hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Impedance microbiology
Impedance microbiology is a microbiological technique used to measure the microbial number density (mainly bacteria but also yeasts) of a sample by monitoring the electrical parameters of the growth medium. The ability of microbial metabolism to change the electrical conductivity of the growth medium was discovered by Stewart and further studied by other scientists such as Oker-Blom, Parson and Allison in the first half of 20th century. However, it was only in the late 1970s that, thanks to computer-controlled systems used to monitor impedance, the technique showed its full potential, as discussed in the works of Fistenberg-Eden & Eden, Ur & Brown and Cady.

Number density
The number density (symbol: n or ρN) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number density. Population density is an example of areal number density. The term number concentration (symbol: lowercase n, or C, to avoid confusion with amount of substance indicated by uppercase N) is sometimes used in chemistry for the same quantity, particularly when comparing with other concentrations.
Ralph Robins
Sir Ralph Harry Robins FREng (born 16 June 1932), was the CEO of Rolls-Royce. He served 20 years on the board of Rolls-Royce, retiring in 2003 after 10 years as chairman. After retiring from Rolls-Royce, he was appointed a non-executive director of Marshall Group in 2004.

He graduated from Imperial College London and joined Rolls-Royce as a graduate apprentice in 1955.  During his career he worked on the development of civil aero engines, was executive vice president of the company's American operations, managing director of its Industrial and Marine Division and Commercial Director of the company. Robins is a former chairman of the National Defence Industries Council, former president of the Society of British Aerospace Companies and a director of several international companies. He was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1988.  He is a deputy lieutenant of Derbyshire and a Freeman of the City of London.

Royal Academy of Engineering
The Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) is the United Kingdom's national academy of engineering.

The Academy was founded in June 1976 as the Fellowship of Engineering with support from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who became the first senior fellow and remained so until his death. The Fellowship was incorporated and granted a royal charter on 17 May 1983 and became the Royal Academy of Engineering on 16 March 1992. It is governed according to the charter and associated statutes and regulations (as amended from time to time). In June 2024 His Majesty the King became Patron of the Academy.
Born Yesterday (1993 film)
Born Yesterday is a 1993 American comedy film based on the play of the same name by Garson Kanin. It stars Melanie Griffith, John Goodman, and Don Johnson. It was adapted by Douglas McGrath and directed by Luis Mandoki.

It is a remake of the 1950 film of the same name that starred Broderick Crawford, Judy Holliday (in an Oscar-winning performance), and William Holden.

Judy Holliday
Judy Holliday (born Judith Tuvim, June 21, 1921 – June 7, 1965) was an American actress, comedian, and singer.

She began her career as part of a nightclub act before working in Broadway plays and musicals. Her success as Billie Dawn in the 1946 stage production of Born Yesterday led to her being cast in the 1950 film version, for which she won an Academy Award for Best Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. She was known for her performance on Broadway in the musical Bells Are Ringing, winning a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical and reprising her role in the 1960 film adaptation.

In 1952, Holliday was called to testify before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee to answer claims she was associated with communism. Unlike other figures who lost standing, Holliday managed to get through unscathed. She continued to act on Broadway and film until her death from breast cancer in 1965.
Paul V. Kroskrity
Paul V. Kroskrity (/ˈkrɒskrɪti/; born February 10, 1949) is an American linguistic anthropologist known primarily for his contributions to establishing and developing language ideology as a field of research.
He is professor of anthropology, applied linguistics, and American Indian Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is the past President of the Society for Linguistic Anthropology and past Chair of the American Indian Studies program at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Kroskrity's research focuses on language ideologies, language and identity, verbal art and performance, language contact, and language endangerment and revitalization.  He specializes in the indigenous languages of the Kiowa-Tanoan and Uto-Aztecan language families, and has worked in the Western Pueblo region and Central California.

Tanoan languages
Tanoan (/təˈnoʊ.ən/ tə-NOH-ən), also Kiowa–Tanoan or Tanoan–Kiowa, is a family of languages spoken by indigenous peoples in present-day New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Most of the languages – Tiwa (Taos, Picuris, Southern Tiwa), Tewa, and Towa – are spoken in the Native American Pueblos of New Mexico (with one outlier in Arizona). These were the first languages collectively given the name of Tanoan. Kiowa, which is a related language, is now spoken mostly in southwestern Oklahoma. The Kiowa historically inhabited areas of modern-day Texas and Oklahoma.
Implementation of emojis
The implementation of emojis on different platforms took place across a three-decade period, starting in the 1990s. Today, the exact appearance of emoji is not prescribed but can vary between fonts and platforms, much like different typefaces.

