hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن محمد السمري) was the last of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Al-Samarri in this role succeeded Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti in 937.

Al-Samarri is said to have received a letter from Muhammad al-Mahdi shortly before his death in 941 CE. The letter predicted the death of al-Samarri in six days and announced the beginning of the complete occultation, later called the Major Occultation, which continues to this day. The letter, ascribed to Muhammad al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny.

Al-Mutawakkil
Ja'far ibn Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Mutawakkil ʿalā Allāh (Arabic: جعفر بن محمد بن هارون, romanized: Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn Hārūn); March 822 – 11 December 861, commonly known by his regnal name al-Mutawwakil ala Allah (Arabic: المتوكل على الله, romanized: al-Mutawakkil ʿalā Allāh, lit. 'He who relies on God'), was the tenth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 847 until his assassination in 861. He succeeded his brother, al-Wathiq (r. 842–847), and is known for expanding the empire to its maximum extent. He was deeply religious, and is remembered for discarding the Muʿtazila, ending the Mihna (a period of persecution of Islamic scholars), and releasing Ahmad ibn Hanbal. He is also known for his tough rule, especially with respect to non-Muslim subjects.

He was assassinated on 11 December 861 by the Turkic guard with the support of his son, al-Muntasir, marking the beginning of the period of civil strife known as the "Anarchy at Samarra".
Log management
Log management is the process for generating, transmitting, storing, accessing, and disposing of log data. A log data (or logs) is composed of entries (records), and each entry contains information related to a specific event that occur within an organization's computing assets, including physical and virtual platforms, networks, services, and cloud environments.

The process of log management generally breaks down into:

Log collection - a process of capturing actual data from log files, application standard output stream (stdout), network socket and other sources.

Logs aggregation (centralization) - a process of putting all the log data together in a single place for the sake of further analysis or/and retention.

Log storage and retention - a process of handling large volumes of log data according to corporate or regulatory policies (compliance).

Log analysis - a process that helps operations and security team to handle system performance issues and security incidents

Standard streams
In computer programming, standard streams are preconnected input and output communication channels between a computer program and its environment when it begins execution. The three input/output (I/O) connections are called standard input (stdin), standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr). Originally I/O happened via a physically connected system console (input via keyboard, output via monitor), but standard streams abstract this. When a command is executed via an interactive shell, the streams are typically connected to the text terminal on which the shell is running, but can be changed with redirection or a pipeline. More generally, a child process inherits the standard streams of its parent process.
Stig Abrahamsen
Stig Atle Abrahamsen (born 27 March 1987) is a Norwegian politician for the Progress Party (FrP).

Abrahamsen hails from Strusshamn. He first became a deputy member of the municipal council of Askøy Municipality in the 2007 Norwegian local elections, aged 20. He was a member from 2011 and re-elected on three straight occasions; from 2023 he was also a member of Hordaland county council. He was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Hordaland for the terms 2017–2021 and 2021–2025.

Strusshamn
Strusshamn is an urban village in Askøy Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village lies along the Byfjorden on the southern coast of the island of Askøy, just west of the large urban village of Kleppestø. Strusshamn is one of the cultural centers of the municipality, and it is the site of the main church for the municipality, Strusshamn Church.

The village is part of the urban area known as Askøy which covers most of the southern part of the island of Askøy. Statistics Norway tracks data for Askøy, but it does not separately track the population statistics for this village area. The population of the whole Askøy urban area (in 2025) was 24,660.
John Regehr
John Regehr is a computer scientist specializing in compiler correctness and undefined behavior. As of 2016, he is a professor at the University of Utah. He is best known for the integer overflow sanitizer which was merged into the Clang C compiler, the C compiler fuzzer Csmith, and his widely read blog Embedded in Academia. He spent the 2015-2016 academic year on sabbatical in Paris, France, working with TrustInSoft on Frama-C and related code analysis tools.

