hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Negligent infliction of emotional distress
The tort of negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) is a controversial cause of action, which is available in nearly all U.S. states but is severely constrained and limited in the majority of them.  The underlying concept is that one has a legal duty to use reasonable care to avoid causing emotional distress to another individual.  If one fails in this duty and unreasonably causes emotional distress to another person, that actor will be liable for monetary damages to the injured individual.  The tort is to be contrasted with intentional infliction of emotional distress in that there is no need to prove intent to inflict distress.  That is, an accidental infliction, if negligent, is sufficient to support a cause of action.

Legal liability
In law, liable means  "responsible or answerable in law; legally obligated". Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies. The claimant is the one who seeks to establish, or prove, liability.
Song Hyun-wook
Song Hyun-wook (Korean: 송현욱) is a South Korean television director. His debut TV drama was The Splendor of Youth in 2008. He is best known for his direction in TV series: Another Miss Oh (2016), Revolutionary Love (2017), The Beauty Inside (2018) and The King's Affection (2021) among others.

In 2022, Song founded his own production company, Studio Bom.

Television director
A television director is in charge of the activities involved in making a television program or section of a program. They are generally responsible for decisions about the editorial content and creative style of a program, and ensuring the producer's vision is delivered. Their duties may include selecting cast members, conduct rehearsals, work with set designers, location scouts and art directors, originating program ideas, finding contributors, writing scripts, planning 'shoots', ensuring safety, leading the crew on location, directing contributors and presenters, and working with editors and music supervisors to assemble and make sure the final product meets the producer and director's vision. The work of a television director can vary widely depending on the nature of the program, the practices of the production company, whether the program content is factual or drama, and whether it is live or recorded.
Beerzel
Beerzel (Dutch: [ˈbeːrzəl] ⓘ) is a Belgian village in Antwerp Province and a deelgemeente of the municipality Putte.  Beerzel was a municipality until 1977, at which time it had an area of 7.83 square kilometres (3.02 sq mi) with 4,971 inhabitants in 1995.  At 51.6 metres (169 ft), Antwerp's highest point—the Beerzelberg—is located in Beerzel.

Antwerp Province
The Antwerp Province (/ˈæntwɜːrp/; Dutch: Provincie Antwerpen [proːˈvɪnsi ˈɑntʋɛrpə(n)]; French: Province d'Anvers; German: Provinz Antwerpen), between 1815 and 1830 known as Central Brabant (Dutch: Midden-Brabant [ˌmɪdə(m)ˈbraːbɑnt], French: Brabant-Central, German: Mittel-Brabant), is the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium. It borders on the North Brabant province of the Netherlands to the north and the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders. Its capital is Antwerp, which includes the Port of Antwerp, the second-largest seaport in Europe. It has an area of 2,876 km2 (1,110 sq mi), and with over 1.92 million inhabitants as of January 2024, is the country's most populous province. The province consists of three arrondissements: Antwerp, Mechelen and Turnhout. The eastern part of the province comprises the main part of the Campine region.
Kepler-20
Kepler-20 is a star about 934 light-years (286 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation Lyra with a system of at least five, and possibly six, known planets. The apparent magnitude of this star is 12.51, so it cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Viewing it requires a telescope with an aperture of 15 cm (6 in) or more. It is slightly smaller than the Sun, with 94% of the Sun's radius and about 91% of the Sun's mass. The effective temperature of the photosphere is slightly cooler than that of the Sun at 5466 K, giving it the characteristic yellow hue of a stellar class G8 star. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen or helium, what astronomers term the metallicity, is approximately the same as in the Sun. It may be older than the Sun, although the margin of error here is relatively large.

Metallicity
In astronomy, metallicity is the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Most of the normal currently detectable (i.e. non-dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomers use the word metals as convenient shorthand for all elements except hydrogen and helium. This word-use is distinct from the conventional chemical or physical definition of a metal as an electrically conducting element. Stars and nebulae with relatively high abundances of heavier elements are called metal-rich when discussing metallicity, even though many of those elements are called nonmetals in chemistry.
Michel de Souza
Michel de Souza is a Brazilian operatic baritone.

