hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gold mining in Nova Scotia
Gold mining has been a part of Nova Scotia's heritage for 150 plus years and continues to this day. Over a million ounces of gold have been produced in the province since mining began in 1861. Although not as well known as the gold rushes of California, the Klondike, Australia, and South Africa, three distinct rushes resulted in an economic boom in the province and saw the birth and sometimes demise of many new communities.

There are 65 declared gold districts in Nova Scotia. There were around 350 mines worked in these districts.

Australian gold rushes
During the Australian gold rushes, starting in 1851, significant numbers of workers moved from elsewhere in Australia and overseas to where gold had been discovered. Gold had been found several times before, but the colonial government of New South Wales (Victoria did not become a separate colony until 1 July 1851) had suppressed the news out of the fear that it would reduce the workforce and destabilise the economy.

The Australian gold rushes changed the convict colonies into more progressive cities with the influx of free immigrants.

After the California Gold Rush began in 1848, many people went there from Australia, so the New South Wales government sought approval from the British Colonial Office for the exploitation of mineral resources, and offered rewards for finding gold.
Brookfield Schools
Brookfield Schools are a group of private, co-educational special schools in New Jersey, United States. It was established in 1976 and provides educational and therapeutic services for K–12 students on three sites; 9–12 Brookfield Academy in Cherry Hill, K–8 Brookfield Elementary in Haddon Heights, and a college transition program via Camden County College campus in Blackwood.

The schools use Common Core curriculum standards and testing, sports activities to build teamwork and social skills, and a collaboration with a local animal shelter to "sharpen reading skills" and socialize puppies for adoption. It is listed among New Jersey's "Approved Private Schools for Students with Disabilities." According to the Camden City Board of Education, "Brookfield Schools is a nationally recognized and highly qualified organization in providing home educational services to students in need of such services."

Common Core
The Common Core State Standards Initiative, also known as simply Common Core, is an American, multi-state educational initiative which began in 2010 with the goal of increasing consistency across state standards, or what K–12 students throughout the United States should know in English language arts and mathematics at the conclusion of each school grade. The initiative was sponsored by the National Governors Association and the Council of Chief State School Officers.

The initiative also sought to provide states and schools with articulated expectations around the skills students graduating from high school needed in order to be prepared to enter credit-bearing courses at two- or four-year college programs or to enter the workforce.
Jin Mingri
Jin Mingri (Chinese: 金明日), who is also known as Ezra Jin, is the pastor of Zion Church of Beijing, an independent Chinese Christian church in Beijing, China. The church started in 2007 and soon grew to over a 1,000 worshippers. Journalist Evan Osnos said Jin has a "lively televangelist flair".

Born in Heilongjiang, he is a Korean ethnic minority in China. He is a graduate of Beijing University (BA), Nanjing Union Theological Seminary (MDiv) and Fuller Theological Seminary (DMin). Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, he started attending a Three-Self Patriotic Movement church. Within a few months, he became a Christian convert. In 2018, the authorities shut down the church and put the pastor under house arrest. In October 2025, Jin was detained by Chinese authorities along with more than 20 other members of the Zion Church.

Fuller Theological Seminary
Fuller Theological Seminary  is an Evangelical seminary in Pasadena, California, with regional campuses in the western United States. It is egalitarian in nature.

Fuller has a student body of approximately 664 FTE students from many countries and denominations. There are over 41,000 alumni. Fuller is broadly evangelical among faculty and student body. Some hold conservative evangelical views such as unlimited inerrancy while others hold liberal evangelical sentiments such as limited inerrancy which views the Bible as true on matters of salvation but contains error in its recording of history and science.
Vesterinen
Vesterinen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jorma Vesterinen (1918–unknown), Finnish chess master

Paavo Vesterinen (1918–1993), Finnish farmer and politician

Vihtori Vesterinen (1885–1958), Finnish farmer and politician

Viljo Vesterinen (1907–1961), Finnish accordionist and composer

Viljo Vesterinen
Viljo "Vili" Vesterinen (26 March 1907 – 18 May 1961) was a Finnish accordionist and composer.

Vesterinen was born in Terijoki. He studied piano and cello at the Vyborg Music Institute, but as an accordionist he was self-taught. Vesterinen mainly played in different bands and theatres early in his career. Vesterinen made his first recordings in 1929. Vesterinen's most popular recording is Säkkijärven polkka (1939). Even though it is not Vesterinen's own song, his version of the song is one of its most popular renditions. Other popular songs are Metsäkukkia (1931), Hilpeä hanuri (1936) and Valssi menneiltä ajoilta (1939). Vesterinen made a total of 130 recordings during his career. Heavy use of alcohol and cigarettes caused his health to deteriorate and affected his ability to play.

