hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Collingswood High School
Collingswood High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Collingswood in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is the sole secondary school of Collingswood Public Schools.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 761 students and 56.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.6:1. There were 306 students (40.2% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 49 (6.4% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Students in grades 9–12 from Oaklyn and Woodlynne attend Collingswood High School as part of sending/receiving relationships with the Oaklyn Public School District and Woodlynne School District.

Comprehensive high school
Comprehensive high schools are the most widely adopted form of public high schools around the world, designed to provide a well-rounded education to its students. The typical comprehensive high school offers more than one course program of specialization to its students. Comprehensive high schools generally offer a college preparatory course program and one or more foreign language, scientific or vocational course programs. Alternatively, in some educational systems examinations are used to sort students into different high schools for different populations. Other types of high schools specialize in university-preparatory school academic preparation, remedial instruction, or vocational instruction.
Chemical industry in the United Kingdom
The chemical industry in the United Kingdom is one of the UK's main manufacturing industries. At one time, the UK's chemical industry was a world leader. The industry has also been environmentally damaging, and includes radioactive nuclear industries.

VG (nerve agent)
VG (IUPAC name: O,O-diethyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothioate) (also called amiton or Tetram) is a "V-series" nerve agent chemically  similar to the better-known VX nerve agent. Tetram was the proposed trade name for the substance and amiton its ISO common name when it was tested as an acaricide by ICI in the 1950s. It is now only of historic interest as the first member of the V-series.
Pnytagoras
Pnytagoras (Greek: Πνυταγόρας) was a king of the Ancient Greek city-state of Salamis in Cyprus. He was the nephew and successor of Evagoras II, who was overthrown in 351 BC and exiled due to his pro-Achaemenid stance.

He supported the anti-Achaemenid rebellion of King Tennes of Sidon (Diodorus Siculus, XVI.42.5), but was then besieged by Phocion and his uncle Evagoras, and was forced to surrender. The Aechaemenid king Artaxerxes III, however, surprisingly confirmed him in his position, instead of reinstalling Evagoras (Diodorus Siculus, XVI.40.5, XVI.42, XVI.46.2). He was still on the throne when Alexander the Great launched his invasion of the Achaemenid Empire, and joined the Macedonian king after his victory at the Battle of Issus. He assisted Alexander at the Siege of Tyre, where he lost his flagship, and received the city of Tamassos as a reward (Duris of Samos, FGrH 76.F4). He was then succeeded by his son Nicocreon.

Salamis, Cyprus
Salamis (Ancient Greek: Σαλαμίς; Greek: Σαλαμίνα; Turkish: Salamis) was an ancient Greek city-state on the east coast of Cyprus, at the mouth of the river Pedieos, 6 km (3.7 mi) north of modern Famagusta. According to tradition, the founder of Salamis was Teucer, son of Telamon, king of the Greek island of Salamis, who could not return home after the Trojan War because he had failed to avenge his brother Ajax.
Sree Guruvayoorappan (1964 film)
Sree Guruvayoorappan is a 1964 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by S. Ramanathan and produced by K. S. Ganapathy. The film stars Kaduvakulam Antony, Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair, Kamala and Kedamangalam Sadanandan. The film had musical score by V. Dakshinamoorthy.

Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (16 October 1916 – 11 March 1997) was an Indian poet, playwright, script writer, lyricist, orator, film director and actor, though he is best known as an actor in Malayalam cinema. He is the recipient of Padma Shri from the Government of India, which the fourth highest civilian honour in India. In a career that spanned about 47 years, he acted in over 700 films. He is considered to be the "first superstar of Malayalam cinema". In 1993, he was honoured with the J. C. Daniel Award, Kerala government's highest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema.
Franciszek Grocholski
Franciszek Grocholski (2 November 1730 – 11 November 1792) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

Franciszek became Podstoli of Braclaw since 1761, Borough Writer of Krzemieniec since 1764, Chamberlain of King Stanisław August Poniatowski since 1767, Podczaszy of Braclaw since 1771, Chorąży of Winnica since 1772, Chorąży of Braclaw since 1774, Great Miecznik of the Crown since 1775, Bracław Voivodeship deputy for the Great Sejm.

