hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert Harris Mnookin
Robert Harris Mnookin is an American lawyer, author, and the Samuel Williston Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. He focuses largely on dispute resolution, negotiation, and arbitration and was one of the primary co-arbitrators that resolved a 7-year software rights dispute between IBM and Fujitsu in the 1980s. Mnookin has been the Chair of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School since 1994.

Dispute resolution
Dispute resolution or dispute settlement is the process of resolving disputes between parties. The term dispute resolution is conflict resolution through legal means.

Prominent venues for dispute settlement in international law include the International Court of Justice (formerly the Permanent Court of International Justice); the United Nations Human Rights Committee (which operates under the ICCPR) and European Court of Human Rights; the Panels and Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization; and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Half of all international agreements include a dispute settlement mechanism.

States are also known to form their own arbitration tribunals to settle disputes. Prominent private international courts, which adjudicate disputes between commercial private entities, include the International Court of Arbitration (of the International Chamber of Commerce) and the London Court of International Arbitration.
Real photo postcard
A real photo postcard (RPPC) is a continuous-tone photographic image printed on postcard stock. The term recognizes a distinction between the real photo process and the lithographic or offset printing processes employed in the manufacture of most postcard images.

Continuous tone image
A continuous-tone image is one in which each color at any point in the image can transition smoothly between shades, rather than being represented by discrete elements such as halftones or pixels.

Examples of continuous-tone images are natural phenomena, images produced with dye-based processes, images produced with certain analog printmaking processes (intaglio, block printing, stone lithography), and paintings. Halftone prints (as produced with inkjet and offset printers), traditional film, and digital screens are not truly continuous-tone since they rely on discrete elements (halftones, grains, or pixels) to create an image. However, the term applies when the appearance is so smooth that the breaks or gaps between tonal values are imperceptible.

TV, computer and phone displays are effectively continuous. Purely analog video signals can provide infinite tone variations according to their gamut.
Mikola
Mikola is the name of:

Surname

Ananda Mikola (born 1980), Indonesian racecar driver

István Mikola (born 1947), Hungarian physician and politician, Minister of Health from 2001 to 2002

Nándor Mikola (1911–2006), Finnish-Hungarian painter

Given name

Saint Nicholas of Mozhaysk or Mikola Mozhaiski, a Russian variation of the Saint Nikolaus traditions

Mikola Abramchyk (1903–1970), Belarusian journalist and politician

Mikola Statkevich (born 1956), Belarusian politician

Mikola Yermalovich (1921–2000), Belarusian writer and historian

Ananda Mikola
Ananda Mikola Soeprapto (born 27 April 1980 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian former racing driver.

Mikola competed in the Italian and International Formula 3000 series from 1999 to 2001 and was champion of Asian F3 in the 2005 season. He is best known for competing in A1 Grand Prix, representing Indonesia for two seasons and scoring a best race finish of fifth.
Gif-sur-Yvette
Gif-sur-Yvette (French pronunciation: [ʒif syʁ ivɛt] ⓘ, lit. "Gif-on-Yvette") is a commune in southwestern Île-de-France, France. It is located in the Vallée de Chevreuse, 22.9 km (14.2 mi) from the centre of Paris (at Notre-Dame), in the Essonne department on the departmental border with Yvelines. As of 2023, the population of the commune was 22,544.

Yvelines
Yvelines (French pronunciation: [ivlin] ⓘ) is a department in the western part of the Île-de-France region in Northern France. In 2019, it had a population of 1,448,207. Its prefecture is Versailles, home to the Palace of Versailles, the principal residence of the King of France from 1682 until 1789, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. Yvelines' subprefectures are Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Mantes-la-Jolie and Rambouillet.
1995–96 Swiss 1. Liga
The 1995–96 Swiss 1. Liga was the 64th season of this league since its creation in 1931. At this time, the 1. Liga was the third tier of the Swiss football league system and it was the highest level of amateur football.

