hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ochrolechia tartarea
Ochrolechia tartarea is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Ochrolechiaceae. It forms thick, greyish crusts with a rough, crumbly surface marked by irregular warts, typically found on acidic rocks in moist, upland environments across Europe and parts of Asia. The lichen produces distinctive reproductive structures (apothecia) that appear as rounded, pale brown to orange-pink discs up to 5 mm across, often densely packed across its surface. Originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Lichen tartareus, it was historically significant as the source of cudbear, a red dye that was commercially important in 18th-century Scotland before overharvesting led to population declines. The species is widespread in the oceanic and mountainous regions of Britain and Ireland, extends through the Alps of central Europe, and has been recorded as far east as South Korea, though it becomes rare in lowland areas and is often confused with similar species.

Glossary of mycology
This glossary of mycology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to mycology, the study of fungi. Terms in common with other fields, if repeated here, generally focus on their mycology-specific meaning. Related terms can be found in glossary of biology and glossary of botany, among others. List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names and Botanical Latin may also be relevant, although some prefixes and suffixes very common in mycology are repeated here for clarity.
Ron Gonzales
Ronald R. Gonzales (born 1951) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 63rd Mayor of San Jose, California. Gonzales was the first Hispanic to serve as Mayor of San Jose since 1845.

Hispanics and Latinos in California
Hispanic and Latino Californians are residents of the state of California who are of full or partial Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 39.4% of the state's population, making it the largest ethnicity in California.

Californios (regional Californian Spanish for "Californians") is a term to refer to the Californian Hispanic community, which has existed in California since 1683, and which is mainly of varying Spanish and Mexican national origin, and from racially broad groups such as Criollo Spaniards and Mestizos, with both European and Amerindian ancestry. Most would identify as Mexican Americans or as Chicanos.
2025 TC France Series
The 2025 Championnat de France FFSA Tourisme - TC France season was the fifth season of the French FFSA Tourisme Championship, a sports car and touring car championship created and organised by the Stephane Ratel Organisation (SRO). The season began on 18 April in Nogaro and finished on 5 October at Paul Ricard.

Circuit Paul Ricard
The Circuit Paul Ricard (French pronunciation: [siʁkɥi pɔl ʁikaʁ]) is a French motorsport race track built in 1969 at Le Castellet, Var, near Marseille, with finance from pastis magnate Paul Ricard. Ricard wanted to experience the challenge of building a racetrack. The circuit has hosted the FIA Formula One French Grand Prix intermittently from 1971 to 2022.
UEC European Track Championships – Women's points race
The Women's points race at the European Track Championships was first competed in 2011 in the Netherlands.

The Points race lasts for a distance of 25 kilometres (15.5 miles) – 100 laps – with sprints every 10 rounds to gain extra points, a lap ahead of the other riders results in 20 points. In the 2014 edition, held on an outsized (333 metre) concrete outdoor velodrome, the race lasted 24 kilometres in 72 laps, with sprints every sixth lap.

Points race
A points race is a mass start track cycling event involving large numbers of riders simultaneously on track. It was an Olympic event for men from 1984 to 2008 and for women from 1996 to 2008. Since 2012, the points race has been one of the omnium events in the Olympics.
Dalitha Boshigo
Dalitha Fiki Boshigo is a South African and a former Member of the National Assembly of South Africa for the African National Congress. She was elected in the 2009 general election to represent the Limpopo constituency. During her tenure in Parliament, she served on the Portfolio Committee on Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs and the Ad Hoc Committee on Coordinated Oversight on Service Delivery. Boshigo did not stand for re-election in 2014.

2009 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 22 April 2009 to elect members of the National Assembly and provincial legislatures. These were the fourth general elections held since the end of the apartheid era.

The North Gauteng High Court ruled on 9 February 2009 that South African citizens living abroad should be allowed to vote in elections. The judgment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 12 March 2009, when it decided that overseas voters who were already registered would be allowed to vote. Registered voters who found themselves outside their registered voting districts on election day were also permitted to vote for the national ballot at any voting station in South Africa.

