hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nduduzo Makhathini
Nduduzo Makhathini (born 24 September 1982) is a South African jazz musician from Umgungundlovu, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

Coming from a musical family, his love for music began at an early age. Makhathini has performed with Zim Ngqawana, Simphiwe Dana, Feya Faku, and McCoy Mrubata. Nduduzo completed his Diploma in Jazz Piano at the Durban University of Technology in 2005, and obtained a PhD in music from the University of Stellenbosch in 2023.

In April 2020, his studio album Modes of Communication: Letters from the Underworld was released by Blue Note. It was named one of the “Best Jazz Albums of 2020” by The New York Times, and was followed by In the Spirit of Ntu in 2022, and uNomkhubulwane in 2024.

Feya Faku
Fezile "Feya" Faku (6 June 1962 – 23 June 2025) was a South African trumpeter and flugelhornist. Recognized for his contributions to jazz, Faku built a significant international presence, collaborating with prominent musicians and participating in prestigious festivals worldwide.
Caroline Hutton
Caroline "Pidge" Spencer, Countess Spencer (née Caroline Victoria Hutton; born 16 October 1966), formerly Caroline Freud, is a British aristocrat and public relations specialist. She was married to Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, the younger brother of Diana, Princess of Wales, from 2001 to 2007.

Freud Communications
Freud Communications Limited is a public relations firm based in London. It was founded in 1985 by Matthew Freud. He is the great-grandson of the Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who himself was the uncle of Edward Bernays, the Austrian-American pioneer of public relations.
William Burnaby (writer)
William Burnaby (1673–1706) was an English writer, primarily known for authoring several plays in the early eighteenth century. Three of his works were late entries into the Restoration Comedy tradition.

The son of a London brewer also named William Burnaby, he attended Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1691 and then the Middle Temple. Following this he turned to playwriting, having plays produced by the major London theatres at Drury Lane and the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre. His works include The Ladies Visiting Day. The Modish Husband (1702) and Love Betrayed (1703).

He died at the age of thirty three, and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

In 1931 the complete The Dramatic Works of William Burnaby was published.

Lisle's Tennis Court
51°30′55″N 0°6′55″W﻿ / ﻿51.51528°N 0.11528°W﻿ / 51.51528; -0.11528

Lisle's Tennis Court was a building off Portugal Street in Lincoln's Inn Fields in London.  Originally built as a real tennis court, it was used as a playhouse during two periods, 1661–1674 and 1695–1705. During the early period, the theatre was called Lincoln's Inn Fields Playhouse, also known as The Duke's Playhouse, The New Theatre or The Opera.  The building was rebuilt in 1714, and used again as a theatre for a third period, 1714–1732.  The tennis court theatre was the first public playhouse in London to feature the moveable scenery that would become a standard feature of Restoration theatres.
Hale Holden
Hale Holden (August 11, 1869 – September 23, 1940) was president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) from 1914 to 1918 and 1920 to 1929, and chairman of the board of directors for Southern Pacific Railroad from 1932 to 1939. He was one of the lawyers working for James J. Hill's defense team in the Minnesota Rate Cases. In later years he served as a director for a number of large companies including American Telephone & Telegraph, New York Life Insurance Company and the Chemical Bank & Trust.

Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
The Great Northern Railway (reporting mark GN) was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, it was the creation of 19th-century Canadian-American railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill and was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad. The Great Northern's route made it the northernmost transcontinental railroad in the U.S.

In 1970, the Great Northern Railway merged with three other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which merged in 1996 with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.
Boğuntu
Boğuntu is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Anamur, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 201 (2022). It is situated in a basin of the Taurus Mountains. Its distance to Anamur is about 30 kilometres (19 mi).

