hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shire levy
A shire levy was a means of military recruitment in medieval England and Scotland. As opposed to a levy of noble families, a shire levy was effected within a geographical administrative area (a shire), entailing the mobilisation of able-bodied men between the ages of 16 and 60 for military duty under command of their sheriff.

The English shire levy was descended from the Anglo-Saxon Fyrd, and  continued under the Norman kings, notably at the Battle of the Standard (1138). The force was reorganised under the Assizes of Arms of 1181 and 1252, and again by King Edward I's Statute of Winchester of 1285.

Shire levies were especially important for England during the Hundred Years' War, when the escalation in warfare with France increased the need for soldiers: "the king was able to rely on the military support of the nobility and of the shire levies."

Traditionally, the Scottish shire levies were called out by riders galloping through towns and villages bearing the 'Fiery Cross'.

Statute of Winchester
The Statute of Winchester of 1285 (13 Edw. 1. St. 2; Latin: Statutum Wynton̄), also known as the Statute of Winton, was a statute enacted by King Edward I of England that reformed the system of Watch and Ward (watchmen) of the Assize of Arms of 1252, and revived the jurisdiction of the local courts. It received royal assent on 8 October 1285.

It was the primary legislation enacted to regulate the policing of the country between the Norman Conquest and the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. 44). Of particular note was the requirement to raise hue and cry, and that "the whole hundred … shall be answerable" for any theft or robbery, in effect a form of collective responsibility.
Fisher Stadium
Fisher Stadium is a 13,132-seat multi-purpose stadium in Easton, Pennsylvania. The stadium is home to the Lafayette College Leopards football team. It opened in 1926 as Fisher Field.

During 2006 and 2007, Fisher Field underwent a $33-million renovation.  It reopened in time for the 2006 college football season complete with new seating, a JumboTron, a new press box, FieldTurf, and field lighting. Construction of a Football Varsity House beyond the western endzone commenced in Fall 2006 and was completed before the 2007 season.

FieldTurf
FieldTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. It is manufactured and installed by FieldTurf Tarkett, a division of French company Tarkett. FieldTurf is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and its primary manufacturing facility is located in Calhoun, Georgia, United States. With a design intended to more accurately replicate real grass, the new product rapidly gained popularity in the late 1990s.
Peugeot 107
The Peugeot 107 is a city car produced by French automaker Peugeot, launched in June 2005, and produced until 2014.

The 107 was developed by the B-Zero project of PSA Peugeot Citroën in a joint venture with Toyota; the Citroën C1 and Toyota Aygo are badge engineered variants of each other, the Aygo having more detail differences from the C1 and 107. The three were manufactured at the TPCA assembly joint venture in Kolín, Czech Republic.

The 107 is a four-seater available as a three or five-door hatchback, replacing the 106, which ended production in July 2003. It shares its rear tail light clusters with the Citroën C1, apart from a different red coloured lens.

Kolín
Kolín (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkoliːn] ⓘ; German: Kolin, Neu Kolin) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 33,000 inhabitants. The town is situated in a lowland on the Elbe River.

Kolín was founded in the 13th century. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation. The most significant monument is the Church of Saint Bartholomew, protected as a national cultural monument.
Laser guidance
Laser guidance directs a robotics system to a target position by means of a laser beam. The laser guidance of a robot is accomplished by projecting a laser light, image processing and communication to improve the accuracy of guidance. The key idea is to show goal positions to the robot by laser light projection instead of communicating them numerically. This intuitive interface simplifies directing the robot while the visual feedback improves the positioning accuracy and allows for implicit localization. The guidance system may serve also as a mediator for cooperative multiple robots.
Examples of proof-of-concept experiments of directing a robot by a laser pointer are shown on video.
Laser guidance spans areas of robotics, computer vision, user interface, video games, communication and smart home technologies.

Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:

Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. This makes reasoning based upon cause and effect tricky, and it is necessary to analyze the system as a whole. As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source.
Yenidoğan Ase, Kozluk
Yenidoğan (also known as Asi) is a village in the Kozluk District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Arabs and had a population of 487 in 2021.

