hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hermann und Thusnelda
"Hermann und Thusnelda" is a poem written in 1752 by Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock exalting the Cheruscan chieftain Arminius, whom Johannes Turmair and Martin Luther named Hermann in the 16th century, and his wife Thusnelda. The poem was set to music by Franz Schubert in 1815 (D 322).

Thusnelda
Thusnelda (/ðʌsˈnɛldə/; c. 10 BC – after AD 17) was a Germanic Cheruscan noblewoman who was captured by the Roman general Germanicus during his invasion of Germania. She was the wife of Arminius. Tacitus and Strabo cite her capture as evidence of both the firmness and restraint of Roman arms.
Mercatale in Val di Pesa
Mercatale in Val di Pesa is an Italian village situated in the municipality of San Casciano in Val di Pesa.

Some of the most interesting places for visiting Mercatale are: Fattoria Ispoli, Villa Licia, Piazza Vittorio Veneto, Il Vinile and the Coop Supermarket with the underground wine cellar.

43°38′05″N 11°13′55″E﻿ / ﻿43.63472°N 11.23194°E﻿ / 43.63472; 11.23194

Piazza Vittorio Veneto
Piazza Vittorio Veneto, also known as Piazza Vittorio, is a city square in Turin, Italy, which takes its name from the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in 1918. It was formerly known as Piazza Vittorio Emanuele I, after the Savoyard king Victor Emmanuel I.

During the construction of an underground carpark in 2004, workers uncovered 22 skeletons dating from the early 18th century; a study published in 2019 indicates these are almost certainly casualties from the 1706 Siege of Turin.
Lewis Linaker
Lewis Linaker (8 April 1885 – 17 November 1961) was an English first-class cricketer, who played one match for Yorkshire County Cricket Club against Cambridge University in 1909.

Born in Paddock, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England, Linaker was a left arm medium fast bowler, who took the wicket of John Nason, hit wicket, for 75 in Cambridge's first innings. He bowled eight overs in all, conceding 28 runs. He was less fortunate in his two innings, batting right-handed he was caught Buchanan bowled Olivier for a duck, batting at number 10, in Yorkshire's first innings, and then stumped Tufnell bowled Bruce-Lockhart, to complete his pair, in the second.

Linaker played for Primrose Hill C.C. for many years.

He died in November 1961 in Paddock, Huddersfield.

Stumped
Stumped is a method of dismissing a batter in cricket, in which the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket of the striker while the striker is out of their ground. It is governed by Law 39 of the Laws of Cricket.

Being "out of their ground" means no part of the batter's body, equipment or bat is touching the ground behind the crease.

Stumped is a special case of run out, but a stumping can only be affected by the wicket-keeper without the intervention of another fielder, when the striker is not attempting a run, and the ball must not be a no-ball. If the criteria for both stumped and run out are met, then the dismissal will be recorded as a stumping and credited to the bowler and wicket-keeper.

As always in cricket, one of the fielding team must appeal for the wicket by asking the umpires. It is the striker's end umpire who adjudicates all stumpings, and all run-out appeals at the striker's end.
Levich constant
A Levich constant (B) is often used in order to simplify the Levich equation. Furthermore, B is readily extracted from rotating disk electrode experimental data.

The B can be defined as:

where

n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the half reaction (number)

F is the Faraday constant (C/mol)

A is the electrode area (cm2)

D is the diffusion coefficient (see Fick's law of diffusion) (cm2/s)

v is the kinematic viscosity (cm2/s)

C is the analyte concentration (mol/cm3)

Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, D. Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law, which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation.

Fick's first law: Movement of particles from high to low concentration (diffusive flux) is directly proportional to the particle's concentration gradient.

Fick's second law: Prediction of change in concentration gradient with time due to diffusion.

A diffusion process that obeys Fick's laws is called normal or Fickian diffusion; otherwise, it is called anomalous diffusion or non-Fickian diffusion.
Islamic Virtue Party
The Islamic Virtue Party (Arabic حزب الفضيلة الإسلامي العراقي, romanized: Ḥizb al-Faḍīla al-Islāmiyya al-ʿIrāqi) is an Iraqi Shia political party.

After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the party was formed.

