hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Academic bias
Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias in academia shaping research and the scientific community. Academic bias can involve discrimination based on race, sex, religion, ideology or protected group.

One study sent a questionnaire to students and staff in a range of American universities. 44% of undergraduates and 27% of professors claimed that they had witnessed overt biases within the classroom. Respondents claimed that bias was directed at individuals because of their sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, sex, religion and class. The types of bias witnessed involved stereotyping, offensive humour, social isolation, slurs and insults.

Ideology
An ideology is a set of beliefs or values attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain knowledge, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.

The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French Enlightenment aristocrat and philosopher, who conceived it in 1796 as the "science of ideas" to develop a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational impulses of the mob. In political science, the term is used in a descriptive sense to refer to political belief systems.
Marius Chaumelin
Jean Marie Chaumelin known as Marius Chaumelin (born 15 April 1833 in Paray-le-Monial, died 20 October 1889 in Paris) was a French art critic, journalist and writer. He was director of customs for Caen (1881) and then in Paris (1884). He was knighted in the Légion d'honneur on December 20, 1884.

Art critic
An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures, and catalogues and on websites. Some of today's art critics use art blogs and other online platforms in order to connect with a wider audience and expand debate.
Taborzec
Taborzec [taˈbɔʐɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barciany, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) south of Barciany, 14 km (9 mi) north of Kętrzyn, and 73 km (45 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Kętrzyn County
Kętrzyn County (Polish: powiat kętrzyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kętrzyn (former Rastembork), which lies 88 kilometres (55 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. The county also contains the towns of Reszel, lying 16 km (10 mi) west of Kętrzyn, and Korsze, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of Kętrzyn.

The county covers an area of 1,212.97 square kilometres (468.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 66,165, out of which the population of Kętrzyn is 28,000, that of Reszel is 5,098, that of Korsze is 4,632, and the rural population is 28,435.
Patrick Walsh (piper)
Patrick Walsh (fl. 1850s/1860s) was an Irish piper.

Little is known of Walsh, beyond that he was a native of County Mayo, large in stature, and lived about the middle of the nineteenth century. He believed he inherited his gifts from the fairies.

Pipe (instrument)
A pipe is a tubular wind instrument in general, or various specific wind instruments. The word is an onomatopoeia, and comes from the tone which can resemble that of a bird chirping .

With just three holes, a pipe's range is obtained by overblowing to sound at least the second or the third harmonic partials.
1993 Epsom Derby
The 1993 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Wednesday 2 June 1993. It was the 214th running of the Derby, and it was won by Commander in Chief. The winner was ridden by Michael Kinane and trained by Henry Cecil. The pre-race favourite Tenby finished tenth.

Lingfield Derby Trial
The Lingfield Derby Trial Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old colts and geldings. It is run over a distance of 1 mile, 3 furlongs and 133 yards (2,334 metres) at Lingfield Park in May.
Tornow group
Tornow group, also known as Tornow-Klenica and Tornow-Gostyn in Poland, in archaeology refers to the Middle Slavic pottery and related strongholds of "Tornow-type" which were present in the middle of Obra, Oder, Spree but also Elbe and Saale basins from Greater Poland up to Thuringia. It is a derivation of Prague-Korchak (and possibly Sukow-Dziedzice culture in Northeastern part), and dated since late 8th or early 9th century up to late 10th or early 11th century.

Obra (river)
The Obra is a river in west Poland, a left  tributary of the Warta river (in Skwierzyna), with a length of 171 kilometres and a basin area of 2,760 km2. The river is popular with canoe and kayak enthusiasts and an established canoe trail exists.
Eddie Watkinson
Eddie Watkinson (born 1979) is an experimental video and internet artist. Eddie studied design and technology at Parsons The New School for Design.  Eddie has had his work shown nationwide through Siggraph and at New york Animation Festivals. In 2009 he competed in the motion graphics competition at Cut&Paste. Eddie has animated several television and film spots including Iceroad Truckers, Inside Edition, and ESPN Classic.

Ice Road Truckers
Ice Road Truckers (commercially abbreviated IRT) is a reality television series that originally aired on History Channel from 2007 to 2017 until returning from hiatus in 2025. It features the activities of drivers who operate trucks on ice roads crossing frozen lakes and rivers, in remote territories in Canada and the U.S. state of Alaska. Seasons three to six also featured Alaska's improved but still remote Dalton Highway, which is mainly snow-covered solid ground.
Boris Blumin
Boris Blumin (January 11, 1908 [December 29, 1907 O. S.], Saint Petersburg – February 16, 1998, Trenton, New Jersey) was a Canadian-American chess master.