Michel de Souza was born in Petrópolis, Brazil. He studied organ and singing at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

With The Royal Opera, de Souza is singing the role of Baron Douphol in Verdi's La traviata in 2014.

La traviata
La traviata (Italian: [la traviˈaːta, -aˈvjaː-]; The Fallen Woman) is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi set to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave. It is based on La Dame aux camélias (1852), a play by Alexandre Dumas fils, which he adapted from his own 1848 novel. The opera was originally titled Violetta, after the main character. It was first performed on 6 March 1853 at La Fenice opera house in Venice.

Piave and Verdi wanted to follow Dumas in giving the opera a contemporary setting, but the authorities at La Fenice insisted that it be set in the past, "c. 1700". It was not until the 1880s that the composer's and librettist's original wishes were carried out and "realistic" productions were staged. La traviata has become immensely popular and is among the most frequently performed of all operas.
Flatrod system
The flatrod system (German: Kunstgestänge, Stangenkunst, Stangenwerk, or Stangenleitung; Swedish: Konstgång or Stånggång) was an invention of the mining industry that enabled the mechanical movement generated by a water wheel (German: Kunstrad) to be transferred over short distances. It was invented in the 16th century and by the 18th century was being used to transmit power up to four kilometres. Flatrod systems were widely used in the Harz and Ore Mountains of Germany as well as in Cornwall, England and Bergslagen in Sweden.

A replica of a flatrod system may be seen in Bad Kösen in Germany on the River Saale and there is a replica water wheel, used to drive flatrods, in Clausthal-Zellerfeld in the Upper Harz, formerly the biggest mining region in Europe.

Saale
The Saale (German pronunciation: [ˈzaːlə] ⓘ), also known as the Saxon Saale (German: Sächsische Saale pronounced [ˈzɛksɪʃə ˈzaːlə] ⓘ) and Thuringian Saale (German: Thüringische Saale), is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe. It is distinguished from the smaller Franconian Saale, a right-bank tributary of the Main, or the Saale in Lower Saxony, a tributary of the Leine.
MEN (band)
JD Samson & MEN, originally named simply MEN, was a Brooklyn-based band and art/performance collective that focuses on the energy of live performance and the radical potential of dance music. MEN spoke to issues such as trans awareness, wartime economies, sexual compromise, and demanding civil liberties. The collective disbanded in late 2014.

Iamsound
Iamsound (stylized IAMSOUND; formerly Iamsound Records) is an American entertainment company based in Los Angeles and founded by Niki Roberton. Iamsound comprises a creative and marketing studio, visual artist management firm, and independent record label.
Cynodonichthys
Cynodonichthys is a genus of freshwater killifish in the family Rivulidae. They are found in Middle America, ranging from southern Mexico (north to Oaxaca and the Yucatán Peninsula), through Central America (where most species live), to Colombia (in the northwest and the Magdalena River basin). They are non-annual killifish (similar to relatives such as Anablepsoides, Atlantirivulus, Laimosemion and Melanorivulus) and inhabit small forest streams from the lowlands to an altitude of 1,500 m (4,900 ft).

They are small fish, up to 4.5–9 cm (1.8–3.5 in) in total length depending on the exact species.

Seth Eugene Meek
Seth Eugene Meek (April 1, 1859, Hicksville, Ohio – July 6, 1914, Chicago) was an American ichthyologist at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. He was the first compiler of a book on Mexican freshwater fishes. Together with his assistant, Samuel F. Hildebrand, he produced the first book on the freshwater fishes of Panama.

He often collaborated with Charles H. Gilbert, and in 1884 on a collecting trip through the Ozarks, they discovered a new species, Etheostoma nianguae, which only lives in the Osage River basin. Also with them on that excursion was David Starr Jordan, considered the father of modern ichthyology.

