hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Istrian Demarcation
The Istrian Demarcation or Istrian Perambulation (Croatian: Istarski razvod) is a legal document on the demarcation of territories between neighbouring municipalities in Istria,  currently shared by Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. More precisely, between the possessions of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, the Count of Gorica and Pazin and the representatives of the Venetian Republic. In addition to the borders that were being agreed upon only in disputed parts of Istria, the Istrian Demarcation also established the payment of fees for the use of forests, vineyards and pastures.

Although the document gives a date of 1325, this is sometimes corrected to 1275 on the basis of other internal evidence.

Istria
Istria (/ˈɪstriə/ IST-ree-ə; Croatian and Slovene: Istra; Italian and Venetian: Istria; Istriot: Eîstria; Istro-Romanian: Istria; Latin: Histria; Ancient Greek: Ἱστρία) is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea. Located at the top of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Kvarner Gulf, the peninsula is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy, 90% of its area being part of Croatia. Most of Croatian Istria is part of Istria County.
MS Expedition
MS Expedition is an expedition cruise ship owned and operated by the Canada-based G Adventures (formerly known as Gap Adventures). She was built as a car/passenger ferry in 1972 by Helsingør Skibsværft og Maskinbyggeri A/S, Helsingør, Denmark as Kattegat for Jydsk Færgefart A/S. Subsequently, she sailed under the names nf Tiger for P&O Normandy Ferries, Tiger for Townsend Thoresen and Ålandsfärjan for Viking Line, prior to conversion into a cruise ship in 2008. The MS Expedition has the IMO number 7211074 and is ice-strengthened, having an ice class of 1B. There are two higher classes, being 1A Super and 1A.

Finnish–Swedish ice class
Finnish–Swedish ice class is an ice class assigned to a vessel operating in first-year ice in the Baltic Sea and calling at Finnish or Swedish ports. Ships are divided into six ice classes based on requirements for hull structural design, engine output and performance in ice according to the regulations issued by the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency (Traficom) and the Swedish Maritime Administration.
Cetraria arenaria
Cetraria arenaria, commonly known as the sand-loving Iceland lichen, is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1977 by the Norwegian lichenologist Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected in 1949 by Henry Imshaug from Mackinac County, Michigan, where he found it growing on sandy soil.

Fruticose lichen
A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or more mycobionts.  Fruticose lichens are not a monophyletic and holophyletic lineage, but are a form encountered in many classes.  Fruticose lichens have a complex vegetation structure, and are characterized by an ascending, bushy or pendulous appearance. As with other lichens, many fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of desiccation. They grow slowly and often occur in habitats such as on tree barks, on rock surfaces and on soils in the Arctic and mountain regions.
Georgakis
Georgakis is a Greek name, which can be used as either a surname or a given name. Notable people with this name include:

Christos Georgakis, American chemical engineer

George Georgakis, founder of AMG International

Georgios Georgakis (born 1991), Greek professional basketball player

Ioannis Georgakis, founder of the Hellenic Foundation for Culture

Kostas Georgakis (1948–1970), Greek student of geology who set himself on fire in protest against Georgios Papadopoulos

Nikos Georgakis, Greek actor and director

As a first name

Georgakis Kapsokalyvas (born c. 1800), fighter in the Greek Revolution

Hellenic Foundation for Culture
The Hellenic Foundation for Culture (HFC; Greek: Ελληνικό Ίδρυμα Πολιτισμού), founded in 1992, is a cultural and educational organization, based in Athens, which aims to promote Greek language and Greek culture. Professor Ioannis Georgakis, was the prime mover, founder and first President of the Hellenic Foundation for Culture and he had the vision of establishing an institution for Greek culture abroad.
Atlantic Council
The Atlantic Council is an American think tank in the field of international affairs, favoring Atlanticism, founded in 1961 by Christian Herter and William L. Clayton. It manages sixteen regional centers and functional programs related to international security and global economic prosperity. It is headquartered in Washington, DC, and is a member of the Atlantic Treaty Association.

