hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Penn State Graduate School
The J. Jeffrey and Ann Marie Fox Graduate School is the university organization in charge of the admission, matriculation and graduation of all graduate students (with the exception of professional students in the College of Medicine and The Dickinson School of Law). In addition to its administrative functions, the Fox Graduate School serves as a main unit that promotes and provides professional development for students to supplement the efforts of graduate programs and colleges.  The Fox Graduate School is also in charge of reviewing the quality of graduate degree programs and helping with university-wide strategic planning for graduate education efforts and initiatives.

Penn State Dickinson Law
Penn State Dickinson Law, formerly Dickinson School of Law, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, is one of two campuses of the law school of Pennsylvania State University, a public research university in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It originally began in 1834 as a school associated with Dickinson College, was independent throughout most of the twentieth century, and joined Pennsylvania State University in 2000. The other campus of the law school is in University Park, Pennsylvania, where the university's main campus is located.
FHR European Ventures LLP v Cedar Capital Partners LLC
FHR European Ventures LLP v Cedar Capital Partners LLC [2014] UKSC 45 is a landmark decision of the United Kingdom Supreme Court which holds that a bribe or secret commission accepted by an agent is held on trust for his principal. In so ruling, the Court partially overruled Sinclair Investments (UK) Ltd v Versailles Trade Finance Ltd (a decision of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales) in favour of The Attorney General for Hong Kong v Reid (New Zealand) (UKPC), a ruling from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on appeal from New Zealand.

Court of Appeal of New Zealand
The Court of Appeal of New Zealand (Māori: Te Kōti Pīra o Aotearoa) is the principal intermediate appellate court of New Zealand. It is also the final appellate court for a number of matters. In practice, most appeals are resolved at this intermediate appellate level, rather than in the Supreme Court. The Court of Appeal has existed as a separate court since 1862 but, until 1957, it was composed of judges of the High Court sitting periodically in panels. In 1957 the Court of Appeal was reconstituted as a permanent court separate from the High Court. It is located in Wellington.
Rasos
Rasos can refer to:

Rasos (district), a district in Vilnius, capital of Lithuania

Rasos Cemetery, the oldest cemetery in Vilnius

Saint Jonas' Festival, a Lithuanian festival during the summer solstice

Rasos Cemetery
The Complex of Vilnius Old Cemetery, popularly known as the Rasos Cemetery (Lithuanian pronunciation: [raːsuː]; Lithuanian: Rasų kapinės, Polish: cmentarz Na Rossie, Belarusian: Могілкі Росы) is the oldest and most famous cemetery in the city of Vilnius, Lithuania. It is situated in the Ridge of Ribiškės, Rasos district and referred to after the latter. It is separated into two parts, the old and the new cemeteries, by a narrow Sukilėliai Street. The total area is 10.8 ha. Since 1990 new burials are allowed only to family graves.
Jeremiah Chase
Jeremiah Townley Chase (May 23, 1748 – May 11, 1828) was an American lawyer, jurist, and land speculator from Annapolis, Maryland. He served as a delegate for Maryland in the Continental Congress of 1783 and 1784, and for many years was chief justice of the state’s court of appeals.

Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Anne Arundel County (listenⓘ; /əˈrʌndəl/), also notated as AA or A.A. County, is located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 588,261, an increase of just under 10% since 2010. Its county seat is Annapolis, which is also the capital of the state. The county is named for Anne Arundell (c. 1615/1616–1649), Lady Baltimore, a member of the Arundell family in Cornwall, England, and the wife of Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605–1675), founder and first lord proprietor of the colony Province of Maryland. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state. Anne Arundel County is included in the Washington–Baltimore–Arlington combined statistical area.
Ferdinando Acton
Ferdinando Acton (16 July 1832, in Naples – 18 February 1891, in Rome) was an Italian naval officer, admiral, and politician who served both as Minister of War and Minister of the Navy.

He was descended from a noble family which had originated in England before moving to Tuscany, then a part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He served in the Two Sicilies Real Marina ("Royal Navy"), then in the Regia Marina ("Royal Navy") of the unified Kingdom of Italy.

His grandfather was General Joseph Edward Acton (1737-1830), brother of Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet, commander of the naval forces of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and prime minister of the Kingdom of Naples. His elder brother was Guglielmo Acton, who also was the Italian Minister of the Navy, and his son was Alfredo Acton, a Regia Marinaadmiral. His sister Laura remarried in 1864, marrying Marco Minghetti, then prime minister of Italy.

