hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Templeton (botanist)
John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the "Father of Irish Botany". He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth-century enlightenment, initially supported the United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies.

James Sowerby
James Sowerby (21 March 1757 – 25 October 1822) was an English naturalist, illustrator and mineralogist. Contributions to published works, such as A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland or English Botany, include his detailed and appealing plates. The use of vivid colour and accessible texts was intended to reach a widening audience in works of natural history. The standard author abbreviation Sowerby is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Skirving
Skirving is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adam Skirving (1719–1803), Scottish songwriter

Alexander Skirving (1868–1935), trade union secretary and politician

Angie Skirving (born 1981), Australian hockey player

Archibald Skirving (1749–1819), Scottish portrait painter

Ben Skirving (born 1983), English rugby player

Catherine Seaton Skirving (née Ewart, 1818–1897), Canadian philanthropist and volunteer

Imogen Skirving (1937–2016), British hotelier

John Skirving Ewart (1849–1933), Canadian lawyer

Robert Skirving, bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of East Carolina, US

William Skirving (c. 1745–1796) activist, one of the five Scottish Martyrs for Liberty

William Skirving
William Skirving (c. 1745 – 1796) was one of the five Scottish Martyrs for Liberty. Active in the cause of universal franchise and other reforms inspired by the French Revolution, they were convicted of sedition in 1793–94, and sentenced to transportation to New South Wales.
Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Chad)
The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights of Chad is structured in the following manner:

Cabinet Office

General Inspection

Central Administration

Judicial services

Joint regional delegations

Organizations under guardianship

In keeping with the overseeing of human rights, the ministry manages the following judicial services:

Court of Appeal

Courts of the Grand Instances

Labor Courts

Courts of Commerce

Justice of the peace

Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye
Nouradine Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye (Arabic: نور الدين دلوا كوماكوي; born December 31, 1949) is a Chadian politician and the head of the National Rally for Development and Progress (VIVA-RNDP) political party. After serving as a minister in the government during the 1980s and early 1990s; he was Prime Minister of Chad from November 6, 1993 to April 8, 1995 and again from February 26, 2007 to April 16, 2008. In 2008, he became President of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council.
Alf-Inge Jansen
Alf-Inge Jansen (born 30 December 1939) is a Norwegian political scientist and politician for the Liberal Party.

From July to October 1973 he was a State Secretary in the Ministry of Trade as a part of Korvald's Cabinet. He was also a member of the executive committee of Bergen city council from 1979 to 1983.

Jansen was born in Lærdal Municipality. He started his career in the Royal Norwegian Navy, and then studied political science at the University of Oslo. He graduated in 1967, took the MPA degree at Indiana University Bloomington in 1970 and the dr.philos. degree at the University of Bergen in 1989. He has been a visiting scholar at the University of Bath and the University of Warwick, and a part-time researcher at the Institute of Transport Economics.

Institute of Transport Economics
The Institute of Transport Economics (Transportøkonomisk institutt –TØI) is a national, Norwegian institution for multidisciplinary transport research. Its mission is to develop and disseminate transportation knowledge of scientific quality and practical application. The Institute is an independent, non-profit research foundation. It holds no interests in any commercial, manufacturing or supplying organisation.

TØI has a multidisciplinary research environment with approximately 110 employees, of which about 80 are researchers.

Its sphere of activity includes most of the current issues in road, rail, sea and air transport, as well as urban mobility, environmental sustainability and road safety. In recent years the Institute has been engaged in more than 70 research projects under EU's Research Framework Programmes.
Garafad
Garafad  or Garafad, (Scottish Gaelic: An Garradh Fada) is a linear crofting settlement on the east coast of the Trotternish Peninsula  of Skye in the Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

It is part of Staffin, and lies 14 miles (23 kilometres) north of Portree.

