hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stuart Dreyfus
A native of Terre Haute, Indiana, Stuart E. Dreyfus is professor emeritus at University of California, Berkeley in the Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department. While at the Rand Corporation he was a programmer of the JOHNNIAC computer. While at Rand he coauthored Applied Dynamic Programming with Richard Bellman. Following that work, he was encouraged to pursue a Ph.D. which he completed in applied mathematics at Harvard University in 1964, on the calculus of variations. In 1962, Dreyfus simplified the Dynamic Programming-based derivation of backpropagation (due to Henry J. Kelley and Arthur E. Bryson) using only the chain rule. He also coauthored Mind Over Machine with his brother Hubert Dreyfus in 1986.

Chain rule
In calculus, the chain rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions z and y in terms of the derivatives of z and y. More precisely, if  is the composition such that  for every x, then the chain rule is, in Lagrange's notation,

or, equivalently,

The chain rule may also be expressed in Leibniz's notation. If a variable z depends on the variable y, which itself depends on the variable x (that is, y and z are dependent variables), then z depends on x as well, via the intermediate variable y. In this case, the chain rule is expressed as
 
and

for indicating at which points the derivatives have to be evaluated.

In integration, the counterpart to the chain rule is the substitution rule.
Moyúa
Moyúa, or Elliptic Square, is a public square located in the center of Bilbao's extension, in the district of Abando. The square was conceived in 1876 as a central hub in the middle of Gran Vía de Don Diego López de Haro avenue, from where the main eight streets depart in radius-like shape and was merely called Elliptic Square because of its form. The square was refurbished in the 1940s to adopt its current form, with a central fountain and several gardens in French and English styles, and was renamed to honour a former mayor of the city, Federico Moyúa.

The square as is today was totally rebuilt in 1997 after six years of works to build the Bilbao Metro. Moyua metro station (spelt without accent) is the closest to the famous  Guggenheim Museum.  Trains on both lines 1 and 2 call at the station, sharing the same tracks and platforms.  It is also the terminus for Bilbobus routes 1 and 76.

French formal garden
The French formal garden, also called the jardin à la française (French for 'garden in the French manner'), is a style of "landscape" garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the landscape architect André Le Nôtre for Louis XIV and widely copied by other European courts.

Classicism was also expressed in horticulture. Jean-Baptiste de La Quintinie introduced an art of fruit pruning and bedding techniques that were to have a lasting impact on production gardens. But the term ‘classical garden’ was only used for pleasure gardens.
Paymogo
Paymogo is a town and municipality located in the Andévalo comarca, province of Huelva, Spain. 
According to the 2014 census, the municipality has a population of 1,218 inhabitants.
The municipality borders with Portugal on its western side.

Andévalo
El Andévalo or El Campo de Andévalo is one of the six comarcas in Huelva Province, Andalusia, southern Spain. It is located between the Sierra de Huelva, Costa Occidental, Cuenca Minera, Huelva and Condado de Huelva comarcas and the border of Portugal.

The present-day comarca was established in 2003.
Tack Lake (Minnesota)
Tack Lake is a 16-acre lake in Cook County, Minnesota which is a tributary to the Poplar River through Rice Lake. Water clarity surveys performed by the University of Minnesota indicated Tack Lake had a visibility of 2.48 meters in 2008.

Cook County, Minnesota
Cook County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,600, making it Minnesota's seventh-least populous county. Its county seat is Grand Marais. The Grand Portage Indian Reservation is in the county.
Hunterston Castle
Hunterston Castle, West Kilbride, North Ayrshire, Scotland is the historic home of the lairds of Hunterston and Chiefs of Clan Hunter. The keep dates from the late 12th, or early 13th centuries, while the attached manor house is of the 18th century. The estate was granted to the Hunters by David I of Scotland in the 12th century, and the heads of the clan have lived on the estate for the following 900 years. The castle is a Category A listed building.