Real Marina (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
The Royal Navy of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italian: Real Marina del Regno delle Due Sicilie) was the navy of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Along with the army of the Two Sicilies, it formed the kingdom's armed forces. The navy was the most important of the Italian navies prior to the unification of Italy and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour made it the model of the new Italian Regia Marina after the Kingdom of Italy's annexation of the Two Sicilies.
Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown
Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1948 to 1977. The constituency elected 3 (and later 4) deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

Dáil constituencies
There are 43 multi-member electoral districts, known as Dáil constituencies, to elect 174 TDs to Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas, Ireland's parliament, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV), to a maximum term of five years. The configuration of constituencies was amended by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023, which were in operation for the 2024 general election.
Patterson Field (Iceland)
Patterson Field, is a former military airfield in Reykjanesbær (Reykjanes), Iceland. It is located around 3 km from Njarðvík.

Patterson Field was opened in 1942 but fell out of use in 1945 after the end of WWII. Meeks Field, now Keflavík International Airport, around 4 km northwest of Patterson field, was opened a year later in 1943 and remains in use.

Reykjanes
Reykjanes (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈreiːcaˌnɛːs]) is a small headland on the south-western end of the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland, giving the main peninsula its name. Volcanic action is responsible for forming the entire peninsula. The nearest town is Keflavik.

The name, Reykjanes, translates to "smoking point,” reykja 'smoking', and nes 'point'. It is named this due to the continuing volcanic activity of the Reykjanes volcanic belt; there are also many other uses of this name in Iceland, e.g. the Reykjanes Peninsula or Reykjanes in Ísafjarðardjúp.
Jean E. Howard
Jean Elizabeth Howard (born October 20, 1948, in Houlton, Maine) is an American professor in English studies and a Shakespeare scholar. She is George Delacorte Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University and a former trustee of Brown University.

George T. Delacorte Jr.
George T. Delacorte Jr. (20 June 1894 – 4 May 1991) was an American magazine publisher, born in New York City.

He founded the Dell Publishing in 1921. His goal was to entertain readers who were not satisfied with the genteel publications available at the time. The company was one of the largest publishers of books, magazines, and comics during its heyday. His most successful innovation was the puzzle magazine.
The Valley of the Moon (film)
The Valley of the Moon is a 1914 silent film directed by Hobart Bosworth and starring Jack Conway and Myrtle Stedman. Produced by Bosworth/London, it was an adaptation of the 1913 novel The Valley of the Moon by Jack London and based upon a scenario by Hettie Gray Baker.

Location shooting for the film took place on Catalina Island, Glen Ellen, Carmel, and San Francisco, California.

Glen Ellen, California
Glen Ellen is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, California, United States.  The population was 714 at the 2020 census, down from 784 at the 2010 census.  Glen Ellen is the location of Jack London State Historic Park (including the Wolf House), Sonoma Valley Regional Park, and a former home of Hunter S. Thompson.

The whole of Glen Ellen was severely damaged by the Nuns Fire during the October 2017 Northern California wildfires.
Nicholas Eversfield (MP for Hastings)
Nicholas Eversfield  (c.1584–1629) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1624 and 1629.

Eversfield was probably the son of Thomas Eversfield of Grove, Hastings. He matriculated from Trinity College, Cambridge in about 1595 and was awarded BA in 1599. He was admitted at Gray's Inn on 3 May 1602.

He was High Sheriff of Sussex for 1619–20.  In 1624, he was elected Member of Parliament for Hastings in the Happy Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Hastings in 1625, 1626 and 1628 and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.

Eversfield married  Dorothy Goring, daughter of Edward Goring of Oakhurst. His sons Edward, John, Anthony and Thomas became MPs.

4th Parliament of King James I
The 4th Parliament of King James I was the fourth and last Parliament of England of the reign of James I of England, summoned on 30 December 1623, sitting from 19 February 1624 to 29 May 1624, and thereafter kept out of session with repeated prorogations, it was dissolved on the death of the King on 27 March 1625. The Speaker of the House of Commons was Sir Thomas Crewe, the member for Aylesbury.
Shukran Hussein Gure
Shukran Hussein Gure (Somali: Shukraan Xuseen Gurey) (born 6 June 1978) is a Kenyan politician. She hails from the Auliyahan subdivision of the Somali Ogaden Darod clan. Gure is a Member of the Kenyan Parliament representing the Garissa County. She was elected to the position in March 2013 on a Wiper Democratic Movement ticket. She is of Somali ethnicity.

National Assembly (Kenya)
The National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya (formerly House of Representatives) is one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Kenya. Between 1966 and 2013, it served as a unicameral house. In 2013 (11th Parliament), it became the lower house when the Senate was reestablished.

It has a total of 349 seats: 290 elected from the constituencies, 47 women elected from the counties and 12 nominated representatives. The Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya serves as an ex officio member.

