29) is an American multinational digital media and entertainment website focused on young women. It is owned by Sundial Media Group. It has online editions running in the United States, Germany and France.
Umar bin Haydar
Umar bin Haydar (Chagatai and Persian: عمر بن حیدر) was the Uzbek Emir of Bukhara from December 1826 to April 1827. His father was emir Haydar bin Shahmurad (1800–1826).

Emir Haydar died in 1826 and was succeeded by Mir Hussein bin Haydar. After Mir Hussein bin Haydar, Umar bin Haydar came to power. He took the throne of the emirate at the age of 16, replacing his deceased elder brother, Mir Hussein ibn Haydar, who ruled the emirate only two months after the death of his father, Haydar bin Shahmurad. Before Haydar's death, Umar had served as the governor of Karmina.

Near the end of his reign, Bukhara was besieged by his brother Nasrullah for several months. Eventually,  on 24 April 1827 Amir Umar was overthrown and Amir Nasrullah became the new ruler.

Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Uzbek: Oʻzbeklar; Ўзбеклар; اۉزبېکلر‎) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, being the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Tajiks and Karakalpak minorities, and also form minority groups in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Russia, and China. Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, United States, Ukraine, Pakistan, and other countries.
Crystal Castle and Shambhala Gardens
Crystal Castle and Shambhala Gardens is a botanical garden in the Byron Bay hinterland set on 25 acres. On display are a number of the world's largest geodes and the only Kalachakra stupa in the southern hemisphere. The garden receives almost 100,000 visitors a year and is a key tourist attraction in the Northern Rivers region. The gardens are routinely listed in Australian newspapers as a must-do when visiting the Byron Bay region and was even specifically mentioned in the New York Times 52 Places to Go in 2019 list.

It is located on the lands of the Arakwal and Widjabul Wia-bal people of the Bundjalung nation.

Geode
A geode (/ˈdʒiː.oʊd/; from Ancient Greek  γεώδης (geṓdēs) 'earthlike') is a geological secondary formation within sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Geodes are hollow, vaguely spherical rocks, in which masses of mineral matter (which may include crystals) are secluded.

The crystals are formed by the filling of vesicles in volcanic and subvolcanic rocks by minerals deposited from hydrothermal fluids; or by the dissolution of syngenetic concretions and partial filling by the same or other minerals precipitated from water, groundwater, or hydrothermal fluids.
Mondt
Mondt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bill Mondt (1934–2023), American football player and coach

Erv Mondt (born 1938), American football coach

Nikolaus Mondt (born 1978), German ice hockey player

Toots Mondt (1894–1976), American professional wrestler and promoter

Toots Mondt
Joseph Raymond "Toots" Mondt (January 18, 1894 – June 11, 1976) was an American professional wrestler and promoter who revolutionized the wrestling industry in the early to mid-1920s and co-promoted the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Some of the stars Mondt helped create from the 1920s through the 1960s included Wayne Munn, Jim Londos, Antonino Rocca, Bruno Sammartino, Stu Hart and Cowboy Bill Watts.
1904 Penn Quakers football team
The 1904 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania as an independent during the 1904 college football season. In their third season under head coach Carl S. Williams, the Quakers compiled a 12–0 record, shut out 11 of 12 opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 222 to 4.<

There was no contemporaneous system in 1904 for determining a national champion. However, Penn was retroactively named as the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, and Parke H. Davis, and as the co-national champion by the National Championship Foundation.

Three Penn players, quarterback Vince Stevenson, fullback Andy Smith, and guard Frank Piekarski, were consensus picks on the 1904 All-America college football team. Other notable players included halfback Marshall Reynolds, end Garfield Weede, center Robert Grant Torrey, and tackle Thomas Alexander Butkiewicz.

