hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Functional data analysis
Functional data analysis (FDA) is a branch of statistics that analyses data providing information about curves, surfaces or anything else varying over a continuum.  In its most general form, under an FDA framework, each sample element of functional data is considered to be a random function. The physical continuum over which these functions are defined is often time, but may also be spatial location, wavelength, probability, etc. Intrinsically, functional data are infinite dimensional. The high intrinsic dimensionality of these data brings challenges for theory as well as computation, where these challenges vary with how the functional data were sampled. However, the high or infinite dimensional structure of the data is a rich source of information and there are many interesting challenges for research and data analysis.

Modes of variation
In statistics, modes of variation are a continuously indexed set of vectors or functions that are centered at a mean and are used to depict the variation in a population or sample. Typically, variation patterns in the data can be decomposed in descending order of eigenvalues with the directions represented by the corresponding eigenvectors or eigenfunctions. Modes of variation provide a visualization of this decomposition and an efficient description of variation around the mean. Both in principal component analysis (PCA) and in functional principal component analysis (FPCA), modes of variation play an important role in visualizing and describing the variation in the data contributed by each eigencomponent. In real-world applications, the eigencomponents and associated modes of variation aid to interpret complex data, especially in exploratory data analysis (EDA).
Moneytalks
"Moneytalks" is a song written by Malcolm and Angus Young and produced by Bruce Fairbairn for the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released as the second single from the band's 12th studio album, The Razors Edge, on 12 November 1990. A live version of the song recorded on the band's 1990–1991 Razors Edge World Tour appears on AC/DC's 1992 live album, Live.

"Moneytalks" is one of AC/DC's biggest hits, entering the top 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100 (becoming the band's highest-charting single), the UK Singles Chart, and the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. In Finland and New Zealand, it became a top-10 hit. During their subsequent world tour, thousands of "Angus Bucks" were dropped on the audience during the song. A music video of the song, directed by David Mallet, was also released, featuring a live performance during the tour. Despite its popularity, it has not been performed in concert by the band since the tour.

Razors Edge World Tour
The Razors Edge World Tour was a concert tour played by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC, in support of their twelfth studio album The Razors Edge. This tour had 5 legs around the world lasting 12 months starting on 2 November 1990 in Worcester, Massachusetts, finishing on 16 November 1991 in Auckland, New Zealand.
Sidney Fine (historian)
Sidney Fine (October 11, 1920 – March 31, 2009) was a professor of history at the University of Michigan.  He authored books on Frank Murphy, who served successively as Mayor of Detroit, Governor of Michigan, United States Attorney General, and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Fine was a Guggenheim Fellow and twice the winner of the University of Michigan Press Award.  He received the University of Michigan's Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award in 1969.

Governor of Michigan
The governor of Michigan is the head of government of the U.S. state of Michigan. The current governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party, who was inaugurated on January 1, 2019, as the state's 49th governor. She was re-elected to serve a second term in 2022. The governor is elected to a four-year term and is limited to two terms.
James Rispoli (motorcyclist)
James Rispoli (born July 19, 1991 in Londonderry, New Hampshire, United States) is an American motorcycle racer. In 2018, he will compete in the British Supersport Championship aboard a Yamaha YZF-R6.

Rispoli is also a two-time AMA Supersport Champion, he was champion of the AMA Supersport East Championship in 2011, and also champion of the AMA Supersport West Championship in 2012.

Rispoli made his Moto2 world championship debut for Michigan-based team GPTech riding a Tech 3 bike. but was registered by the team as Mistral 610, the real name of the bike, due to the team racing as privateer, he qualified 29th and finished 25th in the race behind the Tech 3 riders Danny Kent and Louis Rossi.

Londonderry, New Hampshire
Londonderry is a town in western Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It sits between Manchester and Derry, the largest and fourth-largest communities in the state. The population was 25,826 at the 2020 census. Londonderry is known for its apple orchards and is home to the headquarters of Stonyfield Farm and part of Manchester–Boston Regional Airport.