Crofting
Crofting (Scottish Gaelic: croitearachd) is a form of land tenure and small-scale food production peculiar to the Scottish Highlands, the islands of Scotland, and formerly on the Isle of Man. Within the 19th-century townships, individual crofts were established on the better land, and a large area of poorer-quality hill ground was shared by all the crofters of the township for grazing of their livestock. In the 21st century, crofting is found predominantly in the rural Western and Northern Isles and in the coastal fringes of the western and northern Scottish mainland.
1984 Toronto International Film Festival
The 9th Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between September 6 and September 15, 1984.

The festival screened 225 feature films and more than half of them were Canadian films. This included the introduction of the dedicated Perspective stream, which remained in place until the 2010s as the festival's primary platform for new Canadian films, as well as Front and Centre, a special retrospective program of historically and artistically significant Canadian films, and Late Night, Great Nights, a late-night program of Canadian genre and cult films resembling the festival's later Midnight Madness program.

In 1984 Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time list was released. It was created by the votes of film critics, professors, fans and festival staff.

Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time
The Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time is a list compiled by the Toronto International Film Festival ranking what are considered the best Canadian films. It was first published in 1984, typically assembled by polling a combination of Canadian critics and filmmakers. Separate from the festival's annual Canada's Top Ten list of the best Canadian films released within that year, it was redone in 1993, 2004 and 2015.
Chickenhawk (gay slang)
A chickenhawk or chicken hawk is slang used in American and British gay culture to denote older males who prefer younger males for partners, who may less often be called "chickens", i.e., the prey of the chickenhawk. Other variations include chicken queen and chicken plucker.

It is sometimes used as a disparaging vulgarity within the LGBTQ community, or seen as a slur against people in that community. The label can be applied to a man who seeks partners with the look of someone young, regardless of their target's age.

"Chickenhawk" also indicates a man who uses underage boys for his sexual pleasure. The usage was publicized by members of the controversial group NAMBLA in the 1994 documentary film Chicken Hawk: Men Who Love Boys, although Time magazine reported it in this sense in 1975.

The use and significance of this term have been the subject of academic discussions and popular reports.

Slang
Slang is a vocabulary (words, phrases, and linguistic usages) of an informal register, common in everyday conversation but avoided in formal writing and speech. It also often refers to the language exclusively used by the members of particular in-groups in order to establish group identity, exclude outsiders, or both. The word itself came about in the 18th century and has been defined in multiple ways since its conception, with no single technical usage in linguistics.
They Made Me a Criminal
They Made Me a Criminal is a 1939 American crime-drama film directed by Busby Berkeley and starring John Garfield, Claude Rains, and The Dead End Kids. It is a remake of the film The Life of Jimmy Dolan (1933). The film later was featured in an episode of Cinema Insomnia. Portions of the film were shot in the Coachella Valley, California.

Cinema Insomnia
Cinema Insomnia is an American television program presented by horror host Mr. Lobo. It began airing in 2001 on KXTV (ABC 10 News) in Sacramento, California, and from 2003 to 2008 was nationally syndicated, airing on broadcast stations across the United States. Since 2015, the program has aired on OSI74 (Outer Space International), a web television service on Roku.

Cinema Insomnia features B movies, namely horror and science fiction films, interspersed with vignettes starring Mr. Lobo, as well as fake commercials, old movie trailers, and other material.
Frank S. Cahill
Frank S. Cahill  (27 January 1876, in Calumet Island, Quebec – 17 April 1934), was a politician, broker, clerk and real estate broker.

The son of William Cahill, he was educated in Campbell's Bay, Quebec. Cahill worked as a postal clerk in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan for several years, then moved to Saskatchewan, working as a real estate broker in Saskatoon. In 1909, he opened another real estate office in Ottawa. Cahill married Mildred Coyne in 1910.

He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Member of the Liberal Party (Laurier Liberal) caucus in the 1917 election to represent the riding of Pontiac. He was re-elected in 1921, 1925 and 1926 then defeated in 1930.

