hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
In personam
In personam is a Latin phrase meaning "against a particular person". In a lawsuit in which the case is against a specific individual, that person must be served with a summons and complaint (in England & Wales known as Particulars of Claim (CPR 1999)) to give the court jurisdiction to try the case, and the judgment applies to that person and is called an "in personam judgment".

In personam is distinguished from in rem, which applies to property or "all the world" instead of a specific person. This technical distinction is important to determine where to file a lawsuit and how to serve a defendant. In personam means that a judgment can be enforceable against the person wherever he/she is. On the other hand, if the lawsuit is to determine title to property (in rem) then the action must be filed where the property exists and is only enforceable there.

Defendant
In court proceedings, a defendant is a person or object who is the party either accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.

Terminology varies from one jurisdiction to another. In Scots law, the terms "accused" or "panel" are used instead in criminal proceedings and "defender" in civil proceedings. Another term in use is "respondent".
Meetings, Bloody Meetings
Meetings, Bloody Meetings is a 1976 British comedy training film that stars John Cleese as a bumbling middle manager. The film was written by John Cleese and Antony Jay, and was produced by Cleese's production company Video Arts. It was followed by More Bloody Meetings.

Video Arts released an updated version of the film in 2012 with British comedian Will Smith starring as the central character in charge of a meeting. John Cleese is the judge in the dream sequence in the new version.

Antony Jay
Sir Antony Rupert Jay (20 April 1930 – 21 August 2016) was an English writer and broadcaster. With Jonathan Lynn, he co-wrote the British political-satirical comedies Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister (1980–88). He also wrote The Householder's Guide to Community Defence Against Bureaucratic Aggression (1972).

For his career as a broadcaster and in public relations, Jay received a knighthood in the 1988 New Year Honours. He also wrote the 1969 BBC television documentary Royal Family and a 1992 book about Elizabeth II called Elizabeth R, after which he was appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order for personal services to the Royal Family in the 1993 New Years Honours list.
Gent Jazz Festival
The Gent Jazz Festival is an international jazz festival held annually in Ghent, Belgium in mid July.  It lasts two weeks and the program is divided in two parts:  the first week, called All That Jazz., unites some of the best jazz performers in the world while the second week, named All That Jazz?, gathers groups playing music related to jazz, e.g. soul music and electronic music.

Gregory Porter
Gregory Porter (born November 4, 1971) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. He has twice won the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album: first in 2014 for Liquid Spirit and then again in 2017 for Take Me to the Alley.
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
The Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, and later of Great Britain, was formerly an officer of the English Crown charged with physical custody of the Great Seal of England. This position evolved into that of one of the Great Officers of State.

Keeper of the Seals
The title keeper of the seals or equivalent is used in several contexts, denoting the person entitled to keep and authorize use of the great seal of a given country. The title may or may not be linked to a particular cabinet or ministerial office.  This is most often the case today, but in the past the role was often a distinct and important job.
Jill Alper
Jill Alper (born September 12, 1965) is an American political consultant. She founded Alper Strategies & Media, a media firm, in 2016. She also served as the head of Dewey Square Groups' campaign and integrated media practice.

Political consulting
Political consulting is a form of consulting that consists primarily of advising and assisting political campaigns. Although the most important role of political consultants is arguably the development and production of mass media (largely television, direct mail, and digital advertising), consultants advise campaigns on many other activities, ranging from opposition research and voter polling, to field strategy and get out the vote efforts.
Bhogabir
Bhogabir is a very large colony situated near Banaras Hindu University, in Varanasi in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, and near the very famous Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple.

This colony named after the holy god bhogababa whose temple is also situated here.  The colony has the largest water tank in the nearby area (capacity around 500000 lts).

Water tank
A water tank is a container used for storing water for many applications, including drinking water supply, irrigation, fire suppression, farming (for both plants and livestock), chemical manufacturing and food preparation. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water tank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless). Earthen pots, such as matki used in South Asia, can also be used for water storage. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water.
Nycke Groot
Cornelia Nycke Groot (born 4 May 1988) is a  Dutch handball player and coach.

She represented the Netherlands in three World Women's Handball Championship (winning a silver in Denmark 2015, and a bronze in Germany 2017) and two editions of the Olympic Games.

In January 2019, 14 years after debuting on the Dutch national team, she announced she would be retiring from the national team to focus on her club career.

In 2021, Groot announced she would participate with the Netherlands at the Tokyo Olympic Games. She also announced the end of her club career.

In November 2025 she became the assistant coach of the Danish U18 national team.