The result was a victory for the ruling African National Congress (ANC), which won 264 of the 400 seats in the National Assembly, a fifteen seat reduction compared to the 2004 elections and losing its two-thirds supermajority. ANC leader Jacob Zuma became president.
Newlab
40°41′55″N 73°58′28″W﻿ / ﻿40.69857°N 73.974551°W﻿ / 40.69857; -73.974551

Newlab opened in June 2016, as a multi-disciplinary technology center. Housed in Building 128 of the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the $35 million project serves as a hardware-focused shared workspace, research lab, and hatchery for socially oriented tech manufacturing.

Using the MIT Media Lab as a model, the impetus for the independent organization was to provide space and services to new manufacturing enterprises. Current members work in fields such as robotics, connected devices, energy, nanotechnology, life sciences, and urban tech.

Media coverage of Newlab has focused on the company's role in revitalizing the Brooklyn Navy Yard, its public-private partnership lease structure, and Urban Tech initiative with the New York City Economic Development Corporation.

New York City Economic Development Corporation
New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) is a public-benefit corporation and nonprofit organization that serves as the official economic development corporation for New York City. According to the City of New York and NYCEDC, its mission is to promote economic growth in the five boroughs by strengthening the city's competitive position, encouraging private investment and job creation, and managing City-owned real estate and infrastructure. NYCEDC is organized as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit corporation and acts as the city's primary vehicle for economic development programs and public–private partnerships.

NYCEDC manages properties and projects on behalf of the City, administers business incentive and financing programs, and supports initiatives in sectors such as technology, life sciences, manufacturing, and the green economy.
East Worcester, New York
East Worcester is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Worcester in Otsego County, New York, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

East Worcester is in eastern Otsego County, in the northeast part of the town of Worcester. It is bordered to the north by the town of Decatur and to the southeast by Interstate 88. New York State Route 7 is East Worcester's Main Street. Access to I-88 is either from Exit 19 in Worcester hamlet, 4 miles (6 km) to the southwest along Route 7, or from Exit 20 in Richmondville, 7 miles (11 km) to the east, also via Route 7.

East Worcester is in the valley of Schenevus Creek where it is joined from the north by Oak Creek. Schenevus Creek rises less than 3 miles (5 km) to the northeast and flows southwest to join the Susquehanna River at Colliersville. I-88 and State Route 7 follow the creek valley for its entire distance.

Richmondville (village), New York
Richmondville is a village in Schoharie County, New York, United States. The population was 918 at the 2010 census.

The Village of Richmondville is in the center of the Town of Richmondville and is northeast of Oneonta.
Muhammad Sharif Butt
Muhammad Sharif Butt (15 January 1926 – 8 June 2015) was a Pakistani sprinter who competed in the 1948, 1952, and 1956 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal in the 200 m and silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay events at the 1954 Asian Games. In the 4 x 100 m relay, they were second to a Japanese team which ran the race in 41.2, a then Games record, compared to the Pakistanis' time of 41.5 second. Butt also won the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m relay event at the 1958 Asian Games.

1958 Asian Games
The 1958 Asian Games, officially the Third Asian Games (Japanese: 第3回アジア競技大会) and commonly known as Tokyo 1958 (Japanese: 東京1958), were a multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 May to 1 June 1958. It was governed by the Asian Games Federation. A total of 1,820 athletes representing 20 Asian National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Games. The program featured competitions in 13 different sports encompassing 97 events, including four non-Olympic sports, judo, table tennis, tennis and volleyball. Four of these competition sports – field hockey, table tennis, tennis and volleyball – were introduced for the first time in the Asian Games.

This is the first time that Japan hosted the Asian Games.
S.C.S. Jai-Hind
S.C.S Jai-Hind, known simply as Jai-Hind, is a Surinamese association football club based in Kwatta, Suriname. The club is almost entirely made up of Hindustani people, and as such was the first Hindustani football club to qualify and compete in the Hoofdklasse, the top flight of football in Suriname.

