hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mahatma Gandhi Stadium
Mahatma Gandhi Stadium is a sports stadium in Salem, Tamil Nadu. The stadium has hosted seven first-class matches  from 1973 when Tamil Nadu cricket team played against Kerala cricket team. The ground hosted its last first-class matches in 1992 when Tamil Nadu cricket team played against Andhra cricket team. The stadium was named after the famous Indian activist of the same name.

The stadium was established in 1972 which managed and owned by Sports Authority of India. As condition of stadium was not very good and there was no renovation was done since it was built. But in 2013, Government of Tamil Nadu decided to renovate the stadium by sanctioned Rs. 1 crore off which Rs. 60 lakhs will be used for 400 m athletic track, a football ground, grass lawns, and a walker's path and Volleyball, basketball courts and infrastructure including toilet facilities will be improved.

Andhra cricket team
The Andhra cricket team is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The team's main home ground is ACA-VDCA International Cricket Stadium at Visakhapatnam, while some home matches are also played at Anantapur and Kadapa. C. K. Nayudu was the first captain of the team.
Lavic Lake volcanic field
The Lavic Lake volcanic field is a volcanic field with extinct cinder cones in the Mojave Desert, in San Bernardino County, California, United States, at 762 m (2,500 ft) elevation. Its cones lie directly alongside historic Route 66 and modern Interstate 40, between Barstow to the west and Ludlow 10 miles (16 km) to the east.

Interstate 40 in California
Interstate 40 (I-40) is a major east–west Interstate Highway in the United States, stretching from Barstow, California, to Wilmington, North Carolina. The segment of I-40 in California is sometimes called the Needles Freeway. It passes through the eastern fringe of the Inland Empire metropolitan area, going east from its western terminus at I-15 in Barstow across the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County past the Clipper Mountains to Needles, before it crosses over the Colorado River into Arizona east of Needles. All 155 miles (249 km) of I-40 in California are in San Bernardino County.
Diocese of Zacapa y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Zacapa (y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas) is a Latin suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of Guatemala.

Its cathedral episcopal see is catedral San Pedro (dedicated to saint Peter), in Zacapa. It also had a virtual Co-cathedral, Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas, which is officially still the cathedral of the Territorial Prelature of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas.

Zacapa
Zacapa (Spanish pronunciation: [saˈkapa]) is the departmental capital municipality of Zacapa Department, one of the 22 Departments of Guatemala. It is located approximately 112 kilometres (70 mi) from Guatemala City.
Alice Crocker Lloyd
Alice Crocker Lloyd (December 9, 1893 – March 3, 1950) was the University of Michigan's longest serving Dean of Women, and is widely regarded as a trailblazer in progressive educational programs and for the ideals of young women at the time. Lloyd worked during a period of expanding opportunities for women at the University of Michigan, as the institution developed new residence halls, advising systems, and academic programs to support its growing female student population.

Dean of women
The dean of women at a college or university in the United States is the dean with responsibility for student affairs for female students. In early years, the position was also known by other names, including preceptress, lady principal, and adviser of women.

Deans of women were widespread in American institutions of higher education from the 1890s to the 1960s, sometimes paired with a "Dean of Men", and usually reporting directly to the president of the institution.  In the later 20th century, however, most Dean of Women positions were merged into the position of dean of students.
Georg von Stackelberg
Georg August Paul Freiherr von Stackelberg (Russian: Георгий Карлович Штакельберг, romanized: Georgij Karlovič Štakel'berg; 30 July [O.S. 18] 1851 – 25 July [O.S. 12] 1913) was a Baltic German cavalry general in the service of the Imperial Russian Army. He was noted for his role during the Russo-Japanese War, especially during the Battle of Sandepu, in which he was awarded the Order of St. George afterwards.

