hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Darwin–Radau equation
In astrophysics, the Darwin–Radau equation (named after Rodolphe Radau and Charles Galton Darwin) gives an approximate relation between the moment of inertia factor of a planetary body and its rotational speed and shape.  The moment of inertia factor is directly related to the largest principal moment of inertia, C.  It is assumed that the rotating body is in hydrostatic equilibrium and is an ellipsoid of revolution.  The Darwin–Radau equation states

where M and Re represent the mass and mean equatorial radius of the body.  Here λ is known as d'Alembert's parameter and the Radau parameter η is defined as

where q is the geodynamical constant

and ϵ is the geometrical flattening

where Rp is the mean polar radius and Re is the mean equatorial radius.

For Earth,  and , which yields , a good approximation to the measured value of 0.3307.

Flattening
Flattening is a measure of the compression of a circle or sphere along a diameter to form an ellipse or an ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) respectively. Other terms used are ellipticity, or oblateness. The usual notation for flattening is  and its definition in terms of the semi-axes  and  of the resulting ellipse or ellipsoid is

The compression factor is  in each case; for the ellipse, this is also its aspect ratio.
The Best American Essays
The Best American Essays is a yearly anthology of magazine articles published in the United States.  It was started in 1986 and is now part of The Best American Series published by HarperCollins. Articles are chosen using the same procedure with other titles in the Best American series; the series editor chooses about 100 article candidates, from which the guest editor picks 25 or so for publication; the remaining runner-up articles listed in the appendix. The series was edited by Robert Atwan from its inception in 1986 through 2023. Kim Dana Kupperman is the new series editor starting in 2024. Joyce Carol Oates assisted in the editing process until 2000 with the publication of The Best American Essays of the Century.

Joyce Carol Oates
Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16, 1938) is an American writer. Oates published her first book in 1963, and has since published 58 novels, a number of plays and novellas, and many volumes of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction. Her novels Black Water (1992), What I Lived For (1994), and Blonde (2000), and her short story collection Lovely, Dark, Deep: Stories (2014) were each finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. She has won many awards for her writing, including the National Book Award for her novel Them (1969), two O. Henry Awards, the National Humanities Medal, and the Jerusalem Prize (2019).

Oates taught at Princeton University from 1978 to 2014, and is the Roger S. Berlind '52 Professor Emerita in the Humanities with the Program in Creative Writing. From 2016 to 2020, she was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she taught short fiction in the spring semesters. She now teaches at Rutgers University, New Brunswick.
Tn antigen
Tn antigen refers to the monosaccharide structure N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) linked to serine or threonine by a glycosidic bond, considered as an antigen. The initials stand for Thomsen-nouveau. Tn antigen is expressed in most carcinomas.

Addition of an additional galactose monosaccharide creates a disaccharide antigen: the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (Gal(b1-3)GalNAc). The sialyl Tn antigen (STn antigen) is formed by elongation with sialic acid (Neu5Ac(α2-6)GalNAc) rather than galactose.

Serine
Serine
/ˈsɪəriːn/
(symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as a polar amino acid. It can be synthesized in the human body under normal physiological circumstances, making it a nonessential amino acid. It is encoded by the codons UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC.
Ron Emory
Ronald Emory (born May 20, 1962, Lynwood, California, United States) is an American rock musician and guitarist for the punk rock band T.S.O.L. (True Sounds of Liberty).   An original member of the band, founded in Southern California in 1979, Emory left in 1987 prior to the release of the album Hit and Run. In 1996, he joined the other original members of T.S.O.L. to reform the band, which remains active.  Emory worked on a solo project titled Walk That Walk, which was released on April 15, 2010.

Emory played with Social Distortion during their 2006 tour to fill in for his friend Mike Ness, who had broken his wrist in a skateboarding accident.

Skateboard
A skateboard is a type of sports equipment used for skateboarding. It is usually made of a specially designed 7–8-ply maple plywood deck and has polyurethane wheels attached to the underside by a pair of skateboarding trucks.

The skateboard moves by pushing with one foot while the other foot remains balanced on the board, or by pumping one's legs in structures such as a bowl or half pipe. A skateboard can also be used by standing on the deck while on a downward slope and allowing gravity to propel the board and the rider. If the rider's leading foot is their left foot, they are said to ride "regular". Conversely, they are said to ride "goofy" if their leading foot is their right foot.

The two main types of skateboards are the longboard and shortboard. The shape of the board is also important: the skateboard must be concaved to perform tricks.
Amna Shah
Amna Shah is a Canadian politician who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 2024 British Columbia general election. She represents the electoral district of Surrey City Centre as a member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party.

Shah is new to politics as of 2024, narrowly defeating the Conservative candidate in her riding following an automatic recount ordered by Elections BC. The riding, formerly Surrey-Whalley, was previously held by NDP MLA Bruce Ralston, who did not seek re-election.

Surrey-Whalley
Surrey-Whalley is a former provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada, in use from 1991 to 2024.

Under the 2021 British Columbia electoral redistribution that took effect for the 2024 election, the riding was split along 96 Avenue, with portions to the west becoming part of the new electoral district of Surrey North and portions to the east becoming part of the new electoral district of Surrey City Centre.
Corrigan Creek (Ontario)
Corrigan Creek is a stream in the municipality of Greenstone, Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Great Lakes Basin, is a left tributary of the Namewaminikan River, and lies in the geographic township of Sandra.

The river flows northwest 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) from Corrigan Lake to its mouth at the Namewaminikan River. The Namewaminikan River flows via Lake Nipigon and the Nipigon River to Lake Superior.

Thunder Bay District
Thunder Bay District is a district and census division in Northwestern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. The district seat is Thunder Bay.

Most of the district (93.5%) is unincorporated and part of the Unorganized Thunder Bay District.
Fantasia No. 2 (Mozart)
Fantasia No. 2 in C minor, K. 396/385f (German: Fragment einer Fantasie in c) is a fragment of a violin sonata composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Vienna in August or September 1782.

Its tempo marking is adagio. The fragment consists of 27 bars, the violin part entering at bar 23.

Maximilian Stadler later composed a "completion" of the work for solo piano which is 70 bars long and ends in C major. A copy of the piece in Stadler's hand contains a dedication to Constanze Mozart. It is this version which is usually performed and recorded. "The authorship of the stormy development section is unclear; it has not been determined whether Stadler had Mozart's sketch for this section which has since been lost or it was completely his own creation."

Development (music)
In music, development is a process by which a musical idea is transformed and restated in the course of a composition. Certain central ideas are repeated in different contexts or in altered form so that the listener can consciously or unconsciously compare the various statements of the idea, often in surprising or ironic manners. This practice has its roots in counterpoint, where a theme or subject might create an impression of a pleasing or affective sort, but delight the mind further as its contrapuntal capabilities are gradually unveiled in a fugal development.

Development is often contrasted with musical variation, which is a slightly different means to the same end. Development is carried out upon portions of material treated in many different presentations and combinations at a time, while variation depends upon one type of presentation at a time.

The development is the middle section of the sonata form, between the exposition and the recapitulation.
George Blakey
George Matthew Blakey (20 January 1907 – 12 January 1968) was an English cricketer: a right-handed batsman and right arm bowler who played three first-class games for Worcestershire, all in July 1939. He totalled 46 runs in his four innings, of which 42 came in a single effort, on his debut against Surrey.

Prior to his brief first-class career, Blakey had also played in the Minor Counties Championship for the Lancashire Second XI in 1929 and 1930.

He was born in St Anne's-on-Sea, Lancashire and died at Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire a few days short of his 61st birthday.

Stoke-on-Trent
Stoke-on-Trent (often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England. It had an estimated population of 259,965 in 2022, making it the largest settlement in Staffordshire and one of the largest cities of the Midlands. Stoke is surrounded by the towns of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Alsager, Kidsgrove and Biddulph, which form a conurbation around the city.

The city is polycentric, formed from the federation of six towns in 1910. It took its name from the town of Stoke-upon-Trent, where the main centre of government and the principal railway station in the district were located. Hanley is the primary commercial centre. The other four towns which form the city are Burslem, Tunstall, Longton and Fenton.

As the home of the pottery industry in England, the area is known as The Potteries. It is a centre for service industries and distribution centres. It formerly had a primarily heavy industry sector.
John Gray (mathematician)
John Gray, FRS (died 17 July 1769) was a British mathematician.

As a young man he taught mathematics at Marischal College, later Aberdeen University.

He wrote "A Treatise on Gunnery", dedicated to the Duke of Argyll and published by William Innys (London) in 1731.

In collaboration with Andrew Reid and others, he worked to produce a book of abridged Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society for 1720–1732; which was published by W. Innys and R. Manby in 1732.

In March 1732 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, his application citation having described him as being of the Navy Office (or Navy Board), who were responsible for the construction and maintenance of  ships in the Royal Dockyards for the Royal Navy.

From 1764 to his death he was Rector of Marischal College. He died at his London home in 1769, having asked to be buried at Petersham next to his wife Elizabeth. He left estates in the West Indies to his nephews and 1,000 acres (400 ha) to Gray's Inn of London.

Navy Board
The Navy Board (formerly known as the Council of the Marine or Council of the Marine Causes) was the commission responsible for the day-to-day civil administration of the Royal Navy between 1546 and 1832. The board was headquartered within the Navy Office.
Volleyball at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
The Volleyball Tournament at the 2005 Mediterranean Games was held in the Mediterranean Sports Palace and the Moisés Ruiz Sports Hall of the Diputación from Friday June 24 to Sunday July 3, 2005 in Almería, Spain.

2005 Mediterranean Games
The XVth Mediterranean Games Almería 2005 (XV Juegos del Mediterráneo 2005 in Spanish), commonly known as the 2005 Mediterranean Games, were the 15th Mediterranean Games. The Games were held in Almería, Spain over 10 days, from 24 June to 3 July 2005, where 3,203 athletes (2,126 men and 1,077 women) from 21 countries participated. There were a total of 258 medal events from 27 different sports.
Rote myzomela
The Rote myzomela (Myzomela irianawidodoae) is a species of Indonesian honeyeater endemic to the island of Rote. It is considered distinct from the Sumba myzomela based on voice. It was named after Iriana Joko Widodo, the first lady of Indonesia at the time of description. It has a scarlet head and nape, as well as lower back and tail, and a dark grey upper back and light grey stomach. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Iriana
Iriana (born 1 October 1963), also called Iriana Joko Widodo, is the former First Lady of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024. She is the wife of the former president, Joko Widodo and mother of the incumbent vice president, Gibran Rakabuming Raka.
Emile McMaster
Joseph Emile Patrick McMaster (16 March 1861 – 7 June 1929) was an Irish amateur cricketer and umpire who played in one retrospectively-recognised Test match for England in 1889. That was his only first-class appearance and he was never a member of any county team. He later umpired first-class matches in South Africa. He was born in Gilford, County Down, and died in London.

Educated at Harrow, McMaster was a right-handed batsman and, uniquely, a player whose Test and first-class career consisted of a single match; also, he did not score a run, take a wicket or hold a catch. He did not bowl but he was praised for his fielding.

Wicket
In the sport of cricket, the term wicket has several meanings:

It is either of the two sets of three stumps and two bails at each end of the pitch. The fielding team's players can hit the wicket with the ball in a number of ways to get a batter out. 
The wicket is guarded by a batter who, with their bat (and sometimes with their pads, but see the laws on LBW, leg before wicket), attempts to prevent the ball from hitting the wicket (if it does, they may be bowled) and to score runs where possible.

Through metonymic usage, the dismissal of a batter is known as the taking of a wicket.

The cricket pitch itself is sometimes referred to as the wicket.
Johnson's Russia List
Johnson's Russia List (JRL) is an email newsletter containing Russia-related news and analysis in English.  David Johnson is the list's editor.  Johnson's Russia List generally comes out one  time per day. Johnson's Russia List's content includes articles syndicated from other media outlets, as well as comments contributed by its readers.  The JRL is a nonprofit project currently sponsored through the Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies (IERES) at The George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs. It was previously a project at the Center for Defense Information and World Security Institute.

World Security Institute
The World Security Institute (WSI) was a Washington D.C.–based think tank committed to independent research and journalism on global affairs and security. Projects of WSI included the Center for Defense Information (CDI), Azimuth Media, the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, and Global Zero, among others. In the last several years of WSI's existence, Global Zero constituted more than 90% of WSI's operations.

In 2012, many of WSI's projects became independent or merged with other organizations. Global Zero received its 501(c)(3) status effective in June 2012, and began operating independently in November 2012, although WSI remained its principal sponsor for a period afterward.  WSI's CDI project merged with the Project On Government Oversight, (POGO) in 2012.

The last WSI president was Bruce G. Blair, a nuclear weapons analyst and scholar formerly with the Brookings Institution, and co-founder of Global Zero.
Toren (video game)
Toren is a 2015 action-adventure puzzle video game for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4, developed by Brazilian studio Swordtales and published by Versus Evil. Inspired by games such as Ico, Shadow of the Colossus and The Legend of Zelda, Toren was the first game funded by Brazilian government's public tax credit, through Rouanet Law.

Versus Evil
Versus Evil LLC was an American video game publisher founded by former ZeniMax Online Studios marketing director Steve Escalante to focus on the independent video game market. Versus Evil was bought by another publisher, tinyBuild, in November 2021. On December 22, 2023, all Versus Evil staff were laid off and the company was shut down.
Karl Thierfelder
Karl Thierfelder (born 9 August 1933) is a former track and field athlete who competed for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). In both 1957 and 1960 he became the East German champion in the triple jump. He competed in the men's triple jump at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump
The men's triple jump field event at the 1960 Olympic Games took place on September 6. Thirty-nine athletes from 24 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. Józef Szmidt of Poland won the gold medal. It was Poland's first medal and first victory in the men's triple jump. Vitold Kreyer of the Soviet Union repeated his bronze medal performance from 1956, becoming the sixth man to win two medals in the event. His countryman Vladimir Goryaev took silver; this made the Soviet Union the fourth nation to have two men on the podium in the same year in the triple jump (the United States, Sweden, and Japan) and the fourth nation to reach the podium three Games in a row (the United States, Finland, and Japan).
The Creaking Door
The Creaking Door was an old-time radio series of horror and suspense shows originating in South Africa.

The Old Time Radio Researchers Group reports 42 extant episodes in MP3 circulation. The series was first aired in 1964-65. The stories are thrillers in the Inner Sanctum vein, and generally thought of favorably by most fans of OTR.

It was sponsored by State Express 555 (pronounced "State Express Three Fives") cigarettes, a British American Tobacco product.

One episode, "Face to Face"—about a planned first landing on the Moon—refers to "Cape Kennedy" as the launch site, placing the broadcast between 1964 (when Cape Canaveral was renamed Cape Kennedy) and 1969 (the actual first Moon landing).

Suspense
Suspense is a state of anxiety or excitement caused by mysteriousness, uncertainty, doubt, or undecidedness.  In a narrative work, suspense is the audience's excited anticipation about the plot or conflict (which may be heightened by a violent moment, stressful scene, puzzle, mystery, etc.), particularly as it affects a character for whom the audience feels sympathy. However, suspense is not exclusive to narratives.
The BJ Shea Morning Experience
BJ & MIGs Mornings was a morning drive time radio show on 99.9 FM KISW in Seattle, Washington, owned by Audacy (previously Entercom). The show aired Monday through Friday, 6–10 a.m. PST and was also available as a stream and a downloadable podcast from the station's official website as well as a stream and podcast on Entercom's Radio.com website and mobile app.