Konsyliarz of the Targowica Confederation.

Bratslav
Bratslav (Ukrainian: Брацлав, IPA: [ˈbrɑtslɐu̯]; Yiddish: בראַסלעװ) is a rural settlement in Ukraine, located in Tulchyn Raion of Vinnytsia Oblast, by the Southern Bug river. It is a medieval European city and a regional center of the Eastern Podolia region (see Bracław Voivodeship) founded by government of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, which dramatically lost its importance during the 19th–20th centuries. Population: 4,872 (2022 estimate)
Brooke Singer
Brooke Singer (born 1979) is a New York City–based media artist, co-founder of the art, technology and activist group Preemptive Media, and a professor of New Media at Purchase College, State University of New York. She works across disciplines engaging technology and science as an artist, educator, and collaborator. Her work exists in the form of websites, photography, maps, installations, workshops, and performances that involve public participation with an eye to social change.

She is also co-founder and president of South Williamsburg community garden La Casita Verde in Brooklyn, one of 11 sites in the borough, as of April 2015, slated to be developed for "affordable" housing. She was a former fellow at Eyebeam and recipient of an Open Society Foundations grant, a NYSCA Individual Artist grant, among several other awards.

Open Society Foundations
Open Society Foundations (OSF), formerly the Open Society Institute, is an American grantmaking network founded by billionaire business magnate George Soros. OSF financially supports progressive organizations. As of 2025, OSF has reported expenditures in excess of $24.2 billion since its establishment in 1993. OSF has assets of over $23 billion, making it one of the world's largest foundations. It has offices in over a dozen countries. The New York Times described OSF as "a sprawling political and philanthropic empire that seeks to advance a liberal, democratic agenda around the globe".
Bembatmal
Bembatmal is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India. Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district.  The nearest railway stations around the village are Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station

Mumbai City district
Mumbai City district is a district of Maharashtra in Konkan Division, India. As a city district, it has no headquarters or subdivisions. It, along with the Mumbai Suburban District, makes up the metropolis of Mumbai. This area is called the "Island City" or South Mumbai or Old Mumbai. It occupies the southern tip of Salsette Island and extends from Colaba in the south to Mahim and Sion in the north. The city has an area of 157 km2 (61 sq mi) and a population of 3,085,411.
2010 Portuguese Social Democratic Party leadership election
The 2010 Portuguese Social Democratic Party leadership election was held on 26 March 2010. The leadership election was held after the defeat of the PSD in the 2009 general elections. The then PSD leader, Manuela Ferreira Leite, decided to not contest this leadership election and four candidates entered in the race: Pedro Passos Coelho, candidate also in 2008; Paulo Rangel; José Pedro Aguiar-Branco and Jorge Castanheira Barros. On election day, Passos Coelho won the leadership by a landslide, capturing more than 61% of the votes, while Rangel only polled 34%. The other two candidates had results below 4%. Passos Coelho won all districts with the only exception being Madeira.

Pedro Passos Coelho would lead the PSD to victory in the 2011 snap general elections and become Prime Minister.

Manuela Ferreira Leite
Maria Manuela Dias Ferreira Leite GCC GCIH (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐnuˈɛlɐ fɨˈʁɐjɾɐ ˈlɐjtɨ]; born 3 December 1940) is a Portuguese economist, pundit and retired politician. Ferreira Leite served as Minister of Education in Aníbal Cavaco Silva's third government, from 1993 to 1995, and as Minister of State and Finance in José Durão Barroso's government, from 2002 to 2004.

She was leader of the Social Democratic Party between June 2008 and April 2010. Since 2011, she is the Chancellor of the National Orders of Portugal.
Mario Russo
Mario Antonio Russo (born April 1, 1967, in Catriel) is an Argentine cardiologist and civil servant. He was the  Minister of Health in the Administration of Javier Milei from 10 December 2023 until his resignation in 27 September 2024.