Depending on the different platforms, the emoji may be constantly implemented according to the latest recommendation, or it may not have been updated for some time and may not be covered by the latest Unicode, or it may follow its own standard.

For example, the Apple Color Emoji typeface is proprietary to Apple, and can only be used on Apple devices (without additional hacking). Different computing companies have developed their own fonts to display emoji, some of which have been open-sourced to permit their reuse. Both color and monochrome emoji typefaces exist, as well as at least one animated design.

DirectWrite
DirectWrite is a text layout and glyph rendering API by Microsoft.  It was designed to replace GDI/GDI+ and Uniscribe for screen-oriented rendering and was first shipped with Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, as well as Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 (with Platform Update installed). DirectWrite is hardware-accelerated (using the GPU) when running on top of Direct2D, but can also use the CPU to render on any target, including a GDI bitmap.
Sam Sibert
Sam L. Sibert, born February 11, 1949, is an American former professional basketball player.  He was born in McCormick, South Carolina and went to Crane High School in Chicago. He played briefly in the NBA with the Kansas City-Omaha Kings, averaging 2.4 points per game in five games during the 1972–73 season.  Sibert attended Eastern Oklahoma State College then transferred to Texas Tech University in 1969 before attending Kentucky State University.  Sibert was taken in the second round of the 1972 NBA draft by the Cincinnati Royals.

McCormick, South Carolina
McCormick is a town in McCormick County, South Carolina, United States. As of 2024, McCormick, South Carolina population is 2,225 as of July, 2024. The population was 2,232 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of McCormick County. The town of McCormick is named for inventor Cyrus McCormick.
Titanpoint
Titanpoint GmbH (/ˈtaɪtənpɔɪnt/ TYE-tən-point) is a German pharmaceutical distributor headquartered in Mettmann, North Rhine-Westphalia. The company operates worldwide in the distribution of pharmaceuticals, e-commerce, logistics, and artificial intelligence (AI) systems integration.

Mettmann
Mettmann (German: [ˈmɛtˌman] ⓘ) is a town in the northern part of the Bergisches Land, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Mettmann, Germany's most densely populated rural district. The town lies east of Düsseldorf and west of Wuppertal. A local variety of the Limburgish language called Metmannsch Platt is spoken in town.
Piscinão de Ramos
Piscinão de Ramos ("Ramos [Beach] Big Pool") is an artificial saltwater lagoon located in the Maré neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Constructed in 2001 with the goal of providing residents of Rio's North Zone with a clean bathing area, it is considered the main leisure area of the North Zone and has recorded up to 60,000 visitors on a single weekend. The swimming complex, along with the beach and leisure areas, are part of the Carlos Roberto de Oliveira Dicró Environmental Park at Ramos Beach (Portuguese: Parque Ambiental da Praia de Ramos Carlos Roberto de Oliveira Dicró).

Salt lake
A salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of water that has a concentration of salts (typically sodium chloride) and other dissolved minerals significantly higher than most lakes (often defined as at least three grams of salt per liter). In some cases, salt lakes have a higher concentration of salt than sea water; such lakes can also be termed hypersaline lake, and may also be pink lakes on account of their color. An alkalic salt lake that has a high content of carbonate is sometimes termed a soda lake.

Salt lakes are classified according to salinity levels. The formation of these lakes is influenced by processes such as evaporation and deposition. Salt lakes face serious conservation challenges due to climate change, pollution and water diversion.
Good Times (Eric Burdon and the Animals song)
"Good Times" is a song recorded by Eric Burdon & the Animals and released on the 1967 album Winds of Change, with music and lyrics by Eric Burdon, John Weider, Vic Briggs, Danny McCulloch and Barry Jenkins.

The single reached number 20 on the UK Singles Chart. It was the B-side to "San Franciscan Nights" in the U.S. The B-side "Ain't that So" was included as part of the soundtrack to the film Stranger in the House (1967). Every band member, except Burdon, appeared at the premiere.

In 1987, it was released as a single again, while it was the soundtrack to the movie Die Katze starring Götz George. This version reached #53 in Germany.

The song was covered by Ozzy Osbourne in 2005.

John Weider
John Weider (21 April 1947 – March 2025) was an English rock musician who played guitar, bass guitar and violin. He is best remembered as the guitarist for The Animals from 1966 to 1968. He was also the bass player for Family from 1969 to 1971.
Embassy of Kazakhstan, Washington, D.C.
The Embassy of Kazakhstan in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the United States. It is located at 1401 16th Street Northwest, Washington, D.C. in the Dupont Circle neighborhood.

