hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Future of space exploration
The future of space exploration involves both telescopic and physical explorations of space by robotic spacecraft and human spaceflight. Near-term physical exploration missions, focused on obtaining new information about the Solar System, are planned and announced by both national and private organisations.

Tentative plans for crewed orbital and landing missions to the Moon and Mars to establish scientific outposts will later enable permanent and self-sufficient settlements. Further exploration will potentially involve expedition and the other planets and settlements on the Moon, as well as establishing mining and fueling outposts, particularly in the asteroid belt. Physical exploration outside the Solar System will be robotic for the foreseeable future.

Human outpost
Human outposts are artificially-created, controlled human habitats located in environments inhospitable for humans, such as on the ocean floor, in the Antarctic, in outer space, or on another planet, as in the challenges to live on Mars.

The logistics and difficulties inherent in such ventures have been heavily explored in science fiction.
Disperse Orange 1
Disperse Orange 1, or 4-anilino-4'-nitroazobenzene, is an azo dye.  Commercial samples contain approximately 25% dye by weight, with the remaining mass consisting of NaCl and other salts.

This dye is useful in conducting experiments with flash photolysis due to the isomerization effect between the trans-4A4N and cis-4A4N states that occurs during photo relaxation.

Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride /ˌsoʊdiəm ˈklɔːraɪd/, commonly known as table salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. It is transparent or translucent, brittle, hygroscopic, and occurs as the mineral halite. In its edible form, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. Another major application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.
Warmington, Warwickshire
Warmington is a village and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. It is located on the border with Oxfordshire, around 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Banbury. The civil parish had, according to the 2001 Census a population of 297 increasing to 304 at the 2011 Census. The parish also includes Arlescote and the council is called Warmington & Arlescote. The National Herb Centre is found just outside the village.

Warmington is on the northern side of Edge Hill, a prominent local ridge. Its church is one of six that make up the Edgehill group, along with those of nearby Radway, Ratley and Shotteswell. The village is also regarded as being part of the informal area of Banburyshire. The M40 motorway passes just to the north and east of Warmington. Before the motorway was built, the village lay on the A41 road. The National Herb Centre is in the village.

A41 road
The A41 is a trunk road between London and Birkenhead, England. Now in parts replaced by motorways, it passes through or near Watford, Kings Langley, Hemel Hempstead, Aylesbury, Bicester, Solihull, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Wolverhampton, Newport, Whitchurch, Chester and Ellesmere Port.

With the opening of the M40 extension in 1990 from junction 8, much of the route was downgraded. The sections between Bicester and the M42 near Solihull in the Midlands have been re-classified B4100, A4177 and A4141.
Isobel Elliot
Isobel Elliot (c. 1651 – 1678), sometimes called Isobell Eliot, was a woman accused of witchcraft from Peaston, near Ormiston in East Lothian. She was tried as a witch in Edinburgh during 1678, and executed on 20 September 1678 at Peaston by being strangled and burnt at the stake.

At her time of death, Elliot was thought to have been around 27 years old. She was the servant of Helen Laying, another accused witch, and of lower socioeconomic status. Not much is known about Elliot 's relationship or marital status.

Peaston
Peaston is a small settlement on the B6371 road in the parish of Ormiston in East Lothian, Scotland, about 14 miles (23 km) south-east of Edinburgh, 7 miles (11 km) south-west of Haddington, 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Ormiston and 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Pencaitland.

The Barony of Peaston was transferred from Pencaitland to Ormiston in 1648.

Peaston Smiddy, built in the 18th century, is on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland.
Arthur M. Wolfe
Arthur Michael "Art" Wolfe (29 April 1939 – 17 February 2014) was an American astrophysicist, professor and the former director of the Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. Together with Rainer K. Sachs, he authored the paper describing the Sachs-Wolfe effect.

The disc galaxy DLA0817g is nicknamed the Wolfe Disc in his honor.

Disc galaxy
A disc galaxy (or disk galaxy) is a galaxy characterized by a galactic disc. This is a flattened circular volume of stars that are mainly orbiting the galactic core in the same plane. These galaxies may or may not include a central non-disc-like region (a galactic bulge). They will typically have an orbiting mass of gas and dust in the same plane as the stars. Interactions with other nearby galaxies can perturb and stretch the galactic disk.

Disc galaxy types include:

Spiral galaxies:
Unbarred spiral galaxies: (types S, SA)
Barred spiral galaxies: (type SB)
Intermediate spiral galaxies: (type SAB)

Lenticular galaxies: (types E8, S0, SA0, SB0, SAB0)

Galaxies that are not disc types include:

Elliptical galaxies: (type dE)

Irregular galaxies: (type dI)
Life Hacks
Life Hacks (Chinese: 没那么简单) is a Mandarin-language variety show produced by Singapore's MediaCorp Channel 8. It is hosted by Kym Ng and Pornsak Prajakwit together with Henry Thia, Pan Lingling and Jeremy Chan. The show shares tips and tricks to make life easier and save money.