Order of Saint Vladimir
The Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir (Russian: орден Святого Владимира) was an Imperial Russian order established on 3 October [O.S. 22 September] 1782 by Empress Catherine II in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Grand Prince and the Baptizer of the Kievan Rus'.
Hans Houtzager
Johan Frederik Marie "Hans" Houtzager (26 August 1910 – 29 December 1993) was a Dutch hammer thrower. He competed at the 1936 and 1948 Summer Olympics and finished in 12th place in 1948. Two years earlier he was fifth at the 1946 European Athletics Championships.

Houtzager won the British AAA Championships title in the hammer throw event at the 1946 AAA Championships.

Houtzager retired from competitions in 1952, shortly after winning his last national title. His son Hans Houtzager Jr. also competed in the hammer throw and became the national champion in 1969.

1946 AAA Championships
The 1946 AAA Championships was the 1946 edition of the annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA). It was held from 19 to 20 July 1946 at White City Stadium in London, England.
Flickan och kråkan
The Girl and the Crow (in Swedish: Flickan och kråkan) is a song composed by Mikael Wiehe, originally published on his album "Kråksånger" in 1981.

Wiehe wrote the text inspired by an image by the Swedish cartoonist Oscar Cleve: Little girl rushes to vet with wounded crow".

Several covers have been made including versions by Dia Psalma (1994), Strömkarlen (2009), and Timbuktu (2012). According to Wiehe, Anni-Frid Lyngstad from ABBA wanted to release a cover in the beginning of the 1980s to one of her albums, but he declined, one of the major reasons being that she earlier had appeared in a Swedish Employers Association advertising campaign, "Invest in yourself". It was included in Sofia Karlsson's successful 2007 studio album Visor från vinden, which also featured songs by the poets Charles Baudelaire, Inger Hagerup and Dan Andersson.

Timbuktu (musician)
Jason Michael Bosak Diakité (born 11 January 1975 in Lund), better known by his stage name Timbuktu, is a Swedish rapper and singer, songwriter and television host. He took his stage name from the city of Timbuktu in Mali, a country where his father, Madubuko Diakité, has roots.
Ýagmyrmyrat Annamyradow
Yagmyrmyrat Kulanmyradovich Annamyradov (Turkmen: Ýagmyrmyrat Kulanmyradowiç Annamyradow; born 19 October 1982) is a retired  Turkmen professional footballer,  who played as defender. He was part of the Turkmenistan national team from 2007.

Ýokary Liga
The Turkmenistan Higher League, also called Türkmenistan Ýokary Liga (Turkmen: Ýokary liga futbol klublarynyň arasyndaky futbol boýunça Türkmenistanyň çempionaty), is the top division of professional football in Turkmenistan, operated by the Turkmenistan Football Federation.

It was founded in 1992. Nine clubs participate in the Higher League of the Turkmenistan National Championship. The season runs between April and November.

There are 9 teams in the competition. As of the 2024 season, the league had one AFC Champions League Two qualifying spot for the league winner league.

Since the introduction of the Turkmenistan Higher League in 1992, Altyn Asyr (8 times), Köpetdag (6 times), Nebitçi (4 times), Nisa (4 times), Ýedigen (4 times), Arkadag (3 times), Aşgabat (2 times), Ahal (1 time) and Şagadam (1 time) have won the title.

FC Arkadag are the current champions (2025) (for the third time).
Elizabeth Hadaway
Elizabeth Hadaway (born 1968) is a poet whose book Fire Baton won the 10th Annual Library of Virginia Literary Award for poetry. She previously published under the name Leigh Palmer. She was a Wallace Stegner Fellow at Stanford University and prior to that a Randall Jarrell Fellow at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

University of North Carolina at Greensboro
The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG or UNC Greensboro) is a public research university in Greensboro, North Carolina. It is part of the University of North Carolina system. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award baccalaureate, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees.

The university offers over 100 undergraduate, 61 master's, and 26 doctoral programs. UNCG is also home to the Weatherspoon Art Museum.
Melvin Rambin
Melvin Leo Rambin (October 7, 1941 – June 19, 2001) was an American banker in Monroe, the seat of Ouachita Parish in northeastern Louisiana, who was thus far the only Republican in his city to have held the office of mayor since the 19th century era of Reconstruction. Rambin was elected in March 2000 but died in office of liver cancer after having served for only eleven-and-a-half months.