There are two other Surinamese football clubs by the same name, one from Meerzorg, and one from Nickerie. All three clubs compete in their respective districts and in the Inter district tournaments.

Hindustan
Hindustan (/ˈhɪn.du.stæn/ or /ˈhɪn.du.stɑn/, HIN-doo-stan; pronunciationⓘ), along with its shortened form Hind, is the Persian-language name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent, that later became commonly used by its inhabitants in Hindi–Urdu. Historically the term also referred to the northern Indian subcontinent (the superior part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the regions north of the Vindhya Range in distinction to Deccan in the south) and particularly the Doab region of northern India. Since the partition of India in 1947, Hindustan continues to be used to the present day as a historic name for the Republic of India.

The Arabic equivalent of the term is al-Hind. Hindustan was also commonly spelt as Hindostan or Hindoostan in English.
Now We May Begin
Now We May Begin is an album by the American R&B singer Randy Crawford, released in 1980 on Warner Bros. Records. The album got to No. 10 on the UK Albums Chart and No. 30 on the US Billboard Top R&B Albums chart. Now We May Begin has also been certified Silver in the UK by the BPI.

Joe Sample
Joseph Leslie Sample (February 1, 1939 – September 12, 2014) was an American jazz keyboardist and composer. He was one of the founding members of The Jazz Crusaders in 1960, whose name was shortened to "The Crusaders" in 1971. He remained a part of the group until its final album in 1991, and also the 2003 reunion album Rural Renewal.

Beginning in the late 1960s, he saw a successful solo career and guested on several recordings by other acts, including Miles Davis, George Benson, Jimmy Witherspoon, Michael Franks, B. B. King, Eric Clapton, Steely Dan, Joni Mitchell,  Anita Baker, Herb Alpert, and The Supremes. Sample incorporated gospel, blues, jazz, latin, and classical forms into his music.
Ivan Bodin
Erik Ivan Bodin (20 July 1923 – 29 August 1991) was a Swedish football defender who represented Sweden at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. He also played for AIK in Allsvenskan for six seasons. Besides football, Ivan also represented AIK in bandy. He was married to Britt and they had two children, who are named Gunilla and Lars.

AIK Fotboll
AIK Fotboll (LSE: 0DI2), more commonly known simply as AIK (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɑ̂ːiːˌkoː]), an abbreviation for Allmänna Idrottsklubben (meaning the public or general sports club), and internationally known as AIK Stockholm, is a Swedish professional football club from Stockholm, competing in Allsvenskan, the top flight of Swedish football. The club was founded 1891 and the football department was formed in 1896. AIK's home ground is Strawberry Arena, located in Solna, bordering Stockholm City Centre.

AIK has 12 championship titles and is third in the all-time Allsvenskan table. The club holds the record for having played the most seasons in the Swedish top flight.

In Europe, AIK reached the quarter-finals of the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, qualified for the 1999–00 UEFA Champions League group stage, and competed in the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League group stage.
Ophicleide
The ophicleide (/ˈɒfɪklaɪd/ OFF-ih-klyde) is a family of conical-bore keyed brass instruments invented in early 19th-century France to extend the keyed bugle into the lower range. Of these, the bass ophicleide in eight-foot (8′) C or 9′ B♭ took root over the course of the 19th century in military bands and as the bass of orchestral brass sections throughout Western Europe, replacing the serpent and its later upright derivatives. By the end of the 19th century, however, it had been largely superseded, in bands by the euphonium and in orchestras by early forms of the modern tuba, some developed from valved ophicleides. The late 20th century saw a revival of interest in the instrument for historically informed performance practice, and ophicleides are built by a small number of manufacturers.

William P. Perry
William P. Perry (born 1930 in Elmira, New York) is an American composer and producer of television and film. His music has been performed by the Chicago Symphony, the Saint Louis Symphony, the Detroit Symphony and the symphonic orchestras of Cincinnati, Minnesota, Montreal, Calgary and Hartford as well as the Vienna Symphony, the Rome Philharmonic, the Slovak Philharmonic, the RTÉ National Symphony of Ireland and other orchestras in Europe.
Plavitsa
The Plavitsa (Russian: Плавица) is a river that flows within the basin of the river Don in Voronezh Oblast, Lipetsk Oblast and Tambov Oblast, Russia. The Plavitsa is a left tributary of the Matyra. It is 89 kilometres (55 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 964 square kilometres (372 sq mi).