In the January 2005 parliamentary elections, the party won 28 seats in the Transitional National Assembly as part of the United Iraqi Alliance. It also gained representation in the provincial councils of Baghdad, Karbala, Najaf, Al-Qadisiyah, Maysan, Dhi Qar, Al-Muthanna, and Basra.

Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
Al-Qadisiyah Governorate (Arabic: القادسية, al-Qādisiyah), also known as the Al-Diwaniyah Governorate (Arabic: ٱلدِّيوَانِيَّة, ad-Dīwānīyah), is one of the governorates of Iraq.  It is in the southern part of the center of the country. The estimated population of the province is about a million and a half million people, according to the census of 2014. Its capital is Al Diwaniyah. Before 1976, it was part of the ad-Diwāniyah Governorate, along with al-Muthannā and Najaf. The province is named after the historical city of Al-Qadisiyah, the site of the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, where in 636 CE the Islamic Rashidun forces defeated the forces of the Sassanid Empire. The governorate is predominantly Shia Arab. It includes the Mesopotamian Marshes of Hor Aldelmj.
Karel Dobrý
Karel Dobrý (born 2 May 1969) is a Czech film, television and stage actor. He is known for playing Liet-Kynes in the Dune 2000 miniseries, and Korba in the 2003 sequel Children of Dune, and as Matthias in Mission: Impossible. He also appeared in the award-winning film The Girl of Your Dreams by Fernando Trueba.

Frank Herbert's Children of Dune
Frank Herbert's Children of Dune is a three-part science fiction television miniseries written by John Harrison and directed by Greg Yaitanes, based on Frank Herbert's novels Dune Messiah (1969) and Children of Dune (1976). First broadcast in the United States on March 16, 2003, Children of Dune is the sequel to the 2000 miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune (based on Herbert's 1965 novel Dune), and was produced by the Sci Fi Channel. Children of Dune and its predecessor are among the highest-rated programs ever to be broadcast on the Sci-Fi Channel. In 2003, Children of Dune won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects, and was nominated for three additional Emmys.
2021 Danish nurses' strike
The 2021 Danish nurses strike was a labour strike by nurses in Denmark. Represented by the Danish Nurses' Organization (in Danish Dansk Sygeplejeråd, abbrev. DSR), the nurses went on strike in search of better pay beginning in mid-June 2021. The strike was ended in August 2021 when the Danish Parliament imposed a pay deal on the nurses. It was one of the longest strikes in the history of Denmark.

Danish Nurses' Organization
The Danish Nurses' Organization (DNO; Dansk Sygeplejeråd, DSR) is a trade union in Denmark. It represents 95% of all nurses with a membership of 75,000.

The DNO is affiliated with the FTF – Confederation of Professionals in Denmark and Public Services International.

The motto of The Danish Nurses' Organization is: We move borders—in the organization, profession and society.
Mary Hill Fulstone
Dr. Mary Hill Fulstone (August 3, 1892 – December 2, 1987) was an American physician. When she retired from practicing medicine at the age of 91, she was the longest-practicing physician in the state of Nevada. She was born in Eureka, and graduated from University of California, Berkeley (undergraduate and medical school). Known as "Dr. Mary", Fulstone was honored as Nevada's Mother of the Year (1950), Nevada's Doctor of the Year (1961), and Distinguished Nevadan (University of Nevada, 1964). She died on December 2, 1987, at her Smith Valley home.

University of Nevada, Reno
The University of Nevada, Reno (Nevada, the University of Nevada, or UNR) is a public land-grant research university in Reno, Nevada, United States. It is the state's flagship public university and primary land grant institution. It was founded on October 12, 1874, in Elko, Nevada.

The university is classified as a doctoral, R1 research university by the Carnegie Classification. In 2018, the university spent $144 million on research and development according to the National Science Foundation. Among its several schools and colleges, the university has a medical school and is home to the Donald W. Reynolds School of Journalism from which six Pulitzer Prize winners have graduated.
St Mary the Virgin, Hanbury
The church of St Mary the Virgin is an Anglican parish church in the village of  Hanbury, Worcestershire. Its earliest parts date from about 1210 and it is a Grade I listed building. The church was the family church for the Vernon family of nearby Hanbury Hall.