Born in Russia, he emigrated to Canada, where he played in several chess championships. He took 9th at Toronto 1927 (CAN-ch, Maurice Fox won); took 4th at Montreal 1929 (Fox won); tied for 3rd-4th at Toronto 1934 (John Belson won); took 3rd at Montreal 1935 (Fox won). Blumin was twice Champion of Canada winning at Toronto 1936 and Quebec 1937. He tied for 3rd-4th, behind Israel Albert Horowitz and Isaac Kashdan, at Boston 1938 (U.S. Open).

He was a five-time winner of the Montreal City Championship (1933–1939).  In August 1939, he moved to New York City, where he took 11th at the U.S. Open (Reuben Fine won).

He won the Hamilton Chess Club Championship at New Jersey in 1986. He died in his home on Terrapin Lane. He was suffering from Alzheimers  with his wife and son by his side.

U.S. Open Chess Championship
The U.S. Open Championship is an open national chess championship that has been held in the United States annually since 1900.  The top American player usually qualifies for the U.S. Chess Championship.
Singapore Mathematical Society
The Singapore Mathematical Society is the primary organization "representing and advancing the interests of the mathematical community in Singapore".

SMS is Singapore's Adhering Organization for the International Mathematical Union. SMS is also an institutional member of the Singapore National Academy of Science.

The society runs various mathematics-related events in Singapore. Annual competitions such as the Singapore Mathematical Olympiad, Singapore Mathematics Project Festival and SMS Essay Competition are organised by the SMS. Some initiatives are aimed at the general public, such as workshops and lecture series, while others are professional development opportunities for Singaporean mathematics educators.

SMS also provides logistical support for the Singapore International Mathematical Olympiad (SIMO) team and the representative team at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) alongside the Ministry of Education.

International Mathematical Olympiad
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a mathematical olympiad for pre-university students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads. It is widely regarded as the most prestigious mathematical competition in the world. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries participate. Each country sends a team of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.

The contest takes place over two days, and consists of six problems (three given on each day). The problems are extremely difficult, and may include topics not conventionally covered in school, but they avoid the use of calculus. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more than individual scores.
Clypeopyrenis
Clypeopyrenis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1991 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot, with Clypeopyrenis microsperma assigned as the type species. This lichen, originally described from material collected in Costa Rica, is also found in the Caribbean and South America. Clypeopyrenis porinoides was added to the genus in 2011; it was discovered in Costa Rica, close to the type locality of the type species.

André Aptroot
André Aptroot (Heemskerk, 1961) is a Dutch mycologist and lichenologist. His primary research focus is on biodiversity, particularly tropical lichens, encompassing systematics, floristic surveys, and taxonomic reviews. A prolific researcher, he has published more than 500 scientific papers and described hundreds of new fungal and lichen species.
Landenberg Junction (Delaware)
Landenberg Junction is a railroad junction in Elsmere, New Castle County, Delaware.

The junction is situated at the southern end of CSX Transportation's Philadelphia Subdivision Wilsmere Yard in the eastern terminus of the Wilmington and Western Railroad, which originally ran to Landenberg, Pennsylvania. Both lines were formerly owned by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O).

The Wilmington and Western Railroad once ran from Elsmere to Landenberg, Pennsylvania, but the B&O shortened it to Southwood in the 1940s and later to Hockessin in the 1950s. The current Wilmington and Western Railroad operates tourist trains between Greenbank and Hockessin.

Philadelphia Subdivision
39°54′10.2″N 75°8′24.1″W﻿ / ﻿39.902833°N 75.140028°W﻿ / 39.902833; -75.140028

The Philadelphia Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by CSX Transportation in the U.S. states of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. The line runs from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, southwest to Baltimore, Maryland, along a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) line.

At its north end, CP NICE, in Nicetown-Tioga, Philadelphia, the Philadelphia Subdivision becomes the Trenton Subdivision. The south end of the Philadelphia Subdivision is near Bay View Yard, where the Baltimore Terminal Subdivision begins.
Thanatology
Thanatology is the scientific study of death and the losses brought about as a result. It investigates the mechanisms and forensic aspects of death, such as bodily changes that accompany death and the postmortem period, as well as wider psychological and social aspects related to death. It is primarily an interdisciplinary study offered as a course of study at numerous colleges and universities.