Csmith
Csmith is a test case generation tool. It can generate random C programs that statically and dynamically conform to the C99 standard. It is used for stress-testing compilers, static analyzers, and other tools that process C code. It is a free, open source, permissively licensed C compiler fuzzer developed by researchers at the University of Utah. It was previously called Randprog.
2023 Africa Cup of Nations Group D
Group D of the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations took place from 15 to 23 January 2024. The group consisted of Algeria, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and Angola.

Angola and Burkina Faso as the top two teams, along with Mauritania as one of the four best third-placed teams, advanced to the round of 16.

Aboubakary Koïta
Aboubakary Yeli Koïta (born 20 September 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Greek Super League club AEK Athens. Born in Senegal into a family of Mauritanian origin, he plays for the Mauritania national team.
Merve
Merve is a feminine Turkish given name of Arabic origin. It originates from the Arabic female name Marwa.
It has two meanings:

Pebble

One of the two sacred hills in Mecca, Saudi Arabia between which Muslims travel back and forth seven times as part of the ritual pilgrimages. Merve is mentioned in sura of Bakara, verse 158.

According to the General Directorate of Civil Registration and Nationality of Turkey, Merve was the most popular female name between 1991 and 2000.

Marwa (name)
Marwa or Marwah (Arabic: مروة) is an Arabic female given name derived from the word marū/maruw (مرو) with the meaning of either minerals, 'flint(-stone)', 'quartz' or 'a hard stone of nearly pure silica'. However, the Arabic name for quartz is ṣawwān (صَوَّان).

The name is written Marva in the Persian form. During the Ottoman Period, the name was written Mervat (Ottoman Turkish: مرفت) or Marwa (Ottoman Turkish: مروا), or Merve in the modern Turkish form.

For the Kuria people, Marwa is used as a masculine name, reserved for the firstborn male in a family, along with names Chacha or Mwita.  Firstborn girls are called either Bhoke, Robi, or Gati.

The male variant of this given name is Marwan. Marwa is also a surname.
Mankachar Assembly constituency
Mankachar Assembly constituency is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of Assam, a north-east state of India. It is also part of the Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency. This constituency was renamed from Salmara South in 2023.

Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency
Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India. Dhubri consists of 11 assembly segments of Lower Assam, covering all of South Salmara-Mankachar District and Dhubri districts parts of Goalpara district parts of Bongaigaon district and parts of Barpeta district. With an estimated population of 5 million residents Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency has 2.6 million registered voters. Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency is the most populated constituency in the entire North-East region of India.
Sendai Umino-Mori Aquarium
Sendai Umino-Mori Aquarium (仙台うみの杜水族館, Sendai Umino-Mori Suizokukan; lit. 'Sendai Ocean's Forest Aquarium') is a public aquarium located in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It opened in 2015 as a successor to the Marinepia Matsushima Aquarium, which had been open for 88 years.

Public aquarium
A public aquarium (pl. aquaria; or public water zoo) is the aquatic equivalent of a zoo, which houses living aquatic animal and plant specimens for public viewing. Most public aquariums feature tanks larger than those kept by home aquarists, as well as smaller tanks.

Since the first public aquariums were built in the mid-19th century, they have become popular and their numbers have increased. Most modern accredited aquariums stress conservation issues and educating the public.
Reichenbach (surname)
Reichenbach is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bernhard Reichenbach (1888–1975), German communist

Carl Reichenbach (1788–1869), chemist and metaphysician, studied mesmerism and somnambulism

Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach (1871–1952), German paleontologist

François Reichenbach (1921–1993), French filmmaker

Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach (1771–1826), astronomical instrument maker

Harry Reichenbach (1882–1931), American press agent and publicist

Hans Reichenbach (1891–1953), philosopher and linguist

Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach (1793–1879), German botanist and ornithologist

Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach (1823–1889), German botanist

Klaus Reichenbach (born 1945), German politician

Ted Ryko (Edward Reichenbach) (1892–1968), Australian cyclist and photographer

Sébastien Reichenbach (born 1989), Swiss cyclist

Harry Reichenbach
Harry Reichenbach (1882 – 1931) was an American press agent and publicist who staged sensational publicity stunts to promote films. He was one of the founding members of the Associated Motion Picture Advertisers.
Misha B
Misha Amber Bryan (born 10 February 1992), known by her stage name Misha B, is a British singer. She rose to notability as a finalist on the eighth series of The X Factor in 2011, where she finished in fourth place. Several publications have praised her use of rap-singing.

