hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pourri
Pourri (also written ~Pourri) is a company that designs and sells fragrant sprays for toilets. It is the maker of Poo-Pourri, a product composed of essential oils and other natural compounds that coat the surface of the water. The manufacturer claims that these compounds can contain unpleasant odors.

The name of the company is a pun on potpourri.

Pun
A pun, also known as a paronomasia in the context of linguistics, is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of homophonic, homographic, metonymic, or figurative language.

A pun differs from a malapropism in that a malapropism is an incorrect variation on a correct expression, while a pun involves expressions with multiple (correct or fairly reasonable) interpretations. Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, especially as their usage and meaning are usually specific to a particular language or its culture.

Puns have a long history in writing. For example, the Roman playwright Plautus was famous for his puns and word games.
Dhak Khurampur
Dhak Khurampur  is a village in Phagwara Tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located 44 kilometres (27 mi) from Kapurthala, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Phagwara.  The village is administrated by a Sarpanch, who is an elected representative.

Kapurthala
Kapurthala (Punjabi pronunciation: [kə.puːɾ.t̪ʰə.läː]) is a city in the Punjab state of India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kapurthala District. It was the capital of the Kapurthala State, a princely state in British India. It is an immediate neighbour of Jalandhar city proper, and a part of the Jalandhar Metropolitan Region. The aesthetic mix of the city, with its prominent buildings based on French and Indo-Saracenic architecture self-narrate its princely past. And for this reason, it has often been referred to as the “Paris of Punjab”. It is also known as the 'City of Palaces & Gardens'. According to the 2011 census, Kapurthala is the least populated city in India.
Melbourne tram route 79
Melbourne tram route 79 was operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network from North Richmond to St Kilda Beach. The 7.5 kilometre route was operated out of Glenhuntly depot with Z and A class trams.

Operated after 19:00 as an extended version of route 78, it was one of the few Melbourne tram routes that did not pass through the CBD.

Yarra Trams
Yarra Trams is the trading name of the operator of the tram network in Melbourne, Australia, which is owned by VicTrack and leased to Yarra Trams by the Victorian Department of Transport and Planning. Since December 2024, the current franchise is operated by Yarra Journey Makers, a joint venture of Transdev and John Holland.

As at May 2014, Yarra Trams operated 487 trams, across 26 tram routes, including a free City Circle tourist tram, and over 1,763 tram stops. With 250 km (155.3 mi) of double track, Melbourne's tram network is the largest in the world. In 2015/16, 203.8 million journeys were taken on Melbourne's trams, with trams traveling more than 24.8 million kilometres (15.4 million miles) annually. Each week Yarra Trams operates 31,400 scheduled tram services, which results in trams operating for approximately 20 hours per day and a team of 24-hour operations staff completing network maintenance and cleaning.
Paul Birch (writer)
Paul Birch (25 May 1956 – 4 July 2012) was a British author, engineer  and scientist, who worked in radioastronomy and satellite communications, and latterly wrote full-time.

He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby and Trinity College, Cambridge and worked for Marconi Defence Systems and Plessey Radar.

He was a former Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society.

He also notably worked on orbital rings and supramundane planets.

He stood for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in an election taking 11.3% of the vote. He was a Town Councillor in Cowes, Isle of Wight at the time of his death.

In 1982, Birch published a series of papers in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society which described orbital rings and described a form which he called Partial Orbital Ring System (PORS).

British Interplanetary Society
The British Interplanetary Society (BIS), founded in Liverpool in 1933 by Philip E. Cleator, is the oldest existing space advocacy organisation in the world. Its aim is exclusively to support and promote astronautics and space exploration.
Henry Smith (Texas governor)
Henry Smith (May 20, 1788 – March 4, 1851) was the first American-born Governor of the Mexican territory of Texas and  briefly presided over the revolution there, serving during the Battle of Goliad and Battle of San Jacinto. He is one of 4 governors (three governors of Kentucky, one governor of Texas) from Garrard County, Kentucky, a historically Whig and Republican county located in Kentucky's  Bluegrass region.