Handball at the Summer Olympics
Handball at the Summer Olympics refers to two different sports. Field handball was introduced for men at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but dropped after that. At the 1952 Olympics, field handball was a demonstration sport. (Indoor) handball was introduced for men at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Women's handball competition was introduced at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.
Cashmere Valley Record
The Cashmere Valley Record is a newspaper founded in 1907 that covers local news, sports, and obituaries surrounding the Cashmere, Washington region. It also covers news for Peshastin, Dryden, and Monitor.

Dryden, Washington
Dryden is a small unincorporated community in Chelan County, Washington, United States. It is situated along the Wenatchee River in the fertile Wenatchee Valley between the towns of Cashmere and Leavenworth. The community serves as a supply and shipping point for local farms and orchards.

Dryden is part of the Wenatchee–East Wenatchee Metropolitan Statistical Area.

According to data from the 2010 census, the total population in the Dryden ZIP code was 519 persons across 319 households.  Dryden itself is not incorporated, and is not tracked by the Census.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 14a
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 14A (MFSD14A, HIAT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFSD14A gene. MFSD14A is an atypical solute carrier of MFS type. HGNC:23363

MFSD14A cluster to AMTF1, together with MFSD9, MFSD10 and MFSD14B.

HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is a committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) that sets the standards for human gene nomenclature. The HGNC approves a unique and meaningful name for every known human gene, based on a query of experts. In addition to the name, which is usually 1 to 10 words long, the HGNC also assigns a symbol (a short group of characters) to every gene. As with an SI symbol, a gene symbol is like an abbreviation but is more than that, being a second unique name that can stand on its own just as much as substitute for the longer name. It may not necessarily "stand for" the initials of the name, although many gene symbols do reflect that origin.
Second Army (Turkey)
The Second Army (Turkish: 2. Ordu) of the Turkish Army has headquarters in Malatya. It protects Anatolia and it patrols the border with Syria, Iraq and Iran. Modern Turkish corps are referred to in TGS literature in Ottoman Turkish (1st) numerals. It is not clear when the change occurred.
An arbitrary date of 1945 has been chosen as the point at which to start referring to corps in Ottoman Turkish numerals.

Mardin
Mardin (Kurdish: مێردین, romanized: Mêrdîn; Arabic: ماردين, romanized: Mārdīn; Syriac: ܡܪܕܝܢ, romanized: Mardīn; Armenian: Մարդին) is a city and seat of the Artuklu District of Mardin Province in Turkey. It is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location on a rocky hill near the Tigris River.

In February 2000, the Turkish Ministry of Culture placed Mardin and its surrounding cultural landscape on the country’s Tentative List for UNESCO World Heritage nomination.

The city had a population of 129,864 in 2021. The population is a mix of Kurds, Arabs, Mhallami, and Assyrians.
Chand Saray
Chand Saray, also spelled as Chand Sarai, is a village in Gosainganj block of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It forms the western endpoint of the under construction Purvanchal Expressway. As of 2011, the population of Chand Sarai is 2,222, in 421 households.

Gosainganj, Lucknow
Gosainganj, also spelled Goshainganj or Gosaiganj is a town and nagar panchayat in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the seat of a community development block, which is included in the tehsil of Mohanlalganj. As of 2011, its population is 9,649, in 1,685 households. The starting point of the Purvanchal Expressway i.e. Chand Saray village is situated 2.5 km away from Gosainganj.
Gujarat State Election Commission
Gujarat State Election Commission is an autonomous and statutory body constituted in the Indian state of Gujarat for ensuring that elections in Gujarat are conducted in a free, fair and unbiased way. The Constitution of India with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures the creation and safeguarding of the powers of State Election Commissions. Gujarat State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for Urban Local Bodies like Municipalities, Municipal Corporations, Panchayats and any other specified by Election Commission of India. Gujarat State Election Commissioner is appointed by Governor.

Governor (India)
In India, a governor is the constitutional head of state in each of the Indian states and has powers and functions at the state level similar to those of the President of India at the central level. A governor acts as the constitutional head and takes all their decisions based on the advice of chief minister and their council of ministers.

In India, a lieutenant governor (LG) or administrator is the constitutional head of one of the eight union territories. A lieutenant governor heads the five union territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi and Puducherry, and an administrator heads the three union territories of Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu and Lakshadweep.
Peter Schivarelli
Peter Schivarelli (born 1945 in Chicago) is the manager of the rock band Chicago. He was previously Chicago chief of snow command, former sanitation superintendent of Chicago's 43rd ward, and former owner of Demon Dogs, a popular hot dog stand in Lincoln Park, Chicago. He was also a manager of B'Ginnings, a music venue opened by Chicago's drummer Danny Seraphine in Schaumburg, Illinois, in 1974

Schaumburg, Illinois
Schaumburg (/ˈʃɔːmbɜːrɡ/ SHAWM-burg) is a village in Cook and DuPage counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. At the 2020 census, the population was 78,723, making Schaumburg the most populous incorporated village in the United States. Schaumburg is around 26 miles (42 km) northwest of downtown Chicago and 10 miles (16 km) northwest of O'Hare International Airport. It is part of the Golden Corridor.