Channel 8 (Singaporean TV channel)
Channel 8 (Chinese: 8頻道) is a Singaporean Mandarin-language free-to-air terrestrial television channel in Singapore, owned by state media conglomerate Mediacorp. The channel broadcasts general entertainment and news programming in the Mandarin language, including original and imported programming.

The channel began a series of experimental broadcasts on 31 August 1963, and officially launched on 22 November 1963. As with its sister Channel 5, the channel initially aired programming in all four of Singapore's official languages, with Channel 8 initially having a particular focus on the Chinese and Tamil communities. In 1973, this scope was formalised, with Channel 8 primarily broadcasting Chinese and Tamil-language programmes. In compliance with the government's Speak Mandarin Campaign, Chinese programming on the channel later broadcast solely in Mandarin Chinese. In 1995, Tamil programmes moved to Prime 12, with Channel 8 focusing exclusively on Mandarin programming.
2001 Vuelta a Asturias
The 2001 Vuelta a Asturias was the 45th edition of the Vuelta a Asturias road cycling stage race, which was held from 15 May to 20 May 2001. The race started in Oviedo and finished at the Alto del Naranco. The race was won by Juan Carlos Domínguez of the iBanesto.com team.

Monte Naranco
Monte Naranco is a mountain in Oviedo, Spain. The church Santa María del Naranco is situated on its slopes. It is also known as the finishing line for the bicycle races Subida al Naranco and Vuelta a España.
McLaren MP4/13
The McLaren MP4/13 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1998 Formula One World Championship. The chassis was designed by Adrian Newey, Steve Nichols, Neil Oatley and Henri Durand, with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine. Driven by Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard, the MP4/13 proved to be the dominant car of the season, with Häkkinen winning eight races en route to his first Drivers' Championship, while McLaren won their first Constructors' Championship since 1991. Until 2024, this was the last McLaren Formula One car to win the Constructors' Championship and the last car to win  the Drivers' and Constructors' Championship double for the team until the MCL39 did so in 2025.

Mario Illien
Mario Illien (born 2 August 1949) is a Swiss engineer specialising in motorsport engine design and comes from Chur in the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. Despite living in a country in which motor racing was banned in 1955 (when Illien was six years old), he developed an interest in the sport during the 1960s while following the career of Jo Bonnier, a Swedish expatriate living in Switzerland.
Halabisah
Halabisah (also: Halabisa, Al-Halabsa, Halabsah, Al-Halabesa, Qaryat al Halabisah, Qaryat al Ḩalābisah) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate west of the city of Fallujah and south of the river Euphrates. The road of highways 10, 11, and 12 passes through the village.

In 2016, during the Siege of Fallujah, there was intense fighting in the area between the Iraqi army and  ISIL militants. On 11 May, coalition warplanes bombed the area resulting in the death of 8 militants. During the Third Battle of Fallujah, on 16 June, many ISIL militants fled to Halabisah area, where they were attacked by Iraqi army.

Highway 10 (Iraq)
Highway 10 is an Iraqi highway linking Baghdad to Amman. It extends from Al Rutbah to the Jordan frontier.

The United States invested in improvements to Highway 10 following its defeat of Saddam Hussein in 2003. By 2014, attacks on the road were so frequent that drivers called it the "highway through hell" and truckers using that route were paid three times the normal rate. In 2019, The Economist reported that the Iraqi army had recently secured Highway 10.
Deaths in July 2011
The following is a list of notable deaths in July 2011.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Baltimore Bullets (1944–1954)
The Baltimore Bullets were a professional basketball team based in Baltimore. The Bullets competed in the American Basketball League (1944–1947), the Basketball Association of America (1947–1949), and (following the BAA's merger with the National Basketball League) the National Basketball Association (1949–1954). On November 27, 1954, the team folded with a 3–11 record on the season, making the Bullets the last NBA franchise to fold. Out of all defunct NBA teams, the Bullets were members of the association for the longest time and the only defunct team to win a championship.

The Bullets name was revived in 1963, when the former Chicago Zephyrs relocated to Baltimore; even after these Bullets relocated to Washington in 1973, they kept their name for 24 more years until they were renamed the Wizards.
Azed
Azed is a crossword which appears every Sunday in The Observer newspaper. Since it first appeared in March 1972, every puzzle has been composed by Jonathan Crowther who also judges the monthly clue-writing competition. The pseudonym Azed is a reversal of (Fray Diego de) Deza, a Spanish inquisitor general. This combines the inquisitorial tradition of Torquemada and Ximenes (the two previous composers of the "advanced" Observer crossword) with the wordplay element of a British cryptic crossword.

It challenges its followers with a much higher proportion of obscure and archaic words and allusions to the Classics than would normally be found in a modern blocked puzzle, thus providing an extra aspect of difficulty for the seasoned cryptic solver.

The 2000th Azed puzzle was published on 26 September 2010. The 500th competition puzzle was published on 1 August 2010.

Diego de Deza
Diego de Deza y Tavera (1444 – 9 June 1523) was a theologian and inquisitor of Spain. He was one of the more notable figures in the Spanish Inquisition, and succeeded  Tomás de Torquemada to the post of Grand Inquisitor.
Thelymitra flexuosa
Thelymitra flexuosa, known as twisted sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to southern Australia. It has a single thin, wiry leaf and up to four cream-coloured to canary yellow flowers with four rows of short hairs on the back of the column. It is a common and widespread species, superficially similar to T. antennifera.

Column (botany)
The column, or technically the gynostemium, is a reproductive structure that can be found in several plant families: Aristolochiaceae, Orchidaceae, and Stylidiaceae.

It is derived from the fusion of both male and female parts (stamens and pistil) into a single organ. The top part of the column is formed by the anther, which is covered by an anther cap. This means that the style and stigma of the pistil, with the filaments  and one or more anthers, are all united.
Babe Lyon
George Cardinal "Babe" Lyon (March 30, 1907 – December 22, 1970) was a professional football player in the National Football League (NFL) and the second American Football League (AFL). Over the span of his career, Babe played for the New York Giants, Portsmouth Spartans, Cleveland Indians, Chicago Bears, Brooklyn Dodgers, and St. Louis Gunners of the NFL. He played again in 1936 for the Rochester Tigers of the AFL.

Portsmouth Spartans
The Portsmouth Spartans were a professional American football team that played in Portsmouth, Ohio, from their founding in 1928 to their relocation to Detroit in 1934. Originally drawing players from defunct independent professional and semi-professional teams, they joined the fledgling National Football League (NFL) in 1930. Their home stadium was Universal Stadium, known today as Spartan Municipal Stadium.

The team was sold to a new ownership group in 1934 and relocated to Detroit, where they became the Detroit Lions — a team which remains part of the NFL today.
Elk Park School
Elk Park School is a historic school building located at Elk Park, Avery County, North Carolina. It was built between 1935 and 1938 by the Works Progress Administration.  It is a one-story, E-shaped Rustic Revival-style stone building.  It measures 16 bays wide and has a large gymnasium ell.  A one-story, concrete block cafeteria addition was built in 1951.  
Scenes from the 1974 movie "Where The Lilies Bloom" were filmed in Elk Park School, and children from the elementary school appeared as extras in those scenes. 
It remained in use as a school until the end of the 20th century, then converted in 2004 to apartments.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

Avery County, North Carolina
Avery County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,806. The county seat is Newland. The county seat was initially established in Elk Park when the county was first formed, but was moved to Newland upon completion of the courthouse in 1912. Founded in 1911, it is the youngest of North Carolina's 100 counties.
Central State Marauders football
The Central State Marauders football team represents Central State University, located in Wilberforce, Ohio, in NCAA Division II college football. Under prior university names and nicknames, the team was previously known as the Wilberforce State Green Wave and the Central State Green Wave.

The Marauders, who began playing football in 1947, compete as members of the Great Midwest Athletic Conference.

Wilberforce, Ohio
Wilberforce is a census-designated place (CDP) in Greene County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,410 at the 2020 census. It is home to two historically black universities, Wilberforce University and Central State University.
Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar (born 22 March 1939), officially known as Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad, is an Indian Islamic scholar and the current Grand Mufti of India. He is General Secretary of the All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama (the Indian Muslim Scholars Association) and General Secretary of Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama of AP Sunnis.

Khaleej Times
Khaleej Times is a daily English language digital and multimedia news organization and daily newspaper published in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Launched on 16 April 1978, Khaleej Times is the UAE's longest-running English daily newspaper.
Auburn State Recreation Area
Auburn State Recreation Area is a state park unit of California, along 40 miles (64 km) of the North and Middle Forks of the American River. The state recreation area (SRA) is situated on the border of Placer and El Dorado Counties in the heart of historic Gold Country. The largest city with close proximity is the city of Auburn. Once teeming with gold mining activity, the area now offers a wide variety of outdoor recreational opportunities. Major recreational uses include trail running, hiking, swimming, boating, fishing, camping, mountain biking, gold panning, horseback riding, road bicycling, and off-highway motorcycle riding. Whitewater recreation is also very popular on both forks of the river, with Class II, III and IV runs. Auburn SRA is also known as the location of a number of endurance races that are hosted throughout the year.