The more densely settled portion of town, where 11,645 people lived at the 2020 census, is defined as the Londonderry census-designated place (CDP) and roughly occupies the southeastern and southern parts of town, around New Hampshire Route 102.
Mirosław Czech
Mirosław Czech (Ukrainian: Мирослав Чех, romanized: Myroslav Chekh; born 16 December 1962) is a Polish journalist and politician of Ukrainian descent who served as a deputy of the Sejm from 1993 to 2001. In 1987 he graduated from the faculty of history of Warsaw University. A journalist by profession, Czech worked as an editor of the publishing house "Tyrsa" in Warsaw and from 1990 to 1995 was chief editor of Zustriczi (lit. 'meetings').

Czech was elected to the Sejm in 1993 and 1997 on the list of the Democratic Union and the Freedom Union. In 1993 he was elected in Koszalin, four years later in Olsztyn (both times was selected for the nationwide list). In 2001 he tried unsuccessfully to re-election in Olsztyn.

Democratic Union (Poland)
The Democratic Union (Polish: Unia Demokratyczna) was a market liberal party in Poland. The party was founded in 1991 by Prime Minister, Christian Democrat Tadeusz Mazowiecki as a merger of the Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action (Ruch Obywatelski Akcja Demokratyczna) and the Forum of the Democratic Right (Forum Prawicy Demokratycznej).

The party presented a staunchly market-liberal platform, and was described as socioeconomically and socioculturally right-wing. Important members were Bronisław Geremek, Jacek Kuroń, Adam Michnik, Hanna Suchocka, Jan Rokita and Aleksander Hall.

In 1994, the party merged with the Liberal Democratic Congress into the Freedom Union (Unia Wolności).
Lost Creek Township, Vigo County, Indiana
Lost Creek Township is one of twelve townships in Vigo County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 10,497 and it contained 4,236 housing units.  It contains Terre Haute, Indiana's eastern, suburban end, along with the affluent Hulman family ranch and the Terre Haute International Airport originally named after the family. Seelyville, the third largest city in the county, is also located there.

Terre Haute Regional Airport
Terre Haute Regional Airport (IATA: HUF, ICAO: KHUF, FAA LID: HUF) is a civil-military public airport in Terre Haute, in Vigo County, Indiana, six miles (9.7 km) east of the city center. The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation facility. It is also the location of Hulman Field Air National Guard Base of the Indiana Air National Guard.
Catmull–Clark subdivision surface
The Catmull–Clark algorithm is a technique used in 3D computer graphics to create curved surfaces by using subdivision surface modeling. It was devised by Edwin Catmull and Jim Clark in 1978 as a generalization of bi-cubic uniform B-spline surfaces to arbitrary topology.

In 2005/06, Edwin Catmull, together with Tony DeRose and Jos Stam, received an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for their invention and application of subdivision surfaces. DeRose wrote about "efficient, fair interpolation" and character animation. Stam described a technique for a direct evaluation of the limit surface without recursion.

Spline (mathematics)
In mathematics, a spline is a function defined piecewise by polynomials.
In interpolating problems, spline interpolation is often preferred to polynomial interpolation because it yields similar results, even when using low degree polynomials, while avoiding Runge's phenomenon for higher degrees.

In the computer science subfields of computer-aided design and computer graphics, the term spline more frequently refers to a piecewise polynomial (parametric) curve. Splines are popular curves in these subfields because of the simplicity of their construction, their ease and accuracy of evaluation, and their capacity to approximate complex shapes through curve fitting and interactive curve design.

The term spline comes from the flexible spline devices used by shipbuilders and draftsmen to draw smooth shapes.
Alumni Hall (University of Notre Dame)
Alumni Hall is one of the 33 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 17 male dorms. It is located on South Quad adjacent to "Main Circle", across from the law school building, and it hosts 234 undergraduates.