Anamur
Anamur is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,430 km2, and its population is 66,851 (2022). It is the westernmost district of that province, bordering on Antalya Province. Anamur contains Anatolia's southernmost point, It is a coastal resort known for its bananas and peanuts.
Muallim District
The Muallim District is the eleventh district of the state of Perak, Malaysia, situated at the southeastern tip of the state, bordering the state of Selangor. It was proclaimed by the current Sultan of Perak, Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah on 11 January 2016 at the Tanjung Malim District Council Building. The district was previously part of the neighbouring Batang Padang district.

It covers an area of 93,435-hectares of land.

The district includes the towns of Slim River, Behrang, Tanjung Malim and Proton City. It was given the name Muallim, the Arabic word for "teacher", because of the Sultan Idris Education University in the district. The university has produced many teachers since the colonial era.

Sultan of Perak
The Sultan of Perak (Malay: Sultan Perak, Jawi: سلطان ڤيراق) is the constitutional monarch and head of state of the Malaysian state of Perak. It is one of the oldest hereditary seats among the Malay states. The current Sultan of Perak, Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah, has been in office since 29 May 2014.

When the Malacca Sultanate fell to Portugal in 1511, Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Kampar, Sumatra, and died there in 1528. He left behind two princes, Alauddin Riayat Shah II and Muzaffar Shah. The former established the Sultanate of Johor. Muzaffar Shah was invited to rule Perak, of which he became the first sultan.
The Etymologies (Tolkien)
The Etymologies is J. R. R. Tolkien's etymological dictionary of his constructed Elvish languages, written during the 1930s. As a philologist, he was professionally interested in the structure of languages, the relationships between languages, and in particular the processes by which languages evolve. He applied this skill to the construction of the languages of Middle-earth, especially the Elvish languages. The Etymologies reflects this knowledge and enthusiasm: he constantly changed the etymological relationships of his "bases", the roots of his Elvish words. The list of words covers several of his minor languages as well as the two major ones, greatly extending the vocabularies known before it was published in The Lost Road and Other Writings in 1987.

Gondolin
In J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, Gondolin is a secret city of Elves in the First Age of Middle-earth, and the greatest of their cities in Beleriand. The story of the Fall of Gondolin tells of the arrival there of Tuor, a prince of Men; of the betrayal of the city to the Dark Lord Morgoth by the king's nephew, Maeglin; and of its subsequent siege and catastrophic destruction by Morgoth's armies. It also relates the flight of the fugitives to the Havens of Sirion, the wedding of Tuor and the Elf Idril, and the childhood of their son Eärendil.

Scholars have noted the presence of tank-like iron fighting machines in Morgoth's army in early versions of the story, written soon after Tolkien returned from the Battle of the Somme. They have likened the story of the Fall of Gondolin to the sack of Troy in ancient Greek literature, or to Virgil's Aeneid; the role of Tuor's wife Idril has similarly been compared to that of Cassandra or Helen of Troy in accounts of the Trojan War.
Penn State College of Engineering
The Penn State College of Engineering is the engineering school of the Pennsylvania State University, headquartered at the University Park campus in University Park, Pennsylvania. It was established in 1896, under the leadership of George W. Atherton. Today, with 13 academic departments and degree programs, over 11,000 enrolled undergraduate and graduate students (8,166 at the University Park campus, and 3,059 at other campuses), and research expenditures of $124 million for the 2016–2017 academic year, the Penn State College of Engineering is in the top 20 of engineering schools in the United States. It is estimated that at least one out of every fifty engineers in the United States got their bachelor's degree from Penn State. Dr. Justin Schwartz currently holds the position of Harold and Inge Marcus Dean of Engineering.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers
The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) is a professional organization for chemical engineers. AIChE was established in 1908 to distinguish chemical engineers as professionals independent of chemists and mechanical engineers.

By 2024, AIChE had over 60,000 members from over 110 countries  (sources vary). There are over 350 active student chapters at universities worldwide. Student chapters aim to provide networking opportunities in academia and industry as well as increase student involvement locally and nationally.
Edward Kresge
Edward N. Kresge (July 31, 1935 – October 30, 2023) was an American Exxon scientist, noted for his development of ethylene-propylene viscosity index modifiers, polyolefin thermoplastic elastomers, and tailored molecular weight density EPDM elastomers.

