hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of St. Louis (1825)
The Treaty of St. Louis is the name of a series of treaties signed between the United States and various Native American tribes from 1804 through 1824.  The fourteen treaties were all signed in the St. Louis, Missouri area.

The Treaty of St. Louis (1825) was signed on November 7, 1825 (proclaimed on December 30, 1825) between William Clark on behalf of the United States and delegates from the Shawnee Nation. In this treaty, the Shawnee ceded lands to the United States near Cape Girardeau, from Cape Girardeau west to the Whitewater River. In return for Cape Girardeau , the United States government gave the Shawnee a sum of 11,000 dollars and leased to them a blacksmith shop for five years providing all tools and 300 pounds of iron annually. Moreover, peace and friendship between the two nations were renewed and perpetuated.

William Clark
William Clark (August 1, 1770 – September 1, 1838) was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor. A native of Virginia, he grew up in pre-statehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Missouri.

Along with Meriwether Lewis, Clark led the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806 across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean, the first major effort to explore and map much of what is now the Western United States and to assert American claims to the Pacific Northwest. Before the expedition, he served in a militia and the United States Army. Afterward, he served in a militia and as governor of the Missouri Territory. From 1822 until his death in 1838, he served as a U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs in St. Louis.
Calspan
Calspan Corporation is a science and technology company founded in 1943 as part of the Research Laboratory of the Curtiss-Wright Airplane Division at Buffalo, New York. Calspan consists of four primary operating units: Flight Research, Transportation Research, Aerospace Sciences Transonic Wind Tunnel, and Crash Investigations. The company's main facility is in Cheektowaga, New York, while it has other facilities such as the Flight Research Center in Niagara Falls, New York, and remote flight test operations at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and Patuxent River, Maryland. Calspan also has thirteen field offices throughout the Eastern United States which perform accident investigations on behalf of the United States Department of Transportation. Calspan was acquired by TransDigm Group in 2023.

United States Department of Transportation
The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT or DOT) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It is headed by the secretary of transportation, who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet.

The department's fiscal year 2022–2026 strategic plan states that its mission is "to deliver the world's leading transportation system, serving the American people and economy through the safe, efficient, sustainable, and equitable movement of people and goods."
Lion (coin)
A Lion was a Scottish gold coin ordered to be struck in 1451 that featured a lion on one side and a depiction of St. Andrew on the other. The coin weighed the same as half an English Noble and was worth six shillings and eight pence.

Noble (English coin)
The noble was the first English gold coin produced in quantity, introduced during the second coinage (1344–1346) of King Edward III. It was preceded by the gold penny and the florin, minted during the reign of King Henry III and the beginning of the reign of King Edward III; these saw little circulation. The derivatives of the noble (the half noble and quarter noble), on the other hand, were produced in quantity and were very popular.

The value of the coin was six shillings and eight pence (which could be written in various ways such as 6/8, 6s. 8d., or using Roman numerals vj s. viij d.). This was equivalent to 1⁄3 pound sterling. The weight was changed from issue to issue to maintain this value until 1464 when the value was increased. During the history of this denomination there are many variations of inscription, mintmark, and (to some extent) design.
Cayetano Garza
Cayetano 'Cat' Garza (born October 15, 1972) is a comic artist, cartoonist, illustrator, and musician in the United States. He is best known for his experiments with webcomics.

Garza has been published in various anthologies and publications. He is considered by Scott McCloud, author of Understanding Comics, as a pioneer in the area of web design and interface for online comics. Garza is featured in McCloud's sequel to Understanding Comics, Reinventing Comics, and on his website. He has also been featured in Toon Art: The Graphic Art of Digital Cartooning by Steven Withrow.

Webcomic
Webcomics (also known as online comics or Internet comics) are comics published on the internet, such as on a website or a mobile app. While many webcomics are published exclusively online, others are also published in magazines, newspapers, or comic books.
Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic. Readership levels vary widely; many are read only by the creator's immediate friends and family, while some of the most widely read have audiences of well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics, and cover many genres, styles, and subjects. They sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. The term web cartoonist is sometimes used to refer to someone who creates webcomics. Two examples of webcomic website builders are Comic Fury and Webtoon.
2006 Damallsvenskan
The 2006 Damallsvenskan was the 19th season of the Damallsvenskan. Matches were played between 17 April and 29 October 2006. Umeå IK won the league, defending their title from the previous year. It was Umeå's fourth title overall. Djurgården/Älvsjö finished second, 21 points behind the champions. This was the biggest gap between first and second place in Damalsvenskan's history. Linköpings FC finished third.

The previous season, Bälinge IF and Jitex BK were promoted. Jitex were relegated again, together with Mallbackens IF.

Winners are marked in green, and relegated teams in pink. (N) marks newly promoted teams, and (M) marks the defending champions.