Catriel
Colonia Catriel, or simply Catriel, is a town in the northern tip of the province of Río Negro, Argentina, near the border with La Pampa Province. It has a population of about 18,000, with postal code 8307 and telephone prefix 0299.

Catriel was named after Cacique Catriel, a Native American who according to several stories participated in the defence of Argentine government interests against aborigines.

The town has a dry and temperate climate, with hot summers and winters which barely see snow. A characteristic dry strong wind is also common.

The main economic activity in and around the town is oil extraction, which started in 1959 and made the city grow fast, as state owned YPF set extraction points nearby. However, nowadays the main oil company in the city is Petrobras, which has made several investments in the city.
1986 British Speedway Championship
The 1986 British Speedway Championship was the 26th edition of the British Speedway Championship. The Final took place on 1 June at Brandon in Coventry, England. The Championship was won by Neil Evitts, with Phil Collins in second place and Jeremy Doncaster winning a run-off for third.

Neil Evitts
Neil Clive Evitts (born 25 September 1964 in Birmingham, England) is a former English international motorcycle speedway rider. He was the 1986 British champion and earned 27 international caps for the England national speedway team.
Gjoko Zajkov
Gjoko Zajkov (Macedonian: Ѓоко Зајков; born 10 February 1995) is a Macedonian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for UAE Pro League club Ajman and for the North Macedonia national team.

UAE Pro League
The UAE Pro League (Arabic: دوري المحترفين الإماراتي), also known as the ADNOC Pro League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the highest level of the Emirati football league system.

The first team to win the title was Al Orouba (Sharjah), whilst Al Ain has the record with 14 league titles to their name. Fourteen clubs compete in the league that operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the First Division League.

The League was founded in 1973 as the UAE Football League. The first 1973–74 season was a "trial" championship but was declared official by the UAE FA in 2001. In February 2007, the Pro League Committee was formed, and became the organising body of the league.
USS Satellite (1854)
USS Satellite was a large, steam-powered large tugboat, acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War and equipped with two powerful 8-inch guns. She was assigned to the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America.

She served the Union Navy well, until captured and destroyed by Confederate forces.

Appomattox River
The Appomattox River is a tributary of the James River, approximately 157 miles (253 km) long, in central and eastern Virginia, named for the Appomattocs Indian tribe who lived along its lower banks in the 17th century. It drains a cotton and tobacco-growing region of the Piedmont and coastal plain southwest of Richmond.
Stanstock Music Festival
The Stanstock Music Festival is a charitable event where multiple musical acts come together and play music to raise money for other nonprofit organizations, especially those that contribute toward pediatric cancer causes and veteran reintegration. The event is held near Baltimore, Maryland - most recently in Essex, and formerly in Parkville. The festival is overseen by Stanstock, Inc., a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable organization, with all staff and musicians working free of charge. It is unrelated to the Stanstock Music Festivals held in 2010 and 2011 in Chanhassen, MN.

Essex, Maryland
Essex is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. Essex history dates back to 1909. The population was 40,505 in the 2020 census, up from 39,262 in the 2010 census.
Bacterial wilt of turfgrass
Bacterial wilt of turfgrass is the only known bacterial disease of turf. The causal agent is the Gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas translucens pv. graminis (syn. X. campestris pv. graminis). The first case of bacterial wilt of turf was reported in a cultivar of creeping bentgrass known as Toronto or C-15, which is found throughout the midwestern United States. Until the causal agent was identified in 1984, the disease was referred to simply as C-15 decline. This disease is almost exclusively found on putting greens at golf courses where extensive mowing creates wounds in the grass which the pathogen uses in order to enter the host and cause disease.