After the Ozarks trip, Meek accepted the post of professor of biology and geology at Arkansas Industrial University (now the University of Arkansas).
Intwine
Intwine was a Dutch rock band formed in 2001 by five students of the Tilburg Rockacademie.

The band received nationwide notoriety in the Netherlands after lead singer Roger Peterson's participation in the  Idols talent show in 2002. Subsequently, Intwine charted the Dutch Top 40 five times, with "Happy?" (#3) and "Cruel Man" (#7) being their major hits. During their nine-year career they released four studio albums: Intwine (2003), Perfect (2004), Pyrrhic Victory (2006) and Kingdom of Contradiction (2009).

On 16 October 2010 Intwine revealed their breakup through its website. The group's last line-up consisted of Roger Peterson (vocals), Jacob Streefkerk (guitar), Jon Symons (guitar) and Eric Spring in 't Veld (drums).

Soca music
Soca music, or the "soul of calypso", is a genre of music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago in the 1970s. It is considered an offshoot of calypso, with influences from Afro-Trinidadian and Indo-Trinidadian rhythms. It was created by Ras Shorty I (or Lord Shorty) in an effort to revive traditional calypso, the popularity of which had been declining amongst younger generations in Trinidad due to the rise in popularity of reggae from Jamaica and soul and funk from the United States. From the 1980s onward, soca has developed into a range of new styles.
Decca tree
The Decca Tree is a spaced microphone array most commonly used for orchestral recording. It was originally developed as a type of stereo A–B recording method adding a center fill. The technique was developed in the early 1950s and first commercially used in 1954 by Arthur Haddy, Roy Wallace, and later refined by engineer Kenneth Ernest Wilkinson and his team at Decca Records and its recording studios, to provide a strong stereo image.

The Decca Tree setup evolved from the idea of a minimal recording technique using a pair of microphones. The first system was developed by Roy Wallace. The microphone triangle was placed about 3 to 3.6 m high above the stage level, near the conductor. The microphone system is not properly in front of the orchestra, but more "into" the orchestra.

Two more microphones can be added and placed on the sides (called "outrigger microphones"), approximately at about 2/3 of the stage width, between the conductor and the outer orchestra boundary.

Microphone
A microphone, colloquially called a mic (/maɪk/), or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in telecommunication, sound recording, broadcasting, and consumer electronics, including telephones, hearing aids, and mobile devices.

Several types of microphone are used today, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a sound wave to an electrical signal. The most common are the dynamic microphone, which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field; the condenser microphone, which uses the vibrating diaphragm as a capacitor plate; and the contact microphone, which uses a crystal of piezoelectric material. Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or reproduced.
Gamalier Rodríguez
Gamalier "Baby Bird" Rodríguez (Born December 3, 1986 in Bayamón, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican professional boxer. Rodriguez won the World Boxing Organization North American Boxing Organization featherweight title when he defeated Alicio Castaneda. Rodriguez had multiple defenses of this title, including one over Orlando Cruz.

Rodríguez fought Vasiliy Lomachenko for the WBO featherweight world title in 2015; he was knocked out 50 seconds into the 9th round.

Bayamón, Puerto Rico
Bayamón (Spanish pronunciation: [baʝaˈmon], locally [baʝaˈmoŋ]) is a city and municipality in Puerto Rico. Located on the northeastern coastal plain, it is bounded by Guaynabo to the east, Toa Alta and Naranjito to the west, Toa Baja and Cataño to the north, and Aguas Buenas and Comerío to the south. Part of the San Juan metropolitan area, Bayamón is spread over 11 barrios and the downtown area and administrative center of Bayamón Pueblo. With a population of 185,187 as of the 2020 census, it is the second most populated municipality in the archipelago and island after the capital of San Juan.
Carpegna (surname)
Carpegna is an Italian surname. Notable people with this name include the following:

Daniel Varela Suanzes-Carpegna (born 1951), Spanish politician and former Member of the EU Parliament

Gasparo di Carpegna (1661–1733), great-grandnephew of Michelangelo Buonarroti, Florentine official at the court of Cosimo III