Thermoplastic elastomer
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers (TPR), are a class of copolymers or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) that consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties.

While most elastomers are thermosets, thermoplastic elastomers are not, in contrast making them relatively easy to use in manufacturing, for example, by injection moulding. Thermoplastic elastomers show advantages typical of both rubbery materials and plastic materials. The benefit of using thermoplastic elastomers is the ability to stretch to moderate elongations and return to its near original shape creating a longer life and better physical range than other materials.

The principal difference between thermoset elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers is the type of cross-linking bond in their structures. In fact, crosslinking is a critical structural factor which imparts high elastic properties.
1995 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The  1995 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby was won by selection of Cordoba that beat in the final the selection of Tucumàn
The 20 teams (but only 18 played) were divided on 3 levels : "Campeonato", "Ascenso", "Clasificacion".
Due to the incoming reduction to 6 teams in the higher level, the winner of the two pools of di "Ascenso" played a play-out for admission per to "Campeonato" against the third of the higher levels.

La Plata Rugby Club
La Plata Rugby Club is an Argentine amateur sports club headquartered in Manuel B. Gonnet, a city in La Plata Partido. The club is mostly known for its rugby union team, which currently plays in Primera A, the first division of the URBA league system.

The club has also a women's rugby team competing in "Torneo Femenino", organized by the same body. As of 2022, the club had 2,500 members. Apart from rugby, the club's facility in Gonnet has tennis courts.
Covering group
In mathematics, a covering group of a topological group H is a covering space G of H such that G is a topological group and the covering map p : G → H is a continuous group homomorphism. The map p is called the covering homomorphism. A frequently occurring case is a double covering group, a topological double cover in which H has index 2 in G; examples include the spin groups, pin groups, and metaplectic groups.

Roughly explained, saying that for example the metaplectic group Mp2n is a double cover of the symplectic group Sp2n means that there are always two elements in the metaplectic group representing one element in the symplectic group.

Group homomorphism
In mathematics, given two groups, (G,∗) and (H, ·), a group homomorphism from (G,∗) to (H, ·) is a function h : G → H such that for all u and v in G it holds that

where the group operation on the left side of the equation is that of G and on the right side that of H.

From this property, one can deduce that h maps the identity element eG of G to the identity element eH of H,

and it also maps inverses to inverses in the sense that

Hence one can say that h "is compatible with the group structure".

In areas of mathematics where one considers groups endowed with additional structure, a homomorphism sometimes means a map that respects not only the group structure (as above) but also the extra structure. For example, a homomorphism of topological groups is often required to be continuous.
2011 Cricket World Cup Group A
Play in Group A of the 2011 Cricket World Cup took place from 20 February to 20 March 2011. The group consisted of hosts Sri Lanka, and along with them, Pakistan, Canada, Kenya, New Zealand, Australia and Zimbabwe. This phase of the tournament was played as a full round-robin amongst all seven teams, with the top four teams advancing to the quarter-finals.

Seren Waters
Seren Robert Waters (born 11 April 1990 in Nairobi, Kenya) is a former Kenyan cricketer who plays for Surrey and Kenya. He is a skillful and bold opening batsman, who loves to face the first ball. He is strong off his legs and through the covers and his favourite shot is the pull shot.
Monster High: Escape from Skull Shores
Monster High: Escape from Skull Shores is an animated adventure fantasy television film special produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment and released on April 13, 2012 on Nickelodeon in the United States.

It is the 4th television/film special based on the Monster High doll line by Mattel and it is tied to its dedicated Skull Shores line, which was released separately from the production. Universal Pictures released it alongside Monster High: Fright On on July 1, 2014 as part of a branded Monster High: Clawesome Double Feature Blu-ray release.

