hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Critical mass
In nuclear engineering, critical mass is the minimum mass of the fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction in a particular setup. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, its nuclear fission cross-section), density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surroundings. It is an important parameter of a nuclear reactor core or nuclear weapon. The concept is important in nuclear weapon design.

Critical size is the minimum size of the fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction in a particular setup. If the size of the reactor core is less than a certain minimum, too many fission neutrons escape through its surface and the chain reaction is not sustained. A perfect sphere, which has the lowest surface-area-to-volume ratio, gives the minimal critical size.

Isotope separation
Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes. The use of the nuclides produced is varied. The largest variety is used in research (e.g. in chemistry where atoms of "marker" nuclide are used to figure out reaction mechanisms). By tonnage, separating natural uranium into enriched uranium and depleted uranium is the largest application. This process is crucial in the manufacture of uranium fuel for nuclear power plants and is also required for the creation of uranium-based nuclear weapons (unless uranium-233 is used). Plutonium-based weapons use plutonium produced in a nuclear reactor, which must be operated in such a way as to produce plutonium already of suitable isotopic mix or grade.

While chemical elements can be purified through chemical processes, isotopes of the same element have nearly identical chemical properties which makes this type of separation impractical, except for separation of deuterium.
Laura Nurmsalu
Laura Nurmsalu (born 1 June 1994) is an Estonian recurve archer who competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Nurmsalu represented her country at the 2015 European Games in Baku, Azerbaijan. She competed in the individual recurve event and the team recurve event at the 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen.

Nurmsalu made her Olympic debut in 2016, where she was eliminated in the second round of the women's individual event. In 2019, Nurmsalu contested the European Games in Minsk, finishing the ranking round of the women's individual recurve competition in twenty-seventh place.

Archery at the 2015 European Games
At the 2015 European Games in Baku, five events of archery were contested, all in the target archery format, with recurve bows. The events took place at the Tofiq Bahramov Stadium over seven days of competition. The European Games format followed that of the Olympic Games with 64 men and 64 women competing in the recurve division, in individual and team events as well as in mixed team.
Italian Association for Speech Sciences
The Italian Association for Speech Sciences (Italian: Associazione Italiana di Scienze della Voce, AISV) is an Italian non-profit organization promoting speech communication, science and technology. They are a special interest group of the International Speech Communication Association. It was established on December 3, 2003 in Padua.

While the association seeks to promote all aspects of speech sciences in Italy, the association is especially concerned with phonetics, speech signal processing, and the automatic treatment of language in voice man-machine interaction.

Special interest group
A special interest group (SIG) is a community within a larger organization with a shared interest in advancing a specific area of knowledge, learning or technology where members cooperate to effect or to produce solutions within their particular field, and may communicate, meet, and organize conferences. The term was used in 1961 by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), an academic and professional computer society. SIG was later popularized on CompuServe, an early online service provider, where SIGs were a section of the service devoted to particular interests.
Salvation Army Citadel, Barton-upon-Humber
The Salvation Army Citadel is a Grade II Listed building in Barton-upon-Humber, North Lincolnshire, England. It was founded in 1867 by Joseph Wright as a Primitive Methodist Chapel. It is immediately adjacent to the Wilderspin National School.

Primitive Methodist Church
The Primitive Methodist Church is a Methodist Christian denomination aligned with the holiness movement. Originating in early 19th-century England as a revivalist movement within Methodism, it was heavily influenced by American evangelist Lorenzo Dow (1777–1834), whose visits inspired a return to fervent, open-air preaching.

In the United States, the Primitive Methodist Church had eighty-three parishes and 8,487 members in 1996.  In 2025, the PMC in the United States has 60 congregations across 13 eastern states.

In Great Britain and Australia, the Primitive Methodist Church merged with other denominations, to form the Methodist Church of Great Britain in 1932 and the Methodist Church of Australasia in 1902. (The latter subsequently merged into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977.)
Canton of Côte d'Argent
The canton of Côte d'Argent is an administrative division of the Landes department, southwestern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Mimizan.

Landes (department)
Landes (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃d] ⓘ; Gascon and Occitan: Lanas [ˈlanəs]; Basque: Landak) is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, Southwestern France, with a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It also borders Gers to the east, Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the south, Lot-et-Garonne to the north-east, and Gironde to the north. Located on the Atlantic coast, it had a population of 413,690 as of 2019. Its prefecture is Mont-de-Marsan.

The department is the second-largest department in France and it covers the Forest of Landes. The southwestern part of the department is part of the wider conurbation of Biarritz and Bayonne across the Pyrénées-Atlantique border.
Football Parents
Football Parents (Dutch: Voetbalouders) is a Dutch comedy television series that premiered in 16 May 2025. The series was created by Ilse Warringa and distributed by Netflix.