Tambov Oblast
Tambov Oblast (Russian: Тамбовская область, IPA: [tɐmˈbofskəjə ˈobɫəsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Tambov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,091,994.
Amido black 10B
Amido black 10B is an amino acid staining azo dye used in biochemical research to stain for total protein on transferred membrane blots, such as the western blot. It is also used in criminal investigations to detect blood present with latent fingerprints - it stains the proteins in blood a blue-black color. Amido Black can be either methanol or water based as it readily dissolves in both. With picric acid, in a van Gieson procedure, it can be used to stain collagen and reticulin.

Van Gieson's stain
Van Gieson's stain is a histological staining technique used to differentiate between collagen and other tissue elements in microscopic sections. It is a combination of two Acidic dye - picric acid and acid fuchsin, producing distinct coloration that aids in the visualization of connective tissue.

When examining histological specimens, it colors collagen fibers bright red while staining muscle and other cytoplasmic elements yellow. It was introduced in the late 19th century to histology by American psychiatrist and neuropathologist Ira Van Gieson. Van Gieson’s solution is commonly used as a counterstain in histology, sharply highlighting collagen against a yellow background.
RAF Buckminster
Royal Air Force Buckminster or more simply RAF Buckminster is a former Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force station 2.25 miles (3.62 km) west of Colsterworth, Lincolnshire and 9.3 miles (15 km) north-east of Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England.

Colsterworth
Colsterworth is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England, less than half a mile (0.8 km) west of the A1, about 7 miles (11 km) south of Grantham, and 12 miles (19 km) north-west of Stamford. The village with the hamlet of Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth had a recorded population of 1,713 at the time of the 2011 census, in an area of 1,465 hectares (3,620 acres).
Mount Tarcoola, Western Australia
Mount Tarcoola is a southern suburb of Geraldton, Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Greater Geraldton.

The northern part of the suburb was gazetted in 1972 by the Town of Geraldton, and the southern part was gazetted in 1979 by the Shire of Greenough.

Geraldton
Geraldton (/ˈd͡ʒɛɹəltən/, JER-əl-tən; Wajarri: Jambinu, Wilunyu: Jambinbirri) is a coastal city in the Mid West region of Western Australia, 424 kilometres (263 mi) north of the state capital, Perth.

As of the 2021 census, Geraldton had an urban population of 38,595. Geraldton is the seat of government for the City of Greater Geraldton, which also incorporates the town of Mullewa, Walkaway and large rural areas previously forming the shires of Greenough and Mullewa.

The Port of Geraldton is a major west coast seaport. Geraldton is an important service and logistics centre for regional mining, fishing, wheat, sheep and tourism industries.
Palace of the Countess of Lebrija
The Lebrija Palace or Palacio de la Condesa de Lebrija is a house museum in central Seville, Spain. Dating to the 16th century and remodeled between the 18th and 20th centuries, the palace is characterised by its collection of art, including Roman mosaics and other antiquities as well as Asian art, paintings by European masters and European decorative arts.

The interior of the palace is decorated in a palette of architectural styles, with elements such as Moorish arches, Plateresque decoration, tilework retrieved from ruined convent, a coffered ceiling from a 16th-century palace and a Renaissance frieze, while its façade and layout reflect typical Andalusian style.

Historic house museum
A historic house museum is a house of historic significance that is preserved as a museum. Historic furnishings may be displayed in a way that reflects their original placement and usage in a home. Historic house museums are held to a variety of standards, including those of the International Council of Museums. Houses are transformed into museums for a number of different reasons. For example, the homes of famous writers are frequently turned into writer's home museums to support literary tourism.
Kōhachiro Miyata
Kōhachirō Miyata (born 1938) 宮田 耕八朗 is a shakuhachi flautist and composer. He performs both traditional and contemporary music. He recorded with Ensemble Nipponia in the United States in 1976. Among his students were Clive Bell, Fukuda Teruhisa, Larry Tyrrell, and Rodrigo Rodriguez. His recordings have been published by Nonesuch Records, JVC, and King Records.

