hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wang Li (linguist)
Wang Li (Chinese: 王力; 10 August 1900 – 3 May 1986), courtesy name Wang Liaoyi (王了一) and birth name Wang Xiangying (王祥瑛), was a Chinese linguist, educator, translator and poet, described as the founder of Chinese linguistics. His work expands a wide range in Chinese linguistics, including phonology, grammar and lexicography, historical linguistics and dialectal studies. He was also the founder of the first Chinese Linguistics Department at Tsinghua University. He brought the western modern linguistic methodologies back to China and strove for the modernization and reformation of Chinese grammar throughout his whole life. His most famous books include Zhongguo Yinyunxue 中国音韵学 (Chinese Phonology), Zhongguo Wenfa Chutan 中国文法初探 (An Exploratory Study of Chinese Grammar), and Wang Li Guhanyu Zidian 王力古汉语字典 (Wang Li's Character Dictionary of Ancient Chinese).

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
Raiders5
Raiders5 is a 1985 maze video game developed by UPL and published by Taito for arcades. It was released only in Japan. After Hamster Corporation acquired the rights to the game alongside other UPL games, it was released as part of the Arcade Archives series outside Japan for the first time, for the PlayStation 4 in 2014 and Nintendo Switch in 2021.

Hamster Corporation
Hamster Corporation (株式会社ハムスター, Kabushiki-gaisha Hamusutā) is a Japanese video game publisher, with office located in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan. It was formed in November 1999 as a spin off of Toshiba-EMI Limited's gaming division.

On the Japanese PlayStation Store, more than 380 titles are distributed under the Arcade Archives brand, and 108 under the ACA Neo Geo brand.
Fort Strother
Fort Strother  was a stockade fort at Ten Islands in the Mississippi Territory, in what is today St. Clair County, Alabama. It was located on a bluff of the Coosa River, near the modern Neely Henry Dam in Ragland, Alabama.  The fort was built by General Andrew Jackson and several thousand militiamen in November 1813, during the Creek War and was named for Captain John Strother, Jackson's chief cartographer.

Coosa River
The Coosa River is a tributary of the Alabama River in the U.S. states of Alabama and Georgia. The river is about 280 miles (450 km) long.

The Coosa River begins at the confluence of the Oostanaula and Etowah rivers in Rome, Georgia, and ends just northeast of the Alabama state capital, Montgomery, where it joins the Tallapoosa River to form the Alabama River just south of Wetumpka. Around 90% of the Coosa River's length is located in Alabama.  Coosa County, Alabama and Etowah County, Alabama are located on the Coosa River.

The Coosa is one of Alabama's most developed rivers. Most of the river has been impounded, with Alabama Power, a unit of the Southern Company, owning seven dams and powerhouses on the Coosa River. The dams produce hydroelectric power, but they are costly to some species endemic to the Coosa River.
Thomas May (archaeologist)
Thomas May FSA (1 October 1842 – 28 October 1931) was an archaeologist who was notable for his study of pottery from Roman Britain.

Thomas May was born in Cambridge in 1842 and went to Edinburgh University. He worked for the Inland Revenue until his retirement and afterwards devoted his time to archaeology.

He catalogued the pottery from the Roman sites at Silchester and Colchester. He also contributed to the reports of excavations at Wroxeter, Hengistbury Head, Richborough, Swarling and the Roman cemetery at Ospringe.

May excavated the Roman industrial site at Wilderspool between 1898 and 1905. He also excavated the Roman fort at Templeborough in 1916 before it was destroyed by the construction of a steel works. He moved to Stratford-upon-Avon when Roman remains were discovered at Tiddington and excavated the site.

He died at Loxley Lodge, Stratford-upon-Avon.

Petham
Petham is a rural village and civil parish in the North Downs, five miles south of Canterbury in Kent, South East England.