Schaumburg's transition from a rural community to a suburban city began with Alfred Campanelli's first large-scale suburban-style development in 1959 and Woodfield Mall's opening in 1971. Schaumburg is bordered by Hoffman Estates and Palatine to the north, Inverness in northwest, Streamwood to the west, Hanover Park to the southwest, Roselle to the south, Elk Grove Village to the southeast, and Rolling Meadows to the northeast.
Ruth's Chris Steak House
Ruth's Chris Steak House is a chain of over 100 steakhouses across the United States, Canada and Mexico. On May 22, 2008, the company underwent rebranding and became part of Ruth's Hospitality Group after its acquisition of Mitchell's Fish Market. The group's headquarters are in Winter Park, Florida. Darden Restaurants later acquired the chain.

Steakhouse
A steakhouse, steak house, or chophouse is a restaurant that specializes in steaks and chops. Modern steakhouses may also carry other cuts of meat including poultry, roast prime rib, and veal, as well as fish and other seafood.
Corunna High School
Corunna High School (CHS) is a public secondary school located in Corunna, Michigan. The school colors are black and gold, and the sports teams have been named “The Corunna Cavaliers”. It is part of Corunna Public Schools.

Corunna Public Schools
Corunna Public Schools is a public school district in Shiawassee County, Michigan. It serves Corunna, Vernon, and parts of the townships of Caledonia, Hazelton, New Haven, Shiawassee, Venice, and Vernon.
Copacabana (soundtrack)
Copacabana: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Album is a 1985 soundtrack album by Barry Manilow released by RCA Records to accompany the made-for-television musical film Copacabana. It was Barry Manilow's first soundtrack that contained songs with music by him.

Copacabana (musical)
Copacabana, also known as Barry Manilow's Copacabana, is a 1994 stage musical with music by Barry Manilow, lyrics by Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman, and book by Manilow, Sussman and Feldman. The show had its roots in an hour-long stage show, Barry Manilow Presents Copacabana, which played in Atlantic City in 1990 and 1991. The stage show was based on the 1985 musical TV film of the same name, in turn based on Manilow's 1978 hit song of the same title, which was co-written by Manilow, Sussman and Feldman. The full-length musical, which added a present-day framing device and many additional songs, premiered in the United Kingdom in 1994 and later toured the United States. A cast album of the musical was released in 1994, titled Copacabana: Original London Cast Recording.
USS Tilefish
USS Tilefish (SS-307), a Balao-class submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tilefish, a large, yellow-spotted deepwater food fish.

Her keel was laid down on 10 March 1943 at Vallejo, California, by the Mare Island Navy Yard. She was launched on 25 October 1943 sponsored by Mrs. Wilson D. Leggett, and commissioned on 28 December 1943.

Vallejo, California
Vallejo (/vəˈleɪ(h)oʊ/ və-LAY-(h)oh; Spanish pronunciation: [baˈʎexo] ⓘ) is a city in Solano County, California, United States, and the second largest city in the North Bay region of the Bay Area. Located on the shores of San Pablo Bay, the city had a population of 126,090 at the 2020 United States census. Vallejo is home to the California Maritime Academy, Touro University California and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom.

Vallejo is named after Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the famed Californio general and statesman. The city was founded in 1851 on General Vallejo's Rancho Suscol to serve as the capital city of California, which it was from 1852 to 1853, after which the Californian government moved to neighboring Benicia, named in honor of Vallejo's wife Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo. The Mare Island Naval Shipyard was founded in 1854, and defined Vallejo's economy until the turn of the 21st century.
Ben Demery
Ben Demery (born 19 September 1986) is an Australian Paralympic tandem cyclist with a vision impairment.  He comes from the New South Wales city of Newcastle. His pilot throughout his career has been Shaun Hopkins. He started competitive cycling in December 2005 and won a silver medal in the sprint and a bronze medal in the 1 km time trial at his first international competition, the 2006 IPC Cycling World Championships; that year he was named Lake Macquarie’s Sports Person of the Year. In the next year's UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships, he won silver medals in both the sprint and the 1 km time trial. At the 2008 Beijing Games, he won two silver medals in the Men's Sprint B VI 1–3 and Men's 1 km Time Trial B VI 1–3 events.

UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships
The UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships are the world championships for track cycling where athletes with a physical disability compete, organized by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).

The Championships were earlier administered by the International Paralympic Committee.

The 1994, 1998, 2002  and 2007 IPC World Championships combined track and road events.  The UCI and the IPC organized the 2006 IPC Cycling World Championships. The first UCI Para-cycling World Championships took place in 2007.