The word is derived from the Greek language. In Greek mythology, Thanatos (θάνατος: "death") is the personification of death. The English suffix -ology derives from the Greek suffix -logia (-λογια: "speaking").

Personifications of death
Personifications of death are found in many religions and mythologies. In more modern stories, a character known as the Grim Reaper (usually depicted as a berobed skeleton wielding a scythe) causes the victim's death by coming to collect that person's soul. Other beliefs hold that the spectre of death is only a psychopomp, a benevolent figure who serves to gently sever the last ties between the soul and the body, and to guide the deceased to the afterlife, without having any control over when or how the victim dies. Death is most often personified in male form, although in certain cultures death is perceived as female (for instance, Marzanna in Slavic mythology, or Santa Muerte in Mexico). Death is also portrayed as one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Most claims of its appearance occur in states of near-death.
Almost
In set theory, when dealing with sets of infinite size, the term almost or nearly is used to refer to all but a negligible amount of elements in the set. The notion of "negligible" depends on the context, and may mean "of measure zero" (in a measure space), "finite" (when infinite sets are involved), or "countable" (when uncountably infinite sets are involved).

For example:

The set  is almost  for any  in , because only finitely many natural numbers are less than .

The set of prime numbers is not almost , because there are infinitely many natural numbers that are not prime numbers.

The set of transcendental numbers are almost , because the algebraic real numbers form a countable subset of the set of real numbers (which is uncountable).

The Cantor set is uncountably infinite, but has Lebesgue measure zero. So almost all real numbers in (0, 1) are members of the complement of the Cantor set.

Countable set
In mathematics, a set is countable if either it is finite or it can be made in one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers. Equivalently, a set is countable if there exists an injective function from it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural number, or that the elements of the set can be counted one at a time, although the counting may never finish due to an infinite number of elements.

In more technical terms, assuming the axiom of countable choice, a set is countable if its cardinality (the number of elements of the set) is not greater than that of the natural numbers. A countable set that is not finite is said to be countably infinite.

The concept is attributed to Georg Cantor, who proved the existence of uncountable sets, that is, sets that are not countable; for example the set of the real numbers.
Strong pass
In the card game of bridge, a strong pass is an opening pass that indicates a strong hand, typically with a minimum of 11–16 points.  Strong pass bidding systems are of a quite different nature from the more typical "natural" systems, but share some similarities with strong club systems.  Strong pass systems are sometimes called "forcing pass" systems; the term "strong pass" is preferred here to avoid confusion with a different meaning of the term "forcing pass" in bridge.

Strong club system
The Strong Club System is a set of bidding conventions and agreements used in the game of contract bridge and is based upon an opening bid of 1♣ as being an artificial forcing bid promising a strong hand. The strong 1 ♣ opening is assigned a minimum strength promising 16 or more high card points. All other bids would therefore be limited to a maximum of 15 high card points. There are several variants of the strong club system and all are classified as artificial because the bids are highly codified.
Jane Park
Jane Park (born December 15, 1986) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour. Before turning professional, Park reached the finals of the 2003 U.S. Women's Amateur and 2004 U.S. Girls' Junior, and won the 2004 U.S. Women's Amateur. She also tied for low amateur at the 2006 U.S. Women's Open. Since joining the LPGA in 2007, she has earned over $2.8 million and recorded 16 top-10 finishes.

U.S. Girls' Junior
The U.S. Girls' Junior is one of the fifteen U.S. national golf championships organized by the United States Golf Association. It is open to amateur girls who are under 19 on the last day of the competition and have a USGA handicap index of 9.4 or less. It consists of two days of stroke play, with the leading 64 competitors then playing a match play competition to decide the champion.

The inaugural championship was held in 1949 and was won by Marlene Bauer from a field of 28 entries.

Aree Wongluekiet, now Aree Song, is the youngest winner at 13 years, 99 days in 1999. Hollis Stacy is the only three-time winner of the tournament.
Surface of Eceon
Surface of Eceon (or Surface of Eceyon) is an American rock band. Their music has been described as ambient space rock. This unit, which has a penchant for the phantasmagoric, includes members from the psychedelic rock groups, Landing and Yume Bitsu. They released three albums between 2001 and 2007 as well as other recordings.