Christian Herter
Christian Archibald Herter (March 28, 1895 – December 30, 1966) was an American diplomat and Republican politician who was the 59th governor of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1957 and United States Secretary of State from 1959 to 1961. He served as president of the board of trustees at the Dexter School from 1937 to 1939. His moderate tone of negotiations was confronted by the intensity of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in a series of unpleasant episodes that turned the Cold War even colder in 1960–61.
The Hart Dynasty
The Hart Dynasty was a Canadian professional wrestling stable who appeared in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The unit consisted of the tag team of Tyson Kidd and David Hart Smith, and Natalya as a manager. The group was named due to the connection of all three wrestlers to the Hart wrestling family; David Hart Smith is the son of Davey Boy Smith, Natalya is the daughter of Jim Neidhart, and Tyson Kidd trained under Bret Hart and at Stu Hart's Dungeon and would later marry Natalya. They are recognized as the final team to hold WWE's original World Tag Team Championship.

Fit Finlay
David John "Dave" Finlay, Jr. (born 31 January 1958) is a retired Northern Irish professional wrestling trainer and former wrestler. He is signed to WWE as a trainer and assistant coach at the Performance Center, as well as a producer. He is best known for his tenures with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1996 to 2000 under the ring name Fit Finlay, and in WWE from 2005 to 2010 under the mononymous name Finlay.

Finlay debuted in 1974, and has held over 20 championships around the world throughout his career, including the WCW World Television Championship and the WWE United States Championship. He is also well-known for his coaching to other wrestlers, notably for his training contributions to the WWE women's division.
Sorbus californica
Sorbus californica, the California mountain ash, is an aggregate species of rowans. It forms a tree or bush with compound leaves (many leaflets) that are toothed almost from base to apex. It produces orange-red fruit. It is often confused with the western North American species S. sitchensis, which has leaflets with few teeth and pinkish fruit.

The species is native to western North America. It is found in the mountains of California as the name suggests, but is not an ash. It is sometimes cultivated.

S. californica fruits (left) are apple-shaped while those of S. aucuparia (right) are conical at the stem end.

The individual leaflets are toothed almost from base to apex.

Fraxinus
Fraxinus (/ˈfræksɪnəs/), commonly called ash, is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae, and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees, most of which are deciduous (dropping their leaves in autumn), although some subtropical species are evergreen. The genus is widespread throughout much of Europe, Asia, and North America.

The leaves are usually opposite, and mostly pinnately compound (divided into leaflets in a feather-like arrangement). The seeds, known as "keys", are botanically fruits of the type called samara. Some species are dioecious, having male and female flowers on separate plants.

Ash wood is strong and elastic, and used for the handles of tools. Musical instrument makers use it for electric guitars and for drum shells. The Morgan Motor Company makes the frames of sports cars from ash wood. In Greek mythology, the Meliae were the nymphs of ash trees.
Anjam language
Anjam or Bom is a Madang language spoken in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

Other names include Bogadjim, Bogajim, Bogati, and Lalok. It is spoken in villages such as Bogadjim (5°27′24″S 145°44′12″E﻿ / ﻿5.456579°S 145.736607°E﻿ / -5.456579; 145.736607﻿ (Bom (Bugajim))).

Madang Province
Madang is a province of Papua New Guinea. The province is on the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea and has many of the country's highest peaks, active volcanoes and its biggest mix of languages.  The capital is the town of Madang.
PCEA Silanga High School
PCEA Silanga High School is a Christian-foundation based mixed secondary school in Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya. Established in January 2007 by the Presbyterian Church of East Africa, Kibera Parish, under the leadership of the Rev. Samuel Machugu Kamau and Evangelist Isaac Irungu Mwangi, it caters for the educational needs of the Kibera community.

It offers a four-year course of secondary education, Form One to Form Four, leading to a Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

It is registered by the Ministry of Education as a formal school, as well as the Kenya National Examinations Council as an Examination Centre.