Bluegrass region
38°00′N 84°30′W﻿ / ﻿38.0°N 84.5°W﻿ / 38.0; -84.5

The Bluegrass region is a geographic region in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It makes up the central and northern part of the state,  roughly bounded by the cities of Frankfort, Paris, Richmond and Stanford. It is part of the Interior Low Plateaus ecoregion.

"Bluegrass" is a common name given in the United States for grass of the Poa genus, the most famous being the Kentucky bluegrass. Despite its name, Kentucky bluegrass is native to North Africa and was likely introduced around 1600.
Jacob ben Jeremiah Mattithiah ha-Levi
Jacob ben Jeremiah Mattithiah ha-Levi (Hebrew: יעקב בן ירמיהו מתתיהו הלוי; fl. 17th century) was a German translator.

He rendered Abraham Jagel's Leḳaḥ Ṭov into Yiddish (Amsterdam, 1675; Wilmersdorf, 1714; Jesnitz, 1719), as well as the Sefer ha-Yashar, under the title Tam ve-Yashar (Frankfurt, 1674). The latter work encompasses Biblical history from the era of Adam to the period of the Judges, with aggadic elaboration. Each paragraph was followed by a concise summary of the content and the moral implications of the respective narrative. Early editions also contained extracts from Abraham Zacuto's Sefer Yuḥasin and from Eleazar Askari's Sefer Ḥaredim.

Abraham Zacuto
Abraham Zacuto (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם בֵּן שְׁמוּאֵל זַכּוּת‎, romanized: Avraham ben Shmuel Zacut, Portuguese: Abraão ben Samuel Zacuto; 12 August 1452 – c. 1515) was a Sephardic Jewish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, rabbi and historian. Born in Castile, he served as Royal Astronomer to King John II of Portugal before fleeing to Tunis.

His astrolabe of copper, astronomical tables, and maritime charts played an important role in the Spanish and Portuguese voyages of discovery, being used by both Vasco Da Gama and Christopher Columbus.
Leonardville, Namibia
Leonardville is a village in eastern Namibia, situated on the Nossob River in the south-western corner of the Omaheke Region. It belongs to the Aminuis electoral constituency. It had a population of 2,099 people in 2023.

Leonardville was the main settlement of the Khaiǁkhaun (Khauas Nama) subtribe of the Oorlam people until their military defeat against Imperial Germany's Schutztruppe soldiers in 1894 and 1896.

Aminuis Constituency
Aminuis Constituency is an electoral constituency in the Omaheke Region of Namibia. It had 7,847 registered voters in 2020. The district capital is the settlement of Aminuis. The constituency forms part of the border between Namibia and Botswana.

Aminuis Constituency  covers an area of 12,994 km2 (5,017 sq mi). It had a population of 12,306 in 2011, down from 12,392 in 2001. Villages and settlements in the Aminuis constituency include:

The constituency also is the home of the traditional seat of the Ovaherero Paramount Chief, at the village of Toasis, situated south of Aminuis. In the Herero and Nama War of 1904–1908 the village was the location of the Battle of Toasis on 17 December 1905. Later Chief Hosea Kutako had his homestead there, in December 2024 a community heroes' acre for Ovaherero and Ovambanderu was inaugurated.
WKCE (AM)
WKCE (1180 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Knoxville, Tennessee.  It is owned by Loud Media and it airs an oldies radio format. The station is branded as 92.5 WKCE, referring to its FM translator's dial position.  The studios and offices are on the fifth floor of the Sunsphere in Knoxville.

WKCE operates at 10,000 watts by day, using a non-directional antenna. Because AM 1180 is a clear-channel frequency, reserved for Class Astation WHAM in Rochester, New York, WKCE must reduce power to 2,600 watts during critical hours and sign-off at night. The AM transmitter is located off Strawberry Plains Pike in Knoxville.

1180 AM
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1180 kHz: 1180 AM is United States clear-channel frequency; Class A status is held by WHAM in Rochester, New York.