The hamlets of Alacalar, Budak, İkizce, Örmeli, Seyrantepe and Tepecik are attached to the village.

Kozluk District
Kozluk District is a district of Batman Province in Turkey. Its seat is the town Kozluk. Its area is 1,101 km2, and the district had a population of 60,953 in 2021. The district was established in 1938. It is populated by Kurds.
1990 Kraft General Foods of Moscow – Doubles
Larisa Savchenko and Natasha Zvereva were the defending champions, but Zvereva did not compete this year. Savchenko teamed up with Mercedes Paz and lost in the semifinals to Elena Brioukhovets and Eugenia Maniokova.

Gretchen Magers and Robin White won the title by defeating Brioukhovets and Maniokova 6–2, 6–4 in the final.

Natasha Zvereva
Natalya "Natasha" Maratovna Zvereva (born 16 April 1971) is a former professional tennis player from Belarus. She was the first major athlete in the Soviet Union to demand publicly that she should be able to keep her tournament earnings. Zvereva and her main doubles partner Gigi Fernández are the most successful women's doubles team (measured by WTA Tour and major titles) since Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver.

On 12 July 2010, Zvereva was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame alongside Fernández.
Kot Abdul Malik
Kot Abdul Malik (Punjabi: کوٹ عبد المالک) is a city in Sheikhupura District, Punjab, Pakistan located near the M-2 motorway. It is the 68th most populous city in Pakistan. Kot Abdul Malik is part of Ferozewala Tehsil of Sheikhupura District.

The city is situated on the Lahore-Sheikhupura road.

Ferozewala Tehsil
Ferozwala Tehsil  (Urdu: تحصیل فیروزوالہ, Punjabi: تحصِيل فِيروزوالا), is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Sheikhupura District, Punjab, Pakistan. The city of Ferozwala serves as the tehsil's administrative  headquarter.
José Hamilton Ribeiro
José Hamilton Ribeiro is a Brazilian journalist and author. He has worked as a reporter and editor for the magazines Realidade and Quatro Rodas, the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo, and the programs Globo Repórter, Fantástico, and Globo Rural, and is the author of fifteen books. In December 2012, a study by the news bulletin Jornalistas & Cia concluded that Ribeiro, as measured by the number and importance of prizes won, is the most decorated journalist in Brazilian history.

Fantástico
Fantástico (originally known as Fantástico: O Show da Vida, Portuguese for Fantastic —The Show of Life) is a Brazilian weekly television news program broadcast on Sunday nights on TV Globo since 5 August 1973, created by José Bonifácio de Oliveira Sobrinho.

It lasts two hours, including commercials. Currently presented by Maria Júlia Coutinho and Poliana Abritta, it has been recognized as one of the best programs of Brazilian television, besides being the most watched program on Sunday.
Nick Lera
Nick Lera (born 1941) is a documentary film maker who created a library of over twenty international documentaries recording the closing years of the age of steam railways in the decades before and after the Millenium. Formerly available on DVD most are now available on the YouTube channel Great Railways, where they have achieved total views of over 1.5 million. His early career was as a film cameraman, spending six years with British Movietone News, followed by 29 years with BBC TV News. He won the News Cameraman of the Year award twice, in 1969 and 1970.

Movietone News
Movietone News was a newsreel that ran from December 1927 to 1963 in the United States. Under the name British Movietone News, it also ran in the United Kingdom from 1929 to 1986, in France also produced by Fox-Europa, in Spain in the early 1930s as Noticiario Fox Movietone before being replaced by No-Do, in Australia and New Zealand until 1970, and Germany as Fox Tönende Wochenschau from 1930 to 1940 and from 1950 to 1978. An Indian version called Indian Movietone News ran in 1942 and 1943 before getting replaced by Indian News Parade.
Animal welfare and rights in South Korea
Animal welfare and rights in South Korea is about the laws concerning and treatment of non-human animals in South Korea. South Korea's animal welfare laws are weak by international standards. There are a handful of animal welfare and rights organizations working in South Korea, which appear to be focused largely on the welfare of companion animals and the dog meat trade.