1904 All-America college football team
The 1904 All-America college football team is composed of various organizations that chose All-America college football teams that season. The organizations that chose the teams included Collier's Weekly selected by Walter Camp.
Light in Your Eyes
"Light in Your Eyes" is a song by American artist Sheryl Crow, recorded for her 2003 compilation album The Very Best of Sheryl Crow. The song was first released in the United States in May 2004 to adult album alternative radio before being released physically in the UK on June 21, 2004, as the second and final single from the compilation.

The song peaked at number 73 on the UK Singles Chart. It was a top ten hit on both the Adult Alternative Airplay and Adult Pop Airplay charts and appeared on the Adult Contemporary chart.

Adult Pop Airplay
The Adult Pop Airplay (formerly known as Adult Pop Songs and Adult Top 40) chart is published weekly by Billboard magazine and ranks "the most popular adult top 40 as based on radio airplay detections measured by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems."

It is a format in which the genre is geared more towards an adult audience who are not into hard rock, hip hop, or soft adult contemporary fare. The main genres within this format are a mix of soft and energetic adult contemporary music alongside adult alternative rock and adult-oriented pop music. It is not to be confused with the Adult Contemporary chart which contains more ballad-driven songs played on the radio. The current number-one song on the chart is "Opalite" by Taylor Swift.
Shiplift
A shiplift is a modern alternative for a slipway, a floating dry dock or a graving dry dock. A shiplift is used to dry dock and launch ships. It consists of a structural platform that is lifted and lowered exactly vertically, synchronously by a number of hoists. First, the platform is lowered underwater, then the ship is floated above the support, and finally the platform with support and ship is lifted and the ship is brought to the level of the quay.

Hoist (device)
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps.  It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The most familiar form is an elevator, the car of which is raised and lowered by a hoist mechanism.  Most hoists couple to their loads using a lifting hook.
Vicky Theresine
Vicky Theresine is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A teacher by profession, she is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly on a proportional basis in 2007.

National Assembly (Seychelles)
The unicameral National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale; Creole: Lasanble Nasyonal) is the Seychelles's legislative body.

The National Assembly in its current constellation formed following elections held on 25–27 September 2025, with a total of 34 members. The current Speaker of the National Assembly is Azarel Ernesta, in office since 28 October 2025.
Palace of Justice siege
The Palace of Justice siege was a 1985 attack on the Supreme Court of Colombia, in which members of the leftist M-19 guerrilla group took over the Palace of Justice in Bogotá and held the Supreme Court hostage, intending to hold a trial against President Belisario Betancur. The guerrilla group called themselves the "Iván Marino Ospina Company" after an M-19 commander who had been killed by the Colombian military on 28 August 1985. Hours later, after a military raid, the incident had left almost half of the twenty-five Supreme Court Justices dead.

Luis Otero was in charge of directing the military aspects of the siege.

National Security Archive
The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-governmental, non-profit research and archival institution located on the campus of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 to check rising government secrecy, the National Security Archive is an investigative journalism center, open government advocate, international affairs research institute, and the largest repository of declassified U.S. documents outside the federal government. In the four decades of its history, the National Security Archive has spurred the declassification of more than 15 million pages of government documents by being the leading non-profit user of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), filing a total of more than 70,000 FOIA and declassification requests.
David Bruce Dill
David Bruce Dill (1891–1986) was an American physiologist specializing in exercise science and environmental physiology. He served as president of the American Physiological Society and was a founding director of Harvard's Fatigue Laboratory, where he remained as Director of Research until it closed in 1947.

American Physiological Society
The American Physiological Society is a non-profit professional society for physiologists. It has nearly 10,000 members, most of whom hold doctoral degrees in medicine, physiology, or other health professions. Its mission is to support research and education in the physiological sciences. The society publishes 16 peer-reviewed journals, sponsors scientific conferences, and sponsors awards to further this mission.
WXYB
WXYB (1520 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Indian Rocks Beach, Florida, and serving the Tampa Bay area.  The station is owned by Angelatos Broadcasting.

The station airs an ethnic radio format featuring shows in Greek, Spanish and other languages.  It sells blocks of brokered time to hosts who then seek advertising support from their communities.