The UCI awards a gold medal and a rainbow jersey to the winner and silver and bronze medals to the second and third.
Liberty County Airport (Georgia)
Liberty County Airport (FAA LID: 2J2) was a county-owned public-use airport in Liberty County, Georgia, United States. The airport was closed in 2008, when local civilian entities and the U.S. Army teamed up to open the joint use MidCoast Regional Airport at Wright Army Airfield.

Liberty County, Georgia
Liberty County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population is 65,256. The county seat is Hinesville.

Liberty County is part of the Hinesville, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Savannah metropolitan area.
Micropus californicus
Micropus californicus is a plant in the family Asteraceae which is known by the common name slender cottonweed. Its flowerheads resemble very small cotton balls, often rounded with cottony white hairs forming the pappus of each seed. The individual plants are known more informally as Q-tips due to their resemblance to the cotton swabs. It is found mostly in California, and into Oregon and northern Baja California. This plant is a resident of the vernal pool plant community.

Vernal pool
Vernal pools, also called vernal ponds or ephemeral pools, are seasonal pools of water that provide habitat for distinctive plants and animals. They are considered to be a unique type of wetland usually devoid of fish, and thus allow the safe development of natal amphibian and insect species unable to withstand competition or predation by fish. Certain tropical fish lineages (such as killifishes) have however, adapted to this habitat specifically.

Vernal pools are a type of wetland. They can be surrounded by many communities/species, including deciduous forest, grassland, lodgepole pine forest, blue oak woodland, sagebrush steppe, succulent coastal scrub and prairie. These pools are characteristic of Mediterranean climates, but occur in many other ecosystems.
Yanyuan County
Yanyuan County (Chinese: 盐源县; pinyin: Yányuán Xiàn; Yi: ꑸꑼꑤ yiep yuop xiep, also ꋂꂿꑤ ce mo xiep) is a county in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China, bordering Yunnan province to the west. The county is located in Sichuan's rugged Hengduan Mountains in southwest Sichuan, but the county seat of Yanjing (盐井) is situated in an unusually flat basin with a 30 km (19 mi) diameter.  Yanjing, as the county seat, is usually referred to as Yanyuan.

Loloish languages
The Loloish languages, also known as Yi (like the Yi people) and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a sub-branch of 50–100 Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of Southwestern China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, sub-classification is more contentious.

The 2013 edition of Ethnologue  estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish ("Ngwi") languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers.
Joseph Bienvenu Charles Foe-Atangana
Joseph Bienvenu Charles Foe-Atangana MON ChMW (born 6 January 1952) is a Cameroonian career diplomat who served as the Ambassador of Cameroon to the United States from 2008 to 2016. He was dismissed by President Paul Biya and replaced by Henri Étoundi Essomba.

President of Cameroon
The President of Cameroon (French: Président de la
république du Cameroun) is the executive head of state and de facto head of government of Cameroon and is the commander in chief of the Cameroon Armed Forces. The authority of the state is exercised both by the president and by the Parliament.
Dobrun
Dobrun (Russian: Добрунь) is the name of several rural localities in Bryansk Oblast, Russia:

Dobrun, Bryansky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Bryansky District

Dobrun, Sevsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Sevsky District

Dobrun, Suzemsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a selo in Suzemsky District

Sevsky District
Sevsky District (Russian: Се́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Bryansk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,220 square kilometers (470 sq mi).  Its administrative center is the town of Sevsk. Population: 14,159 (2021 Census); 16,923 (2010 Census); 18,759 (2002 Census); 20,946 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Sevsk accounts for 47.5% of the district's total population.
Lu clan of Fanyang
The Lu clan of Fanyang (范陽盧氏) was a Chinese political clan active from the late Eastern Han dynasty to the early Song dynasty. They descended from a noble clan in Qi, a ducal state under the Zhou dynasty. Their family name, Lu 盧, was derived from the name of the fief conferred upon them by the ruling Jiang family of Qi. In 386 BCE, after Duke Tai of the Tian family seized the rulership of Qi from the Jiang family, the Lu family, which was related to the Jiang (姜) family, lost their hereditary fiefs and property and became a family in diaspora. Later, the Lu family settled down in Fanyang Commandery, which covered present-day Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding.

Lu (surname 盧)
Lú is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 盧 in traditional character and 卢 in simplified character. It is also spelled Lo or Loh according to the Cantonese pronunciation, and often spelt Law in Singapore. Lu 盧 is the 52nd most common surname in China, shared by 5.6 million people, or 0.475% of the Chinese population as of 2002. It is especially common in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Hebei provinces.  Lu 盧 is listed 167th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames.

In 2019 it was the 50th most common surname in mainland China.