Mallbackens IF
Mallbackens IF is a football club from Mallbacken, 15 kilometres north of Sunne in Värmland, Sweden. The club was established in 1942 and played in the Women's premier division (Damallsvenskan) for the first time in 1986. They currently play in Sweden's second division, the Elitettan.

The club play their home games at Strandvallen Stadium in Mallbacken. The team colours are green and white. The club is affiliated to the Värmlands Fotbollförbund.
Larry Edwards (cricketer)
Larry Edwards (born 16 February 1995) is a cricketer who represents the Windward Islands national team in West Indian domestic cricket. He made his first-class debut for the Windward Islands in the 2015–16 Regional Four Day Competition on 18 March 2016. He made his List A debut for Combined Campuses and Colleges in the 2016–17 Regional Super50 on 24 January 2017.

He was the leading wicket-taker for the Windward Islands in the 2018–19 Regional Super50 tournament, with thirteen dismissals in eight matches. In October 2019, he was named in the Windward Islands' squad for the 2019–20 Regional Super50 tournament.

In June 2020, he was selected by the Windward Islands, in the players' draft hosted by Cricket West Indies ahead of the 2020–21 domestic season. He made his Twenty20 debut on 11 September 2022, for Saint Lucia Kings in the 2022 Caribbean Premier League.

Combined Campuses and Colleges cricket team
Combined Campuses and Colleges (CCC) is a first-class and List A cricket team composed of West Indian collegiate and university students. The team competes in the Regional Four Day Competition and the Regional Super50. The CCC won the 2018–19 Regional Super50, their only major title so far.
Doorways to Horror
Doorways to Horror is a horror board game played with a VCR designed by Sid Sackson and published in 1986 by Pressman Toy Corporation alongside Doorways to Adventure. Players scan through various doorways on a videotape recording, playing cards to capture creatures and win Gold Certificates in order to be the richest player by the end of the game. The tape includes clips from public domain media, including Cyrano De Bergerac, Africa Screams, Algiers, and The Terror.

Videocassette recorder
A videocassette recorder (VCR) or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other AV sources and can play back the recording after rewinding. The use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as time shifting. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes, which were widely available for purchase and rental starting in the 80s and 90s, most popularly in the VHS videocassette format. Blank tapes were sold to make recordings.

VCRs declined in popularity during the 2000s and in 2016, Funai Electric, the last remaining manufacturer, ceased production.
Émile Braun
Émile, Baron Braun (2 December 1849 – 30 August 1927) was an engineer, Belgian liberal politician and manager of companies in the textile industry.

He was provincial Council member for East Flanders (1891–1898), mayor of Ghent (1895–1921) and a member of parliament (1900–1925) for the liberal party. While he was mayor, the World Fair of Ghent took place in 1913–1914. Emile Braun was raised to nobility in 1922. The people from Ghent gave him the nickname Miele Zoetekoeke i.e. Emile sweet-cake.

Ghent International Exposition (1913)
The Ghent International Exposition (Dutch: Wereldtentoonstelling van Gent; French: Exposition universelle et internationale de Gand) of 1913 was a world's fair held in Ghent, Belgium, from 26 April to 3 November 1913.
Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
The Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes (Czech: Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů or ÚSTR) is a Czech government agency and research institute. It was founded by the Czech government in 2007 and is situated at Siwiecova street, Prague-Žižkov (the street is named after Ryszard Siwiec).

Its purpose is to gather, analyse and make accessible documents from the Nazi and Communist totalitarian regimes. Its  Security Services Archive also has documents from the former communist secret police, the StB or State Security.
The institute is a founding member organisation of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience, and hosts its secretariat.

Secret police
Secret police (or political police) are government agencies that operate as secret services engaging in covert operations against a government's political, ideological or social opponents and dissidents. Secret police organizations are characteristic of police states governed by authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. They protect the political power of a dictator or regime and often operate outside the law to repress dissidents and weaken political opposition, frequently using violence. They may enjoy legal sanction to hold and charge suspects without ever identifying their organization.
History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)
Although the Democratic Alliance of South Africa in its present form is fairly new, its roots can be traced far back in South African political history, through a complex sequence of splits and mergers.

Athol Trollip
Roland Athol Price Trollip (born 12 March 1964) is a South African politician and provincial chairman of ActionSA in the Eastern Cape.

He currently serves as the Parliamentary Leader of ActionSA in the National Assembly.

He was previously a member of the Democratic Alliance (DA), serving as the Federal Chairperson of the DA from 2015 to 2019 and the Executive Mayor of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, serving from 2016 until he was unseated in a vote of no confidence in 2018.