Belfry
The belfry (/ˈbɛlfri/ BEL-free) is a structure enclosing bells for ringing as part of a building, usually as part of a bell tower or steeple. It can also refer to the entire tower or building, particularly in continental Europe for such a tower attached to a city hall or other civic building.

A belfry encloses the bell chamber, the room in which the bells are housed; its walls are pierced by openings which allow the sound to escape. The openings may be left uncovered but are commonly filled with louvers to prevent rain and snow from entering and damaging the bells. There may be a separate room below the bell chamber to house the ringers.
Therapeutic Fraud Prevention Act
The Therapeutic Fraud Prevention Act is a bill in the United States House of Representatives that if passed would prohibit, as an unfair and deceptive act or practice, commercial sexual orientation and gender identity conversion therapy, and for other purposes.

Through classifying for-profit conversion therapy as an unfair or deceptive act or practice, ergo consumer fraud, the bill would open violators up to prosecution by the Federal Trade Commission as well as civil lawsuits. Federal prosecutor Faraz Mohammadi notes that federal mail and wire fraud statutes are the most powerful statutes used by federal prosecutors; further, the criminal intent of conversion therapy providers to defraud patients has been found by juries when presented with the medical community's wide-ranging agreement on conversion therapy's ineffectiveness and harms, such as in Ferguson v. JONAH.

Intention (criminal law)
In criminal law, intent is a subjective state of mind (mens rea) that must accompany the acts of certain crimes to constitute a violation. A more formal, generally synonymous legal term is scienter: intent or knowledge of wrongdoing.
Pantaleu
Es Pantaleu (Catalan) or El Pantaleu (Spanish) is an uninhabited islet in the Balearic Islands, Spain, located just off the west coast of Majorca. It is currently a natural park, part of the natural park of its neighboring island Dragonera. It has an area of 2,4 ha and its highest point is 26 m AMSL.

Nature park
A nature park, or sometimes natural park, is a designation for a protected area by means of long-term land planning, sustainable resource management and limitation of agricultural and real estate developments. These valuable landscapes are preserved in their present ecological state and promoted for ecotourism purposes.

In most countries nature parks are subject to legally regulated protection, which is part of their conservation laws.

In terms of level of protection, a category "Nature Park" is not the same as a "National Park", which is defined by the IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas as a category II protected area. 
A "Nature Park" designation, depending on local specifics, falls between category III and category VI according to IUCN categorization, in most cases closer to category VI.
However some nature parks have later been turned into national parks.
Maranta gibba
Maranta gibba is a plant species native to Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Jalisco, Morelos, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Yucatán), Central America, northern South America (Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname), and the Island of Trinidad. It is reportedly naturalized in the Lesser Antilles.

Maranta gibba is a shrubby perennial with ovate leaves. Flowers are borne in panicles. Fruits are gibbous. Plant was originally described from specimens grown in a garden on Barbados and shipped from there to Liverpool.

San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí, officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí, is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 59 municipalities and is named after its capital city, San Luis Potosí.

It is located in eastern and central Mexico and is bordered by seven other Mexican states: Nuevo León to the north; Tamaulipas to the north-east; Veracruz to the east; Hidalgo, Querétaro and Guanajuato to the south; and Zacatecas to the north-west. In addition to the capital city, other major cities in the state include Ciudad Valles, Matehuala, Rioverde, and Tamazunchale.
2013 IRB Nations Cup
The 2013 IRB Nations Cup was the eighth edition of the international rugby union tournament, a competition created by the International Rugby Board.  For the seventh time in a row, it was held in Bucharest, Romania.  It was played between 8 June and 16 June and ran alongside the 2013 IRB Tbilisi Cup in Georgia. All fixtures were played at the 5,000 capacity Stadionul Naţional de Rugby, the Home stadium for Hosts Romania.

Hosts Romania were joined by ENC side Russia and regular A sides Italy A and 2012 IRB Nations cup runners-up, Argentina Jaguars.

Romania retained the title they won in 2012 by winning all three of their matches.