Dog meat
Dog meat, also known as false-mutton, fragrant meat, or simply fragrant, is the meat derived from dogs. Historically, human consumption of dog meat has been recorded in many parts of the world.

In the 21st century, dog meat is consumed to a limited extent in Cambodia, China, parts of Northeastern India, Indonesia, Ghana, Laos, Nigeria, South Korea, Switzerland, and Vietnam.  In these areas, the legality of dog meat consumption varies with some nations permitting it or lacking a nationwide ban. It was estimated in 2014 that worldwide, 25 million dogs were eaten each year by humans.

Some cultures view the consumption of dog meat as part of their traditional, ritualistic, or day-to-day cuisine, and other cultures consider consumption of dog meat a taboo, even where it had been consumed in the past. Opinions also vary drastically across different regions within different countries.
North Rukuru River
The North Rukuru River is a river of northern Malawi.

It rises in the Nyika Plateau and after about 100 km flows into Lake Malawi near Karonga. The river carries water all year round.
The river drains one of Malawi's main rainfall areas, with an average of 1140 mm of rain per year.

Karonga
Karonga is a township in the Karonga District in Northern Region of Malawi. Located on the western shore of Lake Malawi, it was established as a slaving centre sometime before 1877. As of 2018 estimates, Karonga has a population of 61,609. The common and major language spoken in this district is the Tumbuka language, which is also a regional language of Northern Malawi.
Armando Leyson
Armando Leyson Castro (born 28 September 1956) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Leyson was the municipal president of Guasave from 1999 to 2001 and, in the 2003 mid-terms, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies to represent Sinaloa's 4th district during the 59th session of Congress. He also served as president of the Diablos Azules de Guasave football team and vice president of the Algodoneros de Guasave baseball team.

Leyson comes from a political family. His father, Miguel Leyson Pérez, served as a federal deputy in the 47th Congress as well as the municipal president of Guasave from 1943 to 1944. His brother, José Luis Leyson Castro, was a federal deputy in the 56th Congress and municipal president of Guasave from 1984 to 1986.

Municipal president
A municipal president (Spanish: presidente municipal) is the chief of government of municipalities in Mexico. This title was also used in the Philippines during the Spanish and American colonial periods; it is comparable to a mayor of the town or city. The position is comparable to the county executive of a county in the United States or to the mayor of a city in the United States, although the jurisdiction of a presidente municipal includes not only a city but the municipality surrounding it.  Nationally, this position is also equivalent to that of Head of Government of the Federal District and that is why these positions are sometimes referred to as "mayors" in English-language publications.
US Army Regulation 25-50
The Army Regulation (AR) 25-50 Preparing and Managing Correspondence is the United States Army's administrative regulation that  "establishes three forms of correspondence authorized for use within the Army: a letter, a memorandum, and a message."

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a word processing program developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983, under the original name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running the Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T UNIX PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1990), Handheld PC (1996), Pocket PC (2000), macOS (2001), Web browsers (2010), iOS (2014), and Android (2015).

Microsoft Word has been the de facto standard word processing software since the 1990s when it eclipsed WordPerfect. Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, which can be purchased with a perpetual license, as part of the Microsoft 365 suite as a subscription, or as a one-time purchase with Office 2024.
Mik'aya
Mik'aya (Aymara for abyss in the water, also spelled Mikhaya) is a 5,342-metre-high (17,526 ft) mountain in the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the La Paz Department at the border of the Pedro Domingo Murillo Province, La Paz Municipality, and the Sud Yungas Province, Yanacachi Municipality. Mik'aya lies north-east of the city of La Paz, south-east of the mountains Ch'uñawi and Wak'ani and north of the mountains Jathi Qullu and Sirk'i Qullu.