Television special
A television special (often TV special, or rarely television spectacular) is a standalone television show that may also temporarily interrupt episodic programming normally scheduled for a given time slot. Some specials provide a full range of entertainment and informational value available via the television medium (news, drama, comedy, variety, cultural), in various formats (live television, documentary, studio production, animation, film), and in any viewing lengths (short films, feature films, miniseries, telethons).
Benjamin Toniutti
Benjamin Toniutti (born 30 October 1989) is a French professional volleyball player who plays as a setter for and captains both the Polish club Jastrzębski Węgiel and the France national team. Toniutti won a gold medal in the men's tournament at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020, and is the 2015 European Champion and the 2021 Champions League winner with ZAKSA.

CEV U20 Volleyball European Championship
The Men's Junior European Volleyball Championship is a volleyball competition for men's national teams with players under the age of 20 years, currently held biannually and organized by the European Volleyball Confederation, the confederation for Europe.
Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke
Isabel de Clare, suo jure 4th Countess of Pembroke and Striguil (c. 1172 – 11 March 1220), was an Anglo-Norman and Irish noblewoman who was the daughter of Aoife MacMurrough and Richard de Clare and one of the wealthiest heiresses in Wales and Ireland. She was the wife of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, who served four kings as Marshal of England. Her marriage had been arranged by King Richard I. She ruled Leinster as regent during the absence of her spouse in 1200-1203 and in 1207-1208.

Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour (/ˈsiːmɔːr/; c. 1508 – 24 October 1537) was Queen of England as the third wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 30 May 1536 until her death the next year. She became queen following the execution of Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, who was accused by Henry of adultery after failing to produce a male heir. Jane, however, died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of her only child, the future King Edward VI. She was the only wife of Henry VIII to receive a queen's funeral, and Henry was later buried alongside her remains in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
Eric Alfred Knudsen
Eric Alfred Knudsen (July 29, 1872  – February 12, 1957) was an American writer, folklorist, lawyer and politician who grew up and lived on Kauai, Hawaii. His father was Valdemar Knudsen, a west Kauai sugar plantation pioneer.

He married Cecilie L'Orange on September 15, 1905, in Oslo, Norway. They had five children.

Knudsen was a delegate from Kauai to the 1904 Republican National Convention. He was also a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives, and served as its Speaker from 1905 to 1907.

He is most known for his writings and collections of short stories of and about Hawaiian folklore and culture.

Sugar plantations in Hawaii
Sugarcane was introduced to Hawaiʻi by its first inhabitants in approximately 600 AD and was observed by Captain Cook upon arrival in the islands in 1778. Sugar quickly turned into a big business and generated rapid population growth in the islands with 337,000 people immigrating over the span of a century. The sugar grown and processed in Hawaiʻi was shipped primarily to the United States and, in smaller quantities, globally. Sugarcane and pineapple plantations were the largest employers in Hawaiʻi. Sugar production ended in 2016, with a small quantity of sugarcane still being grown for the manufacture of Rhum agricole.
Maropati
Maropati (Calabrian: Maropàtri; Greek: Monopation) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,655 and an area of 10.3 square kilometres (4.0 sq mi).

The municipality of Maropati contains the frazione (subdivision) Tritanti.

Maropati borders the following municipalities: Anoia, Feroleto della Chiesa, Galatro, Giffone.

Province of Reggio Calabria
The province of Reggio Calabria (Italian: provincia di Reggio Calabria) was a province in the Calabria region of Italy. It was the southernmost province in mainland Italy and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. The capital was the city of Reggio.

It was effectively replaced by the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria in 2017.
Suyuparina
Suyuparina (possibly from Aymara suyu land lot, district, region, parina flamingo) is a mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,400 metres (17,717 ft) high. It is located in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, Pitumarca District, and in the Quispicanchi Province, Marcapata District. Suyuparina lies south of the peak of Yanajasa and northeast of Sacsa Ananta, Condoriquiña and Istalla. The mountain is situated east of the Parina valley. Its intermittent stream flows to Arasa River (Araza) in the north.

