hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Italian road to socialism
The Italian road to socialism (it. Via italiana al socialismo) was the ideology and political practice of the Italian Communist Party, whose origin were the ideas of Antonio Gramsci, and was formalized during the VIII Congress in 1956 by General Secretary Palmiro Togliatti.

The Italian road to socialism involved the recognition and defense of the Republican Constitution, which the communists contributed to draft, and the arrival at socialism also through the institutions. It also implied it was right for Italy to act as a bridge between the United States and the Soviet Union, being autonomous from both.

Eurocommunism
Eurocommunism was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties, which said they had developed a theory and practice of social transformation more relevant for Western Europe. During the Cold War, they sought to reject the influence of the Soviet Union and its Communist Party. The trend was especially prominent in Italy, Spain, and France. It is commonly considered to have been prompted by the Prague Spring. Although the various parties converged against the Soviet factor, their own doctrines remained as different at the dissolution of the movement as they originally were before 1968.
Stallofjellet
Stallofjellet is a mountain in Oscar II Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It reaches a height of 735 m.a.s.l. The mountain is located between the glaciers of Venernbreen, Stallobreen and Eidembreen, and has an extension of about three kilometers.

Stallofjellet is named after the stallo creature in Sami folklore.

Venernbreen
Venernbreen is a glacier in Oscar II Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about fifteen kilometers, and is located between the mountains of Sparrefjellet and Kinnefjellet. The glacier is named after the Swedish lake of Vänern.

The nunatak of Tussekallen, in the mountainous district of Trollheimen, is located between the glaciers of Venernbreen and Eidembreen.
Carl Alfred Pedersen
Carl Alfred Pedersen (5 May 1882 – 25 June 1960) was a Norwegian gymnast and triple jumper who competed in the Summer Olympics in 1906, 1908 and 1912.

At the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens, he was a member of the Norwegian team, which won the gold medal in the gymnastics team event. He also participated in the triple jump competition and finished eighth.

In 1908, he won a silver medal in the gymnastics team event with the Norwegian team. In 1912, again as a member of the Norwegian team, he won a bronze medal in the gymnastics team, Swedish system event.

In national athletics he became Norwegian champion in the high jump in 1904, 1905 and 1907, and in the long jump in 1905, but never in triple jump. He represented Ørnulf IF in Kristiania.

Gymnastics at the 1906 Intercalated Games
At the 1906 Summer Olympics in Athens, four gymnastics events were contested, all for men only.   Now called the Intercalated Games, the 1906 Games are no longer considered as an official Olympic Games by the International Olympic Committee.
Ousia (band)
Ousia is a music ensemble from Minneapolis, Minnesota.  The group classifies their music (a mixture of ambient, noise, and space rock) as "Snowbient." Their current instrumentation consists of two guitars, bass, and synthesizers. Musically, their compositions are constructed around keys and dynamics, rather than a traditional "verse / bridge / chorus" musical form.  A consistent approach involving improvisation and "live" recordings, minimizes the difference between their performances and CD releases.  Ousia have performed with The Flaming Lips, Laibach, Third Eye Foundation, Windy and Carl, as well as headlining their own shows.

Instrumentation (music)
In music, instrumentation is the particular combination of musical instruments employed in a composition, and the properties of those instruments individually. Instrumentation is sometimes used as a synonym for orchestration. This juxtaposition of the two terms was first made in 1843 by Hector Berlioz in his Grand traité d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes, and various attempts have since been made to differentiate them. Instrumentation is a more general term referring to an orchestrator's, composer's or arranger's selection of instruments in varying combinations, or even a choice made by the performers for a particular performance, as opposed to the narrower sense of orchestration, which is the act of scoring for orchestra a work originally written for a solo instrument or smaller group of instruments.
Tadeusz Olejnik
Tadeusz Olejnik (born 1935) is a Polish historian. He published works about regional history, World War II and history of the Polish fire service.

Director of the Museum of Wieluń Land in Wieluń. From 1997 until his retirement in 2005 professor of the Piotrków branch of the Jan Kochanowski University. Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Wieluń
Wieluń [ˈvjɛluɲ] (Latin: Velun) is a town in south-central Poland with 21,624 inhabitants (2021). The town is the seat of the Gmina Wieluń and Wieluń County, and is located within the Łódź Voivodeship. Wieluń is a capital of the historical Wieluń Land.

Wieluń has a long and rich history. In the past, it used to be an important urban trade centre of the Kingdom of Poland. Several Polish kings and notables visited the town, but following the catastrophic Swedish Deluge (1655–1660), Wieluń declined and never regained its status. In September 1939, during the invasion of Poland, it was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe. The Bombing of Wieluń is considered to be the first World War II bombing in Europe. It killed at least 127 civilians, injured hundreds more and destroyed the majority of the town.
1987–88 Toto Cup Artzit
The 1987–88 Toto Cup Artzit was the 4th season of the second tier League Cup since its introduction.