The centres around parents' over-reactions on the sidelines during football matches, and was inspired by the real-life experiences of the creator and writer Warringa.

Television comedy
Television comedy is a category of broadcasting that has been present since the early days of entertainment media. While there are several genres of comedy, some of the first ones aired were variety shows. One of the first United States television programs was the comedy-variety show Texaco Star Theater, which was most prominent in the years that it featured Milton Berle (from 1948 to 1956). The range of television comedy has become broader, with the addition of sitcoms, improvisational comedy, and stand-up comedy, while also adding comedic aspects into other television genres, including drama and news. Television comedy provides opportunities for viewers to relate the content in these shows to society. Some audience members may have similar views about certain comedic aspects of shows, while others will take different perspectives. This also relates to developing new social norms, sometimes acting as the medium that introduces these transitions.
Libognathus
Libognathus (meaning "southwest jaw" in Greek) is an extinct genus of procolophonid parareptile from the Late Triassic of Texas. The type and only species, Libognathus sheddi, was named in 1997 from the Cooper Canyon Formation in the fossil-rich Post Quarry, which is found in Garza County. Libognathus was the first definite procolophonid discovered in the southwestern United States, although another possible procolophonid called Chinleogomphius was reported from the southwest before Libognathus was named.

Cooper Canyon Formation
The Cooper Canyon Formation is a geological formation of Norian age in Texas. It is one of several formations encompassed by the Dockum Group.

The type area of the formation is situated in Garza County, Texas, southeast of Lubbock. The Cooper Canyon Formation consist of reddish siltstone and mudstone with lenses of sandstone and conglomerate. Thickness of the formation in the type area is 161.5 meters. It increases to the south, and in some places exceeds 200 m. The formation contains diverse fossils, including vertebrate remains.
Sutton Central (ward)
Sutton Central is an electoral ward in the London Borough of Sutton. The ward has existed since the creation of the borough on 1 April 1965 and was first used in the 1964 elections. It returns councillors to Sutton London Borough Council.

London Borough of Sutton
The London Borough of Sutton (pronunciationⓘ) is an Outer London borough in south London, England. It covers an area of 43 km2 (17 sq mi) and is the 80th largest local authority in England by population. It borders the London Borough of Croydon to the east, the London Borough of Merton to the north and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to the north-west; it also borders the Surrey boroughs of Epsom and Ewell to the west and Reigate and Banstead to the south. The local authority is Sutton London Borough Council. Its principal town is Sutton.

The borough has had some of the schools with the best results in the country.

Low levels of recorded crime have been a feature of the borough, being among the lowest in London.

The London Borough of Sutton was one of the four "vanguard areas" selected in 2010 for the Big Society initiative.
Allette Brooks
Allette Brooks is an American folk singer-songwriter from Long Beach, California. She graduated from Stanford University, majoring in human biology. Her song "Silicon Valley Rebel", about a feminist Web designer who "comes in to work every day in her bike shorts and political T-shirts", was featured in "Silicon Valley USA", a BBC radio documentary. She also teaches Forrest yoga and Restorative Yoga.

Web design
Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; user interface design (UI design); authoring, including standardised code and proprietary software; user experience design (UX design); and search engine optimization. Often, many individuals will work in teams covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will cover them all. The term "web design" is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (client side) design of a website including writing markup. Web design partially overlaps web engineering in the broader scope of web development. Web designers are expected to have an awareness of usability and be up to date with web accessibility guidelines.
Santuari de Bellmunt
The Santuari de Bellmunt ('Sanctuary of Bellmunt') is a sanctuary in the municipality of Sant Pere de Torelló (Osona), which is located on top of the Serra of Bellmunt at 1246 m altitude. There is a viewpoint from where visitors can see the plain of Vic, the Pyrénées, the Ges Valley, and Bisaura. Along the sanctuary is a refuge and a restaurant, all built on the rock. It can be accessed on foot or by car from Sant Pere de Torelló, and from Vidrà only on foot. The image of the Lady of Bellmunt is a 22 cm painted statue of Alabaster.

Vidrà
Vidrà (Catalan pronunciation: [biˈðɾa]) is a municipality in the comarca of Osona in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the valley of the Ges river, between the Bellmunt and Milany ranges, in the north of the comarca. It is linked to Sant Quirze de Besora by a local road. There are the roman churches of Sant Bartomeu de Covildases and of Santa Margarida de Cabagès in the municipal territory. Vidrà became part of Osona in the comarcal revision of 1990: previously it formed part of the Ripollès.
Len Tyler
Christianity portal

Leonard George (Len) Tyler  (15 April 1920 – 21 September 2010) was Archdeacon of Rochdale from 1962 until 1966.

Tyler was educated at Darwen Grammar School; Liverpool University; Christ's College, Cambridge; and Westcott House. He was ordained in 1926.