Ouachita Parish, Louisiana
Ouachita Parish is a parish located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 160,368. The parish seat and largest city is Monroe. The parish was formed in 1807.

Ouachita Parish is part of the Monroe, Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located here is Watson Brake, the oldest indigenous earthwork mound complex in North America. It was built around 3500 BC, making it older than the Ancient Egyptian pyramids or Britain's Stonehenge. It is on privately owned land and not available for public viewing.
Mount Yangtai
The Mount Yangtai (Chinese: 羊台山; pinyin: Yángtaíshān), also known as Mount Yangtai Forest Park, is a mountain at the junction of Bao'an District and Nanshan District in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. The peak is 587.3 metres (1,927 ft) in elevation, which is the highest peak in western Shenzhen. In 2008 The mount is rated as one of the eight scenic spots of Shenzhen by the Shenzhen government.

Politics of Shenzhen
The politics of Shenzhen in Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The mayor of Shenzhen is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shenzhen or Shenzhen Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the mayor has less power than Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Shenzhen, colloquially termed the "CCP Party Chief of Shenzhen" or "Communist Party Secretary of Shenzhen".
Plagio
Plagio in Italian criminal law was the offence encoded in article 603 of the Italian Penal Code, which read: "Whoever subjects a person to his power, in such a way as to reduce them to a total state of subjection, shall be punished by imprisonment from five to fifteen years." This provision was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court by judgment no. 96 of 9 April 1981 (deposited 8 June 1981), and as such has not been prosecuted in Italy since then.

Constitutional Court of Italy
The Constitutional Court of the Italian Republic (Italian: Corte costituzionale della Repubblica Italiana) is the highest court of Italy in matters of constitutional law. Sometimes, the name Consulta is used as a metonym for it, because its sessions are held in Palazzo della Consulta in Rome.
Kathabeejam
Kathabeejam (The Germ of a Story) is a one-act play written by Malayalam language author Vaikom Muhammad Basheer. The play was written by Basheer for the 16th anniversary of Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishath. It was published as a book in May 1945 and remains Basheer's only play. The protagonist of the play is a writer named Sadasivan.

Vaikom Muhammad Basheer
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (21 January 1908 – 5 July 1994), popularly referred to as the Beypore Sultan, was an Indian writer of  Malayalam literature, a humanist and a freedom fighter in the Indian national movement. He was a novelist and a short story writer known for his path-breaking, down-to-earth style of writing that made him equally popular among the literary critics as well as the common man. His notable works include Balyakalasakhi, Shabdangal, Pathummayude Aadu, Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu, Mathilukal, Janmadinam, Anargha Nimisham. The translations of his works into other languages have earned him worldwide acclaim. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honor of the Padma Shri in 1982. He was also a recipient of the Sahitya Academy Fellowship, Kerala Sahitya Academy Fellowship, and the Kerala State Film Award for Best Story. He was a recipient of the Vallathol Award in 1993.
Jovan Prokopljević
Jovan Prokopljević (born December 30, 1940, in Zemun; nicknamed "The Great") is a Serbian architect, cartoonist, and caricaturist. He has been awarded two Pierre awards and the First Prize for cartoons at international competitions in China, Montenegro, and Australia.

Caricature
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, and can serve a political purpose, be drawn solely for entertainment, or for a combination of both. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in newspapers and news magazines as political cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. In literature, a caricature is a distorted representation of a person in a way that exaggerates some characteristics and oversimplifies others.
Siege of Fredriksodde
The siege of Fredriksodde, also known as the Storming of Fredriksodde (Swedish: Stormningen av Frederiksodde; Danish: Stormen på Frederiksodde) and the Conquest of Fredriksodde (Swedish: Erövringen av Fredriksodde), was a successful Swedish siege of the fortress and town of Fredriksodde (modern day Fredericia) in 1657 during the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658. The siege and the subsequent capture of the fortress by Swedish forces completed the Swedish conquest of Jutland.