Vesterinen also appeared in some films. The biopic Säkkijärven polkka (1955) is the story of Vesterinen's life.
Marcel Deleeuw
Marcel Deleeuw was a football player in the Canadian Football League for three years, mostly serving as a punter.

After playing junior football for the Edmonton Wildcats, Marcel Deleeuw joined the Edmonton Eskimos in 1964 as their regular punter, replacing Aubrey Linne. Deleeuw punted for a 38.0 average and no single point. However, the following year he was replaced as the punter and mostly served as a punt returner. He only came back in 1971 as the punter of the Ottawa Rough Riders when his average increased to 42.5 yards per punt. However, he did not play another season.

Return specialist
A return specialist, subcategorized as kick or punt returners, is a player on the special teams unit of a gridiron football team who specializes in returning kickoffs and punts. There are few players who are exclusively return specialists; most also play another position such as wide receiver, cornerback, or running back. The special teams counterpart of a return specialist is a kicking specialist.

According to All-American Venric Mark, "Returning punts is harder. You have to judge the ball more, you have to know when to fair catch and when not to. You can't be a superhero and try to catch everything. With kickoff returns, you catch the ball and—boom—you're going."
Tunney Lee
Tunney Lee  (Chinese: 李燦輝, 1931 – July 2, 2020) was an architect, planner, educator, and activist known for his community engagement work primarily in Chinatown, Boston. Lee was a professor emeritus of urban planning and a former head of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP) within the MIT School of Architecture and Planning. He is also known as the founder of the Department of Architecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), now called the School of Architecture. Lee also maintained a career in public service as chief of planning and design for the Boston Redevelopment Authority and deputy commissioner of the state Division of Capital Planning and Operations under Governor Michael S. Dukakis. He died on July 2, 2020, in Boston at the age of 88.

Boston Planning & Development Agency
The Boston Planning & Development Agency (BPDA), formerly the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), is a Massachusetts public agency that serves as the municipal planning and development agency for Boston, working on both housing and commercial developments.

As an agency concerned with urban planning, the BPDA does not consider requests for zoning variances from individual property owners. These are heard by the city's own Zoning Board of Appeals, a seven-person body appointed by the Mayor of Boston.

Some consider the BPDA's roles as both real estate owner and developer, and approval authority over private development projects, to be a conflict of interest.
Mallapur
Mallapur, also known as Mallapuram before the 2000s , is a neighbourhood in Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana. It falls under Uppal mandal of Medchal-Malkajgiri district. It is administered as Ward No. 5 of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is the civic body that oversees Hyderabad, the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It is the local government for the city of Hyderabad. The GHMC is responsible for civic administration, including urban planning, sanitation, road maintenance, and public health services. It was the largest municipal corporations in India with an area of 2053 km2 until 11 February 2026, when GHMC was split into three independent municipal corporations.
Coat of arms of Kiribati
The coat of arms of Kiribati, officially known as the National Emblem of Kiribati, is the heraldic symbol representing the Central Pacific island nation of Kiribati. The arms feature a golden-coloured lesser frigatebird over a rising sun on a red background among white and blue stripes (symbol of the Pacific) and the 3 pairs of stripes represent the three archipelagos of the nation (Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands). The 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (former Ocean Island). On the ribbon under the shield is the Gilbertese motto Te Mauri te Raoi ao te Tabomoa (Health, Peace, and Prosperity).

The original and official version of both the National Flag and Emblem of Kiribati could be obtained from the Office of Te Beretitenti, the Ministry of Justice, or other Government's Ministries and Departments. The original design and specifications of both the flag and emblem are stipulated in the Constitution of Republic of Kiribati.

Banaba
Banaba (/bəˈnɑːbə/; formerly Ocean Island) is an island of Kiribati in the Pacific Ocean. A solitary raised coral island west of the Gilbert Island Chain, it is the westernmost point of Kiribati, lying 185 miles (298 km) east of Nauru, which is also its nearest neighbour. It has an area of six square kilometres (2.3 sq mi), and the highest point on the island is also the highest point in Kiribati, at 81 metres (266 ft) in height. Along with Nauru and Makatea (French Polynesia), it is one of the important elevated phosphate-rich islands of the Pacific Ocean.
Seongnam station (Gyeonggi)
Seongnam Station (Korean: 성남역; Hanja: 城南驛) is a railway station on GTX-A and Gyeonggang Line of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. It is located at Baekhyeon-dong, Bundang, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea.

Gyeonggi Province
Gyeonggi Province (Korean: 경기도; RR: Gyeonggi-do, Korean pronunciation: [kjʌ̹ŋ.ɡi.do̞]) is the most populous province in South Korea.

Seoul, the nation's largest city and capital, is in the heart of the area but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon, the nation's third-largest city, is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981. The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 (4,530 sq mi), with a combined population of over 26 million - amounting to over half (50.25%) of the entire population of South Korea, and a third of the population of the Korean peninsula at the 2020 census.
Château de Castelnau-de-Lévis
The Château de Castelnau-de-Lévis is a castle in the commune of Castelnau-de-Lévis in the Tarn département of France.