The school has about 150 students and eight full-time teachers, and offers the 8-4-4 system of education (British Curriculum).

The school partners with the Barrhead Bourock Parish Churches, which is supporting ten students on full scholarships.

The principal is Daniel Misiko Lukorito.

8-4-4 Curriculum in Kenya
The 8-4-4 System educational program is a system of education in Kenya with eight years of primary education, four years of secondary education and four years of university education. The system was introduced in 1985 to replace the 7-4-2-3 curriculum, which consisted of seven years of primary school (classes 1–7), four years of lower secondary school (form 1–4), two years of upper secondary school (form 5–6) and three years of higher education. The 7-4-2-3 system had been adopted when Kenya was part of the initial East African Community. Following the introduction of 8-4-4, CPE (Certificate of Primary Education) became KCPE (Kenya Certificate of Primary Education) while KACE (Kenya Advanced Certificate of Education) became the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE). Primary school was made free and mandatory, and secondary and higher education were subsidized by the government.
Sir Thomas Devitt, 2nd Baronet
Sir Thomas Gordon Devitt, 2nd Baronet (27 December 1902 – 23 December 1995) was a British Army officer, businessman, peer and international rugby union player of the 1920s.

Born in Surrey, Devitt was the grandson of shipping magnate Sir Thomas Devitt, 1st Baronet, one of the founders of Devitt and Moore. He attended the Sherborne School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and subsequently commissioned into the Seaforth Highlanders in December 1926.

Devitt was a speedy wing three-quarter and scored a hat-trick of tries for Cambridge University in their winning 1925 Varsity Match side. He also played with Blackheath and from 1926 to 1928 gained four caps for England.

During World War II, Devitt served as a lieutenant colonel in the Seaforth Highlanders and was later commander of the Raiding Support Regiment. He was made an Officer of the Order of the Phoenix (with swords) in 1944.

Devitt was the Governor of Sherborne School from 1967 to 1975.

Devitt and Moore
Devitt and Moore was a British shipping company formed by Thomas Henry Devitt and Joseph Moore in 1836. They became shipowners and entered the passenger and cargo trade to Australia managing and owning many clipper ships such as City of Adelaide and South Australian. With the advent of steam, they developed a training scheme for cadets and formed Pangbourne College.
David Fennario
David William Fennario (born David Wiper, 26 April 1947 – 16 September 2023) was a Canadian playwright, best known for Balconville (1979), his bilingual dramatization of life in working-class Montreal, for which he won the Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Award. A committed Marxist, Fennario was a candidate for the Union des forces progressistes in 2003 and for Québec solidaire in 2007. He has been the subject of two National Film Board of Canada documentaries, David Fennario's Banana Boots and Fennario: His World On Stage.

His pen name, "Fennario," given to him by a former girlfriend, is from a Bob Dylan song, "Pretty Peggy-O."

Fennario died on 16 September 2023, at the age of 76.

Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Award
The Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Award was a Canadian literary award given to Canadian plays produced by any professional Canadian theatre company, and having performances in the Toronto area.

The prize had a monetary value of $25,000, and was named for benefactor Floyd Chalmers, an editor and publisher.

From the award's inception until 1980, one play was named the winner of the award, except for a tie in 1977. In 1980, the award began honouring multiple plays. That year, five winners were named. Since then, four plays normally won the award each year. In 1983, a youth theatre prize was added alongside the general theatre category.

The award was one of several arts awards created by the Chalmers family of Toronto. In 2001 the award was presented for the final time, and in 2002 the Chalmers family endowed an Ontario Arts Council fund for two arts grant programs.
Dell OptiPlex
OptiPlex (a portmanteau of "optimal" and "-plex") is a line of business-oriented desktop and all-in-one computers made for corporate enterprises, healthcare, the government, and education markets. Initially released in 1993 by Dell, these computers typically contain Intel CPUs, beginning with Celeron and Pentium and currently with the Core microarchitecture (i3, i5, i7, i9). Business-oriented components, such as Gigabit Ethernet, Display Port, tool-less Chassis and software such as data protection utilities, along with management features such as Intel vPro often come standard with OptiPlex systems. Their configurations can be completed by the purchaser for components such as CPU, GPU, RAM, storage and wireless options, as well as Dell Pro support.