North Ayrshire
North Ayrshire (Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Àir a Tuath, pronounced [ˈʃirˠəxk aːɾʲ ə ˈt̪ʰuə]) is one of 32 council areas in Scotland. The council area borders Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire and East Renfrewshire to the northeast, and East Ayrshire and South Ayrshire to the east and south respectively. The local authority is North Ayrshire Council, formed in 1996 with the same boundaries as the district of Cunninghame, which existed from 1975 to 1996.

Located in the west central Lowlands with the Firth of Clyde to its west, the council area covers the northern portion of the historic county of Ayrshire, in addition to the islands of Arran and The Cumbraes from the historic county of Buteshire. North Ayrshire had an estimated population of 134,010 in 2024. Its largest towns are Irvine and Kilwinning. From 1975 to 1996 under the name Cunninghame it was one of nineteen local government districts in the Strathclyde region.
Arpa Valley
The Arpa Valley (Kyrgyz: Арпа өрөөнү) is a high-altitude valley in the southwestern part of the inner Tien Shan. It is bordered by the Fergana Range to the southwest, the Torugart Range to the south, the At-Bashy Range to the east, Ortok Too to the northeast, and Jaman-Too to the north. The valley is approximately 60 km (37 mi) long and up to 32 km (20 mi) wide at its broadest point. Its elevation ranges between 2,600 m (8,500 ft) and 3,600 m (11,800 ft) above sea level.

Tian Shan
The Tian Shan, also known as the Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, is a large system of mountain ranges in Central Asia. The highest peak is Jengish Chokusu at 7,439 metres (24,406 ft) high and located in Kyrgyzstan. Its lowest point is at the Turpan Depression, which is 154 m (505 ft) below sea level.

The Tian Shan is sacred in Tengrism. Its second-highest peak is known as Khan Tengri, which can be translated as "Lord of the Spirits". At the 2013 Conference on World Heritage, the eastern portion of Tian Shan in western China's Xinjiang Region was listed as a World Heritage Site. The western portion in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan was then listed in 2016.
Julius Beerbohm
Julius Beerbohm (26 September 1854 – 21 April 1906) was a Victorian travel-writer, engineer and explorer.

He was the son of Julius Ewald Edward Beerbohm (1811–1892), of Dutch, Lithuanian, and German origin, who had come to England in about 1830 and set up as a corn merchant. He married an Englishwoman, Constantia Draper, and the couple had four children. Beerbohm's older brother was the actor-manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree; his sister was author Constance Beerbohm. A younger half-brother was the caricaturist and parodist Max Beerbohm. His half-sister Agnes Mary Beerbohm (1865–1949), who became Mrs Ralph Neville in 1884, was a friend of the artist Walter Sickert and modelled for him in his 1906 painting Fancy Dress. His nieces were Viola, Felicity and Iris Tree.

Walter Sickert
Walter Richard Sickert (31 May 1860 – 22 January 1942) was a German-born British painter and printmaker who was a member of the Camden Town Group of Post-Impressionist artists in early 20th-century London. He was an important influence on distinctively British styles of avant-garde art in the mid and late 20th century.

Sickert was a cosmopolitan and an eccentric who often favoured ordinary people and urban scenes as his subjects. His work includes portraits of well-known personalities and images derived from press photographs. He is considered a prominent figure in the transition from Impressionism to Modernism.

Decades after his death, several authors and researchers theorised that Sickert might have been the London-based serial killer Jack the Ripper, but the claim has largely been dismissed.
Microlepidogaster arachas
Microlepidogaster arachas is a species of armored catfish endemic to tributaries of the rio Araguari, rio Perdizes, and rio Dourados, all pertaining to the rio Paranaíba drainage, upper rio Paraná basin in Brazil.

Loricariidae
Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.
Flag of Shropshire
The Shropshire flag is the county flag of Shropshire. It was registered with the Flag Institute in March 2012 and officially became the county's flag on 19 April 2013. The flag has an ermine yellow field, with three piles bearing the faces of leopards. It was based on the banner of arms of Shropshire County Council, itself based on the flag of Shrewsbury, which was first recorded in the 17th century.