1180 AM is the frequency used by Radio Martí, reportedly operating with 100,000 watts from a transmitter in Marathon in the Florida Keys.  Because it is owned and operated by the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors, Radio Martí is not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission, and has no call letters.  It is subject to jamming from Cuba where its directional antenna is pointed.  As a consequence, other stations on 1180 in North America may experience interference at night from the jamming stations of Cuba.
Academy Transformation Trust
The Academy Transformation Trust (ATT), or alternatively the Academies Transformation Trust, is a multi-academy trust administering 21 academy schools across 10 local authority areas in England. It operates in the East of England, South East England, East Midlands and West Midlands.

Harlow
Harlow is a town and local government district located in the west of Essex, England. Harlow was a small town until the mid-20th century. In 1947 it was designated as a new town. Housing estates, industrial areas and a new town centre were subsequently developed, lying mostly to the west and south of the old town, which became known as Old Harlow.

The town lies on the south bank of the River Stort, which also forms the county boundary with Hertfordshire. The M11 motorway passes to the east of the town. At the 2021 census the Harlow built up area had a population of 93,580 and the local government district had a population of 93,300.
Chrysomya putoria
Chrysomya putoria, also known as the tropical African latrine blowfly, is a fly species belonging to the blowfly family, Calliphoridae. C. putoria is native to Africa and has recently spread to the Americas. These flies pose significant health risks, especially due to their close association with human settlements. Adult flies can carry pathogens, while larvae may cause myiasis by growing and feeding on the flesh of domestic animals and humans. Other myiasis-causing flies in the same genus are C. bezziana and C. megacephala. C. putoria and other flies that feed on decomposing tissue are used as important tools in forensic entomology to establish the post-mortem interval, or the time elapsed since death.

Synanthrope
A synanthrope (from Ancient Greek  σύν (sýn) 'together, with' and  ἄνθρωπος (ánthrōpos) 'man') is an organism that evolved to live near humans and benefit from human settlements and their environmental modifications (see also anthropophilia for animals who live close to humans as parasites). The term includes many animals and plants regarded as pests or weeds, but does not include domesticated species. Common synanthrope habitats include houses, sheds and barns, non-building structures, gardens, parks, farms, road verges and rubbish dumps.
Moving floor
A moving floor is a hydraulically-driven moving-floor conveyance system for moving bulk material or palletized products, which can be used in a warehouse, loading dock or semi-trailer. It automates and facilitates loading and unloading of palletized goods by eliminating the need for a forklift to enter the trailer. In a truck-based application, the system can quickly unload loose material without having to tip the trailer or tilt the floor as with other dumping systems.  In a bulk material application such as a waste facility, these systems can reduce double handling by allowing any vehicle to deliver material to the conveying floor and move heavy bulk materials to subsequent stages of a process.  For bagged waste, the system can also be combined with bag openers.

Loading dock
A loading dock or loading bay is an area of a building where goods vehicles (usually road or rail) are loaded and unloaded. They are commonly found on commercial and industrial buildings, and warehouses in particular. Loading docks may be exterior, flush with the building envelope, or fully enclosed. They are part of a facility's service or utility infrastructure, typically providing direct access to staging areas, storage rooms, and freight elevators.
Karl Johannes Neumann
Karl Johannes Neumann (9 September 1857 in Glogau near Krotoschin – 12 October 1917 in Munich) was a German classical historian.

He studied classical philology, ancient history and church history at the University of Leipzig, later continuing his education at the University of Tübingen. In 1880 he received his doctorate at Leipzig with a dissertation on the anti-Christianity writings of Emperor Julian ("Prolegomena in Juliani imperatoris libros quibus impugnavit Christianos"). Following graduation, he worked as an assistant in the university library at Halle. In 1880 he became an associate professor at the University of Strasbourg, where he gained a full professorship in 1890. In 1909/10 he served as university rector.

University of Strasbourg
The University of Strasbourg (French: Université de Strasbourg, Unistra) is a public research university located in Strasbourg, France, with over 52000 students and 3300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Johannes Sturm, it was a center of intellectual life during the Age of Enlightenment.