The village church is All Saints, Petham and is Grade I listed. It was built in the 13th century but suffered from a fire in 1922 and had to be reconstructed. The village hall was rebuilt in the early 21st century next to Marble pond on relatively low meadows deemed unsuitable for housing and insurance.

Petham has rolling hills within its bounds, including ancient forested slopes and thatched medieval and Tudor period cottages.

It now incorporates Swarling to the north, which had "33.5" households in the Domesday Book, and is one of the type sites for British Iron Age Aylesford-Swarling pottery.  The excavation, by J. P. Bushe-Fox, to publication took place in 1921–1925.
Satanic nightjar
The Satanic nightjar (Eurostopodus diabolicus), also Heinrich's nightjar,  satanic eared-nightjar, Sulawesi eared-nightjar, Satanic goatsucker  or  diabolical nightjar  is a mid-sized, spotted, dark brown nightjar endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. The species was discovered in 1931 by Gerd Heinrich, a German natural historian who collected a single female holotype from Mount Klabat on the Minahasa peninsula of Northern Sulawesi.

In the following decades, there were a few unconfirmed reports of sightings and calls of the bird, but it did not officially resurface until 1996 when David Bishop and Jared Diamond positively identified it in Lore Lindu National Park by its sound. This made the visible rediscovery available for multiple people in the tour group including poet and writer Jan Zwaaneveld. This increased the bird's estimated range by 750 km (470 mi). It has since been observed and described in literature multiple times.

Gerd Heinrich
Gerd Hermann Heinrich (7 November 1896 in Berlin, Germany – 16 December 1984 in Farmington, USA) was a German entomologist and ornithologist known for his studies of parasitic Hymenoptera of the Ichneumonidae family and for the description of several bird species in Celebes, Dutch East Indies.
University of North Carolina Wilmington
The  University of North Carolina Wilmington, or University of North Carolina at Wilmington, (UNC Wilmington or UNCW) is a public research university in Wilmington, North Carolina. It is part of the University of North Carolina system and enrolled 18,848 undergraduate and graduate students in 2024. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

Founded on September 4, 1947, Wilmington College opened as a junior college, primarily providing education to World War II veterans. The school became a four-year liberal arts college in 1963, following legislation from the North Carolina General Assembly. In 1969, the college became a university and was renamed as the University of North Carolina Wilmington. Today, it has three campuses with the main campus in Wilmington, an extension campus in Jacksonville, North Carolina, and the Center for Marine Science near Myrtle Grove, North Carolina.

Jacksonville, North Carolina
Jacksonville is the county seat of and the most populous community in Onslow County, North Carolina, which is coterminous with the Jacksonville, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 72,723, which makes Jacksonville the 14th-most populous city in North Carolina. Demographically, Jacksonville is the youngest city in the United States, with an average age of 22.8 years old, which can be attributed to the large military presence. The low age may also be in part due to the population drastically increasing over the past 80 years, from 783 in the 1930 census to 72,723 in the 2020 census.

It is the home of the United States Marine Corps' Camp Lejeune and New River Air Station. Jacksonville is located adjacent to North Carolina's Crystal Coast area.
Edvaldo Gonzaga
Edvaldo Gonzaga de Oliveira (born 25 June 1982) is a Brazilian former professional boxer who competed from 2005 to 2007. As an amateur, he competed in the men's featherweight event at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Featherweight
The featherweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 16 to 28 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall. This is limited to those boxers weighing between 54 and 57 kilograms.
Mërgim Berisha
Mërgim Berisha (born 11 May 1998) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward for 2. Bundesliga club 1. FC Kaiserslautern. He also played two matches for the Germany national team in 2023.

LASK
Linzer Athletik-Sport-Klub, commonly known as LASK (German pronunciation: [lask] ⓘ), or Linzer ASK, is an Austrian professional football club based in Upper-Austrian state capital Linz. It is the oldest football club in that region, and plays in the Austrian Football Bundesliga, the top tier of Austrian football. The club's colours are black and white. The women's team plays in the second highest division of Austrian women's football.