He was successively

Chaplain, Trinity College, Kandy

Principal, Diocesan Divinity School, Colombo

Rector (ecclesiastical) of Bradford, Manchester

Vicar of Leigh, Lancashire

Anglican adviser to ABC Weekend TV

Principal, William Temple School

Trinity College, Kandy
Trinity College, Kandy is a private Anglican boys' school located in Kandy, Sri Lanka. It offers both day and boarding facilities. It was founded in 1872 by British Anglican missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, modelled on British public school tradition. Trinity offers primary and secondary education and is managed by the Anglican Church of Ceylon.
Storm Babet
Storm Babet (known as Storm Viktor in Germany) was an intense extratropical cyclone which affected large parts of northern and western Europe. The second named storm of the 2023–24 European windstorm season, Babet was named by the UK's Met Office on 16 October 2023.

Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54°N, or may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology.
2020 Coca-Cola 600
The 2020 Coca-Cola 600, the 61st running of the event, was a NASCAR Cup Series race held at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, which started on May 24 and concluded in the early hours of May 25, 2020.

The seventh race of the 2020 NASCAR Cup Series season, the Coca-Cola 600 was scheduled to be held over 400 laps of the 1.5-mile (2.4-kilometre) asphalt speedway, but following a late-race spin by William Byron, a caution period took the race into an overtime finish. Brad Keselowski took the victory after 405 laps had been completed; the 607.5 miles (977.7 kilometres) completed was the longest race distance in NASCAR history.

Green–white–checkered finish
In North American auto racing, a green–white–checker finish (GWC) is a racing restart procedure in which the race is restarted from a caution period with 2 laps remaining. When the race distance is extended to accommodate such a finish, it is also sometimes known as an overtime finish. The name alludes to three racing flags:

Green flag: shown to start or restart the race

White flag: shown at the start of the last lap

Checkered flag: shown at the finish of the race

The prescribed number of final laps is usually two. If a caution flag is shown within the specified number of laps of the scheduled finish, then the number of remaining laps will not be decremented until the green flag is shown again. The exact provisions vary between organizations. For some years after 2007, NASCAR on Fox referred to the extra laps after the scheduled number as Overdrive, an allusion to the term overtime used in many other sports. NASCAR officially adopted the term "NASCAR Overtime" in 2016.
Aykut Özer
Aykut Özer (born 1 January 1993) is a footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ankara Keçiörengücü in the Turkish TFF 1. Lig. Born in Germany, he represented Turkey at various youth international levels up to the under-21s.

Ankara Keçiörengücü S.K.
Ankara Keçiörengücü Spor Kulübü, commonly referred to as Keçiörengücü or, due to sponsorship reasons, Emre Gökdemir İnşaat Keçiörengücü, is a Turkish sports club based in the Keçiören district of Ankara. The football club plays in the TFF First League.
Hotel Luna, Room 34
Hotel Luna, Room 34 (Italian: Albergo Luna, camera 34) is a 1946 Italian crime-thriller-melodrama film directed by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and starring Chiaretta Gelli, Carlo Campanini and Andrea Checchi.

It was produced by Lux Film, and earned 39 million lira at the box office.

Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia
Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia (8 July 1894 – 4 January 1998) was an Italian film director whose career spanned from the 1930s to the mid-1960s. He mainly directed adventure pictures and popular comedies, including some starring Totò. His 1942 film Non ti pago! was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival.
Tibor Palánkai
Tibor Palánkai (born 1 March 1938) is a Hungarian economist, university teacher and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He has been awarded the Jean Monnet prize and multiple Hungarian awards. He was the vice-rector of the Karl Marx University of Economics between 1977 and 1983 and the rector of Budapest University of Economic Sciences between 1997 and 2000. He is an emeritus professor since 2008.

Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarian: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲoʃ ˈɒkɒdeːmijɒ], MTA) is Hungary’s foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The Academy's primary functions include the advancement of scientific knowledge, the dissemination of research findings, the support of research and development, and the representation of science in Hungary both domestically and around the world.
Black Girl Magic
Black Girl Magic is an entertainment, broadcast, and apparel brand, with a TV show and podcast of the same name, created in 2014 by Beverly Bond. Bond is an author, celebrity DJ, model and founder of the women's empowerment organization and award show Black Girls Rock!, established in 2006. In 2014, Bond founded and trademarked Black Girl Magic for an apparel line and talk show she developed under BondVision Media, Inc., Bond's production company. Since 2015, Bond featured Black Girl Magic talks at the annual BLACK GIRLS LEAD Summit for teen girls in New York City. In 2018, Bond launched the Black Girl MagicPodcast to elevate the lived experiences of Black women. In 2019 Bond featured Black Girl Magic panels and talks at the inaugural BGR!FEST held at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC.