FC Meyrin
Meyrin Football Club is a football team based in Meyrin in Switzerland. They currently play in the 1. Liga Classic, the third tier of the Swiss football pyramid.

Meyrin were promoted to 1. Liga in summer 1995. In summer 1996 Meyrin were promoted to Nationalliga B and returned to 1. Liga in the following summer. Meyrin were promoted again in 2003 until relegated again in 2006.
Pauline Hill
Pauline Dennert (later Hill; April 8, 1926 – September 17, 2012) was an American outfielder who played for the Muskegon Lassies of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) in 1947. Listed at 5' 4", 145 lb., she batted and threw right handed. Born in Hart, Michigan, she played under her maiden name and was nicknamed "Denny."

Pauline appeared in three games for the Lassies and went hitless in four at-bats.

Afterwards, she earned a physical education degree from the Western Michigan University and later worked as the summer recreation director and swim instructor in Hart.

Muskegon Lassies
The Muskegon Lassies were one of the expansion teams of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) in the 1946 season, representing Muskegon, Michigan. The team played their home games at Marsh Field. The league, its teams, and its story were later depicted in A League of Their Own.
2013 Coleman Vision Tennis Championships – Doubles
Asia Muhammad and Yasmin Schnack were the defending champions, having won the event in 2012. Schnack decided not to participate while Muhammad played alongside Allie Will. They lost, however, in the semifinals.

Eleni Daniilidou and Coco Vandeweghe won the tournament, defeating Melanie Oudin and Taylor Townsend in the final, 6–4, 7–6(7–2).

Asia Muhammad
Asia Muhammad (born April 4, 1991) is an American professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. She has been ranked as high as world No. 8 in doubles by the WTA, achieved on March 17, 2025.
Muhammad has won 13 doubles titles on the WTA Tour including the 2024 Cincinnati WTA 1000 title with Erin Routliffe and the 2025 Indian Wells with Demi Schuurs.

She also reached the finals in 2022 Indian Wells with Ena Shibahara and in 2024 Wuhan with Jessica Pegula. In addition, Muhammad has won five doubles titles on the Challenger Tour and 35 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. In singles she has a career-high No. 124, achieved on April 24, 2017 and has won 14 ITF singles titles.
Henrik Norrthon
Henrik Norrthon (born 23 November 1979) is a Swedish Director. He also studied cinematography at the London Film School.

His film Fjorton suger (Fourteen Sucks) was released in Swedish cinemas in 2004 and was screened internationally at Film Festivals like Berlin Film Festival, Hollywood Film Festival, Seattle International Film Festival. It won the Main Golden Slipper for Best Feature on Zlin international film festival 2005. His film Utan titel (I love Johan) won the 1km Film Award at the Stockholm Film Festival. In 2008, he will be releasing his new film, British drama Taximan, starring Branko Tomovic, Christina Noland and Marija Karan.

Golden Slipper Stakes
The Golden Slipper Stakes is an Australian Turf Club Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-old horses run over 1,200 metres on turf at set weights conditions, held at Rosehill Gardens Racecourse in Sydney, Australia. It is the premier two year old race in Australia and is the world's richest race for two-year-old Thoroughbreds. Prize money is A$5,000,000.
Hajjiabad, Saduq
Hajjiabad (Persian: حاجي اباد, also Romanized as Ḩājjīābād and Hājīābād) is a village in Rostaq Rural District, in the Central District of Saduq County, Yadz province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 29, in 10 families.

Yazd province
Yazd province (Persian: استان یزد) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran and is in the center of the country. Its capital is the city of Yazd. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5. The province has an area of 76,469 km2.
Labial frenectomy
A labial frenectomy is a frenectomy performed on the lip.

The labial frenulum, also known as lip-tie, often attaches to the center of the upper lip and between the upper two front teeth. This can cause a large gap and gum recession by pulling the gums off the bone. A labial frenectomy removes the labial frenulum. Orthodontic patients often have this procedure done to assist with closing a front tooth gap. When a denture patient's lips move, the frenulum pulls and loosens the denture, which can be uncomfortable. This surgery is often done to help dentures fit better. A labial frenectomy can result in significant improvement in breastfeeding outcomes.