It is one of the few clubs of the country's higher divisions that, since coming into existence, never exhibited a sponsor in the official club name.

In 1965, the club became the first team outside Vienna to win the Austrian football championship, with this being its only league title to date. The club currently plays its home games at the Raiffeisen Arena in Linz.
Coventry Carol
The "Coventry Carol" is an English Christmas carol dating from the 16th century. The carol was traditionally performed in Coventry in England as part of a mystery play called The Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors. The play depicts the Christmas story from chapter two in the Gospel of Matthew: the carol itself refers to the Massacre of the Innocents, in which Herod ordered all male infants under the age of two in Bethlehem to be killed, and takes the form of a lullaby sung by mothers of the doomed children.

The music contains a well-known example of a Picardy third. The author is unknown; the oldest known text was written down by Robert Croo in 1534, and the oldest known setting of the melody dates from 1591. There are alternative, modern settings of the carol by Kenneth Leighton, Philip Stopford and Michael McGlynn.

Mystery play
Mystery plays and miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe. Medieval mystery plays focused on the representation of Bible stories in churches as tableaux with accompanying antiphonal song. They told of subjects such as the Creation, Adam and Eve, the murder of Abel, and the Last Judgment. Often they were performed together in cycles which could last for days.
Forget the Rules
Forget the Rules was an Australian short form episodic comedy-drama, which ran for two seasons from 2005 to 2007. It was the first scripted drama in the world to simultaneously broadcast over broadband, mobile phones and television. It employed the push model of crossmedia, and was one of the more successful models of an often failed interactive format that included audience input into the script and submitting visual elements as part of a tight weekly production cycle. It was conceived and piloted in Australia during 2004.  In Canada, Season 1 has been broadcast on Movieola.

Movieola
Movieola (which uses the tagline, The Short Film Channel) was a Canadian online-based film service owned by Channel Zero.

Movieola was dedicated to short films from all genres including comedy, drama, animation, and more; with films ranging from 30 seconds to 40 minutes in length.
1986 Epsom Derby
The 1986 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Wednesday 4 June 1986. It was the 207th running of the Derby, and it was won by Shahrastani. The winner was ridden by Walter Swinburn and trained by Michael Stoute. The prerace favourite Dancing Brave finished second.

Irish 2,000 Guineas
The Irish 2,000 Guineas is a Group 1 flat horse race in Ireland open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in May.
Cray XD1
The Cray XD1 was an entry-level supercomputer range, made by Cray Inc.

The XD1 uses AMD Opteron 64-bit CPUs, and utilizes the Direct Connect Architecture over HyperTransport to remove the bottleneck at the PCI and contention at the memory. The MPI latency is ¼ that of Infiniband, and 1/30 that of Gigabit Ethernet.

The XD1 was originally designed by OctigaBay Systems Corp. of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada as the OctigaBay 12K system. The company was acquired by Cray Inc. in February 2004.

Announced on 4 October 2004, the Cray XD1 range incorporate Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGAs for application acceleration. With 12 CPUs in a chassis, and up to 12 chassis installable in a rack, XD1 systems may hold several 144-CPU multiples in multirack configurations.  The operating system used on the XD1 is a customized version of Linux, and the machine's load balancing / resource management system is an enhanced version of Sun Microsystems' Sun Grid Engine.

Opteron
Opteron is a discontinued x86 server and workstation processor line from AMD, and is the first processor that supports the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). It was released on April 22, 2003, with the SledgeHammer core (K8) and was intended to compete in the server and workstation markets, particularly in the same segment as the Intel Xeon processor. Processors based on the AMD K10 microarchitecture (codenamed Barcelona) were announced on September 10, 2007, featuring a new quad-core configuration. The last released Opteron CPUs are the Piledriver-based Opteron 4300 and 6300 series processors, codenamed "Seoul" and "Abu Dhabi" respectively.