In the 1970s, the old university was reorganized into three distinct institutions, which were consolidated in 2009. The current University of Strasbourg comprises 35 academic faculties, schools, and institutes, as well as 71 research laboratories spread across six campuses, including the historic site in the Neustadt.

Throughout its existence, Unistra alumni, faculty, or researchers have included 18 Nobel laureates, two Fields Medalists and a wide range of notable individuals in their respective fields. Among them are Goethe, statesman Robert Schuman, historian Marc Bloch and several chemists such as Louis Pasteur.
Lower Hergest
Lower Hergest is a hamlet in Herefordshire, England.

The local manor house, Hergest Court, is a Grade II* listed building built of a mixture of stone and timber frame with a moat. It dates back to c. 1430 and was built for Thomas Vaughan, son of Sir Roger Vaughan. It was the birthplace of Margaret Vaughan, wife of Sir John Hawkins.

Roger Vaughan of Tretower
Sir Roger Vaughan (died 1471) of Tretower Court, was the son of Welsh noblewoman Gwladys ferch Dafydd Gam and Sir Roger Vaughan of Bredwardine, who fought and died with Gwladys's father, Dafydd Gam in the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.
William Bonde
William Bonde (died 1530) was a Bridgettine monk and author. His Pilgrimage of Perfection has been described as "the last synthesis of the contemplative life to be published before the Reformation”.

Bonde was a brother at Syon Abbey. He published Pilgrimage of Perfection in English rather than Latin, to help those in the religious life who lacked Latin. The book, published anonymously, was printed by Wynkyn de Worde, who had connections with Syon Abbey.

Bridgettines
The Bridgettines, or Birgittines, formally known as the Order of the Most Holy Saviour (Latin: Ordo Sanctissimi Salvatoris; abbreviated OSsS), is a monastic religious order of the Catholic Church founded by Saint Birgitta (Bridget of Sweden) in 1344 and approved by Pope Urban V in 1370.  They follow the Rule of Saint Augustine. There are today several different branches of Bridgettines.
Abdullahi Ali Ahmed Waafow
Abdullahi Ali Ahmed Waafow (died 27 July 2022) was a Somali general and politician who served in the 8th Transitional Federal Parliament of Somalia in the 2000s. A member of the Bimaal clan, Waafow later became the mayor (district commissioner) of the southern city of Merca in the Lower Shabelle region, a position he would hold until his assassination.

On 27 July 2022, Waafow was killed when an al-Shabaab suicide bomber ran up to him and detonated while Waafow was giving a speech outside an administrative office in Merca. Around twenty other people were also killed, mainly Waafow's advisors and security personnel. Waafow was targeted by al-Shabaab due to his support for AMISOM peacekeepers in Lower Shabelle.

Transitional Federal Parliament of Somalia
The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic (TFP) (Somali: Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya) was the national parliament of Somalia from 2004 until 2012.

In a 2008 report called 'So Much to Fear' Human Rights Watch accused the Transitional Federal Government of human rights abuses and war crimes which include murder, rape, assault, and looting. The report also states that the TFG police force had also been implicated in arbitrary arrests of ordinary civilians in order to extort ransoms from their families. The TFP was succeeded by the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
Arthur M. Banta
Arthur Mangun Banta (December 31, 1877 – January 2, 1946) was an American zoologist and professor known for his studies on cave animals. His 1907 publication The Fauna of Mayfield's Cave, a survey of the fauna of an Indiana cave, has become a "classic account in the annals of cave biology in the United States".

Subterranean fauna
Subterranean fauna refers to animal species that are adapted to live in an underground environment. Troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna. Both are associated with hypogeal habitats – troglofauna is associated with terrestrial subterranean environment (caves and underground spaces above the water table), and stygofauna with all kind of subterranean waters (groundwater, aquifers, subterranean rivers, dripping bowls, gours, etc.).
Phalgu River
The Phalgu or Falgu, a river that flows past Gaya, India in the Indian state of Bihar, is a sacred river for Hindus and Buddhists. Lord Vishnu's Temple Vishnupad Mandir is situated on the bank of Phalgu river, also called Niranjana river in sanskrit and Lilagan river. Its called ଭାଲୁକୀ (Bhāluki) in Odia and is also mentioned in Odia Ramayana. Before attaining Enlightenment, the prince Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism for six years (ten or twelve years according to some accounts) on the banks of the river, residing in a forest near the village of Uruvilvā. After realizing that strict asceticism would not lead to Enlightenment, he recuperated after bathing in the river and receiving a bowl of milk-rice from the milkmaid Sujātā.