Pile (heraldry)
In heraldry, a pile is a charge usually counted as one of the ordinaries (figures bounded by straight lines and occupying a definite portion of the shield). It consists of a wedge emerging from the upper edge of the shield and converging to a point near the base. If it touches the base, it is blazoned throughout.
Islesboro, Maine
Islesboro is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States, comprising Islesboro Island and several smaller islands. The population was 583 at the 2020 census. It has a summer colony accessible by state ferry service from Lincolnville Beach three miles to the west, by private boat, or by air taxi service. Home to Warren Island State Park, Islesboro includes the village of Dark Harbor.

Maine Department of Transportation
The Maine Department of Transportation, also known as MaineDOT, is the office of state government charged with the regulation and maintenance of roads, rail, ferries, and other public transport infrastructure in the state of Maine. An exception is the Maine Turnpike, which is maintained by the Maine Turnpike Authority. MaineDOT reports on the adequacy of roads, highways, and bridges in Maine. It also monitors environmental factors that affect the motor public such as stormwater, ice/snow buildup on roads, and crashes with moose. MaineDOT was founded in 1972 and replaced the former Maine State Highway Commission.
Eddie Garcia filmography
Eddie Garcia (May 2, 1929 – June 20, 2019) was a Filipino actor and director. He worked in almost 700 film and television roles in a career spanning seven-decades. His best regarded works include: Beast of the Yellow Night (1971), The Woman Hunt (1972), Atsay (1978), Magdusa Ka! (1986), Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig? (1987), Asin at Paminta (1999), Deathrow (2000), The Debut (2001), Abakada... Ina (2001), Bwakaw (2012), ML, Hintayan ng Langit, and Rainbow's Sunset (2018).

Deathrow (film)
Deathrow is a 2000 Philippine crime film co-written and directed by Joel Lamangan. The film stars Cogie Domingo and Eddie Garcia. This is GMA Films' last feature film before entering a 4-year hiatus.

It was one of the entries in the 2000 Metro Manila Film Festival, where it won Best Actor, Best Production Design and Best Film Editing, among others.
Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
The Appellate Tribunal for Electricity in India is created  as a statutory and autonomous body under the Electricity Act, 2003 to hear complaints, appeals or original petitions against the orders of the State Regulatory Commission, The Central Regulatory Commission, Joint Commission or the Adjudicating officer.

The Electricity Act, 2003
The Electricity Act, 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to transform the power sector in India.

The act covers major issues involving generation, distribution, transmission and trading in power. While some of the sections have already been enacted and are yielding benefits, there are a few other sections that are yet to be fully enforced till date.
TeleTicino
TeleTicino (styled in lower case as teleticino) is an Italian-language television channel based in Melide, Switzerland. It was established in 1987.

The channel provides local news and entertainment programming for the Ticino canton, which has a mostly Italian-speaking population. Its programming includes talk shows, political debates, comedies in the local Ticinese dialect, entertainment, and sports.

The channel is majority-owned by Timedia Holding SA, which also owns Corriere del Ticino, a local newspaper. Though it is privately owned, it receives public subsidies from television licence fees.

Ticinese dialect
The Ticinese dialect is the set of dialects, belonging to the Alpine and Western branch of the Lombard language, spoken in the northern part of the Canton of Ticino (Sopraceneri); the dialects of the region can generally vary from valley to valley, often even between single localities, while retaining the mutual intelligibility that is typical of the Lombard linguistic continuum.

Ticinese koiné refers instead to a koiné form used by speakers of local dialects (particularly those diverging from the koiné itself, as, e.g., Leventinese, etc.) when communicating with speakers of other Western Lombard dialects of Ticino, the Grisons (collectively known as Swiss Italian) or Italian Lombardy.
Belgrano II Base
Belgrano II Base (Spanish: Base Belgrano II) is a permanent, all year-round Argentine Antarctic base and scientific research station named after General Manuel Belgrano, one of the Libertadores and the creator of the Argentine Flag. It is located on Bertrab Nunatak on the Confín Coast, Coats Land.