The embassy house is a spacious, brick, Richardsonian-style house, featuring a massive hip roof, prominent chimneys and a distinctive round corner tower built in 1888. The house was designed and built by Charles and Samuel Edmonston for Susan Shields, the widow of a wealthy newspaper publisher. The house used to be the home of American Vice President James S. Sherman, the 27th Vice President of the United States. Outside the house stands a smaller version of the Golden Warrior Monument which celebrates Kazakhstan's independence.

The current ambassador is Yerzhan Ashikbayev and was preceded by Erzhan Kazykhanov.

Golden Warrior Monument
The Golden Warrior Monument (also known as the Golden Man Statue, Statue of the Golden Warrior and Independence Monument) stands on Republic Square in the former capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty. The monument celebrates the independence of Kazakhstan, the identity of its people, and the role of the city of Almaty as capital of Kazakhstan until 1997 when the capital moved to Astana. The statue, a Saka warrior and a barys, stands atop a 91 feet (28 m) tall column.

The design of the monument was inspired by Kazakh folklore and the 1969 archaeological discovery of an 18 year old Second or Third century BC Saka or Scythian noble buried in a golden suit of armor with a sizable hoard of gold, earning him the moniker "Golden Man" (Russian: Zolotoi Chelovek).

The column is framed with artistic casting crate, which describes the historical events of Kazakhstan.
Alex Tofalides
Alexander Andreas Tofalides (born March 13, 1993) is a Cypriot fencer specializing in the foil. He qualified for the 2024 Summer Olympics, becoming the first fencer to represent Cyprus at the Olympic Games.

Foil (fencing)
A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. It is a flexible weapon of total length 110 cm (43 in) or under, rectangular in cross section, weighing under 500 g (18 oz), with a blunt tip. As with the épée, points are only scored by making contact with the tip. The foil is the most commonly used weapon in fencing.
Gaspare Murtola
Gaspare Murtola (Italian pronunciation: [ˈɡaspare ˈmurtola]; d. 1624 or 1625) was an Italian poet and writer of madrigals. He is known for a bitter literary feud with Giambattista Marino, carried out "with sonnets, invectives, and pistol shots," and for references he makes in his poetry to art works by Caravaggio. His main work is the sacred poem La Creazione del mondo ("The Creation of the World," 1608).

Invective
Invective (from Middle English invectif, or Old French and Late Latin invectus) is abusive, or insulting language used to express blame or censure; or, a form of rude expression or discourse intended to offend or hurt; vituperation, or deeply seated ill will, vitriol. The Latin adjective invectivus means 'scolding.'
USS Atlas (ARL-7)
USS Atlas (ARL-7) was one of 39 Achelous-class landing craft repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for Atlas (in Greek mythology, the son of the Titan Iapetus and Clymene and the brother of Prometheus), she was the second U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

Originally laid down as LST-231 on 3 June 1943 at Seneca, Illinois by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company; launched on 19 October 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Nettie Singer; named Atlas and redesignated a landing craft repair ship ARL-7 on 3 November 1943; and commissioned on 15 November 1943 for the voyage to the conversion yard. She arrived in Baltimore, Maryland on 14 December 1943; entered the Bethlehem Steel Key Highway Shipyard; and was placed out of commission for her conversion to a landing craft repair ship. Her modifications completed early in February, 1944 Atlas was recommissioned at Baltimore on 8 February 1944.

Seneca, Illinois
Seneca is a village in LaSalle and Grundy counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 2,353 at the 2020 census, down from 2,371 at the 2010 census.

The LaSalle County portion of Seneca is part of the Ottawa, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, while the small portion that lies in Grundy County is part of the Chicago metropolitan area.
The Harbourfront Landmark
The Harbourfront Landmark (Chinese: 海名軒; Cantonese Yale: Hói mìhng hīn) is a 70-floor 233 meters tall luxury apartment completed in 2001 located in Hung Hom Bay in the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong. This prime waterfront residence has glass curtain walls and sweeping views of the Victoria Harbour, it consists 324 residential units with penthouse apartments on the top floors.

Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p. Students attending the Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.
North Santee, Georgetown County, South Carolina
North Santee is an unincorporated community in Georgetown County, South Carolina, United States. It is located south of Georgetown on U.S. Route 17 on the Santee River. Thomas Lynch, Jr. was born here at the Hopsewee house.