The castel was built at the beginning of the thirteenth century by Gicard Alamon, and called Castelnau de Bonnafonds. It was rebuilt by the Lévis family in the fifteenth century, when the seigneurie came into the possession of Hugues d'Amboise, baron d'Aubijoux; the fief remained with his descendants until the seventeenth century. Hugues' grandson, Louis d'Amboise, comte d'Aubijoux and baron de Castelnau-de Bonnafous, restored the castle and dwelt in it. The narrow square watchtower (tour de guet) is 40m tall.

Apart from the watchtower, all that remains today are remnants of other buildings. From the castle, there is a good view of Albi and the Tarn valley.

The castle is privately owned. It has been listed since 1909 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

Tarn (river)
The Tarn (French pronunciation: [taʁn] ⓘ; Occitan: Tarn, Latin: Tarnis, possibly meaning 'rapid' or 'walled in') is a 380.2-kilometre (236.2 mi) long river in the administrative region of Occitania in southern France. It is a right tributary of the Garonne.

The Tarn runs in a roughly westerly direction, from its source at an elevation of 1,550 m (5,090 ft) on Mont Lozère in the Cévennes mountains (part of the Massif Central), through the deep gorges and canyons of the Gorges du Tarn that cuts through the Causse du Larzac, to Moissac in Tarn-et-Garonne, where it joins the Garonne, 4 km (2.5 mi) downstream from the centre of town.

Its basin covers approximately 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi), and it has a mean flow of approximately 140 cubic metres per second (4,900 cu ft/s).

The Millau Viaduct spans the valley of the Tarn near Millau, and is now one of the area's most popular attractions.
Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020
This article documents the chronology of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020, which originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Some developments may become known or fully understood only in retrospect. Reporting on this pandemic began in December 2019.

Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (Ge'ez: ቴዎድሮስ አድሓኖም ገብረኢየሱስ, sometimes spelled ቴድሮስ ኣድሓኖም ገብረየሱስ; born 3 March 1965) is an Ethiopian public health official, researcher, diplomat, and the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2017. He is the first African to become WHO Director-General, receiving an endorsement for the role by the African Union. Tedros played a role in the response to the Ebola virus epidemic, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak.

Prior to serving as Director-General, he held two high-level positions in the government of Ethiopia: Minister of Health from 2005 to 2012 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016. Tedros was included in Time's 100 Most Influential People of 2020.
Trace tree
A trace tree is a data structure that is used in the runtime compilation of programming code. Trace trees are used in tracing just-in-time compilation where tracing is used during code execution to look for hot spots before compilation. When those hot spots are entered again the compiled code is run instead. Each statement executed is traced, including within other function calls, and the entire execution path is compiled. This is different from compiling individual functions. More information can be gained allowing better compiler optimizations, including the removal of some function call overhead. The interpreter is called to continue whenever compiled code makes calls to code outside the compilation contexts.

Data structure
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization and storage format that is usually chosen for efficient access to data. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data, i.e., it is an algebraic structure about data.
Kalynivka Raion
Kalynivka Raion (Ukrainian: Калинівський район) was one of raions of Vinnytsia Oblast, located in southwestern Ukraine. The administrative center of the raion was the town of Kalynivka. The raion was abolished and its territory was merged into Khmilnyk Raion on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Vinnytsia Oblast to six. The last estimate of the raion population was 56,268 (2020 est.).

Vinnytsia Oblast
Vinnytsia Oblast (Ukrainian: Вінницька область, romanized: Vinnytska oblast, IPA: [ˈwinːɪtsʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also referred to as Vinnychchyna (Ukrainian: Вінниччина), is an oblast in central Ukraine. Its administrative center is Vinnytsia. The oblast has a population of 1,509,515 (2022 estimate).
Zymolyase
Zymolyase (also known as lyticase, sometimes misspelled as Zymolase) is an enzyme mixture used to degrade the cell wall of yeast and form spheroplasts.  Essential activities of zymolyase include β-1,3-glucan laminaripentao-hydrolase activity and β-1,3-glucanase activity.  A common source of zymolyase is the Actinobacteria Arthrobacter luteus.  Commercial sources of zymolyase may have some residual protease activity.

Fungi susceptible to zymolyase can be found in the order Saccharomycetales.

Saccharomycetales genera that zymolyase is known to have activity against include:

Eremothecium, Candida, Debaryomyces, Eremothecium, Endomyces, Hansenula, Hanseniaspora, Kloekera, Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Metschikowia, Pichia, Pullularia, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Schizosaccahromyces, Torulopsis

Kluyveromyces
Kluyveromyces is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. Some of the species, such as K. marxianus, are the teleomorphs of Candida species.