As of 2022 it is Argentina's southernmost permanent base, the world's third furthest south permanent base, and the world's southernmost base built on solid rock, which makes it particularly suited for geological research.

As of 2022 Belgrano II is one of 13 research stations in Antarctica operated by Argentina.

Bertrab Nunatak
Bertrab Nunatak is a nunatak on the southern side of Lerchenfeld Glacier and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west-south-west of the Littlewood Nunataks. It has been described as "a bare rock about 1,739 feet high [that] forms the southern entrance point of the [Duke Ernst] Bay."

It was discovered by the Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–12, under Wilhelm Filchner, who named this feature for General Hermann Karl von Bertrab.
Buck's Upper Mill Farm
Buck's Upper Mill Farm, also known as Henry Buck House, is a historic home located at Bucksville in Horry County, South Carolina. The house was built about 1838 and is a typical two-story, central hall, framed farmhouse, or "I"-House.  The front façade features a full-length, one-story porch with a shed roof supported by six square posts. Also on the property are a one-story frame building constructed in the 19th century as a commissary for Buck's lumber business, and the ruins of a sawmill (such as a round brick smokestack on a square base).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Horry County, South Carolina
Horry County (/ˈɒriː/ OR-ree, silent "h" like its namesake Peter Horry) is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 351,029. It is the fourth-most populous county in South Carolina. The county seat is Conway. Horry County is the central county in the Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Pee Dee region of South Carolina, about 90 miles (140 km) north of Charleston, and about 130 miles (210 km) east of the state capital, Columbia.
Pulmonaria officinalis
Pulmonaria officinalis, common names lungwort, common lungwort, Mary's tears or Our Lady's milk drops, is a herbaceous rhizomatous evergreen perennial  plant of the genus Pulmonaria, belonging to the family Boraginaceae.

Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, has two significantly different circumscriptions as of December 2025. In the narrower circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu stricto is one of 11 families placed in the order Boraginales and includes about 90–120 genera. This approach was developed by the Boraginales Working Group. In the older, broader circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu lato is the only family in the order Boraginales, and includes about 155 genera.
Diary of a Chambermaid (2015 film)
Diary of a Chambermaid (French: Journal d'une femme de chambre) is a 2015 French drama film directed by Benoît Jacquot, and written by Jacquot and Hélène Zimmer. It is an adaptation of Octave Mirbeau's 1900 novel of the same name and stars Léa Seydoux as Célestine, a young and ambitious woman who works as a chambermaid for a wealthy couple in France during the early twentieth century. Mirbeau's original novel was adapted into films multiple times before, notably Jean Renoir's 1946 film and Luis Buñuel's 1964 film.

It was screened in the main competition section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival and was released on 1 April 2015, by Mars Distribution.

Vincent Lindon
Vincent Lindon (French pronunciation: [vɛ̃sɑ̃ lɛ̃dɔ̃]; born 15 July 1959) is a French actor and filmmaker. For his role in the film The Measure of a Man (2015), Lindon won Best Actor at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, Best Actor at the 41st César Awards and the IFFI Best Actor Award (Male) at the 46th International Film Festival of India.

Lindon was selected as the president of the jury for the main competition section of the 2022 Cannes Film Festival.

In 2024, Lindon was awarded the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice International Film Festival for his lead role in The Quiet Son.
Center for the Study of Los Angeles
The Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles (StudyLA) is a non-profit, non-partisan education and research institute at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California.

The Center for the Study of LA was founded in 1996 by Loyola Marymount University Political Science and Chicana/o studies professor Dr. Fernando Guerra with a grant from the Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Foundation. Guerra is the director of the Center.

