hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Houston Spence
James Houston Spence, KC, (September 3, 1867 – February 21, 1939) was a Canadian lawyer and Senator.

Spence was born in Greenock Township, Ontario and attended school in London, Ontario and Walkerton, Ontario. He graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School before being called to the bar. He was elected a Bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1917, named King's Counsel in 1922 and was the senior partner in the law firm of Spence, Shoemaker and Spence.

He specialized in corporate, commercial and municipal law.

He was active in the Liberal Party of Canada, campaigned on behalf of various Liberal candidates in provincial and federal elections, and was a close friend of Sir Wilfrid Laurier as well as a friend of William Lyon Mackenzie King who appointed him to the Senate in 1928.

Spence served in the Hamilton Regiment from 1890 to 1893. He was also a member of the Masonic Order.

He died at his home in Toronto on February 21, 1939.

Osgoode Hall Law School
Osgoode Hall Law School, commonly shortened to Osgoode, is the law school of York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is home to the Law Commission of Ontario, the Journal of Law and Social Policy, and the Osgoode Hall Law Journal. A variety of J.D. LL.M. and Ph.D. degrees in law are available. Osgoode is widely considered to be one of the top law schools in Canada, ranking second in the country according to the most recent rankings by Maclean.

The law school's alumni include two Canadian prime ministers, four Attorneys General, eight premiers of Ontario, four Mayors of Toronto, eleven Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada, four of whom were Chief Justices, and one Academy Award nominee. The current dean of the law school is Trevor C.W. Farrow.
Shenzhen Peng City F.C.
Shenzhen Peng City Football Club is a Chinese professional football club based in Shenzhen, Guangdong. The club competes in the Chinese Super League, the top tier of Chinese football. Shenzhen Peng City plays its home matches at the Shenzhen Stadium, located within Futian District. They are partially owned by the City Football Group.

Founded as Sichuan Jiuniu Football Club in 2017, the club relocated to Shenzhen, Guangdong from Chengdu, Sichuan in January 2024, when it rebranded to their current name.

Chinese Football Association
The Chinese Football Association (Chinese: 中国足球协会; pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì), abbreviated as CFA (Chinese: 中国足协; pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúxié), is the governing body for association football, beach soccer and futsal in the People's Republic of China (Mainland China). The CFA organizes the men's and women's national teams and administers the country's professional leagues as well as organizing the national knockout cup competition Chinese FA Cup. As members of East Asian Football Federation its national teams are eligible for the East Asian Football Championship and the country's membership in AFC allows teams to participate in that organizations club and national team competitions. China is also a member of FIFA and is therefore eligible to play in the World Cup.
Peter von Zahn
Peter von Zahn (29 January 1913 – 26 July 2001) was a German author, film maker, and journalist.

Born in Chemnitz as a son of an officer, he grew up in Dresden and studied law, history, and philosophy. He was drafted at the beginning of World War II. After the war, he was one of the founders of the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR). For three years, he managed the NWDR Studio in Düsseldorf where he introduced Anglo-Saxon style journalism with self-critical irony.

In 1951, he went to the United States as a foreign correspondent. He worked until a very advanced age and produced over 3000 radio shows and 1000 television films.

He received many awards such as the Adolf-Grimme-Preis (3), the DAG-Fernsehpreis in Silver and Gold, the Goldene Kamera and the Bavarian TV Award, and is considered the standard for subsequent radio and television journalism. The State of Hamburg promoted him in 1995 to a Professor honoris causa.

He died in Hamburg aged 88.

German Salaried Employees' Union
The German Salaried Employees' Union, in German Deutsche Angestellten-Gewerkschaft (DAG) was an independent trade union based in Hamburg. It did not belong to the German Confederation of Trade Unions until it became part of ver.di, the united trade union for the services industry, in 2001.
Tangerines (film)
Tangerines (Georgian: მანდარინები Mandarinebi, Estonian: Mandariinid) is a 2013 Estonian–Georgian film written, produced, and directed by Zaza Urushadze. Set during the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia, the film's themes span conflict and war, reconciliation, and pacifism. It was filmed in Guria, Georgia.