Clerk
A clerk is a white-collar worker in an administrative professional capacity who conducts record keeping as well as general office tasks, or a grey-collar worker (or to a lesser extent, a blue-collar worker) who performs similar sales-related tasks in a retail environment. The responsibilities of clerical workers commonly include record keeping, filing, staffing service counters, screening callers, and other administrative tasks. In City of London livery companies, the clerk is the chief executive officer.
Homestead High School (California)
Homestead High School is a four-year public high school serving western Sunnyvale, southern Los Altos, and northwestern Cupertino, in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Established in 1962, the school serves 2,405 students in grades nine to twelve as part of the Fremont Union High School District. In 2003 and 2009, the California Department of Education recognized Homestead as a California Distinguished School, and in 2004, the Department of Education recognized Homestead as a Blue Ribbon School.

Los Altos, California
Los Altos (/lɔːs ˈæltoʊs/ ⓘ; Spanish for "The Heights") is a city in Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 31,625 according to the 2020 census.

Most of the city's growth occurred between 1950 and 1980. Originally an agricultural town with many summer cottages and apricot orchards, Los Altos is a bedroom community on the western edge of Silicon Valley, serving as a major source of commuters to other parts of Silicon Valley. Los Altos strictly limits commercial zones to the downtown area and small shopping and office parks lining Foothill Expressway and El Camino Real.
Fortrose (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
Fortrose (with Rosemarkie) in Ross-shire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates.

After the Acts of Union 1707, Fortrose, Forres, Nairn and Inverness formed the Inverness district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.

Fortrose
Fortrose is a town and former royal burgh on the Black Isle in the Highland council area of Scotland, about six miles (ten kilometres) northeast of Inverness. The town is known for its ruined 13th-century cathedral, and as the home of the Brahan Seer. Chanonry Point, a nearby headland projecting into the Moray Firth, is a popular location for dolphin spotting.
Devès massif
The Devès is a vast basalt plateau in the Velay mountains of the Massif Central, located in Haute-Loire, forming a natural region of France. It reaches its highest point at Mont Devès at an altitude of 1,421 meters.

Administrative divisions of France
The administrative divisions of France are concerned with the institutional and territorial organization of French territory. These territories are located in many parts of the world. There are many administrative divisions, which may have political (local government), electoral (districts), or administrative (decentralized services of the state) objectives. All the inhabited territories are represented in the National Assembly, Senate and Economic and Social Council and their citizens have French citizenship and elect the President of France.
The Apotheosis of Princess Charlotte
The Apotheosis of Princess Charlotte is an 1818 oil painting by the British artist Henry Howard. It features an allegorical depiction of the apotheosis of Princess Charlotte of Wales. Charlotte, the only daughter and heir of the Prince Regent, had died in childbirth on 8 November 1817. She is shown ascending to heaven with her stillborn child wrapped in her arms in the company of two angels. The despairing figures below capture the widespread grief felt across Britain. The Whig opposition politician Henry Brougham remarked it was "as if every household in Great Britain had lost a favourite child".

The work was displayed at the annual exhibition of the British Institution in 1818. The painting was acquired by the aristocratic art collector Earl of Egremont. It remains in the collection of his historic residence Petworth House in Sussex

Aristocracy (class)
The aristocracy (from Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, "rule of the best"; Latin: aristocratia) is historically associated with a "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class. In many states, the aristocracy included the upper class with hereditary rank and titles. They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy.
Elizabeth Renner
Elizabeth Renner (died 1826) (maiden name Elizabeth Richards) was a Canadian-born missionary teacher who taught in Sierra Leone.

Renner was a Nova Scotia Settler. She emigrated from Nova Scotia to Freetown, Sierra Leone, in 1792.

In 1804, she became the housekeeper of the Melchior Renner of Württemberg, who was one of the first three missionaries sent to Africa and Freetown by the British Anglican Church Mission Society (CMS) that same year. In 1808, she married Melchior Renner.

She managed the missionary Bashia School for girls in 1808–1818. She was the first female teacher and principal of a girls' school in the missionary in Africa. Her school had many students from the elite Euro-African families of the region. One of her students were Elizabeth Frazer Skelton.

Württemberg
Württemberg (/ˈwɜːrtəmbɜːrɡ, ˈvɜːrt-/ WURT-əm-burg, VURT-; German: [ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a historical German territory roughly corresponding to the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia. The main town of the region is Stuttgart.