Department of Cusco
Cusco,  also spelled Cuzco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkusko]; Aymara and Quechua: Qusqu [ˈqɔsqɔ]), is a department of Peru. It is the fourth-largest in the country, after Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto, and borders the departments of Ucayali on the north; Madre de Dios and Puno on the east; Arequipa on the south; and Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín on the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is Cusco, the historical capital of the Inca Empire.
Jules Itier
Jules Alphonse Eugène Itier (French pronunciation: [ʒyl alfɔ̃s øʒɛn itje]; 1802–1877) was a French customs inspector and amateur daguerreotypist. Between 1842 and 1843 he traveled to Senegal, Guadeloupe and India, where he took a number of early daguerreotypes.

In December 1843, Itier was sent to accompany Théodore de Lagrené on his journey to China, where he had been dispatched by Louis Philippe to conclude a commercial treaty. In China, Itier documented the conclusion of the Treaty of Whampoa and took a number of daguerreotypes of Chinese people and scenery in the Guangdong region. Although the daguerreotype reportedly reached China in the later stages of the First Opium War, Itier's daguerreotypes are the earliest preserved photographs of China. Upon his return to France, Itier wrote an extensive travelogue of his journey to China.

Treaty of Whampoa
The Treaty of Whampoa (simplified Chinese: 黄埔条约; traditional Chinese: 黃埔條約; pinyin: Huángpǔ Tiáoyuē; Cantonese Yale: Wòhngbou Tìuhyeuk) was an unequal treaty between the Kingdom of France and the Qing dynasty of China, which was signed by Qiying and Théodore de Lagrené on October 24, 1844, aboard the warship L’Archimède.
Heatherslaw Light Railway
The Heatherslaw Light Railway is a 15 in (381 mm) gauge passenger carrying railway near Ford, Northumberland, England, close to the border with Scotland.

Founded by Neville Smith and Sid Ford, the railway opened in 1989 on the Ford and Etal estate. It operates over a route from Heatherslaw to Etal Village, a return trip of 4 miles (6.4 km). The railway operates an hourly service with steam trains (subject to availability) from March to October. Steam hauled Santa Specials run on selected weekends in December. The passenger coaches include facilities for transporting wheelchairs and buggies, and a typical summer season eight-coach train can convey up to 90 passengers.

Fifteen-inch–gauge railway
Fifteen-inch–gauge railways were pioneered by Sir Arthur Percival Heywood who was interested in what he termed a minimum-gauge railway for use as estate railways or to be easy to lay on, for instance, a battlefield. In 1874, he described the principle behind it as used for his Duffield Bank Railway, distinguishing it from a narrow-gauge railway. Having previously built a small railway of 9 in (229 mm) gauge, he settled on 15 in (381 mm) gauge as the minimum that he felt was practical.
Swallow Bluff Island
Swallow Bluff Island is a river island on the Tennessee River in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The island is 69 acres (28 ha) in size. The island was named for the swallows which congregated there.

Swallow Bluff Island contains the ancient Swallow Bluff Island Mounds.  The state of Tennessee sued a developer who in 1999 razed parts of the island for new home construction, damaging the mound in the process.

River island
A river island is any exposed landmass surrounded by river water. Properly defined, it excludes shoals between seasonally varying flows and may exclude semi-coastal islands in river deltas such as Marajó.

These islands result from changes in the course of a river. Such changes may be caused by interactions with a tributary, or by the opposing fluvial actions of deposition and/or erosion that form a natural cut and meander. Nascent vegetation-free shoals and mudflats may dissipate and shift or build up into such islands through deposition; the process may be assisted through artificial reinforcement or natural factors, such as reeds, palms, evergreen trees or willows, that act as obstacles or erosion barriers, so that water flows around them. Islands may be small or large, covering many square kilometers, examples of which are given below.