Indian Rocks Beach, Florida
Indian Rocks Beach, or IRB, is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. Indian Rocks Beach is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located on the barrier island Sand Key, it has over two miles of beach along the Gulf of Mexico, with 26 public beach accesses. Tourism is its primary industry. It was incorporated in 1956. The population was 3,673 at the 2020 census.
Tey
Tey was the Great Royal Wife of Kheperkheprure Ay, who was the penultimate pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty. She also had been the wet nurse of Nefertiti.

Her husband, Ay filled important administrative roles in the courts of several pharaohs – Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, and Tutankhamen – before ascending the throne following the death of Tutankhamen, as the male line of the royal family became extinct. He is believed to be connected to the royal family, probably a brother of Queen Tiye (wife of Amenhotep III). Some researchers theorize that he even may have been the father of Nefertiti.

Amenhotep III
Amenhotep III  (lit. '"Amun is satisfied"'), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent or Amenhotep the Great and Hellenized as Amenophis III, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. According to different authors following the "Low Chronology", he ruled Ancient Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC, or from June 1388 BC to December 1351 BC/1350 BC, after his father Thutmose IV died. Amenhotep was Thutmose's son by a minor wife, Mutemwiya.

His reign marked a time of exceptional prosperity and grandeur, during which Egypt reached the height of its artistic and international influence, making him one of ancient Egypt's greatest pharaohs. He is also one of the few pharaohs worshipped as a deity during his lifetime.

When he died in the 38th or 39th year of his reign, he was succeeded by his son Amenhotep IV, who later changed his name to Akhenaten.
Jakubiak
Jakubiak is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alex Jakubiak (born 1996), Scottish footballer

Bella Jakubiak (born 1983), self-taught Australian chef

Elżbieta Jakubiak (born 1966), Polish politician

Marek Jakubiak, Polish politician

Paweł Jakubiak (born 1974), Polish field hockey player

Sebastian Jakubiak (born 1993), German footballer

Kane Jakubiak (born 2009), Artist

Paweł Jakubiak
Paweł Jakubiak (born 28 December 1974 in Poznań, Wielkopolskie) is a field hockey defender from Poland, who was a member of the Men's National Team that ended up in twelfth and last place at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. The team had qualified by surprise for the Games by defeating bigger names like New Zealand at the 2000 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier in Osaka, Japan.
Gennaro Annese
Gennaro Annese (1604 – June 20, 1648) was an Italian revolutionary, who led the rebels in Naples against Spain in 1647–48.

Annese was an arquebus maker who lived near the Porta of the Carmine. He succeeded Masaniello during the Neapolitan Revolt of 1647. The following year, in April, the Spanish troops entered Naples and Annese surrendered after having been besieged in the Carmine Castle. In June, Annese was arrested and jailed in the Castel Nuovo; after a short process, he was sentenced to death and executed in the same castle.

Castel Nuovo
Castel Nuovo (Italian: [kaˌstɛl ˈnwɔːvo]; Neapolitan: Castiello Nuovo; 'New Castle'), often called Maschio Angioino (Italian: [ˈmaskjo andʒoˈiːno]; Neapolitan: Maschio Angiuino; 'Angevin Keep'), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall (Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Campania, Italy. Its scenic location and imposing size makes the castle, first erected in 1279, one of the main architectural landmarks of the city. It was a royal seat for kings of Naples, Aragon and Spain until 1815.

It is the headquarters of Società Napoletana di Storia Patria ("Neapolitan Society of Homeland History") and of the Naples Committee of the Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano (Institute for the History of the Italian Risorgimento). In the complex there is also the civic museum, which includes the Palatine Chapel and the museum paths on the first and second floors.
Needle-localized biopsy
Needle-localized biopsy is a procedure that uses very thin needles or guide wires to mark the location of an abnormal area of tissue so it can be surgically sampled.  An imaging device such as an ultrasound probe is used to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Needle localization is used when the doctor cannot feel the mass of abnormal tissue.