Gaspare Carpegna (1625–1714), Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal

Mario Gabrielli di Carpegna (1856–1924), Italian nobleman, politician and soldier

Massimo Carpegna (born 1955), Italian conductor

Pietro Carpegna, or Petrus de Carpinea (1592–1630), Italian Roman Catholic Bishop of Gubbio

Ulderico Carpegna (1595–1679), Italian jurist and Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

Daniel Varela Suanzes-Carpegna
Daniel Varela Suanzes-Carpegna (born 1 April 1951 in Lugo) is a Spanish politician and former Member of the European Parliament with the People's Party, part of the European People's Party. He served in the European Parliament from 1994 to 2009.

During his last mandate, he was vice-chair of European Parliament's Committee on International Trade and of its Committee on Fisheries. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development and a member of the Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand.
More-with-Less Cookbook
The More-with-Less Cookbook is a cookbook commissioned by Mennonite Central Committee in 1976 with the goal of "helping Christians respond in a caring-sharing way in a world with limited food resources" and "to challenge North Americans to consume less so others could eat enough". The first edition of the book has received forty-seven printings, with over 847,000 copies sold worldwide, including Bantam Press, British English and German editions.

The book advocates the consumption of more whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, the moderation of meat and dairy products and the avoidance of processed and convenience foods. The recipes, collected from Mennonite and other Christian families around the world, are intended to be affordable, nutritious and socially and ecologically responsible.

A new 40th-anniversary edition of the book was published in 2016.

Bantam Press
Bantam Press is an imprint of Transworld Publishers, which is a British publishing division of Penguin Random House.

It is based on Uxbridge Road in Ealing near Ealing Broadway station, London, the same address as Transworld.

It releases hardcover and prestige softcover book editions. Bantam Press also publishes Sophie Kinsella's Shopaholic books.
Grady Gaines
Grady Gaines (May 14, 1934 – January 29, 2021) was an American electric blues, Texas blues and jazz blues tenor saxophonist, who performed and recorded with Little Richard in the 1950s. He backed other musicians such as Dee Clark, Little Willie John, Sam Cooke, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, and Joe Tex. He released three albums.

Dee Clark
Dee Clark (November 7, 1938 – December 7, 1990) was an American soul singer and songwriter best known for a string of R&B and pop hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including the song "Raindrops", which became a million-seller in the United States in 1961.
Thomas Tighe (MP)
Thomas Tighe (1829–15 June 1914) was an Irish Home Rule League politician.

He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Mayo at the 1874 general election but was shortly after unseated. At the resulting by-election, he failed to regain the seat.

He was High Sheriff of Mayo in 1879.

1874 Mayo by-election
The 1874 Mayo by-election was fought on 29 May 1874.  The by-election was fought due to the void elections of the incumbent Home Rule MPs, George Ekins Browne and Thomas Tighe. George Eakins Browne was re-elected while Thomas Tighe was defeated by John O'Connor Power.
Pontibacillus halophilus
Pontibacillus halophilus is a Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, strictly aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Pontibacillus which has been isolated from a sea urchin from the Laizhou Bay.

Halophile
A halophile (from the Greek word for 'salt-loving') is an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.

While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin.

Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Lake Urmia in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible analogues for modeling extremophiles that might live in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and similar moons.
Spider Lilies (film)
Spider Lilies (Chinese: 刺青; pinyin: Cìqīng; lit. 'Tattoo') is a 2007 Taiwanese drama film. It is the second feature-length film by director Zero Chou, and stars Rainie Yang and Isabella Leong in the lead roles. Spider Lilies was screened at the 2007 Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Teddy Award for Best LGBT-related Feature Film. It was released in the United States by Wolfe Video on 6 May 2008.

The theme song "Xiao Mo Li" ("小茉莉"), performed by Rainie Yang, received a Golden Horse Award nomination for Best Original Film Song at the 44th Golden Horse Awards.