Tangerines was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film award at the 87th Academy Awards and the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, but ultimately lost to the Polish film Ida (2013) and to the epic Russian film Leviathan (2014).

Guria
Guria (Georgian: გურია) is a region (mkhare) in Georgia, in the western part of the country, bordered by the eastern end of the Black Sea. The region has a population of 104,338 (2023), with Ozurgeti as the regional capital.
Piano Concerto (Tower)
The Concerto for Piano (Homage to Beethoven) is the first piano concerto by the American composer Joan Tower. The work was commissioned by the Hudson Valley Philharmonic, the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, and the Philharmonia Virtuosi with a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. Its world premiere was performed by the pianist Jacquelyn M. Helin and the Hudson Valley Philharmonic conducted by Imre Palló on January 31, 1986. The music contains numerous allusions to the music of Ludwig van Beethoven, in whose memory it is dedicated.

Imre Palló (conductor)
Imre Palló (born 15 May 1941, Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian-born conductor. His father, Imre Palló, was the leading baritone of the Budapest State Opera for 50 years, and also director of the company from 1956–1960. The composer Zoltán Kodály was an intimate friend of the Palló family, and was his godfather, playing a very influential role in his early musical training and education. He studied with Hans Swarowsky at the Vienna Academy of Music, and privately with Ferenc Fricsay. He served as Fricsay's personal assistant at the Salzburg Summer Festival, and also as the assistant to Herbert von Karajan and Karl Böhm at the Salzburg and Vienna Festivals from 1961–1964. He was also the assistant to Antal Dorati for the Haydn recordings with the Philharmonica Hungarica for the Decca label.
Thivim railway station
Thivim railway station (Station code: THVM) is one of the main railway stations for North Goa at Sircaim (also called Sirsaim). It is part of the North South line and almost every train serves this station.

Konkan Railway zone
The Konkan Railway (abbreviated KR) is one of the 19 railway zones in India with its headquarters at CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The Konkan Railway line from Roha to Thokur is operated and maintained by Konkan Railway corporation (KRCL).  The first passenger train ran on Konkan railway tracks on 20 March 1993, between Udupi and Mangalore. During its initial years of operation in the mountainous Konkan region, a number of accidents prompted Konkan Railway to implement new technology. Anti-collision devices, the Sky Bus and roll-on/roll-off are several of the railway's innovations.  The 756.25 km (469.91 mi) long railway line connects the states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The first train on the completed track was sent off on 26 January 1998.
Theodor Wertheim
Theodor Wertheim  (25 December 1820 – 6 July 1864) was an Austrian chemist born in Vienna. He was the father of gynecologist Ernst Wertheim and brother of physicist Guillaume Wertheim.

He studied organic chemistry in Berlin as a pupil of Eilhard Mitscherlich, and in 1843 travelled to the University of Prague, where he studied under Josef Redtenbacher. He served as privatdozent in Vienna, and from 1853 to 1860, was a professor at the University of Pest. From 1861 onward, he was a professor at the University of Graz. In May 1864, he moved back to Vienna, where he died soon afterwards.

In 1848 he became a corresponding member of the Vienna Academy of Sciences.

In 1844 Wertheim distilled a pungent substance from garlic, naming it "allyl". In his research, he noticed the close relationship between garlic oil and mustard oil. He published a number of studies on garlic oil, piperine, quinine and coniine in Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie.

Eilhard Mitscherlich
Eilhard Mitscherlich (German pronunciation: [ˈaɪlhaʁt ˈmɪtʃɐlɪç]; 7 January 1794 – 28 August 1863) was a German chemist, who is perhaps best remembered today for his discovery of the phenomenon of crystallographic isomorphism in 1819.
Far from the Tree
Far From the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity is a non-fiction book by Andrew Solomon published in November 2012 in the United States and two months later in the UK (under the title, Far from the Tree: A Dozen Kinds of Love), about how families accommodate children with physical, mental and social disabilities and differences.

The writing of the book was supported by art colony residencies at Yaddo, MacDowell Colony, Ucross Foundation, and the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center; at MacDowell, Solomon was the DeWitt Wallace/Reader's Digest Fellow and later the Stanford Calderwood fellow.

In 2017 it was adapted into a documentary of the same name, directed by Rachel Dretzin. The film uncritically depicts uses of the pseudoscientific rapid prompting method as an intervention for a child with non-speaking autism.

Yaddo
Yaddo is an artists' community located on a 400-acre (160-hectare) estate in Saratoga Springs, New York.  Its mission is "to nurture the creative process by providing an opportunity for artists to work without interruption in a supportive environment." On March 11, 2013, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.

It offers residencies to artists working in choreography, film, literature, musical composition, painting, performance art, photography, printmaking, sculpture, and video. Collectively, artists who have worked at Yaddo have won 82 Pulitzer Prizes, 34 MacArthur Fellowships, 70 National Book Awards, 24 National Book Critics Circle Awards, 108 Rome Prizes, 49 Whiting Writers' Awards, a Nobel Prize (Saul Bellow, who won the Pulitzer Prize in Fiction and Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976), at least one Man Booker Prize (Alan Hollinghurst, 2004) and countless other honors. Yaddo is included in the Union Avenue Historic District.
Eminent Lives
The Eminent Lives series is HarperCollins' series of "brief biographies by distinguished authors on canonical figures."  The general editor of the series was James Atlas.

The series includes books by:

Robert Gottlieb on George Balanchine

Paul Johnson on George Washington

Christopher Hitchens on Thomas Jefferson

Michael Korda on Ulysses S. Grant

Francine Prose on Caravaggio

Edmund Morris on Ludwig van Beethoven

Joseph Epstein on Alexis de Tocqueville

Peter Kramer on Sigmund Freud

Karen Armstrong on Muhammad

Bill Bryson on William Shakespeare

Matt Ridley on Francis Crick

Ross King on Niccolò Machiavelli.

Karen Armstrong
Karen Armstrong (born 14 November 1944) is a British author and commentator known for her books on comparative religion. A former Roman Catholic religious sister, she went from a conservative to a more liberal and mystical Christian faith. She attended St Anne's College, Oxford, while in the convent and graduated in English. She left the convent in 1969. Her work focuses on commonalities of the major religions, such as the importance of compassion and the Golden Rule.

Armstrong received the US$100,000 TED Prize in February 2008. She used that occasion to call for the creation of a Charter for Compassion, which was unveiled the following year.
Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine (nuclear radiology) is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear imaging is, in a sense, radiology done inside out, because it records radiation emitted from within the body rather than radiation that is transmitted through the body from external sources like X-ray generators. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology, as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy, but on the function. For this reason, it is called a physiological imaging modality. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.

Radiant exitance
In radiometry, radiant exitance or radiant emittance is the radiant flux emitted by a surface per unit area, whereas spectral exitance or spectral emittance is the radiant exitance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. This is the emitted component of radiosity. The SI unit of radiant exitance is the watt per square metre (W/m2), while that of spectral exitance in frequency is the watt per square metre per hertz (W·m−2·Hz−1) and that of spectral exitance in wavelength is the watt per square metre per metre (W·m−3)—commonly the watt per square metre per nanometre (W·m−2·nm−1). The CGS unit erg per square centimeter per second (erg·cm−2·s−1) is often used in astronomy. Radiant exitance is often called "intensity" in branches of physics other than radiometry, but in radiometry this usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity.
Symphony No. 13 (Michael Haydn)
Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 13 in D major, Perger 37, Sherman 13, MH 132, believed to have been written in Salzburg in 1768, was at one time mistaken for a symphony by Joseph Haydn (Hob. I:D26). The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings.

It has four movements:

It is unusual in that its third movement consist of two minuets.

Horn (instrument)
A horn is any of a family of musical instruments made of a tube, usually made of metal and often curved in various ways, with one narrow end into which the musician blows, and a wide end from which sound emerges. In horns, unlike some other brass instruments such as the trumpet, the bore gradually increases in width through most of its length—that is to say, it is conical rather than cylindrical. In jazz and popular-music contexts, the word may be used loosely to refer to any wind instrument, and a section of brass or woodwind instruments, or a mixture of the two, is called a horn section in these contexts.
United States ex rel. Gerald Mayo v. Satan and His Staff
United States ex rel. Gerald Mayo v. Satan and His Staff, 54 F.R.D. 282 (W.D. Pa. 1971), was a federal court case in which a prisoner filed a lawsuit  in United States District Court against Satan and his servants. The case's class-action status was dismissed on procedural grounds.

Prisoner
A prisoner, also known as an inmate or detainee, is a person who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement or captivity in a prison or physical restraint. The term usually applies to one serving a sentence in prison.
Rowing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's coxless four
Women's coxless fours competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona was held between 27 July and 1 August at Lake of Banyoles. The event was an open-style, individual rowing event conducted as part of the Rowing at the 1992 Summer Olympics program.

Lake of Banyoles
Lake of Banyoles (or Estany de Banyoles) is a natural lake located in the comarca "Pla de l'Estany", Province of Girona, in northeastern Catalonia, Spain. It is named after the nearby town of Banyoles, to which it belongs entirely. On the western shore it borders with the town of Porqueres. The lake is approximately 2,100 m by 750 m with an average depth of 15 m that in several points gets down to 46.4 metres. It is located in a natural tectonic depression.

Presently Lake Banyoles is the largest natural lake in Catalonia. Lake Sils, located 33 km further south, was formerly the largest lake in the area until it was drained in 1851.
La Bodinière
The Théâtre La Bodinière was a theater in Paris directed by Charles Bodinier between 1890 and 1902.
It staged lectures and performances for a distinguished audience of aristocrats, grand bourgeois and intelligentsia.

Paul Fort
Jules-Jean-Paul Fort (1 February 1872 – 20 April 1960) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement. At the age of 18, reacting against the Naturalistic theatre, Fort founded the Théâtre d'Art (1890–93). He also founded and edited the literary reviews Livre d'Art with Alfred Jarry and Vers et Prose (1905–14) with poet Guillaume Apollinaire, which published the work of Paul Valéry and other important Symbolist writers. Fort is notable for his enormous volume of poetry, having published more than thirty volumes of ballads and, according to Amy Lowell, for creating the polyphonic prose form in his 'Ballades francaises'.
Trieste riots
The Trieste riots, traditionally called the Revolt of the flag (Italian: Rivolta della bandiera) of November 1953, were pro-Italian riots harshly repressed by the Venezia Giulia Police Force (often called the "Civil Police") under the command of the Allied Military Government (AMG), the Anglo-American allied military administration force headed by British General John Winterton.

Trieste Cathedral
Trieste Cathedral (Italian: Basilica cattedrale di San Giusto Martire), dedicated to Saint Justus, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Trieste, in northeastern Italy. It is the seat of the Bishop of Trieste.

In 1899, Pope Leo XIII granted it the status of a basilica minor.
Agriculture in Malaysia
Agriculture in Malaysia makes up twelve percent of the nation's GDP. Sixteen percent of the population of Malaysia is employed through some sort of agriculture. Large-scale plantations were established by the British. These  opened opportunity for new crops such as rubber (1876), palm oil (1917), and cocoa (1950). A number of crops are grown for domestic purpose such as bananas, coconuts, durian, pineapples, rice and rambutan.

Pineapple
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.

The pineapple is indigenous to South America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to Europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. The fruit, particularly its juice, has diverse uses in cuisines and desserts.

Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a multiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from the offset produced at the top of the fruit or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year.
Block House (restaurant)
Block House AG is a restaurant chain based in Hamburg, Germany. Block House restaurants specialize in steaks.

The chain was founded in 1968 by Eugen Block and his sister Marlies Head. It owns 53 restaurants in Europe; 42 of which are in Germany, and the others are Franchise partners in Portugal, Spain and Austria. The chain is part of the Block Gruppe (Eugen Block Holding GmbH), which has a total number of 2,600 employees.

Chain store
A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management, and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate many retail markets, dining markets, and service categories in many parts of the world. A franchised retail establishment is one form of a chain store.  In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, Walmart, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.
German submarine U-166 (1941)
German submarine U-166 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 6 December 1940 at the Seebeckwerft (part of Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG, Deschimag) at Wesermünde (modern Bremerhaven) as yard number 705, launched on 1 November 1941, and commissioned on 23 March 1942 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Günther Kuhlmann. After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla, U-166 was transferred to the 10th U-boat Flotilla for front-line service on 1 June 1942. The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling 7,593 gross register tons (GRT). She was sunk on 30 July 1942 in the Gulf of Mexico.

Oberleutnant zur See
Oberleutnant zur See (OLt zS or OLZS in the German Navy, Oblt.z.S. in the Kriegsmarine) is traditionally the highest rank of Lieutenant in the German Navy. It is grouped as OF-1 in NATO.

The rank was introduced in the Imperial German Navy by renaming the former rank of Premier Lieutenant in 1890. Within the navy, officers of this rank were simply addressed as Herr Oberleutnant. To distinguish naval officers from those of the army, the suffix zur See (at sea) was added in official communications, sometimes shortened to z.S. (Oblt.z.S.). The rank has since been used by the Reichsmarine, Kriegsmarine, and Bundesmarine.  In the Volksmarine, the rank was originally used in the same way until the suffix zur See was dropped. In the Kriegsmarine, engineers (Ingenieur – Ing.) of the same rank were distinguished as Oberleutnant (Ing.).
Eunice Huthart
Eunice Huthart (born 2 November 1966) is a British stuntwoman. She is best known for winning Gladiators and then being invited to return to the show as a Gladiator herself, under the name "Blaze". She remains the only UK contender to ever become a Gladiator. She went on to become a stunt double for such stars as Famke Janssen, Angelina Jolie, Milla Jovovich, and Uma Thurman.

Double (occupation)
In filmmaking, a double is a person who substitutes for another actor such that the person's face is not shown. There are various terms associated with a double based on the specific body part or ability they serve as a double for, such as stunt double, "dance double", "butt double" and "hand double".
Trevor Boudreau
Trevor Boudreau (born 1979 or 1980) is a Canadian politician who was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in the 2021 Nova Scotia general election. He represents the riding of Richmond as a member of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia.

On September 14, 2023, Boudreau was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as community services minister and minister responsible for L'nu affairs. He resigned from cabinet on February 22, 2024, for health reasons. Following his re-election in the 2024 election, Boudreau was re-appointed to cabinet as energy minister. Boudreau was moved out of cabinet on October 21, 2025.

Boudreau, a chiropractor, previously served as a municipal councillor and deputy mayor in Port Hawkesbury.

2021 Nova Scotia general election
The 2021 Nova Scotia general election was held on August 17, 2021, to elect members to the 64th General Assembly of Nova Scotia.

In a major upset, Tim Houston led the Progressive Conservatives to power for the first time since 2006, and with a majority government for the first time since 1999. With a popular vote share of 38.44%, the PCs won the smallest winning vote share of any majority government in Nova Scotian electoral history, and won nearly twice the number of seats as the Liberals, despite their overall vote share differing by less than 2%.

Elizabeth Smith-McCrossin’s victory in Cumberland North marked the first occasion since 1988 that an independent candidate won election to the House of Assembly. A record number of four Black Nova Scotians were elected MLAs; prior to this election, only five Black MLAs had ever been elected in Nova Scotia.