In January 2016, the first ARMv8-A based Opteron-branded SoC was released, though it is unclear what, if any, heritage this Opteron-branded product line shares with the original Opteron technology other than intended use in the server space.
Khar Bajaur Tehsil
Khar Bajaur Tehsil (Pashto: خار باجوړ تحصیل), sometimes shortened to Khar Tehsil, is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Bajaur District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Khar Bajaur is the second largest of Bajaur District's seven tehsils.

Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which is located in Peshawar, the provincial capital. It was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan, having a total of 145 seats, with 115 general seats, 26 seats reserved for women and 4 reserved for non-Muslims.
Orlando (film)
Orlando is a 1992 fantasy drama film loosely based on Virginia Woolf's 1928 novel Orlando: A Biography, starring Tilda Swinton as Orlando, Billy Zane as Marmaduke Bonthrop Shelmerdine, and Quentin Crisp as Queen Elizabeth I. It was written and directed by Sally Potter, who also co-wrote the score with David Motion. The film is an international co-production of the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Russia.

Critics praised the film and particularly applauded its visual treatment of the settings of Woolf's novel. The film premiered in competition at the 49th Venice International Film Festival, and was re-released in select US cinemas on 23 July 2010.

Co-production (media)
A co-production is a joint venture between two or more different production companies for the purpose of film production, television production, video game development, and so on. In the case of an international co-production, production companies from different countries (typically two to three) are working together.

Co-production also refers to the way services are produced by their users, in some parts or entirely.
Tōkai Nature Trail
The Tōkai Nature Trail (東海自然歩道, Tōkai Shizen Hodō) is a long-distance walkway that traverses 11 prefectures and covers 1,697 kilometres (1,054 mi), running from Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park in Tokyo to Meiji no Mori Minō Quasi-National Park in Osaka Prefecture.  Hiking the entire trail usually takes 40 to 50 days.

In 1969, the former Minister of Health, Labor, and Welfare (current Minister of the Environment), proposed establishing a long-distance hiking trail.  In 1970, with cooperation of related local governments, the construction project began, and was completed in 1974.  Subsequently, the idea of connecting two quasi-national parks gave rise to constructing an array of additional quasi-national parks along the path.  Numerous hills, wetlands, and canyons, which had not previously been viewed as tourist spots were designated as quasi-national parks and presently serve as nature preserves.

Meiji no Mori Minō Quasi-National Park
Meiji no Mori Minō Kokutei Kōen (明治の森箕面国定公園) is a Quasi-National Park in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It was established on 11 December 1967 to commemorate the centennial celebrations of the accession of Emperor Meiji. With an area of just 9.6 km2, it is one of the smallest of Japan's national parks.
Crested coua
The crested coua (Coua cristata) is a common medium-sized bird member of the cuckoo family, Cuculidae. It is endemic to Madagascar, mainly found in the coastal regions of the island. The crested coua is a weak flyer, so it will often be observed hopping from branch to branch in high canopies. It is distinguished mainly by its greenish-grey back, its prominent grey head crest, rufous-coloured breast, white abdomen and bright turquoise and blue patches of bare skin around the eyes.

Precociality and altriciality
Precocial (/prɪˈkəʊʃəl/) species in birds and mammals are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. They are normally nidifugous, meaning that they leave the nest shortly after birth or hatching. Altricial species are those in which the young are underdeveloped at the time of birth, but with the aid of their parents mature after birth. These categories form a continuum, without distinct gaps between them.

In fish, this often refers to the presence or absence of a stomach: precocial larvae have one at the onset of first feeding whereas altricial fish do not. Depending on the species, the larvae may develop a functional stomach during metamorphosis (gastric) or remain stomachless (agastric).
Fashion Design Council of Canada
The Fashion Design Council of Canada (FDCC) is a non-government, not-for-profit organization co-founded in 1999 by Pat McDonagh and Robin Kay. Their mission is to showcase Canadian fashion design nationally and internationally as well as introducing foreign designers to local Canadian markets. The FDCC aims to connect "designers, media, buyers, sponsors, and industry."