It was held in two stages. First, 12 Liga Artzit teams (without Hapoel Haifa and Hapoel Jerusalem, which were selected to play in the 1987–88 Toto Cup Leumit), were divided into three groups. The group winners advanced to the final group.

The competition was won by Hapoel Bat Yam, who had overcome Hapoel Ramat Gan and Maccabi Yavne in the final group.

Toto Cup
The  Israel Toto Cup (Hebrew: גביע הטוטו, Gvia Ha'Toto) is an association football tournament that features clubs in the two highest divisions in Israel: the Israeli Premier League a.k.a. Ligat Ha'Al; and the Israeli 2nd division Liga Leumit. Both of these leagues are featured separately for the Israel Toto Cup –  at a distinct seasonal tournament for each of these two. They are simply referred to as Toto Cup Al and Toto Cup Leumit, in many global media outlets.

From 1999 to 2009, the tournament was also open to clubs from the third division, until the cancellation of Liga Artzit.

The Toto Cup is the third most important competition in Israeli football after the Israeli Premier League and the Israeli State Cup. As it isn't highly regarded, Israeli clubs use the games to rotate their squad and give fringe players and youth players a chance. However, the Israeli Sports Betting Council pays 1.25 million NIS to the winners, while the runners-up receive 950,000 NIS.
Moran Caouissin
Moran Caouissin (born 6 July 1963) is an animation film director who first animated for Jacques Colombat's feature film Robinson&Cie (1991), Paul Grimault & Jacques Demy's film La Table Tournante (1998), Disney's DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1991).

He worked for several films and series as an animator, a lay-out director, an animation director, a storyboard-artist, a model-designer and chara-designer, a storyboard director. As a film director, he directed the first four episodes of TF1's The Bellflower Bunnies, Cédric2, Merlin against the ghosts of Halloween, Marsupilami Houba Houba Hop!, Parker&Badger, Ollie&Moon2...

Cédric (comics)
Cédric is a Belgian comics series written by Raoul Cauvin, illustrated by Laudec, and published by Dupuis.

The comic is about the adventures of a young rascal, including his family and his school life. Cédric is a hero close to the hearts of all children, funny yet tender at the same time. Between the mistress, the school shrink, nosy parents, rowdy pals, an odious niece, and a temperamental girlfriend, Cédric finds it hard to keep his tranquility. For the better part of it, his grandfather is always at hand, be it when badly hit or to hit badly.

Since 1989, 23 albums have been published by Dupuis. Cédric is one of the most popular French-language comics according to the list of best-selling new comics of the ACBD, with e.g. in 2006 alone, 288,900 albums, putting Cédric at the fourth spot. By 2008, Cédric had dropped to the 8th position, still selling around 273,000 copies that year. A series of animated cartoons based on the comic have been produced as well.
Ivanna Nyzhnyk-Vynnykiv
Ivanna Nyzhnyk-Vynnykiv (Ukrainian: Іванна Василівна Нижник-Винників; 8 July 1912 – 9 January 1993) was a Ukrainian artist of decorative textiles and ceramics as well as a painter. From 1938 she was a member of the Association of Independent Ukrainian Artists.

Association of Independent Ukrainian Artists
The Association of Independent Ukrainian Artists (Ukrainian: Асоціація незалежних українських митців), also known as AIUA, was an artistic organization that functioned in Lviv in 1931–1939. It was founded in 1931 by a group of Ukrainian painters: Sviatoslav Hordynskyi, Pavlo Kovzhun, Yaroslava Muzyka, and others. The association's activities were based on the principles formulated by the members of the AIUA's predecessor, the Circle of Ukrainian Art Workers (CUAW), which existed in Lviv in 1922–1926. In the short time of its existence, the association achieved tangible results in presenting Ukrainian culture and its best representatives to the world.
Minimum viable population
Minimum viable population (MVP) is a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive in the wild.  This term is commonly used in the fields of biology, ecology, and conservation biology. MVP refers to the smallest possible size at which a biological population can exist without facing extinction from natural disasters or demographic, environmental, or genetic stochasticity. The term "population" is defined as a group of interbreeding individuals in similar geographic area that undergo negligible gene flow with other groups of the species. Typically, MVP is used to refer to a wild population, but can also be used for ex situ conservation (Zoo populations).

Stochastic
Stochastic (/stəˈkæstɪk/; from Ancient Greek  στόχος (stókhos) 'aim, guess') is the property of being well-described by a random probability distribution. Stochasticity and randomness are technically distinct concepts. Stochasticity refers to a modeling approach, while randomness describes phenomena. These terms are often used interchangeably. In probability theory, the formal concept of a stochastic process is also referred to as a random process.