Teddy Award
The Teddy Award is an international film award for films with LGBTQIA+ topics, presented by an independent jury as an official award of the Berlin International Film Festival (the Berlinale). For the most part, the jury consists of organisers of gay and lesbian film festivals, who view films screened in all sections of the Berlinale; films do not have to have been part of the festival's official competition stream to be eligible for Teddy awards. Subsequently, a list of films meeting criteria for LGBT content is selected by the jury, and a 3,000-Euro Teddy is awarded to a feature film, a short film and a documentary.

At the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in 2016, a dedicated "Teddy30" lineup of classic LGBT-related films was screened as a full program of the festival to celebrate the award's 30th anniversary.
1997–98 Gamma Ethniki
The 1997–98 Gamma Ethniki was the 15th season since the official establishment of the third tier of Greek football in 1983. Ialysos Rodos and PAS Giannina were crowned champions in Southern and Northern Group respectively, thus winning promotion to Beta Ethniki. Agios Nikolaos and Pierikos also won promotion as a runners-up of the groups.

Pamisos Messini, Ergotelis, Kerkyra, Agia Eleousa, Korinthos, Pyrgos, Orfeas Alexandroupoli, Tyrnavos, Orestis Orestiada, Agrotikos Asteras, Apollon Larissa and Anagennisi Arta were relegated to Delta Ethniki.

Anagennisi Arta F.C.
Anagennisi Arta Football Club (Greek: Γ.Α.Σ. Αναγέννηση Άρτας) is a Greek football club based in Arta, in northwestern Greece. It was founded in 1960 through the merger of three local clubs: Panamvrakikos (1926), Aetos (1949), and Olympiacos Arta (1951).
Nevado de Santa Isabel
Nevado de Santa Isabel (English: "The Snowy of Saint Isabel") is a shield volcano straddling the boundaries of the Colombian departments of Tolima, Caldas, and Risaralda, being the highest point of the latter. The volcano lies approximately 10 kilometers southwest of the larger Nevado del Ruiz volcano. Santa Isabel is the third highest peak in Los Nevados National Natural Park. It is a relatively flat volcano with three domes of nearly equal elevation.

Colombian Geological Survey
The Colombian Geological Survey (CGS) (Spanish: Servicio Geológico Colombiano; formerly known as INGEOMINAS) is a scientific agency of the Colombian government in charge of contributing to the socioeconomic development of the nation through research in basic and applied geosciences of the subsoil, the potential of its resources, evaluating and monitoring threats of geological origin, managing the geoscientific knowledge of the nation, and studying the nuclear and radioactive elements in Colombia.
Swindle Island
Swindle Island is an island on the North Coast of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located south of Princess Royal Island on the Inside Passage shipping route. The small First Nations community of Klemtu is located on its eastern side across from Cone Island. Price Island lies just south of Swindle Island. Both are located within the Kitimat-Stikine Regional District. Swindle Island's southernmost extremity is Jorkins Point, which lies at the confluence of Milbanke Sound and Finlayson Channel.

Swindle Island is part of a volcanic centre called the Milbanke Sound Group which includes several monogenetic cinder cones. Kitasu Hill on the western side of Swindle Island is a young basaltic cinder cone that produced lava flows that extend to the north.

Inside Passage
The Inside Passage (French: Passage Intérieur) is a coastal route for ships and boats along a network of passages which weave through the islands on the Pacific Northwest coast of the North American Fjordland. The route extends from southeastern Alaska in the United States, through western British Columbia in Canada, to northwestern Washington state in the United States. Ships using the route can avoid some of the bad weather in the open ocean and may visit some of the many isolated communities along the route. The Inside Passage is heavily travelled by cruise ships, freighters, tugs with tows, fishing craft, pleasure craft, and ships of the Alaska Marine Highway, BC Ferries, and Washington State Ferries systems. Coast Guard vessels of both Canada and the United States patrol and transit in the Passage.

In Academic publishing, Inside Passage refers to the broader network of waterways, fjords, and islands, rather than just as a navigational route.