Audacy
Audacy, previously known as Radio.com, is an American free broadcast and Internet radio platform developed by its parent company Audacy, Inc. (formerly known as Entercom). The Audacy platform functions as a music recommender system and is the national umbrella brand for the company's radio network aggregating its over 235 local radio stations across the United States. In addition, the service includes thousands of podcasts created for the platform, hosted elsewhere or station programming on demand. It was initially developed by CBS Radio and was acquired by the former Entercom as part of the company's takeover of CBS Radio. The service's main competitors are rival station groups iHeartMedia's iHeartRadio and TuneIn. Audacy is available online via mobile devices and devices such as Chromecast and Amazon Fire TV.
Imperial Hotel, Ravenswood
Imperial Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Macrossan Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton, Bates & Polin and built in 1901. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Eaton & Bates
Eaton & Bates was an architectural partnership in Queensland, Australia which built up a substantial Queensland practice from c. 1894-c. 1908. From 1901, it was known as Eaton, Bates & Polin. Many of their works are now heritage-listed.
Thayettaw Monastery
Thayettaw (Burmese: သရက်တောကျောင်းတိုက်, also spelt Thayettaw Kyaungtaik) is a complex of over 60 Buddhist monasteries (kyaung) in Yangon, Myanmar (formerly Rangoon, Burma), located in Lanmadaw Township's 9th ward, immediately north of Yangon Chinatown. The monastery occupies a sprawling plot that is bounded by Bogyoke Aung San Road to the north, Anawrahta Road to the south, Phongyi Street to the west, and Myoma School Street to the west.

The complex faces Yangon General Hospital and University of Medicine 1, Yangon, the former of which is the largest public hospital in the country. Owing to its proximity to these medical facilities, Thayettaw monasteries also provide de facto social safety net services (housing, meals, etc.) for impoverished patients seeking treatment in the city. The patients generally come from other parts of Lower Myanmar, namely Ayeyarwady Region, Bago Region, Mon State, and Kayin State.

Yangon Chinatown
The Chinatown of Yangon or so called Tayoke Tan (Burmese: ရန်ကုန် တရုတ်တန်း; Chinese: 仰光唐人街) lies west of the Sule Pagoda which is located in the centre of Downtown Yangon. 19th Street, Yangon is the main centre of the city's Chinatown.

Proceeding west along the Sule Pagoda Road, the 24th, 23rd, 22nd, 20th, 19th and 18th Streets and Bo Ywe, Latha and Sint Oh Dan Roads steaming with traffic are the busiest quarters of the city as it is in Chinatowns in other parts of the world. These roads fall under the Latha Township.
Prisoners of war in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
During the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present), both Ukrainian and Russian/separatist prisoners of war have suffered several forms of abuse, such as mistreatment, exposure to public curiosity, torture, or even execution.

As of November 2022, the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU) conducted 159 interviews with prisoners of war held by the Russian and Russian-affiliated forces, and 175 interviews with prisoners of war held by Ukraine. The mission later expressed concern about mistreatment of prisoners of war in the conflict, as it reported that prisoners of war held by both sides had been subject to several forms of abuse.

Stress position
A stress position, also known as a submission position, is a form of punishment that places the human body in such a way that a great amount of weight is placed on very few muscles. For example, a subject may be forced to stand on the balls of their feet, then squat so that their thighs are parallel to the ground. This creates an intense amount of pressure on the legs, leading first to pain and then rapid onset of muscle fatigue and tear.

Forcing prisoners to adopt such positions is a torture technique that proponents claim leads to extracting information from the person being tortured.