Stochasticity is used in many different fields, including actuarial science, image processing, signal processing, computer science, information theory, telecommunications, chemistry, ecology, neuroscience, physics, and cryptography. It is also used in finance, medicine, linguistics,  music, media, colour theory,  botany, manufacturing and geomorphology.
Raymond Ogden
Raymond William Ogden FRS (born 19 September 1943) is a British applied mathematician. He is the George Sinclair Professor of Mathematics at the Department of Mathematics and Statistics of the University of Glasgow.

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
Santiago, Lisbon
Santiago (English: Saint James) is a former civil parish (freguesia) in the city and municipality of Lisbon, Portugal. It had a total area of 0.06 km2 and total population of 846 inhabitants (2009); density: 13,823 inhabitants/km2. At the administrative reorganization of Lisbon on 8 December 2012 it became part of the parish Santa Maria Maior.

James the Great
James the Great (Koine Greek: Ἰάκωβος, romanized: Iákōbos; Classical Syriac: ܝܥܩܘܒ, romanized: Yaʿqōḇ; died c. 44) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was the second of the apostles to die, after Judas Iscariot, and the first to be martyred. Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to tradition, what are believed to be his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, Spain.

He is also known as James, son of Zebedee, James, brother of John, Saint James the Great, Saint James the Greater, St. James Son of Thunder, St. James the Major, Saint James the Elder, or Saint Jacob, James the Apostle or Santiago.
Old San Francisco
Old San Francisco is a 1927 American synchronized sound historical drama film starring Dolores Costello and featuring Warner Oland. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using the Vitaphone sound-on-disc process. The film, which was produced and distributed by Warner Bros., was directed by Alan Crosland.

Alan Crosland
Frederick Alan Crosland (August 10, 1894 – July 16, 1936) was an American stage actor and film director. He is noted for having directed the first feature film using spoken dialogue, The Jazz Singer (1927) and the first feature movie with synchronization soundtrack, Don Juan (1926).
24 Hours (A Boogie wit da Hoodie song)
"24 Hours" is a song by American rapper A Boogie wit da Hoodie featuring fellow American rapper Lil Durk. It was released as the second single from A Boogie's fourth EP B4 AVA, on May 21, 2021. The song was produced by Rogét Chahayed, S. Dot, Band on the Beat, and Chuck Taylor.

Rogét Chahayed
Rogét Lutfi Chahayed (born May 31, 1988) is an American record producer and songwriter. Referred to as "one of hip-hop and pop's most dependable hit machines" by Billboard, Chahayed has received 11 Grammy Award nominations; in 2022, he was nominated for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical.

A conservatory-trained pianist, he began production work under the wing of mentor Dr. Dre. He was named one of XXL's hip-hop producers of the year in 2020, 2021, and 2022, named one of Variety's Hitmakers for 2021 and 2022, and Genius named him the top producer of the year in 2022.

Chahayed's credits include the singles "Broccoli" by DRAM, "Bad at Love" by Halsey, "Sicko Mode" by Travis Scott, "Laugh Now Cry Later" by Drake, "Kiss Me More" and "Vegas" by Doja Cat, "First Class" by Jack Harlow, and Bruno Mars and Rosé's "APT." He also co-wrote Miguel's single "Sky Walker."
Kotta mara
Kotta mara is a type of floating battery or fortified raft from Borneo. It is used by native Bornean (Banjarese and Dayak) in warfare, its usage rose prominently during the Banjarmasin war (1859–1906). Kotta mara is used in riverine warfare, as an armed vessel or simply a blockhouse or fortification to prevent enemy advance in the river.

Banjar people
The Banjarese (Banjar: Urang Banjar, Jawi script: اورڠ بنجر; Indonesian: Orang Banjar) or simply Banjar, are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Banjar regions (notably Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar Regency, etc.) in the southeastern Kalimantan regions of Indonesia. Nowadays, Banjarese diaspora can be found in neighbouring Banjar regions as well; including Kotabaru Regency, the southeastern regions of Central Kalimantan, southernmost regions of East Kalimantan, and some provinces of Indonesia in general. The Banjarese diaspora community also can be found in neighbouring countries of Indonesia, such as Brunei, Malaysia (notably in Perak, Selangor, Kedah and Johor with significant minorities in Sabah), and Singapore.
Substantial Presence Test
The Substantial Presence Test (SPT) is a criterion used by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States to determine whether an individual who is not a citizen or lawful permanent resident in the recent past qualifies as a "resident for tax purposes" or a "nonresident for tax purposes"; it is a form of physical presence test. The SPT should be used in conjunction with the Green Card Test (the criterion that the individual possessed a valid Green Card at any time of the year). An individual who satisfies either one or both of these tests is treated as a resident for tax purposes.

F visa
In the United States, the F series of visa is a class of non-immigrant student visa that allows foreigners to pursue education (academic studies and/or language training programs) in the United States. F-1 students must maintain a full course of study. F-1 visas are only issued in U.S. embassies and consulates, although extensions of stay and changes of status may be possible within the United States. Prospective F-1 students must apply to a school and receive a form I-20 in order to apply for an F-1 visa. F-1 students must show that they are able to support themselves during their stay in the U.S., as their opportunities for legal employment are quite limited. F-2 visas are given to dependents of an F-1 student. F-2 visa holders are prohibited from any form of compensated employment. However, minor children may attend public schools. Finally, the F-3 visa is issued to Canadians and Mexicans who commute across the border to attend American schools.
Perrance Shiri
Perrance Shiri (born Bigboy Samson Chikerema; 11 January 1955 – 29 July 2020) was a Zimbabwean air officer and government official who served as Minister of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement in the Cabinet of Zimbabwe from 1 December 2017 until his death on 29 July 2020. He was the commander of the Air Force of Zimbabwe and member of the Joint Operations Command which exerts day-by-day control over Zimbabwe's government.

Perrance Shiri was a cousin of former President Robert Mugabe. He called himself "Black Jesus", because according to an anonymous claim on the BBC Panorama documentary "The Price of Silence", he "could determine your life like Jesus Christ. He could heal, raise the dead, whatever. So he claimed to be like that because he could say if you live or not."

On 30 November 2017, Shiri was appointed Minister of Agriculture by President Emmerson Mnangagwa. On 18 December he was promoted from Air Marshal to Air Chief Marshal upon retirement.

Cabinet of Zimbabwe
The Cabinet of Zimbabwe is the executive branch of the government of Zimbabwe, responsible for advising the President and implementing national policies. It consists of the President, who serves as its head, the two Vice-Presidents, and Ministers appointed by the President. The Cabinet plays a central role in the administration of the country, overseeing various ministries and ensuring the execution of laws passed by Parliament. Established under the independence constitution in 1980, the Cabinet has undergone significant transformations, particularly with the shift to an executive presidency in 1987 and the adoption of a new constitution in 2013. It has also been shaped by political agreements, such as the Government of National Unity formed in 2009.
Marie Dumesnil
Marie Françoise Dumesnil (2 January 1713 – 20 February 1803), original name Marie-Françoise Marchand, was a French actress.

She was born in Paris, the daughter of a poor nobleman, and began her stage career in the provinces, whence she was summoned in 1737 to make her debut at the Comédie-Française as Clytemnestre in Racine's Iphigénie en Aulide. She at once came into the front rank, playing Cléopâtre, Phèdre, Athalie and Hermione (tragic roles created by contemporary French playwrights) with great effect, and when she created Merope (1743), Voltaire says that she kept the audience in tears for three successive acts.

She retired from the stage in 1776 but lived until 1803. Her rival, La Clairon, having spoken ill of her, she authorized the publication of a Mémoire de Marie Françoise Dumesnil, en réponse aux mémoires d'Hippolyte Clairon (1800).

Comédie-Française
The Comédie-Française (French: [kɔmedi fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ⓘ), or Théâtre-Français (French: [teɑtʁ(ə) fʁɑ̃sɛ] ⓘ), is a state theatre in France. Founded in 1680, it is the oldest active theatre company in the world. Established as a French state-controlled entity in 1995, it is one of the few in the nation and the only to have its own permanent troupe of actors. The company's primary venue is the Salle Richelieu, a part of the Palais-Royal complex located at 2 Rue de Richelieu on Place André-Malraux in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.

The theatre has also been known as the Théâtre de la République, and popularly as "La Maison de Molière" (The House of Molière). It acquired the latter name from the troupe of its best-known playwright, Molière, considered the patron of French actors. He died seven years before his troupe became known as the Comédie-Française, but the company continued to be known as "La Maison de Molière" even after the official change of name.
The Watchmaker of Everton
The Watchmaker of Everton (French: L'horloger d'Everton) is a novel by the Belgian writer Georges Simenon. The original French version appeared in 1954. This novel and Red Lights, both translated by Norman Denny, were published together in 1955 by Hamish Hamilton as Danger Ahead.

The novel is among his romans durs, a term roughly translated as hard, or harrowing, novels; it was used by Simenon for what he regarded as his serious literary works.

The novel is set in a village in the State of New York. Simenon lived in America from 1945 to 1955.

Hamish Hamilton
Hamish Hamilton Limited is a publishing imprint and originally a British publishing house, founded in 1931 eponymously by the half-Scot half-American Jamie Hamilton (Hamish is the vocative form of the Gaelic Seumas [meaning James], James the English form – which was also his given name, and Jamie the diminutive form). Jamie Hamilton was often referred to as Hamish Hamilton.

The Hamish Hamilton imprint is now part of the Penguin Random House group.