In April 2012, Misha B released a free mixtape entitled Why Hello World; it contained a sample of her debut single "Home Run", which charted at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart in July. Misha B released "Do You Think of Me" on 4 November 2012, which reached number 9 on the UK Singles Chart. In Autumn 2012, she supported American rapper Nicki Minaj on the United Kingdom leg of her Pink Friday: Reloaded Tour and was nominated as Best Newcomer at the MOBO Awards. In 2013, she released her second mixtape Knock Knock and her third single "Here's to Everything (Ooh La La)" which peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart. Misha B is a joint patron of the UK's annual National Diversity Awards.

BBC Radio 1Xtra
BBC Radio 1Xtra is a British digital radio station owned and operated by the BBC. It broadcasts Black music and urban genres, and is a sister station to Radio 1. Launching at 18:00 on 16 August 2002, it had been code named "Network X" during the consultation period. At the time, the station was listed as "1 Xtra BBC" on many electronic programming guides.  The station broadcasts mostly from the 8th floor of Broadcasting House, shared with Radio 1, Radio 2 and 6 Music.

According to RAJAR, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 786,000 with a listening share of 0.3% as of March 2024.
Inexact differential
An inexact differential or imperfect differential is a differential whose integral is path dependent. It is most often used in thermodynamics to express changes in path dependent quantities such as heat and work, but is defined more generally within mathematics as a type of differential form. In contrast, an integral of an exact differential is always path independent since the integral acts to invert the differential operator. Consequently, a quantity with an inexact differential cannot be expressed as a function of only the variables within the differential. I.e., its value cannot be inferred just by looking at the initial and final states of a given system. Inexact differentials are primarily used in calculations involving heat and work because they are path functions, not state functions.

D with stroke
Đ (lowercase: đ, Latin alphabet), known as crossed D or dyet, is a letter formed from the base character D/d overlaid with a crossbar. Crossing was used to create eth (ð), but eth has an uncial as its base whereas đ is based on the straight-backed roman d, like in the Sámi languages and  Vietnamese. Crossed d is a letter in the alphabets of several languages and is used in linguistics as a voiced dental fricative.
Marangis language
Marangis a.k.a. Watam is a Ramu language of Papua New Guinea. Like Bosmun, it shares a number of irregular plural markers with the Lower Sepik languages, supporting the proposal of a Ramu – Lower Sepik language family.

It is spoken in the two villages of:

Watam village, Marienberg Rural LLG, East Sepik Province (3°54′24″S 144°32′43″E﻿ / ﻿3.906592°S 144.545246°E﻿ / -3.906592; 144.545246﻿ (Watam))

Marangis village, Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province (4°00′51″S 144°36′20″E﻿ / ﻿4.014075°S 144.605629°E﻿ / -4.014075; 144.605629﻿ (Marangis))

East Sepik Province
East Sepik is a province in Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Wewak. East Sepik has an estimated population of 450,530 people (2011 census) and is 43,426 km square in size. Its density is 10.4 people per square kilometer.
Common emitter
In electronics, a common-emitter amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage amplifier. It offers high current gain (typically 200), medium input resistance and a high output resistance. The output of a common emitter amplifier is inverted; i.e. for a sine wave input signal, the output signal is 180 degrees out of phase with respect to the input.

In this circuit, the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the collector is the output, and the emitter is common to both (for example, it may be tied to ground reference or a power supply rail), hence its name. The analogous FET circuit is the common-source amplifier, and the analogous tube circuit is the common-cathode amplifier.

Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types: junction FET (JFET) and metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET). FETs have three terminals: source, gate, and drain. FETs control the current by the application of a voltage to the gate, which in turn alters the conductivity between the drain and source.

FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. That is, FETs use either electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-channel) as charge carriers in their operation, but not both. Many different types of field-effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The most widely used field-effect transistor is the MOSFET.
Garden City, Kansas
Garden City is a city in and the county seat of Finney County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 28,151.  The city is home to Garden City Community College and the Lee Richardson Zoo, the largest zoological park in western Kansas.

National Old Trails Road
National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, was established in 1912, and became part of the National Auto Trail system in the United States. It was 3,096 miles (4,983 km) long and stretched from Baltimore, Maryland (some old maps indicate New York City was the actual eastern terminus) to California. Much of the route follows the old National Road in the east and the Santa Fe Trail in the west. Following its decommission, the western portion was later integrated into U.S. Route 66.
Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan
Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan (5 January 1905 – 22 June 1988) was an Indian Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller and a prolific writer. He is considered one of the great activists of Buddhism of the 20th century. He was influenced by the Buddhist scholar and social reformer Rahul Sankrityayan and B. R. Ambedkar.

Social reformers of India
Social reformers are individuals who actively challenge and seek to change societal norms and structures that perpetuate inequality and injustice. Their work addresses systemic issues such as caste discrimination, gender bias, economic disparity, and access to education and healthcare. By advocating for the rights of marginalized communities, social reformers aim to dismantle oppressive practices and create a more just and equitable society.

Throughout history, social reformers have emerged in various cultural and political contexts, often using grassroots activism, legal reforms, and public advocacy to drive change. Their contributions not only highlight the struggles of disadvantaged groups but also inspire collective action and awareness about social issues.
Mobil 1 The Grid
Mobil 1 The Grid is a motorsport magazine show, which is aired worldwide by more than 130 broadcasters each month, including CBS Sports Network in North America, beIN Sports, Fox Sports (Australia) and CNBC Globally.

The show is narrated by Eddy Temple-Morris, John Hindhaugh and Charlie Brougham, and supported by lubricant Mobil 1.  It is produced by Sunset + Vine.  The show first aired in March 2009, with 26 weekly shows during the first year. In 2022, the show is in its 14th season with 10 episodes annually supported by exclusive online features across social media platforms.

BeIN Sports
beIN Sports (/ˈbiːɪn/ BEE-in) is a Qatari multinational network of sports channels owned and operated by the media group beIN. The network has played a major role in the increased commercialization of Qatari sports. Its chairman is Nasser Al-Khelaifi, and its CEO is Yousef Obaidly.

beIN Sports is the dominant television sports channel in the MENA region. It also operates channels in France, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, Hong Kong, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand.
Tennessee State Route 209
State Route 209 (SR 209) is a 17.5-mile-long (28.2 km) state highway in Lauderdale County in the western portion of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It connects US 51 with the cities and towns of Henning, Ripley and Gates and, via SR 88, Halls.

Halls, Tennessee
Halls is a town in Lauderdale County, Tennessee, United States. As of the 2020 census, Halls had a population of 2,091.

The town was founded in 1882 as a railroad station stop. It is named after Hansford R. Hall, one of the founders. Among the early business ventures were sawmills and cotton gins, founded in the 1880s to process local lumber and cotton.
Bougainvillia superciliaris
Bougainvillia superciliaris is a marine invertebrate, a species of athecate hydroid. It belongs to the Bougainvillidae family. It can be confused with Rathkea octopunctata, but differs from it in four bundles of tentacles of the outer circle.

Hydrozoa
Hydrozoa (hydrozoans; from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) 'water' and ζώα (zóa) 'animals') is a taxonomic class of individually very small, predatory animals, some solitary and some colonial, most of which inhabit saline water. The colonies of the colonial species can be large, and in some cases the specialized individual animals cannot survive outside the colony. A few genera within this class live in freshwater habitats. Hydrozoans are related to jellyfish and corals, which also belong to the phylum Cnidaria.