Pedro Domingo Murillo Province
Pedro Domingo Murillo is a province in the Bolivian La Paz Department. It was created on January 8, 1838, with the name Cercado and on October 17, 1912, during the presidency of Eliodoro Villazón, its name was changed in honor of Pedro Domingo Murillo, protagonist of the revolution of June 16, 1809.

The province contains the Bolivian administrative capital, La Paz, as well as the major city of El Alto.
Lhotka (Jihlava District)
Lhotka (Czech pronunciation: [ˈlɦotka]) is a municipality and village in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

Lhotka lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south-west of Jihlava and 120 km (75 mi) south-east of Prague.

Vysočina Region
The Vysočina Region (IPA: [ˈvɪsotʃɪna]; Czech: Kraj Vysočina) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic. Its capital is Jihlava.

The region is located in the central part of the country. It is one of just three in the country (the others being Prague and the Central Bohemian Region) which does not have a border with a foreign country.

The Vysočina Region is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the most in any region in the Czech Republic.
Francisco Cepeda (cyclist)
Francisco Cepeda (8 March 1906 – 14 July 1935) was a Spanish cyclist.

On July 11, 1935 Cepeda crashed on the outskirts of Rioupéroux during the seventh stage of the Tour de France, 60 kilometres after crossing the summit of the Col du Galibier. His unconscious body was rushed to a hospital in Grenoble where he died three days later, on July 14, becoming the Tour’s first racing fatality, and only the second rider to die during the race, after Adolphe Hélière’s rest-day death in 1910 while swimming.

Col du Galibier
The Col du Galibier (el. 2,642 metres (8,668 ft)) is a mountain pass in the southern region of the French Dauphiné Alps near Grenoble. It is the eighth highest paved road in the Alps, and recurrently the highest point of the Tour de France.

It connects Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne and Briançon via the col du Télégraphe and the Col du Lautaret. The pass is closed during the winter. It is located between the massif d'Arvan-Villards and the massif des Cerces, taking its name from the secondary chain of mountains known as the Galibier.

Before 1976, the tunnel was the only point of passage at the top, at an altitude of 2556 m. The tunnel was closed for restoration until 2002, and a new road was constructed over the summit. The re-opened tunnel is a single lane controlled by traffic lights, which are among the highest such installations in Europe.
Yves Henry
Yves Henry (born 2 April 1959) is a French pianist who specializes in romantic music.

He debuted at 13 performing Ludwig van Beethoven's 1st Piano Concerto with the Berlin Philharmonic. After graduating from the Conservatoire de Paris (where he now teaches), he was the first Western European pianist to win the Robert Schumann Competition (1981) and was subsequently prized at the Casadesus Competition (1985).

He performs and records at an international level, and often judges international piano competitions. Currently he serves as the president of the Nohant Festival(fr). Yves Henry is also a music transcriber and a composer, known for his music tale Tubulin. He has been awarded the rank of Officer in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government, and has received the silver Gloria Artis Medal for Merit to Culture by the Polish government.

Gloria Artis Medal for Merit to Culture
The Gloria Artis Medal for Merit to Culture (Polish: Zasłużony Kulturze Gloria Artis) or Gloria Artis Medal, is a departmental decoration of Poland in arts awarded by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland to persons and organizations for distinguished contributions to, or protection of the Polish culture and national heritage.

There are three classes for the medal: gold, silver and bronze with a green, blue or claret ribbon, respectively, with central white and red stripes. This award was instituted on 17 June 2005. as a replacement of the honorary badge „Zasłużony Działacz Kultury”,  as part of the general reform in management of culture and education.
Alfred A. Marcus
Alfred Allen Marcus (born 1950) is an American author and the Edson Spencer Professor of Strategy and Technology Leadership at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota and the Technological Leadership Institute. He has worked as a consultant with companies such as 3M, Corning Inc., Xcel Energy, Medtronic, General Mills, and IBM and has also taught as a visiting professor at Technion, INCAE, BI Norwegian Business School, Fordham University, and MIT.

