hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zhang Qing (Gardener)
Zhang Qing is a fictional character in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels in Chinese literature. Nicknamed "Gardener", he ranks 102nd among the 108 Stars of Destiny and 66th among the 72 Earthly Fiends.

Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and begins with the earliest recorded inscriptions, court archives, building to the major works of philosophy and history written during the Axial Age. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties were considered golden ages of poetry, while the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) were notable for their lyrics (ci), essays, dramas, and plays. During the Ming and Qing, mature novels were written in written vernacular Chinese, an evolution from the preeminence of Literary Chinese patterned off the language of the Chinese classics. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. Around the turn of the 20th century, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of vernacular Chinese literature.
Lydia Chukovskaya
Lydia Korneyevna Chukovskaya (Russian: Ли́дия Корне́евна Чуко́вская, IPA: [ˈlʲidʲɪjə kɐrˈnʲejɪvnə tɕʊˈkofskəjə] ⓘ; 24 March [O.S. 11 March] 1907 –  February 7, 1996) was a Soviet and Russian writer, poet, editor, publicist, memoirist and dissident. Her deeply personal writings reflect the human cost of Soviet repression, and she devoted much of her career to defending dissidents such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov. The daughter of the celebrated children's writer Korney Chukovsky, she was wife of scientist Matvei Bronstein, and a close associate and chronicler of the poet Anna Akhmatova.

She was the first recipient, in 1990, of the new Andrei Sakharov Prize for Writer's Civic Courage.

Publicist
A publicist is a person whose job is to generate and manage publicity for a company, a brand, or public figure – especially a celebrity – or for work or a project such as a book, film, or album. Publicists are public relations specialists who maintain and represent the images of individuals, rather than representing an entire corporation or business. Publicists are also hired by public figures who want to maintain or protect their image. Publicists brand their clients by getting magazine, TV, newspaper, and website coverage. Most top-level publicists work in private practice, handling multiple clients.

The term publicist was coined by the legal scholar Francis Lieber to describe the engagement of internationalists with the public during the late nineteenth century. Publicists are sometimes called flacks, a term that traces back to Gene Flack, who was a well-known movie publicist in the 1930s.
Mackie's
Mackie's Limited, trading as Mackie's of Scotland, is a Scottish ice cream and confectionery manufacturer based in Rothienorman, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was founded in 1912 as a dairy farm but diversified into the manufacture of ice cream in 1986, before selling the milk retail business to Robert Wiseman during 1997.

In 2009 a partnership was formed with a Tayside potato farming family, the Taylors, to produce crisps, marketed under the name of Mackie's at Taypack. In 2022, the Taylor family purchased Mackie's shares in the crisp business. The manufacture of chocolate on the Mackie farm in Aberdeenshire began in 2014.

Rothienorman
Rothienorman is a village in Aberdeenshire in north east Scotland. In 2025 it was classified as a town by the Understanding Scottish Places project, based on population growth.

The local economy has traditionally been based on farming.
Durga Murmu
Durga Murmu is an Indian politician. He was elected to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Phansidewa as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He defeated Choton Kisku of All India Trinamool Congress by 27,711 votes in 2021 West Bengal Assembly election.

Trinamool Congress
The Trinamool Congress (TMC; transl. Grassroots Congress), officially All India Trinamool Congress, is an Indian political party that is mainly influential in the state of West Bengal. It was founded by Mamata Banerjee on 1 January 1998 as a breakaway faction of the Indian National Congress and rapidly rose to prominence in the politics of West Bengal under her leadership. Presently, it is ruling the state of West Bengal beside being the third-largest party in India in terms of number of MPs just after the Bharatiya Janata Party and National Congress.

The party won a historic victory in the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election by ending the 34-year-long Left Front rule, world's longest democratically elected communist government. It has won a three-time majority in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly and has been the ruling party in West Bengal since 20 May 2011. AITC is led by Mamata Banerjee as the chairperson of the party.
Amolops archotaphus
Amolops archotaphus, also known as the Doi Inthanon rock frog (Doi Inthanon mountain  being its type locality), is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Chiang Mai Province in northwestern Thailand, although its range might extend into adjacent eastern Myanmar. Earlier records from Laos have been described as a separate species, Amolops compotrix. Amolops archotaphus itself was "hidden" as a cryptic species within the "Odorrana livida complex" until 1997, and was reassigned to Amolops in 2008.

Amolops archotaphus is known from near small waterfalls at elevations of 1,100–1,800 m (3,600–5,900 ft) above sea level. It is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, particularly agriculture, development of infrastructure, logging and water pollution. The Doi Inthanon population is protected by the Doi Inthanon National Park.