Landing (band)
Landing is an American indie rock band from Connecticut, United States. Genres used to describe Landing's music include ambient, shoegaze, slowcore, and space rock. Past members have included Dick Baldwin (guitar, bass) and Peter Baumann (not the same musician who was once a member of Tangerine Dream). The most current line up features Daron Gardner (bass) and John Bent (drums).
1919 Australian referendum (Monopolies)
The Constitution Alteration (Nationalization of Monopolies) Bill 1919, was an unsuccessful Australian referendum seeking to alter the Australian Constitution to extend the government's power to legislate in respect of monopolies. The question was put to a referendum in 1919, held in conjunction with the 1919 federal election.

Legislation
Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to as "legislation" while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to outlaw, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare, or to restrict. It may be contrasted with a non-legislative act by an executive or administrative body under the authority of a legislative act.
Abutilon yellows virus
Abutilon yellows virus  (AbYV (sometimes AYB) is a virus of the genus Crinivirus.

Particle lengths were measured at 800-850 nm.  Partial sequencing has taken place but full sequencing was not complete as of 2008.

Criniviruses are considered a threat to crops, though less so than viruses the other whitefly transmitted virus genus Begomovirus, which are predominant in both number and effect.

Begomovirus
Begomovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Geminiviridae. They are plant viruses that as a group have a very wide host range, infecting dicotyledonous plants. Worldwide they are responsible for a considerable amount of economic damage to many important crops such as tomatoes, beans, squash, cassava and cotton. There are 464 species in this genus.
Forever Free
Forever Free can refer to:

Forever Free (non-fiction) or Forever Free: Elsa's Pride, third in the Born Free series of books written by Joy Adamson, published in 1962

Forever Free (novel), a science fiction novel by Joe Haldeman, published in 1999

Forever Free (Saxon album), an album by Saxon, released in 1992

Forever Free (sculpture), a sculpture created by Edmonia Lewis in 1867

"Forever Free", a song by W.A.S.P from The Headless Children, released in 1989

"Forever Free", a song by Stratovarius from Visions, released in 1997

Edmonia Lewis
Mary Edmonia Lewis, also known as "Wildfire" (c. July 4, 1844 – September 17, 1907), was an American sculptor.

Born in Upstate New York of mixed African-American and Native American (Mississauga Ojibwe) heritage, she worked for most of her career in Rome, Italy. She was the first African-American and Native American sculptor to achieve national and then international prominence. She began to gain prominence in the United States during the Civil War; at the end of the 19th century, she remained the only Black woman artist who had participated in and been recognized to any extent by the American artistic mainstream. In 2002, the scholar Molefi Kete Asante named Edmonia Lewis on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.

Her work is known for incorporating themes relating to Black people and indigenous peoples of the Americas into Neoclassical-style sculpture.
The Rose Tattoo (film)
The Rose Tattoo is a 1955 American film adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play of the same name. It was adapted by Williams and Hal Kanter and directed by Daniel Mann, with stars Anna Magnani, Burt Lancaster, Marisa Pavan and Jo Van Fleet. Williams originally wrote the play for Italian Anna Magnani to play on Broadway in 1951, but she declined the offer because of her difficulty with the English language at the time. By the time of this film adaptation, she was ready.

Anna Magnani won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance, and the film won
Best Art Direction and Best Cinematography receiving five other nominations including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actress for Pavan.

Hal Kanter
Hal Kanter (December 18, 1918 – November 6, 2011) was an American writer, producer and director, principally for comedy actors such as Bob Hope, Jerry Lewis, and Elvis Presley (in Loving You and Blue Hawaii), for both feature films and television. Kanter helped Tennessee Williams turn the play by Williams into the film version of The Rose Tattoo. He was regularly credited as a writer for the Academy Award broadcasts. Kanter was also the creator and executive producer of the television series Julia.
Elizabeth Keith, Countess of Huntly
Elizabeth Keith, Countess of Huntly (fl. 1530-1566), was a Scottish noblewoman and the wife of George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, Scotland's leading Catholic magnate during the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots. In 1562, Elizabeth encouraged her husband to raise forces against Queen Mary which led to his being outlawed, and after his death, his titles forfeited to the Crown. Elizabeth's son Sir John Gordon was executed for having taken part in his father's rebellion.

She succeeded to the title of Countess of Huntly at her marriage on 27 March 1530, but like all Scottish married women in the sixteenth century would never have used her husband's surname. Her daughter, Lady Jean Gordon, Countess of Bothwell was the first wife of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, third husband of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Dunbar Castle
Dunbar Castle was one of the strongest fortresses in Scotland, situated in a prominent position overlooking the harbour of the town of Dunbar, in East Lothian.  Several fortifications were built successively on the site, near the English-Scottish border.  The last was slighted in 1567; it is a ruin today.