The current president of the FDCC is one of the founders Robin Kay. Joe Mimran, fashion designer best known for creating Club Monaco and Joe Fresh, is the current chairman of FDCC's board of directors. The FDCC's head office is currently located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Joe Mimran
Joseph Mimran (born 2 December 1952) is a Canadian fashion designer and entrepreneur, best known for founding  the Club Monaco and Joe Fresh brands. He was also an investor on the Dragons' Den television series.
Chandler Rogers
Chandler Rogers (born October 23, 2001) is an American football quarterback for the Louisville Kings of the United Football League (UFL). He previously played for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles, the Blinn Buccaneers, the Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks, the North Texas Mean Green and California Golden Bears.

Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football
The Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football (also known as ULM Warhawks, formerly competing as the Northeast Louisiana Indians) program is a college football team that represents the University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM).

With a history dating back to 1931, ULM competes in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), as a member of the Sun Belt Conference, and play their home games on campus at Malone Stadium in Monroe, Louisiana. Formerly known as the Indians, the Warhawks nickname was adopted in 2006.

They moved up to Division I-A (now FBS) in 1994. The Warhawks played in their first and only FBS bowl game in 2012, in the Independence Bowl in Shreveport, losing 45–14 to the Ohio Bobcats. Their thirteen-year drought is currently the longest among all NCAA Division I FBS teams.
Len Calligaro
Len Calligaro (June 24, 1921 – June 15, 2011), sometimes known as "Calli-Goop", was an American football player.

Calligaro was born in 1921 in Hurley, Wisconsin, and attended Lincoln High School in that city. He played college football at the fullback and quarterback positions for the University of Wisconsin Badgers football teams from 1940 to 1943.

Calligaro also played professional football as a blocking back in the National Football League (NFL) for the 1944 New York Giants. He appeared in 10 NFL games, six as a starter.  He broke his leg in the preseason and missed the 1945 season. He played for the Jersey City Giants of the American Football League during the 1946 and 1947 seasons.

Calligaro died in 2011 in Ironwood, Michigan.

Ironwood, Michigan
Ironwood is a city in Gogebic County in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan, about 18 miles (29 km) south of Lake Superior. The city is on US Highway 2 across the Montreal River from Hurley, Wisconsin.  It is the westernmost city in Michigan, situated on the same line of longitude (90.2 degrees West) as Clinton, Iowa and St. Louis, Missouri. The population was 5,045 at the 2020 census, down from 5,387 at the 2010 census.  The city is bordered by Ironwood Township to the north, but the two are administered autonomously.

While originally an iron mining town, the area is now known for its downhill skiing resorts, including Big Powderhorn, Snowriver, Mount Zion and Whitecap as well as its cross country skiing at the Wolverine Nordic Trail System and the ABR Nordic Center.

Ironwood is home of the "World's Tallest Indian," a 52 ft (15.8 m) fiberglass statue of tribal leader Hiawatha.
Rolan Milligan
Rolan Lenard Milligan (born August 16, 1994) is an American professional football defensive back for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at UAB in 2014 and transferred to Toledo in 2015 after the University of Alabama at Birmingham cancelled its football program. Milligan has also been a member of the Dallas Cowboys, Detroit Lions, and Indianapolis Colts.

Toledo Rockets football
The Toledo Rockets football team is a college football program in Division I FBS, representing the University of Toledo. The Rockets compete in the Mid-American Conference. Toledo began playing football in 1917, although it did not field teams in 1931, 1943, 1944, and 1945. Since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, Toledo has finished in the Top 25 four times with its highest finish coming in 1970 when it ranked No. 12 after finishing 12–0. Toledo has a 12–11 record in bowl games.