Diastema
A diastema (pl.: diastemata, from Greek διάστημα, 'space') is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. More colloquially, the condition may be referred to as gap teeth or tooth gap.

In humans, the term is most commonly applied to an open space between the upper incisors (front teeth).  It happens when there is an unequal relationship between the size of the teeth and the jaw. Diastemata are common for children and can exist in adult teeth as well.
Revised Romanization of Korean
Revised Romanization of Korean (RR; Korean: 국어의 로마자 표기법) is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. It was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in Proclamation No. 2000-8.

The main purpose of RR is to romanize proper nouns such as place names, personal names, and company names.

National Institute of Korean Language
The National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL; Korean: 국립국어원) is a language regulator of the Korean language based in Seoul, South Korea. It was created on January 23, 1991, by Presidential Decree No. 13163 (November 14, 1990).

It has previously gone by a number of names, including the Academy of the Korean Language (국어연구소) when it was first founded as a non-government organization in 1984, and the National Academy of the Korean Language (국립국어연구원) when it became a government agency in 1991. It received its current Korean name in 2004 and its current English name in 2015.

Within the NIKL is the Center for Teaching and Learning Korean.
Carolyn Begley
Carolyn G. Begley, OD, MS, FAAO  is Emerita Professor of optometry at Indiana University Bloomington. She holds an M.S.(1979) and O.D. (1983) from Indiana University Bloomington. She has been the recipient of several awards, such as the Garland M. Clay Award from the American Academy of Optometry for her most cited paper, “Characteristics of corneal staining in hydrogel contact lens wearers”  and the Max Schapero Memorial Lecture Award, also from the AAO.    She is a Fellow of the AAO.  As an NIH-funded researcher, she participated in a Congressional briefing on dry eye syndrome therapies. According to the Web of Science, she has published over 80 articles in peer-reviewed medical journals that, as of September 2013, had been cited more than 1100 times, giving her an h-index of 19.

American Academy of Optometry
The American Academy of Optometry (AAO) is an organization of optometrists based in Orlando, Florida. Its goal is to maintain and enhance excellence in optometric practice, by both promoting research and the dissemination of knowledge.

The AAO holds an annual meeting, publishes a monthly scientific journal, gives credentials to optometrists through the fellowship process and publishes position statements.

In qualifying for Fellowship of AAO (FAAO), individuals are evaluated according to the highest standards of competence.
Euphoria inda
Euphoria inda, the bumble flower beetle, brown fruit chafer or Indian cetonia is a species of beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America.  While in flight, adults of this species do not lift their elytra, creating a buzzing sound as the hindwings vibrate inside.  The adult beetle is a pollinator and feeds on pollen, nectar, sap and damaged fruits.

Pollinator
A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower. This helps to bring about fertilization of the ovules in the flower by the male gametes from the pollen grains.

Insects are the major pollinators of most plants, and insect pollinators include all families of bees and most families of aculeate wasps; ants; many families of flies; many lepidopterans (both butterflies and moths); and many families of beetles. Vertebrates, mainly bats and birds, but also some non-bat mammals (monkeys, lemurs, possums, rodents) and some lizards pollinate certain plants. Among the pollinating birds are hummingbirds, honeyeaters and sunbirds with long beaks; they pollinate a number of deep-throated flowers. Humans may also carry out artificial pollination.

A pollinator is different from a pollenizer, a plant that is a source of pollen for the pollination process.
Joan Vilacasas
Joan Vila i Casas, known as Joan Vilacasas (Sabadell, 3 June 1920 - Barcelona, 17 January 2007) was a Catalan painter, engraver, ceramist, writer and collector. Vilacasas is one of the key names of the Catalan informalist generation. Like many other artists of the moment, in 1949, he embarked on his way to Paris in search of his own language that could overcome the devastating panorama and the impoverishing isolation suffered during Francoism period in Spain. Once there, and after connecting with the artists of the international artistic avant-garde, he began a progressive change in his work, first strongly influenced by impressionists and cubists, and then progressed towards abstract art.