Trollip has served as a member of the National Assembly and as a member of the Provincial Legislature of the Eastern Cape Province. He served as Parliamentary Leader of the opposition between 2009 and 2011. He was the provincial leader of the DA in the Eastern Cape from 2002 until he was replaced on 6 May 2017 by Nqaba Bhanga.
Mushkan, Ilam
Mushkan (Kurdish:Müşekan(مۊشەکان), also Persian as موشکان) is a village in Zanjireh Rural District, in the Shawaw District of Chardawol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 196, in 45 families. The village is populated by Kurds.احسان کمرخانی

Ilam province
Ilam Province (Persian: استان ایلام) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ilam.

The province is in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers 20,164.11 km2 (7,785.41 mi2). It shares 425 km (264 mi) of the border with Iraq, and also borders on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan.
Honda NH series
The NH series of Honda scooters was sold worldwide beginning in 1983, in 50, 80, 90, 100 and 125cc versions.  All models have an air-cooled two-stroke engine with CDI ignition. All models except the Lead 50 have leading link front suspension, electric and kick start, and a fuel gauge. The Lead 50 has a traditional telescopic fork front suspension and only electric start. All models have drum brakes and CVT transmission.

Continuously variable transmission
A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automatic transmission that can change through a continuous range of gear ratios, typically resulting in better fuel economy in gasoline applications. This contrasts with other transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds.
Thus, CVT has a simpler structure, longer internal component lifespan in theory, and potentially greater durability. Compared to traditional or standard  automatic transmissions, it offers lower fuel consumption and greater environmental friendliness.

CVTs are used in cars, tractors, side-by-sides, motor scooters, snowmobiles, bicycles, and heavy equipment. The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a belt or chain; however, several other designs have also been used at times.
Ephedra (plant)
Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs. As of July 2025, 74 species, and two hybrids, are accepted. The species of Ephedra are widespread in many arid regions of the world, ranging across southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and central Asia, northern China, and western South America. It is the only extant genus in its family, Ephedraceae, and order, Ephedrales, and one of the three extant genera of the division Gnetophyta together with Gnetum and Welwitschia.

In temperate climates, most Ephedra species grow on shores or in sandy soils with direct sun exposure. Common names in English include joint-pine, jointfir, Mormon-tea, or Brigham tea. The Chinese name for Ephedra species is mahuang (simplified Chinese: 麻黄; traditional Chinese: 麻黃; pinyin: máhuáng; Wade–Giles: ma-huang; lit. 'hemp yellow'). Ephedra is the origin of the name of the stimulant ephedrine, which the plants contain in significant concentration.

Sereno Watson
Sereno Watson FAAAS, NAS (December 1, 1826 – March 9, 1892) was an American botanist. He served as curator of the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University and as botanist on the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel scientific expedition.
Charity shop
A charity shop is a retail establishment run by a charitable organization to raise money. Charity shops are a type of social enterprise. They sell mainly used goods such as clothing, books, collectibles, music albums, shoes, toys, and furniture donated by the public, and are often staffed by volunteers. Because the items for sale were obtained for free, and business costs are low, the items can be sold at competitive prices. After costs are paid, all remaining income from the sales is used in accord with the organization's stated charitable purpose. Costs include purchase and/or depreciation of fixtures (clothing racks, bookshelves, counters, etc.), operating costs (maintenance, municipal service fees, electricity, heat, telephone, limited advertising) and the building lease or mortgage.

Shopping can be done in a physical shop, or online. Some charity shops are online only.

Collectable
A collectable, collectible, or collector's item is any object regarded as being of value or interest to a collector. Collectable items are not necessarily monetarily valuable or uncommon. There are numerous types of collectables and terms to denote those types. An antique is a collectable that is old. A curio is something deemed unique, uncommon, or weird, such as a decorative item. A manufactured collectable is an item made specifically for people to collect.
Creußen
Creußen (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɔʏsn̩] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the Red Main river, 13 km southeast of Bayreuth.

Creußen is famous for its stoneware beer steins.

Creußen is the starting point of the Red Main branch of the Main-Radweg bicycle path which stretches about 600 km along the Main until the mouth into the Rhine.

Beer stein
A beer stein (/ˈstaɪn/ STYNE), or simply stein, is either a traditional beer mug made out of stoneware or specifically an ornamental beer mug sold as a souvenir or collectible.

Such steins may be made out of stoneware, pewter, porcelain or even silver, wood or crystal glass; they may have open tops or hinged pewter lids with a thumb-lever. Steins usually come in sizes of a half litre or a full litre (or comparable historic sizes). Like decorative tankards, they are often decorated in a nostalgic manner with allusions to Germany.
El Gran Show season 6
Reyes del Show (English: Show Kings) is the third season of the 2011 edition of El Gran Show premiered on November 5, 2011.