Xanthomonas translucens
Xanthomonas translucens is a species of phytopathogenic bacteria. It is the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak in of wheat and cereal crop. The bacterium is transmitted as a seed-borne pathogen. The transmission rate is very low but ensures serious outbreaks in the field under suitable conditions.
The pathogen is a non-sporing, aerobic, motile, gram-negative, rod bacterium with a single polar flagellum.
Sultan Ismail Bridge
The Sultan Ismail Bridge (Malay: Jambatan Sultan Ismail; Jawi: جمبتن سلطان اسماعيل) is a bridge in Muar town across the Muar River in Johor, Malaysia. It was the first bridge built across a river that connects Bandar Maharani, Muar to Tanjung Agas which is now named as part of Tangkak district. The bridge replaced old ferry services in the 1960s. The bridge was originally a toll bridge making the second toll bridge in Malaysia after Sultan Yahya Petra Bridge in Kelantan (opened in 1967).

Tanjung Agas
Tanjung Agas is a small town in Tangkak District, Johor, Malaysia. It is located on the north bank of the Muar River and on the intersection between the roads to Malacca and Tangkak. It also located 1 km from Muar town.
Magnus Petersson
Magnus Petersson (born 17 June 1975 in Gothenburg) is an archer from Sweden.

He is an experienced Olympian, having won a silver medal in 1996. Petersson advanced to the semifinals in archery at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but was defeated there by Vic Wunderle.  In the consolation bronze medal match, he again lost, this time to Wietse van Alten.  The Swedish team, of which he was a member, placed 6th.

Petersson competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's individual archery.  He won his first match, advancing to the round of 32.  In the second round of elimination, he was defeated.  His final rank was 23rd overall. Petersson was also a member of the 9th-place Swedish men's archery team.

He won the World Indoor Championships in 1995 and 1999, and became the first male archer to win this tournament twice.

Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta consisted of four events, two for men and two for women. The events were held in neighboring Stone Mountain.
All archery was done at a range of 70 metres.  64 archers competed in each the men's individual and women's individual competitions. They began with a 72-arrow ranking round. This was followed by three elimination rounds, in which archers competed head-to-head in 18-arrow matches. After these rounds, there were 8 archers left. The quarterfinals, semifinals, and medal matches (collectively termed the "finals round") were 12-arrow matches. In all matches, losers were eliminated and received a final rank determined by their score in that round, with the exception of the semifinals. The losers of the semifinals competed in the bronze medal match.
Child Okeford
Child Okeford (sometimes written Childe Okeford) is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, 3 miles (5 kilometres) east of the small town of Sturminster Newton. Child Okeford lies downstream from Sturminster, along the River Stour, which passes half a mile west of the village. In the 2021 census the civil parish had a population of 1,170.

River Stour, Dorset
The River Stour is a 61 mi (98 km) river which flows through Wiltshire and Dorset in southern England, and drains into the English Channel. The catchment area for the river and its tributaries is listed as 480 square miles (1,240 km2).
Brody Liddiard
Jon Brody Liddiard (born June 12, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a long snapper in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Colorado Buffaloes and was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2000.

Colorado Buffaloes football
The Colorado Buffaloes football program represents the University of Colorado Boulder in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level, and is a member of the Big 12 Conference.

The team was a charter member of the Big 12 before leaving to join the Pac-12 Conference after the 2010 season. After 13 seasons in the Pac-12, the team returned to the Big 12 in 2024. Before joining the Big 12, they were members of the Big Eight Conference.

The team has played at Folsom Field in Boulder, Colorado since 1924. Their all-time record is 735–556–36 (.577 winning percentage) as of the 2025 season. Colorado won the 1990 National Championship that was shared by Georgia Tech. The team is 27th on the all-time win list and 40th in all-time winning percentage, along with two Heisman Trophy winners, Rashaan Salaam in 1994 and Travis Hunter in 2024.
Masappady Mathupillai
Masappady Mathupillai is a 1973 Indian Malayalam film directed by A. N. Thampi and produced by C. K. Sherif. The film stars Jayabharathi, Sudheer, KPAC Lalitha, Adoor Bhasi, Bahadoor and Jose Prakash in the lead roles. The film has musical score by G. Devarajan.