Essence (magazine)
Essence (stylized in all caps) is an American monthly lifestyle magazine covering fashion, beauty, entertainment, and culture. First published in 1970, the magazine is written for African-American women.
Ramjee Singh
Ramjee Singh (born 1927, India) is a former Member of Parliament and vice-chancellor of Jain Vishva Bharati University. He is an eminent Gandhian and is the author of a number of books on him. He was also the director of Gandhian Institute of Studies, Varanasi, India. 
In January 2020 he was awarded the fourth highest civilian award in the country: The Padma Shri for Social Work.
His life has been a blend of being a Gandhian academician as well as an activist. Singh has declared Mahatma Gandhi as the Bodhisattva of the 20th century.

Parliament of the World's Religions
There have been several meetings referred to as a Parliament of the World's Religions, the first being the World's Parliament of Religions of 1893, which was an attempt to create a global dialogue of faiths. The event was celebrated by another conference on its centenary in 1993. This led to a new series of conferences under the official title Parliament of the World's Religions with the same goal of trying to create a global dialogue of faiths.
The Weary Blues
"The Weary Blues" is a poem by American poet Langston Hughes. Written in 1925, "The Weary Blues" was first published in the Urban League magazine Opportunity. It was awarded the magazine's prize for best poem of the year. The poem was included in Hughes's first book, a collection of poems, also entitled The Weary Blues. (Four poems from the book, although not the title poem, inspired the musical settings "Four Songs from The Weary Blues" by Florence Price.)

National Urban League
The National Urban League (NUL), formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, is a nonpartisan historic civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of economic and social justice for African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States. It is the oldest and largest community-based organization of its kind in the nation. Its current president is Marc Morial.
Yoke Khin Yap
Yoke Khin Yap (simplified Chinese: 叶玉牵; traditional Chinese: 葉玉牽; pinyin: Yè yù qiān; born 1968) is an American physicist, materials scientist, and academic. He is most known for his nanoscale and quantum-scale materials research, and serves as a professor of Physics at Michigan Technological University (MTU).

Yap has published research articles and a book entitled B-C-N Nanotubes and Related Nanostructures. He received the US National Science Foundation (NSF) Career Award in 2005, the MTU Bhakta Rath Award in 2011, the MTU research award in 2018, and was granted the title of Professor in 2020. Additionally, he is among the first few recipients named Osaka University Global Alumni Fellow in 2015.

National Science Foundation CAREER Award
The National Science Foundation CAREER award is an award presented by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States Federal Government to support junior faculty who exemplify the role of teacher-scholars through research and education, and the integration of these endeavors in the context of their organizations' missions. The awards, presented once each year, include a federal grant of minimum $400,000 for research and education activities for five-year period. On 30 May 2025, the Trump administration requested a budget that eliminated the CAREER award.
Office Party
Office Party, also known as Hostile Takeover in some releases, is a Canadian thriller film directed by George Mihalka and released in 1988. An adaptation of Michael A. Gilbert's 1981 crime novel Office Party, the film stars David Warner as Eugene Brackin, a repressed accountant who suddenly takes three of his coworkers hostage with no apparent motive or demands.

The film also stars Michael Ironside, Kate Vernon and Jayne Eastwood as the hostages.

Billy Bryans and Aaron Davis received a Genie Award nomination for Best Original Score at the 10th Genie Awards.

Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
An annual award for Best Achievement in Music - Original Score is presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the best Canadian original score for the previous year. Prior to 2012, the award was presented as part of the Genie Awards; since 2012 it has been presented as part of the expanded Canadian Screen Awards.
Comboio
João Manuel Dinis, commonly known as Comboio, (born 13 October 1979) is a Portuguese football defender playing for Omonia Aradippou. During his stay in Cyprus he played also for  Doxa Katokopias, Aris Limassol and Elpida Xylofagou.

Comboio previously played for Alverca, Estoril, Barreirense and Olhanense in the Portuguese Liga de Honra. He left Barreirense to join Olhanense for the 2006–07 season.

He joined Cypriot side Doxa Katokopia before the 2008–09 season.

S.C. Olhanense
Sporting Clube Olhanense (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɨˈpɔɾtĩ ˈkluβɨ ɔʎɐˈnẽsɨ]), commonly known as Olhanense, is a Portuguese sports club from Olhão, Algarve.

Its football team was founded on 27 April 1912 and currently plays in the Algarve Football Association First Division, the fifth tier of Portuguese football. It holds home matches at the 5,661-spectator capacity Estádio José Arcanjo.

Olhanense won the Campeonato de Portugal (now Taça de Portugal) in 1924, their most prestigious honour in history. They most recently played in the Primeira Liga in 2014 and the second tier in 2017.