King Records (Japan)
King Record Co., Ltd. (キングレコード株式会社, Kingu Rekōdo Kabushiki gaisha), commonly known as King Records, is a Japanese record company founded in January 1931 as a division of the Japanese publisher Kodansha. It initially began operating as an independent entity in the 1950s. It later became part of the Otowa Group. Today, King Records is one of Japan's largest record companies which is not owned by a multinational entity. The label's headquarters are in Bunkyo, Tokyo.

The label's name is actually based from the now-defunct Kingu magazine published by Kodansha from 1924 to 1957.
Norman Middleton
Norman Steward Middleton (22 January 1921 – 2 July 2015) was a South African activist, sports administrator, and politician. A former president of the South African Soccer Federation and South African Council of Sport, he represented the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2004.

The son of a stonemason from Scotland and a teacher from Greytown, Middleton was born in Sophiatown on 22 January 1921 and moved to Pietermaritzburg when he was ten. He was a World War II veteran and later was active in the trade union movement in Natal Province, first through the Leather Workers Union and then through the Engineering Industrial Union. He died on 2 July 2015, aged 94. In 2021, sports minister Nathi Mthethwa awarded him a posthumous Andrew Mlangeni Green Jacket Award for his contribution to non-racial sport.

Trade unions in South Africa
Trade unions in South Africa has a history dating back to the 1880s. From the beginning unions could be viewed as a reflection of the racial disunity of the country, with the earliest unions being predominantly for white workers. Through the turbulent years of 1948–1991 trade unions played an important part in developing political and economic resistance, and eventually were one of the driving forces in realising the transition to an inclusive democratic government.

Today trade unions are still an important force in South Africa, with 3.11 million members representing 25.3% of the formal work force. The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) is the largest of the three major trade union centres, with a membership of 1.8 million, and is part of the Tripartite alliance with the ruling African National Congress (ANC) and the South African Communist Party (SACP).
Nandivardhana of Kundagrama
Nandivardhana was a chief of the Nāya Republic in Kundagrama, a suburb of Vaishali (Basarh in modern-day Bihar). He was the elder brother of Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara. His father was Siddhartha..According to the second chapter of the Śvētāmbara Ācārāṅga Sūtra, Siddhartha and his family were devotees of Parshvanatha.

Śvetāmbara
The Śvetāmbara (/ʃwɛˈtʌmbərə/; also spelled Shwetambara, Shvetambara, Svetambara or Swetambara) is one of the two main branches of Jainism, the other being the Digambara. Śvetāmbara in Sanskrit means "white-clad", and refers to its ascetics' practice of wearing white clothes, which sets it apart from the Digambara or "sky-clad" Jains whose ascetic practitioners go nude. Śvetāmbaras do not believe that ascetics must practice nudity.

The Śvetāmbara and Digambara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards Jain nuns, their legends and the texts they consider as important. Śvetāmbara Jain communities are currently found mainly in Gujarat, Rajasthan and coastal regions of Maharashtra. According to Jeffery D. Long, a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, about four-fifths of all Jains in India are Śvetāmbaras.
Thomas A. Cotton
Thomas A. Cotton was a state legislator in Mississippi. He represented Noxubee County in the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1874 and 1875.

Historican Eric Foner lists him as P. A. Cotton in Freedom's Lawmakers and documents him as African American, illiterate, and a laborer.

Mississippi House of Representatives
The Mississippi House of Representatives is the lower house of the Mississippi Legislature, the lawmaking body of the U.S. state of Mississippi, the upper house being the Mississippi Senate. According to the state constitution of 1890, it is to comprise no more than 122 members elected for four-year terms. To qualify as a member of the House, candidates must be at least 21 years old, a resident of Mississippi for at least four years, and a resident in the district for at least two years. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.