Generalmajor (Sweden)
Major General (MajGen) (Swedish: generalmajor, genmj) is a two-star commissioned officer rank in the Swedish Army, Swedish Air Force and Swedish Amphibious Corps. Major general ranks immediately above brigadier general and below a lieutenant general. The rank is equivalent to rear admiral in the Swedish Navy.
Columbus Stockade Blues
Columbus Stockade Blues is a 1970 album by country singer Willie Nelson. It is an abridged reissue of Nelson's 1966 album, Country Favorites-Willie Nelson Style without the songs "Making Believe", "Home In San Antone", and "My Window Faces The South".

Country Favorites – Willie Nelson Style
Country Favorites – Willie Nelson Style is the fourth studio album by country singer Willie Nelson. He recorded it with Ernest Tubb's band, the Texas Troubadours and Western Swing fiddler-vocalist Wade Ray with studio musicians Jimmy Wilkerson and Hargus "Pig" Robbins.  At the time of the recording, Nelson was a regular on a syndicated TV show hosted by Tubb.
Franco-Trarzan War of 1825
The Franco-Trarzan War of 1825 was a conflict between the forces of the new emir of Trarza, Muhammad al Habib, and France, ruled at the time by Charles X and the ultra comte de Villèle. In 1825, Muhammad attempted to establish control over the French-protected Waalo Kingdom, then located south of the Senegal River, by marrying the heiress to the kingdom. The French responded by sending a large expeditionary force that crushed Muhammad's army. The war incited the French to expand to the north of the Senegal River.

Ultra-royalist
The Ultra-royalists (French: ultraroyalistes, collectively Ultras) were a French political faction from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration. An Ultra was usually a member of the nobility of high society who strongly supported Catholicism as the state and only legal religion of France, the Bourbon monarchy, traditional hierarchy between classes and census suffrage (privileged voting rights), while rejecting the political philosophy of popular will and the interests of the bourgeoisie along with their liberal and democratic tendencies.

The Legitimists, another of the main right-wing factions identified in René Rémond's Les Droites en France, were disparagingly classified with the Ultras after the 1830 July Revolution by the victors, the Orléanists, who deposed the Bourbon dynasty for the more liberal king Louis Philippe.
Mushtaq Ahmed Azmi
Mushtaq Ahmed Azmi (1 June 1919 – 12 July 2011), was a mass literacy expert. He was one of the first non-officials to be associated with the development of Adult Education program in India from the early 1950s, and was an early leader of the mass literacy movement. As an officer of UNESCO, he was posted in Africa and seconded to lead mass literacy programs in Nigeria and Zambia. He was offered a position in the UNESCO by the British diplomat and head of fundamental education at UNESCO John Bowers.

During his sixty-year career, he conducted a number of studies and wrote books and technical documents, which are used by experts and activists in the field of adult education.

He developed control, monitoring and evaluation systems for national literacy programs such as Total Literacy Campaigns (TLC) and Post Literacy Programs (PLP), and was an advocate of lifelong learning.

Lifelong learning
Lifelong learning is the "ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated" pursuit of learning for either personal or professional reasons.

Lifelong learning is important for an individual's competitiveness and employability. Furthermore, it enhances social inclusion, active citizenship, and personal development.

Professions generally acknowledge the importance of developing practitioners as lifelong learners. In the case of many licensed professions, the ongoing pursuit of professional development is a prerequisite for maintaining licensure.

Lifelong learning institutes are educational organisations that are specifically designed for the purpose of facilitating lifelong learning. Informal lifelong learning communities also exist around the world.
Nobel Peace Center
The Nobel Peace Center (Norwegian: Nobels Fredssenter) in Oslo, Norway, is a showcase for the Nobel Peace Prize and the ideals it represents. The center is also an arena where culture and politics merge to promote involvement, debate and reflection around topics such as war, peace and conflict resolution. The center is located in Oslo, Norway at the City Hall Square (Rådhusplassen).

Nobel Foundation
The Nobel Foundation is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. The foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.