On December 17, 2011, former vedette Belén Estévez and Waldir Felipa were declared the winners, actress & model Maricielo Effio and Elí Vela finished second, while actor Jesús Neyra and Lucero Clavijo were third. Having won for the second time, Estévez thus became the first two-time celebrity champion of the show. During the final week, most former "heroes" who participated in Bailando por un sueño, El show de los sueños, and two years of El gran show, competed in gamblings where the prize was two 0 km cars.

Jesús Neyra
Jesús Adalberto Neyra Magagna is a Peruvian actor, model, dancer and former football player of Italian descent most known for being a "Hero" in the first and third season of El Gran Show.

He is Gianella Neyra's brother.
He has studied acting with Michelle Danner in Los Angeles.
The Ash Grove
"The Ash Grove" (Welsh: Llwyn Onn) is a traditional Welsh folk song; numerous sets of lyrics have been set to its melody. The best-known English lyrics were written by Thomas Oliphant in the 19th century.

Music of Wales
The music of Wales, particularly singing, is a significant part of Welsh national identity, and the country is traditionally referred to as "the land of song".

This is a modern stereotype based on 19th century conceptions of Nonconformist choral music and 20th century male voice choirs, Eisteddfodau and arena singing, such as sporting events, but Wales has a history of music that has been used as a primary form of communication.

Historically, Wales has been associated with folk music, choral performance, religious music and brass bands. However modern Welsh music is a thriving scene of rock, Welsh language lyricism, modern folk, jazz, pop, and electronic music. Particularly noted in the UK are the Newport rock scene, once labelled 'the new Seattle', and the Cardiff music scene, for which the city has been labelled 'Music City', for having the second highest number of independent music venues in the UK.
Niko Noga
Falaniko Noga (born March 1, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors.

Brothers Pete and Al played at the University of Hawai'i and later in the NFL.

Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football
The Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team represents the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in NCAA Division I FBS college football.  It was part of the Western Athletic Conference until July 2012, when the team joined the Mountain West Conference (MW) as a football-only member, with an upgrade to full MW membership pending in 2026. From 2000 until 2013, the team was known simply as the Warriors.
Darcourt
Darcourt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Guillaume Darcourt (born 1973), French poker player

José Darcourt (1958–2014), Cuban baseball player

Juliette Darcourt (1860–1920), French actress and singer

Lázaro Darcourt (born 1971), Cuban footballer

José Darcourt
Jose Modesto Darcourt (November 26, 1958 – February 17, 2014) was a baseball pitcher who played in the Cuban National Series from 1976 to 1990, as well as in multiple international tournaments.

In the 1979–1980 Cuban league season, he led the league in shutouts with five and tied Braudilio Vinent for the lead in complete games with 13. He also led that season's Series Selectivas in innings pitched with 114.2. He led the Cuban National Series in wins (12) and tied Julio Romero and Pablo Martinez for the lead in complete games with 12 in 1981–1982. He also won the Most Valuable Pitcher honor that season.

He was named the best pitcher in both the 1985 and 1987 World Port Tournaments.

He posted a record of 129-107 with a 2.83 ERA and 1,344 strikeouts in his Cuban league career.

He was born in Havana, Cuba.
Callixenus
Callixenus (Ancient Greek: Καλλίξενος) (fl. 406 BC – 400 BC) was an Athenian politician who lived around the time of Socrates.  After the Battle of Arginusae, Callixenus argued that the generals who failed to rescue Athenian shipwreck victims should be tried together by the Assembly.  Euryptolemus brought a suit (graphe paranomon) against Callixenus claiming that the proposal was unlawful, but was forced to drop it in the face of public opinion.  At the trial, the remaining generals – two, Aristogenes and Protomachus, had already fled Athens rather than face trial – were found guilty, and sentenced to death.  A later rhetorical work by Aelius Aristides claims that Callixenus also proposed that the generals should not be buried, though this is certainly ahistorical.

As public opinion turned against the motion brought by Callixenus, a case was brought against him and he fled Athens.  He returned in the general amnesty of 403, and died in Athens of starvation.

Aelius Aristides
Publius Aelius Aristides Theodorus (Ancient Greek: Πόπλιος Αἴλιος Ἀριστείδης Θεόδωρος; 117–181 AD) was a Greek orator and author considered to be a prime example as a member of the Second Sophistic, a group of celebrated and highly influential orators who flourished from the reign of Nero until c. 230 AD.

More than fifty of his orations and other works survive, dating from the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. His early success was interrupted by a decades-long series of illnesses for which he sought relief by divine communion with the god Asclepius, effected by interpreting and obeying the dreams that came to him while sleeping in the god's sacred precinct; he later recorded this experience in a series of discourses titled Sacred Tales (Hieroi Logoi). In his later life, Aristides resumed his career as an orator, achieving such notable success that Philostratus would declare that "Aristides was of all the sophists most deeply versed in his art."