He sat under the nearby pippala tree, where he finally achieved Enlightenment. This tree became known as the Bodhi Tree, and the site became known as Bodh Gayā.

Ficus religiosa
Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent and Indochina that belongs to Moraceae, the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree, bo tree, peepul tree, peepal tree, pipala tree or ashvattha tree (in India and Nepal). The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in four major religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent: Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. Hindu and Jain ascetics consider the species to be sacred and often meditate under it. Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment under a tree of this species. The sacred fig is the state tree of the Indian states of Odisha, Bihar and Haryana.
Indra Kumari Devi
Indra Kumari Devi was the first wife of Prithvi Narayan Shah, King of Nepal. Born to Hem Karna Sen, King of Makwanpur, she was married to Shah in February 1738, at the age of 14. During the wedding ceremony, a conflict arose, subsequently he went home without a bride. She with other wives of Prithvi Narayan Shah committed sati on 11 January 1775 in Devighat.

Makwanpur District
Makwanpur District (Nepali: मकवानपुर जिल्ला; Listenⓘ), in Bagmati Province, earlier a part of Narayani Zone, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The city of Hetauda serves as the district headquarters and also as the provincial headquarters. The district covers an area of 2,426 km2 (937 sq mi) and had a population of 392,604 in 2001 and 420,477 in 2011. The latest census of 2021 recorded the population of Makwanpur as 466,073.
Pierre Duval
Pierre Duval is the name of:

Pierre Duval (geographer) (1618–1683), French geographer

Pierre Duval (singer) (1932–2004), French-Canadian operatic tenor

Pierre Duval, a pseudonym used by Remy Chauvin (1913–2009), French entomologist and parapsychological writer

Pierre Duval Le Camus (1790–1854), a French painter and lithographer

Pierre Duval (singer)
Pierre Duval (17 September 1932 – 31 May 2004) was a French-Canadian operatic tenor who had an active international career during the 1960s and 1970s. Possessing a warm lyrical voice with a considerable amount of flexibility and stamina, Duval sang mostly roles from the standard French and Italian repertories. He particularly excelled in bel canto works, notably singing opposite such lauded bel canto interpreters as Joan Sutherland, Beverly Sills, and Montserrat Caballé during his career.
Sam Tseng
Sam Tseng (Chinese: 曾國城; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chan Kok-siâⁿ, born January 29, 1968) is a Taiwanese television host and actor.

Tseng graduated from Shih Hsin School of Journalism and entered the entertainment scene in 1990 as an actor. His career took off during the late nineties, when he began hosting treasure hunting game show Golden Legend with Lillian Wang, and variety show Taiwan Homerun, alongside Hsu Nai-lin.

In addition to his television work, he has appeared in many well-received stage productions by Ping-Fong Acting Troupe and Godot Theatre Company.

In 2005, he married Kate Liu, a Chinese Australian who is ten years his junior. The couple have a son and a daughter.

Shih Hsin University
Shih Hsin University (SHU; Chinese: 世新大學; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sè-sin Tāi-ha̍k) is a university in Taipei, Taiwan. SHU is best known for its media and mass communication departments. It was founded in Muzha, Taipei, in 1956.
Siemoń
Siemoń [ˈɕɛmɔɲ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zławieś Wielka, within Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

The village has an approximate population of 800.

Toruń County
Toruń County (Polish: powiat toruński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It was created on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Toruń, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only town in Toruń County is Chełmża, which lies nineteen kilometers (twelve miles) north of Toruń.

The county covers an area of 1,229.71 square kilometres (474.8 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 107,641, out of which the population of Chełmża is 14,503  and the rural population is 93,138.