It also holds Nobel Symposia on important breakthroughs in science and topics of cultural or social significance.
Loaded language
Loaded language is rhetoric used to influence an audience by using words and phrases with strong connotations. This type of language is very often made vague to more effectively invoke an emotional response and/or exploit stereotypes. Loaded words and phrases have significant emotional implications and involve strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning.

Pathos
Pathos appeals to the emotions and ideals of the audience and elicits feelings that already reside in them. Pathos is a term most often used in rhetoric (in which it is considered one of the three modes of persuasion, alongside ethos and logos), as well as in literature, film and other narrative art.
Causes of unemployment in the United States
Job creation and unemployment are affected by factors such as aggregate demand, global competition, education, automation, and demographics. These factors can affect the number of workers, the duration of unemployment, and wage rates.

Labour supply
In mainstream economic theories, the labour supply is the total hours (adjusted for intensity of effort) that workers wish to work at a given real wage rate. It is frequently represented graphically by a labour supply curve, which shows hypothetical wage rates plotted vertically and the amount of labour that an individual or group of individuals is willing to supply at that wage rate plotted horizontally. There are three distinct aspects to labor supply or expected hours of work: the fraction of the population who are employed, the average number of hours worked by those that are employed, and the average number of hours worked in the population as a whole.
Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton
Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton PC (21 December 1698 – 31 May 1731) was an English peer and Jacobite politician who was one of the few people in the history of England, and the first since the 15th century, to have been raised to a dukedom whilst still a minor and not closely related to the monarch.

Francis Atterbury
Francis Atterbury (6 March 1663 – 22 February 1732) was an English man of letters, politician and bishop. A High Church Tory and Jacobite, he gained patronage under Queen Anne, but was mistrusted by the Hanoverian Whig ministries, and banished for communicating with the Old Pretender in the Atterbury Plot. He was a noted wit and a gifted preacher.
Perotti
Perotti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Angelica Le Gru Perotti (1719–1776), Italian painter

Diego Perotti (born 1988), Argentine footballer

Fulvia Miani Perotti (1844–1931), Italian writer

Giovanni Domenico Perotti (1761–1825), Italian composer

José Perotti Ronzoni (1898–1956), Chilean sculptor

Juan Perotti (born 1992), Argentine footballer

Niccolò Perotti (1429–1480), Italian humanist and author

Omar Perotti (born 1959), Argentine politician

Diego Perotti
Diego Perotti Almeira (born 26 July 1988) is an Argentine former professional footballer. Mainly a winger who could play with both feet, he also appeared as an attacking midfielder.

He spent the better part of his career with Sevilla, appearing in 159 competitive games over six La Liga seasons (16 goals) and winning two major titles. In February 2016 he signed with Roma in the Italian Serie A, leaving four years later.

Perotti earned five caps for Argentina.
Gut Stomp
Gut Stomp is a 1943 jazz standard by stride pianist James P. Johnson. It entirely features pianist Johnson on solo piano with a distinctive stride progression. Johnson played it especially for "southerners" in New York City because they were "country people and they felt homesick". Although he and Willie "The Lion" Smith were playing "Gut Stomp" or something similar at clubs in Manhattan in earlier times, Johnson only officially recorded it along with "Mule Walk" and "Carolina Balmoral" in 1943.

James P. Johnson
James Price Johnson (February 1, 1894 – November 17, 1955) was an American pianist and composer. A pioneer of stride piano, he was one of the most important pianists in the early era of recording, and like Jelly Roll Morton, one of the key figures in the evolution of ragtime into what was eventually called jazz. Johnson was a major influence on Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, Thelonious Monk, and Fats Waller, who was his student.

Johnson composed many hit songs, including the unofficial anthem of the Roaring Twenties, "The Charleston", and he remained the acknowledged king of New York jazz pianists through most of the 1930s. Johnson's artistry, influence on early popular music, and contributions to musical theatre are often overlooked, and as such, he has been referred to by musicologist David Schiff as "The Invisible Pianist."