33°13′49″N 79°22′36″W﻿ / ﻿33.23028°N 79.37667°W﻿ / 33.23028; -79.37667

Thomas Lynch Jr.
Thomas Lynch Jr. (August 5, 1749 – December 17, 1779) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of South Carolina and a Founding Father of the United States. His father Thomas Lynch was a member of the Continental Congress and had signed the 1774 Continental Association. When he had to step down because of illness, Thomas Lynch Jr. was selected to fill his post.
The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters
The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters is a five-disc box set compilation of the complete known studio master recordings by American singer and musician Elvis Presley during the decade of the 1950s. Issued in 1992 by RCA Records, catalog number 66050-2, it was soon followed by similar box sets covering Presley's musical output in the 1960s and 1970s. This set's initial long-box release included a set of collectible stamps duplicating the record jackets from every Presley LP on RCA Victor, every single that had a picture sleeve, and most of his EP releases. The set includes a booklet with an extensive session list and discography, and a lengthy essay by Peter Guralnick. It peaked at #159 on the album chart and was certified a gold record on August 7, 1992, by the RIAA. Further certifications were for platinum on November 20, 1992, and for double platinum on July 30, 2002.

Bill Black
William Patton Black Jr. (September 17, 1926 – October 21, 1965) was an American musician and bandleader who is noted as one of the pioneers of rock and roll. He played in Elvis Presley's early trio, the Blue Moon Boys. Black later formed Bill Black's Combo.
Massacre of Kommeno
The Massacre of Kommeno (Greek: Η σφαγή του Κομμένου; German: Massaker von Kommeno) was a Nazi war crime perpetrated by members of the Wehrmacht in the village of Kommeno, Greece, in 1943, during the German occupation of Greece in World War II.

Kommeno
Kommeno (Greek: Κομμένο) is a village and a former community in the Arta regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nikolaos Skoufas, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 14.354 km2. Population 524 (2021).
1993 Walker Cup
The 1993 Walker Cup, the 34th Walker Cup Match, was played on August 18 and 19, 1993, at Interlachen Country Club, Edina, Minnesota. The event was won by the United States 19 to 5.

The event was originally to be played at Chicago Golf Club but they withdrew in 1991 because of pressure due to their membership policy relating to minorities and women.

Interlachen Country Club
The Interlachen Country Club is a private country club in Edina, Minnesota which has hosted several national golf tournaments, including the 1930 U.S. Open (won by Bobby Jones on his way to winning the Grand Slam), the 2002 Solheim Cup, and the 2008 U.S. Women's Open.
Punta Sommeiller
Punta Sommeiller (in Italian) or Pointe Sommeiller (in  French) is a mountain of the Province of Turin, Italy and of Savoie, France. It lies in the Cottian Alps range. It has an elevation of 3,333 metres (10,935 ft) above sea level.

Province of Turin
The province of Turin (Italian: provincia di Torino; Piedmontese: provinsa ëd Turin; French: province de Turin) was a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Turin. The province existed until 31 December 2014, when it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Turin.
6-Chloro-MDA
6-Chloro-MDA, also known as 6-chloro-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine or as 2-chloro-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (2-Cl-4,5-MDA), is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and MDxx families related to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). It is the 6-chloro derivative of MDA. The drug has an active dose of 160 mg orally and a duration of approximately 8 hours. It is a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). 6-Chloro-MDA was first described in the scientific literature by 1970. The properties of 6-chloro-MDA in humans were described by Daniel Trachsel and colleagues in 2013 via personal communication with P. Rausch in 2009.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is an entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine and MDxx families that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. It is usually taken orally.

In terms of its pharmacology, MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. It has a duration of 5 to 8 hours or around 6 hours typically.

MDA has a long history of psychotherapeutic and recreational use that predates that of MDMA, dating back to at least the mid-1960s. It has been described as the first entactogen. MDA has also been described as probably the most popular analogue of MDMA. In most countries, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal.
Jeffery Broadwater
Jeffery D. Broadwater (born 1967) is a retired United States Army major general who last served as deputy commanding general of V Corps from August 2021 to July 2023. He previously served as commanding general of the 1st Cavalry Division from October 2019 to July 2021. Prior to that, he served as commanding general of the Fort Irwin National Training Center from November 2016 to September 2019.

Broadwater was among 14 Fort Hood military leaders fired or suspended from duty by then-Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy for creating a "permissive environment" that let crimes up to sexual harassment and assault occur with little punitive action, per an investigation into the death of Vanessa Guillén. He ultimately did not face any disciplinary action, but was consequently not present at the 1st Cavalry's change of command ceremony in July 2021.

1st Cavalry Division (United States)
The 1st Cavalry Division ("First Team") is a combined arms division and is one of the most decorated combat divisions of the United States Army. It is based at Fort Hood, Texas. It was formed in 1921 and served during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, with the Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Iraq War, the War in Afghanistan as well as Operation Freedom's Sentinel and Operation Inherent Resolve. As of July 2023, the 1st Cavalry Division is subordinate to the III Armored Corps and is commanded by Major General Thomas M. Feltey.

The unit is unique in that it has served as a cavalry division, an infantry division, an air assault division and an armored division during its existence.