Adoor Bhasi
K. Bhaskaran Nair (1 March 1929 – 29 March 1990), professionally credited by his stage name Adoor Bhasi, was an Indian actor and film director. He was mostly cast as a sidekick to protagonists, particularly Prem Nazir. His comedic roles were widely appreciated in Malayalam films of the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Bhasi has also done leading and character roles. He directed three Malayalam films in the late 1970s. Bhasi is also known for his eloquent speeches in fluent English. He has won Kerala State Film Awards, including two Best Actor and one Second Best Actor.
Barbier–Wieland degradation
The Barbier–Wieland degradation is a procedure for shortening the carbon chain of a carboxylic acid by one carbon. It only works when the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl is a simple methylene bridge (an aliphatic carbon with no substituents). The reaction sequence involves conversion of the carboxyl and alpha carbon into an alkene, which is then cleaved by oxidation to convert the former alpha position into a carboxyl itself.

Bond cleavage
In chemistry, bond cleavage, or bond fission, is the splitting of chemical bonds. This can be generally referred to as dissociation when a molecule is cleaved into two or more fragments.

In general, there are two classifications for bond cleavage: homolytic and heterolytic, depending on the nature of the process. The triplet and singlet excitation energies of a sigma bond can be used to determine if a bond will follow the homolytic or heterolytic pathway. A metal−metal sigma bond is an exception because the bond's excitation energy is extremely high, thus cannot be used for observation purpose.

In some cases, bond cleavage requires catalysts. Due to the high bond-dissociation energy of C−H bonds, around 100 kcal/mol (420 kJ/mol), a large amount of energy is required to cleave the hydrogen atom from the carbon and bond a different atom to the carbon.
Astemir (outlaw)
Astemir (Chechen/Ingush: Аьстамар, romanized: Ästamar; fl. 1822–1825) was an Orstkhoy outlaw (abrek) and governor (naib) in Caucasian Imamate. Astemir was the companion and brother-in-law of Beibulat Taimiev. In 1825, even participating in uprising of Chechnya. He was a prominent figure, leading the units of outlaws in raids on the Imperial Russian Caucasian Line.

Ingush language
Ingush (/ˈɪŋɡʊʃ/; гӏалгӏай мотт, ġalġay mott, IPA: [ˈɣəɫɣəɪ mʷɔtː]) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 350,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia, as well as the countries of Turkey, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and others.
Jacob Ramm
Jacob Ramm  (18 November 1890 – 31 October 1982) was a Norwegian dentist and organizational leader.

He was born in Kristiania to wholesaler Herman Ramson and Klara Schattenstein.
He graduated as dentist in 1914, and practiced as dentist in Kristiania (later Oslo) as well as a period in Rjukan.

He was appointed secretary and eventually secretary general for the dentists' trade union, Den norske tannlegeforening .

He was an active bandy and football player, and served as president of both the Norway's Bandy Association and the Football Association of Norway. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1951.

Order of St. Olav
The Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav (Norwegian: Den Kongelige Norske Sankt Olavs Orden; or Sanct Olafs Orden, the old Norwegian name) is a Norwegian order of chivalry instituted by King Oscar I on 21 August 1847. It is named after King Olav II, known to posterity as St. Olav.

Just before the union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, the Order of the Norwegian Lion was instituted in 1904 by King Oscar II, but no appointments were awarded by his successor, King Haakon VII. The Order of St. Olav thus became the kingdom's only order of chivalry for the next 80 years. The Grand Master of the order is the reigning monarch of Norway. It is used to reward individuals for remarkable accomplishments on behalf of the country and humanity. Since 1985, appointments to the order have only been conferred upon Norwegian citizens, though foreign heads of state and royalty may be appointed as a matter of courtesy.
De Herdgang
PSV Campus De Herdgang is a football training facility in Eindhoven, Netherlands. It serves as the training ground and youth academy of PSV and also accommodates its amateur teams. As of the 2014-15 season, Jong PSV play their home games at this facility. They play in de Eerste Divisie, the second level of Dutch football.

Eerste Divisie
The Eerste Divisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈeːrstə diˈvizi]; English: First Division), officially known as the Keuken Kampioen Divisie due to sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest tier of football in the Netherlands. It is linked with the top-level Eredivisie via promotion/relegation systems.