The High Court of Kenya ordered lawmakers to introduce gender quotas, or face dissolution in the mid-2010s, following the implementation of the 2010 Constitution.
Tyrone Timmons
Tyrone Timmons (born July 7, 1984) is a former professional American football wide receiver. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football for the Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils. He was inducted into the Mississippi Valley State University Hall of Fame in April 2017.

Timmons was also a member of the Tampa Bay Storm, RiverCity Rage, Winnipeg Blue Bombers, and Florida Tuskers.

Timmons is the Single Season TD leader for the Tampa Bay Storm Franchise and was named one of the Best High School football players to play in the Tampa Bay area. (http://bigcountypreps.com/180/?s=legends Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine)

Virginia Destroyers
The Virginia Destroyers were a professional American football team based in Virginia Beach, Virginia. They began play in the United Football League (UFL) in the 2011 season. They played their home games at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex.

The team succeeded the Florida Tuskers, a charter UFL franchise based in Orlando, Florida, from 2009 to 2010. The Tuskers appeared in the first two UFL championship games, losing both to the Las Vegas Locomotives. In 2010, the league suspended the Tuskers' operations and moved the remnants of the team to Virginia Beach to assume the identity (and some executive staff) of a previously announced expansion team that was to begin play in 2011.

The Destroyers' business license expired on March 1, 2013; the team had effectively ceased operations several weeks earlier.
Parnaíba-Prefeito Dr. João Silva Filho International Airport
Parnaíba–Prefeito Dr. João Silva Filho International Airport (IATA: PHB, ICAO: SBPB) is the airport serving Parnaíba, Brazil. It is informally known as Santos Dumont Airport because of its architectonical similarities with Santos Dumont Airport in Rio de Janeiro. It is named after a former mayor of Parnaíba.

It is operated by SBPB.

Santos Dumont Airport
The Santos Dumont Airport (IATA: SDU, ICAO: SBRJ) is the second major airport serving Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is more of a domestic hub, with Galeão International Airport serving international flights after 2023.

It is one of the ten airports in the country with the most air traffic, and is located adjacent to Rio de Janeiro's financial center. It is named after the Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos Dumont (1873–1932), and is operated by Infraero.
Reaction to the 2005–2006 Fijian political crisis
The crisis that saw a virtual breakdown in relations between Fiji's government and military forces in late 2005 and early 2006, generated fears of civil unrest and even a military coup.  The dismissing of Lieutenant Colonel Jone Baledrokadroka, the Acting Land Force Commander, for alleged insubordination on 12 January 2006 was coupled with unusual deployments of troops and naval vessels. Both before and after it was resolved on 16 January with a truce brokered by Acting President Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi, the crisis generated a great deal of comment.

Fiji Live
Fijilive is an online newspaper and business and cultural directory in Fiji. The site is owned by the Future Group of Companies owned by Fiji entrepreneur Yashwant Gaunder.

Fijilive is one of Fiji's largest websites. The site rose to prominence in May 2000 during the nationalist coup orchestrated by George Speight. While communication links with the outside world were cut off by the coup plotters, Fijilive was one of the few sources of news to reach the international audience. Since 2003 the site has undergone a massive transformation with a focus on infotainment. However, it remains a major supplier of Fiji news for an international audience.
Jõhvi
Jõhvi (/ˈjoʊvi/ YOH-vee; Estonian: [ˈjɤhʋi]; German: Jewe) is a town in northeastern Estonia, and the administrative seat of Ida-Viru County and Jõhvi Parish. The town is located about 50 km west of the Estonia–Russia international border.

Populated places in Estonia
Populated places in Estonia are cities or settlement units of rural municipalities, but only cities have administrative functions. Settlement units are divided into settlements and urban regions (subdivisions of cities).

Officially there are four types of settlement unit in Estonia:

village (küla) – a sparsely populated settlement or a densely populated settlement with fewer than 300 permanent inhabitants

small borough (alevik) – a densely populated settlement with at least 300 permanent inhabitants

town (alev) – a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants

city (linn) - a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants.

As of 2024, there were 47 cities, 13 towns, 186 hamlets and 4457 villages in Estonia. There were 3 cities with under 1000 permanent inhabitants as of 2023.
Optical mouse
An optical mouse is a computer mouse which uses a light source, typically a light-emitting diode (LED), and a light detector, such as an array of photodiodes, to detect movement relative to a surface. Variations of the optical mouse have largely replaced the older mechanical mouse design, which uses moving parts to sense motion.

The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces.  Modern optical mice work on most opaque diffusely reflective surfaces like paper, but most of them do not work properly on specularly reflective surfaces like polished stone or transparent surfaces like glass. Optical mice that use dark field illumination can function reliably even on such surfaces.