Doi Inthanon National Park
Doi Inthanon National Park (Thai: อุทยานแห่งชาติดอยอินทนนท์), nicknamed "the roof of Thailand", is a national park in the Thanon Thong Chai Range, Chom Thong District, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. It includes Doi Inthanon, the country's highest mountain culminating at 2,565 m and also the Doi Hua Mot Luang at 2,330 m. It contains an area of 301,184 rai ~ 482 square kilometres (186 sq mi) in size.
Naughton and Gold
Naughton and Gold were a comedy double act, consisting of Charlie Naughton and Jimmy Gold.

They started in the British Music Halls in 1908, and were still together as part of The Crazy Gang in 1962, becoming the longest period of two British comedians being in the same act. Both had Scottish accents and their act was fast but rather basic comedy.

Charlie Naughton, who was the bald one, was the butt of most of the physical comedy of the Crazy Gang.

Double act
A double act (also known as a comedy duo) is a form of comedy originating in the British music hall tradition, and American vaudeville, in which two comedians perform together as a single act, often highlighting differences in their characters' personalities. Pairings are typically long-term, in some cases for the artists' entire careers. Double acts perform on the stage, television and film.

The format is particularly popular in the United Kingdom where successful acts have included Peter Cook and Dudley Moore (Cook's deadpan delivery contrasted with Moore's buffoonery), Flanagan and Allen, Morecambe and Wise, The Two Ronnies, and French and Saunders, Armstrong and Miller, and Mitchell and Webb. The tradition is also present in the United States with acts like Wheeler & Woolsey, Abbott and Costello, Gallagher and Shean, Burns and Allen, Olsen and Johnson and Lyons and Yosco. The British-American comedy double act Laurel and Hardy has been described as the most popular in the world.
HMCS Border Cities
HMCS Border Cities was an Algerine-class minesweeper that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. The ship served as a convoy escort in the Battle of the Atlantic. After the war she was discarded and broken up. The ship was named for Windsor, Ontario but due to conflicts with other ships with that name, the actual name of the ship was chosen to commemorate the city, instead of naming it directly.

Border Cities was ordered 12 December 1941. The vessel was laid down on 26 August 1942 by Port Arthur Shipbuilding Company Ltd. at Port Arthur, Ontario and launched 3 May 1943. The ship was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy on 18 May 1944 at Port Arthur.

Port Arthur, Ontario
Port Arthur was a city in Northern Ontario, Canada, located on Lake Superior. In January 1970, it was amalgamated with Fort William and the townships of Neebing and McIntyre to form the city of Thunder Bay.

Port Arthur became the district seat of Thunder Bay District with the appointment in June 1871 of Delevan Decatur Van Norman as the district's first stipendiary magistrate. It is historically notable as a temporary (1882–1885) eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). It served as a major transshipment point for lakers that carried cargo to Port Arthur from across the Great Lakes. CPR's completion to the east did little to affect the city's importance for shipping; the Canadian Northern Railway was constructed to serve the port, and it built numerous grain silos to supply lakers. This rail and grain trade diminished in the latter half of the 20th century.
Saint-Savin, Hautes-Pyrénées
Saint-Savin (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ savɛ̃]; Gascon: Sent Savin) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department, and the Occitanie region, in south-western France. 
The community was founded in the fourth century as a Benedictine abbey under the protection of St. Martin.

The inhabitants (gentilés) of Saint-Savin are called “Saint-Savinois”.

One of the best places to view Saint-Savin is from the sixteenth-century chapel, Notre Dame de Piétat.

Hautes-Pyrénées
Hautes-Pyrénées (French pronunciation: [ot piʁene] ⓘ; Gascon/Occitan: Nauts Pirenèus / Hauts Pirenèus ['awts piɾeˈnɛʊs]; Spanish: Altos Pirineos; Catalan: Alts Pirineus ['alts piɾiˈneʊs]; ) is a department in the region of Occitania, southwestern France. The department is bordered by Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the west, Gers to the north, Haute-Garonne to the east, as well by the Spanish province of Huesca in the autonomous community of Aragon to the south. In 2019, its population was 229,567; its prefecture is Tarbes. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range.
Kaiser Wilhelm Society
The Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften) was a German scientific institution established in the German Empire in 1911. Its functions were taken over by the Max Planck Society. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society was an umbrella organisation for many institutes, testing stations, and research units created under its authority.

Carl Bosch
Carl Bosch (German pronunciation: [kaʁl ˈbɔʃ] ⓘ; 27 August 1874 – 26 April 1940) was a German chemist and engineer and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry. He was a pioneer in the field of high-pressure industrial chemistry and founder of IG Farben, at one point the world's largest chemical company.

He also developed the Haber–Bosch process, important for the large-scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosives. It is estimated that one-third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process, and that this supports nearly half of the world's population. In addition, he co-developed the so-called Bosch-Meiser process for the industrial production of urea.
Cama (animal)
A cama is a domestic hybrid between a male dromedary camel and a female llama, and has been produced via artificial insemination at the Camel Reproduction Centre in Dubai. The first cama was born on January 14, 1998. The aim was to create an animal capable of higher wool production than the llama, with the size and strength of a camel and a cooperative temperament.

Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. It is a fertility treatment for humans, and is a common practice in animal breeding, including cattle (see frozen bovine semen) and pigs.

Artificial insemination may employ assisted reproductive technology, sperm donation and animal husbandry techniques. Artificial insemination techniques available include intracervical insemination (ICI) and intrauterine insemination (IUI). Where gametes from a third party are used, the procedure may be known as 'assisted insemination'.
Colin Mayer
Colin Peter Mayer CBE FBA was the Peter Moores Professor of Management Studies at the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford.  He was the Peter Moores Dean of the Saïd Business School between 2006 and 2011.  He is a fellow of the British Academy, a fellow of the European Corporate Governance Institute, a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and a research fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research.  He is a professorial fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, an honorary fellow of St. Anne's College, Oxford, and an honorary fellow of Oriel College, Oxford.  He is an ordinary member of the Competition Appeal Tribunal  and was a member of the UK government Natural Capital Committee. 
Over the last decade he has made the case against narrow shareholder value maximization by business firms and instead promoted the broader view of business purpose to promote economic and social well-being.

Shareholder value
Shareholder value is a business term, sometimes phrased as shareholder value maximization. The term expresses the idea that the primary goal for a business is to increase the wealth of its shareholders (owners) by paying dividends and/or causing the company's stock price to increase. It became a prominent idea during the 1980s and 1990s, along with the management principle value-based management or managing for value.
Christopher Gillberg
Lars Christopher Gillberg (born 19 April 1950) is a professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Gothenburg in Gothenburg, Sweden. He has been a visiting professor at the universities of Bergen, New York, Odense, St George's (University of London), San Francisco, Glasgow, and Strathclyde. Gillberg is the founding editor of the journal European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.

Glasgow Caledonian University
Glasgow Caledonian University (abbreviated GCU; Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Chailleannach Ghlaschu), is a public university in Glasgow, Scotland. It was formed in 1993 by the merger of The Queen's College, Glasgow (founded in 1875) and Glasgow Polytechnic (originally Glasgow College of Technology (GCT), founded in 1971).

It is located in the Cowcaddens district, just to the immediate north of the city centre, and is Glasgow's third university, after the University of Glasgow and the University of Strathclyde.
Rufina Isakova
Rufina Afanasyevna Isakova (23 June 1924 - 2016) was a Soviet and Kazakh scientist, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1971), professor (1971), academic of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (2003), and an Honored Scientist of the Kazakh SSR (1977).

Doctor of Sciences
A Doctor of Sciences is a higher doctoral degree that was awarded in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and many Commonwealth of Independent States countries. It is currently awarded in some post-soviet nations, particularly Russia and Belarus. One of the prerequisites for receiving a Doctor of Sciences degree is obtaining a PhD-equivalent Candidate of Sciences degree. In addition, the Doctor of Sciences conferral also requires applicants to demonstrate significant and outstanding contributions to their research field. This degree is generally regarded as recognition for a lifetime of academic achievements rather than an ordinary academic degree achieved through courses and theses.
Slip Slidin' Away
"Slip Slidin' Away" is a 1977 song written and recorded by Paul Simon which appears on his compilation album Greatest Hits, Etc.  It was one of two new songs to appear on the album, the other being "Stranded in a Limousine".  Backing vocals on the song are provided by the Oak Ridge Boys. A demo version appears on the 2004 re-issue of the album. The song was also included on Negotiations and Love Songs (1988).

Billboard found the melody to be "catchy" and the lyrics to be "sensitive, thoughtful, melancholic and evocative". Cash Box said that "the emotionally complex lyric works around the title, which serves as the song's memorable chorus line." Record World said that it "shows [Simon's] perception of adult problems and relationships to be undimmed".

"Slip Slidin' Away" was released as a single in October 1977 and became a major hit, peaking at No. 5 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. The song was regularly performed at both Simon's solo concerts and Simon & Garfunkel concerts.

Negotiations and Love Songs
Negotiations and Love Songs is a compilation album of songs by the American singer-songwriter Paul Simon, released in 1988 by Warner Bros. Records. It consists of songs released from 1971 to 1986. The title of the compilation is taken from a line in the song "Train in the Distance".
Kirkwood, Tehama County, California
39°51′19″N 122°09′43″W﻿ / ﻿39.85528°N 122.16194°W﻿ / 39.85528; -122.16194

Kirkwood was a town in Tehama County, California, which survives only as the Kirkwood school district and Kirkwood cemetery today.
It once had a post office and school, and a railway station.
The town was not named Kirkwood (after Samuel J. Kirkwood) until the railway arrived; the school originally having been named Montgomery School and the property owned by postmaster William Wallace Watkins.
The town grew up around the railway station.

The Methodist church in the town was built on donated land in 1888, however the landowner claimed that because there was no deed, he in fact owned the church, and the churchpeople would have to pay off a mortgage.
In response, overnight, when the landowner was away, several community members put log rollers under the church and moved it to another, nearby, lot.

Kirkwood was also the location of one of Edgar J. De Pue's 15 warehouses in California.

Samuel J. Kirkwood
Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (December 20, 1813 – September 1, 1894) was an American politician who twice served as governor of Iowa, twice as a U.S. Senator from Iowa, and as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior.
Bailey Review
The Bailey Review (titled "Letting Children Be Children") was an inquiry into what was described as "the commercialisation and sexualisation of childhood". It was commissioned by the UK Coalition government in response to the manifesto commitments of the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties in the 2010 general election. The Coalition believed that children in the UK were "being pressured to grow up too quickly", and sought recommendations on how to address what they perceived as public concern about this. On 6 December 2010 Michael Gove, Secretary of State for Education, appointed Reg Bailey CBE, Chief Executive of the Mothers’ Union (which had previously launched the "Bye Buy Childhood" report and campaign on the issue) to lead the Review. The results were published on 6 June 2011.

Secretary of State for Education
The secretary of state for education, also referred to as the education secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for the work of the Department for Education, mainly overseeing education in England. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. As education is fully devolved to the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive, the post holder has no jurisdiction or influence in education policy or direction in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.

The office holder works alongside the other Education ministers. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow secretary of state for education, and the work of the secretary of state is also scrutinised by the Education Select Committee.

The current education secretary is Bridget Phillipson.
2014–15 Welsh Alliance League
The 2014–15 Welsh Alliance League, known as the Lock Stock Welsh Alliance League for sponsorship reasons, is the 31st season of the Welsh Alliance League, which consists of two divisions: the third and fourth levels of the Welsh football pyramid.

There are fourteen teams in Division 1 and sixteen teams in Division 2, with the champions of Division 1 promoted to the Cymru Alliance. In Division 2, the champions, second place and third place teams are promoted to Division 1.

The season began on 9 August 2014 and concluded on 4 May 2015 with Holywell Town as Division 1 champions. In Division 2, St Asaph City were champions with Llangefni Town and Trearddur Bay finishing second and third place, respectively. All three teams were promoted to Division 1.

Cymru Alliance
The Cymru Alliance League (known for sponsorship reasons as Huws Gray Alliance) was a football league in north and central Wales which formed the second level of the Welsh football league system. From the 2019/20 season onwards, it was replaced by the Cymru North.

If the team which finished top of the league held a Domestic Licence, it could apply for promotion to the Welsh Premier League and was replaced by one of the bottom two teams in the Welsh Premier League.

If the league champions did not hold a Domestic Licence, then the team which finished second, if in possession of a Domestic Licence, could be promoted instead. The most successful club in the league was Caernarfon Town with three titles.

The Cymru Alliance also operated the Cymru Alliance League Cup, a knock out competition contested by members of the league

The teams also participated in Welsh Cup, the main Cup competition in Wales.
Tim Clark (physician)
Tim Clark FRCP (1935 – 14 July 2020) was a British physician, specialising in pulmonary medicine.

Clark qualified in medicine in 1961 and worked as a consultant physician at Guy's Hospital from 1968 to 1990. He then moved to the Royal Brompton Hospital from 1970 to 1998.

He was dean of the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, then dean of the National Heart and Lung Institute.

He was Professor of Pulmonary Medicine at Imperial College, London, from 1990 and was its pro-rector from 1995 to 1997 as well as provost of Imperial College at Wye from 2000.

He served as president of the British Thoracic Society from 1990 to 1991 and as vice-chairman of the National Asthma Campaign from 1992 to 2000.

He died on 14 July 2020 at the age of 84.

Pulmonology
Pulmonology (/ˌpʌlməˈnɒlədʒi/, /ˌpʊlməˈnɒlədʒi/, from Latin pulmō, -ōnis "lung" and the Greek suffix -λογία -logía "study of"), pneumology (/nʊˈmɒlədʒi, njʊ-/, built on Greek πνεύμων pneúmōn "lung") or pneumonology (/nʊmənˈɒlədʒi, njʊ-/) is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract. It is also known as respirology, respiratory medicine, or chest medicine in some countries and areas.

Pulmonology is considered a branch of internal medicine, and is related to intensive care medicine. Pulmonology often involves managing patients who need life support and mechanical ventilation. Pulmonologists are specially trained in diseases and conditions of the chest, particularly pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema, and complicated chest infections.

Pulmonology/respirology departments work especially closely with certain other specialties: cardiothoracic surgery departments and cardiology departments.