Arcul de Triumf Stadium (2021)
The Arcul de Triumf National Rugby Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bucharest, Romania. Being constructed on the site of the former stadium, it mostly hosts  home matches of the Romania national rugby union team and FC Dinamo București. It was originally planned to host games at the 2021 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, but the tournament was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

It is named after the nearby triumphal arch in Bucharest.

Austria, France and Ukraine's squads were based at the stadium during preparation for (and between matches at) UEFA Euro 2020.

The first sporting event held at the stadium was on 3 July 2021 when a rugby union crowd of 4,400 watched the summer internationals header featuring Romania v Argentina, which ended with a 17-24 loss.
HMS Buckingham (1751)
HMS Buckingham (later renamed HMS Grampus) was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built at Deptford Dockyard by John Holland to the draught specified by the 1745 Establishment, and in active service during the Seven Years' War with France. With a crew of 520 she was one of the largest ships in the Navy at that time.

1745 Establishment
The 1745 Establishment was the third and final formal establishment of dimensions for ships to be built for the Royal Navy. It completely superseded the previous 1719 Establishment, which had subsequently been modified in 1733 and again in 1741 (but not formally replaced on either occasion). Although partially intended to correct the problems of the ships built to the earlier Establishments, the ships of the 1745 Establishment proved just as unsatisfactory, and important changes in the make-up of the Admiralty and Navy Boards finally led to the end of the establishment era by around 1751.
Gulf of Mexico oil spill
There have been three major oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico:

The Ixtoc I oil spill, from June 1979 to March 1980

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill, from April 2010 to August 2010

The Taylor oil spill, from September 2004 to March 18 2022

Ixtoc I oil spill
Ixtoc 1 was an exploratory oil well  being drilled by the semi-submersible drilling rig Sedco 135 in the Bay of Campeche of the Gulf of Mexico, about 100 km (62 mi) northwest of Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche in waters 50 m (164 ft) deep. On 3 June 1979, the well suffered a blowout resulting in the largest oil spill in history at its time. To-date, it remains the second largest marine oil spill in history after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Early Dawg
Early Dawg is a live album by American mandolinist David Grisman, released in 1980. With Del McCoury on guitar and vocals, Jerry McCoury on bass, Bill Keith on banjo plus other well-known musicians, Grisman offers a mix of traditional songs, compositions by Bill Monroe and his own contributions, mainly of bluegrass and progressive bluegrass style.  These are some of Grisman's earliest solo recordings from March 1966, except track 16 with Frank Wakefield was recorded in June 1973.  The album was released on Sugar Hill.

David Grisman
David Jay Grisman (born March 23, 1945) is an American mandolinist. His music combines bluegrass, folk, and jazz in a genre he calls "dawg music". He founded the record label Acoustic Disc, which releases his recordings and those of other acoustic musicians. He was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in Owensboro, Kentucky in 2023.
The Queens (golf)
The Queens Presented by Kowa was a women's professional team golf tournament held in Japan. The tournament was contested by teams representing the tours of Japan, Korea, Australia and Europe. Hosts Japan led from start to finish to win the inaugural tournament 4–6 December 2015.

Ladies European Tour
The Ladies European Tour is a professional golf tour for women which was founded in 1978. Most of the players on the tour are European, with members from more than 40 countries internationally. Despite its name, the tour also has tournaments in Africa, Asia, North America and Oceania.

The organization is based at Buckinghamshire Golf Club near London in England. Like many British-based sports organisations it is a company limited by guarantee, a legal structure which enables it to focus on maximising returns to its members through prize money, rather than on making profits for investors. The tour is run by a board of directors and a Players' Council.
Walter Nelson-Rees
Walter Nelson-Rees (January 11, 1929 –  January 23, 2009) was a cell culture worker and cytogeneticist who helped expose the problem of cross-contamination of cell lines. He used chromosome banding to show that many immortal cell lines, previously thought to be unique, were actually HeLa cell lines. The HeLa cells had contaminated and overgrown the other cell lines.

Cytogenetics
Cytogenetics is essentially a branch of genetics, but is also a part of cell biology/cytology (a subdivision of human anatomy), that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behaviour, particularly to their behaviour during mitosis and meiosis. Techniques used include karyotyping, analysis of G-banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH).
Eladio Acosta Arteaga
Eladio Acosta Arteaga (9 April 1916 – 30 January 2012) was a Colombian Prelate of Roman Catholic Church.