It was built in 1931 by the architectural firm Maginnis & Walsh in collegiate gothic style, and it is one of the oldest and largest of residences halls at the university. During World War II, it hosted officers for the V-12 Navy College Training Program. Alumni residents are known for their strong rivalry with Dillon Hall and for their many traditions, including the Alumni Hall Wake. Together with other historic structures of the university, it is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Knute Rockne
Knute Kenneth Rockne (/(kə)ˈnuːt ˈrɒkni/; March 4, 1888 – March 31, 1931) was an American football player and coach at the University of Notre Dame. Leading Notre Dame for 13 seasons, Rockne accumulated over 100 wins and three national championships.

Rockne is regarded as one of the greatest coaches in college football history. His biography at the College Football Hall of Fame, where he was inducted in 1951, identifies him as "without question, American football's most-renowned coach". Rockne helped to popularize the forward pass and made the Notre Dame Fighting Irish a major factor in college football.

In 1931, at the age of 43, Rockne died in a plane crash.
Argentina women's national under-20 football team
The Argentina women's national under-20 football team is the representative of Argentina in FIFA sponsored tournaments that pertain to that age level.
They have participated in the eight editions of the South American U-20 Women's Championship, their best result finishing runners-up in 2006, 2008 and 2012, which allowed them to qualify for the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in 2006, 2008 and 2012, although in all of them, they ended up being eliminated in the group stage, until 2024, when Argentina advanced to the round of 16 for the first time.

2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship
The 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship was held in Russia from 17 August to 3 September 2006. It was the officially recognized world championship for women's under-20 national association football teams. Matches were held in four Moscow stadiums (Dynamo, Lokomotiv, Podmoskovie Stadium and Torpedo Stadium) and one in Saint Petersburg (Petrovsky Stadium).

This was the third women's world youth championship organized by FIFA, but the first with an age limit of 20. The first two events, held in Canada in 2002 and Thailand in 2004, had an age limit of 19. FIFA changed the age limit to prepare for the creation of an under-17 championship in 2008.

North Korea won the tournament. They became the first Asian team to win a FIFA women's tournament and the first Asian football team to win any FIFA tournaments since Saudi Arabia's triumph in the 1989 FIFA U-16 World Championship. The official mascot is a little fox called Alissa.
Rigas Feraios (municipality)
Rigas Feraios (Greek: Ρήγας Φεραίος, [ˈriɣas fɛˈrɛɔs]) is a municipality in the Magnesia regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Velestino. The municipality has an area of 551 km2 (213 sq mi). The municipality was named after the Greek writer and revolutionary Rigas Feraios, whose hometown was Velestino.

Rigas Feraios
Rigas Feraios (Greek: Ρήγας Φεραίος pronounced [ˈriɣas fɛˈrɛɔs], sometimes Rhegas Pheraeos; Aromanian: Riga Fereu) or Velestinlis (Βελεστινλής pronounced [vɛlɛstinˈlis], also transliterated Velestinles; 1757 – 24 June 1798), born as Antonios Rigas Velestinlis (Greek: Αντώνιος Ρήγας Βελεστινλής), was a Greek writer, political thinker and revolutionary, active in the Modern Greek Enlightenment. A victim of the Balkan uprising against the Ottoman Empire and a pioneer of the Greek War of Independence, Rigas Feraios is today remembered as a national hero in Greece.
William Buchanan (Nova Scotia politician)
William Buchanan (unknown – unknown) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Cape Breton County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1882 to 1886 as a Liberal member. He was elected in the 1882 Nova Scotia general election and did not contest any subsequent elections..

1882 Nova Scotia general election
The 1882 Nova Scotia general election was held on 20 June 1882 to elect members of the 28th House of Assembly of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Liberal Party, their first of ten consecutive wins that would see them retain power until 1925. The Conservatives were the only one-term government in Nova Scotia until 2013 when the NDP lost.

The Liberals did not have a formal leader at the time of the election. After their victory, the newly elected caucus selected William Thomas Pipes to be Premier.
Persecution of Rastafari
Persecution of members of the Rastafari movement, an Abrahamic religion founded in Jamaica in the early 1930s among Afro-Jamaican communities, has been fairly continuous throughout the religion's development. Current issues relate to their spiritual use of cannabis and discrimination related to spiritual hair styles, mainly dreadlocks.

Entheogenic use of cannabis
Cannabis has served as an entheogen—a chemical substance used in religious or spiritual contexts—in the Indian subcontinent since the Vedic period dating back to approximately 1500 BCE, but perhaps as far back as 2500 BCE in Ancient China. It was introduced to the New World by the Spaniards in 1530-1545.

There are several references in Greek mythology to a powerful drug that eliminated anguish and sorrow. Herodotus wrote about early ceremonial practices by the Scythians, thought to have occurred from the 5th to 2nd century BCE. Itinerant Hindu saints have used it in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. Mexican Native American communities occasionally use cannabis in religious ceremonies by leaving bundles of it on church altars to be consumed by the attendees.
Witchcraft (Witchcraft album)
Witchcraft is the debut album from the Swedish occult rock band Witchcraft. The album was released in 2004 by Rise Above Records. "Please Don't Forget Me" and "Yes I Do" are both covers of 70s-era Pentagram. "Yes I Do" appears on the original LP version and the Japanese press; it does not appear on the picture disc. "Please Don't Forget Me" is credited to Bobby Liebling on the sleeve and is often mis-accredited to Liebling's pre-Pentagram outfit, Stone Bunny. The cover image is a slightly altered version of a print called Merlin, a woodblock print illustration by Aubrey Beardsley for an 1893-94 edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.  Additionally, the band formed to be a one-off tribute band to both Bobby Liebling and Roky Erickson and only intended to make one song (No Angel or Demon) however, they continued and are now an original band.

Picture disc
Picture discs are gramophone (phonograph) records that show images on their playing surface, rather than being of plain black or colored vinyl. Collectors traditionally reserve the term picture disc for records with graphics that extend at least partly into the actual playable grooved area,
distinguishing them from picture label discs, which have a specially illustrated and sometimes very large label, and picture back discs, which are illustrated on one unplayable side only.
Estômbar
Estômbar is a town in the civil parish of Estômbar e Parchal, in the municipality (concelho) of Lagoa, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 4,985, in an area of 24.21 km2. It is situated just west of the city of Lagoa itself. Its civil status was raised to that of a town on August 16, 1991.

Estômbar is mainly as a bedroom community for Portimão, and many of its residents travel daily across the Rio Arade to work in the neighboring municipality.

Inhabitants are known as Estombarense.

Concelho
Concelho (Portuguese: [kõˈseʎu]) is the Portuguese-language term for municipality, referring to the territorial subdivision in local government. In comparison, the word município ([muniˈsipiu]) refers to the organs of State. This differentiation is still in use in Portugal and some of its former overseas provinces, but is no longer in use in Brazil following the abolition of these organs, in favour of the French prefecture system. It is similar to borough and council.
3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards
The 3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held in Los Angeles at the Kodak Theatre on Wednesday, September 18, 2002. Alejandro Sanz was the night's big winner, winning a total of three awards including Album of the Year. The ceremony returned in style after the 2001 ceremony was cancelled because of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks across America.

Gian Marco
Gian Marco Javier Zignago Alcóver (born 17 August 1970) is a Peruvian musician and actor. He has won the Latin Grammy Award for the Best Singer-Songwriter Album three times. First in 2005 for his album Resucitar, in 2011 for his album Días Nuevos, and in 2012 for his album 20 Años. Gian Marco was named UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in Peru.