Some examples of hydrozoans are the freshwater jelly (Craspedacusta sowerbyi), freshwater polyps (Hydra), Obelia, Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), chondrophores (Porpitidae), and pink-hearted hydroids (Tubularia).
Richie Porte
Richard Julian Porte (born 30 January 1985) is an Australian former professional road bicycle racer who competed as a professional from 2008 to 2022. His successes include wins at 8 World Tour stage races: Paris–Nice in 2013 and 2015, the Volta a Catalunya in 2015, the Tour de Romandie in 2017, the Tour Down Under in 2017 and 2020, the Tour de Suisse in 2018 and the Critérium du Dauphiné in 2021. In Grand Tours, he won the young rider classification at the 2010 Giro d'Italia, his first year at UCI ProTour level, and finished on the podium of the 2020 Tour de France, but was also frequently hit by illnesses and injuries.

UCI World Tour
The UCI WorldTour is the premier men's elite road cycling tour, sitting above the UCI ProSeries and various regional UCI Continental Circuits. It refers to both the tour of 38 events and, until 2019, an annual ranking system  based upon performances in these. The World Ranking was launched in 2009, (known from 2009–2010 as the UCI World Ranking) and merged fully with its predecessor the UCI ProTour in 2011. UCI WorldTeams must compete at all events that were part of the tour prior to the 2017 expansion.
Ahmaad Rorie
Ahmaad Rorie (born January 1, 1996) is an American basketball player for Igokea m:tel of the Bosnian League and the ABA League.

Born and raised in Tacoma, Washington, Rorie played high school basketball at both Clover Park and Lincoln High School. After one year with Oregon and three years at Montana Rorie entered the 2019 NBA draft but was not selected in the draft's two rounds.

Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the top–tier men's professional basketball league in Bosnia and Herzegovina for men and women, respectively. The league is operated by the Basketball Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
XIII Venice Challenge Save Cup – Doubles
Pablo Cuevas and Horacio Zeballos were the defending champions, but they decided not to participate this year.

Flavio Cipolla and Potito Starace won the tournament, defeating Facundo Bagnis and Sergio Galdós in the final.

Pablo Cuevas
Pablo Gabriel Cuevas Urroz (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpaβlo ˈkweβas]; born 1 January 1986) is a Uruguayan tennis coach and a former professional player. Cuevas won the 2008 French Open men's doubles title with Luis Horna, and was especially noted throughout his career for spectacular trickshots.

Cuevas won six singles titles and had a career-high singles ranking of world No. 19, achieved in August 2016. His career-high doubles ranking was No. 14, achieved in April 2009.

In September 2019, Cuevas led the Uruguayan Davis Cup team to a victory over the Dominican Republic, winning entry into the highest Davis Cup tier, the World Group.
Peggy Levitt
Peggy Levitt (born September 20, 1957) is an American sociologist and professor. She is the Mildred Lane Kemper Chair of Sociology at Wellesley College and a co-founder of the Global (De)Centre. Her latest book, Transnational Social Protection: Social Welfare Across National Borders (co-authored with Erica Dobbs, Ken Sun, and Ruxandra Paul) was published by Oxford University Press in 2023. Her current book project, Move Over, Mona Lisa. Move Over, Jane Eyre: Making the World's Universities, Museums, and Libraries More Welcoming to Everyone will be published by Stanford University Press. Levitt writes regularly about globalization, arts and culture, immigration, and religion.

International Journal of Cultural Policy
International Journal of Cultural Policy is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering interdisciplinary research on the meaning, function and impact of cultural policies. The journal is published by Routledge and the editor-in-chief is Oliver Bennett.

The International Conference on Cultural Policy Research, a biannual research conference, is organised in association with the International Journal of Cultural Policy. The journal currently has an impact factor of 1.3 and is classified as a Q1 journal as of 2023.