Needle localizations are commonly performed by radiologists before excisional biopsy of breast lesions, using one of a number of commercially available needle and wire systems such as the Kopans wire.

A similar process is used by radiologists to localize known malignancies that have previously undergone core biopsy so that the tumor can be definitively removed.

Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20 kilohertz. This frequency is the approximate upper audible limit of human hearing in healthy young adults. The physical principles of acoustic waves apply to any frequency range, including ultrasound. Ultrasonic devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and accelerating chemical processes. Animals such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles.
Bruce Ridpath
David Bruce Ridpath (January 2, 1884 – June 4, 1925) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and general manager. He was a member of the 1911 Stanley Cup champion Ottawa Senators before an automobile accident ended his playing career.

Ridpath, born in Lakefield, Ontario, as well as playing ice hockey, also was a member of the Toronto Canoe Club and became known as a canoe racer and stunt paddler, performing in shows in Great Britain, Germany and Spain. Ridpath never married and died in 1925 at the age of 41 at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto. He suffered a stroke on May 18 and never regained consciousness.

St. Michael's Hospital (Toronto)
St. Michael's Hospital is a teaching hospital and medical centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was established by the Sisters of St. Joseph in 1892 with the founding goal of taking care of the sick and the poor of Toronto's inner city. The hospital provides tertiary and quaternary services in cardiovascular surgery, neurosurgery, inner city health, and therapeutic endoscopy. It is one of two Level 1 adult trauma centres in Greater Toronto, along with the larger Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. As trauma centres, both St. Michael's and Sunnybrook are equipped with helipads. It is one of several teaching hospitals of the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine and is part of the Unity Health Toronto hospital network.
1998 Australian Open (real tennis)
The 1998 Real Tennis Australian Open was the 67th edition of the Australian Open. The men's singles event was held at the Macquarie University Real Tennis Club in Sydney between 18 and 23 August 1998. It was followed two days later by the doubles event, held at the Hobart Real Tennis Club two days later. It was organised by the Australian Real Tennis Association. The men's draw was the second grand slam event of the year.

The men's singles draw was won by incumbent World Champion Robert Fahey for the fifth time, his third consecutive title. He beat Frank Filippelli in the final in a rematch of the 1997 final. The doubles draw was won by Ruaraidh Gunn and Steve Virgona, the pair having won the US Open earlier that year. They defeated Fahey and Peter Meares in the final. The women's final was won by Barbara Baker, the future Governor of Tasmania. She partnered with Julianne Drewitt to win the doubles.

Real Tennis World Championship
The Real Tennis World Championship  is the premier competition in real tennis.

Men's singles in real tennis was the first world championship in any sport; it also predates the use of the term "real tennis," as the sport was called just "tennis" until lawn tennis gained popularity.

The first recorded champion was Clergé, The Elder in the 1740s.
Baydamtal Botanical Reserve
The Baydamtal Botanical Reserve (Kyrgyz: Байдамтал ботаникалык заказниги) is located in Tong District of Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is situated in the Boom Gorge along the river Chu, between Kök-Moynok-1 and the river Baydamtal. It was established in 1975 with a purpose of conservation of Nitraria schoberi L., Nitraria sibirica Pall., and Halimodendron halodendron Pall. Vegetation in the reserve is sparse. The botanical reserve occupies 20 hectares. Among other flora species inhabiting the reserve are Artemisia tianschanica, Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., Astragalus albertii Bunge, etc.

Tong District
Tong (Kyrgyz: Тоң району, romanized: Tong rayonu) is a district of Issyk-Kul Region in north-eastern Kyrgyzstan. The seat lies at Bökönbaev. Its area is 7,230 square kilometres (2,790 sq mi), and its resident population was 53,401 in 2021. Tong District borders Issyk-Kul District to the north-west, Jeti-Ögüz District to the south and south-east, Kochkor District to the south-west, Naryn District to the south, Kemin District to the north-west, and Issyk Kul - to the north.