CSLA conducts public opinion polls, focusing on public policy and community interests in the city of Los Angeles. Its research covers voter interests, race relations, and urban outcomes.

Nonpartisanship
Nonpartisanship, also known as nonpartisanism, is a lack of affiliation with a political party and a lack of political bias.

While an Oxford English Dictionary definition of partisan includes adherents of a party, cause, person, etc., in most cases, nonpartisan refers specifically to political party connections rather than being the strict antonym of "partisan".
2018 Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council election
The 2018 Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council election took place on 3 May 2018 to elect members of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council in England. The election was held  on the same day as other local elections in England. While Kensington and Chelsea is usually regarded as a Conservative stronghold, there was media speculation that Labour could win control of the council in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire. However the Conservatives maintained control, losing just one Councillor, in St. Helen's Ward, winning 36 seats to Labour's 13.

2018 United Kingdom local elections
The 2018 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 3 May 2018, with local council elections taking place in all 32 London boroughs, 34 metropolitan boroughs, 67 district and borough councils and 17 unitary authorities. There were also direct elections for the mayoralties of Hackney, Lewisham, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Watford.

With the exception of those areas that have had boundary changes, the seats up for election were last contested in the 2014 local elections.

A parliamentary by-election in West Tyrone took place the same day. Various other local by-elections also took place.
Ammerländer Schinken
Ammerländer Schinken – or Ammerländer Knochenschinken – is a type of dry-cured and smoked ham produced in the Ammerland Rural District of North Germany. Ammerländer Knochenschinken contains the bone, is heavily spiced and has a dark smoked color. Ammerländer Schinken is boneless, lightly spiced and lightly smoked. Historically, the ham was made from Ammerländer Edelschwein, a local breed of pigs. Today, the ham can also be made from pigs bred or fattened in the Ammerland Rural District. Both types of ham have PGI status under EU law.

The raw meat used in its production is cured for three weeks by being rubbed with a dry mixture of sea salt and brown sugar, and sometimes a spice mixture of juniper, pepper and allspice. The ham is then cold-smoked over beechwood for several weeks, and finally aged for a period of up to two years.

The oldest Ammerland ham smokehouse was founded in 1748 in Apen. It is now a museum named the Ammerländer Schinkenmuseum.

Sea salt
Sea salt is salt that is produced by the evaporation of seawater. It is used as a seasoning in foods, cooking, cosmetics and for preserving food. It is also called bay salt, solar salt, or simply salt. Like mined rock salt, production of sea salt has been dated to prehistoric times.
2024 European Parliament election in Lombardy
The 2024 European Parliament election in Italy took place in Italy on 8–9 June 2024. In the Italian region of Lombardy, the ruling party Brothers of Italy came first with 31.8% of the vote, followed by the Democratic Party (22.6%) and the League (13.1%), represented by the Lombard League in the region, which reflected its right-leaning status as the centre-left coalition, informally known as the Progressive Camp, plus all the remaining parliamentary opposition and left-leaning parties, achieved 44.6% of the votes compared to the 54.2% of the governing parties. Under double digits were the electoral list of Forza Italia and Us Moderates (9.3%), the Greens and Left Alliance (6.8%), the Five Star Movement (5.7%), and Action (4.0%). Below the national electoral threshold of 4% were United States of Europe (3.7%), Peace Land Dignity (1.8%), Freedom (0.7%), Popular Alternative (0.3%), and Valdostan Rally (0.2%).

Regions of Italy
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (since 2015), each region is divided into a number of provinces.
Herbert D. Smith
Herbert Dwight Smith (February 10, 1926 – July 1, 2011) was an attorney in Alva, Oklahoma for over fifty years. He was elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1954 on the Democratic ticket and served one term representing Woods County, serving on the Enrolling and Engrossing Bills Committee as Co-Chair.

Woods County, Oklahoma
Woods County is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,624. Its county seat is Alva. The county is named after Samuel Newitt Wood, a renowned Kansas populist.