The genus name of Kluyveromyces is in honour of Albert Jan Kluyver ForMemRS (1888-1956), who was a Dutch microbiologist and biochemist.

The genus was circumscribed by Johannes P. Van der Walt in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek vol.22 on pages 268–271 in 1956.

Mating and sporulation in Kluyveromyces are co-induced by poor environments and most often occur in succession without intervening diploid mitotic cell divisions.

A RAD52 gene homolog from Kluyveromyces lactis was cloned and characterized.  This gene, which has a central role in recombinational repair of DNA, can complement S. cerevisiae rad52 mutants.
Dobronravov
Dobronravov (Russian: Добронравов) is a Russian masculine surname derived from the word combination dobryi and nrav meaning kind temper; its feminine counterpart is Dobronravova. Notable people with the surname include:

Boris Dobronravov (1896–1949), Russian and Soviet actor

Elena Dobronravova (1932–1999), Soviet and Russian actress

Fyodor Dobronravov (born 1961), Russian actor

Ivan Dobronravov (born 1989), Russian actor, son of Fyodor

Nikolai Dobronravov (1928–2023), Russian poet and lyricist

Nikolai Dobronravov
Nikolai Nikolayevich Dobronravov (Russian: Николай Николаевич Добронравов; 22 November 1928 – 16 September 2023) was a Soviet and Russian poet and lyricist. He collaborated with his wife Aleksandra Pakhmutova.

Dobronravov had two higher educations: in 1950 he graduated from the Moscow Art Theatre School, in 1952 the Moscow City Pedagogical Institute named after Vladimir Potemkin. He died in Moscow on 16 September 2023, at the age of 94.
My Reflection (album)
My Reflection is the sixth video album by Japanese recording artist Mai Kuraki. It was released on DVD format on January 7, 2004 by B-Vision. The album consists of two discs: disc one includes Kuraki's music videos and making videos, while disc two includes materials from recordings from Kuraki's concerts during her Mai Kuraki Fairy Tale Tour 02-03 and other performances. The album was originally scheduled to be released on December 24, 2003; however, it was delayed for a technical reason.

Upon its release, My Reflection met with a commercial success, debuting atop on the Oricon Weekly Video Albums Chart. The album became the twelfth best-selling video album (DVD) of 2004 in Japan.

B Zone
B ZONE, Inc. (株式会社B ZONE, Kabushiki-gaisha B Zone) (aka B ZONE Group), formerly known as Being, Inc. (aka Being Giza Group), is a Japanese private entertainment conglomerate and recording label based in Tokyo's Roppongi district, founded on November 1, 1978, by music producer Daiko Nagato. The company and its subsidiaries are the main supplier of theme music for the anime series Detective Conan. As of May 2023, over 130 theme songs have been supplied to the anime television series and movies by the B ZONE Group. On 4 April 2023, Being changed company name to B Zone.
Bishigino
Bishigino (Russian: Бишигино) is a rural locality (a selo) in Nerchinsky District, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. Population: 341 (2021 census); 391 (2010 census); 443 (2002 census);  There are 3 streets in this selo.

Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Russian Far East. Its administrative center is Chita. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 1,107,107.

The krai was created on 1 March 2008, as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug after a referendum held on the issue on 11 March 2007. In 2018, the krai became part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
Jimmy Puah Wee Tse
Jimmy Puah Wee Tse is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tebrau since November 2022. He served as a Member of the Johor State Executive Council (EXCO) in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) state administration under former Menteris Besar Osman Sapian and Sahruddin Jamal from May 2018 to the collapse of the PH state administration in February 2020i and Member of the Johor State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Bukit Batu from May 2013 to March 2022. He is a member and Division Chief of Pulai of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party of the PH and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions.

Pulai (federal constituency)
Pulai is a federal constituency in Johor Bahru District, Johor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 1974.

The federal constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.
Yokosuka Ro-gō Type A
The Yokosuka Ro-gō Type A (横廠式ロ号甲型, Yokoshō-shiki Ro-gō Kō-gata) was a Japanese reconnaissance floatplane developed during the First World War by the Japanese Navy Arsenal at Yokosuka, and one of the first indigenous Japanese aircraft to enter production. There were 218 of these aircraft built for the Imperial Japanese Navy, which remained in use until 1928.

Surveillance aircraft
Surveillance aircraft or observation aircraft are aircraft used for aerial surveillance. They are primarily operated by military forces and government agencies in roles including intelligence gathering, maritime patrol, battlefield and airspace surveillance, observation (e.g. artillery spotting), and law enforcement.

Surveillance aircraft usually carry limited defensive armament, if any. They do not require high-performance capability or stealth characteristics and may be modified civilian aircraft. Surveillance aircraft have also included moored balloons (e.g. TARS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).