Xcel Energy
Xcel Energy Inc. is a U.S. regulated electric utility and natural gas delivery company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, serving approximately 3.9 million electricity customers and 2.2 million natural gas customers across parts of eight states as of mid-2025. It consists of four operating subsidiaries: Northern States Power-Minnesota, Northern States Power-Wisconsin, Public Service Company of Colorado, and Southwestern Public Service Co.

In December 2018, Xcel Energy announced it would deliver 100 percent clean, carbon-free electricity by 2050, with an 80 percent carbon reduction by 2035 (from 2005 levels). This makes Xcel the first major US utility to set such a goal.
Daily Mail National Film Awards
The National Film Awards (also known as the Daily Mail National Film Awards, Daily Mail Film Awards, British Film Oscars, Britain's Oscars, and Silver Star) were the first ever national film awards held in Britain. They were sponsored by the Daily Mail newspaper with readers voting at cinemas across the country, for Best Actor, Actress, and Film. The inaugural event was held at the Dorchester Hotel, London in 1946.

The first awards were awarded to James Mason and Margaret Lockwood for most outstanding British actor and actress during the war years.

The award is seen as the predecessor to the British Academy Film Awards (also known as the BAFTA Film Awards) which, although it began in 1947, did not give Best Actor/Actress awards until 1952 and the inspiration behind the National Film Awards UK which is voted on by movie fans and commenced its award ceremonies since 2015.

Anna Neagle
Dame Florence Marjorie Wilcox (née Robertson; 20 October 1904 – 3 June 1986), known professionally as Anna Neagle, was an English stage and film actress, singer, and dancer.

She was a successful box-office draw in British cinema for 20 years and was voted the most popular star in Britain in 1949. She was known for providing glamour and sophistication to war-torn London audiences with her lightweight musicals, comedies, and historical dramas. Almost all of her films were produced and directed by Herbert Wilcox, whom she married in 1943.

In her historical dramas, Neagle was renowned for her portrayals of British historical figures, including Nell Gwyn (Nell Gwyn, 1934), Queen Victoria (Victoria the Great, 1937 and Sixty Glorious Years, 1938), Edith Cavell (Nurse Edith Cavell, 1939), and Florence Nightingale (The Lady with a Lamp, 1951).
Halloween Night (song)
"Halloween Night" (ハロウィン・ナイト, Harowin Naito) is the 41st single by the Japanese idol girl group AKB48. It was released in Japan on August 26, 2015. It was number one on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart, with 1,277,761 copies also becoming the best-selling single in Japan in August. It was also number one on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. A JKT48 version of this song was released on the same day, while a SNH48 version was released in October 12.

Minami Takahashi
Minami Takahashi (高橋 みなみ, Takahashi Minami; born 8 April 1991) is a Japanese television personality and singer, best known as a former member of the girl group AKB48 and the first General Director (総監督, sōkantoku) of AKB48 and its sister groups.

Takahashi is a member of no3b, formerly an AKB48 subgroup, alongside fellow AKB48 graduates Minami Minegishi and Haruna Kojima. The three are affiliated with Mama&Son Inc.
Hogback Ridge
Hogback Ridge is a 6,135-foot (1,870 m) glaciated mountain ridge located in the Chugach Mountains, in the U.S. state of Alaska. This landform is situated 9 mi (14 km) east of Valdez, 9 mi (14 km) west of Thompson Pass, and the Richardson Highway traverses the southern base of the mountain. This feature takes its name from the Hogback Glacier on its northern slopes, and in turn the glacier was named in 1898 by Captain William R. Abercrombie. Abercrombie led an 1898 expedition seeking a route from coastal Alaska to the Klondike. Precipitation runoff and meltwater from the mountain's glaciers drains into tributaries of the Lowe River, which in turn empties to Prince William Sound. The famous Horsetail Falls, which is located in Keystone Canyon, receives its source from the south slope of the mountain.

Prince William Sound
Prince William Sound (Sugpiaq: Suungaaciq) is a sound off the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its largest port is Valdez, at the southern terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Other settlements on the sound, which contains numerous small islands, include Cordova and Whittier plus the Alaska native villages of Chenega and Tatitlek.