Together with Baden and Hohenzollern, two other historical territories, Württemberg now forms the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg. Württemberg was formerly also spelled Würtemberg and Wirtemberg.
Novyi Bykiv
Novyi Bykiv (Ukrainian: Новий Биків, Russian: Новый Быков, romanized: Novy Bykov) is a village in Nizhyn Raion of Chernihiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It belongs to Nova Basan rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population is 2,024 (2006).

Nizhyn Raion
Nizhyn Raion  (Ukrainian: Ніжинський район) is a raion (district) of Chernihiv Oblast, northern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located at Nizhyn. The area of Nizhyn Raion is located within the Dnieper Lowland, in Polissya. The leading sectors of the Nizhyn Raion economy are agriculture, food industry, and forestry. Population: 215,908 (2022 estimate).
Thomas de Zengotita
Thomas de Zengotita (1943 – 2024) was a teacher, author, and contributing editor at Harper's Magazine. He held a Ph.D. in anthropology from Columbia University and taught at the Dalton School for decades, and New York University. His book Mediated: How the Media Shapes Your World and the Way You Live in It (2005) won the Marshall McLuhan award in 2006 and, in 2010. He co-wrote the narration for a film directed by Adrian Grenier entitled Teenage Paparazzo.

His second book, Postmodern Theory and Progressive Politics: Toward New Humanism, was published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2018. He was last at work on a book called Toward a New Foundation for Human Rights: a Phenomenological Approach.

De Zengotita graduated from Columbia University in 1973 and received his Ph.D. in 1992. At college, he was roommates with the paleontologist, Niles Eldredge, who proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium in 1972, in Carman Hall.

Adrian Grenier
Adrian Sean Grenier (born July 10, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Vincent Chase in the television series Entourage (2004–2011). He has appeared in films such as Drive Me Crazy (1999), The Devil Wears Prada (2006), Trash Fire (2016), and Marauders (2016), as well as the Netflix series Clickbait (2021).
Holmberg IX
Holmberg IX is a dwarf irregular galaxy and a satellite galaxy of M81, located in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is a Magellanic type galaxy, similar to the Small Magellanic Cloud, neighbour galaxy to the Milky Way Galaxy.  The galaxy is named after Erik Holmberg who first described it, though it was originally discovered by Sidney van den Bergh in 1959.  Based on the observed age distribution of stars it contains, 20% of its stellar mass formed within the last 200 Myr, making it the youngest nearby galaxy.  It is also home to one of two yellow supergiant eclipsing binary systems designated Holmberg IX V1.

Yellow supergiant
A yellow supergiant (YSG) is a star, generally of spectral type F or G, having a supergiant luminosity class (e.g. Ia or Ib).  They are stars that have evolved away from the main sequence, expanding and becoming more luminous.

Yellow supergiants are hotter and smaller than red supergiants; naked eye examples include Polaris, Alpha Leporis, Alpha Persei, Delta Canis Majoris and Iota¹ Scorpii. Many of them are variable stars, mostly pulsating Cepheids such as δ Cephei itself.
IBM Common User Access
Common User Access (CUA) is a standard for user interfaces to operating systems and computer programs. It was developed by IBM and first published in 1987 as part of their Systems Application Architecture. Used originally in the MVS/ESA, VM/CMS, OS/400, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows operating systems, parts of the CUA standard are now implemented in programs for other operating systems, including variants of Unix. It is also used by Java AWT and Swing.

VM (operating system)
VM, often written VM/CMS, is a family of virtual machine operating systems used on IBM mainframes including the System/370, System/390, IBM Z and compatible systems. It replaced the older CP-67 that formed the basis of the CP/CMS operating system. It was first released as the free Virtual Machine Facility/370 for the S/370 in 1972, followed by chargeable upgrades and versions that added support for new hardware.