Informalism
Informalism or Art Informel (French pronunciation: [aʁ ɛ̃fɔʁmɛl]) is a pictorial movement from the 1943–1950s, that includes all the abstract and gestural tendencies that developed in France and the rest of Europe during the World War II, similar to American abstract expressionism started 1946. Several distinguishing trends are identified within the movement such as lyrical abstraction, matter painting, New Paris School, tachisme and art brut. The French art critic Michel Tapié coined the term "art autre" (other art) in the homonymous book published in 1952 in relation to non-geometric abstract art. It was instrumental in improving the concept of abstract art in France during the early 1950s. Its use in the expression of political ideologies in South America during the early 1950s was quite common, as it was seen as the main way to show support for the changing political climate.
Scotch (adjective)
Scotch is an adjective in English, meaning "of or from Scotland". Many Scots dislike the term Scotch and some consider it offensive. The modern usage in Scotland is Scottish or Scots, and the word Scotch is now only applied to specific products, mostly food or drink, such as Scotch whisky, Scotch pie and Scotch broth.

The verb to scotch is unrelated to the adjective. Middle English scocchen derives from Anglo-French escocher meaning "to notch, nick or pierce", from coche, "a notch, groove".

Adjective
An adjective (abbreviated ADJ) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun.
The adjective is considered one of the main parts of speech of the English language, although historically they were classed together with nouns. Nowadays, certain words that usually had been classified as adjectives, including the, this, my, etc., typically are classed separately, as determiners.

Examples:

That used to be an immensely funny idea. (Prepositive attributive)

That idea is funny. (Predicative)

Tell me something funny. (Postpositive attributive)

The good, the bad, and the funny. (Substantive)

Clara Oswald, completely funny, died three times. (Appositive)
Ogrodno
Ogrodno [ɔˈɡrɔdnɔ] (German: Kavelsberg) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Połczyn-Zdrój, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south-east of Połczyn-Zdrój, 25 km (16 mi) east of Świdwin, and 109 km (68 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Świdwin
Świdwin [ˈɕfidvin] (German: Schivelbein; Kashubian: Skwilbëno) is a town in West Pomeranian Voivodeship of northwestern Poland. It is the capital of Świdwin County, and the administrative seat of Gmina Świdwin. Świdwin is situated in the historic Pomerania region on the left bank of the Rega river, about 100 km (62 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin and 44 km (27 mi) south of the Baltic coast at Kołobrzeg. In 2018 the town had a population of 15,725.
Expression (song)
"Expression" is a song by American group Salt-N-Pepa, released in November 1989 by Next Plateau as the lead single from their third album, Blacks' Magic (1990). The song was both written and produced by member Cheryl "Salt" James. It became the group's second single to reach the top 40 in the United States, peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 while also topping the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart, becoming their first song to do so. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In 1992 a re-release as the first (and only) single from Salt-N-Pepa's remix album, Rapped in Remixes: The Greatest Hits Remixed, charted within the top 30 in Ireland and the United Kingdom and peaked at number 13 in France. The accompanying music video is notable for marking the directorial debut of director Millicent Shelton.

Hot Rap Songs
Hot Rap Songs (formerly known as Hot Rap Tracks and Hot Rap Singles) is a chart released weekly by Billboard in the United States. It lists the 25 most popular hip-hop/rap songs, calculated weekly by airplay on rhythmic and urban radio stations and sales in hip hop-focused or exclusive markets. Streaming data, digital downloads and All-Format radio stations were added to the methodology of determining chart rankings in 2012. From 1989 through 2001, it was based on how much the single sold in that given week.
Laura Veccia Vaglieri
Laura Veccia Vaglieri (1893–1989) was an Italian orientalist who made significant contributions to Arabic and Islamic studies in Italy. She was a scholar and served as a professor at the University of Naples "L'Orientale". Her research focused on the historical and institutional analysis of the Arab and Muslim world, and she authored several books on these topics. Additionally, Veccia Vaglieri wrote numerous articles on early Islam and on Ibadism. Her work also included contributions to the Encyclopaedia of Islam and the  history of research on Ibāḍī studies.

Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (also French: Encyclopédie de l'Islam and German: Enzyklopädie des Islām; EI is a common abbreviation in all three languages) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam. It is published by Brill and provides information on various aspects of Islam and the Islamic world. It is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies. The first edition was published in 1913–1938, the second in 1954–2005, and the third was begun in 2007.
Fischer carbene
A Fischer carbene is a type of transition metal carbene complex, which is an organometallic compound containing a divalent organic ligand. In a Fischer carbene, the carbene ligand is a σ-donor π-acceptor ligand. Because π-backdonation from the metal centre is generally weak, the carbene carbon is electrophilic.

Fischer carbenes are named for Ernst Otto Fischer.

Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Valence is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms. Double bonds are considered to be two bonds, triple bonds to be three, quadruple bonds to be four, quintuple bonds to be five and sextuple bonds to be six. In most compounds, the valence of hydrogen is 1, of oxygen is 2, of nitrogen is 3, and of carbon is 4. Valence is not to be confused with the related concepts of the coordination number, the oxidation state, or the number of valence electrons for a given atom.
Kazakhstan–United States relations
Kazakhstan and the U.S. established relations as Kazakhstan gained independence from the Soviet Union. Since then, the two nations have collaborated in fields such as trade, security, nuclear non-proliferation, and counterterrorism. While seeking to maintain and grow positive relations, the U.S. remains critical of Kazakhstan's human rights record.

Semey
Semey (/sɪˈmeɪ, sɛ-/; Kazakh: Семей / Semei [sʲɪˈmʲej] (listenⓘ), formerly known as Semipalatinsk (Russian: Семипалатинск [sʲɪmʲɪpɐˈɫatʲɪnsk]) until 2007 and as Alash-Qala (Kazakh: Алаш-қала / Alaş-qala [ɑˌɫɑʃ‿qɑˈɫɑ]) from 1917 to 1920, is a city in eastern Kazakhstan, in the Kazakh part of Siberia. When Abai Region was created in 2022, Semey became its administrative centre. It lies along the Irtysh River near the border with Russia, 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) north of Almaty and 700 kilometers (430 mi) southeast of the Russian city of Omsk. Its population is 312,764 (stat.gov.kz).
Zabrid
Zabrid (Ukrainian: Забрід) is a village (selo) in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, in western Ukraine. It belongs to Busk urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Zabrid was established in 1500. The village has 85 inhabitants.

Until 18 July 2020, Zabrid belonged to Busk Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Busk Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.

Lviv Oblast
Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian: Львівська область, romanized: Lvivska oblast, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also referred to as Lvivshchyna (Ukrainian: Львівщина, IPA: [ˈlʲwiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv. The current population is 2,478,133 (2022 estimate).
Abraham Yahuda
Abraham Shalom Yahuda (Hebrew: אברהם שלום יהודה; June 18, 1877 – 1951) was a Jerusalem-born American polymath, orientalist, teacher, writer, researcher, linguist, and collector of rare documents. After failing in his efforts to help steer the nascent Zionist movement into embracing attitudes of the Orient, he relocated to Europe and the United States, where he lectured at the New School for Social Research in New York.

Polymath
A polymath or polyhistor is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Polymaths often prefer a specific context in which to explain their knowledge, but some are gifted at explaining abstractly and creatively.

Embodying a basic tenet of Renaissance humanism that humans are limitless in their capacity for development, the concept led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible. This is expressed in the term Renaissance man, often applied to the gifted people of that age who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of accomplishment: intellectually, artistically, socially, physically, and spiritually.