His mother is the Peruvian actress and singer Regina Alcóver, and his father was the late Peruvian composer and singer Javier Óscar Florencio Zignago Viñas, known in the musical world as Joe Danova.
2014 USAC Traxxas Silver Crown Series
The 2014 USAC Traxxas Silver Crown Champ Car Series season was the 43rd season of the USAC Silver Crown Series. The series began with the Sumar Classic at the Terre Haute Action Track on April 6, and ended on October 11 at New York State Fairgrounds. Bobby East began the season as the defending champion, and Kody Swanson was the season champion.

Terre Haute Action Track
Terre Haute Action Track (also The Action Track) is a half-mile dirt racetrack located at the Vigo County, Indiana, fairgrounds on U.S. Route 41 along the south side of Terre Haute, Indiana. The track hosts annual United States Automobile Club (USAC) midget car, sprint car and Silver Crown events. Notable drivers that have competed at the track include A. J. Foyt, Jeff Gordon, Parnelli Jones, and Tony Stewart. The track has held events sanctioned by USAC, its predecessor American Automobile Association (AAA), and the World of Outlaws.
Search Engine (radio show)
Search Engine was a weekly Canadian radio show that aired on CBC Radio One, then as a dedicated podcast distributed by the CBC and finally by TVOntario. It was hosted by Jesse Brown, who also co-produced the show with Geoff Siskind and Andrew Parker. Cory Doctorow, novelist and editor of Boing Boing, was also a regular contributor. The program explored the effects of the Internet on politics and culture. The show has focused on stories involving copyright, video games, and China, as well as the social impact and technology surrounding them.

TVO
TVO (stylized in all lowercase as tvo), formerly known as TVOntario, is a Canadian publicly funded English-language educational television network and media organization serving the Canadian province of Ontario. It operates flagship station CICA-DT (channel 19) in Toronto, which also relays programming across portions of Ontario through eight rebroadcast stations. All pay television (cable, satellite, IPTV) providers throughout Ontario are required to carry TVO on their basic tier, and programming can be streamed for free online within Canada.

TVO is operated by the Ontario Educational Communications Authority (OECA), a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Ontario, which since 2022 has done business as the TVO Media Education Group (or TVO.me). TVO.me also operates TVO Today, TVO ILC, TVO Learn, and TVOKids.
DA module series
The DA module series is a series of four adventures for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, designed to be compatible with the Dungeons & Dragons Expert Set. They were written for character levels 10–14 by Dave Arneson and David J. Ritchie and published from 1986 to 1987.

Clyde Caldwell
Clyde Caldwell (born February 20, 1948) is an American artist.  Self-described as a fantasy illustrator, he is best known for his portrayals of strong, sexy female characters.

With his work at TSR in the 1980s, he is considered one of the artists contributing to fantasy art's "golden age".
A122 highway (Nigeria)
The A122 highway is a highway in Nigeria. It is one of the east-west roads linking the main south-north roads. (It is named after the two highways it links).

It runs from the A1 highway at Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State to the A2 highway at Benin City, Edo State. The main towns on the route are Ikire, Gbongan, Ipetumodu, Ilesa, Akure and Owo.

Benin City
Benin City serves as the capital and largest metropolitan centre of Edo State, situated in southern Nigeria. It ranks as the fourth-most populous city in Nigeria, according to the 2006 national census, preceded by Lagos, Kano, and Ibadan.
Milan Kymlicka
Milan Kymlicka (Czech: Milan Kymlička; 15 May 1936 – 9 October 2008) was a Czech-Canadian arranger, composer and conductor. He was known for his composition of film and television scores, including those for the animated television series Rupert, Babar, Anatole, The Busy World of Richard Scarry and The Adventures of Paddington Bear and the live-action television series Lassie and Little Men. He received a Genie Award in 1996 for his work on Margaret's Museum.

Little Men (TV series)
Little Men is a Canadian television show that first aired on November 7, 1998 on the PAX TV network and was shown in Canada on CTV beginning January 1, 1999.  The show is set as a continuation of the Louisa May Alcott novel Little Men (1871), a follow-up to Little Women (1868).  Due to low ratings, the show was cancelled after 2 seasons, with the final episode aired on December 17, 1999.