Arteaga was born in La América, Colombia in 1916 and was ordained a priest on 7 August 1949 from the religious order of Congregation of Jesus and Mary. Arteaga was appointed bishop of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe de Antioquia on 6 March 1970 and ordained in April. He would remain at the diocese until his retirement on 10 October 1992. He died in 2012, aged 95

Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
The Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Latin: Congregatio Sacrorum Cordium Iesu et Mariae) abbreviated SS.CC., is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for priests and brothers. The congregation is also known as the Picpus because their first house was on the Rue de Picpus in Paris, France.
Jack Meanwell
John Leonard Meanwell (1919–2005) was a Canadian artist and art teacher, known for his abstract expressionist landscapes and figurative work. He spent most of his career in Cincinnati, Ohio in the United States. He taught at the Art Academy of Cincinnati.

Art Academy of Cincinnati
The Art Academy of Cincinnati is a private college of art and design in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was founded as the McMicken School of Design in 1869, and was a department of the University of Cincinnati, and later in 1887, became the Art Academy of Cincinnati, the museum school of the Cincinnati Art Museum. The college is accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, and a member of the Strategic Ohio Council for Higher Education (SOCHE).
The Time Tunnel
The Time Tunnel is an American color science-fiction television series written around a theme of time travel adventure; it starred James Darren and Robert Colbert. The show was creator-producer Irwin Allen's third science-fiction television series and was released by 20th Century Fox Television and broadcast on ABC. The show ran for one season of 30 episodes from September 9, 1966 to April 7, 1967. A new pilot was produced in 2002, but failed to proceed to a series.

GNP Crescendo Records
GNP Crescendo Record Co. is an independent record label founded in 1954 by Gene Norman (né Eugene Abraham Nabatoff; 1922–2015). It started as a producer of jazz, then expanded into many other genres, including comedy, rock, and Star Trek soundtracks. Currently GNP Cresendo is run by Gene Norman's son, Neil Norman.
Wilhelm Germann
Wilhelm Germann (3 April 1840, in Gardelegen – 7 February 1902, in Meiningen) was a German Protestant theologian and missionary.

He studied theology in Erlangen and in 1864 became a member of the Lutheran Leipzig Mission. In 1865 he was ordained as a minister, and later the same year, began work as a missionary in Madras, India. In 1867 he returned to Germany, and subsequently served as a minister in Meiningen. In 1886, he was named a church councilor and superintendent in Wasungen. In 1894 he was awarded with an honorary degree by the Faculty of Theology at Leipzig.

Wasungen
Wasungen (German pronunciation: [ˈvaːzʊŋən] ⓘ) is a town in the Schmalkalden-Meiningen district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Werra, 11 km north of Meiningen. The former municipalities Hümpfershausen, Metzels, Oepfershausen, Unterkatz and Wahns were merged into Wasungen in January 2019.

The Pfaffenburg was built in 1378 and reconstructed in 1974.
Franktown Cave
Franktown Cave is an archeological site in the U.S. state of Colorado, located 25 miles (40 km) south of Denver on the north edge of the Palmer Divide. It is the largest rock shelter documented on the Palmer Divide, which contains artifacts from many prehistoric cultures. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers occupied Franktown Cave intermittently for 8,000 years beginning about 6400 BC The site held remarkable lithic and ceramic artifacts, but it is better known for its perishable artifacts, including animal hides, wood, fiber and corn. Material goods were produced for their comfort, task-simplification and religious celebration. There is evidence of the site being a campsite or dwelling as recently as AD 1725.

Bow and arrow
The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows). Humans used bows and arrows for hunting and aggression long before recorded history, and the practice was common to many prehistoric cultures. They were important weapons of war from ancient history until the early modern period, when they were rendered increasingly obsolete by the development of the more powerful and accurate firearms. Today, bows and arrows are mostly used for hunting and sports.

Archery is the art, practice, or skill of using bows to shoot arrows. A person who shoots arrows with a bow is called a bowman or an archer. Someone who makes bows is known as a bowyer, someone who makes arrows is a fletcher, and someone who manufactures metal arrowheads is an arrowsmith.