VM creates virtual machines into which a conventional operating system may be loaded to allow user programs to run. Originally, that operating system was CMS, a simple single-user system similar to DOS. VM can also be used with a number of other IBM operating systems, including large systems like MVS or VSE, which are often run on their own without VM. In other cases, VM is used with a more specialized operating system or even programs that provided many OS features. These include RSCS and MUMPS, among others.
Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1987–1990
This is a list of members of the Australian House of Representatives from 1987 to 1990, as elected at the 1987 federal election. They were together known as the 35th Parliament.

1  The Labor member for Adelaide, Chris Hurford, resigned on 31 December 1987; Liberal candidate Mike Pratt won the resulting by-election on 6 February 1988.

2  The Labor member for Port Adelaide, Mick Young, resigned on 12 February 1988; Labor candidate Rod Sawford won the resulting by-election on 26 April 1988.

3  The National member for the Toowoomba-based Groom, Tom McVeigh, resigned on 29 February 1988; Liberal candidate Bill Taylor won the resulting by-election on 9 April 1988.

4  The Labor member for Oxley (QLD), Bill Hayden, resigned on 17 August 1988; Labor candidate Les Scott won the resulting by-election on 8 October 1988.

5  The National member for Gwydir (NSW), Ralph Hunt, resigned on 24 February 1989; National candidate John Anderson won the resulting by-election on 15 April 1989.

1988 Groom by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Groom on 9 April 1988. It was triggered by the resignation of National Party MP Tom McVeigh.

The by-election was won by Liberal Party candidate Bill Taylor.

A month before the poll, Taylor was publicly backed by former Queensland premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, who had been forced to resign as premier several months earlier, after losing the support of his National Party colleagues. Bjelke-Petersen said the Nationals had lost their way and turned their backs on traditional conservative policies.
Bitzi
Bitzi was a website, operating from 2001 to 2013, where volunteers shared reports about any kind of digital file, with identifying metadata, commentary, and other ratings.

Information contributed and rated by volunteers was compiled into the Bitpedia data set and reference work, described by Bitzi as a "digital media encyclopedia". The Bitpedia was published through the Bitzi website and web services under an open content license (Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 2.0).

Bitzi's standards and services have been adopted by a number of popular peer-to-peer file sharing systems. Bitzi was sponsored by a metadata publishing company of the same name based in San Francisco.

EDonkey2000
eDonkey2000 (nicknamed "ed2k") was a peer-to-peer file sharing application developed by US company MetaMachine (Jed McCaleb and Sam Yagan), using the Multisource File Transfer Protocol. It supported both the eDonkey2000 network and the Overnet network.

On September 28, 2005, eDonkey was discontinued following a cease and desist letter from the RIAA.
Varieties of Modern Greek
The linguistic varieties of Modern Greek can be classified along two principal dimensions. First, there is a long tradition of sociolectal variation between the natural, popular spoken language on the one hand and archaizing, learned written forms on the other. Second, there is regional variation between dialects. The competition between the popular and the learned registers (see Diglossia) culminated in the struggle between Dimotiki and Katharevousa during the 19th and 20th centuries. As for regional dialects, variation within the bulk of dialects of present-day Greece is not particularly strong, except for a number of outlying, highly divergent dialects spoken by isolated communities.

Megara
Megara (/ˈmɛɡərə/; Greek: Μέγαρα, pronounced [ˈmeɣaɾa]) is a historic town and a municipality in West Attica, Greece. It lies in the northern section of the Isthmus of Corinth opposite the island of Salamis, which belonged to Megara in archaic times, before being taken by Athens. Megara was one of the four districts of Attica, embodied in the four mythic sons of King Pandion II, of whom Nisos was the ruler of Megara. Megara was also a trade port, its people using their ships and wealth as a way to gain leverage on armies of neighboring poleis. Megara specialized in the exportation of wool and other animal products including livestock such as horses. It possessed two harbors, Pagae to the west on the Corinthian Gulf, and Nisaea to the east on the Saronic Gulf of the Aegean Sea.  Greek painter Théodore Jacques Ralli created countless paintings featuring the village of Megara between 1873 and 1909.