Boating
Boating is the leisurely activity of travelling by boat, or the recreational use of a boat whether powerboats, sailboats, or man-powered vessels (such as rowing and paddle boats), focused on the travel itself, as well as sports activities, such as fishing or waterskiing. It is a popular activity, and there are millions of boaters worldwide.
James A. Scott
James A. "Jim" Scott (born January 14, 1942) is a former member of the Florida Senate and former member of the member of the Broward County Commission. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Scott was born in Pikeville, Kentucky. He attended the University of Kentucky, where he earned his BA and JD.

Scott was a founding partner of the Tripp Scott law firm and is Chairman Emeritus. The firm is associated with the Republican Party of Florida.

In 1976, Scott was elected to the Florida Senate. In 1994, he became President of the Florida Senate. He left the State Senate in 2000.

On December 12, 2000, Governor Jeb Bush appointed Scott to the Broward County Commission. He replaced Scott Cowan. His term expired on November 19, 2006, after he lost reelection to Ken Keechl.

After Mel Martínez resigned from the U.S. Senate in 2009, Governor Charlie Crist considered appointing Scott to fill the remainder of the vacancy. Ultimately, the position went to George LeMieux.

Pikeville, Kentucky
Pikeville (/ˈpaɪkvəl/) is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Pike County, Kentucky, United States. Its population was 7,754 as of the 2020 census. Pikeville serves as a regional economic, educational, and entertainment hub for the surrounding areas of eastern Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is home to the University of Pikeville and the Pikeville Cut-Through, the second-largest earthmoving project in the Western Hemisphere.
Jonathan Battishill
Jonathan Battishill (May 1738 – 10 December 1801) was an English composer, keyboard player, and concert tenor. He began his career as a composer writing theatre music but later devoted himself to working as an organist and composer for the Church of England. He is considered one of the outstanding 18th century English composers of church music and is best remembered today for his seven-part anthem Call to Remembrance, which has long survived in the repertoires of cathedral choirs.

Musical keyboard
A musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument. Keyboards typically contain keys for playing the twelve notes of the Western musical scale, with a combination of larger, longer keys and smaller, shorter keys that repeat at the interval of an octave. Pressing a key on the keyboard makes the instrument produce a sound—either by mechanically striking a string or tine (acoustic and electric piano, clavichord), plucking a string (harpsichord), causing air to flow through a pipe (pipe organ), striking a bell (carillon), or activating an electronic circuit (synthesizer, digital piano, electronic keyboard). Since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the piano keyboard or simply piano keys.
1993 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy
The 1993 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy was the 4th edition of the Hockey Champions Trophy for women, a field hockey tournament held every four years. It was held between 22 and 29 August 1993 in Amstelveen, Netherlands.

Australia won the tournament for the second consecutive time after defeating the Netherlands 4–2 in the final on penalty strokes after a 1–1 draw.

Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)
In field hockey, a penalty shootout is a method used to decide which team progresses to the next stage of a tournament (or wins the tournament) following a tied game. Two methods have been used: the original penalty stroke competition is a best-of-five penalty strokes with sudden death if scores were level after five strokes. An alternate penalty shoot-out competition was introduced at major tournaments in 2011. Sometimes known as a penalty shuffle, the method is similar to penalty shots in ice hockey and consists of one-on-ones between an attacking player and a goalkeeper. Up to 2013, up to two 7.5-minute golden goal periods were played first; that method ceased after.
Alexander Harman
Alexander M. Harman Jr. (1921 – October 31, 1996) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1969 to 1979.

Born in War, West Virginia in 1921, Harman attended Concord College in Athens, West Virginia.  He then entered Washington and Lee University Law School and, after graduation, was admitted to the bar in Virginia. In 1943, he started practice in Pulaski, Virginia.

In 1964, Harman was appointed a judge of the Twenty-First Judicial Circuit.  In August 1969, he was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia. Justice Harman resigned from the Supreme Court of Appeals on December 31, 1979.

Washington and Lee University
Washington and Lee University (Washington and Lee or W&L) is a private liberal arts college in Lexington, Virginia, United States. Established in 1749 as Augusta Academy, it is among the oldest institutions of higher learning in the US.

Washington and Lee's 325-acre campus sits at the edge of Lexington and abuts the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains. The institution consists of three academic units: the college itself; the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics; and the School of Law. It hosts 24 intercollegiate varsity athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA Division III).
Titus Julius Balbillus
Titus Julius Balbillus (flourished second half of the 2nd century and first half of the 3rd century) was an Emesene aristocrat from the Emesene dynasty in Roman Syria who served as a priest of the cult of Elagabalus (Latinized Aramaic name for the Syrian Sun God) in Rome during the reigns of the Severan emperors Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) and Caracalla (r. 211–217).

Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.

Following the partition of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea into a tetrarchy in 4 BC, it was gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with Roman Syria annexing Iturea and Trachonitis. By the late 2nd century AD, the province was divided into Coele Syria and Syria Phoenice.