Information privacy
Information privacy, also known as data privacy or data protection, is the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, contextual information norms, and the legal and political issues surrounding them.

Various types of personal information often come under privacy concerns. Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information or other sensitive information is collected, stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted – in digital form or otherwise. Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. Informed consent mechanisms including privacy policies and dynamic consent are important in communicating to data subjects the different uses of their personally identifiable information.
Nadlymanske
Nadlymanske (Ukrainian: Надлиманське) is a village in Odesa Raion of Odesa Oblast in Ukraine.  It belongs to Maiaky rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Nadlymanske is located along the northeast edge of the Dniester Estuary northwest of Ovidiopol.

Odesa Oblast
Odesa Oblast (Ukrainian: Одеська область, romanized: Odeska oblast), also referred to as Odeshchyna (Одещина), is an oblast (province) of southwestern Ukraine, located along the northern coast of the Black Sea. Its administrative centre is the city of Odesa. Population: 2,351,382 (2022 estimate).

The length of coastline (sea-coast and estuaries) reaches 300 km (190 mi), while the state border stretches for 1,200 km (750 mi). The region has eight seaports and five of the biggest lakes, including Yalpuh Lake, in Ukraine. With over 80,000 ha (200,000 acres) of vineyards, it is also the largest wine-growing region in Ukraine.
Lushi County
Lushi County (simplified Chinese: 卢氏县; traditional Chinese: 盧氏縣; pinyin: Lúshì Xiàn) is a county under the jurisdiction of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, the People's Republic of China. It is adjacent to Lingbao City in the north, Luoning County and Luanchuan County in the east, Xixia County in Nanyang City in the south, and Luonan County, Danfeng County and Shangnan County in Shaanxi Province in the west and southwest. It covers an area of 4,004 square kilometers and has a population of 317,232 in 2020. The county government is stationed in Chengguan Town. The county was established in 113 BC. It is the county with the largest area, the smallest population density and the highest average altitude in Henan Province, and it is also a provincial forest city in Henan Province.

Danfeng County
Danfeng County (simplified Chinese: 丹凤县; traditional Chinese: 丹鳳縣; pinyin: Dānfèng Xiàn) is a county of Shangluo, Shaanxi, China. It has an area of 2,438 km2 (941 sq mi) and a population of 300,000 as of 2004.
USCGC Acushnet
The following ships of the United States Coast Guard have borne the name USCGC Acushnet;

USCGC Acushnet (1908), a former Revenue Cutter, in service from 1915 to 1917 and again from 1919 to 1936

USCGC Acushnet (WMEC-167), formerly USS Shackle of the United States Navy, the ship was in service from 1946 to 2011

USS Acushnet
Acushnet – a steel-hulled revenue cutter – was launched on 16 May 1908 at Newport News, Virginia, by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co.; sponsored by Miss Alayce Duff; and commissioned at Baltimore on 6 November 1908. She saw service as a United States Revenue Cutter Service cutter, a U.S. Navy fleet tug, and as a U.S. Coast Guard cutter. She was taken out of service 8 January 1946.
Holland–Bukit Timah Group Representation Constituency
The Holland–Bukit Timah Group Representation Constituency is a four-member group representation constituency (GRC) situated in central, western and northern Singapore. It has four divisions: Bukit Timah, Cashew, Ulu Pandan and Zhenghua, managed by Holland–Bukit Panjang Town Council (HBPTC). The current Members of Parliament (MPs) for the constituency are Edward Chia, Christopher de Souza, Sim Ann and Vivian Balakrishnan from the People's Action Party (PAP).