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL /ˈvɪksəl/) is a type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top surface, contrary to conventional edge-emitting semiconductor lasers (also called in-plane lasers) which emit from surfaces formed by cleaving the individual chip out of a wafer.  VCSELs are used in various laser products, including computer mice, fiber-optic communications, laser printers, Face ID, and smartglasses.
Breakfast (New Zealand TV programme)
Breakfast (also referred to as TVNZ Breakfast) is a New Zealand morning news and talk show airing weekday mornings on TVNZ 1, produced by 1News. Debuting on 11 August 1997, it was the first of its genre in New Zealand. It contains a mixture of breaking news, news, sport, weather and feature items. Originally a two-hour programme, it was expanded to three hours in 2012. It is currently presented by Chris Chang and Ali Pugh.

Breaking news
Breaking news, also called late-breaking news, a special report, special coverage, or a news flash, is a current issue that warrants the interruption of a scheduled broadcast in order to report its details. News broadcasters also use the term for continuing coverage of events of broad interest to viewers, attracting accusations of sensationalism.
Endine Stakes
The Endine Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually in mid September at Delaware Park Racetrack in Stanton, Delaware. A Grade III six furlong sprint on dirt, the race is open to fillies and mares age three and older.

Inaugurated in 1971, the race was named in honor of Endine, a filly owned by Jane du Pont Lunger who won back-to-back runnings of the Delaware Handicap in 1958 and 1959.

There was no race run from 1983 through 1995.

Jane du Pont Lunger
Jane du Pont Lunger (June 20, 1914 - September 18, 2001) was an American heiress, philanthropist, and an owner/breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses. A sixth-generation member of Delaware's prominent Du Pont family, her father, Philip Francis du Pont, was a major benefactor to the University of Virginia.
Marcel Marti (ski mountaineer)
Marcel Marti (born 8 November 1983) is a Swiss ski mountaineer.

Marti was born in Interlaken. He competed first in the Diamir Race in 1998. He lives in Grindelwald. In 2007, in a team with Simon Anthamatten (leader), Ernest Farquet and Florent Troillet, he climbed the Matterhorn in a record time of 3 hours 45 minutes. The record was beaten by Andreas Steindl in 2011.

Ski mountaineering
Ski mountaineering (abbreviated to skimo) is a skiing discipline that involves climbing mountains either on skis or carrying them, depending on the steepness of the ascent, and then descending on skis. There are two major categories of equipment used: free-heel telemark skis and skis based on alpine skis, where the heel is free for ascents, but is fixed during descent. The discipline may be practiced recreationally or as a competitive sport.

Competitive ski mountaineering is typically a timed racing event that follows an established trail through challenging winter alpine terrain while passing through a series of checkpoints. Racers climb and descend under their own power using backcountry skiing equipment and techniques. More generally, ski mountaineering is an activity that variously combines ski touring, telemark, backcountry skiing, and mountaineering.

Ski mountaineering made its debut as an Olympic Games event in the 2026 Winter Olympics.
2004–05 Argentine Primera División
The 2004–05 Argentine Primera División was the 114th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season ran from 15 August 2004 to 3 July 2005.

Four teams promoted from Primera B Nacional, they were Instituto de Córdoba, Almagro (2003–04 Primera B Nacional champions and runners-up, respectively), plus Argentinos Juniors and Huracán de Tres Arroyos (which had won the promotion playoff the previous year).

Newell's Old Boys won the Apertura (5th league title) and Vélez Sársfield won the Clausura (6th title) championships, while Huracán de Tres Arroyos and Almagro were relegated.

Primera Nacional
Primera Nacional, (usually called simply Nacional B, (English "National B Division"), and known as Primera B Nacional until the 2019–20 season) popularly known as La B (The B), is the second division of the Argentine football league system. The competition is made up of 38 teams.

It is played by teams from all over the country. Clubs from Buenos Aires surroundings, as well as some from Santa Fe Province, are promoted from or relegated to the Primera B Metropolitana ("Metropolitan B Division") while for teams from the other provinces the Torneo Federal A ("Federal A Tournament") is the next level down. In Argentine football, Primera Nacional is the second-highest league, and from it, the three best teams are automatically promoted to Primera División.

Primera B Nacional games are often transmitted to Argentina and abroad on television by TyC Sports.
1839 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1839.

Residue (chemistry)
In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events. Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction.

Residues as an undesired by-product are a concern in agricultural and food industries.
African theatre of World War I
The African theatre of the First World War comprises campaigns in North Africa instigated by the German and Ottoman empires, local rebellions against European colonial rule and Allied campaigns against the German colonies of Kamerun, Togoland, German South West Africa, and German East Africa. The campaigns were fought by German Schutztruppe, local resistance movements and forces of the British Empire, France, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal.

First Portuguese Republic
The First Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Primeira República Portuguesa; officially: República Portuguesa, Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.

The sixteen years of the First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries, and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance.