hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Internet censorship in the Arab Spring
The level of Internet censorship in the Arab Spring was escalated. Lack of Internet freedom was a tactic employed by authorities to quell protests. Rulers and governments across the Arab world utilized the law, technology, and violence to control what was being posted on and disseminated through the Internet. In Egypt, Libya, and Syria, the populations witnessed full Internet shutdowns as their respective governments attempted to quell protests. In Tunisia, the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali hacked into and stole passwords from citizens' Facebook accounts. In Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, bloggers and "netizens" were arrested and some are alleged to have been killed. The developments since the beginning of the Arab Spring in 2010 have raised the issue of Internet access as a human right and have revealed the type of power certain authoritarian governments retain over the people and the Internet.

Internet censorship and surveillance in Africa
Unclassified / No data

This list of Internet censorship and surveillance in Africa provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries in Africa.

Detailed country by country information on Internet censorship and surveillance is provided in the Freedom on the Net reports from Freedom House, by the OpenNet Initiative, by Reporters Without Borders, and in the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices from the U.S. State Department Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. The ratings produced by several of these organizations are summarized below as well as in the Censorship by country article.
2016 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 2016 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 116th staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897. The championship began in May 2016 and ended on 23 October 2016.

Ballygunner were the defending champions.

On 23 October 2016, Ballygunner won the championship after a 4–20 to 1–12 defeat of Passage in the final at Walsh Park. This was their 15th championship title overall and their third title in succession.

Waterford GAA
The Waterford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Phort Láirge) or Waterford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for all levels of Gaelic games in County Waterford. The County Board is also responsible for the Waterford county teams. The county board's offices are based at Walsh Park in the city of Waterford. The Waterford County Board was founded in 1886.

Hurling is the dominant sport, with the county having won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) on two occasions: in 1948 and 1959. While football is the secondary sport in the county, it is widely played nonetheless. Waterford's greatest footballing achievement was reaching the 1898 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, which the team lost to Dublin.
Lutesvillia
Lutesvillia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the early part of the Arenig stage of the Ordovician Period, a faunal stage which lasted from approximately 478 to 471 million years ago.

Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.  A given stage of rock and the corresponding age of time will by convention have the same name, and the same boundaries.

Rock series are divided into stages, just as geological epochs are divided into ages. Stages are divided into smaller stratigraphic units called chronozones or substages, and added together into superstages.

The term faunal stage is sometimes used, referring to the fact that the same fauna (animals) are found throughout the layer (by definition).
Gösta Peaks
The Gösta Peaks (72°6′S 2°44′W﻿ / ﻿72.100°S 2.733°W﻿ / -72.100; -2.733) are the northeastern peaks of the Liljequist Heights, in the southern part of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59), and were named for Gösta Hjalmar Liljequist, a Swedish meteorologist with the NBSAE.

Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition
The Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (also known as NBSX or NBSAE) (1949–1952) was the first Antarctica expedition involving an international team of scientists. The team members came from Norway, Sweden and the British Commonwealth of Nations.
Great blue turaco
The great blue turaco (Corythaeola cristata) is a bird species of the  family Musophagidae. At 70–76 cm (28–30 in) in length, it is the largest species of turaco. It has predominantly grey-blue plumage with an upright blue-black crest around 10 cm (3.9 in) high. The male and female have similar plumage. It is widespread throughout the African tropical rainforest.

Tropical forest
Tropical forests are forested ecoregions with tropical climates – that is, land areas approximately bounded by the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, but possibly affected by other factors such as prevailing winds.

Some tropical forest types are difficult to categorize. While forests in temperate areas are readily categorized on the basis of tree canopy density, such schemes do not work well in tropical forests. There is no single scheme that defines what a forest is, in tropical regions or elsewhere. Because of these difficulties, information on the extent of tropical forests varies between sources. However, tropical forests are extensive, making up just under half the world's forests. The tropical domain has the largest proportion of the world's forests (45 percent), followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains.

More than 3.6 million hectares of virgin tropical forest was lost in 2018.
Les Cheneaux Antique Wooden Boat Show
The Les Cheneaux Antique Wooden Boat Show is held in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the city of Hessel, Michigan. Founded in 1978, the event is held every year during the second week of August. The event brings about 8,000 to 10,000 boaters and visitors each year from all over the United States coming together to appreciate antique boats. The boats featured in the event include dinghies, rowboats, canoes, launches, sailboats, utilities, runabouts and large cruisers. On average there are about 150 boat entries each year. Along with the boat show there is The Festival of Arts.

Canoe
A canoe is a lightweight, narrow water vessel, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel and using paddles.

In British English, the term canoe can also refer to a kayak, whereas canoes are then called Canadian or open canoes to distinguish them from kayaks. However, for official competition purposes, the American distinction between a kayak and a canoe is almost always adopted. At the Olympics, both conventions are used: under the umbrella terms Canoe Slalom and Canoe Sprint, there are separate events for canoes and kayaks.
John Bruce Harris
John Bruce Harris (April 9, 1903 – October 1, 1983) was an educator, general merchant and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Torch River from 1944 to 1948 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member.

He was born in Smith Falls, Ontario to parents Thomas Harris and Mary Jane Jones, and was educated in Melfort, Saskatchewan, Prince Albert and Saskatoon. In 1932, Harris married Hilda Mae Carson. He taught school for 20 years. Harris lived in Choiceland where he managed the Co-op store. After retiring from politics, he returned to teaching school. In 1952, he moved to Tompkins to manage the Co-op store there, then suddenly returned to teaching in Choiceland; then, in 1960, departed for Edmonton, Alberta – where he taught until the early 1970s.

Choiceland
Choiceland is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada. Choiceland is located 100km East of Prince Albert, a larger Saskatchewan city.

Choiceland is home to William Mason Public School, which offers schooling for grades kindergarten through 12.

The Torch River Railway is based in Choiceland.
Mydicar
Mydicar is a genetically targeted enzyme replacement therapy being studied for use in patients with severe heart failure. It is designed to increase the level of SERCA2a, a sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca2+) ATPase found in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The SERCA2a gene is delivered to the heart via an adeno-associated viral vector. Using the α-myosin heavy chain gene promoter in the cardiac muscle cells, also called cardiomyocytes, Mydicar is able to direct the gene expression only to the heart muscle. Mydicar is being tested in a phase 2 study, in which has been compared to a placebo in 39 advanced heart failure patients. Thus far, patients treated with Mydicar have shown a 52% reduction in the risk of worsening heart failure compared to patients treated with the placebo.

SERCA
SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase or SR Ca2+-ATPase) is a membrane protein that transports calcium from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of muscle cells. The SR is a structure which stores calcium in muscle cells, similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells. SERCA is a calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase. It uses energy from ATP to actively transport calcium ions across the SR membrane.
2003 Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup
2003 Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup, the 2nd and last Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup, league and cup champions from each Saudi Arabia and Egypt qualified, the four teams were drawn into two ties, In each tie, the two teams played an annual match, the cups winners participated on President Mubarak's Cup Winners' Super Cup, the leagues winners participated on King Fahd's League Winners' Super Cup.

Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup
The Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup is an occasional competition organised by the Saudi and Egyptian football federations, between the league and cup champions from each federation. The cup winners from each federation participated in the President el-Sisi's Cup Winners' Super Cup, and the league winners in the King Salman's League Winners' Super Cup, and in 2022, the Lusail Super Cup. The initial competition took place only in three seasons: the first in 2001, the second in 2003, and the last in 2018. The renamed Lusail Super Cup took place in 2022 in order to showcase the Lusail Stadium, the site of the FIFA World Cup final later that year. This cup is considered a friendly tournament and is typically not taken into consideration when counting the clubs' official trophies.
2021 Antalya Challenger – Singles
This was the first edition of the tournament and first of two editions of the tournament to start the 2021 ATP Challenger Tour year.

Jaume Munar won the title after defeating Lorenzo Musetti 6–7(7–9), 6–2, 6–2 in the final.

Jaume Munar
Jaume Antoni Munar Clar (Catalan: [ˈʒawmə muˈnaɾ, -ˈna]; Spanish: [ˈɟʝawme muˈnaɾ]; born 5 May 1997) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 33 achieved on 29 December 2025 and a best doubles ranking of No. 98 reached on 21 April 2025. He is the current No. 3 singles player from Spain.

Munar led his country to achieve his first final in Davis Cup since 2019, losing only in the final against Italy’s Flavio Cobolli.
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly, 1918–1921
This is a list of members of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1918 to 1921, as elected at the 1918 state election:

1  Alexandra Liberal MHA Archibald Peake died on 6 April 1920. Liberal candidate Herbert Hudd won the resulting by-election on 12 June.

2  East Torrens MHA John Albert Southwood resigned from the National Party in 1920 and served out his term as an independent Labor member.

3  Murray Liberal MHA Angas Parsons resigned on 5 January 1921. No by-election was held due to the proximity of the 1921 state election.

4  Sturt Liberal MHA Edward Vardon resigned on 15 February 1921 in order to nominate for a casual vacancy in the Australian Senate. No by-election was held due to the proximity of the 1921 state election.

Archibald Peake
Archibald Henry Peake (15 January 1859 – 6 April 1920) was an Australian politician. He was Premier of South Australia on three occasions: from 1909 to 1910 for the Liberal and Democratic Union, and from 1912 to 1915 and 1917 to 1920 for its successor, the Liberal Union. He had also been Treasurer and Attorney-General in the Price-Peake coalition government from 1905 to 1909.
Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement
The Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement is a 1977 treaty between Cuba and Haiti which delimits the maritime boundary between the two countries.

Despite no official diplomatic relations at the time between the two countries, the treaty was signed in Havana on 27 October 1977. The text of the treaty sets out a boundary that is an approximate equidistant line between the two islands in the Windward Passage. The boundary consists of 50 straight-line maritime segments defined by 51 individual coordinate points. Navassa Island, which is off the west coast of Haiti and which is claimed by Haiti and by the United States, was disregarded in calculating the approximate equidistant line of the boundary.

The treaty came into force on 6 January 1978 after it had been ratified by both countries. The full name of the treaty is Agreement between the Republic of Haiti and the Republic of Cuba Regarding the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries between the Two States.

Ratification
Ratification is a principal's legal confirmation of an act of its agent. In international law, ratification is the process by which a state declares its consent to be bound to a treaty. In the case of bilateral treaties, ratification is usually accomplished by exchanging the requisite instruments, and in the case of multilateral treaties, the usual procedure is for the depositary to collect the ratifications of all states, keeping all parties informed of the situation.

The institution of ratification grants states the necessary time-frame to seek the required approval for the treaty on the domestic level and to enact the necessary legislation to give domestic effect to that treaty. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutions in federal states such as the United States and Canada. The term is also used in parliamentary procedure in deliberative assemblies.
Japanese ship Chiyoda
Five naval vessels of Japan have been named Chiyoda:

Japanese gunboat Chiyodagata (1866), Japan's first domestically built, engine-powered warship

Japanese cruiser Chiyoda (1891), a protected cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the First Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War and World War I

Japanese aircraft carrier Chiyoda (1936), a Chitose-class aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II

JS Chiyoda (1983), a submarine rescue ship of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, commissioned in 1985 and struck in 2018

JS Chiyoda (2016), a submarine rescue ship of the Japanese Navy launched in 2016

Japanese aircraft carrier Chiyoda
Chiyoda (千代田, "Thousandth-Generation Field") was a light aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Originally constructed as the second vessel of the Chitose-class seaplane tenders in 1934, she continued to operate in that capacity during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the early stages of the Pacific War until her conversion into a light aircraft carrier after the Battle of Midway. She was sunk during the Battle of Leyte Gulf by a combination of naval bombers, cruiser shellfire and destroyer-launched torpedoes.
Gearin
Gearin, with variant forms Guerin and Gearon, is a surname of Irish origin that has phonetically similar cognates in most Western European languages. The widespread nature of these cognates may have contributed to the large number of spelling variations of the Gearin surname prior to the standardization of English spelling in Ireland.

People with the name Gearin include:

Dinty Gearin, American baseball player

John M. Gearin, American politician

Lawrence Gearin, Newfoundland politician

Sally Gearin, Australian lawyer

Steve Gearin, Australian footballer

John M. Gearin
John McDermeid Gearin (August 15, 1851 – November 12, 1930) was an American politician and attorney from the state of Oregon. A native of the eastern portion of the state, he represented Portland on the western side of the state in the Oregon House of Representatives. Originally an independent politician, he later became a Democrat and lost an election to serve in the United States Congress before winning appointment to the Senate in 1905. He also was Portland's city attorney and a district attorney.
Vijayalaxmi Sadho
Dr Vijaylaxmi Sadho (born 13 November 1955) is an Indian social worker, politician and a former member of parliament (Rajya Sabha) elected from Madhya Pradesh, being an Indian National Congress candidate. Sadho represents Maheshwar in the Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha.  She took oath as a cabinet minister of new MP government on 25 December 2018.

Maheshwar Assembly constituency
Maheshwar is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India.
BJP leader Rajkumar Mev represents the constituency in the Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha.

It is part of Khargone district.
Ourique DC
Ourique Desportos Clube is a Portuguese sports club from Ourique.

The men's football team played in the Terceira Divisão, then the fourth tier of Portuguese football, from 1997 to 2002. In 2011–12 the team finished 7th of 13 in the I league of AF Beja, disappearing after that.

Beja Football Association
The Associação de Futebol de Beja (Beja Football Association) is one of the 22 District Football Associations that are affiliated to the Portuguese Football Federation. The AF Beja administers lower tier football in the district of Beja.
Zębice
Zębice (Polish pronunciation: [zɛmˈbit͡sɛ], German: Sambowitz, [ˈzambɔvɪt͡s]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siechnice, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

Wrocław County
Wrocław County (Polish: powiat wrocławski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The county covers an area  of 1,116 square kilometres (431 sq mi). Its administrative seat is the city of Wrocław, although this city is not part of the county (it forms a separate city county). Wrocław County consists of areas to the east and south of Wrocław (city with county rights), and contains three towns: Sobótka, Kąty Wrocławskie and Siechnice.

As of 2019 the total population of the county is 148,663, out of which the population of Siechnice is 8,113, that of Kąty Wrocławskie is 6,994, that of Sobótka is 6,981, and the rural population is 126,575.
Sodium vapor process
The sodium vapor process (occasionally referred to as yellow screen) is a photochemical film technique for combining actors and background footage. It originated in the British film industry in the late 1950s and was used extensively by Walt Disney Productions in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative to the more common blue screen process. Wadsworth E. Pohl is credited with the invention or development of both of these processes (Patent US3133814A), and received (with Ub Iwerks and Petro Vlahos) an Academy Award in 1965 for the sodium vapor process as used in the film Mary Poppins.

Photochemistry
Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).

In nature, photochemistry is of immense importance as it is the basis of photosynthesis, vision, and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight. It is also responsible for the appearance of DNA mutations leading to skin cancers.

Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes.  Photochemistry can also be destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics.
Great Jalayirid Shahnameh
The Great Jalayirid Shahnameh is a supposed lost illustrated manuscript of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran. It is thought to have been produced during the mid-14th century, during the reigns of Hasan Buzurg (1336–1356) and Uways (1356–1374). The manuscript does not exist in its entirety, and its paintings have survived only through their inclusion in albums of sketches and individual paintings currently held in the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. Through comparison to other Shahnameh manuscripts, including the Great Mongol Shahnameh, Bernard O'Kane has argued for the existence of a unified Jalayirid Shahnameh manuscript, from which several paintings in the Topkapi albums were taken.

Ferdowsi
Ferdowsi (940-1025) was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries. Ferdowsi is celebrated as one of the most influential figures of Persian literature and one of the greatest in the history of literature.
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom is a 1905 American silent film directed by J. Stuart Blackton for Vitagraph Studios. It was the second film based on Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, following the 1900 Mutoscope trick film Sherlock Holmes Baffled, and is usually regarded as the first attempt to film a "serious" Holmes adaptation. The scenario was by Theodore Liebler based on elements of Conan Doyle's 1890 novel The Sign of the Four.

Robert Pohle notes that "Deprived of his voice in those early silent films, Holmes was also transformed from an intellectual, armchair detective into a more kinetic action figure—almost a sort of cowboy-in-deerstalker."

Although sometimes considered a lost film, fragments are still extant in the Library of Congress paper print collection. The film was shot on 35mm black-and-white film, running to one reel of 725 feet in length.

Vitagraph Studios
Vitagraph Studios, also known as the Vitagraph Company of America, was a United States motion picture studio. It was founded by J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith in 1897 in Brooklyn, New York, as the American Vitagraph Company. By 1907, it was the most prolific American film production company, producing many famous silent films. It was bought by Warner Bros. in 1925.