Central Region, Singapore
The Central Region is one of the five regions in the city-state of Singapore. It is the main metropolitan region surrounding the Central Area. Comprising 132.7 square kilometres (51.2 sq mi) of land area, it includes 11 planning areas (PAs) within the Central Area, as well as another 11 more outside it. The region is home to many of Singapore's national monuments as it was historically the area where the city was first founded and consists of country's only UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Singapore Botanic Gardens.

Although the Central Area is by nature chiefly commercial, especially the area in the Downtown Core, it also includes numerous residential housing of various types, ranging from public Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats to more affluent forms of housing, such as private condominiums and bungalows. There are also at least 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of green spaces, including parks, gardens and other recreational spaces linked by 19 km of park connectors.
The Immortals (Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey)
"The Immortals" is the eleventh episode of the American documentary television series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. It premiered on May 18, 2014, on Fox, and aired on May 19, 2014, on National Geographic Channel. The episode was written by Ann Druyan and Steven Soter, and directed by Brannon Braga. The episode explores the possibility of the interstellar spread of life and possible alien encounters. The episode also presents the hypothesis of panspermia, where the origin of life is attributed to comets or asteroids carrying radiation-resistant organisms.

Brannon Braga
Brannon Braga (/ˈbrɑːɡə/; born August 14, 1965) is an American television producer, director and screenwriter. Best known for his work in the Star Trek franchise, Braga was a key creative force behind three of the franchise's live action series and is credited for writing on a total 107 episodes - the most of any writer in Star Trek's history. He later became an executive producer and writer on several Fox shows including 24, Terra Nova, and The Orville. His film credits include Mission: Impossible 2, Star Trek Generations and Star Trek: First Contact.

He served as an executive producer on the Fox primetime series, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, a re-launch of the 1980 miniseries hosted by Carl Sagan for which Braga won a Peabody Award, Critics Choice Award, and Producers Guild Award. In addition, Braga has been nominated for three Emmy Awards. Braga also served as writer, executive producer, and co-creator of the drama series Salem, WGN America's first original series.
Hippobotus
Hippobotus (/hɪˈpɒbətəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἱππόβοτος; fl. c. 200 BC) was a Greek historian of philosophers and philosophical schools. His writings are frequently quoted by Diogenes Laërtius. He wrote On the Sects (Greek: Περὶ Αἱρέσεων) and a Register of Philosophers (Greek: Τῶν Φιλοσόφων Ἀναγραφή). He treated philosophers as early as the Seven Sages and Pythagoras, and as late as Crates, Menedemus, and Zeno, hence it is inferred that he wrote in the 3rd or 2nd century BC. His work included lists of pupils of Zeno and Timon. Diogenes Laërtius relates that Hippobotus refused to put the Cynic, Eleatic and Dialectical schools into his On Sects.

Timon of Phlius
Timon of Phlius (/ˈtiː.mɔːn/; Ancient Greek: Τίμων ὁ Φλιάσιος, romanized: Tímōn ho Phliásios, gen. Τίμωνος, Tímōnos; c. 320 BC – c. 235 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher from the Hellenistic period, who was the student of Pyrrho. Unlike Pyrrho, who wrote nothing, Timon wrote satirical philosophical poetry called Silloi (Σίλλοι) as well as a number of prose writings. These have been lost, but the fragments quoted in later authors allow a rough outline of his philosophy to be reconstructed.
Mick Brown (physicist)
Lawrence Michael Brown FRS (born 1936) is a Canadian physicist, known for his pioneering work on the application of transmission electron microscopy to metals, diamond, nuclear materials and semiconductors. He has spent much of his career at the Cavendish Laboratory, which he joined in 1960. He played an important role in establishing the SuperSTEM facility at Daresbury Laboratory.

Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.

Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.

Discoveries in nuclear physics have led to applications in many fields such as nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, industrial and agricultural isotopes, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology. Such applications are studied in the field of nuclear engineering.

Particle physics evolved out of nuclear physics and the two fields are typically taught in close association. Nuclear astrophysics, the application of nuclear physics to astrophysics, is crucial in explaining the inner workings of stars and the origin of the chemical elements.